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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22108\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 850px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/RS8413_reservoir-full-scr.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22108\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/RS8413_reservoir-full-scr.jpg\" alt=\"A security guard walks the perimeter of the Almaden Reservoir on January 28, 2014 in San Jose, California. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\" width=\"850\" height=\"533\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A security guard walks the perimeter of the Almaden Reservoir on January 28, 2014 in San Jose, California. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Climate change is making the weather pattern that’s responsible for California’s drought more likely, according to a new study from Stanford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The phenomenon, known as the “\u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/science/ci_24904396/california-drought-whats-causing-it\">ridiculously resilient ridge\u003c/a>,” is a huge, hard bubble of high pressure air parked in the Pacific Ocean. In the rainy season, it pushes storms that could’ve been headed to California up north, to Canada. High pressure ridges that cause California to dry out happen naturally — there have been plenty of long droughts in the past — but climate change is likely to make them more frequent, according to the study published Monday in the \u003ca href=\"http://www2.ametsoc.org/ams/assets/File/publications/BAMS_EEE_2013_Full_Report.pdf\">\u003cem>Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. Swain’s study was published as part of a collection of papers that focused on the links between climate change and extreme weather events. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nobody’s saying this event (California’s drought) was caused by climate change, period,” said Daniel Swain, a grad student at Stanford and lead author of the paper. (He also \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/tag/ridiculously-resilient-ridge\">coined the term “ridiculously resilient ridge.”\u003c/a>) “The question that is being asked — and really can be asked — is, ‘Has the risk of an event like this changed due to climate change?’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer, he says, is yes. It’s three times more likely, according to computer models, than if humans weren’t releasing greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Swain said there are a number of things that can cause high pressure regions; often they’re tied to the oceans, but he wasn’t looking at the ultimate cause, just at the likelihood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That approach has limitations, said Bill Patzert, a climatologist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Lab. “The state of the art projections by many of these climate models, we have to remember they’re experimental. They’re getting better and better, but at this point, you definitely don’t want to invest your 401(k) in any of these climate models because many of them are in their infancy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swain’s study was published as part of a collection focused on the links between climate change and extreme weather events. Two of the other studies also examined the California drought. One found that fewer Pacific storms are likely to reach California, but that increased humidity means that the ones that do reach California will be wetter. The other examined if increases in sea surface temperatures caused by global warming are responsible for the California drought. It did not find a link between the two. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With regard to climate model research, Patzert said he’s worried that it misses what he says are more immediate concerns: development and population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Global warming is the real deal. It’s serious, it’s irreversible and it’s going to be punishing as we look out into the 21\u003csup>st\u003c/sup> century,” he said. But “the model doesn’t tell you that you’re using too much water in your yard and that farmers are growing too much almonds and too much rice. It doesn’t tell you that, but those are the real issues in the next two decades, not global warming. These reports never deal with that, and that’s the human factor and the population factor.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/09/20140929science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22009\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/computer-servers.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-22009 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/computer-servers.jpg\" alt=\"computer servers\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Courtesy of \u003ca href=\"https://guillaumepaumier.com/\">Guillaume Paumier\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here’s how science usually works: Come up with a question or a hypothesis. Develop an experiment to test it and create data. As any middle school student could tell you, it’s called the scientific method.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, some researchers and entrepreneurs in the Bay Area say that method is being upended, especially when it comes to medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider what happened in the pediatric intensive care unit at Stanford’s Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital a few years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011, a young girl from Reno, Nevada, was flown by helicopter to the pediatric intensive care unit of the hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Giving the drug was risky. Not giving the drug was also risky.’\u003ccite>— Jennifer Frankovich, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“She was gravely ill. Her kidneys were shutting down,” recalls Jennifer Frankovich, at the time a young attending physician at the hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The girl had been given morphine to dull her crushing abdominal pain. To Frankovich, the girl’s parents, who were from Mexico, looked like deer in the headlights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There were probably more doctors around her bed than they’d seen in their lives” she says. “I mean, the kidney doctor, the intensivist, the rheumatology team, the hematology team. There was a huge number of doctors around this poor girl’s bed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Weighing the Risks \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tests showed the girl had lupus, a disease in which the immune system goes rogue, attacking the body’s healthy tissues. Lupus can cause permanent kidney damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Frankovich worried about something else, too. She’d seen kids like this before, and recalled that some of them also developed blood clots, which can travel to the heart or lungs and be deadly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blood clots can be prevented with an anti-coagulant, which keeps the blood flowing. But that, too, carries risks. A patient on blood thinners can have a stroke or bleed into an organ. Blood thinners can also complicate surgery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giving the drug was risky. Not giving the drug was also risky. Frankovich asked her colleagues: What should we do here?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There wasn’t enough published literature to guide this decision,” Frankovich says. “[They said] the best route was to not do anything.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pediatric lupus is rare, which makes formal studies hard to come by. It would take years for a single institution to identify enough subjects to come up with a meaningful sample size.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the question itself was fairly obscure. Whether or not pediatric lupus patients are at a high risk for developing blood clots is one of those matters that medical researchers haven’t gotten around to answering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frankovich needed data. And that is when she had her big idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22096\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/Big-data-2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22096\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/Big-data-2.jpg\" alt=\"(David Pierce/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1391\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(David Pierce/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Unconventional Decision\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frankovich had been helping build a database of pediatric lupus patients who had been seen previously at the hospital. She had digitized the charts and made them searchable with key words.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn’t typical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like any chronic medical condition, lupus generates a staggering amount of paperwork. Doctors follow each patient for years, even a decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our pediatric lupus patients have enough records to fill boxes,” Frankovich says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says the accumulated records of every kid with lupus who has come through Packard Hospital would fill a large room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now, all that data was accessible with a keystroke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By looking for patterns within those medical records, Frankovich realized, she would, in a sense, be doing the study no one else had gotten around to doing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She could look at every pediatric lupus patient that had come through the hospital to see how many of them developed blood clots, and what the risk factors were.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on that, she could calculate whether the risks of a blood clot in her current patient justified the risks of prescribing an anti-coagulant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So she ran the search and presented her findings to her colleagues.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘The scientific method itself is growing obsolete.’\u003ccite>— Atul Butte, Stanford School of Medicine\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“And universally everyone said, ‘wow, based on those numbers, it seems like we should try to prevent a clot in her,’” Frankovich says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patient was given the anti-coagulant. Over time her lupus got better. As far as Frankovich knows, she’s doing well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may not seem like it, but what Frankovich did was fairly radical, noteworthy enough to warrant a \u003ca href=\"http://bmi205.stanford.edu/_media/jfrankovich-1.pdf\">paper published \u003c/a>in November 2011 in the New England Journal of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditionally, doctors make decisions based on two factors: One, their own expertise and that of other doctors and specialists. In other words, that team of doctors who were gathered around the young lupus patient’s bed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two, doctors consult the scientific literature. They read studies and case reports that have been published in established medical journals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frankovich was taking a third route. She was using electronic medical records to search for answers that were already out there, but hadn’t been uncovered yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Seismic Shift in Medicine\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s an example, says \u003ca href=\"https://buttelab.stanford.edu/\">Atul Butte\u003c/a>, an entrepreneur and associate professor of pediatrics at the Stanford School of Medicine, of a seismic shift happening in medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The idea here is, the scientific method itself is growing obsolete,” Butte says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22031\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 409px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/Physician-ipad-1024x682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-22031\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/Physician-ipad-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"Healthcare providers increasingly use electronic medical records and other large data sets to understand patient responses to treatment over time. (NEC Corporation of America) \" width=\"409\" height=\"272\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Healthcare providers increasingly use electronic medical records and other large data sets to understand patient responses to treatment over time. (NEC Corporation of America)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This concept draws from \u003ca href=\"http://archive.wired.com/science/discoveries/magazine/16-07/pb_theory\">an essay\u003c/a> published in Wired Magazine in 2008 called “The End of Theory.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the essay, so much information will be available at our fingertips in the future that there will be almost no need for experiments. The answers are already out there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Think about it,” Butte says. “The scientific method — we learned this in elementary school — is: We come up with a question, a hypothesis, and go make measurements to answer it. Now we’re living in this world where we already have the measurements and the data. The struggle is to figure out: What do we want to ask of all that data?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take, for example, a question Butte’s team has focused on recently: the rise in pre-term births in the United States. One theory, says Butte, points to an increase in exposure to environmental toxins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditionally, this would be a challenging hypothesis to study. Medical records for these births aren’t necessarily in any one place, online. The same problem exists with records on air pollution, or weather patterns.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We’re heading to a world where we’ll have the genome sequence of everyone on planet Earth.’\u003ccite>— Atul Butte, Stanford School of Medicine\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But that’s changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Butte says, “you can connect pre-term births from the medical records and birth census data to weather patterns, pollution monitors and EPA data to see is there a correlation there or not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Correlation does not mean causation (as any statistician will tell you) but it’s a good jumping-off point for more targeted research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Ever-Expanding Cloud of Information\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Big data is more than medical records and environmental data, Butte says. It could (or already does) include the results of every clinical trial that’s ever been done, every lab test, Google search, tweet. The data from your Fitbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, the challenge won’t be finding the data, it’ll be figuring out how to organize it all.\u003cbr>\n“I think the computational side of this is, let’s try to connect everything to everything,” Butte says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps the biggest pool of data will be the genetic instructions written in each one of our cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took $2.7 billion and 13 years to sequence the first human genome. Today, that same project costs $1,500 and takes about a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re heading to a world where we’re going to have the genome sequence of everyone on planet Earth,” Butte says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17192\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 333px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/Wojcicki-216x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-17192\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/Wojcicki-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"23andMe CEO Anne Wojcicki, speaking at the annual SXSW festival in Austin, Texas in March 2014. (Jenny Oh/KQED)\" width=\"333\" height=\"250\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">23andMe CEO Anne Wojcicki, speaking at the annual SXSW festival in Austin, Texas in March 2014. (Jenny Oh/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the world’s largest genetics databases belongs to the Mountain View-based company 23andMe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CEO Anne Wojcicki says that huge pool of data is already providing answers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take for example, she says, a family that came to the company to learn more about three family members who had developed pancreatic cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The family members also shared a specific gene mutation. They wanted to know: Is the mutation causing the cancer?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>23andMe consulted its database of more than 500,000 partial genetic profiles. They found 157 people with the same mutation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we saw,” Wojcicki says, “is that of those 157 people with that mutation, the majority said they don’t have the cancer, nor does anyone in their immediate family.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“We’re able to take the timeline down from years of research to a couple weeks.”\u003ccite>— Anne Wojcicki, 23andMe\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“So we were very quickly able to conclude, not with 100 percent certainty,” she says, “but with a high degree of certainty, that the mutation the family thought was causing pancreatic cancer was not causing the cancer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally, she says, this kind of question would require expensive research grants. Researchers would have to recruit subjects with and without the disease and then run genetic tests on all of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>23andMe’s searchable database meant the answers were already there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re able to take the timeline down from years of research to a couple weeks,” Wojcicki says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For 23andMe, big data is a business model. The company anonymizes its genetics information and sells it to researchers who want to study the genetic basis for Parkinson’s disease or diabetes, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It recently \u003ca href=\"https://www.23andme.com/ibd/\">teamed up\u003c/a> with Pfizer on a project to research inflammatory bowel syndrome. In July, the company announced a $1.37 million \u003ca href=\"http://mediacenter.23andme.com/press-releases/nih_grant_2014/\">grant\u003c/a> from the National Institutes of Health to develop its database and research engine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This work raises questions about privacy, and about who gets access to this data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s Safer? Data Or a Team of Doctors?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when medicine meets big data there are always questions about safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember Dr. Frankovich and the lupus patient?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the success of that experiment, you might think what she did is now standard at the hospital where she works. In fact, it’s the opposite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re actually not doing that anymore, says Frankovich.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, hospital administrators decided — at least in urgent cases where time is short — that it is still safer to trust the wisdom of a team of doctors than to search medical records for data about what’s worked in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frankovich agrees. Analyzing data is complicated and requires specific expertise. What if the search engine has bugs, or the records are transcribed incorrectly? There’s just too much room for error, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to take a system to interpret the data,” she says. “And that’s what we don’t have yet. We don’t have that system. We will, I mean for sure, the data is there, right? Now we have to develop the system to use it in a thoughtful, safe way.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Used to be that medical researchers came up with a theory, recruited subjects, and gathered data, sometimes for years. Now, the answers are already there in data collections on the cloud. All researchers need is the right question.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22009\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/computer-servers.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-22009 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/computer-servers.jpg\" alt=\"computer servers\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Courtesy of \u003ca href=\"https://guillaumepaumier.com/\">Guillaume Paumier\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here’s how science usually works: Come up with a question or a hypothesis. Develop an experiment to test it and create data. As any middle school student could tell you, it’s called the scientific method.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, some researchers and entrepreneurs in the Bay Area say that method is being upended, especially when it comes to medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider what happened in the pediatric intensive care unit at Stanford’s Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital a few years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011, a young girl from Reno, Nevada, was flown by helicopter to the pediatric intensive care unit of the hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Giving the drug was risky. Not giving the drug was also risky.’\u003ccite>— Jennifer Frankovich, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“She was gravely ill. Her kidneys were shutting down,” recalls Jennifer Frankovich, at the time a young attending physician at the hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The girl had been given morphine to dull her crushing abdominal pain. To Frankovich, the girl’s parents, who were from Mexico, looked like deer in the headlights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There were probably more doctors around her bed than they’d seen in their lives” she says. “I mean, the kidney doctor, the intensivist, the rheumatology team, the hematology team. There was a huge number of doctors around this poor girl’s bed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Weighing the Risks \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tests showed the girl had lupus, a disease in which the immune system goes rogue, attacking the body’s healthy tissues. Lupus can cause permanent kidney damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Frankovich worried about something else, too. She’d seen kids like this before, and recalled that some of them also developed blood clots, which can travel to the heart or lungs and be deadly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blood clots can be prevented with an anti-coagulant, which keeps the blood flowing. But that, too, carries risks. A patient on blood thinners can have a stroke or bleed into an organ. Blood thinners can also complicate surgery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giving the drug was risky. Not giving the drug was also risky. Frankovich asked her colleagues: What should we do here?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There wasn’t enough published literature to guide this decision,” Frankovich says. “[They said] the best route was to not do anything.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pediatric lupus is rare, which makes formal studies hard to come by. It would take years for a single institution to identify enough subjects to come up with a meaningful sample size.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the question itself was fairly obscure. Whether or not pediatric lupus patients are at a high risk for developing blood clots is one of those matters that medical researchers haven’t gotten around to answering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frankovich needed data. And that is when she had her big idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22096\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/Big-data-2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22096\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/Big-data-2.jpg\" alt=\"(David Pierce/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1391\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(David Pierce/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Unconventional Decision\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frankovich had been helping build a database of pediatric lupus patients who had been seen previously at the hospital. She had digitized the charts and made them searchable with key words.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn’t typical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like any chronic medical condition, lupus generates a staggering amount of paperwork. Doctors follow each patient for years, even a decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our pediatric lupus patients have enough records to fill boxes,” Frankovich says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says the accumulated records of every kid with lupus who has come through Packard Hospital would fill a large room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now, all that data was accessible with a keystroke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By looking for patterns within those medical records, Frankovich realized, she would, in a sense, be doing the study no one else had gotten around to doing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She could look at every pediatric lupus patient that had come through the hospital to see how many of them developed blood clots, and what the risk factors were.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on that, she could calculate whether the risks of a blood clot in her current patient justified the risks of prescribing an anti-coagulant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So she ran the search and presented her findings to her colleagues.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘The scientific method itself is growing obsolete.’\u003ccite>— Atul Butte, Stanford School of Medicine\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“And universally everyone said, ‘wow, based on those numbers, it seems like we should try to prevent a clot in her,’” Frankovich says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patient was given the anti-coagulant. Over time her lupus got better. As far as Frankovich knows, she’s doing well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may not seem like it, but what Frankovich did was fairly radical, noteworthy enough to warrant a \u003ca href=\"http://bmi205.stanford.edu/_media/jfrankovich-1.pdf\">paper published \u003c/a>in November 2011 in the New England Journal of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditionally, doctors make decisions based on two factors: One, their own expertise and that of other doctors and specialists. In other words, that team of doctors who were gathered around the young lupus patient’s bed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two, doctors consult the scientific literature. They read studies and case reports that have been published in established medical journals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frankovich was taking a third route. She was using electronic medical records to search for answers that were already out there, but hadn’t been uncovered yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Seismic Shift in Medicine\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s an example, says \u003ca href=\"https://buttelab.stanford.edu/\">Atul Butte\u003c/a>, an entrepreneur and associate professor of pediatrics at the Stanford School of Medicine, of a seismic shift happening in medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The idea here is, the scientific method itself is growing obsolete,” Butte says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22031\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 409px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/Physician-ipad-1024x682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-22031\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/Physician-ipad-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"Healthcare providers increasingly use electronic medical records and other large data sets to understand patient responses to treatment over time. (NEC Corporation of America) \" width=\"409\" height=\"272\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Healthcare providers increasingly use electronic medical records and other large data sets to understand patient responses to treatment over time. (NEC Corporation of America)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This concept draws from \u003ca href=\"http://archive.wired.com/science/discoveries/magazine/16-07/pb_theory\">an essay\u003c/a> published in Wired Magazine in 2008 called “The End of Theory.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the essay, so much information will be available at our fingertips in the future that there will be almost no need for experiments. The answers are already out there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Think about it,” Butte says. “The scientific method — we learned this in elementary school — is: We come up with a question, a hypothesis, and go make measurements to answer it. Now we’re living in this world where we already have the measurements and the data. The struggle is to figure out: What do we want to ask of all that data?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take, for example, a question Butte’s team has focused on recently: the rise in pre-term births in the United States. One theory, says Butte, points to an increase in exposure to environmental toxins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditionally, this would be a challenging hypothesis to study. Medical records for these births aren’t necessarily in any one place, online. The same problem exists with records on air pollution, or weather patterns.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We’re heading to a world where we’ll have the genome sequence of everyone on planet Earth.’\u003ccite>— Atul Butte, Stanford School of Medicine\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But that’s changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Butte says, “you can connect pre-term births from the medical records and birth census data to weather patterns, pollution monitors and EPA data to see is there a correlation there or not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Correlation does not mean causation (as any statistician will tell you) but it’s a good jumping-off point for more targeted research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Ever-Expanding Cloud of Information\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Big data is more than medical records and environmental data, Butte says. It could (or already does) include the results of every clinical trial that’s ever been done, every lab test, Google search, tweet. The data from your Fitbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, the challenge won’t be finding the data, it’ll be figuring out how to organize it all.\u003cbr>\n“I think the computational side of this is, let’s try to connect everything to everything,” Butte says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps the biggest pool of data will be the genetic instructions written in each one of our cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took $2.7 billion and 13 years to sequence the first human genome. Today, that same project costs $1,500 and takes about a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re heading to a world where we’re going to have the genome sequence of everyone on planet Earth,” Butte says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17192\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 333px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/Wojcicki-216x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-17192\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/Wojcicki-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"23andMe CEO Anne Wojcicki, speaking at the annual SXSW festival in Austin, Texas in March 2014. (Jenny Oh/KQED)\" width=\"333\" height=\"250\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">23andMe CEO Anne Wojcicki, speaking at the annual SXSW festival in Austin, Texas in March 2014. (Jenny Oh/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the world’s largest genetics databases belongs to the Mountain View-based company 23andMe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CEO Anne Wojcicki says that huge pool of data is already providing answers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take for example, she says, a family that came to the company to learn more about three family members who had developed pancreatic cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The family members also shared a specific gene mutation. They wanted to know: Is the mutation causing the cancer?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>23andMe consulted its database of more than 500,000 partial genetic profiles. They found 157 people with the same mutation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we saw,” Wojcicki says, “is that of those 157 people with that mutation, the majority said they don’t have the cancer, nor does anyone in their immediate family.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“We’re able to take the timeline down from years of research to a couple weeks.”\u003ccite>— Anne Wojcicki, 23andMe\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“So we were very quickly able to conclude, not with 100 percent certainty,” she says, “but with a high degree of certainty, that the mutation the family thought was causing pancreatic cancer was not causing the cancer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally, she says, this kind of question would require expensive research grants. Researchers would have to recruit subjects with and without the disease and then run genetic tests on all of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>23andMe’s searchable database meant the answers were already there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re able to take the timeline down from years of research to a couple weeks,” Wojcicki says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For 23andMe, big data is a business model. The company anonymizes its genetics information and sells it to researchers who want to study the genetic basis for Parkinson’s disease or diabetes, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It recently \u003ca href=\"https://www.23andme.com/ibd/\">teamed up\u003c/a> with Pfizer on a project to research inflammatory bowel syndrome. In July, the company announced a $1.37 million \u003ca href=\"http://mediacenter.23andme.com/press-releases/nih_grant_2014/\">grant\u003c/a> from the National Institutes of Health to develop its database and research engine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This work raises questions about privacy, and about who gets access to this data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s Safer? Data Or a Team of Doctors?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when medicine meets big data there are always questions about safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember Dr. Frankovich and the lupus patient?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the success of that experiment, you might think what she did is now standard at the hospital where she works. In fact, it’s the opposite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re actually not doing that anymore, says Frankovich.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, hospital administrators decided — at least in urgent cases where time is short — that it is still safer to trust the wisdom of a team of doctors than to search medical records for data about what’s worked in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frankovich agrees. Analyzing data is complicated and requires specific expertise. What if the search engine has bugs, or the records are transcribed incorrectly? There’s just too much room for error, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to take a system to interpret the data,” she says. “And that’s what we don’t have yet. We don’t have that system. We will, I mean for sure, the data is there, right? Now we have to develop the system to use it in a thoughtful, safe way.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Drought Rallies Support for California Water Projects",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21920\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 850px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/RS9128_IMG_7747-copy-scr.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21920\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/RS9128_IMG_7747-copy-scr.jpg\" alt=\"A pipe leading to the Peters Dam spillway in Marin County, photographed in March, 2014. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\" width=\"850\" height=\"567\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pipe leading to the Peters Dam spillway in Marin County, photographed in March, 2014. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Californians continue to see the ongoing drought as a priority — and that may be driving a willingness to spend billions on securing their future water supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the latest polling from the non-partisan \u003ca title=\"PPIC - main\" href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/home.asp\">Public Policy Institute of California\u003c/a>, water and the drought clock in as the second most pressing issue among those polled, eclipsed only by jobs and the economy. Nearly nine-in-ten of the poll’s respondents said they considered water supply to be a “problem,” with almost two-thirds (65 percent) saying they consider it a “big problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given that level of urgency, it seems like no surprise that, when asked how they’ll vote for the $7.5 billion package of water measures now on the ballot as \u003ca title=\"Ballotpedia - Prop 1\" href=\"http://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_1,_Water_Bond_%282014%29\">Proposition 1\u003c/a>, 58 percent said “yes.” That’s enough to pass it and nearly double the proportion (29 percent) that said they planned to vote “no.” Support was consistent across the state, though highest in the Bay Area and Inland Empire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may also not be surprising, considering that a “No on 1” campaign has yet to emerge with enough money behind it for media saturation. There is an organized \u003ca title=\"No on Prop 1 - main\" href=\"http://www.noonprop1.org/\">opposition to Prop 1\u003c/a>, largely a coalition of Delta and fishing interests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Detractors say it would be spending too much money for too little water. Some Delta groups have opposed the bond, claiming that it \u003ca title=\"Restore the Delta - post\" href=\"http://restorethedelta.org/blog/tunnels-opponents-gov-browns-bond-tunnels-neutral/\">would hasten realization\u003c/a> of Governor Jerry Brown’s \u003ca title=\"Q-NewsFix - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/03/14/california-to-release-chapters-of-plan-to-restore-delta/\">plan to build two cavernous tunnels\u003c/a> to transport Sacramento River water across the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. Proponents of the bond measure say that it’s written to be “tunnels-neutral.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This willingness to pony up for water improvements seems to spill over to the local level. More than 7-in-10 respondents to the PPIC poll said that hypothetically, they’d also support local bond measures for projects that would help keep the water flowing. (Take note, local water agencies.)\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21920\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 850px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/RS9128_IMG_7747-copy-scr.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21920\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/RS9128_IMG_7747-copy-scr.jpg\" alt=\"A pipe leading to the Peters Dam spillway in Marin County, photographed in March, 2014. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\" width=\"850\" height=\"567\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pipe leading to the Peters Dam spillway in Marin County, photographed in March, 2014. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Californians continue to see the ongoing drought as a priority — and that may be driving a willingness to spend billions on securing their future water supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the latest polling from the non-partisan \u003ca title=\"PPIC - main\" href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/home.asp\">Public Policy Institute of California\u003c/a>, water and the drought clock in as the second most pressing issue among those polled, eclipsed only by jobs and the economy. Nearly nine-in-ten of the poll’s respondents said they considered water supply to be a “problem,” with almost two-thirds (65 percent) saying they consider it a “big problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given that level of urgency, it seems like no surprise that, when asked how they’ll vote for the $7.5 billion package of water measures now on the ballot as \u003ca title=\"Ballotpedia - Prop 1\" href=\"http://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_1,_Water_Bond_%282014%29\">Proposition 1\u003c/a>, 58 percent said “yes.” That’s enough to pass it and nearly double the proportion (29 percent) that said they planned to vote “no.” Support was consistent across the state, though highest in the Bay Area and Inland Empire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may also not be surprising, considering that a “No on 1” campaign has yet to emerge with enough money behind it for media saturation. There is an organized \u003ca title=\"No on Prop 1 - main\" href=\"http://www.noonprop1.org/\">opposition to Prop 1\u003c/a>, largely a coalition of Delta and fishing interests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Detractors say it would be spending too much money for too little water. Some Delta groups have opposed the bond, claiming that it \u003ca title=\"Restore the Delta - post\" href=\"http://restorethedelta.org/blog/tunnels-opponents-gov-browns-bond-tunnels-neutral/\">would hasten realization\u003c/a> of Governor Jerry Brown’s \u003ca title=\"Q-NewsFix - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/03/14/california-to-release-chapters-of-plan-to-restore-delta/\">plan to build two cavernous tunnels\u003c/a> to transport Sacramento River water across the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. Proponents of the bond measure say that it’s written to be “tunnels-neutral.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This willingness to pony up for water improvements seems to spill over to the local level. More than 7-in-10 respondents to the PPIC poll said that hypothetically, they’d also support local bond measures for projects that would help keep the water flowing. (Take note, local water agencies.)\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Finding Faults: Scientists Close in on Napa Quake Origins",
"headTitle": "Finding Faults: Scientists Close in on Napa Quake Origins | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/09/20140922science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21776\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/IMG_2163-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-21776\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/IMG_2163-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"USGS Geologist David Schwartz identifies surface cracks in the west Napa Valley that show lateral slip, a clue to the location of faults that caused the magnitude-6 South Napa Earthquake on August 24, 2014.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">USGS geologist David Schwartz identifies which surface cracks in the west Napa Valley offer clues to the location of faults that caused the magnitude-6 South Napa Earthquake on August 24. Schwartz says this buckling of a driveway is from ground shaking, not a direct indicator of the fault’s location. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It took less than 20 seconds to shake apart historic buildings and topple chimneys from Vallejo to St. Helena.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But throughout the Napa Valley, the August 24th \u003ca title=\"Q - NewsFix - SNQ\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/08/24/south-napa-earthquake-photos/\">South Napa Earthquake\u003c/a> left its calling cards — not just the startling damage in downtown Napa but subtle traces on the ground itself: clues to what actually happened deep below the surface. In fact, geologists now say that the South Napa quake created more surface fractures than any known quake of its size in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weeks after the magnitude-6.0 shaker, a new picture is emerging of the complex geology underneath. The quake is literally \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/09/02/napa-quake-forces-redrawing-of-fault-maps/\">re-drawing the fault maps\u003c/a> and providing valuable clues to the next major seismic event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s an incredible laboratory,” says geologist David Schwartz, scrutinizing some buckled pavement in a driveway along Dry Creek Road, west of town.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We develop models and theories based on limited information,” he says, “so we when we have an earthquake that produces the kind of information that this one has, it’s just a great opportunity to learn.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there’s still a lot to learn about the West Napa Fault Zone, a jumble of faults that runs from near Vallejo, for at least 20 miles up the west side of the Napa Valley. It \u003ci>had \u003c/i>been deceptively quiet, except for a 5-point quake in 2000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early deconstructions of the South Napa quake indicate that it broke about 6 miles deep, upward and to the northwest, along unnamed strands of the West Napa Fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21803\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/FaultMap_SNQ_USGS_800.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21803\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/FaultMap_SNQ_USGS_800.jpg\" alt=\"Orange lines show where surface clues reveal the likely source faults for the South Napa Earthquake. Some areas reveal up to about 18 inches of lateral displacement. (USGS)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1325\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Orange lines show where surface clues reveal the likely source faults for the South Napa Earthquake. Some areas reveal up to about 18 inches of lateral displacement. (USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Schwartz has been crisscrossing the valley for the U.S. Geological Survey, studying cracks in roads and driveways for evidence of lateral movement, or side-slip, where it’s clear that one side of the crack moved north and the other south, even if just a few centimeters — just like the jagged fissure that cuts through a west-side subdivision in Napa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kathy Ortiz remembers riding out the quake, the biggest that she can recall from her 65 years in Napa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was unbelievable,” she recalled, days afterward. “My brain is still trying to take it all in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Ortiz had no clue until daylight appeared that the quake had left a crack running completely across her street and under the homes on either side — a subtle displacement that geologists say mirrors the grinding along the strike-slip fault that broke right under her house. It turns out that Ortiz lives in the Brown’s Valley section of the West Napa Fault Zone, an area that had never been fully mapped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>In the video below, Schwartz explains why this narrow crack in a suburban street is a clue to the fault’s location beneath.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A_fotvoGnF0\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The faults in this part of Napa Valley had been mapped as old faults, faults that may have moved in the last 130,000 years or 1.6 million years,” Schwartz explained. “But they weren’t mapped as ‘Holocene,’ or active.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s about to change. But it’s not like Jules Verne’s “underground” classic, \u003ca title=\"YouTube - Journey trailer\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WF8Bf1d_crk\">Journey to the Center of the Earth\u003c/a>. Explorers can drop submersibles tens of thousands of feet to the ocean floor but there is no staircase through the Earth’s crust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The crust is complex,” Schwartz says. “And each one of these earthquakes gives us a little bit more insight into how it works, but we’ve got a long way to go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, a combination of ground sleuthing and \u003ca title=\"Wiki - interferometry\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferometry\">interferometry\u003c/a>, which measures changes in the landscape from satellite data and precise radar measurements from NASA aircraft, have allowed scientists to track the Napa quake’s suspect fault for at least 7 miles beyond where it was mapped before. Ultimately, the re-mapping of these faults will likely mean some changes in the seismic zoning of the Napa Valley, and some reconsideration of what can be built, where.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21774\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/IMG_2157-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-21774\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/IMG_2157-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"UC Riverside geophysicist Gareth Funning uses high-precision GPS antennae and benchmarks placed by the National Geodetic Survey to track ground movements in the Napa Valley. This marker is near Highway 29 in Yountville.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UC Riverside geophysicist Gareth Funning uses high-precision GPS antennae and benchmarks placed by the National Geodetic Survey to track ground movements in the Napa Valley. This marker is near Highway 29 in Yountville. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For Gareth Funning, the quake was like hitting the lottery. The geophysicist from UC Riverside had already been running a long-term study of ground movement in the valley when the earth moved. His network of precise GPS antennas will help create a model of the seismic events (literally) underlying the quake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were up north measuring more things like this around Clear Lake when the earthquake happened,” Funning recalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and his graduate assistant, Jerlyn Swiatlowski, hightailed it down to Napa to take fresh readings, tracking the movement of \u003ca title=\"Wiki - post\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survey_marker\">markers\u003c/a> placed in the ground years ago as part of the \u003ca title=\"NOAA - Geodetic Survey\" href=\"http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/\">National Geodetic Survey\u003c/a>. Very precise GPS antennae — accurate to about 2 millimeters — placed over each marker, show that some of them moved up to 10 inches with the August 24th temblor. Funning says he’s using the data to model the underpinnings of the Napa quake and its ripple effects on the local geology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those models allow us to then calculate the effect of this earthquake on all the other faults around this area,” Funning says, “and whether the stresses on them have changed as a result of this earthquake happening.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funning says it does appear that neighboring faults from Fairfield to Petaluma were “loaded” with some additional stress by this quake, which could increase the chances of them slipping. The Rodgers Creek fault, which slices from the Bay to Santa Rosa, has the potential for a magnitude-7 quake — bigger than the Loma Prieta quake that hit the Bay Area in 1989.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to know whether an earthquake on another fault has become more likely because of this one,” Funning says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A month after the quake, scientists are already gaining a better sense of the seismic potential underneath the wine country — but the picture is still coming together, and it’s hard to know exactly what it portends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sometimes we see sequences of earthquakes over a period of decades and maybe that’s what’ll happen here,” Schwartz says. “We don’t know. But it should heighten the earthquake sensibilities of everyone in the Bay Area.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21776\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/IMG_2163-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-21776\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/IMG_2163-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"USGS Geologist David Schwartz identifies surface cracks in the west Napa Valley that show lateral slip, a clue to the location of faults that caused the magnitude-6 South Napa Earthquake on August 24, 2014.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">USGS geologist David Schwartz identifies which surface cracks in the west Napa Valley offer clues to the location of faults that caused the magnitude-6 South Napa Earthquake on August 24. Schwartz says this buckling of a driveway is from ground shaking, not a direct indicator of the fault’s location. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It took less than 20 seconds to shake apart historic buildings and topple chimneys from Vallejo to St. Helena.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But throughout the Napa Valley, the August 24th \u003ca title=\"Q - NewsFix - SNQ\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/08/24/south-napa-earthquake-photos/\">South Napa Earthquake\u003c/a> left its calling cards — not just the startling damage in downtown Napa but subtle traces on the ground itself: clues to what actually happened deep below the surface. In fact, geologists now say that the South Napa quake created more surface fractures than any known quake of its size in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weeks after the magnitude-6.0 shaker, a new picture is emerging of the complex geology underneath. The quake is literally \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/09/02/napa-quake-forces-redrawing-of-fault-maps/\">re-drawing the fault maps\u003c/a> and providing valuable clues to the next major seismic event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s an incredible laboratory,” says geologist David Schwartz, scrutinizing some buckled pavement in a driveway along Dry Creek Road, west of town.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We develop models and theories based on limited information,” he says, “so we when we have an earthquake that produces the kind of information that this one has, it’s just a great opportunity to learn.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there’s still a lot to learn about the West Napa Fault Zone, a jumble of faults that runs from near Vallejo, for at least 20 miles up the west side of the Napa Valley. It \u003ci>had \u003c/i>been deceptively quiet, except for a 5-point quake in 2000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early deconstructions of the South Napa quake indicate that it broke about 6 miles deep, upward and to the northwest, along unnamed strands of the West Napa Fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21803\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/FaultMap_SNQ_USGS_800.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21803\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/FaultMap_SNQ_USGS_800.jpg\" alt=\"Orange lines show where surface clues reveal the likely source faults for the South Napa Earthquake. Some areas reveal up to about 18 inches of lateral displacement. (USGS)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1325\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Orange lines show where surface clues reveal the likely source faults for the South Napa Earthquake. Some areas reveal up to about 18 inches of lateral displacement. (USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Schwartz has been crisscrossing the valley for the U.S. Geological Survey, studying cracks in roads and driveways for evidence of lateral movement, or side-slip, where it’s clear that one side of the crack moved north and the other south, even if just a few centimeters — just like the jagged fissure that cuts through a west-side subdivision in Napa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kathy Ortiz remembers riding out the quake, the biggest that she can recall from her 65 years in Napa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was unbelievable,” she recalled, days afterward. “My brain is still trying to take it all in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Ortiz had no clue until daylight appeared that the quake had left a crack running completely across her street and under the homes on either side — a subtle displacement that geologists say mirrors the grinding along the strike-slip fault that broke right under her house. It turns out that Ortiz lives in the Brown’s Valley section of the West Napa Fault Zone, an area that had never been fully mapped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>In the video below, Schwartz explains why this narrow crack in a suburban street is a clue to the fault’s location beneath.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/A_fotvoGnF0'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/A_fotvoGnF0'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>“The faults in this part of Napa Valley had been mapped as old faults, faults that may have moved in the last 130,000 years or 1.6 million years,” Schwartz explained. “But they weren’t mapped as ‘Holocene,’ or active.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s about to change. But it’s not like Jules Verne’s “underground” classic, \u003ca title=\"YouTube - Journey trailer\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WF8Bf1d_crk\">Journey to the Center of the Earth\u003c/a>. Explorers can drop submersibles tens of thousands of feet to the ocean floor but there is no staircase through the Earth’s crust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The crust is complex,” Schwartz says. “And each one of these earthquakes gives us a little bit more insight into how it works, but we’ve got a long way to go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, a combination of ground sleuthing and \u003ca title=\"Wiki - interferometry\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferometry\">interferometry\u003c/a>, which measures changes in the landscape from satellite data and precise radar measurements from NASA aircraft, have allowed scientists to track the Napa quake’s suspect fault for at least 7 miles beyond where it was mapped before. Ultimately, the re-mapping of these faults will likely mean some changes in the seismic zoning of the Napa Valley, and some reconsideration of what can be built, where.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21774\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/IMG_2157-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-21774\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/IMG_2157-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"UC Riverside geophysicist Gareth Funning uses high-precision GPS antennae and benchmarks placed by the National Geodetic Survey to track ground movements in the Napa Valley. This marker is near Highway 29 in Yountville.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UC Riverside geophysicist Gareth Funning uses high-precision GPS antennae and benchmarks placed by the National Geodetic Survey to track ground movements in the Napa Valley. This marker is near Highway 29 in Yountville. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For Gareth Funning, the quake was like hitting the lottery. The geophysicist from UC Riverside had already been running a long-term study of ground movement in the valley when the earth moved. His network of precise GPS antennas will help create a model of the seismic events (literally) underlying the quake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were up north measuring more things like this around Clear Lake when the earthquake happened,” Funning recalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and his graduate assistant, Jerlyn Swiatlowski, hightailed it down to Napa to take fresh readings, tracking the movement of \u003ca title=\"Wiki - post\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survey_marker\">markers\u003c/a> placed in the ground years ago as part of the \u003ca title=\"NOAA - Geodetic Survey\" href=\"http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/\">National Geodetic Survey\u003c/a>. Very precise GPS antennae — accurate to about 2 millimeters — placed over each marker, show that some of them moved up to 10 inches with the August 24th temblor. Funning says he’s using the data to model the underpinnings of the Napa quake and its ripple effects on the local geology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those models allow us to then calculate the effect of this earthquake on all the other faults around this area,” Funning says, “and whether the stresses on them have changed as a result of this earthquake happening.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funning says it does appear that neighboring faults from Fairfield to Petaluma were “loaded” with some additional stress by this quake, which could increase the chances of them slipping. The Rodgers Creek fault, which slices from the Bay to Santa Rosa, has the potential for a magnitude-7 quake — bigger than the Loma Prieta quake that hit the Bay Area in 1989.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to know whether an earthquake on another fault has become more likely because of this one,” Funning says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A month after the quake, scientists are already gaining a better sense of the seismic potential underneath the wine country — but the picture is still coming together, and it’s hard to know exactly what it portends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sometimes we see sequences of earthquakes over a period of decades and maybe that’s what’ll happen here,” Schwartz says. “We don’t know. But it should heighten the earthquake sensibilities of everyone in the Bay Area.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "What to Know About California's New Groundwater Law",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Associated Press\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown signed legislation Tuesday that will require the first-ever rules for pumping groundwater in California. Why lawmakers and the governor acted, and what the new laws mean:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Is Groundwater?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the water that accumulates below the earth’s surface, filling empty spaces and cracks in the rock. Farmers and agencies can tap it by drilling wells. It’s an especially valuable source of water during times of drought, providing 60 percent of the state’s supply as reservoirs, rivers and other sources dry up. Some farmers even turn to dowsers, or water witches, to guide them to the underwater reserves. About 30 million Californians rely on groundwater for some portion of their drinking water supply, according to state figures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21708\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/Ground-water-levels-tall.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-21708\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/Ground-water-levels-tall.jpg\" alt=\"(David Pierce/KQED)\" width=\"320\" height=\"473\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(David Pierce/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the Problem?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some areas are being pumped faster than they can be replenished with rain, snowmelt and irrigation runoff. And as California faces the third year of a serious drought, farmers have been in an expensive race to drill the deepest wells. Over-pumping can compress soil and rocks, making them more compact and permanently reducing the underground water storage capacity. That also leads to sinking land, or subsidence, which can damage roads, canals and other structures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Is Groundwater Managed Now?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not very closely. Under California’s Gold Rush-era water rights system, many landowners are entitled to pump as much as they please on their property. Other states treat groundwater as a shared resource regulated and monitored by state agencies. Some local agencies in California have sustainable plans for managing groundwater, but no statewide standards currently exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the Proposed Solution?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legislation signed Tuesday maintains a local approach with state oversight. It requires agencies in fast-depleting basins to draw up sustainability plans and allows for water meters and fines for monitoring and enforcement. It does not go as far as other Western states by granting state agencies the power to authorize or prohibit groundwater withdrawals, but the California Water Resources Control Board can now intervene if locals fail to act or come up with inadequate solutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”M0kLfnUrpzRlzTptl44knFqrmi33Oo2i”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who Is Affected by the Legislation?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state water department identifies 127 groundwater basins and sub-basins that are high or medium priority for monitoring, mostly concentrated along the agriculture-heavy Central Valley and some areas surrounding Los Angeles. That’s only a quarter of all California groundwater basins, but they account for almost 96 percent of California’s groundwater pumping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Will the New Laws Roll Out?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nFirst, local land planners have until 2017 to choose or establish a groundwater sustainability agency. Those agencies then have until 2020 or 2022, depending on how dire their situation is, to draw up sustainability plans. Those plans should put groundwater basins on a path to sustainability by 2040.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who Supports and Who Opposes the Laws?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democratic lawmakers pushed the legislation, ultimately winning support from key groups that include the Association of California Water Agencies and Metropolitan Water District of Southern California. But Republicans and some Central Valley Democrats opposed the bills, saying they would infringe on property rights and hurt well-managed agencies. The legislation drew the ire of some agricultural interests that are increasingly dependent on groundwater, such as the California Farm Bureau.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Associated Press\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown signed legislation Tuesday that will require the first-ever rules for pumping groundwater in California. Why lawmakers and the governor acted, and what the new laws mean:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Is Groundwater?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the water that accumulates below the earth’s surface, filling empty spaces and cracks in the rock. Farmers and agencies can tap it by drilling wells. It’s an especially valuable source of water during times of drought, providing 60 percent of the state’s supply as reservoirs, rivers and other sources dry up. Some farmers even turn to dowsers, or water witches, to guide them to the underwater reserves. About 30 million Californians rely on groundwater for some portion of their drinking water supply, according to state figures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21708\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/Ground-water-levels-tall.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-21708\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/Ground-water-levels-tall.jpg\" alt=\"(David Pierce/KQED)\" width=\"320\" height=\"473\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(David Pierce/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the Problem?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some areas are being pumped faster than they can be replenished with rain, snowmelt and irrigation runoff. And as California faces the third year of a serious drought, farmers have been in an expensive race to drill the deepest wells. Over-pumping can compress soil and rocks, making them more compact and permanently reducing the underground water storage capacity. That also leads to sinking land, or subsidence, which can damage roads, canals and other structures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Is Groundwater Managed Now?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not very closely. Under California’s Gold Rush-era water rights system, many landowners are entitled to pump as much as they please on their property. Other states treat groundwater as a shared resource regulated and monitored by state agencies. Some local agencies in California have sustainable plans for managing groundwater, but no statewide standards currently exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the Proposed Solution?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legislation signed Tuesday maintains a local approach with state oversight. It requires agencies in fast-depleting basins to draw up sustainability plans and allows for water meters and fines for monitoring and enforcement. It does not go as far as other Western states by granting state agencies the power to authorize or prohibit groundwater withdrawals, but the California Water Resources Control Board can now intervene if locals fail to act or come up with inadequate solutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who Is Affected by the Legislation?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state water department identifies 127 groundwater basins and sub-basins that are high or medium priority for monitoring, mostly concentrated along the agriculture-heavy Central Valley and some areas surrounding Los Angeles. That’s only a quarter of all California groundwater basins, but they account for almost 96 percent of California’s groundwater pumping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Will the New Laws Roll Out?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nFirst, local land planners have until 2017 to choose or establish a groundwater sustainability agency. Those agencies then have until 2020 or 2022, depending on how dire their situation is, to draw up sustainability plans. Those plans should put groundwater basins on a path to sustainability by 2040.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who Supports and Who Opposes the Laws?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democratic lawmakers pushed the legislation, ultimately winning support from key groups that include the Association of California Water Agencies and Metropolitan Water District of Southern California. But Republicans and some Central Valley Democrats opposed the bills, saying they would infringe on property rights and hurt well-managed agencies. The legislation drew the ire of some agricultural interests that are increasingly dependent on groundwater, such as the California Farm Bureau.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Stanford Psychologist Who Studies Racial Profiling Wins 'Genius Grant'",
"headTitle": "Stanford Psychologist Who Studies Racial Profiling Wins ‘Genius Grant’ | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Don Babwin\u003cbr>\nAssociated Press\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21701\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/eberhardt_2014_hi-res-downl.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/eberhardt_2014_hi-res-downl.jpg\" alt=\"Stanford psychologist Jennifer Eberhardt was awarded a MacArthur Foundation 'genius grant' for her research on racial profiling. (Courtesy of the MacArthur Foundation)\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21701\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stanford psychologist Jennifer Eberhardt was awarded a ‘genius grant’ for her research on racial stereotypes and crime. (Courtesy of the MacArthur Foundation)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A professor whose research is helping a California police department improve its strained relationship with the black community and a lawyer who advocates for victims of domestic abuse are among the 21 winners of this year’s MacArthur Foundation “genius grants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Chicago-based John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation announced on Wednesday the 2014 recipients, who will each receive $625,000 to spend any way they like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The professor and lawyer, part of an eclectic group that also includes scientists, mathematicians, historians, a cartoonist and a composer, are among several recipients whose work involves topics that have dominated the news in the past year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think getting this (grant) speaks to people’s sense that this is the kind of work that needs to be done,” said recipient Jennifer Eberhardt, a Stanford University social psychologist who has researched racial stereotypes and crime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shrouded in secrecy, the selection process involves nominations from anonymous groups and recommendations from the foundation’s board of directors. Recipients have no idea they’ve won until they get a call from the foundation, and even then recipients have been known to wonder initially if someone is trying to trick them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Henneberger, a housing advocate in Texas, said he was so stunned when he got his call that he had to sit down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I got really quiet and they (people he was with) were asking me, ‘Did somebody die?” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eberhart’s work prompted the Oakland, California, police department to ask for her help studying racial biases among its officers and how those biases play out on the street — topics that have been debated nationally in the wake of the police shooting of Michael Brown, an unarmed black 18-year-old in Missouri. Eberhardt, who is also studying the use of body cameras by police — another topic of particular interest since Brown’s shooting — said, “I hope this will show the work matters, holds value and promotes social change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The justice system is also at the heart of Sarah Deer’s work as a legal scholar and advocate for Native American women living on reservations, who suffer higher-than-average rates of domestic abuse and sexual violence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deer, a Native American who teaches law in Minnesota, met with women who simply stopped reporting such attacks because their tribal governments had been stripped of the authority to investigate and because federal authorities were often unwilling to do so, she said. The foundation pointed to her instrumental role in reauthorization of the Violence Against Women Act by Congress in 2013 that restored some of those abilities to tribes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For the first time since 1978 … tribes (can) prosecute non-Indians who have committed acts of sexual assault and domestic violence on reservations,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Deer, fellow recipient Jonathan Rapping has worked to improve the lives of others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A former public defender, Rapping founded Gideon’s Promise after seeing a legal system that he said valued speed over quality representation of the indigent. The organization trains, mentors and assists public defenders to help them withstand the intense pressure that can come with massive caseloads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the program that began in 2007 for 16 attorneys in two offices in Georgia and Louisiana has more than 300 participants in 15 states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The foundation recognized Khaled Mattawa, an associate professor at the University of Michigan, for his poetry and translations of Arab contemporary poets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mattawa, who said he started translating the poetry as way to teach himself to write poetry, said the work can connect people from different cultures. “The poets are bearing witness not only to the humanity of their own people but of a shared humanity,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The awards, given annually since 1981, are doled out over a five-year period. This year’s class brings the number of recipients to more than 900.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most winners are not widely known outside their fields, but the list has over the years included writer Susan Sontag and filmmaker John Sayles.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A professor whose research is helping a California police department improve its strained relationship with the black community and a lawyer who advocates for victims of domestic abuse are among the 21 winners of this year's MacArthur Foundation 'genius grants.'",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Don Babwin\u003cbr>\nAssociated Press\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21701\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/eberhardt_2014_hi-res-downl.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/eberhardt_2014_hi-res-downl.jpg\" alt=\"Stanford psychologist Jennifer Eberhardt was awarded a MacArthur Foundation 'genius grant' for her research on racial profiling. (Courtesy of the MacArthur Foundation)\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21701\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stanford psychologist Jennifer Eberhardt was awarded a ‘genius grant’ for her research on racial stereotypes and crime. (Courtesy of the MacArthur Foundation)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A professor whose research is helping a California police department improve its strained relationship with the black community and a lawyer who advocates for victims of domestic abuse are among the 21 winners of this year’s MacArthur Foundation “genius grants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Chicago-based John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation announced on Wednesday the 2014 recipients, who will each receive $625,000 to spend any way they like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The professor and lawyer, part of an eclectic group that also includes scientists, mathematicians, historians, a cartoonist and a composer, are among several recipients whose work involves topics that have dominated the news in the past year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think getting this (grant) speaks to people’s sense that this is the kind of work that needs to be done,” said recipient Jennifer Eberhardt, a Stanford University social psychologist who has researched racial stereotypes and crime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shrouded in secrecy, the selection process involves nominations from anonymous groups and recommendations from the foundation’s board of directors. Recipients have no idea they’ve won until they get a call from the foundation, and even then recipients have been known to wonder initially if someone is trying to trick them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Henneberger, a housing advocate in Texas, said he was so stunned when he got his call that he had to sit down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I got really quiet and they (people he was with) were asking me, ‘Did somebody die?” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eberhart’s work prompted the Oakland, California, police department to ask for her help studying racial biases among its officers and how those biases play out on the street — topics that have been debated nationally in the wake of the police shooting of Michael Brown, an unarmed black 18-year-old in Missouri. Eberhardt, who is also studying the use of body cameras by police — another topic of particular interest since Brown’s shooting — said, “I hope this will show the work matters, holds value and promotes social change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The justice system is also at the heart of Sarah Deer’s work as a legal scholar and advocate for Native American women living on reservations, who suffer higher-than-average rates of domestic abuse and sexual violence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deer, a Native American who teaches law in Minnesota, met with women who simply stopped reporting such attacks because their tribal governments had been stripped of the authority to investigate and because federal authorities were often unwilling to do so, she said. The foundation pointed to her instrumental role in reauthorization of the Violence Against Women Act by Congress in 2013 that restored some of those abilities to tribes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For the first time since 1978 … tribes (can) prosecute non-Indians who have committed acts of sexual assault and domestic violence on reservations,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Deer, fellow recipient Jonathan Rapping has worked to improve the lives of others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A former public defender, Rapping founded Gideon’s Promise after seeing a legal system that he said valued speed over quality representation of the indigent. The organization trains, mentors and assists public defenders to help them withstand the intense pressure that can come with massive caseloads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the program that began in 2007 for 16 attorneys in two offices in Georgia and Louisiana has more than 300 participants in 15 states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The foundation recognized Khaled Mattawa, an associate professor at the University of Michigan, for his poetry and translations of Arab contemporary poets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mattawa, who said he started translating the poetry as way to teach himself to write poetry, said the work can connect people from different cultures. “The poets are bearing witness not only to the humanity of their own people but of a shared humanity,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The awards, given annually since 1981, are doled out over a five-year period. This year’s class brings the number of recipients to more than 900.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most winners are not widely known outside their fields, but the list has over the years included writer Susan Sontag and filmmaker John Sayles.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Why More Trees in the Sierra Mean Less Water for California",
"headTitle": "Why More Trees in the Sierra Mean Less Water for California | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/09/20140915science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21584\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/River-runoff.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21584\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/River-runoff.jpg\" alt=\"Sierra Nevada forests are denser than they once were, potentially reducing the amount of runoff that reaches California's reservoirs. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sierra Nevada forests are denser than they once were, potentially reducing the amount of runoff that reaches California’s reservoirs. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With California’s reservoir levels dropping, just about everyone is wishing the state had gotten more water this year. That doesn’t just depend on the weather, according to a team of scientists. Sierra Nevada forests play a big role in the state’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just like crops, trees consume water. And Sierra Nevada forests are denser than they once were after decades of fire suppression. That could be reducing the amount of runoff coming from the snowpack — runoff that provides water for most of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We call the Sierra Nevada our water towers for California,” says Roger Bales, a hydrologist with UC Merced. “About 60 percent of our consumable water comes from the Sierra Nevada.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bales is working in a pine forest about 20 miles west of Lake Tahoe, to understand the balance between and trees and runoff. His team has installed hundreds of sensors in the American River basin to record snow depth and soil moisture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The snowmelt really enters the soil,” he says, “and flows downslope to the nearest stream channel.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From there, it joins major rivers and \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/waterandpower/map.jsp\">goes into reservoirs\u003c/a> and canals that reach \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/02/28/bay-area-do-you-know-where-your-water-comes-from/\">all the way to cities and farms\u003c/a> in the Central Valley, Bay Area and Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21585\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 340px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/bales-729x1024.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-21585\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/bales-729x1024.jpg\" alt=\"UC Merced's Roger Bales and Ziran Zhang work on a snow sensor tower in the Tahoe National Forest. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"340\" height=\"477\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UC Merced’s Roger Bales and Ziran Zhang work on a snow sensor tower in the Tahoe National Forest. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When trees use water through the process of evapotranspiration, it doesn’t run off into rivers and reservoirs. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That water travels up the tree trunk and then goes out through the leaves to the atmosphere,” Bales says. And there are a lot more trees using water today than there once were.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frequent, low-intensity fires once cleared out small trees and maintained spaces in the forest. Decades of suppressing fires has allowed the forest to fill in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You go back about 100-to-150 years and the forest data show us there were maybe only half as many trees here,” Bales says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The snowpack is also less stable in a dense forest. The snow gets stuck in the trees’ branches before reaching the ground and evaporates faster because it’s more susceptible to sun and wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because these changes have happened over millions of acres of forest, Bales says it’s led researchers to a basic question:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If there were half as many trees, would there be more runoff?” he asks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research points to yes, he says — potentially a lot more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Is it 20 percent, 30 percent or 40 percent?” Bales says. “We’re sort of in that range. But that’s a hypothesis. Our back-of-the-envelope calculations suggest that you could get anywhere from half a million to a million acre-feet additional water out of the Sierra Nevada.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A million acre-feet of water is enough to supply two million households in California for a year — an amount that could make a big difference during a drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Managing Overgrown Forests\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the water piece is really huge,” says Scott Stephens, professor of fire science at UC Berkeley. “I think it’s under-appreciated but it’s massive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stephens has found similar results in the Illilouette Creek basin in Yosemite National Park. About 40 fires have been allowed to burn there over several decades, reducing the number of trees per acre.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It looks like there’s 20 percent more surface water leaving the streams in that area since the fire program began in the mid-1970s,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The widely spaced trees also make the forest more resistant to high-severity fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”ebfC6eGZE6wvva0IQjLqdbheiT23eRrP”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I call it a potential win-win,” Stephens says. “It’s a win from a fire standpoint to have more resilient forests and also maybe a win in terms of being able to provide a critical resource for California, which is water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But leaving naturally caused fires to burn over large areas of the Sierra Nevada is tricky, he says, especially near houses and communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Letting fire work in those lands is risky,” Stephens says. “Sometimes it’s going to go as expected and once in a while it goes wrong.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another option is to allow timber companies to cut small trees, thinning the forest. It’s commonly done where roads already exist, but can be prohibitively expensive in remote areas and often faces environmental opposition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change could make the problem even worse. A \u003ca href=\"http://news.uci.edu/press-releases/sierra-nevada-freshwater-runoff-could-drop-26-percent-by-2100-uc-study-finds/\">recent study\u003c/a> from UC Irvine found California’s forests will be using even more water by the end of the century, because warming temperatures will make the growing season longer. Runoff could drop by as much as 26 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t act today, our grandkids’ grandkids are going to have so few options,” Stephens says. “It’s going to be warmer. It’s going to be more difficult to do this work and they’re going to be basically chasing their tails.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stephens says the good news is that California water districts are joining the conversation about how to manage forests. While it didn’t used to be on their radar, the connection between trees and our drinking water is becoming hard to ignore.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "California water districts are eyeing a potential new source of water: trees. After a century of fire suppression, Sierra Nevada forests are more dense than ever before. And those pine trees are taking up a lot of water that might otherwise run off into California rivers. \r\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21584\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/River-runoff.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21584\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/River-runoff.jpg\" alt=\"Sierra Nevada forests are denser than they once were, potentially reducing the amount of runoff that reaches California's reservoirs. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sierra Nevada forests are denser than they once were, potentially reducing the amount of runoff that reaches California’s reservoirs. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With California’s reservoir levels dropping, just about everyone is wishing the state had gotten more water this year. That doesn’t just depend on the weather, according to a team of scientists. Sierra Nevada forests play a big role in the state’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just like crops, trees consume water. And Sierra Nevada forests are denser than they once were after decades of fire suppression. That could be reducing the amount of runoff coming from the snowpack — runoff that provides water for most of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We call the Sierra Nevada our water towers for California,” says Roger Bales, a hydrologist with UC Merced. “About 60 percent of our consumable water comes from the Sierra Nevada.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bales is working in a pine forest about 20 miles west of Lake Tahoe, to understand the balance between and trees and runoff. His team has installed hundreds of sensors in the American River basin to record snow depth and soil moisture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The snowmelt really enters the soil,” he says, “and flows downslope to the nearest stream channel.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From there, it joins major rivers and \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/waterandpower/map.jsp\">goes into reservoirs\u003c/a> and canals that reach \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/02/28/bay-area-do-you-know-where-your-water-comes-from/\">all the way to cities and farms\u003c/a> in the Central Valley, Bay Area and Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21585\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 340px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/bales-729x1024.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-21585\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/bales-729x1024.jpg\" alt=\"UC Merced's Roger Bales and Ziran Zhang work on a snow sensor tower in the Tahoe National Forest. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"340\" height=\"477\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UC Merced’s Roger Bales and Ziran Zhang work on a snow sensor tower in the Tahoe National Forest. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When trees use water through the process of evapotranspiration, it doesn’t run off into rivers and reservoirs. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That water travels up the tree trunk and then goes out through the leaves to the atmosphere,” Bales says. And there are a lot more trees using water today than there once were.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frequent, low-intensity fires once cleared out small trees and maintained spaces in the forest. Decades of suppressing fires has allowed the forest to fill in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You go back about 100-to-150 years and the forest data show us there were maybe only half as many trees here,” Bales says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The snowpack is also less stable in a dense forest. The snow gets stuck in the trees’ branches before reaching the ground and evaporates faster because it’s more susceptible to sun and wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because these changes have happened over millions of acres of forest, Bales says it’s led researchers to a basic question:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If there were half as many trees, would there be more runoff?” he asks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research points to yes, he says — potentially a lot more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Is it 20 percent, 30 percent or 40 percent?” Bales says. “We’re sort of in that range. But that’s a hypothesis. Our back-of-the-envelope calculations suggest that you could get anywhere from half a million to a million acre-feet additional water out of the Sierra Nevada.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A million acre-feet of water is enough to supply two million households in California for a year — an amount that could make a big difference during a drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Managing Overgrown Forests\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the water piece is really huge,” says Scott Stephens, professor of fire science at UC Berkeley. “I think it’s under-appreciated but it’s massive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stephens has found similar results in the Illilouette Creek basin in Yosemite National Park. About 40 fires have been allowed to burn there over several decades, reducing the number of trees per acre.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It looks like there’s 20 percent more surface water leaving the streams in that area since the fire program began in the mid-1970s,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The widely spaced trees also make the forest more resistant to high-severity fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I call it a potential win-win,” Stephens says. “It’s a win from a fire standpoint to have more resilient forests and also maybe a win in terms of being able to provide a critical resource for California, which is water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But leaving naturally caused fires to burn over large areas of the Sierra Nevada is tricky, he says, especially near houses and communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Letting fire work in those lands is risky,” Stephens says. “Sometimes it’s going to go as expected and once in a while it goes wrong.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another option is to allow timber companies to cut small trees, thinning the forest. It’s commonly done where roads already exist, but can be prohibitively expensive in remote areas and often faces environmental opposition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change could make the problem even worse. A \u003ca href=\"http://news.uci.edu/press-releases/sierra-nevada-freshwater-runoff-could-drop-26-percent-by-2100-uc-study-finds/\">recent study\u003c/a> from UC Irvine found California’s forests will be using even more water by the end of the century, because warming temperatures will make the growing season longer. Runoff could drop by as much as 26 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t act today, our grandkids’ grandkids are going to have so few options,” Stephens says. “It’s going to be warmer. It’s going to be more difficult to do this work and they’re going to be basically chasing their tails.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stephens says the good news is that California water districts are joining the conversation about how to manage forests. While it didn’t used to be on their radar, the connection between trees and our drinking water is becoming hard to ignore.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Environmentalists Sue Over Crude-by-Rail Safety",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18669\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/Miille_Bakken28-1024x700.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/Miille_Bakken28-1024x700.jpg\" alt=\"A BNSF train carrying crude oil passes through downtown Sacramento. (Jake Miille/Jake Miille Photography)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"700\" class=\"size-large wp-image-18669\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A BNSF train carrying crude oil passes through downtown Sacramento. (\u003ca href=\"http://jakemiillephotography.com/\">Jake Miille/Jake Miille Photography\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The environmental group Earthjustice is suing the U.S. Department of Transportation over the safety of the rail cars used to carry crude oil to California and around the country. Old tank cars, known as DOT-111s, have been involved in a number of fiery accidents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In July, Earthjustice \u003ca href=\"http://earthjustice.org/news/press/2014/community-leaders-advocates-call-on-secretary-of-transportation-to-ban-use-of-hazardous-rail-cars\">asked the DOT\u003c/a> to issue an emergency order that would prohibit the use of unsafe tanks cars to carry volatile crude oil from North Dakota’s Bakken formation. Now the group is \u003ca href=\"http://earthjustice.org/sites/default/files/files/Petition-for-Writ-of-Mandamus.pdf\">suing\u003c/a>, saying transportation officials never responded to that petition. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The DOT has \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/07/23/feds-propose-new-safety-rules-for-oil-trains/\">proposed regulations\u003c/a> that would eventually replace the unsafe cars. But it could take years for those rules to phase in, said Patti Goldman, an attorney at Earthjustice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They would still allow these railcars to be shipping crude oil and hazardous materials for about four more years,” she said. “And that’s just too long to expose the public to these types of risks.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earthjustice filed the lawsuit with the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals on behalf of the Sierra Club and ForestEthics. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last July, a train carrying Bakken crude exploded in Quebec, killing 47 people in the town of Lac-Mégantic. In response, Canada is starting to phase out the oldest tank cars. But that concerns Goldman, too. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The worst tank cars are likely to shift from the Canadian fleet to the U.S. fleet,” she said, “unless the secretary of transportation acts [to ban them].” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an investigation earlier this year, \u003ca href=\"http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2014/03/14/trains-carrying-fracked-oil-spotted-in-bay-area/\">KPIX discovered\u003c/a> that crude oil was being transported to a rail yard in Richmond. The tank cars, according to KPIX, were DOT-111s. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are two other proposed crude-by-rail terminals in the Bay Area. One in Pittsburg is currently on hold, and one in Benicia, at the Valero refinery. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/index.asp?SEC=%7BFDE9A332-542E-44C1-BBD0-A94C288675FD%7D\">public comment\u003c/a> period on the Valero project closes September 15. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this week, the Kern County Board of Supervisors unanimously approved what will be California’s largest crude-by-rail facility. Officials involved with that project say they will use newer, safer cars, not DOT-111s. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesman for the DOT’s Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration said the agency does not comment on pending or active litigation. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18669\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/Miille_Bakken28-1024x700.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/Miille_Bakken28-1024x700.jpg\" alt=\"A BNSF train carrying crude oil passes through downtown Sacramento. (Jake Miille/Jake Miille Photography)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"700\" class=\"size-large wp-image-18669\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A BNSF train carrying crude oil passes through downtown Sacramento. (\u003ca href=\"http://jakemiillephotography.com/\">Jake Miille/Jake Miille Photography\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The environmental group Earthjustice is suing the U.S. Department of Transportation over the safety of the rail cars used to carry crude oil to California and around the country. Old tank cars, known as DOT-111s, have been involved in a number of fiery accidents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In July, Earthjustice \u003ca href=\"http://earthjustice.org/news/press/2014/community-leaders-advocates-call-on-secretary-of-transportation-to-ban-use-of-hazardous-rail-cars\">asked the DOT\u003c/a> to issue an emergency order that would prohibit the use of unsafe tanks cars to carry volatile crude oil from North Dakota’s Bakken formation. Now the group is \u003ca href=\"http://earthjustice.org/sites/default/files/files/Petition-for-Writ-of-Mandamus.pdf\">suing\u003c/a>, saying transportation officials never responded to that petition. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The DOT has \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/07/23/feds-propose-new-safety-rules-for-oil-trains/\">proposed regulations\u003c/a> that would eventually replace the unsafe cars. But it could take years for those rules to phase in, said Patti Goldman, an attorney at Earthjustice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They would still allow these railcars to be shipping crude oil and hazardous materials for about four more years,” she said. “And that’s just too long to expose the public to these types of risks.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earthjustice filed the lawsuit with the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals on behalf of the Sierra Club and ForestEthics. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last July, a train carrying Bakken crude exploded in Quebec, killing 47 people in the town of Lac-Mégantic. In response, Canada is starting to phase out the oldest tank cars. But that concerns Goldman, too. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The worst tank cars are likely to shift from the Canadian fleet to the U.S. fleet,” she said, “unless the secretary of transportation acts [to ban them].” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an investigation earlier this year, \u003ca href=\"http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2014/03/14/trains-carrying-fracked-oil-spotted-in-bay-area/\">KPIX discovered\u003c/a> that crude oil was being transported to a rail yard in Richmond. The tank cars, according to KPIX, were DOT-111s. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are two other proposed crude-by-rail terminals in the Bay Area. One in Pittsburg is currently on hold, and one in Benicia, at the Valero refinery. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/index.asp?SEC=%7BFDE9A332-542E-44C1-BBD0-A94C288675FD%7D\">public comment\u003c/a> period on the Valero project closes September 15. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this week, the Kern County Board of Supervisors unanimously approved what will be California’s largest crude-by-rail facility. Officials involved with that project say they will use newer, safer cars, not DOT-111s. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesman for the DOT’s Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration said the agency does not comment on pending or active litigation. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Plans Nation’s Most Detailed Sea Level Database",
"headTitle": "California Plans Nation’s Most Detailed Sea Level Database | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By John Upton\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/california-gets-serious-about-rising-seas-18010\">Climate Central\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21577\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/RS499_IMG_4241-lpr-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-21577\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/RS499_IMG_4241-lpr-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Highway 101 and San Francisco International Airport sit right along the Bay. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Highway 101 and San Francisco International Airport sit right along the Bay. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When you’ve got tens of millions of people living close to more than 1,000 miles of coastline, it could help to closely track the slews of steps being taken to protect homes, ports, roads and other infrastructure from rising seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it is in California, a broad and densely populated state where powerful tectonic and hydrologic forces have sculpted elaborate coastal, bayfront and estuarine landscapes. To help adapt to the increased flood risks affecting people and property in these landscapes, the Golden State is about to compile the nation’s most elaborate sea level rise planning database.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The task won’t be easy. California’s bureaucracy can be as bewildering as its hydrology. Which is one of the reasons its lawmakers are directing a single agency to gather information from cities, counties, airports, utilities and other companies, and a long list of state departments about sea level rise adaptation plans, and to consolidate them into a new online database.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given that there’s more than $36 billion worth of property within less than three feet of the state’s current high tide lines, and given the vulnerabilities of San Francisco Bay, which connects the Pacific Ocean with waterways that stretch into the agriculturally productive Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, the groundbreaking effort could seem as overdue as the much-anticipated El Niño.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It allows us to be far more efficient in our work on sea level rise,” said Assemblyman Richard Gordon (D), author of Assembly Bill 2516, which directs the California Natural Resources Agency to do the work. The bill has been passed by the state assembly and senate, largely along party lines, with Democrats supporting it and Republicans opposing. It’s awaiting a signature from Gov. Jerry Brown (D).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the bill is signed, various public agencies and private entities will have until next summer to provide their sea level rise plans, vulnerability assessments, scientific findings, inundation maps and related information to the Natural Resources Agency. That agency would be required to produce the database by the start of 2016. The work would be funded out of the agency’s existing budget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gordon chaired a committee that held four hearings on the impacts and risks of rising seas. Last month, the committee published a report, Sea-Level Rise: a Slow-Moving Emergency, detailing its findings. Better coordination of sea level rise planning was among the report’s many recommendations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We received information from local governments, state agencies and others about work that was underway” to adapt to rising seas, Gordon said. “One of the things that struck us the most was that often these efforts were being done in isolation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s impossible to say just how much more water is on its way for the water-flanked state, but there’s no doubt that it is coming. The state’s Ocean Protection Council last year urged other departments and offices to brace for about three feet of sea level rise this century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no community that touches the sea that will not be impacted,” Gordon said. “We also have a very large inland coastal area surrounding the San Francisco Bay. All of these areas are in jeopardy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wetland restoration is a popular tool being used in California to adapt to rising seas. Thanks in part to the natural growth of plants and the natural shoreline accumulation of drifting sediment, these ecosystems can grow vertically along with rising water levels. And they can buffer storm surges, protecting nearby property. But, as an example of how the new database could prove useful, Gordon said coastal managers aren’t always aware of the wetland restoration work underway in other parts of the state. The new database would help them share tips and information on best practices among themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also of concern to the committee were those areas and governments within the state that aren’t yet bracing for rising seas. Gordon said the new database would help identify preparedness gaps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can focus attention on those communities that are not yet thinking about this; not preparing,” Gordon said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill was opposed by most of the legislature’s Republicans, who questioned the magnitude of the dangers posed by sea level rise, with a party analysis stating that less than an inch of sea level rise was likely this century. They said the bill would impose costly reporting requirements upon municipalities. The analysis said the bill “appears to try and shame cities and counties” that aren’t preparing for rising seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jessica Grannis, the Adaptation Program Manager at the Georgetown Climate Center, which is based at Georgetown Law, however, said the database would be useful for officials — and for the public and climate experts in California and elsewhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s pretty novel, in that it attempts to coordinate coastal management, especially in a state as large as California,” Grannis said. “It’s really hard to tell from existing publicly available information what’s going on — particularly when you have so many local jurisdictions and state agencies working on the issue. It’ll be nice to have a one-stop shop.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some other states are also making efforts to coordinate planning for sea level rise. And New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Connecticut require sea level rise to be considered by coastal planners. But Grannis said California’s legislation goes further than any other state when it comes to consolidating information about sea level rise adaptation efforts. “I think it will be hugely useful,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a> \u003cem>is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By John Upton\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/california-gets-serious-about-rising-seas-18010\">Climate Central\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21577\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/RS499_IMG_4241-lpr-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-21577\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/RS499_IMG_4241-lpr-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Highway 101 and San Francisco International Airport sit right along the Bay. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Highway 101 and San Francisco International Airport sit right along the Bay. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When you’ve got tens of millions of people living close to more than 1,000 miles of coastline, it could help to closely track the slews of steps being taken to protect homes, ports, roads and other infrastructure from rising seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it is in California, a broad and densely populated state where powerful tectonic and hydrologic forces have sculpted elaborate coastal, bayfront and estuarine landscapes. To help adapt to the increased flood risks affecting people and property in these landscapes, the Golden State is about to compile the nation’s most elaborate sea level rise planning database.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The task won’t be easy. California’s bureaucracy can be as bewildering as its hydrology. Which is one of the reasons its lawmakers are directing a single agency to gather information from cities, counties, airports, utilities and other companies, and a long list of state departments about sea level rise adaptation plans, and to consolidate them into a new online database.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given that there’s more than $36 billion worth of property within less than three feet of the state’s current high tide lines, and given the vulnerabilities of San Francisco Bay, which connects the Pacific Ocean with waterways that stretch into the agriculturally productive Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, the groundbreaking effort could seem as overdue as the much-anticipated El Niño.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It allows us to be far more efficient in our work on sea level rise,” said Assemblyman Richard Gordon (D), author of Assembly Bill 2516, which directs the California Natural Resources Agency to do the work. The bill has been passed by the state assembly and senate, largely along party lines, with Democrats supporting it and Republicans opposing. It’s awaiting a signature from Gov. Jerry Brown (D).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the bill is signed, various public agencies and private entities will have until next summer to provide their sea level rise plans, vulnerability assessments, scientific findings, inundation maps and related information to the Natural Resources Agency. That agency would be required to produce the database by the start of 2016. The work would be funded out of the agency’s existing budget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gordon chaired a committee that held four hearings on the impacts and risks of rising seas. Last month, the committee published a report, Sea-Level Rise: a Slow-Moving Emergency, detailing its findings. Better coordination of sea level rise planning was among the report’s many recommendations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We received information from local governments, state agencies and others about work that was underway” to adapt to rising seas, Gordon said. “One of the things that struck us the most was that often these efforts were being done in isolation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s impossible to say just how much more water is on its way for the water-flanked state, but there’s no doubt that it is coming. The state’s Ocean Protection Council last year urged other departments and offices to brace for about three feet of sea level rise this century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no community that touches the sea that will not be impacted,” Gordon said. “We also have a very large inland coastal area surrounding the San Francisco Bay. All of these areas are in jeopardy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wetland restoration is a popular tool being used in California to adapt to rising seas. Thanks in part to the natural growth of plants and the natural shoreline accumulation of drifting sediment, these ecosystems can grow vertically along with rising water levels. And they can buffer storm surges, protecting nearby property. But, as an example of how the new database could prove useful, Gordon said coastal managers aren’t always aware of the wetland restoration work underway in other parts of the state. The new database would help them share tips and information on best practices among themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also of concern to the committee were those areas and governments within the state that aren’t yet bracing for rising seas. Gordon said the new database would help identify preparedness gaps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can focus attention on those communities that are not yet thinking about this; not preparing,” Gordon said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill was opposed by most of the legislature’s Republicans, who questioned the magnitude of the dangers posed by sea level rise, with a party analysis stating that less than an inch of sea level rise was likely this century. They said the bill would impose costly reporting requirements upon municipalities. The analysis said the bill “appears to try and shame cities and counties” that aren’t preparing for rising seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jessica Grannis, the Adaptation Program Manager at the Georgetown Climate Center, which is based at Georgetown Law, however, said the database would be useful for officials — and for the public and climate experts in California and elsewhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s pretty novel, in that it attempts to coordinate coastal management, especially in a state as large as California,” Grannis said. “It’s really hard to tell from existing publicly available information what’s going on — particularly when you have so many local jurisdictions and state agencies working on the issue. It’ll be nice to have a one-stop shop.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some other states are also making efforts to coordinate planning for sea level rise. And New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Connecticut require sea level rise to be considered by coastal planners. But Grannis said California’s legislation goes further than any other state when it comes to consolidating information about sea level rise adaptation efforts. “I think it will be hugely useful,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a> \u003cem>is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21533\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 976px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/applewatch.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21533\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/applewatch.jpg\" alt=\"The Apple Watch marks Apple's first foray into smart watches and digital health. (Apple)\" width=\"976\" height=\"588\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Apple Watch marks Apple’s first foray into smart watches and digital health. (Courtesy of Apple)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Apple has unveiled its first new gadget in four years, the Apple Watch. The company is billing the device as a health-and-fitness tool with smartphone capabilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a much anticipated event in Cupertino Tuesday, Apple also unveiled a new payment system aimed at making it easier to make purchases using your phone, and new iPhones with larger screens. But the watch seems to have upstaged the company’s new big phones. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/167015639&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apple is a little late to the party when it comes to smart watches. Samsung and other companies have had devices on the market for years. But, in typical Apple fashion, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.apple.com/watch/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Apple Watch\u003c/a> looks a lot better than other smart watches and has some interesting offerings: It can receive phone calls and messages, play music, control your Apple TV, access maps, utilize Apple’s new payment system, access Siri voice command and monitor heart rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine you are out running and you want to buy a latte. With Apple’s new watch, it sounds like you can use a map to find a coffee place, swipe the watch face to buy your latte and then monitor your rising caffeine-induced heart rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The design has a sapphire glass display, a rectangle face with curved corners, and comes in several watch face and band styles. The watch starts at $350, which is $50 higher than the average smart watch, and its high-end version, which includes 18-carat gold, will go for much, much more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the right of the watch is a knob that can be used to zoom and scroll through the interface on the display. But design is really Apple’s thing so it’s not a big surprise the watch looks pretty good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is new for Apple is its entrance into the multibillion-dollar mobile health industry. The Apple Watch contains several sensors, including an accelerometer, heart-rate monitor and gyroscope to track your activities. A fitness app will track all your movements and you can customize goals and monitor activities, not that much different from some of the other wearables on the market like \u003ca href=\"http://www.fitbit.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fitbit\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://jawbone.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jawbone\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike other health bands and smart watches, Apple is partnering with large medical record companies and health care providers as it makes a push into the mobile health care market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basically, Apple is trying to change the health care landscape the way it disrupted the music industry with the iPod. But sharing health information is more complex than sharing music, and this new step raises a lot of thorny privacy issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The watch, which has to be connected to an iPhone to take advantage of its capabilities, will be available early next year.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21533\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 976px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/applewatch.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21533\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/applewatch.jpg\" alt=\"The Apple Watch marks Apple's first foray into smart watches and digital health. (Apple)\" width=\"976\" height=\"588\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Apple Watch marks Apple’s first foray into smart watches and digital health. (Courtesy of Apple)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Apple has unveiled its first new gadget in four years, the Apple Watch. The company is billing the device as a health-and-fitness tool with smartphone capabilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a much anticipated event in Cupertino Tuesday, Apple also unveiled a new payment system aimed at making it easier to make purchases using your phone, and new iPhones with larger screens. But the watch seems to have upstaged the company’s new big phones. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/167015639&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apple is a little late to the party when it comes to smart watches. Samsung and other companies have had devices on the market for years. But, in typical Apple fashion, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.apple.com/watch/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Apple Watch\u003c/a> looks a lot better than other smart watches and has some interesting offerings: It can receive phone calls and messages, play music, control your Apple TV, access maps, utilize Apple’s new payment system, access Siri voice command and monitor heart rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine you are out running and you want to buy a latte. With Apple’s new watch, it sounds like you can use a map to find a coffee place, swipe the watch face to buy your latte and then monitor your rising caffeine-induced heart rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The design has a sapphire glass display, a rectangle face with curved corners, and comes in several watch face and band styles. The watch starts at $350, which is $50 higher than the average smart watch, and its high-end version, which includes 18-carat gold, will go for much, much more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the right of the watch is a knob that can be used to zoom and scroll through the interface on the display. But design is really Apple’s thing so it’s not a big surprise the watch looks pretty good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is new for Apple is its entrance into the multibillion-dollar mobile health industry. The Apple Watch contains several sensors, including an accelerometer, heart-rate monitor and gyroscope to track your activities. A fitness app will track all your movements and you can customize goals and monitor activities, not that much different from some of the other wearables on the market like \u003ca href=\"http://www.fitbit.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fitbit\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://jawbone.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jawbone\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike other health bands and smart watches, Apple is partnering with large medical record companies and health care providers as it makes a push into the mobile health care market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basically, Apple is trying to change the health care landscape the way it disrupted the music industry with the iPod. But sharing health information is more complex than sharing music, and this new step raises a lot of thorny privacy issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The watch, which has to be connected to an iPhone to take advantage of its capabilities, will be available early next year.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Quake-Revived Streams Could Keep Flowing for a While",
"headTitle": "Quake-Revived Streams Could Keep Flowing for a While | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21454\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/DryCreek_wide_4915.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21454\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/DryCreek_wide_4915.jpg\" alt=\"Dry Creek in the west Napa Valley was bone-dry when the quake struck, but sprang back to life three days afterward. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dry Creek in the west Napa Valley was bone-dry when the quake struck, but sprang to life three days later. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Normally, Dry Creek, just west of Napa, lives up to its name this time of year. But three days after the South Napa Earthquake, it suddenly sprang to life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was completely dry and right now it’s running at the rate that we’d normally see in May or so,” said Garrett Buckland, overlooking a stretch of the creek about 2.5 miles above where it empties into the Napa River. Buckland is a vineyard consultant who pays close attention to the hydrology of the Napa Valley. In September, he said, Dry Creek doesn’t usually make it as far as the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he started hearing the sound of moving water shortly after the magnitude-6.0 temblor, Buckland said he wasn’t entirely surprised; he said the same thing happened after a 4.9 temblor near here in 2000. Based on that experience, Buckland was willing to make a prediction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”2PiNvzNzd7sL8IuJr3cHhhBSSlxRgtHY”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This will continue to flow all the way until it dries up next year,” he ventured. “All those changes in cracks and adjustments to the fissures all across this area are really just releasing a ton of really, really cold, crisp, clean groundwater, basically.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resurgence of Dry Creek is just one of \u003ca title=\"Press-Dem - post\" href=\"http://www.pressdemocrat.com/home/2655382-181/napa-quake-jumpstarts-stream-flows\">many similar stories\u003c/a> that have arisen since the August 24 quake that struck the Napa Valley and damaged buildings in at least three significant North Bay cities. But the \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/09/02/napa-quake-forces-redrawing-of-fault-maps/\">underground dynamics\u003c/a> that started it all are complicated and not nearly as clear as the crystalline water bubbling up from below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just as elusive is the question of how long it will last. Geologists say this is a common occurrence following earthquakes and doesn’t often last more than a matter of weeks. But there are some optimists out there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These ephemerals are flowing across the entire Mayacama Range (the western Napa Valley slope),” hydrologist Robert Shibatani, who toured the area last week, wrote in an email to KQED. “Nor is it necessarily a temporary event; streams are still running two weeks after the temblor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shibatani surmises that on the west side of Napa Valley, the quake didn’t create new springs so much as it opened new connections between underground aquifers, creating a fresh supply for existing springs. If so, these new \u003ca title=\"SFC - post\" href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/default/article/Surprise-bonanza-since-Napa-quake-dry-creeks-now-5739098.php#page-1\">flows could continue\u003c/a> into the rainy season — but there’s really no way to know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21457\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/DryCreek_riffle_4912.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21457\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/DryCreek_riffle_4912.jpg\" alt=\"One hydrologist estimates the flow rates on some quake-revived streams could be significant in view of the current drought. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One hydrologist estimates the flow rates on some quake-revived streams could be significant in view of the current drought. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“These flows could represent new base flows, which would be a significant enhancement to overall water supply yield to this area of northern California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing that gives Shibatani hope of some permanence is the volume of water he’s seen — up to 10 or 12 cubic feet per second, which, over the course of a year, would be enough to supply thousands of typical households.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That kind of volume is considerable given the state of our current drought,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There remain some slippery questions, such as whether upstream wells might start running dry, and ultimately, to whom this wet new windfall belongs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a ‘natural’ stream flow (albeit new), initial indications [from state water regulators] are that they would be considered ‘riparian’ rights and permissible for diversion,” says Shibatani. “I think that someone needs to really get a sense of the overall scale of this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for Buckland, who grew up virtually on the banks of Dry Creek, a spawning stream for salmon and steelhead, he’s just happy to see it running with such gusto at the driest time of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hopefully this is something that’ll really help out our fishery,” he says, “but it’s amazing what nature can do for us.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21454\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/DryCreek_wide_4915.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21454\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/DryCreek_wide_4915.jpg\" alt=\"Dry Creek in the west Napa Valley was bone-dry when the quake struck, but sprang back to life three days afterward. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dry Creek in the west Napa Valley was bone-dry when the quake struck, but sprang to life three days later. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Normally, Dry Creek, just west of Napa, lives up to its name this time of year. But three days after the South Napa Earthquake, it suddenly sprang to life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was completely dry and right now it’s running at the rate that we’d normally see in May or so,” said Garrett Buckland, overlooking a stretch of the creek about 2.5 miles above where it empties into the Napa River. Buckland is a vineyard consultant who pays close attention to the hydrology of the Napa Valley. In September, he said, Dry Creek doesn’t usually make it as far as the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he started hearing the sound of moving water shortly after the magnitude-6.0 temblor, Buckland said he wasn’t entirely surprised; he said the same thing happened after a 4.9 temblor near here in 2000. Based on that experience, Buckland was willing to make a prediction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This will continue to flow all the way until it dries up next year,” he ventured. “All those changes in cracks and adjustments to the fissures all across this area are really just releasing a ton of really, really cold, crisp, clean groundwater, basically.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resurgence of Dry Creek is just one of \u003ca title=\"Press-Dem - post\" href=\"http://www.pressdemocrat.com/home/2655382-181/napa-quake-jumpstarts-stream-flows\">many similar stories\u003c/a> that have arisen since the August 24 quake that struck the Napa Valley and damaged buildings in at least three significant North Bay cities. But the \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/09/02/napa-quake-forces-redrawing-of-fault-maps/\">underground dynamics\u003c/a> that started it all are complicated and not nearly as clear as the crystalline water bubbling up from below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just as elusive is the question of how long it will last. Geologists say this is a common occurrence following earthquakes and doesn’t often last more than a matter of weeks. But there are some optimists out there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These ephemerals are flowing across the entire Mayacama Range (the western Napa Valley slope),” hydrologist Robert Shibatani, who toured the area last week, wrote in an email to KQED. “Nor is it necessarily a temporary event; streams are still running two weeks after the temblor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shibatani surmises that on the west side of Napa Valley, the quake didn’t create new springs so much as it opened new connections between underground aquifers, creating a fresh supply for existing springs. If so, these new \u003ca title=\"SFC - post\" href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/default/article/Surprise-bonanza-since-Napa-quake-dry-creeks-now-5739098.php#page-1\">flows could continue\u003c/a> into the rainy season — but there’s really no way to know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21457\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/DryCreek_riffle_4912.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21457\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/DryCreek_riffle_4912.jpg\" alt=\"One hydrologist estimates the flow rates on some quake-revived streams could be significant in view of the current drought. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One hydrologist estimates the flow rates on some quake-revived streams could be significant in view of the current drought. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“These flows could represent new base flows, which would be a significant enhancement to overall water supply yield to this area of northern California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing that gives Shibatani hope of some permanence is the volume of water he’s seen — up to 10 or 12 cubic feet per second, which, over the course of a year, would be enough to supply thousands of typical households.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That kind of volume is considerable given the state of our current drought,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There remain some slippery questions, such as whether upstream wells might start running dry, and ultimately, to whom this wet new windfall belongs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a ‘natural’ stream flow (albeit new), initial indications [from state water regulators] are that they would be considered ‘riparian’ rights and permissible for diversion,” says Shibatani. “I think that someone needs to really get a sense of the overall scale of this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for Buckland, who grew up virtually on the banks of Dry Creek, a spawning stream for salmon and steelhead, he’s just happy to see it running with such gusto at the driest time of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hopefully this is something that’ll really help out our fishery,” he says, “but it’s amazing what nature can do for us.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "How to Drive Home the Drought Message: Make It a Game",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21461\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/Next-10-water-allocation-game-e1410223541561.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-21461 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/Next-10-water-allocation-game-e1410223541561.jpg\" alt=\"Next 10 water allocation game\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED Science)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you’ve watched your neighbor “watering her sidewalk” or wrung your hands at the sight of agricultural runoff, now is your chance to allocate the state’s water resources. A new \u003ca href=\"http://www.cawaterchallenge.org/\">online game \u003c/a>lets California residents control the state’s water — virtually, at least.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From desalination investment to mandatory water reductions, the California Water Challenge lets users choose a range of outcomes and see how others voted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Price tags are attached to decisions, which have varying effects on energy consumption and the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Choosing to build a new reservoir, for example, not only costs $236 million per year, but it can also harm local ecosystems and may result in the loss of property tax revenue to local governments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/California-water-game.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-21491\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/California-water-game-1024x697.jpg\" alt=\"California water game\" width=\"625\" height=\"426\">\u003c/a>During the worst drought in the state’s recorded history, \u003ca href=\"http://www.next10.org/about\">Next 10\u003c/a>, the non-profit that created the game, believes making difficult decisions will help people understand the extent of the drought. Next 10 is backed by venture capitalist F. Noel Perry, who also serves on the leadership council for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/bio.asp?i=434\">Public Policy Institute of California\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Local water agencies across the state are issuing alerts for conservation and some are even placing mandatory restrictions on water use,” said Perry in a pre-launch release. “This problem is not going away.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The game follows the lead of “you-fix-it” games like the New York Times’ popular \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2010/11/13/weekinreview/deficits-graphic.html\">Budget Puzzle\u003c/a>, which asked citizens to balance the federal budget in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These games often expose gaps in knowledge or reveal underlying assumptions about government spending.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a generation of millennials, they also speak a familiar language. “Games are fast becoming the defining metaphor of our time,” Peter T. Coleman, professor of psychology and education at Columbia University told \u003ca href=\"http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-five-percent/201301/the-consequences-our-games\">Psychology Today\u003c/a>. “How we think about, see and engage our world is largely determined by the metaphors we use to make sense of it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Californians, this game may be a way to talk about a potentially eye-glazing issue with no easy solution. The game’s developers hope that being at the reins, even for five minutes, might usher in a sense of urgency and understanding about a new reality setting in for California.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"masters-of-scale": {
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},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"morning-edition": {
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
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"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"order": 11
},
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"on-the-media": {
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"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
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},
"perspectives": {
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"order": 14
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"planet-money": {
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
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"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
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},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 5
},
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/e0c2d153-ad36-4c8d-901d-f1da6a724824/political-breakdown",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
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