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"title": "Drought-Stressed Crops May Be Better For You",
"headTitle": "Drought-Stressed Crops May Be Better For You | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/10/20141020science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22653\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 3264px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/25-O.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/25-O.jpg\" alt=\"These pomegranates are about an inch smaller than the typical size, but they're packed with antioxidents.\" width=\"3264\" height=\"2448\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22653\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These pomegranates are about an inch smaller than the typical size, but they’re packed with antioxidents. (Courtesy of Tiziana Centofanti)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tiziana Centofanti carefully hand-waters some pomegranate trees with a tiny bucket. “The important thing is to go really slowly,” she says. “The soil is very dry right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://tizianacentofanti.weebly.com/uploads/3/9/4/1/39411617/tiziana_centofanti_cv_2014_september.pdf\">Centofanti \u003c/a>is a research scientist affiliated with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fresnostate.edu/jcast/cit/\">Center for Irrigation Technology\u003c/a> at Fresno State. She’s based at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ars.usda.gov/main/site_main.htm?modecode=20-34-05-00\">U.S. Department of Agriculture lab in Parlier\u003c/a>, a sprawling campus of experimental farmland about half an hour south of Fresno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the questions she’s asking is whether fruit from trees that don’t get much water are less nutritious, compared to fruit from trees that get plenty of water. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My research is about physiological response to stresses,” Centofanti says, “and drought is one of those.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the pomegranate trees in these orchards are pretty stressed out. They’re planted inside a tile ring that constrains their root systems, so they burrow deep into the ground. Centofanti’s watering them with a solution of salt, boron and selenium; these are natural elements in the soil on many Central Valley farms that are also struggling with drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22714\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/tiny-pomegranates-constrained-roots--e1413592464992.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/tiny-pomegranates-constrained-roots--e1413592464992.jpg\" alt=\"The tile ring forces the roots of these trees to grow more deeply.\" width=\"320\" height=\"428\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22714\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The tile ring prevents the roots of these trees from spreading out, forcing them to grow further down. (Tiziana Centofanti)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“You will definitely see that these trees are much, much smaller,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re actually dwarfish, and the fruit on them is tiny, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Centofanti shows me another plot of pomegranates she’s watering with just 35 percent of what a tree would normally drink, and yet another group of trees that are getting half the normal amount of water. These trees are all growing to the usual height, but their fruit is cracked, so you can see the pomegranate seeds peeking out, like tiny rubies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11052704\">shows\u003c/a> that pomegranates have specific compounds that may reduce swelling and infection, even possibly fight \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1026309813000692\">DNA damage\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.panelamonitor.org/media/docrepo/document/files/dietary-antioxidants-and-cardiovascular-disease.pdf\">cardiovascular disease\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To see how drought might change that fruit chemistry, Centofanti takes the water-stressed pomegranates into the lab. She cuts them and uses a french press to squeeze everything, including the peel, into juice. She shakes that onto a magnetic stirrer, and analyzes it with liquid chromatography.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Preliminary data, she says, confirm her suspicions about drought’s effect on the fruit’s nutritional value.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Does not affect the fruit quality, so nothing, no differences at all,” Centofanti says, gesturing toward a deep freezer full of fruit samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“The tiny pomegranates seem to have double the antioxidant content of pomegranates grown under normal conditions.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Preliminary results from this soon-to-be-published study show that the cracked pomegranates grown with much less water still have all the normal antioxidant levels — the same amount of vitamin C, micronutrients and macronutrients. Same with the drought-stressed grapes Centofanti’s tested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there is one interesting difference about the tiny pomegranate trees, the ones with constrained roots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tiny pomegranates \u003ca href=\"http://www.icwt.net/wrpi/2013/Zoldoske.pdf\">grown with the salt and boron\u003c/a> seem to have\u003cem> double\u003c/em> the antioxidant content of pomegranates grown under normal conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Plants when they are stressed, they tend to produce higher content of phenolics, antioxidants,” Centofanti says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, the trees under the most stress come out fighting, releasing more protective chemical compounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Centofanti’s now looking into whether there’s a similar effect on peaches. Those trials are still in the early stages and so far, like pomegranates, the peaches she’s grown with less water are tiny.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The big challenge? Convincing consumers that fruit that’s smaller or cracked might be better for you, and for the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I believe that if we’re able to market this fruit as environmentally friendly because it uses it less water, and it’s grown in the Central Valley where we have so much drought problems,” Centofanti says, “consumers will be ready to buy the fruit, because it’s environmentally friendly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22723\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 4608px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/0341.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/0341.jpg\" alt=\"Customers at the farmer's market in San Francisco's ferry building were snapping up these tomatoes from Dirty Girl Produce, grown without irrigation.\" width=\"4608\" height=\"3456\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22723\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Customers at the farmers market at San Francisco’s Ferry building were snapping up these tomatoes from Dirty Girl Produce, grown without irrigation. (Adizah Eghan/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That may be true at a foodie hub like the Ferry Building farmer’s market in San Francisco, where \u003ca href=\"http://www.dirtygirlproduce.com/\">Dirty Girl Produce \u003c/a>hands out free samples of dry-farmed tomatoes to enthusiastic customers. They’re grown in Santa Cruz, without irrigation — and that’s part of their appeal. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once we put the tomato plants into the ground, after they’ve got some roots, we don’t water them again,” says Dirty Girl’s Tristan Covello, “so they have to find their own water. Because of that, they’ll grow lots of really deep roots to find lots of nutrients and minerals that make them really delicious.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, \u003ca href=\"http://giannini.ucop.edu/CalAgBook/Chap1.pdf\">dry farming was the norm\u003c/a> back in the 19\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> century for many California farmers. They relied on limited natural rainfall for dry land crops like winter wheat and barely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn’t until massive irrigation projects plumbed water all over the state that the hot, arid Central Valley was transformed into the nation’s most productive farm belt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But do those crops really need all that water?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a sprawling vineyard near Delano, just north of Bakersfield, Andrew Zaninovich shows me a test plot of crimson seedless table grapes that get 50 to 70 percent of the water he’d usually use. Zaninovich runs \u003ca href=\"http://www.sunviewvineyards.com/sunview.htm\">Sunview Vineyards\u003c/a>, which supplies many of the nation’s biggest markets with table grapes, and he’s working with the USDA researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drought-stressed vines look surprisingly green to my eyes. I thought they’d be all shriveled up and dried.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To the layperson, they do look pretty green and healthy,” Zaninovich says, “but to me, the person who’s responsible for delivering a box of fruit that a consumer would be happy with, this\u003cem> is\u003c/em> a problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zaninovich points out brown edges on the leaves, and the variable colors of the grapes. He takes a quarter from his pocket and holds it up next to a bunch of grapes on these vines. It’s a farmer’s trick to get a sense of their relative size.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22726\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 4272px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/IMG_8844.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/IMG_8844.jpg\" alt=\"Drought-stressed grapes have variable coloring, rather than a uniform deep red. And they're smaller than the shiny quarter -- a common test of grape quality.\" width=\"4272\" height=\"2848\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22726\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These drought-stressed grapes have variable coloring, rather than a uniform deep red. And they’re smaller than the shiny quarter. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This wouldn’t be commercially acceptable,” Zaninovich says, shaking his head. “Many retailers are telling us they don’t want fruit that’s less than 13/16 of an inch in diameter. They want big, juicy looking grapes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zaninovich doesn’t think much of the idea that mainstream consumers will want to buy grapes grown with less water, even if they don’t look as pretty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a really niche, high-risk approach,” he says. “Our industry last week sold somewhere between 4½ and 5 million boxes. Those are the numbers that make this a viable industry in California. We need to have something that’s mainstream that the consumers around the world agree on is a desirable package.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So if Zaninovich doesn’t see promising results from growing fruit with half the water, why is he still investing in the experiment?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a term that’s used, drops per crop, and I think we just need to figure out how to maximize that efficiency,” he says. “It’s worth the exercise, it’s worth the experiment, it’s worth the loss, just to learn.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The USDA researchers in Parlier are hoping to get funding to continue looking at the antioxidant content of fruit grown with less water. They’re not only analyzing pomegranates and peaches, but \u003ca href=\"http://www.fresnostate.edu/jcast/cati/update/2013-fall/opuntia-study.html\">opuntia cacti,\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://foodblogga.blogspot.com/2011/06/what-is-agretti.html\">agretti \u003c/a>(salsola soda), a gourmet vegetable from Italy that can be watered with salt water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, researchers in Mexico, Thailand, Taiwan and Spain have managed to grow spicier peppers by giving them less water. But when UC scientists working with jalapeño growers in Santa Clara and San Benito counties tried \u003ca href=\"http://ucanr.edu/blogs/blogcore/postdetail.cfm?postnum=15571\">repeating the experiment\u003c/a>, the results were only lukewarm.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Scientists in California's Central Valley are testing the nutrient content of fruits grown with less-than-normal amounts of water. And the findings so far are raising a question: will consumers buy fruits that are just as nutritional, or sometimes higher in antioxidants, if they aren't as pretty?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22653\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 3264px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/25-O.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/25-O.jpg\" alt=\"These pomegranates are about an inch smaller than the typical size, but they're packed with antioxidents.\" width=\"3264\" height=\"2448\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22653\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These pomegranates are about an inch smaller than the typical size, but they’re packed with antioxidents. (Courtesy of Tiziana Centofanti)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tiziana Centofanti carefully hand-waters some pomegranate trees with a tiny bucket. “The important thing is to go really slowly,” she says. “The soil is very dry right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://tizianacentofanti.weebly.com/uploads/3/9/4/1/39411617/tiziana_centofanti_cv_2014_september.pdf\">Centofanti \u003c/a>is a research scientist affiliated with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fresnostate.edu/jcast/cit/\">Center for Irrigation Technology\u003c/a> at Fresno State. She’s based at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ars.usda.gov/main/site_main.htm?modecode=20-34-05-00\">U.S. Department of Agriculture lab in Parlier\u003c/a>, a sprawling campus of experimental farmland about half an hour south of Fresno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the questions she’s asking is whether fruit from trees that don’t get much water are less nutritious, compared to fruit from trees that get plenty of water. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My research is about physiological response to stresses,” Centofanti says, “and drought is one of those.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the pomegranate trees in these orchards are pretty stressed out. They’re planted inside a tile ring that constrains their root systems, so they burrow deep into the ground. Centofanti’s watering them with a solution of salt, boron and selenium; these are natural elements in the soil on many Central Valley farms that are also struggling with drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22714\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/tiny-pomegranates-constrained-roots--e1413592464992.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/tiny-pomegranates-constrained-roots--e1413592464992.jpg\" alt=\"The tile ring forces the roots of these trees to grow more deeply.\" width=\"320\" height=\"428\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22714\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The tile ring prevents the roots of these trees from spreading out, forcing them to grow further down. (Tiziana Centofanti)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“You will definitely see that these trees are much, much smaller,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re actually dwarfish, and the fruit on them is tiny, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Centofanti shows me another plot of pomegranates she’s watering with just 35 percent of what a tree would normally drink, and yet another group of trees that are getting half the normal amount of water. These trees are all growing to the usual height, but their fruit is cracked, so you can see the pomegranate seeds peeking out, like tiny rubies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11052704\">shows\u003c/a> that pomegranates have specific compounds that may reduce swelling and infection, even possibly fight \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1026309813000692\">DNA damage\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.panelamonitor.org/media/docrepo/document/files/dietary-antioxidants-and-cardiovascular-disease.pdf\">cardiovascular disease\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To see how drought might change that fruit chemistry, Centofanti takes the water-stressed pomegranates into the lab. She cuts them and uses a french press to squeeze everything, including the peel, into juice. She shakes that onto a magnetic stirrer, and analyzes it with liquid chromatography.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Preliminary data, she says, confirm her suspicions about drought’s effect on the fruit’s nutritional value.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Does not affect the fruit quality, so nothing, no differences at all,” Centofanti says, gesturing toward a deep freezer full of fruit samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“The tiny pomegranates seem to have double the antioxidant content of pomegranates grown under normal conditions.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Preliminary results from this soon-to-be-published study show that the cracked pomegranates grown with much less water still have all the normal antioxidant levels — the same amount of vitamin C, micronutrients and macronutrients. Same with the drought-stressed grapes Centofanti’s tested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there is one interesting difference about the tiny pomegranate trees, the ones with constrained roots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tiny pomegranates \u003ca href=\"http://www.icwt.net/wrpi/2013/Zoldoske.pdf\">grown with the salt and boron\u003c/a> seem to have\u003cem> double\u003c/em> the antioxidant content of pomegranates grown under normal conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Plants when they are stressed, they tend to produce higher content of phenolics, antioxidants,” Centofanti says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, the trees under the most stress come out fighting, releasing more protective chemical compounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Centofanti’s now looking into whether there’s a similar effect on peaches. Those trials are still in the early stages and so far, like pomegranates, the peaches she’s grown with less water are tiny.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The big challenge? Convincing consumers that fruit that’s smaller or cracked might be better for you, and for the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I believe that if we’re able to market this fruit as environmentally friendly because it uses it less water, and it’s grown in the Central Valley where we have so much drought problems,” Centofanti says, “consumers will be ready to buy the fruit, because it’s environmentally friendly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22723\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 4608px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/0341.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/0341.jpg\" alt=\"Customers at the farmer's market in San Francisco's ferry building were snapping up these tomatoes from Dirty Girl Produce, grown without irrigation.\" width=\"4608\" height=\"3456\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22723\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Customers at the farmers market at San Francisco’s Ferry building were snapping up these tomatoes from Dirty Girl Produce, grown without irrigation. (Adizah Eghan/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That may be true at a foodie hub like the Ferry Building farmer’s market in San Francisco, where \u003ca href=\"http://www.dirtygirlproduce.com/\">Dirty Girl Produce \u003c/a>hands out free samples of dry-farmed tomatoes to enthusiastic customers. They’re grown in Santa Cruz, without irrigation — and that’s part of their appeal. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once we put the tomato plants into the ground, after they’ve got some roots, we don’t water them again,” says Dirty Girl’s Tristan Covello, “so they have to find their own water. Because of that, they’ll grow lots of really deep roots to find lots of nutrients and minerals that make them really delicious.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, \u003ca href=\"http://giannini.ucop.edu/CalAgBook/Chap1.pdf\">dry farming was the norm\u003c/a> back in the 19\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> century for many California farmers. They relied on limited natural rainfall for dry land crops like winter wheat and barely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn’t until massive irrigation projects plumbed water all over the state that the hot, arid Central Valley was transformed into the nation’s most productive farm belt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But do those crops really need all that water?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a sprawling vineyard near Delano, just north of Bakersfield, Andrew Zaninovich shows me a test plot of crimson seedless table grapes that get 50 to 70 percent of the water he’d usually use. Zaninovich runs \u003ca href=\"http://www.sunviewvineyards.com/sunview.htm\">Sunview Vineyards\u003c/a>, which supplies many of the nation’s biggest markets with table grapes, and he’s working with the USDA researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drought-stressed vines look surprisingly green to my eyes. I thought they’d be all shriveled up and dried.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To the layperson, they do look pretty green and healthy,” Zaninovich says, “but to me, the person who’s responsible for delivering a box of fruit that a consumer would be happy with, this\u003cem> is\u003c/em> a problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zaninovich points out brown edges on the leaves, and the variable colors of the grapes. He takes a quarter from his pocket and holds it up next to a bunch of grapes on these vines. It’s a farmer’s trick to get a sense of their relative size.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22726\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 4272px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/IMG_8844.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/IMG_8844.jpg\" alt=\"Drought-stressed grapes have variable coloring, rather than a uniform deep red. And they're smaller than the shiny quarter -- a common test of grape quality.\" width=\"4272\" height=\"2848\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22726\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These drought-stressed grapes have variable coloring, rather than a uniform deep red. And they’re smaller than the shiny quarter. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This wouldn’t be commercially acceptable,” Zaninovich says, shaking his head. “Many retailers are telling us they don’t want fruit that’s less than 13/16 of an inch in diameter. They want big, juicy looking grapes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zaninovich doesn’t think much of the idea that mainstream consumers will want to buy grapes grown with less water, even if they don’t look as pretty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a really niche, high-risk approach,” he says. “Our industry last week sold somewhere between 4½ and 5 million boxes. Those are the numbers that make this a viable industry in California. We need to have something that’s mainstream that the consumers around the world agree on is a desirable package.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So if Zaninovich doesn’t see promising results from growing fruit with half the water, why is he still investing in the experiment?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a term that’s used, drops per crop, and I think we just need to figure out how to maximize that efficiency,” he says. “It’s worth the exercise, it’s worth the experiment, it’s worth the loss, just to learn.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The USDA researchers in Parlier are hoping to get funding to continue looking at the antioxidant content of fruit grown with less water. They’re not only analyzing pomegranates and peaches, but \u003ca href=\"http://www.fresnostate.edu/jcast/cati/update/2013-fall/opuntia-study.html\">opuntia cacti,\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://foodblogga.blogspot.com/2011/06/what-is-agretti.html\">agretti \u003c/a>(salsola soda), a gourmet vegetable from Italy that can be watered with salt water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, researchers in Mexico, Thailand, Taiwan and Spain have managed to grow spicier peppers by giving them less water. But when UC scientists working with jalapeño growers in Santa Clara and San Benito counties tried \u003ca href=\"http://ucanr.edu/blogs/blogcore/postdetail.cfm?postnum=15571\">repeating the experiment\u003c/a>, the results were only lukewarm.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Bay Area Remembers the Loma Prieta Earthquake",
"headTitle": "Bay Area Remembers the Loma Prieta Earthquake | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22539\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/NimitzFreewayLomaPrietaQuake_FullRes-1024x664.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-22539 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/NimitzFreewayLomaPrietaQuake_FullRes-1024x664.jpg\" alt=\"The upper deck of the Cypress viaduct in Oakland collapsed onto the lower deck during the 1989 earthquake. (Joe Lewis/Wikimedia)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"664\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The upper deck of the Cypress viaduct in Oakland collapsed onto the lower deck during the 1989 earthquake. (Joe Lewis/Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Anyone who was in the Bay Area at 5:04 p.m. on October 17, 1989 has a story to tell about the Loma Prieta earthquake. They are stories of sorrow and survival, humor and courage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Loma Prieta was the largest earthquake on the San Andreas fault since 1906. The 6.9 magnitude quake killed 63 people, injured more than 3,000 others and caused 6 billion dollars in property damage. It ruptured the Bay Bridge, the Embarcadero Freeway in San Francisco and the Nimitz Freeway in Oakland. It halted the World Series between the San Francisco Giants and the Oakland A’s for a record 10 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To commemorate the 25th anniversary of the Loma Prieta earthquake, Bay Area residents can run earthquake drills, share stories and honor the lives of neighbors and loved ones at many events around the bay. And resource fairs will offer kid-friendly activities, plus information and demonstrations to help people prepare for major quakes in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, you can participate in the 7th Annual:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;padding-left: 30px\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.shakeout.org/california/index.html\">\u003cstrong>Great California ShakeOut\u003c/strong> \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Thursday, October 16\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>10:16 a.m.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The statewide drill encourages workplaces, schools and households to practice how to “drop, cover and hold” during an earthquake. You can register and find more resources online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22579\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Earthquake-Responders.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-22579 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Earthquake-Responders.jpg\" alt=\"First responders search for victims at a collapsed department store in the Pacific Garden Mall in Santa Cruz. (U.S. Geological Survey)\" width=\"1400\" height=\"936\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">First responders search for victims at a collapsed department store in the Pacific Garden Mall in Santa Cruz after the ’89 quake. (C.E. Meyer/U.S. Geological Survey)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In Santa Cruz and Oakland, officials will honor people who lost their lives, and emergency workers who responded to the disaster. Santa Cruz merchants, past city officials and scientists from the U.S. Geological Survey and UC Santa Cruz will reflect on lessons learned from the tragedy and discuss how Santa Cruz is strengthening its resilience for future earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;padding-left: 30px\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/article.asp?ID=4029&from=rss&utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+USGSNewsroomPartial+%28Newsroom+-+Partial+Descriptions%29#.VD6_eBaTzy1\">\u003cstrong>25 Years Later: Santa Cruz after the Loma Prieta Earthquake\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Friday, October 17\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem> 10 a.m. to 11 a.m.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nCorner of Front Street and Pacific Avenue, Santa Cruz\u003cbr>\nFree\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oakland’s event will honor the 42 people who died when the Cypress Viaduct collapsed, and the many emergency workers who worked on the front lines. A resource fair will help residents prepare for future emergencies with activities, interactive demonstrations, and free earthquake preparedness items for the first 100 attendees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"padding-left: 30px\">\u003ca href=\"http://www2.oaklandnet.com/Government/o/OFD/o/OES/OAK049486\">\u003cstrong>Reflect. Honor. Prepare: Bridging Generations & Communities through Preparedness\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Friday, October 17\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem> 11:30 a.m. to 2:00 p.m.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nCypress Freeway Memorial Park\u003cbr>\nMandela Parkway at 14\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> Street, Oakland\u003cbr>\nFree\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco, the outdoor plaza of the Exploratorium will transform into an interactive earthquake preparedness fair. Mayor Ed Lee along with other public officials and community members will share their stories of the 1989 quake. In the “TOP Chef – Taste of Preparedness Cook-off” teams will compete to create a tasty meal using non-perishable items from emergency kits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"padding-left: 30px\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/visit/calendar/loma-prieta-oct-17-2014\">\u003cstrong>Loma Prieta 25\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Friday, October 17\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem> 12:00 p.m. to 7:00 p.m.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nThe Exploratorium\u003cbr>\nPier 15, 698 The Embarcadero, San Francisco\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Free after 4 p.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in Aptos, near the epicenter of the quake, families can get tips on preparing for wildfires and drought as well as earthquakes, and scientists will share the lessons of Loma Prieta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"padding-left: 30px\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.sandylydon.com/adv_quake2014.html\">\u003cstrong>Silver Anniversary Preparedness Fair and Lecture\u003c/strong> \u003cstrong>in Aptos\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Saturday, October 18\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem> 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Fair) \u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>7:00 p.m. to 9:00 p.m. (Lecture) \u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nCabrillo College\u003cbr>\n6500 Soquel Drive, Aptos\u003cbr>\nQuadrangle between 100 building and the original college theater (Fair)\u003cbr>\nRoom 450, Forum Building, (Lecture)\u003cbr>\nThe fair is free. The lecture is $22.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More events commemorating the 25th Anniversary of Loma Prieta can be found at:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.lp25.org/\">Loma Prieta 25\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://bayquakealliance.org/events/\">Bay Area Earthquake Alliance\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22539\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/NimitzFreewayLomaPrietaQuake_FullRes-1024x664.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-22539 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/NimitzFreewayLomaPrietaQuake_FullRes-1024x664.jpg\" alt=\"The upper deck of the Cypress viaduct in Oakland collapsed onto the lower deck during the 1989 earthquake. (Joe Lewis/Wikimedia)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"664\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The upper deck of the Cypress viaduct in Oakland collapsed onto the lower deck during the 1989 earthquake. (Joe Lewis/Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Anyone who was in the Bay Area at 5:04 p.m. on October 17, 1989 has a story to tell about the Loma Prieta earthquake. They are stories of sorrow and survival, humor and courage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Loma Prieta was the largest earthquake on the San Andreas fault since 1906. The 6.9 magnitude quake killed 63 people, injured more than 3,000 others and caused 6 billion dollars in property damage. It ruptured the Bay Bridge, the Embarcadero Freeway in San Francisco and the Nimitz Freeway in Oakland. It halted the World Series between the San Francisco Giants and the Oakland A’s for a record 10 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To commemorate the 25th anniversary of the Loma Prieta earthquake, Bay Area residents can run earthquake drills, share stories and honor the lives of neighbors and loved ones at many events around the bay. And resource fairs will offer kid-friendly activities, plus information and demonstrations to help people prepare for major quakes in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, you can participate in the 7th Annual:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;padding-left: 30px\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.shakeout.org/california/index.html\">\u003cstrong>Great California ShakeOut\u003c/strong> \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Thursday, October 16\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>10:16 a.m.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The statewide drill encourages workplaces, schools and households to practice how to “drop, cover and hold” during an earthquake. You can register and find more resources online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22579\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Earthquake-Responders.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-22579 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Earthquake-Responders.jpg\" alt=\"First responders search for victims at a collapsed department store in the Pacific Garden Mall in Santa Cruz. (U.S. Geological Survey)\" width=\"1400\" height=\"936\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">First responders search for victims at a collapsed department store in the Pacific Garden Mall in Santa Cruz after the ’89 quake. (C.E. Meyer/U.S. Geological Survey)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In Santa Cruz and Oakland, officials will honor people who lost their lives, and emergency workers who responded to the disaster. Santa Cruz merchants, past city officials and scientists from the U.S. Geological Survey and UC Santa Cruz will reflect on lessons learned from the tragedy and discuss how Santa Cruz is strengthening its resilience for future earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;padding-left: 30px\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/article.asp?ID=4029&from=rss&utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+USGSNewsroomPartial+%28Newsroom+-+Partial+Descriptions%29#.VD6_eBaTzy1\">\u003cstrong>25 Years Later: Santa Cruz after the Loma Prieta Earthquake\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Friday, October 17\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem> 10 a.m. to 11 a.m.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nCorner of Front Street and Pacific Avenue, Santa Cruz\u003cbr>\nFree\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oakland’s event will honor the 42 people who died when the Cypress Viaduct collapsed, and the many emergency workers who worked on the front lines. A resource fair will help residents prepare for future emergencies with activities, interactive demonstrations, and free earthquake preparedness items for the first 100 attendees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"padding-left: 30px\">\u003ca href=\"http://www2.oaklandnet.com/Government/o/OFD/o/OES/OAK049486\">\u003cstrong>Reflect. Honor. Prepare: Bridging Generations & Communities through Preparedness\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Friday, October 17\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem> 11:30 a.m. to 2:00 p.m.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nCypress Freeway Memorial Park\u003cbr>\nMandela Parkway at 14\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> Street, Oakland\u003cbr>\nFree\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco, the outdoor plaza of the Exploratorium will transform into an interactive earthquake preparedness fair. Mayor Ed Lee along with other public officials and community members will share their stories of the 1989 quake. In the “TOP Chef – Taste of Preparedness Cook-off” teams will compete to create a tasty meal using non-perishable items from emergency kits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"padding-left: 30px\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/visit/calendar/loma-prieta-oct-17-2014\">\u003cstrong>Loma Prieta 25\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Friday, October 17\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem> 12:00 p.m. to 7:00 p.m.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nThe Exploratorium\u003cbr>\nPier 15, 698 The Embarcadero, San Francisco\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Free after 4 p.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in Aptos, near the epicenter of the quake, families can get tips on preparing for wildfires and drought as well as earthquakes, and scientists will share the lessons of Loma Prieta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"padding-left: 30px\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.sandylydon.com/adv_quake2014.html\">\u003cstrong>Silver Anniversary Preparedness Fair and Lecture\u003c/strong> \u003cstrong>in Aptos\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Saturday, October 18\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem> 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Fair) \u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>7:00 p.m. to 9:00 p.m. (Lecture) \u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nCabrillo College\u003cbr>\n6500 Soquel Drive, Aptos\u003cbr>\nQuadrangle between 100 building and the original college theater (Fair)\u003cbr>\nRoom 450, Forum Building, (Lecture)\u003cbr>\nThe fair is free. The lecture is $22.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More events commemorating the 25th Anniversary of Loma Prieta can be found at:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.lp25.org/\">Loma Prieta 25\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://bayquakealliance.org/events/\">Bay Area Earthquake Alliance\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "High Temps Intensified California Drought",
"headTitle": "High Temps Intensified California Drought | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22524\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/AnzaBorrego_BillGracy_flickr_o.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22524\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/AnzaBorrego_BillGracy_flickr_o.jpg\" alt=\"Sun and wind bear down on a spot near Borrego Springs. (Bill Gracey/flickr)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"748\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sun and wind bear down on a spot near Borrego Springs. (Bill Gracey/flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The showers and cooler temperatures in the forecast this week won’t be a drought buster — but they may help take the edge off conditions that have been been making the drought even worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal climate trackers said on Tuesday that the the January-September period was the \u003ca title=\"NOAA - summary\" href=\"http://1.usa.gov/ZCjI8R\">warmest on record\u003c/a> in California, besting the previous record by 1.3 degrees Fahrenheit. The announcement comes two weeks after the state’s 2014 “water year,” went into the books on September 30 as the third driest on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While the amount of water year precipitation is an important measure — the standard, in fact — temperature plays an important part in how dry things are,” says Jeff Mount, a geologist and senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water year 2013-14 wasn’t just dry, it was hot; “a near-record warm year, with all-time highs during the winter,” says Mount.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every dry, warm day certainly exacerbates the drought that we’re in,” says meteorologist Jan Null at Golden Gate Weather Services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Null, who tracks temperature trends for the Bay Area and beyond, \u003ca title=\"GG Wx - Sep 2014\" href=\"http://ggweather.com/calif/sep2014.htm\">summed up the month of September\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“Most of California ended the month with above normal temperatures, with average maxima (highs) ranging from 1.4 above normal at Sacramento to 5.1 above normal in San Diego (one of their warmest on record).”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>“When we start seeing warm weather at the end of the season, everything has been drying out now for four months,” says Null. And that means that more moisture was \u003ca title=\"Drought.gov - soil moisture\" href=\"http://www.drought.gov/drought/content/products-current-drought-and-monitoring-drought-indicators/soil-moisture\">baked out of the soil\u003c/a> as high-temperature records continued to fall into October. Low soil moisture tends to heighten the fire danger and make the ground less receptive to soaking up any rain that does come along.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Losses of soil moisture due to evapotranspiration (the combination of evaporation and the water taken up by plants) increase dramatically during warm years,” says Mount, who also co-founded the Center for Watershed Sciences at U.C. Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount points to, among other indicators, the \u003ca title=\"PDSI\" href=\"http://www.drought.gov/drought/content/products-current-drought-and-monitoring-drought-indicators/palmer-drought-severity-index\">Palmer Drought Severity Index\u003c/a>. While the PDSI wasn’t designed with the California climate in mind, it does take into account soil moisture as well as precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/daily/gifs/droughtmapprogress.html\" width=\"640\" height=\"710\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This animation tracks California’s drought through its development, from January, 2011 through early October of this year, as expressed by NOAA’s U.S. Drought Monitor. The darkest red color represents “exceptional drought.” Nearly 60 percent of the state was in this category in early October, with more than 80 percent classified as “extreme drought.” Open the controls at bottom right to vary the speed and direction. (Animation by Olivia Hubert-Allen/KQED)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Spring started early and, due to low moisture content of soils, ended early, giving California a long, very dry summer,” says Mount. ” This is why although we ended the water year third driest, our drought index is at an all-time record. Had it been a cool-dry year we would have had a different result.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount calls it, “unprecedented dryness, particularly in the south coast where they got no relief from those recent rains.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some places did, however. Null says both Eureka and Redding logged more then 500 percent of their normal precipitation for September (which isn’t a lot). He says it looks like the general warm-dry pattern is about to shift, though water officials told state regulators this month that California would need 150 percent of its average precipitation for this winter to be a drought buster. And though no one knows what we’ll get at this point, that much rain and snow is far below current expectations and would likely trigger local flooding and landslides.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22524\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/AnzaBorrego_BillGracy_flickr_o.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22524\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/AnzaBorrego_BillGracy_flickr_o.jpg\" alt=\"Sun and wind bear down on a spot near Borrego Springs. (Bill Gracey/flickr)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"748\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sun and wind bear down on a spot near Borrego Springs. (Bill Gracey/flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The showers and cooler temperatures in the forecast this week won’t be a drought buster — but they may help take the edge off conditions that have been been making the drought even worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal climate trackers said on Tuesday that the the January-September period was the \u003ca title=\"NOAA - summary\" href=\"http://1.usa.gov/ZCjI8R\">warmest on record\u003c/a> in California, besting the previous record by 1.3 degrees Fahrenheit. The announcement comes two weeks after the state’s 2014 “water year,” went into the books on September 30 as the third driest on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While the amount of water year precipitation is an important measure — the standard, in fact — temperature plays an important part in how dry things are,” says Jeff Mount, a geologist and senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water year 2013-14 wasn’t just dry, it was hot; “a near-record warm year, with all-time highs during the winter,” says Mount.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every dry, warm day certainly exacerbates the drought that we’re in,” says meteorologist Jan Null at Golden Gate Weather Services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Null, who tracks temperature trends for the Bay Area and beyond, \u003ca title=\"GG Wx - Sep 2014\" href=\"http://ggweather.com/calif/sep2014.htm\">summed up the month of September\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“Most of California ended the month with above normal temperatures, with average maxima (highs) ranging from 1.4 above normal at Sacramento to 5.1 above normal in San Diego (one of their warmest on record).”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>“When we start seeing warm weather at the end of the season, everything has been drying out now for four months,” says Null. And that means that more moisture was \u003ca title=\"Drought.gov - soil moisture\" href=\"http://www.drought.gov/drought/content/products-current-drought-and-monitoring-drought-indicators/soil-moisture\">baked out of the soil\u003c/a> as high-temperature records continued to fall into October. Low soil moisture tends to heighten the fire danger and make the ground less receptive to soaking up any rain that does come along.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Losses of soil moisture due to evapotranspiration (the combination of evaporation and the water taken up by plants) increase dramatically during warm years,” says Mount, who also co-founded the Center for Watershed Sciences at U.C. Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount points to, among other indicators, the \u003ca title=\"PDSI\" href=\"http://www.drought.gov/drought/content/products-current-drought-and-monitoring-drought-indicators/palmer-drought-severity-index\">Palmer Drought Severity Index\u003c/a>. While the PDSI wasn’t designed with the California climate in mind, it does take into account soil moisture as well as precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/daily/gifs/droughtmapprogress.html\" width=\"640\" height=\"710\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This animation tracks California’s drought through its development, from January, 2011 through early October of this year, as expressed by NOAA’s U.S. Drought Monitor. The darkest red color represents “exceptional drought.” Nearly 60 percent of the state was in this category in early October, with more than 80 percent classified as “extreme drought.” Open the controls at bottom right to vary the speed and direction. (Animation by Olivia Hubert-Allen/KQED)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Spring started early and, due to low moisture content of soils, ended early, giving California a long, very dry summer,” says Mount. ” This is why although we ended the water year third driest, our drought index is at an all-time record. Had it been a cool-dry year we would have had a different result.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount calls it, “unprecedented dryness, particularly in the south coast where they got no relief from those recent rains.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some places did, however. Null says both Eureka and Redding logged more then 500 percent of their normal precipitation for September (which isn’t a lot). He says it looks like the general warm-dry pattern is about to shift, though water officials told state regulators this month that California would need 150 percent of its average precipitation for this winter to be a drought buster. And though no one knows what we’ll get at this point, that much rain and snow is far below current expectations and would likely trigger local flooding and landslides.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "25 Years After the Loma Prieta Earthquake, Are We Safer?",
"headTitle": "25 Years After the Loma Prieta Earthquake, Are We Safer? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/10/20141013science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22449\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 758px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/cypress-viaduct.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22449\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/cypress-viaduct.jpeg\" alt=\"Side view of support-column failure and collapsed upper deck, Cypress viaduct. [H.G. Wilshire, U.S. Geological Survey]\" width=\"758\" height=\"512\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Cypress viaduct in Oakland collapsed in the Loma Prieta earthquake. (H.G. Wilshire/U.S. Geological Survey) \u003ccite>(H.G. Wilshire/U.S. Geological Survey)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Twenty-five years ago this Friday, the Loma Prieta earthquake tore across the Bay Area landscape. The quake ruptured the Bay Bridge and ripped through buildings, killing 63 people and injuring more than 3,000 others. More than 11,000 homes were destroyed … more than 12,000 people left homeless.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thousands of people \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/12/19/candlestick-park-loma-prieta-earthquake\">were in Candlestick Park\u003c/a> when the quake hit at 5:04, just before the start of Game 3 in the World Series Battle of the Bay, the San Francisco Giants playing the Oakland A’s. The quake \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YUKNvoAAa8s\">shut down the broadcast\u003c/a> and halted the Series for a record 10 days. (The A’s won.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Loma Prieta, billions of dollars have gone into making the Bay Area safer for the next Big One. So, a quarter-century later, how are we doing?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think there’s really a lot to celebrate,” says Dr. Mary Lou Zoback, a consulting professor in geophysics at Stanford University and a widely recognized authority on earthquakes and risk management. “In fact I’ve been telling people I think the Bay Area is an epicenter of resilience.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Resilience” is the word that gets risk managers excited. It’s the idea that the roads, buildings and services people need the most can be made ready for a big shake. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“The damage and destruction can’t be avoided, but it doesn’t have to be life-stopping.”\u003ccite>— Dr. Mary Lou Zoback, Stanford University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> Then, after an earthquake, emergency centers could be up and running right away and power and water could be back up within days instead of months. People could stay in their homes, return to work and shop at their corner grocery store. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a resilient city, fewer small businesses would fail after a major earthquake, because the residents they rely on would still be there. Schools could re-open, so fewer families would have to leave in order to send their children back to school. The economy could rebound a bit more readily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The damage and destruction can’t be avoided,” Zoback says, “but it doesn’t have to be life-stopping.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Lot of Work Done\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While experts agree the Bay Area still has a lot of work to do to be resilient in all these ways, they also say we’re in much better shape today than we were 25 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Loma Prieta was a game-changer, particularly for Northern California,” says Dr. David Schwartz, a senior geologist with the U.S. Geological Service, and Co-Chairman of the Bay Area Earthquake Alliance. “It led to a tremendous number of changes regarding infrastructure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22465\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/RS6229_IMG_5691-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/RS6229_IMG_5691-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"The new eastern span of the Bay Bridge. The eastbound deck (center) is exposed, no longer underneath westbound deck. (Andrew Stelzer/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" class=\"size-large wp-image-22465\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The new eastern span of the Bay Bridge. The eastbound deck (center) is exposed, no longer underneath westbound deck. (Andrew Stelzer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://baybridgeinfo.org/\">Bay Bridge\u003c/a>, at $6.5 billion dollars, is one of the best-known infrastructure retrofits. Another is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfwater.org/index.aspx?page=115\">Hetch-Hetchy water system upgrade\u003c/a>. That’s a $4.6 billion project to ensure a reliable water supply for 2.6 million Bay Area residents, in the event of an earthquake — and it’s roughly 80 percent done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, there are unheralded miles of other bridges, pipelines and tunnels, retrofitted by public agencies and private companies. Zoback says the leader was the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebmud.com/sites/default/files/pdfs/Earthquake_Readiness_0.pdf\">East Bay Municipal Utility District\u003c/a>. They provide water for more than a million people in Alameda and Contra Costa counties, and, says Zoback, they got to work immediately after Loma Prieta, identifying where the pipelines were vulnerable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In many cases they had single lines crossing faults,” Zoback says, “so if that line went down the whole system would go down. So they set about very early on a retrofit program that was not only looking at their actual pipelines and dams, but also the administrative buildings that need to be running.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By prioritizing operations, as well as pipelines, and then financing the work with bonds that are paid back by rate increases, Zoback says East Bay MUD set the model for infrastructure retrofits in the Bay Area, and other utilities followed suit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Overall, the San Francisco Bay Area has made amazing progress,” Zoback says. “We’ve invested on the order of $50 billion in strengthening buildings and infrastructure, just in that past 25 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of that money has gone into strengthening city halls, where many cities have their emergency command centers. These buildings have been retrofitted to keep emergency centers functional after an earthquake. That’s more than the law requires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because our building code standard is really something we call Life Safety standard,” Zoback says, “which means the building could largely collapse but people would be able to get out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water, power, bridges, emergency command centers – here’s where the Bay Area has made the biggest strides in the 25 years since Loma Prieta. The areas that still have a way to go?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22447\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 765px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/building-and-water.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22447\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/building-and-water.jpeg\" alt=\"Ground view of collapsed building and burned area shown in photo 4, Beach and Divisadero, Marina District. [C.E. Meyer, U.S. Geological Survey]\" width=\"765\" height=\"512\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Liquefaction in the soil substrate caused many buildings in San Francisco’s Marina neighborhood to collapse. (C.E. Meyer/USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The greatest challenge for the next 25 years are private facilities,” says Danielle Mieler, Resilience Program Coordinator for the \u003ca href=\"http://resilience.abag.ca.gov/\">Association of Bay Area Governments\u003c/a> (ABAG). “Homes, private schools and businesses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the reason it’s a challenge is that many private property owners are individuals and small businesses who can’t simply float a bond measure or raise rates to get funding for a seismic retrofit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The city is able to find financing mechanisms that aren’t available to the private sector,” says Patrick Otellini, chief resilience officer for San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three categories on the top of risk managers’ minds? Private schools, hospitals and soft-story buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Many Private Schools Could Collapse?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Private schools tend to be located in old or historic buildings, says Mieler, and when a private school takes over a building, there’s no law requiring the building be brought up to code.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“I don’t think it’s understood by many people that private school and public school standards are different.”\u003ccite>— Danielle Mieler, Association of Bay Area Governments\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Furthermore, while public schools are required by state law to meet certain design and seismic standards, private schools are not subject to these laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think it’s understood by many people that private school and public school standards are different,” Mieler says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether the Bay Area’s private schools could survive a quake is a mystery, because hardly any have been inspected. San Francisco, where one-third of school children attend private schools, only just passed an ordinance requiring these schools have earthquake inspections. That was after a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgsa.org/index.aspx?page=6047\">task force report\u003c/a> found that one-third of private schools in the city would “perform poorly” in an earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hospitals: Upgraded, But Not Necessarily Functional\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hospitals have been scrambling to raise funds for and complete seismic upgrades since a 2008 law requiring that all acute care buildings be brought up to the Life Safety standard by 2013. Hospitals could choose between retrofitting, rebuilding, or removing the building from service. Governor Brown recently signed legislation giving a few hospitals until 2015 to meet the standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development says 88 percent of California’s acute care hospital buildings are now no longer in danger of collapsing in an earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But hospitals have until 2030 to show they can provide medical care right after a quake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Until they all reach this performance standard that they can function within hours, we’re going to have a case where some hospitals are just not going to be able to provide services,” Zoback says. “It may be because they don’t have the power or the water, or it may be portions collapse, and it could just be stairwells, or the elevators don’t work, and some of those things can cripple a hospital, even though the building itself is still standing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biggest question for hospitals is where the money will come from to do the next level of retrofits, and right now, there’s not a clear answer to that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22461\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 760px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/soft-story.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22461\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/soft-story.jpeg\" alt=\"Absence of adequate shear walls on the garage level exacerbated damage to this structure at the corner of Beach and Divisadero Streets, Marina District. [J.K. Nakata, U.S. Geological Survey]\" width=\"760\" height=\"512\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This collapse at the garage level shows what can happen to a soft-story building in an earthquake. (J.K. Nakata, USGS) \u003ccite>(J.K. Nakata, U.S. Geological Survey)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Soft-Story Buildings: In Process\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think of an apartment building with three or four stories over a garage, or over a retail space with large windows; that’s a soft-story building. It’s a building where the lower level isn’t reinforced as strongly as the upper levels, and these buildings are prone to “soft-story collapse” in an earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Area cities are tackling the problem in various ways, says ABAG’s Mieler. Berkeley is mandating retrofits Alameda required owners to evaluate their buildings and Oakland is figuring out how to get retrofits done, after a survey that showed about 1,400 soft-story buildings in need of upgrades. There was a study done several years back on South Bay soft-story buildings, Mieler says, but no action yet on upgrades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco just completed its survey, Otellini says, and found 4,800 soft-story buildings in need of a retrofit. The biggest obstacle is money, since private owners simply have to pay for it. So Otellini says he’s putting together a series of agreements with local banks to finance the retrofits using a range of loan options the banks will create.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Anticipating the Success Stories\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the stories Zoback likes to tell is about an historic building on the Stanford campus. Roble Hall, built in 1918, is a 3-story dorm with ivy draping the windows, and hollow clay tile walls. Zoback says the building was at risk of collapsing in an earthquake. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22470\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/140402-85301-e1412989143371.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/140402-85301-e1412989143371.jpg\" alt=\"Stanford University completed the retrofit on Roble Dorm and re-opened the doors to 300 students just weeks before Loma Prieta, likely saving hundreds of lives. (Linda A. Cicero / Stanford News Service)\" width=\"640\" height=\"372\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22470\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Consulting geosciences professor and risk management expert Dr. Mary Lou Zoback says Stanford’s timely retrofit of Roble Hall likely saved hundreds of lives. (Linda A. Cicero / Stanford News Service)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Stanford completed a retrofit and opened Roble’s doors to 300 students, as classes began in the fall of 1989. A few weeks later, the earthquake shook the campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most of the students would have been in dorm rooms waiting to go to dinner,” Zoback says. “And we could have had several hundred deaths in this one building alone. So, these are the stories we want to be reporting on in the next earthquake is the success of the retrofits that have been done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there’s no doubt that one or more serious earthquakes is in the Bay Area’s future. “We’ve reached a point where the stress from the movement of the plates has built up and they have to release it,” says Schwartz of USGS. “The faults have to fail.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Bay Area taxpayers have spent billions of dollars over the last quarter-century to make our bridges, water pipes and power supplies safer in an earthquake. Experts say that means the Bay Area is much better off now. At the same time, the work is far from over.",
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"title": "25 Years After the Loma Prieta Earthquake, Are We Safer? | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22449\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 758px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/cypress-viaduct.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22449\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/cypress-viaduct.jpeg\" alt=\"Side view of support-column failure and collapsed upper deck, Cypress viaduct. [H.G. Wilshire, U.S. Geological Survey]\" width=\"758\" height=\"512\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Cypress viaduct in Oakland collapsed in the Loma Prieta earthquake. (H.G. Wilshire/U.S. Geological Survey) \u003ccite>(H.G. Wilshire/U.S. Geological Survey)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Twenty-five years ago this Friday, the Loma Prieta earthquake tore across the Bay Area landscape. The quake ruptured the Bay Bridge and ripped through buildings, killing 63 people and injuring more than 3,000 others. More than 11,000 homes were destroyed … more than 12,000 people left homeless.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thousands of people \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/12/19/candlestick-park-loma-prieta-earthquake\">were in Candlestick Park\u003c/a> when the quake hit at 5:04, just before the start of Game 3 in the World Series Battle of the Bay, the San Francisco Giants playing the Oakland A’s. The quake \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YUKNvoAAa8s\">shut down the broadcast\u003c/a> and halted the Series for a record 10 days. (The A’s won.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Loma Prieta, billions of dollars have gone into making the Bay Area safer for the next Big One. So, a quarter-century later, how are we doing?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think there’s really a lot to celebrate,” says Dr. Mary Lou Zoback, a consulting professor in geophysics at Stanford University and a widely recognized authority on earthquakes and risk management. “In fact I’ve been telling people I think the Bay Area is an epicenter of resilience.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Resilience” is the word that gets risk managers excited. It’s the idea that the roads, buildings and services people need the most can be made ready for a big shake. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“The damage and destruction can’t be avoided, but it doesn’t have to be life-stopping.”\u003ccite>— Dr. Mary Lou Zoback, Stanford University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> Then, after an earthquake, emergency centers could be up and running right away and power and water could be back up within days instead of months. People could stay in their homes, return to work and shop at their corner grocery store. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a resilient city, fewer small businesses would fail after a major earthquake, because the residents they rely on would still be there. Schools could re-open, so fewer families would have to leave in order to send their children back to school. The economy could rebound a bit more readily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The damage and destruction can’t be avoided,” Zoback says, “but it doesn’t have to be life-stopping.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Lot of Work Done\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While experts agree the Bay Area still has a lot of work to do to be resilient in all these ways, they also say we’re in much better shape today than we were 25 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Loma Prieta was a game-changer, particularly for Northern California,” says Dr. David Schwartz, a senior geologist with the U.S. Geological Service, and Co-Chairman of the Bay Area Earthquake Alliance. “It led to a tremendous number of changes regarding infrastructure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22465\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/RS6229_IMG_5691-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/RS6229_IMG_5691-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"The new eastern span of the Bay Bridge. The eastbound deck (center) is exposed, no longer underneath westbound deck. (Andrew Stelzer/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" class=\"size-large wp-image-22465\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The new eastern span of the Bay Bridge. The eastbound deck (center) is exposed, no longer underneath westbound deck. (Andrew Stelzer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://baybridgeinfo.org/\">Bay Bridge\u003c/a>, at $6.5 billion dollars, is one of the best-known infrastructure retrofits. Another is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfwater.org/index.aspx?page=115\">Hetch-Hetchy water system upgrade\u003c/a>. That’s a $4.6 billion project to ensure a reliable water supply for 2.6 million Bay Area residents, in the event of an earthquake — and it’s roughly 80 percent done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, there are unheralded miles of other bridges, pipelines and tunnels, retrofitted by public agencies and private companies. Zoback says the leader was the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebmud.com/sites/default/files/pdfs/Earthquake_Readiness_0.pdf\">East Bay Municipal Utility District\u003c/a>. They provide water for more than a million people in Alameda and Contra Costa counties, and, says Zoback, they got to work immediately after Loma Prieta, identifying where the pipelines were vulnerable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In many cases they had single lines crossing faults,” Zoback says, “so if that line went down the whole system would go down. So they set about very early on a retrofit program that was not only looking at their actual pipelines and dams, but also the administrative buildings that need to be running.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By prioritizing operations, as well as pipelines, and then financing the work with bonds that are paid back by rate increases, Zoback says East Bay MUD set the model for infrastructure retrofits in the Bay Area, and other utilities followed suit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Overall, the San Francisco Bay Area has made amazing progress,” Zoback says. “We’ve invested on the order of $50 billion in strengthening buildings and infrastructure, just in that past 25 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of that money has gone into strengthening city halls, where many cities have their emergency command centers. These buildings have been retrofitted to keep emergency centers functional after an earthquake. That’s more than the law requires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because our building code standard is really something we call Life Safety standard,” Zoback says, “which means the building could largely collapse but people would be able to get out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water, power, bridges, emergency command centers – here’s where the Bay Area has made the biggest strides in the 25 years since Loma Prieta. The areas that still have a way to go?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22447\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 765px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/building-and-water.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22447\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/building-and-water.jpeg\" alt=\"Ground view of collapsed building and burned area shown in photo 4, Beach and Divisadero, Marina District. [C.E. Meyer, U.S. Geological Survey]\" width=\"765\" height=\"512\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Liquefaction in the soil substrate caused many buildings in San Francisco’s Marina neighborhood to collapse. (C.E. Meyer/USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The greatest challenge for the next 25 years are private facilities,” says Danielle Mieler, Resilience Program Coordinator for the \u003ca href=\"http://resilience.abag.ca.gov/\">Association of Bay Area Governments\u003c/a> (ABAG). “Homes, private schools and businesses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the reason it’s a challenge is that many private property owners are individuals and small businesses who can’t simply float a bond measure or raise rates to get funding for a seismic retrofit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The city is able to find financing mechanisms that aren’t available to the private sector,” says Patrick Otellini, chief resilience officer for San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three categories on the top of risk managers’ minds? Private schools, hospitals and soft-story buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Many Private Schools Could Collapse?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Private schools tend to be located in old or historic buildings, says Mieler, and when a private school takes over a building, there’s no law requiring the building be brought up to code.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“I don’t think it’s understood by many people that private school and public school standards are different.”\u003ccite>— Danielle Mieler, Association of Bay Area Governments\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Furthermore, while public schools are required by state law to meet certain design and seismic standards, private schools are not subject to these laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think it’s understood by many people that private school and public school standards are different,” Mieler says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether the Bay Area’s private schools could survive a quake is a mystery, because hardly any have been inspected. San Francisco, where one-third of school children attend private schools, only just passed an ordinance requiring these schools have earthquake inspections. That was after a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgsa.org/index.aspx?page=6047\">task force report\u003c/a> found that one-third of private schools in the city would “perform poorly” in an earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hospitals: Upgraded, But Not Necessarily Functional\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hospitals have been scrambling to raise funds for and complete seismic upgrades since a 2008 law requiring that all acute care buildings be brought up to the Life Safety standard by 2013. Hospitals could choose between retrofitting, rebuilding, or removing the building from service. Governor Brown recently signed legislation giving a few hospitals until 2015 to meet the standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development says 88 percent of California’s acute care hospital buildings are now no longer in danger of collapsing in an earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But hospitals have until 2030 to show they can provide medical care right after a quake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Until they all reach this performance standard that they can function within hours, we’re going to have a case where some hospitals are just not going to be able to provide services,” Zoback says. “It may be because they don’t have the power or the water, or it may be portions collapse, and it could just be stairwells, or the elevators don’t work, and some of those things can cripple a hospital, even though the building itself is still standing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biggest question for hospitals is where the money will come from to do the next level of retrofits, and right now, there’s not a clear answer to that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22461\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 760px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/soft-story.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22461\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/soft-story.jpeg\" alt=\"Absence of adequate shear walls on the garage level exacerbated damage to this structure at the corner of Beach and Divisadero Streets, Marina District. [J.K. Nakata, U.S. Geological Survey]\" width=\"760\" height=\"512\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This collapse at the garage level shows what can happen to a soft-story building in an earthquake. (J.K. Nakata, USGS) \u003ccite>(J.K. Nakata, U.S. Geological Survey)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Soft-Story Buildings: In Process\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think of an apartment building with three or four stories over a garage, or over a retail space with large windows; that’s a soft-story building. It’s a building where the lower level isn’t reinforced as strongly as the upper levels, and these buildings are prone to “soft-story collapse” in an earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Area cities are tackling the problem in various ways, says ABAG’s Mieler. Berkeley is mandating retrofits Alameda required owners to evaluate their buildings and Oakland is figuring out how to get retrofits done, after a survey that showed about 1,400 soft-story buildings in need of upgrades. There was a study done several years back on South Bay soft-story buildings, Mieler says, but no action yet on upgrades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco just completed its survey, Otellini says, and found 4,800 soft-story buildings in need of a retrofit. The biggest obstacle is money, since private owners simply have to pay for it. So Otellini says he’s putting together a series of agreements with local banks to finance the retrofits using a range of loan options the banks will create.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Anticipating the Success Stories\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the stories Zoback likes to tell is about an historic building on the Stanford campus. Roble Hall, built in 1918, is a 3-story dorm with ivy draping the windows, and hollow clay tile walls. Zoback says the building was at risk of collapsing in an earthquake. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22470\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/140402-85301-e1412989143371.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/140402-85301-e1412989143371.jpg\" alt=\"Stanford University completed the retrofit on Roble Dorm and re-opened the doors to 300 students just weeks before Loma Prieta, likely saving hundreds of lives. (Linda A. Cicero / Stanford News Service)\" width=\"640\" height=\"372\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22470\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Consulting geosciences professor and risk management expert Dr. Mary Lou Zoback says Stanford’s timely retrofit of Roble Hall likely saved hundreds of lives. (Linda A. Cicero / Stanford News Service)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Stanford completed a retrofit and opened Roble’s doors to 300 students, as classes began in the fall of 1989. A few weeks later, the earthquake shook the campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most of the students would have been in dorm rooms waiting to go to dinner,” Zoback says. “And we could have had several hundred deaths in this one building alone. So, these are the stories we want to be reporting on in the next earthquake is the success of the retrofits that have been done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there’s no doubt that one or more serious earthquakes is in the Bay Area’s future. “We’ve reached a point where the stress from the movement of the plates has built up and they have to release it,” says Schwartz of USGS. “The faults have to fail.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "With Drought, New Scrutiny Over Fracking's Water Use",
"headTitle": "With Drought, New Scrutiny Over Fracking’s Water Use | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/03/20140331science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://i.imgur.com/ttmAyey.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An oil well next to almond orchards in Wasco, California, where fracking has led to an expansion of oil drilling. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>NOTE: Updated October 10th with updates in bold. Originally published March 31st, 2014.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s historic drought and shrinking water supplies are putting a spotlight on hydraulic fracturing or “fracking” and its thirst for freshwater. In other states, the controversial technique is a heavy water consumer, using millions of gallons of freshwater to extract oil or gas from each well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, fracking uses less water on average than in other states, according to industry data. But that trend is shifting, as oil companies make a play for the Monterey Shale, though to be the largest untapped oil resource in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The southern San Joaquin Valley is the site of rising tensions between farming and fracking, as the two industries are increasingly coming into contact. While farmers fallow land and pull up orchards, they’re asking whether there’s enough water to go around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pump Jacks and Almond Orchards\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re just coming off the bloom period and the bees are leaving the orchard,” says farmer Keith Gardiner, walking through rows of almond trees near Wasco, a small town north of Bakersfield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bring up the state’s drought and Gardiner reacts the way a lot of farmers do – with a frown and a shake of the head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As you can see, we’ve got major investments in these trees and we can’t lay idle for a year,” he says. “They have to have water every year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s easy to spot what’s adding to Gardiner’s concerns: oil wells are sprinkled throughout the orchards here. Pump jacks slowly bob into sight above the treetops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not only is it the best farm ground in the world but it also holds some of the best deposits of minerals called the Monterey Shale,” he says. “And the new technology has allowed the oil companies to be able to extract that through the fracking process.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15952\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 639px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/gardiner.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15952\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/gardiner.jpg\" alt=\"Farmer Keith Gardiner stands in his almond orchards near Wasco, California, just north of Bakersfield. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"639\" height=\"359\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Farmer Keith Gardiner stands in his almond orchards near Wasco, just north of Bakersfield. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Oil drilling has steadily grown around Wasco over the last decade, making it one of California’s newer developments. It’s known as the “Rose” oil field, so-named because Wasco was once the rose-growing capital of the state. Individual oil wells here are nicknamed after varieties of roses, like “Betty Boop” and “Purple Tiger.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Unlocking the Monterey Shale\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new interest is due to the Monterey Shale, a layer of rock about two miles under the surface. Twenty-five oil wells have been fracked in this 10-square-mile area. Water is injected into the well at high pressure, along with sand and chemicals. The process creates tiny cracks in the rock, freeing up the oil. Fracking generally takes a few weeks, after which the oil well produces for several years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This technology has fueled expansive oil and gas booms in other states. In Pennsylvania, it’s been for natural gas. In North Dakota and Texas, it’s been for oil. In those fields, fracking uses several million gallons of water for each oil well. California hasn’t seen the same boom – at least, not yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the Monterey formation,” says Dave Miner, an exploration manager for \u003ca href=\"http://www.aeraenergy.com/\">Aera Energy\u003c/a>, one of California’s largest oil producers. He shows off a piece of smooth, gray rock at their Bakersfield headquarters. “There is oil in this particular rock,” he says. “You can touch it and it won’t come out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depending on your point of view, the rock Miner is holding is either California’s biggest energy opportunity or its biggest environmental threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cstrong>How Water and Oil Mix in California\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/03/31/how-water-and-oil-mix-in-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">See how water\u003c/a> is part of fracking and oil production in California.\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/03/31/how-water-and-oil-mix-in-california/\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-15920\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/KQED-Fraq-panel1-blank.jpg\" alt=\"KQED-Fraq-panel1-blank\" width=\"276\" height=\"276\">\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The Monterey Shale holds what could be the largest oil resource in the country: 13.7 billion barrels \u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=7190\">according to one estimate\u003c/a>. (\u003cstrong>UPDATE\u003c/strong>: Federal officials changed their estimate in May to 600 million barrels \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/05/21/californias-monterey-shale-bonanza-or-bust-nobody-really-knows/\">over uncertainties about how much oil could be recovered\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miner says oil companies are experimenting with how to use fracking to access it, given California’s complex geology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very hard to get this oil out,” he says. “We’re in very early days trying to figure out what might make this work and be economic. It may take several years. It may take longer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Use Relatively Low in California\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fracking is nothing new in California. It’s been used for decades in some of the oldest oil fields near Bakersfield. But as interest in the less-developed Monterey Shale has grown, so have concerns over water contamination and water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March, protesters in Sacramento called for a moratorium on fracking. “Governor Brown, California doesn’t want our water depleted from fracking or any hydraulic drilling methods,” said Latrice Carter of Carson, California, speaking to the crowd. The city of Carson recently \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2014/mar/19/local/la-me-0320-carson-drilling-20140320\">approved a 45-day moratorium\u003c/a> on oil drilling, amid fears around fracking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In California today, hydraulic fracturing uses very small amounts of water,” says Tupper Hull of the Western States Petroleum Association, an oil industry group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He points out that all together, fracking operations across the state used 105 million gallons of water last year. That’s the same amount of water that 650 homes use in a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While oil fields in Texas use an average of 1-to-4 million gallons per well, an average frack job in California uses 134,000 gallons of water, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ceres.org/resources/reports/hydraulic-fracturing-water-stress-water-demand-by-the-numbers/view\">report from Ceres\u003c/a>, a sustainability think tank. One acre of almond trees uses six times that amount annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”8zOgu9O1L5lTIhWWVEgBHTV49aaFbArt”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is not a lot of water in the big picture,” says Hull. “Companies are looking very diligently at ways to reduce that number. It’s expensive to use freshwater.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Use Higher in Monterey Shale\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the Monterey Shale is explored, fracking operations could require more water. In the Rose oil field near Wasco, fracking uses from half a million to a million gallons of water per well, substantially more than other oil fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The difference has to do with how the wells are drilled. In older fields, wells are drilled directly down. In parts of the Monterey Shale, the well makes a sharp horizontal turn, extending as far as a mile along the layer of rock. Horizontal drilling has become common in other oil and gas formations where fracking is used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s fair to say that if this technology that has proved so successful in other parts of the country can be as successful here, that we will see water consumption for hydraulic fracturing going up,” Hull says. “The longer-reach, horizontal wells will use higher volumes of water but you’ll need fewer wells to produce the same amount of oil.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"http://maps.conservation.ca.gov/doggr/iwst_index.html\">permits filed for the first time\u003c/a> this year under new state regulations, oil companies are planning about 250 new fracking jobs as of March that would draw water mostly from local water districts.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://www.kqed.org/assets/graph/drought-fracking-0328014.jsp\" width=\"640\" height=\"400\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"padding-left: 60px;padding-right: 60px\">\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: small\">Under new rules, California oil companies must alert the state prior to fracking, disclosing the water volume and water source. The data above represents about 250 fracking jobs planned as of March 2014. Overall, the water use is the same as the annual demand of 260 homes.\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the districts, like the Belridge Water Storage District and the West Kern Water District, rely on water from the State Water Project, which is fed through the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/ca-delta/\">highly-stressed Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta\u003c/a>. With the lack of rainfall, state officials have warned districts that little to no water will come from the project this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesperson for Aera Energy says the company has banked enough water to meet its needs this year. A representative for Chevron says one of their suppliers has imposed water restrictions, but it hasn’t significantly affected their operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Farmers Wary Over Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The potential for higher water use doesn’t sit well with some San Joaquin Valley farmers. “They’re competing for the same water that we’re using for our farms,” says Keith Gardiner. “That’s taken away from the farm fields.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is an added pressure,” says Greg Wegis of Wegis and Young, a farming operation near Bakersfield. “From what I’ve seen, in some of the fracking wells, they’re using 3-to-4 acre-feet per well. That’s not helping the situation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I know there’s a big push to try to figure out how to use some less desirable water that we can’t really farm with,” he adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While tensions have been high around Wasco, other parts of the farming community want to see fracking and farming coexist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oil and agriculture are the heartbeat of Kern County’s economy,” said Benjamin McFarland, director of the Kern County Farm Bureau. “In terms of the Monterey Shale development, that’s been a lot of new activity that we haven’t seen in the past on farmland. So there’s been more interaction that requires communication.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters say expanding fracking would bring jobs to parts of the state with serious unemployment. According to a \u003ca href=\"http://gen.usc.edu/news/monterey-shale.htm\">study from the University of Southern California\u003c/a>, developing the Monterey Shale could produce up to $24 billion in tax revenue and as many as 2.8 million jobs by the end of the decade, though some of those jobs would be temporary. It could also reverse California’s shrinking oil production, which has been on the decline since the mid-1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15957\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DSC01227.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15957\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DSC01227.jpg\" alt=\"Almond orchards north of Bakersfield, where fracking has lead to an expansion of oil drilling. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Almond orchards north of Bakersfield. The drought has lead local farmers to rely heavily on groundwater. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fracking in Water-Stressed Areas\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amounts of water used by the oil industry are still a tiny fraction of what’s used by California agriculture. But some fear there will be a localized impact from fracking, because it happens in some of the most water-stressed parts of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we combine the fracking and the drought question together, it’s just making a bad situation worse,” says Jay Famiglietti, a hydrologist and professor at UC Irvine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groundwater in the southern San Joaquin Valley has been dramatically over-pumped in the last 50 years, a trend that gets worse during drought years like this one. That pressure comes largely from agriculture, says Famiglietti, but he believes fracking doesn’t help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have to decide: is it in our best interest to use those water resources, especially when they’re under stress, for that purpose, even if it means depleting the resources of a small town?” says Famiglietti. “Or do we not want to do that?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Using Recycled Water for Fracking\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”c75386035aa9ab592a7ad0d259e54872″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fracking traditionally uses freshwater instead of salty or briny water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil companies generally have easy access to briny water, since it’s produced from the rock formation along with the oil. It generally hasn’t been used for fracking, because the salts could react with chemicals in the fracking fluids, which are added to suspend sand particles in the solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But increasingly in other parts of the country, oil and gas companies are using recycled water to reduce their freshwater demand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s that need for freshwater that had people asking: how do we do this without freshwater?” says Walter Dale, strategic business manager for water solutions for Halliburton. The company runs fracking operations for several oil and gas companies around the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“About two years ago, we started saying, ‘Look, we don’t need freshwater anymore,’” he says. “We can now make frack fluids out of impaired waters but we just have to change the formulas in the frack fluids.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halliburton has started offering its technology last year, known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/Win5Mr52Aa0\">H20 Forward\u003c/a>. Some companies also treat water from their operations, so it’s fresh enough to use in fracking again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15955\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DSC01200.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15955\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DSC01200.jpg\" alt=\"Oil wells in the Rose oil field near Wasco, California. The Monterey Shale is two miles below the surface. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oil wells in the Rose oil field. The Monterey Shale is two miles below the surface. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Our highest levels of interest are in the Permian and the Bakken,” Dale says, mentioning oil fields in Texas and North Dakota. The highest adoption of water recycling is found in Pennsylvania, where water disposal is more expensive. “The Marcellus is probably the leader when it comes to recycling. They do recycle roughly 80 percent of their waters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dale says he’s had conversations with some California oil companies, though it’s in early stages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California actually has the opportunity to look at the lessons learned in the last 4-to-5 years in the industry and implement some of those technologies to begin their field development,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some fracking operations in California are already using recycled water, though most use freshwater, according to permits filed with state regulators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One oil company, Occidental, says it plans to use recycled water in a handful of fracking wells this year. Representatives from Chevron and Aera Energy say the companies are investigating ways to reduce their reliance on freshwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, the state legislature is turning its attention to water use in all forms around California, including in the oil and gas industry. State Senator Fran Pavley introduced a bill, \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140SB1281\">SB 1281\u003c/a>, that would require oil companies to disclose the amounts of water they use in all operations, not just fracking. (\u003cstrong>UPDATE\u003c/strong>: The bill was signed by Governor Brown in September.)\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The drought is putting a spotlight on water use around California, including for hydraulic fracturing. How much water does fracking use and will it increase as companies tap into the Monterey Shale, estimated to be the largest oil resource in country?",
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"description": "The drought is putting a spotlight on water use around California, including for hydraulic fracturing. How much water does fracking use and will it increase as companies tap into the Monterey Shale, estimated to be the largest oil resource in country?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://i.imgur.com/ttmAyey.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An oil well next to almond orchards in Wasco, California, where fracking has led to an expansion of oil drilling. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>NOTE: Updated October 10th with updates in bold. Originally published March 31st, 2014.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s historic drought and shrinking water supplies are putting a spotlight on hydraulic fracturing or “fracking” and its thirst for freshwater. In other states, the controversial technique is a heavy water consumer, using millions of gallons of freshwater to extract oil or gas from each well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, fracking uses less water on average than in other states, according to industry data. But that trend is shifting, as oil companies make a play for the Monterey Shale, though to be the largest untapped oil resource in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The southern San Joaquin Valley is the site of rising tensions between farming and fracking, as the two industries are increasingly coming into contact. While farmers fallow land and pull up orchards, they’re asking whether there’s enough water to go around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pump Jacks and Almond Orchards\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re just coming off the bloom period and the bees are leaving the orchard,” says farmer Keith Gardiner, walking through rows of almond trees near Wasco, a small town north of Bakersfield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bring up the state’s drought and Gardiner reacts the way a lot of farmers do – with a frown and a shake of the head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As you can see, we’ve got major investments in these trees and we can’t lay idle for a year,” he says. “They have to have water every year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s easy to spot what’s adding to Gardiner’s concerns: oil wells are sprinkled throughout the orchards here. Pump jacks slowly bob into sight above the treetops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not only is it the best farm ground in the world but it also holds some of the best deposits of minerals called the Monterey Shale,” he says. “And the new technology has allowed the oil companies to be able to extract that through the fracking process.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15952\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 639px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/gardiner.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15952\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/gardiner.jpg\" alt=\"Farmer Keith Gardiner stands in his almond orchards near Wasco, California, just north of Bakersfield. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"639\" height=\"359\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Farmer Keith Gardiner stands in his almond orchards near Wasco, just north of Bakersfield. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Oil drilling has steadily grown around Wasco over the last decade, making it one of California’s newer developments. It’s known as the “Rose” oil field, so-named because Wasco was once the rose-growing capital of the state. Individual oil wells here are nicknamed after varieties of roses, like “Betty Boop” and “Purple Tiger.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Unlocking the Monterey Shale\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new interest is due to the Monterey Shale, a layer of rock about two miles under the surface. Twenty-five oil wells have been fracked in this 10-square-mile area. Water is injected into the well at high pressure, along with sand and chemicals. The process creates tiny cracks in the rock, freeing up the oil. Fracking generally takes a few weeks, after which the oil well produces for several years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This technology has fueled expansive oil and gas booms in other states. In Pennsylvania, it’s been for natural gas. In North Dakota and Texas, it’s been for oil. In those fields, fracking uses several million gallons of water for each oil well. California hasn’t seen the same boom – at least, not yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the Monterey formation,” says Dave Miner, an exploration manager for \u003ca href=\"http://www.aeraenergy.com/\">Aera Energy\u003c/a>, one of California’s largest oil producers. He shows off a piece of smooth, gray rock at their Bakersfield headquarters. “There is oil in this particular rock,” he says. “You can touch it and it won’t come out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depending on your point of view, the rock Miner is holding is either California’s biggest energy opportunity or its biggest environmental threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cstrong>How Water and Oil Mix in California\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/03/31/how-water-and-oil-mix-in-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">See how water\u003c/a> is part of fracking and oil production in California.\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/03/31/how-water-and-oil-mix-in-california/\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-15920\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/KQED-Fraq-panel1-blank.jpg\" alt=\"KQED-Fraq-panel1-blank\" width=\"276\" height=\"276\">\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The Monterey Shale holds what could be the largest oil resource in the country: 13.7 billion barrels \u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=7190\">according to one estimate\u003c/a>. (\u003cstrong>UPDATE\u003c/strong>: Federal officials changed their estimate in May to 600 million barrels \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/05/21/californias-monterey-shale-bonanza-or-bust-nobody-really-knows/\">over uncertainties about how much oil could be recovered\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miner says oil companies are experimenting with how to use fracking to access it, given California’s complex geology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very hard to get this oil out,” he says. “We’re in very early days trying to figure out what might make this work and be economic. It may take several years. It may take longer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Use Relatively Low in California\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fracking is nothing new in California. It’s been used for decades in some of the oldest oil fields near Bakersfield. But as interest in the less-developed Monterey Shale has grown, so have concerns over water contamination and water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March, protesters in Sacramento called for a moratorium on fracking. “Governor Brown, California doesn’t want our water depleted from fracking or any hydraulic drilling methods,” said Latrice Carter of Carson, California, speaking to the crowd. The city of Carson recently \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2014/mar/19/local/la-me-0320-carson-drilling-20140320\">approved a 45-day moratorium\u003c/a> on oil drilling, amid fears around fracking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In California today, hydraulic fracturing uses very small amounts of water,” says Tupper Hull of the Western States Petroleum Association, an oil industry group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He points out that all together, fracking operations across the state used 105 million gallons of water last year. That’s the same amount of water that 650 homes use in a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While oil fields in Texas use an average of 1-to-4 million gallons per well, an average frack job in California uses 134,000 gallons of water, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ceres.org/resources/reports/hydraulic-fracturing-water-stress-water-demand-by-the-numbers/view\">report from Ceres\u003c/a>, a sustainability think tank. One acre of almond trees uses six times that amount annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is not a lot of water in the big picture,” says Hull. “Companies are looking very diligently at ways to reduce that number. It’s expensive to use freshwater.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Use Higher in Monterey Shale\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the Monterey Shale is explored, fracking operations could require more water. In the Rose oil field near Wasco, fracking uses from half a million to a million gallons of water per well, substantially more than other oil fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The difference has to do with how the wells are drilled. In older fields, wells are drilled directly down. In parts of the Monterey Shale, the well makes a sharp horizontal turn, extending as far as a mile along the layer of rock. Horizontal drilling has become common in other oil and gas formations where fracking is used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s fair to say that if this technology that has proved so successful in other parts of the country can be as successful here, that we will see water consumption for hydraulic fracturing going up,” Hull says. “The longer-reach, horizontal wells will use higher volumes of water but you’ll need fewer wells to produce the same amount of oil.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"http://maps.conservation.ca.gov/doggr/iwst_index.html\">permits filed for the first time\u003c/a> this year under new state regulations, oil companies are planning about 250 new fracking jobs as of March that would draw water mostly from local water districts.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://www.kqed.org/assets/graph/drought-fracking-0328014.jsp\" width=\"640\" height=\"400\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"padding-left: 60px;padding-right: 60px\">\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: small\">Under new rules, California oil companies must alert the state prior to fracking, disclosing the water volume and water source. The data above represents about 250 fracking jobs planned as of March 2014. Overall, the water use is the same as the annual demand of 260 homes.\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the districts, like the Belridge Water Storage District and the West Kern Water District, rely on water from the State Water Project, which is fed through the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/ca-delta/\">highly-stressed Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta\u003c/a>. With the lack of rainfall, state officials have warned districts that little to no water will come from the project this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesperson for Aera Energy says the company has banked enough water to meet its needs this year. A representative for Chevron says one of their suppliers has imposed water restrictions, but it hasn’t significantly affected their operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Farmers Wary Over Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The potential for higher water use doesn’t sit well with some San Joaquin Valley farmers. “They’re competing for the same water that we’re using for our farms,” says Keith Gardiner. “That’s taken away from the farm fields.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is an added pressure,” says Greg Wegis of Wegis and Young, a farming operation near Bakersfield. “From what I’ve seen, in some of the fracking wells, they’re using 3-to-4 acre-feet per well. That’s not helping the situation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I know there’s a big push to try to figure out how to use some less desirable water that we can’t really farm with,” he adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While tensions have been high around Wasco, other parts of the farming community want to see fracking and farming coexist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oil and agriculture are the heartbeat of Kern County’s economy,” said Benjamin McFarland, director of the Kern County Farm Bureau. “In terms of the Monterey Shale development, that’s been a lot of new activity that we haven’t seen in the past on farmland. So there’s been more interaction that requires communication.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters say expanding fracking would bring jobs to parts of the state with serious unemployment. According to a \u003ca href=\"http://gen.usc.edu/news/monterey-shale.htm\">study from the University of Southern California\u003c/a>, developing the Monterey Shale could produce up to $24 billion in tax revenue and as many as 2.8 million jobs by the end of the decade, though some of those jobs would be temporary. It could also reverse California’s shrinking oil production, which has been on the decline since the mid-1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15957\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DSC01227.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15957\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DSC01227.jpg\" alt=\"Almond orchards north of Bakersfield, where fracking has lead to an expansion of oil drilling. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Almond orchards north of Bakersfield. The drought has lead local farmers to rely heavily on groundwater. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fracking in Water-Stressed Areas\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amounts of water used by the oil industry are still a tiny fraction of what’s used by California agriculture. But some fear there will be a localized impact from fracking, because it happens in some of the most water-stressed parts of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we combine the fracking and the drought question together, it’s just making a bad situation worse,” says Jay Famiglietti, a hydrologist and professor at UC Irvine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groundwater in the southern San Joaquin Valley has been dramatically over-pumped in the last 50 years, a trend that gets worse during drought years like this one. That pressure comes largely from agriculture, says Famiglietti, but he believes fracking doesn’t help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have to decide: is it in our best interest to use those water resources, especially when they’re under stress, for that purpose, even if it means depleting the resources of a small town?” says Famiglietti. “Or do we not want to do that?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Using Recycled Water for Fracking\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fracking traditionally uses freshwater instead of salty or briny water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil companies generally have easy access to briny water, since it’s produced from the rock formation along with the oil. It generally hasn’t been used for fracking, because the salts could react with chemicals in the fracking fluids, which are added to suspend sand particles in the solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But increasingly in other parts of the country, oil and gas companies are using recycled water to reduce their freshwater demand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s that need for freshwater that had people asking: how do we do this without freshwater?” says Walter Dale, strategic business manager for water solutions for Halliburton. The company runs fracking operations for several oil and gas companies around the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“About two years ago, we started saying, ‘Look, we don’t need freshwater anymore,’” he says. “We can now make frack fluids out of impaired waters but we just have to change the formulas in the frack fluids.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halliburton has started offering its technology last year, known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/Win5Mr52Aa0\">H20 Forward\u003c/a>. Some companies also treat water from their operations, so it’s fresh enough to use in fracking again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15955\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DSC01200.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15955\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DSC01200.jpg\" alt=\"Oil wells in the Rose oil field near Wasco, California. The Monterey Shale is two miles below the surface. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oil wells in the Rose oil field. The Monterey Shale is two miles below the surface. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Our highest levels of interest are in the Permian and the Bakken,” Dale says, mentioning oil fields in Texas and North Dakota. The highest adoption of water recycling is found in Pennsylvania, where water disposal is more expensive. “The Marcellus is probably the leader when it comes to recycling. They do recycle roughly 80 percent of their waters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dale says he’s had conversations with some California oil companies, though it’s in early stages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California actually has the opportunity to look at the lessons learned in the last 4-to-5 years in the industry and implement some of those technologies to begin their field development,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some fracking operations in California are already using recycled water, though most use freshwater, according to permits filed with state regulators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One oil company, Occidental, says it plans to use recycled water in a handful of fracking wells this year. Representatives from Chevron and Aera Energy say the companies are investigating ways to reduce their reliance on freshwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, the state legislature is turning its attention to water use in all forms around California, including in the oil and gas industry. State Senator Fran Pavley introduced a bill, \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140SB1281\">SB 1281\u003c/a>, that would require oil companies to disclose the amounts of water they use in all operations, not just fracking. (\u003cstrong>UPDATE\u003c/strong>: The bill was signed by Governor Brown in September.)\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Anti-Fracking Activists in California Take Fight to County Ballots",
"headTitle": "Anti-Fracking Activists in California Take Fight to County Ballots | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update October 10th:\u003c/strong> Fracking bans are on the November ballots in Mendocino, San Benito and Santa Barbara Counties. Butte County voters could see a measure on the 2016 ballot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original Post, July 14th: \u003c/strong>Opponents of hydraulic fracturing — or fracking — have pushed for a statewide moratorium on the controversial oil production technique. With those efforts stalled in the state legislature, activists are taking the fight to the county level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copying tactics that have worked in Colorado and New York, activists have qualified November ballot measures that would ban fracking in two counties and possibly others, trying a piecemeal approach to banning fracking in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/embed/W2NeqeaSFTc\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Video reported by Gabriela Quirós and Lauren Sommer, who narrates.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil companies use fracking to squeeze more oil out of rocks. Water mixed with sand and chemicals is injected underground at high pressure to create tiny fractures. The sand props open the cracks, so oil can flow out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”w4nKuhIm9gQiH3d9tzQJf1PP2G6IOC4d”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California legislators have debated a moratorium on fracking for the past four years, but the bills have repeatedly failed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>San Benito County Qualifies First\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a parking lot in San Juan Bautista, an hour south of San Jose, volunteers paint signs that read, “Protect our water. Ban fracking in San Benito County.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We collected enough signatures to qualify in 14 days which was maybe a state record,” says Andy Hsia-Coron of San Benito Rising, the group that’s rallying support for a fracking ban on San Benito County’s November ballot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”d9531efb2815df8ad2fe5db4dd70d801″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ballot measure is largely pre-emptive. While San Benito County has a handful of oil wells in production, oil companies haven’t reported using fracking there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And we don’t want you to frack in San Benito County,” Hsia-Coron says. “We know this a county with a lot of oil potential.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hisa-Coron says his group is collaborating with activists across the country. Cities in Colorado and New York have banned fracking over concerns about groundwater contamination and land impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bigger Fight in Santa Barbara\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We see a battle for sure, but we also see a great opportunity,” says Rebecca Claassen of the Santa Barbara County Water Guardians, a volunteer group that’s put a measure on the local ballot to ban fracking on unincorporated land in the county.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We see a battle for sure, but we also see a great opportunity.’\u003ccite>— Rebecca Claassen, Santa Barbara County Water Guardians\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Claassen says the legacy of Santa Barbara’s 1969 oil spill came up often as her group gathered 20,000 signatures for measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Home of the first major oil spill in the United States,” she says. “In ’69, there were hundreds of thousands of gallons of oil pouring into the ocean and washing up on these beaches here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also fueling support for the ban are economic concerns. “We have a lot of agriculture and tourism that both depend on clean water,” Claassen says, “and so the risks of water contamination really resonated with most everyone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Claasen’s group is facing an uphill battle, because Santa Barbara’s oil industry is much larger than San Benito’s. When the measure came up at county supervisors meeting, industry workers turned out in force with concerns about their jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Banning More Than Fracking\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s attempting to outlaw all methods of oil extraction, not only fracking, but a number of other means of well stimulating,” says Armen Nahabedian of Citadel Exploration, a company that develops oil projects. “It is an absolute anti-hydrocarbon initiative.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent morning, Nahabedian is meeting with rancher Skip Ramsey about putting an oil well on his land outside of San Ardo, an hour south of Salinas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19346\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/fracking3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19346\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/fracking3.jpg\" alt=\"Armen Nahabedian of Citadel Exploration talks with rancher Skip Ramsey about an oil project. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"371\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Armen Nahabedian of Citadel Exploration (right) talks with rancher Skip Ramsey about an oil project. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The drought has hit Ramsey’s ranch hard, drying up feed for his cattle months sooner than expected. He says royalty payments from an oil well would go a long way for his family and his ranch. “To just support college educations,” he says, “and I’d like to increase my water capability to raise more feed for my cattle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nahabedian says if the San Benito measure passes, it could stand in the way of deals like this one. “It’s difficult to make the same sort of offers to landowners in this area with this sort of uncertainty hanging the balance,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nahabedian’s company doesn’t use fracking, but it does use another oil extraction technique that the initiatives would ban, called cyclic steam injection. Oil in California is heavy, so producers inject steam underground to loosen it up.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘You can drill for it or you can kill for it.’\u003ccite>— Armen Nahabedian, Citadel Exploration\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> “Steam injection is an old technique,” he says. “We’ve been using it in the industry since the early 1960s. It’s not much different than cleaning a dirty engine block.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 60 percent of oil produced in California is extracted with steam injection and similar methods, making it more common than fracking. Nahabedian says banning steam injection would mean the state’s refineries would have to look at importing oil from outside the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I say very simply — and some people say very crudely — that you can drill for it or you can kill for it, but that’s just the truth,” he says. “I’m a veteran from Operation Iraqi Freedom, and I have a firm belief that it’s our social responsibility and our civil responsibility to become a domestic producer that’s totally independent of foreign oil supply.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19348\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/fracking1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19348\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/fracking1.jpg\" alt=\"About 60 percent of oil pumped in California uses steam injection or similar methods, something the ballot measures seek to ban. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">About 60 percent of oil pumped in California is produced with steam injection or similar methods, which would also be banned under the ballot measures. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It would hurt oil production in our state, particularly in regions that are more economically depressed like the Central Valley,” says Sabrina Lockheart of Californians for Energy Independence, an advocacy group that’s funded in part by the oil industry and is fighting the local fracking bans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California regulators \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/11/15/what-californias-new-fracking-rules-would-do-and-not-do/\">are currently drafting new regulations\u003c/a> for fracking, ones that the oil industry says are more than enough to ensure fracking is done safely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re the strongest regulations in the country as it relates to fracking,” Lockheart says. “It includes conducting a science-based study, disclosure of the chemicals used, monitoring protected groundwater and prior notification of surrounding landowners.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Activists like Andy Hsia-Coron don’t believe those regulations go far enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We figure that if we pass these initiatives in November,” he says, “that dozens of counties will be filing their initiatives and it can even be done a city level.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May, Santa Cruz County supervisors voted to pass a fracking ban. Voters in San Benito and Santa Barbara counties will vote on bans in November. Activists in Butte and Mendocino counties are still working to qualify ballot measures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/158339780&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Activists are hoping local residents will do what state legislators haven’t done -- shut down the controversial oil production technique known as hydraulic fracturing.\r\n",
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"description": "Activists are hoping local residents will do what state legislators haven’t done -- shut down the controversial oil production technique known as hydraulic fracturing.\r\n",
"title": "Anti-Fracking Activists in California Take Fight to County Ballots | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update October 10th:\u003c/strong> Fracking bans are on the November ballots in Mendocino, San Benito and Santa Barbara Counties. Butte County voters could see a measure on the 2016 ballot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original Post, July 14th: \u003c/strong>Opponents of hydraulic fracturing — or fracking — have pushed for a statewide moratorium on the controversial oil production technique. With those efforts stalled in the state legislature, activists are taking the fight to the county level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copying tactics that have worked in Colorado and New York, activists have qualified November ballot measures that would ban fracking in two counties and possibly others, trying a piecemeal approach to banning fracking in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/embed/W2NeqeaSFTc\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Video reported by Gabriela Quirós and Lauren Sommer, who narrates.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil companies use fracking to squeeze more oil out of rocks. Water mixed with sand and chemicals is injected underground at high pressure to create tiny fractures. The sand props open the cracks, so oil can flow out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California legislators have debated a moratorium on fracking for the past four years, but the bills have repeatedly failed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>San Benito County Qualifies First\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a parking lot in San Juan Bautista, an hour south of San Jose, volunteers paint signs that read, “Protect our water. Ban fracking in San Benito County.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We collected enough signatures to qualify in 14 days which was maybe a state record,” says Andy Hsia-Coron of San Benito Rising, the group that’s rallying support for a fracking ban on San Benito County’s November ballot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ballot measure is largely pre-emptive. While San Benito County has a handful of oil wells in production, oil companies haven’t reported using fracking there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And we don’t want you to frack in San Benito County,” Hsia-Coron says. “We know this a county with a lot of oil potential.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hisa-Coron says his group is collaborating with activists across the country. Cities in Colorado and New York have banned fracking over concerns about groundwater contamination and land impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bigger Fight in Santa Barbara\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We see a battle for sure, but we also see a great opportunity,” says Rebecca Claassen of the Santa Barbara County Water Guardians, a volunteer group that’s put a measure on the local ballot to ban fracking on unincorporated land in the county.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We see a battle for sure, but we also see a great opportunity.’\u003ccite>— Rebecca Claassen, Santa Barbara County Water Guardians\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Claassen says the legacy of Santa Barbara’s 1969 oil spill came up often as her group gathered 20,000 signatures for measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Home of the first major oil spill in the United States,” she says. “In ’69, there were hundreds of thousands of gallons of oil pouring into the ocean and washing up on these beaches here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also fueling support for the ban are economic concerns. “We have a lot of agriculture and tourism that both depend on clean water,” Claassen says, “and so the risks of water contamination really resonated with most everyone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Claasen’s group is facing an uphill battle, because Santa Barbara’s oil industry is much larger than San Benito’s. When the measure came up at county supervisors meeting, industry workers turned out in force with concerns about their jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Banning More Than Fracking\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s attempting to outlaw all methods of oil extraction, not only fracking, but a number of other means of well stimulating,” says Armen Nahabedian of Citadel Exploration, a company that develops oil projects. “It is an absolute anti-hydrocarbon initiative.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent morning, Nahabedian is meeting with rancher Skip Ramsey about putting an oil well on his land outside of San Ardo, an hour south of Salinas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19346\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/fracking3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19346\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/fracking3.jpg\" alt=\"Armen Nahabedian of Citadel Exploration talks with rancher Skip Ramsey about an oil project. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"371\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Armen Nahabedian of Citadel Exploration (right) talks with rancher Skip Ramsey about an oil project. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The drought has hit Ramsey’s ranch hard, drying up feed for his cattle months sooner than expected. He says royalty payments from an oil well would go a long way for his family and his ranch. “To just support college educations,” he says, “and I’d like to increase my water capability to raise more feed for my cattle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nahabedian says if the San Benito measure passes, it could stand in the way of deals like this one. “It’s difficult to make the same sort of offers to landowners in this area with this sort of uncertainty hanging the balance,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nahabedian’s company doesn’t use fracking, but it does use another oil extraction technique that the initiatives would ban, called cyclic steam injection. Oil in California is heavy, so producers inject steam underground to loosen it up.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘You can drill for it or you can kill for it.’\u003ccite>— Armen Nahabedian, Citadel Exploration\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> “Steam injection is an old technique,” he says. “We’ve been using it in the industry since the early 1960s. It’s not much different than cleaning a dirty engine block.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 60 percent of oil produced in California is extracted with steam injection and similar methods, making it more common than fracking. Nahabedian says banning steam injection would mean the state’s refineries would have to look at importing oil from outside the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I say very simply — and some people say very crudely — that you can drill for it or you can kill for it, but that’s just the truth,” he says. “I’m a veteran from Operation Iraqi Freedom, and I have a firm belief that it’s our social responsibility and our civil responsibility to become a domestic producer that’s totally independent of foreign oil supply.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19348\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/fracking1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19348\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/fracking1.jpg\" alt=\"About 60 percent of oil pumped in California uses steam injection or similar methods, something the ballot measures seek to ban. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">About 60 percent of oil pumped in California is produced with steam injection or similar methods, which would also be banned under the ballot measures. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It would hurt oil production in our state, particularly in regions that are more economically depressed like the Central Valley,” says Sabrina Lockheart of Californians for Energy Independence, an advocacy group that’s funded in part by the oil industry and is fighting the local fracking bans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California regulators \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/11/15/what-californias-new-fracking-rules-would-do-and-not-do/\">are currently drafting new regulations\u003c/a> for fracking, ones that the oil industry says are more than enough to ensure fracking is done safely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re the strongest regulations in the country as it relates to fracking,” Lockheart says. “It includes conducting a science-based study, disclosure of the chemicals used, monitoring protected groundwater and prior notification of surrounding landowners.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Activists like Andy Hsia-Coron don’t believe those regulations go far enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We figure that if we pass these initiatives in November,” he says, “that dozens of counties will be filing their initiatives and it can even be done a city level.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May, Santa Cruz County supervisors voted to pass a fracking ban. Voters in San Benito and Santa Barbara counties will vote on bans in November. Activists in Butte and Mendocino counties are still working to qualify ballot measures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Stanford Scientist Shares Nobel in Chemistry",
"headTitle": "Stanford Scientist Shares Nobel in Chemistry | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Scott Neuman\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/10/08/354514604/scientists-share-chemistry-nobel-for-breakthrough-in-microscopy\">NPR\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22365\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/14369-moerner.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/14369-moerner.jpg\" alt=\"Stanford professor W.E. Moerner has been awarded the 2014 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. (L.A. Cicero/Stanford)\" width=\"600\" height=\"399\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22365\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stanford professor W.E. Moerner has been awarded the 2014 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. (L.A. Cicero/Stanford)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Two Americans and a German will share the Nobel Prize in chemistry for developing a new type of microscopy that allows researchers, for the first time, to see individual molecules inside living cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has awarded Americans Eric Betzig and William Moerner and German scientist Stefan Hell the prize for “the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy,” which “has brought optical microscopy into the nanodimension.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2014/press.html\">Nobelprize.org\u003c/a> says:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“For a long time optical microscopy was held back by a presumed limitation: that it would never obtain a better resolution than half the wavelength of light. Helped by fluorescent molecules the Nobel Laureates in Chemistry 2014 ingeniously circumvented this limitation. Their ground-breaking work has brought optical microscopy into the nanodimension.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In what has become known as nanoscopy, scientists visualize the pathways of individual molecules inside living cells. They can see how molecules create synapses between nerve cells in the brain; they can track proteins involved in Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s and Huntington’s diseases as they aggregate; they follow individual proteins in fertilized eggs as these divide into embryos.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The academy says it is awarding the prize for two distinct principles. \u003ca href=\"http://www3.mpibpc.mpg.de/groups/hell/STED.htm\">Simulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy\u003c/a>, which uses a laser to stimulate fluorescent molecules to glow and another laser to filter out all but a small portion of the result, allowing incredibly fine resolution. That research was carried out by Hell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working separately, Betzig and Moerner are credited with developing \u003ca href=\"http://www.rsc.org/conferencesandevents/rscconferences/fd/molecule-fd2015/index.asp\">single-molecule microscopy\u003c/a>, a “method [that] relies upon the possibility to turn the fluorescence of individual molecules on and off. Scientists image the same area multiple times, letting just a few interspersed molecules glow each time,” according to Nobelprize.org.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Betzig is a group leader at Janelia Farm Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Va., and Moerner is the Harry S. Mosher Professor in Chemistry and professor, by courtesy, of applied physics at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hell is the director at the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Gottingen, and division head at the German Cancer Research Center in Heidelberg, Germany.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Scott Neuman\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/10/08/354514604/scientists-share-chemistry-nobel-for-breakthrough-in-microscopy\">NPR\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22365\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/14369-moerner.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/14369-moerner.jpg\" alt=\"Stanford professor W.E. Moerner has been awarded the 2014 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. (L.A. Cicero/Stanford)\" width=\"600\" height=\"399\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22365\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stanford professor W.E. Moerner has been awarded the 2014 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. (L.A. Cicero/Stanford)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Two Americans and a German will share the Nobel Prize in chemistry for developing a new type of microscopy that allows researchers, for the first time, to see individual molecules inside living cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has awarded Americans Eric Betzig and William Moerner and German scientist Stefan Hell the prize for “the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy,” which “has brought optical microscopy into the nanodimension.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2014/press.html\">Nobelprize.org\u003c/a> says:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“For a long time optical microscopy was held back by a presumed limitation: that it would never obtain a better resolution than half the wavelength of light. Helped by fluorescent molecules the Nobel Laureates in Chemistry 2014 ingeniously circumvented this limitation. Their ground-breaking work has brought optical microscopy into the nanodimension.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In what has become known as nanoscopy, scientists visualize the pathways of individual molecules inside living cells. They can see how molecules create synapses between nerve cells in the brain; they can track proteins involved in Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s and Huntington’s diseases as they aggregate; they follow individual proteins in fertilized eggs as these divide into embryos.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The academy says it is awarding the prize for two distinct principles. \u003ca href=\"http://www3.mpibpc.mpg.de/groups/hell/STED.htm\">Simulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy\u003c/a>, which uses a laser to stimulate fluorescent molecules to glow and another laser to filter out all but a small portion of the result, allowing incredibly fine resolution. That research was carried out by Hell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working separately, Betzig and Moerner are credited with developing \u003ca href=\"http://www.rsc.org/conferencesandevents/rscconferences/fd/molecule-fd2015/index.asp\">single-molecule microscopy\u003c/a>, a “method [that] relies upon the possibility to turn the fluorescence of individual molecules on and off. Scientists image the same area multiple times, letting just a few interspersed molecules glow each time,” according to Nobelprize.org.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Betzig is a group leader at Janelia Farm Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Va., and Moerner is the Harry S. Mosher Professor in Chemistry and professor, by courtesy, of applied physics at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hell is the director at the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Gottingen, and division head at the German Cancer Research Center in Heidelberg, Germany.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Now You Can Take a Virtual Hike in California State Parks",
"headTitle": "Now You Can Take a Virtual Hike in California State Parks | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Marissa Ortega-Welch and Molly Samuel\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22344\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1279px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/molera.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22344\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/molera.jpg\" alt=\"Andrew Molera State Park in Big Sur. (Google Maps)\" width=\"1279\" height=\"903\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@36.280072,-121.8597269,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sGXO72s0J8Vy6r8lrhmf7GA!2e0!3e5\">Andrew Molera State Park\u003c/a> in Big Sur. (Google Maps)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Want to take a hike, but can’t quite generate the get-up-and-go to put down the laptop and get off the couch? Maybe you’re at work, but wish you were on the Dipsea trail? Well, you can now visit 14 California State Parks from the comfort of your own web browser, using Google Street View.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22346\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1279px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/bootjack.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22346\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/bootjack.jpg\" alt=\"The Boot Jack Trail on Mount Tam. (Google Maps)\" width=\"1279\" height=\"901\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@37.9036845,-122.589382,3a,75y,341.88h,97.56t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1swdEWdfxmPCqtecFQziU1Rg!2e0!3e5\">Boot Jack Trail\u003c/a> on Mount Tam. (Google Maps)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The new feature of Google Maps isn’t really aimed at armchair hikers; the idea isn’t to replace the physical park experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our goal is for this imagery to really encourage people here both within California and across the world to see what California has to offer,” says Street View manager Deanna Yick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nonetheless, we’re enjoying seeing what California has to offer from our cubicles, instead of whatever other work we might be doing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22342\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1279px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/steepravine.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22342\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/steepravine.jpg\" alt=\"A view from the Steep Ravine trail on Mount Tamalpais. (Google Maps)\" width=\"1279\" height=\"901\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A view from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@37.901796,-122.587895,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e2!3m3!1s89100107!2e1!3e10\">Steep Ravine Trail\u003c/a> on Mount Tamalpais. (Google Maps)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hikers wear \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SuiEmxDklKw\">40-pound backpacks outfitted with cameras\u003c/a> that take still photos; the devices, which look like those Street View car cameras, only they’re mounted on people’s backs, are called Trekkers. The photos are then stitched into 360-degree panoramas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are the state parks you can now visit without actually putting your shoes on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@36.280072,-121.8597269,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sGXO72s0J8Vy6r8lrhmf7GA!2e0!3e5\">Andrew Molera State Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@36.280072,-121.8597269,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sGXO72s0J8Vy6r8lrhmf7GA!2e0!3e5\">Angel Island State Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/preview?ie=UTF8&t=m&vpsrc=0&layer=c&panoid=e44z9Z6qe389HmcgYVyRmw\">Asilomar State Beach\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@36.5362798,-121.9281395,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1s4wnWQcrlCS5nGu0asCCa1Q!2e0!3e5\">Carmel River SB\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@36.5362798,-121.9281395,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1s4wnWQcrlCS5nGu0asCCa1Q!2e0!3e5\">Garrapata State Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@37.1748823,-121.4968637,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sD6cSjzpaRLPPTmJ9ZR9irA!2e0!3e5\">Henry W. Coe State Park\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/preview?ie=UTF8&t=m&vpsrc=0&layer=c&panoid=8RorX9NuFGVGVZFjVJCeew\">Coyote Creek Loop\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@36.1690349,-121.6680918,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1suL5Q5SZT-JuOGeiggEA4nA!2e0!3e5\">Julia Pfeiffer Burns State Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&t=h&source=embed&oe=UTF8&msa=0&msid=102847463533815529404.0004510576dc4ba1c1241&dg=feature\">Limekiln State Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@36.6991769,-121.8099616,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sM7gaR7HjIX9YzgF-FEqdUA!2e0!3e5\">Marina State Beach\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Mount Tamalpais State Park:\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&t=h&source=embed&oe=UTF8&msa=0&msid=102847463533815529404.0004510576dc4ba1c1241&dg=feature\">Boot Jack\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&t=h&source=embed&oe=UTF8&msa=0&msid=102847463533815529404.0004510576dc4ba1c1241&dg=feature\">Camp Eastwood\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&t=h&source=embed&oe=UTF8&msa=0&msid=102847463533815529404.0004510576dc4ba1c1241&dg=feature\">Dipsea\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/search/Mount+Tamalpais+State+Park,+Fern+Creek+Trail,+Mill+Valley,+CA/@37.9012358,-122.578215,3a,75y,264.61h,90.92t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sI7iul8H39DebG5COhBoRrA!2e0!3e5\">Fern Creek\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/search/Mount+Tamalpais+State+Park,+Fern+Creek+Trail,+Mill+Valley,+CA/@37.9012358,-122.578215,3a,75y,264.61h,90.92t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sI7iul8H39DebG5COhBoRrA!2e0!3e5\">Matt Davis\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@37.8973215,-122.6025933,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sDvoD3d5rPSOZahFczS8iwg!2e0!3e5\">Old Mine\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/preview?ie=UTF8&t=m&vpsrc=0&layer=c&panoid=6z1DsfZGIVzazOMNJb0vEQ\">Sierra\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/preview?ie=UTF8&t=m&vpsrc=0&layer=c&panoid=6z1DsfZGIVzazOMNJb0vEQ\">Steep Ravine\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@37.90443,-122.5965612,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1slru7YCr3pwC0oC4PZEdKZw!2e0!3e5\">TCC\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@37.9091413,-122.5921455,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1s9c7PbR-KGa-vhbguRxu9cQ!2e0!3e5\">Troop 80\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@36.5221796,-121.9539173,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sBkpcU4Vcs3CansJtUJtpsQ!2e0!3e5\">Point Lobos State Reserve\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@38.1370017,-122.8969431,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1s7Bt8X6iWIf9XcH8Elb6mLA!2e0!3e5\">Tomales Bay State Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@38.0272428,-122.7375287,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sF8ufW--Yh00DsI3stzDqGg!2e0!3e5\">Samuel P. Taylor State Park\u003c/a>:\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@38.00517,-122.7092339,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1s_DyAk4dGbCDsI42p0idjYQ!2e0!3e5\">Cross Marin Trail\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@38.0148265,-122.7254853,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sjUW_5zjsa-oZbdCKgtSyuw!2e0!3e5\">Pioneer Tree Trail\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@38.0360437,-122.727293,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sqpAfUjxW5OEcGygNATjsvw!2e0!3e5\">Devils Gulch Fire Road\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@38.0012252,-122.4603896,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sMTzospT9BA70MRdBHrzyEw!2e0!3e5\">China Camp State Park\u003c/a>:\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@38.0060362,-122.4755664,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sEMcbcVNRFYVKBWy4REriTQ!2e0!3e5\">Shoreline Trail\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@38.0070136,-122.5014152,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sbvhPgJTKDgGbqCaleEsxIw!2e0!3e5\">Bay View Trail\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "You can now visit 14 California State Parks from the comfort of your own web browser, using Google Street View.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Marissa Ortega-Welch and Molly Samuel\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22344\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1279px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/molera.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22344\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/molera.jpg\" alt=\"Andrew Molera State Park in Big Sur. (Google Maps)\" width=\"1279\" height=\"903\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@36.280072,-121.8597269,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sGXO72s0J8Vy6r8lrhmf7GA!2e0!3e5\">Andrew Molera State Park\u003c/a> in Big Sur. (Google Maps)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Want to take a hike, but can’t quite generate the get-up-and-go to put down the laptop and get off the couch? Maybe you’re at work, but wish you were on the Dipsea trail? Well, you can now visit 14 California State Parks from the comfort of your own web browser, using Google Street View.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22346\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1279px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/bootjack.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22346\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/bootjack.jpg\" alt=\"The Boot Jack Trail on Mount Tam. (Google Maps)\" width=\"1279\" height=\"901\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@37.9036845,-122.589382,3a,75y,341.88h,97.56t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1swdEWdfxmPCqtecFQziU1Rg!2e0!3e5\">Boot Jack Trail\u003c/a> on Mount Tam. (Google Maps)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The new feature of Google Maps isn’t really aimed at armchair hikers; the idea isn’t to replace the physical park experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our goal is for this imagery to really encourage people here both within California and across the world to see what California has to offer,” says Street View manager Deanna Yick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nonetheless, we’re enjoying seeing what California has to offer from our cubicles, instead of whatever other work we might be doing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22342\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1279px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/steepravine.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22342\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/steepravine.jpg\" alt=\"A view from the Steep Ravine trail on Mount Tamalpais. (Google Maps)\" width=\"1279\" height=\"901\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A view from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@37.901796,-122.587895,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e2!3m3!1s89100107!2e1!3e10\">Steep Ravine Trail\u003c/a> on Mount Tamalpais. (Google Maps)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hikers wear \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SuiEmxDklKw\">40-pound backpacks outfitted with cameras\u003c/a> that take still photos; the devices, which look like those Street View car cameras, only they’re mounted on people’s backs, are called Trekkers. The photos are then stitched into 360-degree panoramas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are the state parks you can now visit without actually putting your shoes on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@36.280072,-121.8597269,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sGXO72s0J8Vy6r8lrhmf7GA!2e0!3e5\">Andrew Molera State Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@36.280072,-121.8597269,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sGXO72s0J8Vy6r8lrhmf7GA!2e0!3e5\">Angel Island State Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/preview?ie=UTF8&t=m&vpsrc=0&layer=c&panoid=e44z9Z6qe389HmcgYVyRmw\">Asilomar State Beach\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@36.5362798,-121.9281395,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1s4wnWQcrlCS5nGu0asCCa1Q!2e0!3e5\">Carmel River SB\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@36.5362798,-121.9281395,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1s4wnWQcrlCS5nGu0asCCa1Q!2e0!3e5\">Garrapata State Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@37.1748823,-121.4968637,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sD6cSjzpaRLPPTmJ9ZR9irA!2e0!3e5\">Henry W. Coe State Park\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/preview?ie=UTF8&t=m&vpsrc=0&layer=c&panoid=8RorX9NuFGVGVZFjVJCeew\">Coyote Creek Loop\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@36.1690349,-121.6680918,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1suL5Q5SZT-JuOGeiggEA4nA!2e0!3e5\">Julia Pfeiffer Burns State Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&t=h&source=embed&oe=UTF8&msa=0&msid=102847463533815529404.0004510576dc4ba1c1241&dg=feature\">Limekiln State Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@36.6991769,-121.8099616,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sM7gaR7HjIX9YzgF-FEqdUA!2e0!3e5\">Marina State Beach\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Mount Tamalpais State Park:\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&t=h&source=embed&oe=UTF8&msa=0&msid=102847463533815529404.0004510576dc4ba1c1241&dg=feature\">Boot Jack\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&t=h&source=embed&oe=UTF8&msa=0&msid=102847463533815529404.0004510576dc4ba1c1241&dg=feature\">Camp Eastwood\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&t=h&source=embed&oe=UTF8&msa=0&msid=102847463533815529404.0004510576dc4ba1c1241&dg=feature\">Dipsea\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/search/Mount+Tamalpais+State+Park,+Fern+Creek+Trail,+Mill+Valley,+CA/@37.9012358,-122.578215,3a,75y,264.61h,90.92t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sI7iul8H39DebG5COhBoRrA!2e0!3e5\">Fern Creek\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/search/Mount+Tamalpais+State+Park,+Fern+Creek+Trail,+Mill+Valley,+CA/@37.9012358,-122.578215,3a,75y,264.61h,90.92t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sI7iul8H39DebG5COhBoRrA!2e0!3e5\">Matt Davis\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@37.8973215,-122.6025933,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sDvoD3d5rPSOZahFczS8iwg!2e0!3e5\">Old Mine\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/preview?ie=UTF8&t=m&vpsrc=0&layer=c&panoid=6z1DsfZGIVzazOMNJb0vEQ\">Sierra\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/preview?ie=UTF8&t=m&vpsrc=0&layer=c&panoid=6z1DsfZGIVzazOMNJb0vEQ\">Steep Ravine\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@37.90443,-122.5965612,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1slru7YCr3pwC0oC4PZEdKZw!2e0!3e5\">TCC\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@37.9091413,-122.5921455,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1s9c7PbR-KGa-vhbguRxu9cQ!2e0!3e5\">Troop 80\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@36.5221796,-121.9539173,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sBkpcU4Vcs3CansJtUJtpsQ!2e0!3e5\">Point Lobos State Reserve\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@38.1370017,-122.8969431,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1s7Bt8X6iWIf9XcH8Elb6mLA!2e0!3e5\">Tomales Bay State Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@38.0272428,-122.7375287,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sF8ufW--Yh00DsI3stzDqGg!2e0!3e5\">Samuel P. Taylor State Park\u003c/a>:\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@38.00517,-122.7092339,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1s_DyAk4dGbCDsI42p0idjYQ!2e0!3e5\">Cross Marin Trail\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@38.0148265,-122.7254853,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sjUW_5zjsa-oZbdCKgtSyuw!2e0!3e5\">Pioneer Tree Trail\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@38.0360437,-122.727293,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sqpAfUjxW5OEcGygNATjsvw!2e0!3e5\">Devils Gulch Fire Road\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@38.0012252,-122.4603896,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sMTzospT9BA70MRdBHrzyEw!2e0!3e5\">China Camp State Park\u003c/a>:\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@38.0060362,-122.4755664,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sEMcbcVNRFYVKBWy4REriTQ!2e0!3e5\">Shoreline Trail\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/@38.0070136,-122.5014152,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sbvhPgJTKDgGbqCaleEsxIw!2e0!3e5\">Bay View Trail\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Climate Change Has Uneven Effects on Ocean Warming",
"headTitle": "Climate Change Has Uneven Effects on Ocean Warming | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By John Upton\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/oceans-getting-hotter-than-anybody-realized-18139\">Climate Central\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22313\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 685px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/assets-climatecentral-org-images-uploads-news-10_3_14_John_ArgoFloats-685x390.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/assets-climatecentral-org-images-uploads-news-10_3_14_John_ArgoFloats-685x390.jpg\" alt=\"An Argo float. (Alicia Navidad/CSIRO) \" width=\"685\" height=\"389\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22313\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An Argo float. (Alicia Navidad/CSIRO)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.niwa.co.nz/vessels/kaharoa\">RV Kaharoa\u003c/a> motored out of Wellington, New Zealand on Saturday, loaded with more than 100 scientific instruments, each eventually destined for a watery grave. Crewmembers will spend the next two months dropping the 50-pound devices, called \u003ca href=\"http://www.argo.ucsd.edu/index.html\">Argo floats\u003c/a>, into the seas between New Zealand and Mauritius, off the coast of Madagascar. There, the instruments will sink and drift, then measure temperature, salinity and pressure as they resurface to beam the data to a satellite. The battery-powered floats will repeat that process every 10 days — until they conk out, after four years or more, and become ocean junk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under an international program begun in 2000, and that started producing useful global data in 2005, the world’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/temperature-plateau-is-likely-due-to-warming-of-deep-oceans-16280\">warming\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/what-will-survive-in-hot-acidic-oceans-18027\">acidifying\u003c/a> seas have been invisibly filled with thousands of these bobbing instruments. They are gathering and transmitting data that’s providing scientists with the clearest-ever pictures of the hitherto-unfathomed extent of ocean warming. About 90 percent of global warming is ending up not on land, but in the oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research published Sunday concluded that the upper 2,300 feet of the Southern Hemisphere’s oceans may have warmed twice as quickly after 1970 than had previously been thought. Gathering reliable ocean data in the Southern Hemisphere has historically been a challenge, given its remoteness and its relative paucity of commercial shipping, which helps gather ocean data. Argo floats and satellites are now helping to plug Austral ocean data gaps, and improving the accuracy of Northern Hemisphere measurements and estimates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Argo data is really critical,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www-pcmdi.llnl.gov/about/staff/Durack/\">Paul Durack\u003c/a>, a Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory researcher who led the new study, which was published in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nclimate2389.html\">Nature Climate Change\u003c/a>. “The estimates that we had up until now have been pretty systematically underestimating the likely changes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Durack and Lawrence Livermore colleagues worked with a Jet Propulsion Laboratory scientist to compare ocean observations with ocean models. They concluded that the upper levels of the planet’s oceans — those of the northern and southern hemispheres combined — had been warming during several decades prior to 2005 at rates that were 24 to 58 percent faster than had previously been realized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That rapid ocean warming has consequences for the Earth’s climate and its shorelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We continue to be stunned at how rapidly the ocean is warming,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www-pord.ucsd.edu/~sgille/\">Sarah Gille\u003c/a>, a Scripps Institution of Oceanography professor. Gille was not involved with this paper, nor was she involved with a similar one published Sunday that examined the role of ocean warming in rising sea levels. She described both of them as “tremendously interesting” studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even if we stopped all greenhouse gas emissions today, we’d still have an ocean that is warmer than the ocean of 1950, and that heat commits us to a warmer climate,” Gille said. “Extra heat means extra sea level rise, since warmer water is less dense, so a warmer ocean expands.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ocean warming is exacerbating flooding caused by the melting of glaciers and other ice. Seas have risen 8 inches since the industrial revolution, and they continue to rise at a hastening pace, worsening floods and boosting storm surges near shorelines around the world. Another 2 to 7 feet of sea level rise is \u003ca href=\"http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/\">forecast this century\u003c/a>, jeoparizing the homes and neighborhoods of the 5 million Americans who live less than 4 feet above high tide, as well as those of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/24/upshot/flooding-risk-from-climate-change-country-by-country.html?rref=upshot&abt=0002&abg=0&_r=0\">hundreds of millions\u003c/a> living along coastlines in other countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other ocean temperature study, also published Sunday in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nclimate2387.html\">Nature Climate Change\u003c/a>, used Argo and other data to tentatively conclude that all of the ocean warming from 2005 to 2013 had occurred above depths of 6,500 feet. During the same period, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory scientists who wrote the paper concluded, the expansion of those warming waters caused a third of the planet’s 2.8 millimeters of annual sea-level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sunday’s papers joined more than 1,000 others \u003ca href=\"http://www.argo.ucsd.edu/Bibliography.html\">published so far\u003c/a> that have used Argo float data to improve science’s understanding of waterways that are climatically influential but difficult to measure manually. “This research covers a very broad range of topics including ocean circulation, water mass formation and spreading, mesoscale eddies, interannual variability such as El Niño, decadal variability, and multi-decadal climate change,” said Scripps Institution of Oceanography professor \u003ca href=\"http://scrippsscholars.ucsd.edu/droemmich/biocv\">Dean Roemmich\u003c/a>, who was in New Zealand last week preparing Argo floats for deployment by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.vesselfinder.com/?mmsi=512119000\">RV Kaharoa’s crew\u003c/a>. “The program has revolutionized large-scale physical oceanography.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.csiro.au/Organisation-Structure/Divisions/Marine--Atmospheric-Research/SteveRintoul.aspx\">Steve Rintoul\u003c/a>, a researcher at Australia’s Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, or CSIRO, said findings of ocean warming above 6,500 feet in the Jet Propulsion Lab’s study \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/atlantic-holds-key-to-global-warming-hiatus-17930\">explain the recent slowdown\u003c/a> in warming at the Earth’s surface, which is sometimes called \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/new-study-ties-global-warming-hiatus-to-a-pacific-cooldown-16405\">global warming hiatus\u003c/a>, or warming pause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“An important result of this paper is the demonstration that the oceans have continued to warm over the past decade, at a rate consistent with estimates of Earth’s net energy imbalance,” Rintoul said. “While the rate of increase in surface air temperatures slowed in the last 10 to 15 years, the heat stored by the planet, which is heavily dominated by the oceans, has steadily increased as greenhouse gases have continued to rise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That extra heat isn’t expected to swim with the fishes forever. Some of it will eventually rise from the deep, raising temperatures in places that more directly affect us landlubbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just how rapidly the oceanic heat will resurface to warm the land is “something that we struggle with,” said Scripps’s Gille. But she said heat is constantly shifting between oceans and the atmosphere. “A warmer ocean will mean a warmer atmosphere.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By John Upton\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/oceans-getting-hotter-than-anybody-realized-18139\">Climate Central\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22313\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 685px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/assets-climatecentral-org-images-uploads-news-10_3_14_John_ArgoFloats-685x390.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/assets-climatecentral-org-images-uploads-news-10_3_14_John_ArgoFloats-685x390.jpg\" alt=\"An Argo float. (Alicia Navidad/CSIRO) \" width=\"685\" height=\"389\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22313\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An Argo float. (Alicia Navidad/CSIRO)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.niwa.co.nz/vessels/kaharoa\">RV Kaharoa\u003c/a> motored out of Wellington, New Zealand on Saturday, loaded with more than 100 scientific instruments, each eventually destined for a watery grave. Crewmembers will spend the next two months dropping the 50-pound devices, called \u003ca href=\"http://www.argo.ucsd.edu/index.html\">Argo floats\u003c/a>, into the seas between New Zealand and Mauritius, off the coast of Madagascar. There, the instruments will sink and drift, then measure temperature, salinity and pressure as they resurface to beam the data to a satellite. The battery-powered floats will repeat that process every 10 days — until they conk out, after four years or more, and become ocean junk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under an international program begun in 2000, and that started producing useful global data in 2005, the world’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/temperature-plateau-is-likely-due-to-warming-of-deep-oceans-16280\">warming\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/what-will-survive-in-hot-acidic-oceans-18027\">acidifying\u003c/a> seas have been invisibly filled with thousands of these bobbing instruments. They are gathering and transmitting data that’s providing scientists with the clearest-ever pictures of the hitherto-unfathomed extent of ocean warming. About 90 percent of global warming is ending up not on land, but in the oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research published Sunday concluded that the upper 2,300 feet of the Southern Hemisphere’s oceans may have warmed twice as quickly after 1970 than had previously been thought. Gathering reliable ocean data in the Southern Hemisphere has historically been a challenge, given its remoteness and its relative paucity of commercial shipping, which helps gather ocean data. Argo floats and satellites are now helping to plug Austral ocean data gaps, and improving the accuracy of Northern Hemisphere measurements and estimates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Argo data is really critical,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www-pcmdi.llnl.gov/about/staff/Durack/\">Paul Durack\u003c/a>, a Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory researcher who led the new study, which was published in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nclimate2389.html\">Nature Climate Change\u003c/a>. “The estimates that we had up until now have been pretty systematically underestimating the likely changes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Durack and Lawrence Livermore colleagues worked with a Jet Propulsion Laboratory scientist to compare ocean observations with ocean models. They concluded that the upper levels of the planet’s oceans — those of the northern and southern hemispheres combined — had been warming during several decades prior to 2005 at rates that were 24 to 58 percent faster than had previously been realized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That rapid ocean warming has consequences for the Earth’s climate and its shorelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We continue to be stunned at how rapidly the ocean is warming,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www-pord.ucsd.edu/~sgille/\">Sarah Gille\u003c/a>, a Scripps Institution of Oceanography professor. Gille was not involved with this paper, nor was she involved with a similar one published Sunday that examined the role of ocean warming in rising sea levels. She described both of them as “tremendously interesting” studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even if we stopped all greenhouse gas emissions today, we’d still have an ocean that is warmer than the ocean of 1950, and that heat commits us to a warmer climate,” Gille said. “Extra heat means extra sea level rise, since warmer water is less dense, so a warmer ocean expands.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ocean warming is exacerbating flooding caused by the melting of glaciers and other ice. Seas have risen 8 inches since the industrial revolution, and they continue to rise at a hastening pace, worsening floods and boosting storm surges near shorelines around the world. Another 2 to 7 feet of sea level rise is \u003ca href=\"http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/\">forecast this century\u003c/a>, jeoparizing the homes and neighborhoods of the 5 million Americans who live less than 4 feet above high tide, as well as those of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/24/upshot/flooding-risk-from-climate-change-country-by-country.html?rref=upshot&abt=0002&abg=0&_r=0\">hundreds of millions\u003c/a> living along coastlines in other countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other ocean temperature study, also published Sunday in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nclimate2387.html\">Nature Climate Change\u003c/a>, used Argo and other data to tentatively conclude that all of the ocean warming from 2005 to 2013 had occurred above depths of 6,500 feet. During the same period, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory scientists who wrote the paper concluded, the expansion of those warming waters caused a third of the planet’s 2.8 millimeters of annual sea-level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sunday’s papers joined more than 1,000 others \u003ca href=\"http://www.argo.ucsd.edu/Bibliography.html\">published so far\u003c/a> that have used Argo float data to improve science’s understanding of waterways that are climatically influential but difficult to measure manually. “This research covers a very broad range of topics including ocean circulation, water mass formation and spreading, mesoscale eddies, interannual variability such as El Niño, decadal variability, and multi-decadal climate change,” said Scripps Institution of Oceanography professor \u003ca href=\"http://scrippsscholars.ucsd.edu/droemmich/biocv\">Dean Roemmich\u003c/a>, who was in New Zealand last week preparing Argo floats for deployment by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.vesselfinder.com/?mmsi=512119000\">RV Kaharoa’s crew\u003c/a>. “The program has revolutionized large-scale physical oceanography.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.csiro.au/Organisation-Structure/Divisions/Marine--Atmospheric-Research/SteveRintoul.aspx\">Steve Rintoul\u003c/a>, a researcher at Australia’s Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, or CSIRO, said findings of ocean warming above 6,500 feet in the Jet Propulsion Lab’s study \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/atlantic-holds-key-to-global-warming-hiatus-17930\">explain the recent slowdown\u003c/a> in warming at the Earth’s surface, which is sometimes called \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/new-study-ties-global-warming-hiatus-to-a-pacific-cooldown-16405\">global warming hiatus\u003c/a>, or warming pause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“An important result of this paper is the demonstration that the oceans have continued to warm over the past decade, at a rate consistent with estimates of Earth’s net energy imbalance,” Rintoul said. “While the rate of increase in surface air temperatures slowed in the last 10 to 15 years, the heat stored by the planet, which is heavily dominated by the oceans, has steadily increased as greenhouse gases have continued to rise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That extra heat isn’t expected to swim with the fishes forever. Some of it will eventually rise from the deep, raising temperatures in places that more directly affect us landlubbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just how rapidly the oceanic heat will resurface to warm the land is “something that we struggle with,” said Scripps’s Gille. But she said heat is constantly shifting between oceans and the atmosphere. “A warmer ocean will mean a warmer atmosphere.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"headTitle": "Do Wearables and Health Apps Belong in the Doctor’s Office? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/10/20141006science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22235\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Bret-Parker-1024x682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-22235\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Bret-Parker-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"This year Bret Parker went skydiving for the first time, as a fundraiser for the Michael J Fox Foundation. (Bret Parker)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bret Parker went skydiving this year to raise money for the Michael J. Fox Foundation. Parker participated in a study earlier this year about whether a wearable tracker could effectively measure the severity of tremors caused by Parkinson’s. (Courtesy of Bret Parker)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Apple’s smart watch is only the latest gadget with quasi-medical aspirations. The watch joins a fast-growing wearables industry worth between $3 billion and $5 billion, according to \u003ca href=\"https://doc.research-and-analytics.csfb.com/docView?language=ENG&source=ulg&format=PDF&document_id=805349560&serialid=g9lEUAU7uOFgKHIGT9ZG65xrGGoRvXYXhI1Ez/GEECU=\">Credit Suisse\u003c/a>. Add to that nearly 50,000 health apps and you have a booming new digital health industry aiming to disrupt healthcare the same way Amazon took on publishing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But disruption is easier tweeted than done, especially when doctors aren’t as gung-ho.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take, for example, Dr. Paul Abramson, a primary care doctor in San Francisco’s financial district.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abramson is no techno-phobe. He sees patients in a sleek white office with a hydraulic standing desk from Denmark and listens to their hearts with a digital stethoscope.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">One patient had ‘twenty years of data in Excel spreadsheets and several other formats, everything from heart rate to symptoms to medications.’\u003ccite>— Dr. Paul Abramson\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“I like gadgets,” Abramson explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abramson sees many patients from the tech industry. More and more, he says, people are coming in with data collected from consumer medical devices. One recent patient took this to an extreme.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He had, Abramson says, “twenty years of data in Excel spreadsheets and several other formats, everything from heart rate to symptoms to medications.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abramson says even the patient wasn’t sure what to make of it all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The thought of going through it and trying to put it into a format where you could then analyze it or extract meaning from it was not really feasible,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn’t just that Abramson, like most doctors, doesn’t have time to pour through this data. It’s that he says he can learn a lot more from a simple conversation during a traditional doctor’s exam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I get information from watching people’s body language,” he says, “from observing their minor ticks and the tone of their voice, and the subtleties of being in a room with them that give me information that there’s way I can get. I’ve tried doing it on the phone, on video conferencing. You just don’t get as rich an experience to figure out what’s going on and give guidance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fielding Pitches From Silicon Valley\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this wariness from doctors hasn’t deterred technology start-ups from trying to insert their products into the doctor’s office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Blum, a cardiologist at UCSF, says he gets pitches from entrepreneurs almost daily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Their perspective,” says Blum, “is, ‘You old doctors have kept things the same as they are for fifty years. We’ve got new technology and it’s going to disrupt healthcare.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Their perspective is, “You old doctors have kept things the same as they are for fifty years. We’ve got new technology and it’s going to disrupt healthcare.”‘\u003ccite>— Dr. Michael Blum, UCSF\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Blum says he’s not entirely at odds with this statement. He agrees that healthcare needs to be disrupted with technology. But this transition is rarely as easy as the tech entrepreneurs predict.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider the wide-scale conversion from paper to electronic medical records.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 70 percent of medical centers now use electronic medical records, says Blum, but the transition \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/01/business/digital-medical-records-become-common-but-sharing-remains-challenging.html\">has been rocky\u003c/a>. Medical centers find themselves using proprietary database systems that aren’t compatible with systems in other medical centers, so electronic records can’t always be shared from one office to another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same problems are likely to pop up when consumer medical devices – for example, home heart or blood glucose monitors – become more widespread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s this perception that that data is just going to stream right into your doctor,” says Blum, “and that as soon as you show up they’re going to look at that data and know everything they need to know. And the reality is, we’re not there. We’re really not close to there yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Yes, It’s Shiny and New. But Does It Work?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there’s the question of accuracy. Devices like the Nike+ FuelBand look shiny and hi-tech, but they are not currently regulated by the FDA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t make the leap that just because this data is coming in digitally, it’s accurate,” Blum says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If doctors are often wary of the shiny and the new, he says, it’s for a good reason.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Doctors and hospitals must figure out which technologies are game-changing and which are dead ends. \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Things that seem really fantastic can actually have very adverse outcomes,” Blum says. “There’s a long history of studies of medicine or therapies that looked promising and produced good results but shortly thereafter got completely overturned by larger data sets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s largely up to doctors and hospitals to do the vetting, to sort out which technologies are game-changing and which are dead ends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several providers, including Kaiser Permanente, have created entire new divisions to do this. UCSF recently opened the Center for Digital Health Innovation, which Blum directs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Center pairs entrepreneurs with medical researchers who can subject new technologies to rigorous medical testing, to make sure the devices live up to their manufacturers’ claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Silicon Valley is focusing on specific diseases, looking for the specific niches where its products can be of real service to those with chronic illnesses, and not just healthy people trying to count their steps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can a Wearable Track the Tremors of Parkinson’s Disease?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One partnership between Intel and the Michael J. Fox Foundation is asking whether activity trackers can measure the severity of tremors caused by Parkinson’s disease. One of the participants is Bret Parker, a lawyer who lives in New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22237\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 224px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Bret-Parker.2-107x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-22237\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Bret-Parker.2-107x162.jpg\" alt=\"New York lawyer Bret Parker runs marathons and has skydived to raise money for Parkinson's disease, which he has. \" width=\"224\" height=\"342\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New York lawyer Bret Parker runs marathons and has skydived to raise money for Parkinson’s disease, which he has. (Courtesy of Bret Parker)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Parker was diagnosed seven years ago, when he was 38. For a long time the symptoms were mild enough that he told no one outside his immediate family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My feeling was, don’t worry about things that you can’t control and that aren’t affecting you,” he said. “I’d rather just live my life and not think about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as the disease progressed, Parker found himself forced to think about it more. He came out publicly, with a \u003ca href=\"http://www.forbes.com/sites/randalllane/2012/03/12/the-last-workplace-secret/\">blog he wrote\u003c/a> for Forbes.com.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, reluctantly, he’s come to realize that he needs to pay closer attention to his Parkinson’s — for instance, to the granular details of how his symptoms fluctuate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s become more important to get into the details of, ok, is my medication wearing off or not? Is eating something with it (the medication) or not eating something with it affecting it?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s where the technology could come in. It might provide a detailed recording of the severity of his tremors, while saving Parker from having to jot down notes all day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This disease is going to creep up on me,” says Parker. “As it advances, I need to be smarter about my role in it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, another project called the Health eHeart study at UCSF equips cardiology patients with wearable technology to see how everyday activities affect their health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s part of a slew of studies to see whether consumer health tools will amount to more than trendy gadgets.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22235\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Bret-Parker-1024x682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-22235\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Bret-Parker-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"This year Bret Parker went skydiving for the first time, as a fundraiser for the Michael J Fox Foundation. (Bret Parker)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bret Parker went skydiving this year to raise money for the Michael J. Fox Foundation. Parker participated in a study earlier this year about whether a wearable tracker could effectively measure the severity of tremors caused by Parkinson’s. (Courtesy of Bret Parker)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Apple’s smart watch is only the latest gadget with quasi-medical aspirations. The watch joins a fast-growing wearables industry worth between $3 billion and $5 billion, according to \u003ca href=\"https://doc.research-and-analytics.csfb.com/docView?language=ENG&source=ulg&format=PDF&document_id=805349560&serialid=g9lEUAU7uOFgKHIGT9ZG65xrGGoRvXYXhI1Ez/GEECU=\">Credit Suisse\u003c/a>. Add to that nearly 50,000 health apps and you have a booming new digital health industry aiming to disrupt healthcare the same way Amazon took on publishing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But disruption is easier tweeted than done, especially when doctors aren’t as gung-ho.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take, for example, Dr. Paul Abramson, a primary care doctor in San Francisco’s financial district.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abramson is no techno-phobe. He sees patients in a sleek white office with a hydraulic standing desk from Denmark and listens to their hearts with a digital stethoscope.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">One patient had ‘twenty years of data in Excel spreadsheets and several other formats, everything from heart rate to symptoms to medications.’\u003ccite>— Dr. Paul Abramson\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“I like gadgets,” Abramson explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abramson sees many patients from the tech industry. More and more, he says, people are coming in with data collected from consumer medical devices. One recent patient took this to an extreme.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He had, Abramson says, “twenty years of data in Excel spreadsheets and several other formats, everything from heart rate to symptoms to medications.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abramson says even the patient wasn’t sure what to make of it all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The thought of going through it and trying to put it into a format where you could then analyze it or extract meaning from it was not really feasible,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn’t just that Abramson, like most doctors, doesn’t have time to pour through this data. It’s that he says he can learn a lot more from a simple conversation during a traditional doctor’s exam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I get information from watching people’s body language,” he says, “from observing their minor ticks and the tone of their voice, and the subtleties of being in a room with them that give me information that there’s way I can get. I’ve tried doing it on the phone, on video conferencing. You just don’t get as rich an experience to figure out what’s going on and give guidance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fielding Pitches From Silicon Valley\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this wariness from doctors hasn’t deterred technology start-ups from trying to insert their products into the doctor’s office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Blum, a cardiologist at UCSF, says he gets pitches from entrepreneurs almost daily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Their perspective,” says Blum, “is, ‘You old doctors have kept things the same as they are for fifty years. We’ve got new technology and it’s going to disrupt healthcare.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Their perspective is, “You old doctors have kept things the same as they are for fifty years. We’ve got new technology and it’s going to disrupt healthcare.”‘\u003ccite>— Dr. Michael Blum, UCSF\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Blum says he’s not entirely at odds with this statement. He agrees that healthcare needs to be disrupted with technology. But this transition is rarely as easy as the tech entrepreneurs predict.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider the wide-scale conversion from paper to electronic medical records.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 70 percent of medical centers now use electronic medical records, says Blum, but the transition \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/01/business/digital-medical-records-become-common-but-sharing-remains-challenging.html\">has been rocky\u003c/a>. Medical centers find themselves using proprietary database systems that aren’t compatible with systems in other medical centers, so electronic records can’t always be shared from one office to another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same problems are likely to pop up when consumer medical devices – for example, home heart or blood glucose monitors – become more widespread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s this perception that that data is just going to stream right into your doctor,” says Blum, “and that as soon as you show up they’re going to look at that data and know everything they need to know. And the reality is, we’re not there. We’re really not close to there yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Yes, It’s Shiny and New. But Does It Work?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there’s the question of accuracy. Devices like the Nike+ FuelBand look shiny and hi-tech, but they are not currently regulated by the FDA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t make the leap that just because this data is coming in digitally, it’s accurate,” Blum says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If doctors are often wary of the shiny and the new, he says, it’s for a good reason.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Doctors and hospitals must figure out which technologies are game-changing and which are dead ends. \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Things that seem really fantastic can actually have very adverse outcomes,” Blum says. “There’s a long history of studies of medicine or therapies that looked promising and produced good results but shortly thereafter got completely overturned by larger data sets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s largely up to doctors and hospitals to do the vetting, to sort out which technologies are game-changing and which are dead ends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several providers, including Kaiser Permanente, have created entire new divisions to do this. UCSF recently opened the Center for Digital Health Innovation, which Blum directs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Center pairs entrepreneurs with medical researchers who can subject new technologies to rigorous medical testing, to make sure the devices live up to their manufacturers’ claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Silicon Valley is focusing on specific diseases, looking for the specific niches where its products can be of real service to those with chronic illnesses, and not just healthy people trying to count their steps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can a Wearable Track the Tremors of Parkinson’s Disease?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One partnership between Intel and the Michael J. Fox Foundation is asking whether activity trackers can measure the severity of tremors caused by Parkinson’s disease. One of the participants is Bret Parker, a lawyer who lives in New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22237\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 224px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Bret-Parker.2-107x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-22237\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Bret-Parker.2-107x162.jpg\" alt=\"New York lawyer Bret Parker runs marathons and has skydived to raise money for Parkinson's disease, which he has. \" width=\"224\" height=\"342\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New York lawyer Bret Parker runs marathons and has skydived to raise money for Parkinson’s disease, which he has. (Courtesy of Bret Parker)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Parker was diagnosed seven years ago, when he was 38. For a long time the symptoms were mild enough that he told no one outside his immediate family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My feeling was, don’t worry about things that you can’t control and that aren’t affecting you,” he said. “I’d rather just live my life and not think about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as the disease progressed, Parker found himself forced to think about it more. He came out publicly, with a \u003ca href=\"http://www.forbes.com/sites/randalllane/2012/03/12/the-last-workplace-secret/\">blog he wrote\u003c/a> for Forbes.com.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, reluctantly, he’s come to realize that he needs to pay closer attention to his Parkinson’s — for instance, to the granular details of how his symptoms fluctuate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s become more important to get into the details of, ok, is my medication wearing off or not? Is eating something with it (the medication) or not eating something with it affecting it?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s where the technology could come in. It might provide a detailed recording of the severity of his tremors, while saving Parker from having to jot down notes all day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This disease is going to creep up on me,” says Parker. “As it advances, I need to be smarter about my role in it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, another project called the Health eHeart study at UCSF equips cardiology patients with wearable technology to see how everyday activities affect their health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "PG&E Tests Tech Adapted From NASA's Mars Rover",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22168\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/PGEMarsTech2-768x1024.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-22168\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/PGEMarsTech2-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Lance Christensen of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory tests the methane sensor he invented. (Courtesy of PG&E)\" width=\"300\" height=\"400\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lance Christensen of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory tests the methane sensor he invented. (Courtesy of PG&E)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Pacific Gas and Electric is testing a new device for detecting methane leaks. The sensor is based on a tool that’s mounted on NASA’s Mars Curiosity rover. NASA designed PG&E’s new gadget, too, which the utility says is 1,000 times more sensitive than the hand-held equipment it’s been using to track down leaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sensor is a small, ultra-sensitive device, mounted on the end of a pole, so that it looks a little like a golf club, explains Hailey Wilson, a PG&E spokeswoman. Inspectors can walk around with it, and it will notify them of leaks in real-time. Methane is the main ingredient in natural gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It helps us localize the leaks quicker,” Wilson says. “So it’s not like it’s picking up leaks that we wouldn’t find eventually, but it enables us to find it much more quickly and fix it much more quickly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, a PG&E pipeline exploded in San Bruno, killing eight people. The utility faces a \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_26635239/judge-denies-pg-e-request-remove-san-bruno\">federal criminal trial\u003c/a> for violating pipeline safety regulations, and is being \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/09/02/2014/pge-fine-san-bruno-huge-but-less-than-expected/\">fined by the California Public Utilities Commission\u003c/a>. The explosion occurred when an old gas pipeline ruptured. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E currently monitors for natural gas leaks by helicopter, boat, car and foot along its nearly \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/en/safety/systemworks/gas/overview/index.page?\">48,000 miles of pipelines\u003c/a>. The utility has begun using another ultra-sensitive methane detector, which is \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/ci_19855174\">mounted on cars\u003c/a>. While the Picarro car can sweep neighborhoods for leaks, Wilson says, hand-held devices are vital for pinpointing the sources. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a safety component, it makes sure that our system is even safer,” Wilson says. “But there’s actually that green component as well, with making sure that we eliminate as much methane emissions — which is a greenhouse gas — as possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Mars, the Curiosity rover is using the tool, called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/multimedia/webster1.html\">tunable laser spectrometer\u003c/a>, to search for traces of methane in the atmosphere. There, though, the methane wouldn’t signal a leak, but would instead, perhaps, be a sign of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22170\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1014px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/PGEMarsTech3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/PGEMarsTech3.jpg\" alt=\"An artist's rendering of the methane gas detector at work on Mars. (NASA/JPL-Caltech)\" width=\"1014\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22170\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist’s rendering of the methane gas detector at work on Mars. (NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Anytime we can go out and find an application that addresses real world problems — in this case one that relates very closely to global climate change and greenhouse gas concentrations — NASA is very supportive,” says Andrew Aubrey of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Lab in Pasadena. “So in this particular instance, it’s a Mars technology that we are translating to the needs of the oil and gas industry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, PG&E is testing a prototype of the sensor. The company is planning to deploy more of them in the field in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22168\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/PGEMarsTech2-768x1024.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-22168\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/PGEMarsTech2-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Lance Christensen of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory tests the methane sensor he invented. (Courtesy of PG&E)\" width=\"300\" height=\"400\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lance Christensen of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory tests the methane sensor he invented. (Courtesy of PG&E)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Pacific Gas and Electric is testing a new device for detecting methane leaks. The sensor is based on a tool that’s mounted on NASA’s Mars Curiosity rover. NASA designed PG&E’s new gadget, too, which the utility says is 1,000 times more sensitive than the hand-held equipment it’s been using to track down leaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sensor is a small, ultra-sensitive device, mounted on the end of a pole, so that it looks a little like a golf club, explains Hailey Wilson, a PG&E spokeswoman. Inspectors can walk around with it, and it will notify them of leaks in real-time. Methane is the main ingredient in natural gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It helps us localize the leaks quicker,” Wilson says. “So it’s not like it’s picking up leaks that we wouldn’t find eventually, but it enables us to find it much more quickly and fix it much more quickly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, a PG&E pipeline exploded in San Bruno, killing eight people. The utility faces a \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_26635239/judge-denies-pg-e-request-remove-san-bruno\">federal criminal trial\u003c/a> for violating pipeline safety regulations, and is being \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/09/02/2014/pge-fine-san-bruno-huge-but-less-than-expected/\">fined by the California Public Utilities Commission\u003c/a>. The explosion occurred when an old gas pipeline ruptured. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E currently monitors for natural gas leaks by helicopter, boat, car and foot along its nearly \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/en/safety/systemworks/gas/overview/index.page?\">48,000 miles of pipelines\u003c/a>. The utility has begun using another ultra-sensitive methane detector, which is \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/ci_19855174\">mounted on cars\u003c/a>. While the Picarro car can sweep neighborhoods for leaks, Wilson says, hand-held devices are vital for pinpointing the sources. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a safety component, it makes sure that our system is even safer,” Wilson says. “But there’s actually that green component as well, with making sure that we eliminate as much methane emissions — which is a greenhouse gas — as possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Mars, the Curiosity rover is using the tool, called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/multimedia/webster1.html\">tunable laser spectrometer\u003c/a>, to search for traces of methane in the atmosphere. There, though, the methane wouldn’t signal a leak, but would instead, perhaps, be a sign of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22170\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1014px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/PGEMarsTech3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/PGEMarsTech3.jpg\" alt=\"An artist's rendering of the methane gas detector at work on Mars. (NASA/JPL-Caltech)\" width=\"1014\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22170\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist’s rendering of the methane gas detector at work on Mars. (NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Anytime we can go out and find an application that addresses real world problems — in this case one that relates very closely to global climate change and greenhouse gas concentrations — NASA is very supportive,” says Andrew Aubrey of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Lab in Pasadena. “So in this particular instance, it’s a Mars technology that we are translating to the needs of the oil and gas industry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, PG&E is testing a prototype of the sensor. The company is planning to deploy more of them in the field in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California's 'Water Year' Ends as Third Driest on Record",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22139\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 850px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/RS8907_Drought_JoshC-4427-scr.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22139\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/RS8907_Drought_JoshC-4427-scr.jpg\" alt=\"At the end of the water year, San Luis Reservoir is at less than a quarter of its capacity. (Josh Cassidy/KQED) \" width=\"850\" height=\"567\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At the end of the water year, San Luis Reservoir is at less than a quarter of its capacity. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tuesday is “New Year’s Eve” for water managers in California, but they aren’t celebrating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the end of the state’s official “water year,” kind of a fiscal year for the water budget. Officials watch water years more closely than calendar years because they run from October to September, centered around the months in which California gets virtually all of its rainfall. And this one appears to be clocking in as the third driest on record, according to state climatologist Mike Anderson, with less than 60 percent of normal precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measured by total precipitation within those months, the driest water year on record was 1924. Clocking in second was 1977, toward the end of California’s last epic drought, when one of the state’s \u003ca title=\"DWR - reservoir levels\" href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/resapp/getResGraphsMain.action\">principal reservoirs\u003c/a>, Lake Oroville on the Feather River, dropped to its all-time low of 26 percent of capacity. The lake’s current level is hovering just barely above that at 30 percent (less than half its historical average). But as state water officials are keen to point out in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/news/newsreleases/2014/092914drywateryear.pdf\">press release\u003c/a>, the state’s population in those years was a fraction of what it is today:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“…on September 1, the state’s major reservoirs collectively held only 57 percent of average storage for the date, or about 36 percent of capacity. Cumulative reservoir storage in 1977, to date California’s driest year on record, was approximately five million acre-feet less than today but the state in that year had millions fewer people.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>If you’re counting calendar years, 2013 was the driest on record and the outlook for 2014 isn’t much better, despite the early showers that have passed through already this fall. Those rains helped put a damper on wildfires but weren’t nearly enough to put a dent in the drought. \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/08/07/el-nino-fizzle-no-relief-likely-for-california-drought/\">Early hopes\u003c/a> for drought-busting El Niño conditions in the Pacific Ocean have waned. It \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/drought-myth-busting-why-el-nino-wont-save-california/\">takes a mighty El Niño\u003c/a> to really soak Northern California. Federal climate forecasters say the odds favor only a pipsqueak El Niño this fall and winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state also tracks a “precipitation year,” which runs July through June, in which the one ended June 30 was the second driest on record. California typically gets half its precipitation in the three months between December and February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anderson says it would take something in the range of 150 percent of normal precipitation for the year ahead to be a drought buster, and the forecast models are sending mixed messages. “Right now there’s no definitive signal, where the ocean or atmosphere are telling us to lean one way or the other,” he says, with an audible sigh. “It’s just a lot of uncertainty.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The immediate certainty is that day-to-day conservation — wise, sparing use of water — is essential as we face the possibility of a fourth dry winter,” DWR director Mark Cowin said in a release. The web is rife with water-saving tips, including the state’s \u003ca title=\"Save our Water - main\" href=\"http://saveourwater.com/\">official conservation site\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22139\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 850px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/RS8907_Drought_JoshC-4427-scr.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22139\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/RS8907_Drought_JoshC-4427-scr.jpg\" alt=\"At the end of the water year, San Luis Reservoir is at less than a quarter of its capacity. (Josh Cassidy/KQED) \" width=\"850\" height=\"567\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At the end of the water year, San Luis Reservoir is at less than a quarter of its capacity. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tuesday is “New Year’s Eve” for water managers in California, but they aren’t celebrating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the end of the state’s official “water year,” kind of a fiscal year for the water budget. Officials watch water years more closely than calendar years because they run from October to September, centered around the months in which California gets virtually all of its rainfall. And this one appears to be clocking in as the third driest on record, according to state climatologist Mike Anderson, with less than 60 percent of normal precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measured by total precipitation within those months, the driest water year on record was 1924. Clocking in second was 1977, toward the end of California’s last epic drought, when one of the state’s \u003ca title=\"DWR - reservoir levels\" href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/resapp/getResGraphsMain.action\">principal reservoirs\u003c/a>, Lake Oroville on the Feather River, dropped to its all-time low of 26 percent of capacity. The lake’s current level is hovering just barely above that at 30 percent (less than half its historical average). But as state water officials are keen to point out in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/news/newsreleases/2014/092914drywateryear.pdf\">press release\u003c/a>, the state’s population in those years was a fraction of what it is today:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“…on September 1, the state’s major reservoirs collectively held only 57 percent of average storage for the date, or about 36 percent of capacity. Cumulative reservoir storage in 1977, to date California’s driest year on record, was approximately five million acre-feet less than today but the state in that year had millions fewer people.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>If you’re counting calendar years, 2013 was the driest on record and the outlook for 2014 isn’t much better, despite the early showers that have passed through already this fall. Those rains helped put a damper on wildfires but weren’t nearly enough to put a dent in the drought. \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/08/07/el-nino-fizzle-no-relief-likely-for-california-drought/\">Early hopes\u003c/a> for drought-busting El Niño conditions in the Pacific Ocean have waned. It \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/drought-myth-busting-why-el-nino-wont-save-california/\">takes a mighty El Niño\u003c/a> to really soak Northern California. Federal climate forecasters say the odds favor only a pipsqueak El Niño this fall and winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state also tracks a “precipitation year,” which runs July through June, in which the one ended June 30 was the second driest on record. California typically gets half its precipitation in the three months between December and February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"soldout": {
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"description": "[caption id=\"attachment_13657\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"351\"] Just over 2,000 wells have been fracked in California, according to industry data. (Craig Miller/KQED)[/caption] Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, has been used for more than 30 years in California, but it’s attracting attention and scrutiny because of renewed interest in the state’s large oil reserve, known as the Monterey Shale. In California, fracking is done mainly for oil, while in other states with recent fracking booms, like Pennsylvania and Texas, it’s used largely for natural gas. What is it? Fracking is just one phase of the process used to bring an oil or gas well into production. The technique is used to release oil from rocks deep underground. Water, mixed with sand and chemicals, is injected down the well bore at high pressure to create tiny fractures in the rock. According to the oil industry, more than 2,000 wells have been fracked in the state. Concerns Environmental groups have called for a moratorium on fracking until the state does a comprehensive review of potential impacts on both water and air quality. A chief concern is the chemicals used, some of which are carcinogens, and potential contamination of groundwater. Fracking also uses large volumes of freshwater. Industry sources say it uses less freshwater in California than is used in other states and no cases of groundwater contamination have been found. Where it Stands In November 2013, state regulators released draft rules for fracking that are now expected to go into effect in July 2015. They followed passage of SB 4, a bill signed by Governor Jerry Brown, that spelled out what the regulations should cover. Under the rules, oil and gas operators would be required to apply for a permit prior to fracking a well, and to provide written notice to nearby landowners. Operators would have to disclose what chemicals they use, but not the specific concentrations if they consider those a trade secret. State water regulators are also developing a groundwater monitoring program. The regulations are expected to be finalized by the end of 2014.",
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