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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/11/20141110science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Daniel Potter\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23543\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2240px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/1-Giant-Garter-Snake.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23543\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/1-Giant-Garter-Snake.jpg\" alt=\"The giant garter snake is listed as a threatened species at the state and federal levels. It depends on water both to find meals and avoid becoming one. (Eric C. Hansen/CA Department of Fish and Wildlife)\" width=\"2240\" height=\"1680\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The giant garter snake is listed as a threatened species at the state and federal levels. It depends on water both to find meals and avoid becoming one. (Eric C. Hansen/CA Department of Fish and Wildlife)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As Californians look to the sky, fingers crossed for a wet winter, three brutally dry years are harming millions of animals that depend on rivers, streams and wetlands for survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They range from salmon and snakes, to birds that migrate from as far away as the Arctic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For untold millions of migrating ducks and geese, California wetlands serve as a crucial rest stop along a kind of freeway known as the \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/the-great-migration/\">Pacific Flyway\u003c/a>. Dave Shuford, senior biologist for \u003ca href=\"http://www.pointblue.org/\">Point Blue Conservation Science\u003c/a>, says irrigated farmlands are also crucial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve lost 90 percent of all the wetlands in California,” Shuford says, “and these birds used to depend on that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In places like the Sacramento Valley, rice farmers would normally \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/during-drought-pop-up-wetlands-give-birds-a-break/\">flood their fields\u003c/a> after the harvest to break down leftover stalks. But this year, both farmers and birds have been forced to deal with less.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We expect we’ll see fewer salmon out in the ocean in a few years.’\u003ccite>— John McManus, Golden Gate Salmon Association\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“They’re going to be concentrated in much smaller spaces, more likely to have disease transmission,” Shuford says, “and there’s also just less food resources for them for them to overwinter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already, an outbreak of \u003ca href=\"http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/10/1/the-battle-in-californiatosavewaterfowlfromendingupasdeadducks.html\">botulism\u003c/a> that officials say was exacerbated by drought has \u003ca href=\"http://www.oregonlive.com/environment/index.ssf/2014/08/botulism_kills_thousands_of_du.html\">killed thousands of ducks\u003c/a>, mostly mallards, near the Oregon border. A meager winter could also leave many birds frail as they head into next year’s breeding season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in the rivers and streams that lace the flyway, the drought could leave a dent in populations of salmon, according to John McManus, who heads the \u003ca href=\"http://goldengatesalmonassociation.com/\">Golden Gate Salmon Association\u003c/a>. That’s a coalition of fishermen, restaurants, businesses and tribes that rely on salmon for sustenance. McManus says more than 10,000 jobs in the state depend on salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He paints a dire picture: salmon eggs need cold water, ideally 56 degrees or less. But the lower flows coming down the streams this year have been heated by the sun to near-fatal temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many of the eggs that are laid in river gravels this year are not expected to survive,” McManus says. “We expect we’ll see fewer salmon out in the ocean in a few years, when these fish would be adults.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23545\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 260px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/2-Dave-Shuford-e1415403844985.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-23545\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/2-Dave-Shuford-e1415403844985.jpg\" alt=\"Dave Shuford, senior biologist at Point Blue Conservation Science, surveys migratory bird habitats along the Sacramento River. He says he sees a lot fewer birds because the drought has shrunk their habitat and food supply and made them more vulnerable to disease. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\" width=\"260\" height=\"347\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dave Shuford, senior biologist at Point Blue Conservation Science, surveys migratory bird habitats along the Sacramento River. He says he sees a lot fewer birds because the drought has shrunk their habitat and food supply and made them more vulnerable to disease. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Trickling streams have also been unusually clear and slow-moving this year. McManus says that’s a deadly combination for baby salmon trying to dodge predators en route to the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t have high flows that are moving them rapidly,” he says. “We have very slow flows that are clear as a bell and make these salmon targets of predatory fish.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental scientist Eric Kleinfelter, of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/\">California Department of Fish and Wildlife\u003c/a>, saw a die-off of other fish in a small pond at the Cosumnes River Preserve, south of Sacramento. Hiking through tall, bristly grass near the edge of a marsh, Kleinfelter says as water levels dropped, the pond “obviously had issues with low dissolved oxygen,” essentially suffocating the carp there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was pretty dramatic. I remember looking over at that dead tree in the distance there,” he says, pointing. “There were at least 25 vultures sitting in that tree, waiting for their morning meal of carp.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The preserve is also home to the giant garter snake, which is listed as a threatened species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At five feet long, it’s no anaconda, but it’s plenty big as garter snakes go. And it needs water — to find fish and frogs to eat, to hide from predators like coyotes and bobcats, and to help thermoregulate its cold-blooded body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re definitely dependent on water, which is what made this project so urgent,” Kleinfelter says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In late summer, to help protect the rare snake, state wildlife crews actually piped in water from a nearby well. Other animals also appreciated the $72,000 delivery service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There were birds that were using the water there,” Kleinfelter says. “You could see animal tracks coming up to the ditch and drinking out of the ditch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/daily/droughtwildlifeslider.html\" width=\"670\" height=\"300\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Before and after shots of the snake marsh at Cosumnes River Preserve, south of Sacramento, where water was pumped in from a nearby well to help protect the giant garter snake. (Eric Kleinfelter/CA Department of Fish and Wildlife)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stresses of the drought also extend to Point Reyes, where ranchers say \u003ca href=\"http://www.oregonlive.com/environment/index.ssf/2014/08/botulism_kills_thousands_of_du.html\">tule elk\u003c/a> are \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/science/article/Reintroduced-tule-elk-compete-with-cattle-on-5816969.php\">competing with their cattle\u003c/a> for the same rye grasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in some places, you can actually hear the drought. \u003ca href=\"http://www.wildsanctuary.com/\">Bioacoustician Bernie Krause\u003c/a> records animals in nature. For years, he’s taken audio snapshots at Sugarloaf Ridge State Park in Sonoma County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up until recently, Krause’s recordings featured dense layers of birdsong: white-crowned sparrows, juncos, towhees and woodpeckers, all with the steady hiss of a nearby creek underneath. But in his \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/10/16/listen-as-a-california-forest-grows-quiet-over-time/\">recording from this year\u003c/a>, the creek is absent, an uneasy silence punctuated by a few lonely chirps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In 2014, not only did the stream drop off,” Krause says, “but the bird density and diversity is way, way down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a stark decline, but the number and variety of birds were already dwindling, so Krause is reluctant to pin that solely on the dry weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers are still gathering data in the effort to assess the impact of the drought on wildlife — so far.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Daniel Potter\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23543\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2240px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/1-Giant-Garter-Snake.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23543\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/1-Giant-Garter-Snake.jpg\" alt=\"The giant garter snake is listed as a threatened species at the state and federal levels. It depends on water both to find meals and avoid becoming one. (Eric C. Hansen/CA Department of Fish and Wildlife)\" width=\"2240\" height=\"1680\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The giant garter snake is listed as a threatened species at the state and federal levels. It depends on water both to find meals and avoid becoming one. (Eric C. Hansen/CA Department of Fish and Wildlife)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As Californians look to the sky, fingers crossed for a wet winter, three brutally dry years are harming millions of animals that depend on rivers, streams and wetlands for survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They range from salmon and snakes, to birds that migrate from as far away as the Arctic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For untold millions of migrating ducks and geese, California wetlands serve as a crucial rest stop along a kind of freeway known as the \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/the-great-migration/\">Pacific Flyway\u003c/a>. Dave Shuford, senior biologist for \u003ca href=\"http://www.pointblue.org/\">Point Blue Conservation Science\u003c/a>, says irrigated farmlands are also crucial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve lost 90 percent of all the wetlands in California,” Shuford says, “and these birds used to depend on that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In places like the Sacramento Valley, rice farmers would normally \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/during-drought-pop-up-wetlands-give-birds-a-break/\">flood their fields\u003c/a> after the harvest to break down leftover stalks. But this year, both farmers and birds have been forced to deal with less.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We expect we’ll see fewer salmon out in the ocean in a few years.’\u003ccite>— John McManus, Golden Gate Salmon Association\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“They’re going to be concentrated in much smaller spaces, more likely to have disease transmission,” Shuford says, “and there’s also just less food resources for them for them to overwinter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already, an outbreak of \u003ca href=\"http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/10/1/the-battle-in-californiatosavewaterfowlfromendingupasdeadducks.html\">botulism\u003c/a> that officials say was exacerbated by drought has \u003ca href=\"http://www.oregonlive.com/environment/index.ssf/2014/08/botulism_kills_thousands_of_du.html\">killed thousands of ducks\u003c/a>, mostly mallards, near the Oregon border. A meager winter could also leave many birds frail as they head into next year’s breeding season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in the rivers and streams that lace the flyway, the drought could leave a dent in populations of salmon, according to John McManus, who heads the \u003ca href=\"http://goldengatesalmonassociation.com/\">Golden Gate Salmon Association\u003c/a>. That’s a coalition of fishermen, restaurants, businesses and tribes that rely on salmon for sustenance. McManus says more than 10,000 jobs in the state depend on salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He paints a dire picture: salmon eggs need cold water, ideally 56 degrees or less. But the lower flows coming down the streams this year have been heated by the sun to near-fatal temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many of the eggs that are laid in river gravels this year are not expected to survive,” McManus says. “We expect we’ll see fewer salmon out in the ocean in a few years, when these fish would be adults.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23545\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 260px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/2-Dave-Shuford-e1415403844985.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-23545\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/2-Dave-Shuford-e1415403844985.jpg\" alt=\"Dave Shuford, senior biologist at Point Blue Conservation Science, surveys migratory bird habitats along the Sacramento River. He says he sees a lot fewer birds because the drought has shrunk their habitat and food supply and made them more vulnerable to disease. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\" width=\"260\" height=\"347\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dave Shuford, senior biologist at Point Blue Conservation Science, surveys migratory bird habitats along the Sacramento River. He says he sees a lot fewer birds because the drought has shrunk their habitat and food supply and made them more vulnerable to disease. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Trickling streams have also been unusually clear and slow-moving this year. McManus says that’s a deadly combination for baby salmon trying to dodge predators en route to the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t have high flows that are moving them rapidly,” he says. “We have very slow flows that are clear as a bell and make these salmon targets of predatory fish.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental scientist Eric Kleinfelter, of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/\">California Department of Fish and Wildlife\u003c/a>, saw a die-off of other fish in a small pond at the Cosumnes River Preserve, south of Sacramento. Hiking through tall, bristly grass near the edge of a marsh, Kleinfelter says as water levels dropped, the pond “obviously had issues with low dissolved oxygen,” essentially suffocating the carp there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was pretty dramatic. I remember looking over at that dead tree in the distance there,” he says, pointing. “There were at least 25 vultures sitting in that tree, waiting for their morning meal of carp.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The preserve is also home to the giant garter snake, which is listed as a threatened species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At five feet long, it’s no anaconda, but it’s plenty big as garter snakes go. And it needs water — to find fish and frogs to eat, to hide from predators like coyotes and bobcats, and to help thermoregulate its cold-blooded body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re definitely dependent on water, which is what made this project so urgent,” Kleinfelter says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In late summer, to help protect the rare snake, state wildlife crews actually piped in water from a nearby well. Other animals also appreciated the $72,000 delivery service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There were birds that were using the water there,” Kleinfelter says. “You could see animal tracks coming up to the ditch and drinking out of the ditch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/daily/droughtwildlifeslider.html\" width=\"670\" height=\"300\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Before and after shots of the snake marsh at Cosumnes River Preserve, south of Sacramento, where water was pumped in from a nearby well to help protect the giant garter snake. (Eric Kleinfelter/CA Department of Fish and Wildlife)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stresses of the drought also extend to Point Reyes, where ranchers say \u003ca href=\"http://www.oregonlive.com/environment/index.ssf/2014/08/botulism_kills_thousands_of_du.html\">tule elk\u003c/a> are \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/science/article/Reintroduced-tule-elk-compete-with-cattle-on-5816969.php\">competing with their cattle\u003c/a> for the same rye grasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in some places, you can actually hear the drought. \u003ca href=\"http://www.wildsanctuary.com/\">Bioacoustician Bernie Krause\u003c/a> records animals in nature. For years, he’s taken audio snapshots at Sugarloaf Ridge State Park in Sonoma County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up until recently, Krause’s recordings featured dense layers of birdsong: white-crowned sparrows, juncos, towhees and woodpeckers, all with the steady hiss of a nearby creek underneath. But in his \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/10/16/listen-as-a-california-forest-grows-quiet-over-time/\">recording from this year\u003c/a>, the creek is absent, an uneasy silence punctuated by a few lonely chirps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In 2014, not only did the stream drop off,” Krause says, “but the bird density and diversity is way, way down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a stark decline, but the number and variety of birds were already dwindling, so Krause is reluctant to pin that solely on the dry weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers are still gathering data in the effort to assess the impact of the drought on wildlife — so far.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Life Aboard a 'Polar Roller': America's Last Heavy Icebreaker",
"headTitle": "Life Aboard a ‘Polar Roller’: America’s Last Heavy Icebreaker | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Captain Matt Walker took command of the Coast Guard cutter Polar Star, the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/aging-u-s-icebreaker-fleet-may-imperil-polar-science/\">only remaining active icebreaker\u003c/a> in the U.S. fleet that’s capable of clearing a channel for ships that supply McMurdo Station, a major hub for Antarctic research. This is Walker’s second deployment on this icebreaker, which was commissioned in 1976 with a planned 30-year working life. I spoke with him aboard the ship as it was undergoing\u003cem> three months of extensive work in a Mare Island dry dock.\u003c/em>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23101\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/CaptWalker_bridge.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23101\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/CaptWalker_bridge.jpg\" alt=\"Captain Matt Walker on the bridge of the USCGC Polar Star, the only active heavy-duty icebreaker in the U.S. fleet (Adam Grossberg/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"960\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Capt. Matt Walker on the bridge of the USCGC Polar Star, the only active heavy-duty icebreaker in the U.S. fleet (Adam Grossberg/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>So tell me about the Antarctica part. \u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Polar Star’s primary mission is to provide a channel for the logistics ships to resupply \u003ca title=\"NSF - McMurdo\" href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/geo/plr/support/mcmurdo.jsp\">McMurdo Station\u003c/a>, which really is a hub for all of the science stations in Antarctica. They take a fuel tanker down there and also a container ship. And McMurdo is kind of the port you might say – the logistics port – for all of Antarctica. It supplies the South Pole. But they do a tremendous amount of science support out of McMurdo and that’s really what we do – is support science through our own means. We also have the capability to conduct science on-board. However, now that we’re the only heavy icebreaker that can go to Antarctica for the U.S. the science is curtailed tremendously because we’re too busy breaking in the channel to get the logistics ships into McMurdo.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We might just be rescuing mankind by supporting the science that’s being conducted in Antarctica…you never know.’\u003ccite>— Capt. Matt Walker, USCG\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But as you can imagine, Antarctica is a pretty fascinating place with ice that’s a million years old. They have opportunity to collect data from a million years ago. I tell the crew, when I took command, the Coast Guard does a lot of exciting missions — law enforcement, search and rescue — and there very good domestic opportunities for them and they have an impact domestically. But what we do on Polar Star, we might just be rescuing mankind by supporting the science that’s being conducted in Antarctica that might just save the human race — you never know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>It’s a long way and a hard way in. Give me a sense of what it’s like to be on board. \u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, to get to the ice we have to cross the Southern Ocean which is probably the most severe ocean on [sic] the world because there’s no land mass to stop [high winds] and it has a series of low-pressure systems, so you get routinely knocked around pretty good. Ten years ago when I came down there we took green water, which is heavy water, up over the bridge and knocked out three bridge windows. The bridge windows are approximately 60 feet above the water line so you can imagine how big the seas were. Once we get down across the Southern Ocean, and we enter into the ice ring, then that’s pretty light going. And it’s not until we reach the fast ice, which means the ice is connected to shore, and then we have to turn that ice into ice cubes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So we’re fairly large. When people ask, “How big is the Polar Star?” We tell them, “399 feet long,” and then they think of that Navy destroyer that’s 520 feet long. But in reality we’re twice as large as a Navy destroyer by weight. We’re close to 14,000 tons [fully loaded] and that enables us when we break ice to ride up on top of the ice and crush it. And that’s how we break ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s a very violent experience. If you can imagine the earthquake we had recently and experiencing that on every minute for a few hours as we crush through the ice, it’s pretty violent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[edge_animation id=”7″ left=”auto”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>It sounds like it feels like an earthquake.\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is, exactly. And you can’t watch television. You can’t read or anything, once the ship impacts the ice. Then we back down and then it’s all smooth again. And then we ram back in and it gets very violent again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>…except our earthquakes last twenty seconds.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Correct. The break-in might take a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s nobody more dependable than us to get there and make sure that we can get through the channel and get those supply ships in there. Because if they don’t get that fuel ship and container ship, they really will have to shut down the science mission in Antarctica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23471\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/CGCPolarStar_gray_sm.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23471\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/CGCPolarStar_gray_sm.jpg\" alt=\"The Polar Star in sea ice off Antarctica. (U.S. Coast Guard)\" width=\"1500\" height=\"1136\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Polar Star in sea ice off Antarctica. (Courtesy of U.S. Coast Guard)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>You talked about the mission possibly saving mankind. What did you mean by that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Antarctica really is a giant laboratory for science in the world. And it really is — I’ll say — sterile, as far as man’s influence on it, meaning we haven’t corrupted and contaminated that data that’s available down there for them to collect. I’m not a scientist but I know that they bore down into the ice one, two miles, collect data that’s close to a million years old and we haven’t yet contaminated that, with the treaty that preserves that. So by us going down there, I like to think that we are allowing those scientists to conduct that work and that research that just might save the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>And you’ve got sea lanes opening up where there weren’t sea lanes before in the North Polar Seas.\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Correct, yes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”jH4VZZJRkUCCvdnGL4A5Zl5XikHxAmg2″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Here again, I would assume, we need a couple of icebreakers for that\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, we do have the Healy up north which is a medium icebreaker. She is inadequate to go to Antarctica but she’s adequate for the north because in the Arctic, the ice is only 6 years old at the oldest because it flows in a circular pattern and exits between Greenland and Iceland and through those channels out there so we don’t need as heavy [of an] icebreaker but we do need the ability to put U.S. presence up there. From a Coast Guard standpoint, we’re looking at it from maritime preservation, security, and for search and rescue. If somebody — God forbid — needs rescuing up there, who’s going to go rescue them if we don’t have icebreakers that can do that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think the Healy’s done a couple of search and rescue missions up there and just recently. And they also had to break into Nome to save Nome, Alaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So we do need icebreakers. But people, you know, the United States — other than Alaska and maybe the Great Lakes — they don’t see it. But we do have a presence there and we do have a responsibility to our maritime community to provide a safe and secure transit through the north and also up there we need to be able to fly the flag.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Why is it, do you think, that you can’t get the funding to give us the ships that we need in these parts of the world?\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ice is pretty but it doesn’t spend a lot of time on television and it doesn’t capture the American audience’s interest. We have a lot of things going on in the country, there’s a lot of fiscal restraint, there’s a lot of troubles in the world that are more on the forefront of the plate, of the burner than the Arctic and the Antarctic. Unfortunately those little hot spots come and go throughout history, but the Arctic and the Antarctic don’t. They’re always there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>What did you say the sticker price would be on a new state-of-the-art heavy breaker?\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From what I have heard: a billion dollars. Now I could easily say, “Hey, the Air Force could not build one of their new fighter jets and we could have two or three of them!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>But you wouldn’t say that.\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, I wouldn’t, absolutely! But you know, it’s all in perspective. The Coast Guard is a very small service. Arguably, we’re smaller than the New York City Police Department. Our budget probably wouldn’t buy the toilet paper for the Department of Defense, which is unfortunate and obviously I’m biased and would like to have more money for our humane mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>This is hazardous duty.\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, it is. Unfortunately, in the late 90s we had a young sailor that was standing on the port side of the bridge and we took a 35 degree roll. He slipped, fell and went sliding across the deck to the starboard side and was killed when he hit that stanchion there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong> A ship that is built optimized for breaking ice can’t be the best in heavy seas.\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, it is not, no. Yes, she does roll. [Which is why, Walker says, they refer to icebreakers as “polar rollers.”] I’ve often slept on the deck because it’s hard to stay in my rack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>So you keep a supply of Dramamine topped up?\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, this is proven. I’ve read this: One earplug in one ear — you can tell this to all your listeners — is more effective than all those other drugs. I read a study by one of the universities in the U.K., tested all these seasick medications and inadvertently discovered that the most effective one was one earplug in one ear. It doesn’t matter which ear. Just one ear plug. I’ve seen it work. It worked on my wife. My wife — if she looks at water she gets seasick — went out a friend’s yacht and she didn’t get seasick at all. And on our way down here I was telling the crew members and several of them that are prone to seasickness tried it and it was effective. That’s from somebody with 20 years of sea service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED’s Marissa Ortega-Welch looked into the “earplug” strategy and found some \u003ca title=\"JTM - post\" href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1708-8305.1995.tb00649.x/pdf\">references to it\u003c/a>. Contrary to Walker’s method, some sources specify which ear (left ear if you’re right-handed and vice versa). While there appears to be no established scientific rationale for it, many say it works. We’ll be conducting “field tests” of our own.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Captain Matt Walker took command of the Coast Guard cutter Polar Star, the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/aging-u-s-icebreaker-fleet-may-imperil-polar-science/\">only remaining active icebreaker\u003c/a> in the U.S. fleet that’s capable of clearing a channel for ships that supply McMurdo Station, a major hub for Antarctic research. This is Walker’s second deployment on this icebreaker, which was commissioned in 1976 with a planned 30-year working life. I spoke with him aboard the ship as it was undergoing\u003cem> three months of extensive work in a Mare Island dry dock.\u003c/em>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23101\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/CaptWalker_bridge.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23101\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/CaptWalker_bridge.jpg\" alt=\"Captain Matt Walker on the bridge of the USCGC Polar Star, the only active heavy-duty icebreaker in the U.S. fleet (Adam Grossberg/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"960\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Capt. Matt Walker on the bridge of the USCGC Polar Star, the only active heavy-duty icebreaker in the U.S. fleet (Adam Grossberg/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>So tell me about the Antarctica part. \u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Polar Star’s primary mission is to provide a channel for the logistics ships to resupply \u003ca title=\"NSF - McMurdo\" href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/geo/plr/support/mcmurdo.jsp\">McMurdo Station\u003c/a>, which really is a hub for all of the science stations in Antarctica. They take a fuel tanker down there and also a container ship. And McMurdo is kind of the port you might say – the logistics port – for all of Antarctica. It supplies the South Pole. But they do a tremendous amount of science support out of McMurdo and that’s really what we do – is support science through our own means. We also have the capability to conduct science on-board. However, now that we’re the only heavy icebreaker that can go to Antarctica for the U.S. the science is curtailed tremendously because we’re too busy breaking in the channel to get the logistics ships into McMurdo.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We might just be rescuing mankind by supporting the science that’s being conducted in Antarctica…you never know.’\u003ccite>— Capt. Matt Walker, USCG\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But as you can imagine, Antarctica is a pretty fascinating place with ice that’s a million years old. They have opportunity to collect data from a million years ago. I tell the crew, when I took command, the Coast Guard does a lot of exciting missions — law enforcement, search and rescue — and there very good domestic opportunities for them and they have an impact domestically. But what we do on Polar Star, we might just be rescuing mankind by supporting the science that’s being conducted in Antarctica that might just save the human race — you never know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>It’s a long way and a hard way in. Give me a sense of what it’s like to be on board. \u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, to get to the ice we have to cross the Southern Ocean which is probably the most severe ocean on [sic] the world because there’s no land mass to stop [high winds] and it has a series of low-pressure systems, so you get routinely knocked around pretty good. Ten years ago when I came down there we took green water, which is heavy water, up over the bridge and knocked out three bridge windows. The bridge windows are approximately 60 feet above the water line so you can imagine how big the seas were. Once we get down across the Southern Ocean, and we enter into the ice ring, then that’s pretty light going. And it’s not until we reach the fast ice, which means the ice is connected to shore, and then we have to turn that ice into ice cubes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So we’re fairly large. When people ask, “How big is the Polar Star?” We tell them, “399 feet long,” and then they think of that Navy destroyer that’s 520 feet long. But in reality we’re twice as large as a Navy destroyer by weight. We’re close to 14,000 tons [fully loaded] and that enables us when we break ice to ride up on top of the ice and crush it. And that’s how we break ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s a very violent experience. If you can imagine the earthquake we had recently and experiencing that on every minute for a few hours as we crush through the ice, it’s pretty violent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[edge_animation id=”7″ left=”auto”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>It sounds like it feels like an earthquake.\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is, exactly. And you can’t watch television. You can’t read or anything, once the ship impacts the ice. Then we back down and then it’s all smooth again. And then we ram back in and it gets very violent again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>…except our earthquakes last twenty seconds.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Correct. The break-in might take a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s nobody more dependable than us to get there and make sure that we can get through the channel and get those supply ships in there. Because if they don’t get that fuel ship and container ship, they really will have to shut down the science mission in Antarctica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23471\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/CGCPolarStar_gray_sm.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23471\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/CGCPolarStar_gray_sm.jpg\" alt=\"The Polar Star in sea ice off Antarctica. (U.S. Coast Guard)\" width=\"1500\" height=\"1136\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Polar Star in sea ice off Antarctica. (Courtesy of U.S. Coast Guard)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>You talked about the mission possibly saving mankind. What did you mean by that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Antarctica really is a giant laboratory for science in the world. And it really is — I’ll say — sterile, as far as man’s influence on it, meaning we haven’t corrupted and contaminated that data that’s available down there for them to collect. I’m not a scientist but I know that they bore down into the ice one, two miles, collect data that’s close to a million years old and we haven’t yet contaminated that, with the treaty that preserves that. So by us going down there, I like to think that we are allowing those scientists to conduct that work and that research that just might save the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>And you’ve got sea lanes opening up where there weren’t sea lanes before in the North Polar Seas.\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Correct, yes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Here again, I would assume, we need a couple of icebreakers for that\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, we do have the Healy up north which is a medium icebreaker. She is inadequate to go to Antarctica but she’s adequate for the north because in the Arctic, the ice is only 6 years old at the oldest because it flows in a circular pattern and exits between Greenland and Iceland and through those channels out there so we don’t need as heavy [of an] icebreaker but we do need the ability to put U.S. presence up there. From a Coast Guard standpoint, we’re looking at it from maritime preservation, security, and for search and rescue. If somebody — God forbid — needs rescuing up there, who’s going to go rescue them if we don’t have icebreakers that can do that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think the Healy’s done a couple of search and rescue missions up there and just recently. And they also had to break into Nome to save Nome, Alaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So we do need icebreakers. But people, you know, the United States — other than Alaska and maybe the Great Lakes — they don’t see it. But we do have a presence there and we do have a responsibility to our maritime community to provide a safe and secure transit through the north and also up there we need to be able to fly the flag.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Why is it, do you think, that you can’t get the funding to give us the ships that we need in these parts of the world?\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ice is pretty but it doesn’t spend a lot of time on television and it doesn’t capture the American audience’s interest. We have a lot of things going on in the country, there’s a lot of fiscal restraint, there’s a lot of troubles in the world that are more on the forefront of the plate, of the burner than the Arctic and the Antarctic. Unfortunately those little hot spots come and go throughout history, but the Arctic and the Antarctic don’t. They’re always there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>What did you say the sticker price would be on a new state-of-the-art heavy breaker?\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From what I have heard: a billion dollars. Now I could easily say, “Hey, the Air Force could not build one of their new fighter jets and we could have two or three of them!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>But you wouldn’t say that.\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, I wouldn’t, absolutely! But you know, it’s all in perspective. The Coast Guard is a very small service. Arguably, we’re smaller than the New York City Police Department. Our budget probably wouldn’t buy the toilet paper for the Department of Defense, which is unfortunate and obviously I’m biased and would like to have more money for our humane mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>This is hazardous duty.\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, it is. Unfortunately, in the late 90s we had a young sailor that was standing on the port side of the bridge and we took a 35 degree roll. He slipped, fell and went sliding across the deck to the starboard side and was killed when he hit that stanchion there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong> A ship that is built optimized for breaking ice can’t be the best in heavy seas.\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, it is not, no. Yes, she does roll. [Which is why, Walker says, they refer to icebreakers as “polar rollers.”] I’ve often slept on the deck because it’s hard to stay in my rack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>So you keep a supply of Dramamine topped up?\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, this is proven. I’ve read this: One earplug in one ear — you can tell this to all your listeners — is more effective than all those other drugs. I read a study by one of the universities in the U.K., tested all these seasick medications and inadvertently discovered that the most effective one was one earplug in one ear. It doesn’t matter which ear. Just one ear plug. I’ve seen it work. It worked on my wife. My wife — if she looks at water she gets seasick — went out a friend’s yacht and she didn’t get seasick at all. And on our way down here I was telling the crew members and several of them that are prone to seasickness tried it and it was effective. That’s from somebody with 20 years of sea service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED’s Marissa Ortega-Welch looked into the “earplug” strategy and found some \u003ca title=\"JTM - post\" href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1708-8305.1995.tb00649.x/pdf\">references to it\u003c/a>. Contrary to Walker’s method, some sources specify which ear (left ear if you’re right-handed and vice versa). While there appears to be no established scientific rationale for it, many say it works. We’ll be conducting “field tests” of our own.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "New California County Fracking Bans Likely to Face Challenges",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23478\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/sanbenito-fracking.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-23478\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/sanbenito-fracking.jpg\" alt=\"San Benito County voters approved a fracking ban, but it's likely to face challenges. (Gabriela Quiros/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"400\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Benito County voters approved a fracking ban, but it’s likely to face challenges. (Gabriela Quiros/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the first major test of how California voters would react to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/fracking-california/\">hydraulic fracturing\u003c/a> on the ballot, two counties in California approved fracking bans on Tuesday. Opponents of fracking are hoping the movement will spread to other counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a measure to bar the controversial oil production technique in Santa Barbara County — where the oil industry is well-established — fell short. And in San Benito and Mendocino Counties, where the bans passed, they are likely to face court challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was incredibly exciting,” says organizer Andy Hsia-Coron, who rallied support for the San Benito fracking ban by raising environmental concerns, like possible risks to groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it sets a model for how you do these initiatives,” he says. “We’ve already been contacted by other counties making inquiries.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”HS3lmwEtvxtUvFY4tQglZEHsaS46E95y”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bans are pre-emptive. Currently, fracking doesn’t occur in San Benito or Mendocino Counties. But both measures also ban a more common oil extraction technique where steam is injected underground to induce oil flow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While San Benito County’s oil industry is small, the change could be significant for the producers who work there, some of whom regard the law as a confiscation of property rights, also known as a “taking” in legal parlance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a regulatory taking because it’s the regulation which is depriving property owners of the ability to extract value from their minerals or property,” says Armen Nahabedian of Citadel Exploration, a company that’s developing an oil project in San Benito.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So it’s the duty of the county at this point to either allow people to continue to extract value from their property and not enforce the initiative or to compensate them accordingly with the fair market value of what they’ve been deprived of,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In July, Nahabedian\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/10/10/anti-fracking-activists-in-california-take-fight-to-county-ballots/\"> described the use of steam injection\u003c/a> in a KQED report:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Nahabedian’s company doesn’t use fracking, but it does use another oil extraction technique that the initiatives would ban, called cyclic steam injection. Oil in California is heavy, so producers inject steam underground to loosen it up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Steam injection is an old technique,” he says. “We’ve been using it in the industry since the early 1960s. It’s not much different than cleaning a dirty engine block.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 60 percent of oil produced in California is extracted with steam injection and similar methods, making it more common than fracking. Nahabedian says banning steam injection would mean the state’s refineries would have to look at importing oil from outside the state.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The oil industry went all-out to head off a ban in Santa Barbara County, where oil production is a larger part of the local economy. The “No on P” campaign raised more than $7 million to defeat it, largely from the oil industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The battles over fracking on the local level are far from over. Butte County is set to vote on a fracking ban in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23478\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/sanbenito-fracking.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-23478\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/sanbenito-fracking.jpg\" alt=\"San Benito County voters approved a fracking ban, but it's likely to face challenges. (Gabriela Quiros/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"400\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Benito County voters approved a fracking ban, but it’s likely to face challenges. (Gabriela Quiros/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the first major test of how California voters would react to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/fracking-california/\">hydraulic fracturing\u003c/a> on the ballot, two counties in California approved fracking bans on Tuesday. Opponents of fracking are hoping the movement will spread to other counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a measure to bar the controversial oil production technique in Santa Barbara County — where the oil industry is well-established — fell short. And in San Benito and Mendocino Counties, where the bans passed, they are likely to face court challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was incredibly exciting,” says organizer Andy Hsia-Coron, who rallied support for the San Benito fracking ban by raising environmental concerns, like possible risks to groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it sets a model for how you do these initiatives,” he says. “We’ve already been contacted by other counties making inquiries.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bans are pre-emptive. Currently, fracking doesn’t occur in San Benito or Mendocino Counties. But both measures also ban a more common oil extraction technique where steam is injected underground to induce oil flow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While San Benito County’s oil industry is small, the change could be significant for the producers who work there, some of whom regard the law as a confiscation of property rights, also known as a “taking” in legal parlance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a regulatory taking because it’s the regulation which is depriving property owners of the ability to extract value from their minerals or property,” says Armen Nahabedian of Citadel Exploration, a company that’s developing an oil project in San Benito.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So it’s the duty of the county at this point to either allow people to continue to extract value from their property and not enforce the initiative or to compensate them accordingly with the fair market value of what they’ve been deprived of,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In July, Nahabedian\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/10/10/anti-fracking-activists-in-california-take-fight-to-county-ballots/\"> described the use of steam injection\u003c/a> in a KQED report:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Nahabedian’s company doesn’t use fracking, but it does use another oil extraction technique that the initiatives would ban, called cyclic steam injection. Oil in California is heavy, so producers inject steam underground to loosen it up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Steam injection is an old technique,” he says. “We’ve been using it in the industry since the early 1960s. It’s not much different than cleaning a dirty engine block.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 60 percent of oil produced in California is extracted with steam injection and similar methods, making it more common than fracking. Nahabedian says banning steam injection would mean the state’s refineries would have to look at importing oil from outside the state.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The oil industry went all-out to head off a ban in Santa Barbara County, where oil production is a larger part of the local economy. The “No on P” campaign raised more than $7 million to defeat it, largely from the oil industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The battles over fracking on the local level are far from over. Butte County is set to vote on a fracking ban in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Bay Area Votes in Favor of Open Space and 'Smart' Growth",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23462\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/Doolan-Canyon-Scott-Hein-courtesy-of-Greenbelt-Alliance-1024x680.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-23462 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/Doolan-Canyon-Scott-Hein-courtesy-of-Greenbelt-Alliance-1024x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"680\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dublin voters defeated a ballot measure that would have opened up Doolan Canyon to development. (Scott Hein, courtesy of Greenbelt Alliance)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A local environmental group is declaring victories for open space preservation and smart growth in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.greenbelt.org/\">Greenbelt Alliance\u003c/a> took positions on six measures on Bay Area ballots. While official results have yet to be declared on one of the measures, executive director Jeremy Madsen says signs are good that all the positions he supported came out on top.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it really shows the voters here in the Bay Area have a very strong commitment to open space conservation and to growing the Bay Area in a smart and sustainable fashion,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two measures protected open space from development:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>In Dublin, voters defeated \u003ca href=\"http://www.acgov.org/rov/elections/20141104/documents/MeasureT-V4.pdf\">Measure T\u003c/a> which would have permitted the development of \u003ca href=\"http://www.friendsoflivermore.org/issue_5.html\">Doolan Canyon\u003c/a> between Dublin and Livermore.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Union City residents rejected \u003ca href=\"http://www.acgov.org/rov/elections/20141104/documents/MeasureKK-V2.pdf\">Measure KK\u003c/a> which would have allowed the city council to change the zoning for agricultural land off \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/place/Union+City,+CA+94587/@37.6061801,-122.0201176,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x808f956b410f5297:0xe6a2cdabca05bb6\">Mission Boulevard\u003c/a>, opening it up for homes and businesses.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>One measure approved continued funding for open space:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>In Santa Clara Valley, 67 percent of voters supported \u003ca href=\"http://www.sccgov.org/sites/rov/Info/Nov2014Info/Documents/E101%20List%20of%20Local%20Measures.pdf\">Measure Q\u003c/a>, a parcel tax that will increase funding to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.openspaceauthority.org/\">Santa Clara Valley Open Space Authority\u003c/a>. (The measure needs a two-thirds majority to pass, and the results have not yet officially been called.)\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>And three concerned sustainable development in cities:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Berkeley voters defeated \u003ca href=\"http://www.cityofberkeley.info/Clerk/Elections/Election__2014_Ballot_Measure_Page.aspx\">Measure R\u003c/a>, which would have enacted stricter development requirements in downtown Berkeley. Madsen said the changes set standards so high, they made development impossible and would have defeated the goal of urban growth in Berkeley.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Alameda County voters approved the \u003ca href=\"http://www.acgov.org/rov/elections/20141104/documents/MeasureBB-v5.pdf\">Measure BB\u003c/a> transportation tax, which includes funding for public transit, cyclists and pedestrians.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>San Bruno residents approved \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanbruno.ca.gov/comdev_election.html\">Measure N\u003c/a> which will raise the limits on building heights, making denser development possible.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Madsen says the election results show that “there’s a growing consensus that the Bay Area wants to protect the lands that are special and wants to support the kind of sustainable, smart development that will make our communities better places.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23462\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/Doolan-Canyon-Scott-Hein-courtesy-of-Greenbelt-Alliance-1024x680.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-23462 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/Doolan-Canyon-Scott-Hein-courtesy-of-Greenbelt-Alliance-1024x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"680\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dublin voters defeated a ballot measure that would have opened up Doolan Canyon to development. (Scott Hein, courtesy of Greenbelt Alliance)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A local environmental group is declaring victories for open space preservation and smart growth in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.greenbelt.org/\">Greenbelt Alliance\u003c/a> took positions on six measures on Bay Area ballots. While official results have yet to be declared on one of the measures, executive director Jeremy Madsen says signs are good that all the positions he supported came out on top.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it really shows the voters here in the Bay Area have a very strong commitment to open space conservation and to growing the Bay Area in a smart and sustainable fashion,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two measures protected open space from development:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>In Dublin, voters defeated \u003ca href=\"http://www.acgov.org/rov/elections/20141104/documents/MeasureT-V4.pdf\">Measure T\u003c/a> which would have permitted the development of \u003ca href=\"http://www.friendsoflivermore.org/issue_5.html\">Doolan Canyon\u003c/a> between Dublin and Livermore.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Union City residents rejected \u003ca href=\"http://www.acgov.org/rov/elections/20141104/documents/MeasureKK-V2.pdf\">Measure KK\u003c/a> which would have allowed the city council to change the zoning for agricultural land off \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/place/Union+City,+CA+94587/@37.6061801,-122.0201176,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x808f956b410f5297:0xe6a2cdabca05bb6\">Mission Boulevard\u003c/a>, opening it up for homes and businesses.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>One measure approved continued funding for open space:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>In Santa Clara Valley, 67 percent of voters supported \u003ca href=\"http://www.sccgov.org/sites/rov/Info/Nov2014Info/Documents/E101%20List%20of%20Local%20Measures.pdf\">Measure Q\u003c/a>, a parcel tax that will increase funding to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.openspaceauthority.org/\">Santa Clara Valley Open Space Authority\u003c/a>. (The measure needs a two-thirds majority to pass, and the results have not yet officially been called.)\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>And three concerned sustainable development in cities:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Berkeley voters defeated \u003ca href=\"http://www.cityofberkeley.info/Clerk/Elections/Election__2014_Ballot_Measure_Page.aspx\">Measure R\u003c/a>, which would have enacted stricter development requirements in downtown Berkeley. Madsen said the changes set standards so high, they made development impossible and would have defeated the goal of urban growth in Berkeley.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Alameda County voters approved the \u003ca href=\"http://www.acgov.org/rov/elections/20141104/documents/MeasureBB-v5.pdf\">Measure BB\u003c/a> transportation tax, which includes funding for public transit, cyclists and pedestrians.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>San Bruno residents approved \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanbruno.ca.gov/comdev_election.html\">Measure N\u003c/a> which will raise the limits on building heights, making denser development possible.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Madsen says the election results show that “there’s a growing consensus that the Bay Area wants to protect the lands that are special and wants to support the kind of sustainable, smart development that will make our communities better places.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23419\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1792px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/iStock_000022187403_Medium.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23419\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/iStock_000022187403_Medium.jpg\" alt=\"Water officials say people often forget to turn off lawn sprinklers when it starts raining. (iStock/Getty Images)\" width=\"1792\" height=\"1071\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water officials say people often forget to turn off lawn sprinklers when it starts raining. (iStock/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>New statewide numbers will help reveal where California’s biggest water savings are — and where they aren’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The State Water Resources Control Board offered up the latest urban conservation numbers for cities around the state, which reveal water savings have plateaued after consistent gains through the summer months. According to the Board’s monthly survey of water agencies, consumers statewide averaged water savings of 10.3 percent in September, compared to a year earlier. That represents some slippage from the 11.6 percent savings logged in August.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘The drought’s not over just because it rained.’\u003ccite>— Felicia Marcus, State Water Board\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Regulators hope to gain more insight from new monthly reports that break down \u003ca title=\"SWB - GPCD\" href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/conservation_reporting_info.shtml\">water use on a per capita basis\u003c/a>, i.e. how much water each of us is using on a daily basis, on average, in various parts of the state. The numbers reflect residential water use, indoors and out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In September, the first month for which the gallons-per-capita-per-day, or GPCD, figures are available, the Bay Area is near the low end of the scale, averaging 85.2 for the region. Daly City, Hayward hovered in the stingy 60-GPCD range. Near the upper end were such diverse places as Bakersfield (277.5), and Beverly Hills (285.6).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials are clearly jittery, however, about putting these comparative numbers out there, and they caution that making direct comparisons can be misleading. Hotter and more affluent areas with large, landscaped residential properties tend to show the biggest consumption per capita. But the figures are subject to lots of other variables, all of which are \u003ca title=\"SWB - GPCD\" href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/conservation_reporting_info.shtml\">painstakingly highlighted\u003c/a> on the Water Board’s official website. What matters most is how these numbers change over time. Santa Cruz, with its aggressive conservation program, is shown as moving from the low 60s a year ago to less than 50 GPCD as this summer wound down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all districts are in compliance with the new monthly reporting requirements. Max Gomberg, a senior scientist with the Water Board, says that four months into the program, his office is starting “compliance outreach” for laggard districts. Water regulators studiously avoid using the term “enforcement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying for the carrot, not the stick,” says Gomberg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the upside, officials called out for kudos Santa Clara County, which is in the process of pulling up 1.5 million square feet of lawn as part of its voluntary incentive program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But board chair Felicia Marcus warned that,”The drought’s not over just because it rained. I think we have to plan for the worst and hope for the best, but every drop counts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her staff intends to set up a statewide hotline for water-waste whistleblowers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effort is still in the planning stages but according to staffers at the State Water Board, it will be modeled on California’s 1-800-EXHAUST program, in which drivers can report vehicles spewing clouds of pollution from their tailpipes. Many local water agencies already have such hotlines. During a discussion of how to market the new statewide number, one board member offered up “1-800-WATERHOG.” It might be hard to top that, even though it’s one digit too long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly 9-in-10 urban water agencies now have “mandatory” restrictions on outdoor watering, though the definition of “mandatory” varies from place-to-place.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23419\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1792px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/iStock_000022187403_Medium.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23419\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/iStock_000022187403_Medium.jpg\" alt=\"Water officials say people often forget to turn off lawn sprinklers when it starts raining. (iStock/Getty Images)\" width=\"1792\" height=\"1071\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water officials say people often forget to turn off lawn sprinklers when it starts raining. (iStock/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>New statewide numbers will help reveal where California’s biggest water savings are — and where they aren’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The State Water Resources Control Board offered up the latest urban conservation numbers for cities around the state, which reveal water savings have plateaued after consistent gains through the summer months. According to the Board’s monthly survey of water agencies, consumers statewide averaged water savings of 10.3 percent in September, compared to a year earlier. That represents some slippage from the 11.6 percent savings logged in August.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘The drought’s not over just because it rained.’\u003ccite>— Felicia Marcus, State Water Board\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Regulators hope to gain more insight from new monthly reports that break down \u003ca title=\"SWB - GPCD\" href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/conservation_reporting_info.shtml\">water use on a per capita basis\u003c/a>, i.e. how much water each of us is using on a daily basis, on average, in various parts of the state. The numbers reflect residential water use, indoors and out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In September, the first month for which the gallons-per-capita-per-day, or GPCD, figures are available, the Bay Area is near the low end of the scale, averaging 85.2 for the region. Daly City, Hayward hovered in the stingy 60-GPCD range. Near the upper end were such diverse places as Bakersfield (277.5), and Beverly Hills (285.6).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials are clearly jittery, however, about putting these comparative numbers out there, and they caution that making direct comparisons can be misleading. Hotter and more affluent areas with large, landscaped residential properties tend to show the biggest consumption per capita. But the figures are subject to lots of other variables, all of which are \u003ca title=\"SWB - GPCD\" href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/conservation_reporting_info.shtml\">painstakingly highlighted\u003c/a> on the Water Board’s official website. What matters most is how these numbers change over time. Santa Cruz, with its aggressive conservation program, is shown as moving from the low 60s a year ago to less than 50 GPCD as this summer wound down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all districts are in compliance with the new monthly reporting requirements. Max Gomberg, a senior scientist with the Water Board, says that four months into the program, his office is starting “compliance outreach” for laggard districts. Water regulators studiously avoid using the term “enforcement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying for the carrot, not the stick,” says Gomberg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the upside, officials called out for kudos Santa Clara County, which is in the process of pulling up 1.5 million square feet of lawn as part of its voluntary incentive program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But board chair Felicia Marcus warned that,”The drought’s not over just because it rained. I think we have to plan for the worst and hope for the best, but every drop counts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her staff intends to set up a statewide hotline for water-waste whistleblowers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effort is still in the planning stages but according to staffers at the State Water Board, it will be modeled on California’s 1-800-EXHAUST program, in which drivers can report vehicles spewing clouds of pollution from their tailpipes. Many local water agencies already have such hotlines. During a discussion of how to market the new statewide number, one board member offered up “1-800-WATERHOG.” It might be hard to top that, even though it’s one digit too long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly 9-in-10 urban water agencies now have “mandatory” restrictions on outdoor watering, though the definition of “mandatory” varies from place-to-place.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Aging U.S. Icebreaker Fleet May Imperil Polar Science",
"headTitle": "Aging U.S. Icebreaker Fleet May Imperil Polar Science | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/10/20141103science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Audio of the Antarctic ice-breaking was provided by the National Science Foundation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23264\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1019px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Polar_Star_2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23264\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Polar_Star_2.jpg\" alt=\"Built in the 1970s, USCGC Polar Star is the Coast Guard's only remaining heavy-duty icebreaker. (USCG)\" width=\"1019\" height=\"555\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Built in the 1970s, the USCGC Polar Star is the Coast Guard’s only remaining heavy-duty icebreaker. (U.S. Coast Guard)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This week, workers at Mare Island, near Vallejo, plan to put the nation’s most capable icebreaker back into service after months of refurbishing. That’s the good news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bad news is that the Coast Guard is struggling to maintain an aging — and shrinking — U.S. icebreaker fleet at a time when polar science is more important than ever. Without capable icebreakers, getting into the field to do polar science is a dicey proposition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently the USCGC Polar Star is the only U.S. ship with enough brawn to lead the annual “break-in” to \u003ca title=\"NSF - McMurdo\" href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/geo/plr/support/mcmurdo.jsp\">McMurdo Station\u003c/a>, the American-operated research hub of Antarctica. It can take a week to break through the pack ice but the annual resupply mission is crucial to keeping the remote facility going.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”uHXHQXLo8x4u0tCeEFfmmULY41SdhSJC”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you can imagine the earthquake we had recently, and experiencing that every minute for a few hours as we crush through the ice, it’s pretty violent,” says Captain Matt Walker, who took command of the Polar Star in July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Standing on the floor of the Mare Island dry dock, gazing up at 10,000 tons of hull, it’s easy to see why this ship gets the call for McMurdo duty. Her engines can deliver 25,000 horsepower to each of three enormous propellers, 18 feet in diameter. It’s like having a daisy chain of diesel locomotives on board. Polar Star can break through ice six feet thick without stopping and can safely “back and ram” through ice as much as 21 feet thick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But paradoxically, those attributes have put a crimp in her science mission. The ship is designed to accommodate a team of more than 20 scientists but the onboard laboratory is essentially a storeroom these days.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘I like to think that we are allowing those scientists to conduct that work and that research that just might save the planet.’\u003ccite>— Captain Matt WalkerUSCGC Polar Star\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Now that we’re the only heavy icebreaker that can go to Antarctica for the U.S., the science has curtailed tremendously,” Walker laments, “because we are too busy breaking in the channel to let the logistics ships into McMurdo.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Coast Guard has one lighter-duty icebreaker that patrols Arctic waters, and the National Science Foundation has a \u003ca title=\"NSF - NB Palmer\" href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/geo/plr/support/nathpalm.jsp\">smaller research icebreaker\u003c/a>. That’s it. And Polar Star is showing her age. Commissioned in 1976, the ship was designed for 30 years of service. Her sister ship, Polar Sea, has been deactivated since 2010, and some of her vital parts cannibalized to keep Polar Star going. Recent refurbishing is calculated to add only about seven years to the Polar Star’s working life. Few in maritime or polar science circles think that will suffice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the answer clearly is, ‘No,’” says Ted Scambos, lead scientist at the \u003ca title=\"NSIDC - main\" href=\"http://nsidc.org/\">National Snow and Ice Data Center\u003c/a> in Boulder, Colorado. He’s logged months aboard icebreakers, doing research. Global warming, he says, means we need icebreakers more than ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Both poles are areas of the world that are changing rapidly,” he says. “They’re responding a lot to global warming and that has lots of effects with ocean circulation and air circulation and weather and climate — and biology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/daily/slideshows/icebreakerslideshow.html\" width=\"640\" height=\"470\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Icebreakers are also vital for search-and-rescue missions and to support shipping and other U.S. interests at the literal ends of the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need a new heavy-duty icebreaker and we need it now,” says Congressman John Garamendi, the ranking Democrat on a House subcommittee that oversees the Coast Guard and maritime affairs. He says there’s a strategic component to this, that’s being ignored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now Russia is way, way ahead of us in dealing with the Arctic,” Garamendi says. “In fact, if we need an icebreaker in the Arctic, we often have to rent a Russian icebreaker.” According to a count compiled for a congressional report, Russia has 40 icebreakers of all types, including six nuclear-powered ships operational as of July, with nearly a dozen more planned or under construction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last January, Polar Star was \u003ca title=\"Daily Telegraph - post\" href=\"http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/antarctica/10546587/US-icebreaker-en-route-to-help-ships-stuck-in-Antarctic-Ice.html\">dispatched to rescue\u003c/a> Russian and Chinese ships, both stuck in heavy ice off Antarctica. (Both ships were later freed by changing weather conditions.) But Congress has \u003ca title=\"Bristol Bay Times - post\" href=\"http://www.thebristolbaytimes.com/article/1431lawmakers_skeptical_of_coast_guard_request_to\">refused to provide funding\u003c/a> for even one new icebreaker, which would cost a billion dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’ll take a couple of years, maybe 3-4-5 years to build this thing,” says Garamendi. “It may take even longer for Congress to wake up and realize that you cannot run the biggest, most important economy in the world on the cheap.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garamendi says money may have to be corralled from several budgets: the Coast Guard, Navy and National Science Foundation, all of which would benefit from a new icebreaker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[edge_animation id=”7″ left=”auto”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back aboard Polar Star, Captain Walker says there’s another wake-up call coming: That the science supported by these ships might be the biggest strategic issue of all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By us going down there,” he says, “I like to think that we are allowing those scientists to conduct that work and that research that just might save the planet.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Audio of the Antarctic ice-breaking was provided by the National Science Foundation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23264\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1019px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Polar_Star_2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23264\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Polar_Star_2.jpg\" alt=\"Built in the 1970s, USCGC Polar Star is the Coast Guard's only remaining heavy-duty icebreaker. (USCG)\" width=\"1019\" height=\"555\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Built in the 1970s, the USCGC Polar Star is the Coast Guard’s only remaining heavy-duty icebreaker. (U.S. Coast Guard)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This week, workers at Mare Island, near Vallejo, plan to put the nation’s most capable icebreaker back into service after months of refurbishing. That’s the good news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bad news is that the Coast Guard is struggling to maintain an aging — and shrinking — U.S. icebreaker fleet at a time when polar science is more important than ever. Without capable icebreakers, getting into the field to do polar science is a dicey proposition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently the USCGC Polar Star is the only U.S. ship with enough brawn to lead the annual “break-in” to \u003ca title=\"NSF - McMurdo\" href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/geo/plr/support/mcmurdo.jsp\">McMurdo Station\u003c/a>, the American-operated research hub of Antarctica. It can take a week to break through the pack ice but the annual resupply mission is crucial to keeping the remote facility going.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you can imagine the earthquake we had recently, and experiencing that every minute for a few hours as we crush through the ice, it’s pretty violent,” says Captain Matt Walker, who took command of the Polar Star in July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Standing on the floor of the Mare Island dry dock, gazing up at 10,000 tons of hull, it’s easy to see why this ship gets the call for McMurdo duty. Her engines can deliver 25,000 horsepower to each of three enormous propellers, 18 feet in diameter. It’s like having a daisy chain of diesel locomotives on board. Polar Star can break through ice six feet thick without stopping and can safely “back and ram” through ice as much as 21 feet thick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But paradoxically, those attributes have put a crimp in her science mission. The ship is designed to accommodate a team of more than 20 scientists but the onboard laboratory is essentially a storeroom these days.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘I like to think that we are allowing those scientists to conduct that work and that research that just might save the planet.’\u003ccite>— Captain Matt WalkerUSCGC Polar Star\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Now that we’re the only heavy icebreaker that can go to Antarctica for the U.S., the science has curtailed tremendously,” Walker laments, “because we are too busy breaking in the channel to let the logistics ships into McMurdo.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Coast Guard has one lighter-duty icebreaker that patrols Arctic waters, and the National Science Foundation has a \u003ca title=\"NSF - NB Palmer\" href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/geo/plr/support/nathpalm.jsp\">smaller research icebreaker\u003c/a>. That’s it. And Polar Star is showing her age. Commissioned in 1976, the ship was designed for 30 years of service. Her sister ship, Polar Sea, has been deactivated since 2010, and some of her vital parts cannibalized to keep Polar Star going. Recent refurbishing is calculated to add only about seven years to the Polar Star’s working life. Few in maritime or polar science circles think that will suffice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the answer clearly is, ‘No,’” says Ted Scambos, lead scientist at the \u003ca title=\"NSIDC - main\" href=\"http://nsidc.org/\">National Snow and Ice Data Center\u003c/a> in Boulder, Colorado. He’s logged months aboard icebreakers, doing research. Global warming, he says, means we need icebreakers more than ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Both poles are areas of the world that are changing rapidly,” he says. “They’re responding a lot to global warming and that has lots of effects with ocean circulation and air circulation and weather and climate — and biology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/daily/slideshows/icebreakerslideshow.html\" width=\"640\" height=\"470\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Icebreakers are also vital for search-and-rescue missions and to support shipping and other U.S. interests at the literal ends of the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need a new heavy-duty icebreaker and we need it now,” says Congressman John Garamendi, the ranking Democrat on a House subcommittee that oversees the Coast Guard and maritime affairs. He says there’s a strategic component to this, that’s being ignored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now Russia is way, way ahead of us in dealing with the Arctic,” Garamendi says. “In fact, if we need an icebreaker in the Arctic, we often have to rent a Russian icebreaker.” According to a count compiled for a congressional report, Russia has 40 icebreakers of all types, including six nuclear-powered ships operational as of July, with nearly a dozen more planned or under construction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last January, Polar Star was \u003ca title=\"Daily Telegraph - post\" href=\"http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/antarctica/10546587/US-icebreaker-en-route-to-help-ships-stuck-in-Antarctic-Ice.html\">dispatched to rescue\u003c/a> Russian and Chinese ships, both stuck in heavy ice off Antarctica. (Both ships were later freed by changing weather conditions.) But Congress has \u003ca title=\"Bristol Bay Times - post\" href=\"http://www.thebristolbaytimes.com/article/1431lawmakers_skeptical_of_coast_guard_request_to\">refused to provide funding\u003c/a> for even one new icebreaker, which would cost a billion dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’ll take a couple of years, maybe 3-4-5 years to build this thing,” says Garamendi. “It may take even longer for Congress to wake up and realize that you cannot run the biggest, most important economy in the world on the cheap.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garamendi says money may have to be corralled from several budgets: the Coast Guard, Navy and National Science Foundation, all of which would benefit from a new icebreaker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[edge_animation id=”7″ left=”auto”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back aboard Polar Star, Captain Walker says there’s another wake-up call coming: That the science supported by these ships might be the biggest strategic issue of all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By us going down there,” he says, “I like to think that we are allowing those scientists to conduct that work and that research that just might save the planet.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Why California’s Largest Estuary No Longer Works for Wildlife",
"headTitle": "Why California’s Largest Estuary No Longer Works for Wildlife | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23139\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Delta-aerial.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-23139\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Delta-aerial.jpg\" alt=\"The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta has been almost completely transformed over the past 150 years. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta has been almost completely transformed over 150 years. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California’s historic drought has put the state’s water problems in the forefront this year and those problems aren’t likely to be solved when the clouds open up again. Nowhere is that more apparent than in the water system’s central hub — \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/ca-delta/\">the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s Delta is the flashpoint for the state’s water politics. For decades, its ecosystem has been in ecological free fall, prompting fierce battles over how much water should be left in the environment, and how much pumped to farms and cities hundreds of miles away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, a \u003ca href=\"http://ebooks.sfei.org/DeltaLandscapes/#page/1\">new report\u003c/a> from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfei.org/\">San Francisco Estuary Institute\u003c/a> documents why the Delta’s ecosystem is failing for many of its endangered species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings could inform efforts to restore the estuary, which some argue would make the water supply more reliable for the entire state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s guidance for what would make a healthy ecosystem –- the missing elements,” says Robin Grossinger, who worked on the report at the San Francisco Estuary Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Historical Reconstruction\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using historical maps and records, Grossinger and colleagues \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">pieced together a landscape\u003c/a> that’s been almost completely transformed over 150 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘It’s really shocking when you look at it at this level.’\u003ccite>— Robin Grossinger, San Francisco Estuary Institute\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The Delta was once a network of marshes and water, supporting birds, wildlife and one of the largest Chinook salmon runs on the West Coast. After the Gold Rush, settlers diked channels and waterways, creating islands of dry land protected by levees. About 97 percent of the marshland was lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Delta is also the hub of the state’s water supply, because it’s where major rivers converge, carrying 50 percent of the state’s runoff. Early water engineers built a network of canals and pumps to tap into the supply and today, the water is delivered all the way to San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Building on a \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">2012 report\u003c/a> that detailed what the physical landscape once looked like, San Francisco Estuary Institute researchers mapped how the historical ecosystem once worked, including how water flowed and how species interacted with the landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really shocking when you look at it at this level,” Grossinger says. “Most of the functions we’ve looked at are tremendously diminished. Some to 99 percent –- that’s the extent of the transformation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Watery World\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The boundary between water and land was continually in flux in the historical Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23128\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/DeltaWater2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23128\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/DeltaWater2.jpg\" alt=\"Source: San Francisco Estuary Institute.\" width=\"640\" height=\"536\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Courtesy of San Francisco Estuary Institute)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tides would arrive twice daily from San Francisco Bay, spreading through a network of tidal channels that looked much like capillaries. Other land would flood seasonally, as snowmelt caused the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers to overflow their banks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was a massive expansion of habitat as the water moved across the landscape,” Grossinger says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The seasonal flooding was key for Chinook salmon. Young salmon would find food and refuge in the floodplains, as they migrated out to the ocean. Millions of birds, migrating on the Pacific Flyway, would use the vast wetlands as they traveled through. Today, the connection between land and water has been largely severed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>High Quality Marsh Habitat\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With most of the Delta’s marshes gone, scientists have few places to look to as models for habitat restoration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23132\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/DeltaMarsh3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23132\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/DeltaMarsh3.jpg\" alt=\"Source: San Francisco Estuary Institute\" width=\"640\" height=\"534\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Courtesy of San Francisco Estuary Institute)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There’s little you can study that looks or functions like it used to,” Grossinger says. “That’s the difference with San Francisco Bay. There were a few remnants of marsh leftover there to use as a reference.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The function part is the missing link,” says Carl Wilcox of California’s Department of Fish and Wildlife, an agency involved in species restoration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report outlines three key ingredients for creating marshes that could support birds and wildlife; marshes must be large, broad rather than narrow and neighbor other marshes of different sizes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the little marshland that exists in the Delta today, only 11 percent meets those conditions. The two largest marshes in today’s Delta were created accidentally. Sherman Island was flooded when its levees failed in the early 1900s, and aquatic plants have grown in since. The Liberty Island marsh was created after a levee failed in 1998 and the land was abandoned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ambitious Restoration Plans\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings of the report could inform a major restoration effort that’s proposed for the Delta, part of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/money-environmental-concerns-could-sink-governors-delta-water-plan/\">Governor Brown’s plan to built two massive water tunnels\u003c/a>. The Brown administration says the project is crucial to maintaining a reliable water supply for two-thirds of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tunnels would divert freshwater from the Delta, potentially harming some endangered fish species like salmon and Delta smelt, depending on the water conditions. The state is counting on 30,000 acres of marsh restoration help endangered species and offset those harms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How and where to do the restoration is still a matter of debate, both for scientists skeptical of the extent of the wildlife benefits and Delta residents who farm or live in the area. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://sfei.maps.arcgis.com/apps/StorytellingSwipe/index.html?appid=f6e50119057f44188191ed478e9649b5\" width=\"640\" height=\"600\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Startling maps in a new report on the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta show the dramatic loss of marshlands that once supported a vast array of wildlife.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23139\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Delta-aerial.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-23139\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Delta-aerial.jpg\" alt=\"The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta has been almost completely transformed over the past 150 years. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta has been almost completely transformed over 150 years. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California’s historic drought has put the state’s water problems in the forefront this year and those problems aren’t likely to be solved when the clouds open up again. Nowhere is that more apparent than in the water system’s central hub — \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/ca-delta/\">the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s Delta is the flashpoint for the state’s water politics. For decades, its ecosystem has been in ecological free fall, prompting fierce battles over how much water should be left in the environment, and how much pumped to farms and cities hundreds of miles away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, a \u003ca href=\"http://ebooks.sfei.org/DeltaLandscapes/#page/1\">new report\u003c/a> from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfei.org/\">San Francisco Estuary Institute\u003c/a> documents why the Delta’s ecosystem is failing for many of its endangered species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings could inform efforts to restore the estuary, which some argue would make the water supply more reliable for the entire state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s guidance for what would make a healthy ecosystem –- the missing elements,” says Robin Grossinger, who worked on the report at the San Francisco Estuary Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Historical Reconstruction\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using historical maps and records, Grossinger and colleagues \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">pieced together a landscape\u003c/a> that’s been almost completely transformed over 150 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘It’s really shocking when you look at it at this level.’\u003ccite>— Robin Grossinger, San Francisco Estuary Institute\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The Delta was once a network of marshes and water, supporting birds, wildlife and one of the largest Chinook salmon runs on the West Coast. After the Gold Rush, settlers diked channels and waterways, creating islands of dry land protected by levees. About 97 percent of the marshland was lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Delta is also the hub of the state’s water supply, because it’s where major rivers converge, carrying 50 percent of the state’s runoff. Early water engineers built a network of canals and pumps to tap into the supply and today, the water is delivered all the way to San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Building on a \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">2012 report\u003c/a> that detailed what the physical landscape once looked like, San Francisco Estuary Institute researchers mapped how the historical ecosystem once worked, including how water flowed and how species interacted with the landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really shocking when you look at it at this level,” Grossinger says. “Most of the functions we’ve looked at are tremendously diminished. Some to 99 percent –- that’s the extent of the transformation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Watery World\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The boundary between water and land was continually in flux in the historical Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23128\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/DeltaWater2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23128\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/DeltaWater2.jpg\" alt=\"Source: San Francisco Estuary Institute.\" width=\"640\" height=\"536\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Courtesy of San Francisco Estuary Institute)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tides would arrive twice daily from San Francisco Bay, spreading through a network of tidal channels that looked much like capillaries. Other land would flood seasonally, as snowmelt caused the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers to overflow their banks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was a massive expansion of habitat as the water moved across the landscape,” Grossinger says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The seasonal flooding was key for Chinook salmon. Young salmon would find food and refuge in the floodplains, as they migrated out to the ocean. Millions of birds, migrating on the Pacific Flyway, would use the vast wetlands as they traveled through. Today, the connection between land and water has been largely severed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>High Quality Marsh Habitat\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With most of the Delta’s marshes gone, scientists have few places to look to as models for habitat restoration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23132\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/DeltaMarsh3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23132\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/DeltaMarsh3.jpg\" alt=\"Source: San Francisco Estuary Institute\" width=\"640\" height=\"534\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Courtesy of San Francisco Estuary Institute)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There’s little you can study that looks or functions like it used to,” Grossinger says. “That’s the difference with San Francisco Bay. There were a few remnants of marsh leftover there to use as a reference.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The function part is the missing link,” says Carl Wilcox of California’s Department of Fish and Wildlife, an agency involved in species restoration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report outlines three key ingredients for creating marshes that could support birds and wildlife; marshes must be large, broad rather than narrow and neighbor other marshes of different sizes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the little marshland that exists in the Delta today, only 11 percent meets those conditions. The two largest marshes in today’s Delta were created accidentally. Sherman Island was flooded when its levees failed in the early 1900s, and aquatic plants have grown in since. The Liberty Island marsh was created after a levee failed in 1998 and the land was abandoned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ambitious Restoration Plans\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings of the report could inform a major restoration effort that’s proposed for the Delta, part of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/money-environmental-concerns-could-sink-governors-delta-water-plan/\">Governor Brown’s plan to built two massive water tunnels\u003c/a>. The Brown administration says the project is crucial to maintaining a reliable water supply for two-thirds of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tunnels would divert freshwater from the Delta, potentially harming some endangered fish species like salmon and Delta smelt, depending on the water conditions. The state is counting on 30,000 acres of marsh restoration help endangered species and offset those harms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How and where to do the restoration is still a matter of debate, both for scientists skeptical of the extent of the wildlife benefits and Delta residents who farm or live in the area. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://sfei.maps.arcgis.com/apps/StorytellingSwipe/index.html?appid=f6e50119057f44188191ed478e9649b5\" width=\"640\" height=\"600\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23078\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 850px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/826scr_5fa7533564080f8.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23078\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/826scr_5fa7533564080f8.jpg\" alt=\"Activists are concerned that Diablo Canyon can't withstand a major earthquake. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"850\" height=\"638\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Activists question whether Diablo Canyon can withstand a major earthquake. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>An environmental group is pushing for a public review of the Diablo Canyon nuclear power plant’s license, amid concerns about the seismic safety of the Central Coast plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The environmental group Friends of the Earth has file a \u003ca href=\"http://libcloud.s3.amazonaws.com/93/f4/7/4937/14-10-28_FoE_Petition_FSAR.pdf\">petition for review\u003c/a> in the U.S. Court of Appeals. It’s the latest move in the group’s longstanding campaign to shut down California’s only remaining nuclear plant, which supplies about nine percent of the state’s electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent discoveries of geologic faults near the San Luis Obispo County facility should trigger a public re-assessment of the plant’s safety, said Friends of the Earth spokesman Damon Moglan. Instead, he said, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and PG&E changed how earthquake risk is assessed in the plant’s license, without public input. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There really has to be a full public review of whether or not this plant is safe,” he said. “And whether or not it’s worth the risk of operating a decrepit 40-year-old plant designed in the 1960s in the most seismically active area of any reactor in the United States.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its petition, Friends of the Earth said the Nuclear Regulatory Commission violated federal law and its own internal policies by making the change to Diablo Canyon’s license without public review. The group said the plant should be shut down until a full review is complete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new fault was discovered near the plant in 2008. Earlier this year, PG&E completed \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/en/safety/systemworks/dcpp/seismicsafety/report.page\">its own study\u003c/a>, finding that even with that additional nearby fault, the seismic risk to the plant is below what the plant was built to withstand. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The facts are: the plant was built with earthquake safety at the forefront,” Blair Jones, a spokesman for PG&E told KQED. “It’s a seismically safe facility. And it’s in full compliance with NRC licensing requirements.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A former inspector at Diablo Canyon released his own \u003ca href=\"http://libcloud.s3.amazonaws.com/93/5a/8/4821/Diablo_Canyon_Seismic_DPO.pdf/\">analysis\u003c/a>, saying the NRC was not applying its own safety rules to the plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokeswoman for the NRC says the agency will review the petition.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new fault was discovered near the plant in 2008. Earlier this year, PG&E completed \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/en/safety/systemworks/dcpp/seismicsafety/report.page\">its own study\u003c/a>, finding that even with that additional nearby fault, the seismic risk to the plant is below what the plant was built to withstand. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The facts are: the plant was built with earthquake safety at the forefront,” Blair Jones, a spokesman for PG&E told KQED. “It’s a seismically safe facility. And it’s in full compliance with NRC licensing requirements.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A former inspector at Diablo Canyon released his own \u003ca href=\"http://libcloud.s3.amazonaws.com/93/5a/8/4821/Diablo_Canyon_Seismic_DPO.pdf/\">analysis\u003c/a>, saying the NRC was not applying its own safety rules to the plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokeswoman for the NRC says the agency will review the petition.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/10/20141027science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23036\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/92414-e1414198407252.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23036\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/92414-e1414198407252.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Linda Olmos De Koo examines Lisa Kulik's prosthetic retina at the USC Eye Institute. The device helps Kulik differentiate between light and shadows so that she can better interpret the world around her. Benjamin Brayfield/KPCC)\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Linda Olmos De Koo examines Lisa Kulik’s prosthetic retina at the USC Eye Institute. The device helps Kulik differentiate between light and shadows so she can better interpret the world around her. (Benjamin Brayfield/KPCC)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>An eye implant developed by the University of Southern California — \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/medicaldevices/productsandmedicalprocedures/deviceapprovalsandclearances/recently-approveddevices/ucm343162.htm\">the first FDA-approved implant of its kind\u003c/a> — is helping people with a rare type of vision loss regain some sight. And it’s paving the way for more types of “bionic eyes” to treat other forms of blindness in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dubbed the Argus II, the implant was designed to treat retinitis pigmentosa, a genetic disorder that slowly robs a person of sight by destroying photoreceptors in the eye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lisa Kulik, 55, is the first person west of the Mississippi to receive the commercial version of this device.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2014/10/02/47108/usc-developed-bionic-eye-offers-some-blind-patient/?slide=3\">Go to KPCC’s website\u003c/a> to read the full story and see how the device works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23036\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/92414-e1414198407252.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23036\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/92414-e1414198407252.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Linda Olmos De Koo examines Lisa Kulik's prosthetic retina at the USC Eye Institute. The device helps Kulik differentiate between light and shadows so that she can better interpret the world around her. Benjamin Brayfield/KPCC)\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Linda Olmos De Koo examines Lisa Kulik’s prosthetic retina at the USC Eye Institute. The device helps Kulik differentiate between light and shadows so she can better interpret the world around her. (Benjamin Brayfield/KPCC)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>An eye implant developed by the University of Southern California — \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/medicaldevices/productsandmedicalprocedures/deviceapprovalsandclearances/recently-approveddevices/ucm343162.htm\">the first FDA-approved implant of its kind\u003c/a> — is helping people with a rare type of vision loss regain some sight. And it’s paving the way for more types of “bionic eyes” to treat other forms of blindness in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dubbed the Argus II, the implant was designed to treat retinitis pigmentosa, a genetic disorder that slowly robs a person of sight by destroying photoreceptors in the eye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lisa Kulik, 55, is the first person west of the Mississippi to receive the commercial version of this device.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2014/10/02/47108/usc-developed-bionic-eye-offers-some-blind-patient/?slide=3\">Go to KPCC’s website\u003c/a> to read the full story and see how the device works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Sky gazers turned out for Thursday’s partial solar eclipse. In the Bay Area, the moon obscured about 40 percent of the sun. The next time there will be a solar eclipse visible from here will be \u003ca href=\"http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEdecade/SEdecade2011.html\">August 2017\u003c/a> (and it will be a total eclipse.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23003\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/solareclipse2-e1414105433249.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/solareclipse2-e1414105433249.jpg\" alt=\"Melissa Sheridan holds her son Neo as he watches the solar eclipse from the Foothill Observatory. 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(Courtesy of Shannon Rosa)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22999\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/solareclipse1-1024x682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-22999 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/solareclipse1-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"Watching Thursday's solar eclipse from Foothill College in Los Altos. (James Tensuan/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Watching Thursday’s solar eclipse from Foothill College in Los Altos. (James Tensuan/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23001\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/solareclipse3-e1414102345482.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/solareclipse3-e1414102345482.jpg\" alt=\"Foothill College student Seongju Choi watches the solar eclipse from the observatory in Los Altos. (James Tensuan/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"853\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23001\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Foothill College student Seongju Choi watches the solar eclipse from the observatory in Los Altos. (James Tensuan/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23004\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/eclipsewatching-e1414106318967.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/eclipsewatching-e1414106318967.jpg\" alt=\"Adam Grossberg and Dan Brekke of KQED step outside to see the eclipse. (Olivia Hubert-Allen/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"960\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23004\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Adam Grossberg and Dan Brekke of KQED step outside to see the eclipse. (Olivia Hubert-Allen/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23005\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1279px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/eclipsenasascreenshot.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/eclipsenasascreenshot.jpg\" alt=\"Screenshot from NASA's livestream of the eclipse. Large sun spots are visible. (NASA)\" width=\"1279\" height=\"685\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23005\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Screenshot from NASA’s livestream of the eclipse. Large sun spots are visible. (NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original Post:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22948\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 673px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Partial-Solar-Eclipse_T-Ruen_NASA.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Partial-Solar-Eclipse_T-Ruen_NASA.jpg\" alt=\"A partial solar eclipse occurs when the moon obscures only part of the sun from Earth's view. (T. Ruen/NASA)\" width=\"673\" height=\"474\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22948\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A partial solar eclipse occurs when the moon obscures only part of the sun from Earth’s view. (T. Ruen/NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A partial solar eclipse will be visible throughout the Bay Area on Thursday afternoon, given clear skies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area is one of the best places in the U.S. to view this eclipse. Here, the moon will cover about 40 percent of the sun. As you move south and east across the country, smaller and smaller segments of the sun will be eclipsed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar eclipses occur when the moon moves between Earth and the sun. Picture the orbit of the moon and the orbit of Earth as two huge hula hoops in the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The only time you can have eclipses is when the two hula hoops cross, when the two orbits cross,” says Andrew Fraknoi, chair of the Astronomy Department at Foothill College. “And that’s what happens every six months. The orbit of the moon and the apparent orbit of the sun cross.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fraknoi says today’s solar eclipse won’t reduce the amount of light we see outside, which raises a question: how can the moon cover up 40 percent of our sun without us noticing it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The short answer,” Fraknoi says, “is that the sun is brighter than you think.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says if you were shopping for a light bulb the same wattage as the sun, forget your typical 40 watt bulb: You’d have to buy a 400,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 watt bulb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That amount of light so overwhelms the light receptors in the human eye, Fraknoi says, that even losing nearly half of it doesn’t change our overall sense of light and dark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you want to watch today’s event, there are a number of ways to do that safely. And you don’t even have to wake up in the middle of the night like you may have done for \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/10/03/set-your-alarm-for-the-early-morning-total-lunar-eclipse-on-october-8/\">the lunar eclipse\u003c/a> two weeks ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/What-is-a-solar-eclipse.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-22953\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/What-is-a-solar-eclipse.jpg\" alt=\"solar eclipse\" width=\"5171\" height=\"1127\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How and When to View the Eclipse\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The eclipse will begin at 1:52 p.m., as the moon begins to creep across the sun. The moon reaches peak eclipse at 3:15, so the best viewing time is between 3 and 3:30 this afternoon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But don’t imagine you can look at the sun just because it’s partially covered up — you’ll \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/eclipse/how.html\">burn your retina\u003c/a> if you look directly at a solar eclipse, just the way you burned fall leaves as a kid, using a magnifying glass in the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And sunglasses are not enough. To look directly at a solar eclipse, you need a special viewer, available for sale at many science centers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Science museums and observatories around the Bay Area are holding eclipse viewing parties, listed below, where you can safely watch the eclipse through filtered telescopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you can get to where you can see the sun either projected from a telescope or through a telescope with a safe filter,” Fraknoi says, “you can actually see the seething surface of our star, the sun, and then the dark body of our much closer moon, covering up some part of the sun.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can also have a lot of fun watching the eclipse by making your own \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/eclipse/how.html\">pinhole projector.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22798\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2094px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Eclipse-Pinhole-Projector-Jenny-Oh.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22798\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Eclipse-Pinhole-Projector-Jenny-Oh.jpg\" alt=\"KQED science producer Jenny Oh has fun with a homemade pinhole projector during a 2012 eclipse. (Jenny Oh/KQED)\" width=\"2094\" height=\"1000\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">KQED science producer Jenny Oh has fun with a homemade pinhole projector during a 2012 eclipse. (Jenny Oh/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Make a pinhole in a piece of cardboard, or even a sheet of paper, then hold that over another cardboard or piece of paper. The sun will pass through the pinhole and project an image of itself, giving you a safe way to watch the eclipse. (Do not look through the pinhole at the sun.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even more basic than that, you can create a pinhole projector with your hands by simply overlapping the fingers of one hand on top of the other – creating a waffle pattern – and allowing the sun to pass through the holes between your fingers and make a projection on the ground. Or if you’re in area with trees, look for the projected images of the sun on the ground as it passes through the spaces between the leaves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today’s solar event is the last in our eclipse season this year. The next event will be a lunar eclipse in April. The next solar eclipse won’t happen until August 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Eclipse-Watching Events in the Bay Area\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>San Francisco\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\"> California Academy of Sciences and Morrison Planetarium\u003c/a> will host a viewing from 1:30 to 4:30 p.m. on their living roof (weather permitting), with planetarium staff on hand. Rain or shine, the eclipse will also be broadcast via internet feed inside the museum. Museum admission fees apply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco State University faculty and students will offer \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfsu.edu/~sfsumap/southeast.htm\">eclipse viewing in the plaza\u003c/a> at the south entrance to Thornton Hall, from 1:52 to 4:32 in the afternoon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>East Bay\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.lawrencehallofscience.org/visit/events/partial_solar_eclipse_2014\">The Lawrence Hall of Science\u003c/a> is hosting an event for museum guests from 1:30 to 4:30 p.m. that includes observations through solar telescopes, a Q&A in the planetarium, and model demonstrations. Eclipse-viewing glasses are also available for purchase in the store.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/eclipses.htm\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> will have astronomy experts and special eclipse viewers on the observation deck to help people view the eclipse safely. Included with museum admission or $15 for the viewing party only.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://msnucleus.org/events/events.html\">Children’s Natural History Museum\u003c/a> in Fremont will have telescopes for viewing the eclipse from 2 to 4:00 in the afternooon. In case of rain or clouds, the museum will also have a video feed of the eclipse inside the museum, along with solar system demonstrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mt. Diablo Astronomical Society will host an \u003ca href=\"https://nightsky.jpl.nasa.gov/event-view.cfm?Event_ID=60250\">eclipse viewing party\u003c/a> from 2 to 4:30 p.m. at Lindsay Wildlife Museum in Walnut Creek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>South Bay\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.foothill.edu/ast/fhobs.php\">Foothill College Observatory\u003c/a> will be open from 2 to 4:30 for an eclipse party. Parking costs $3.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.collegeofsanmateo.edu/calendar/events/index.php?com=detail&eID=13749\">College of San Mateo Observatory\u003c/a> will have several solar telescopes available in the observatory from 1:45 to 4:30 p.m., including one that people can use to take pictures of the eclipse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Members of the San Mateo County Astronomical Society will provide telescopes, viewing aids and information from 2 to 5 p.m. at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.smcas.com/\">San Carlos Library\u003c/a>. The many perforations in the library dome will also cast beautiful images of the eclipsed sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.sjaa.net/directions/\">San Jose Astronomical Association\u003c/a> will hold an eclipse party for the public from 1 to 4 p.m. at Houge Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>North Bay\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sonoma State University is hosting a \u003ca href=\"http://www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu/publicviewingnight.shtml\">public viewing\u003c/a> from 1:45 to 4:30 p.m. at the campus observatory and a track and field nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://rfo.org/\">Robert Ferguson Observatory\u003c/a> will be open from 1 to 4:30 p.m. for observing the eclipse. Parking is $8.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Thanks to Professor Andrew Fraknoi, Foothill College, for this list of eclipse viewing parties.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Sky gazers turned out for Thursday’s partial solar eclipse. In the Bay Area, the moon obscured about 40 percent of the sun. The next time there will be a solar eclipse visible from here will be \u003ca href=\"http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEdecade/SEdecade2011.html\">August 2017\u003c/a> (and it will be a total eclipse.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23003\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/solareclipse2-e1414105433249.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/solareclipse2-e1414105433249.jpg\" alt=\"Melissa Sheridan holds her son Neo as he watches the solar eclipse from the Foothill Observatory. (James Tensuan/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"853\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23003\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Melissa Sheridan holds her son Neo as he watches the solar eclipse from the Foothill Observatory. (James Tensuan/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23007\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1516px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/eclipseshannonrosa.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/eclipseshannonrosa.jpeg\" alt=\"The moon obscured about 40 percent of the sun in Thursday's eclipse. (Courtesy of Shannon Rosa)\" width=\"1516\" height=\"1516\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23007\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The moon obscured about 40 percent of the sun in Thursday’s eclipse. (Courtesy of Shannon Rosa)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22999\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/solareclipse1-1024x682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-22999 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/solareclipse1-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"Watching Thursday's solar eclipse from Foothill College in Los Altos. (James Tensuan/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Watching Thursday’s solar eclipse from Foothill College in Los Altos. (James Tensuan/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23001\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/solareclipse3-e1414102345482.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/solareclipse3-e1414102345482.jpg\" alt=\"Foothill College student Seongju Choi watches the solar eclipse from the observatory in Los Altos. (James Tensuan/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"853\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23001\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Foothill College student Seongju Choi watches the solar eclipse from the observatory in Los Altos. (James Tensuan/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23004\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/eclipsewatching-e1414106318967.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/eclipsewatching-e1414106318967.jpg\" alt=\"Adam Grossberg and Dan Brekke of KQED step outside to see the eclipse. (Olivia Hubert-Allen/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"960\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23004\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Adam Grossberg and Dan Brekke of KQED step outside to see the eclipse. (Olivia Hubert-Allen/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23005\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1279px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/eclipsenasascreenshot.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/eclipsenasascreenshot.jpg\" alt=\"Screenshot from NASA's livestream of the eclipse. Large sun spots are visible. (NASA)\" width=\"1279\" height=\"685\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23005\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Screenshot from NASA’s livestream of the eclipse. Large sun spots are visible. (NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original Post:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22948\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 673px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Partial-Solar-Eclipse_T-Ruen_NASA.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Partial-Solar-Eclipse_T-Ruen_NASA.jpg\" alt=\"A partial solar eclipse occurs when the moon obscures only part of the sun from Earth's view. (T. Ruen/NASA)\" width=\"673\" height=\"474\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22948\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A partial solar eclipse occurs when the moon obscures only part of the sun from Earth’s view. (T. Ruen/NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A partial solar eclipse will be visible throughout the Bay Area on Thursday afternoon, given clear skies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area is one of the best places in the U.S. to view this eclipse. Here, the moon will cover about 40 percent of the sun. As you move south and east across the country, smaller and smaller segments of the sun will be eclipsed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar eclipses occur when the moon moves between Earth and the sun. Picture the orbit of the moon and the orbit of Earth as two huge hula hoops in the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The only time you can have eclipses is when the two hula hoops cross, when the two orbits cross,” says Andrew Fraknoi, chair of the Astronomy Department at Foothill College. “And that’s what happens every six months. The orbit of the moon and the apparent orbit of the sun cross.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fraknoi says today’s solar eclipse won’t reduce the amount of light we see outside, which raises a question: how can the moon cover up 40 percent of our sun without us noticing it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The short answer,” Fraknoi says, “is that the sun is brighter than you think.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says if you were shopping for a light bulb the same wattage as the sun, forget your typical 40 watt bulb: You’d have to buy a 400,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 watt bulb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That amount of light so overwhelms the light receptors in the human eye, Fraknoi says, that even losing nearly half of it doesn’t change our overall sense of light and dark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you want to watch today’s event, there are a number of ways to do that safely. And you don’t even have to wake up in the middle of the night like you may have done for \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/10/03/set-your-alarm-for-the-early-morning-total-lunar-eclipse-on-october-8/\">the lunar eclipse\u003c/a> two weeks ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/What-is-a-solar-eclipse.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-22953\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/What-is-a-solar-eclipse.jpg\" alt=\"solar eclipse\" width=\"5171\" height=\"1127\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How and When to View the Eclipse\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The eclipse will begin at 1:52 p.m., as the moon begins to creep across the sun. The moon reaches peak eclipse at 3:15, so the best viewing time is between 3 and 3:30 this afternoon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But don’t imagine you can look at the sun just because it’s partially covered up — you’ll \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/eclipse/how.html\">burn your retina\u003c/a> if you look directly at a solar eclipse, just the way you burned fall leaves as a kid, using a magnifying glass in the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And sunglasses are not enough. To look directly at a solar eclipse, you need a special viewer, available for sale at many science centers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Science museums and observatories around the Bay Area are holding eclipse viewing parties, listed below, where you can safely watch the eclipse through filtered telescopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you can get to where you can see the sun either projected from a telescope or through a telescope with a safe filter,” Fraknoi says, “you can actually see the seething surface of our star, the sun, and then the dark body of our much closer moon, covering up some part of the sun.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can also have a lot of fun watching the eclipse by making your own \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/eclipse/how.html\">pinhole projector.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22798\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2094px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Eclipse-Pinhole-Projector-Jenny-Oh.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22798\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Eclipse-Pinhole-Projector-Jenny-Oh.jpg\" alt=\"KQED science producer Jenny Oh has fun with a homemade pinhole projector during a 2012 eclipse. (Jenny Oh/KQED)\" width=\"2094\" height=\"1000\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">KQED science producer Jenny Oh has fun with a homemade pinhole projector during a 2012 eclipse. (Jenny Oh/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Make a pinhole in a piece of cardboard, or even a sheet of paper, then hold that over another cardboard or piece of paper. The sun will pass through the pinhole and project an image of itself, giving you a safe way to watch the eclipse. (Do not look through the pinhole at the sun.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even more basic than that, you can create a pinhole projector with your hands by simply overlapping the fingers of one hand on top of the other – creating a waffle pattern – and allowing the sun to pass through the holes between your fingers and make a projection on the ground. Or if you’re in area with trees, look for the projected images of the sun on the ground as it passes through the spaces between the leaves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today’s solar event is the last in our eclipse season this year. The next event will be a lunar eclipse in April. The next solar eclipse won’t happen until August 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Eclipse-Watching Events in the Bay Area\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>San Francisco\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\"> California Academy of Sciences and Morrison Planetarium\u003c/a> will host a viewing from 1:30 to 4:30 p.m. on their living roof (weather permitting), with planetarium staff on hand. Rain or shine, the eclipse will also be broadcast via internet feed inside the museum. Museum admission fees apply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco State University faculty and students will offer \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfsu.edu/~sfsumap/southeast.htm\">eclipse viewing in the plaza\u003c/a> at the south entrance to Thornton Hall, from 1:52 to 4:32 in the afternoon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>East Bay\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.lawrencehallofscience.org/visit/events/partial_solar_eclipse_2014\">The Lawrence Hall of Science\u003c/a> is hosting an event for museum guests from 1:30 to 4:30 p.m. that includes observations through solar telescopes, a Q&A in the planetarium, and model demonstrations. Eclipse-viewing glasses are also available for purchase in the store.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/eclipses.htm\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> will have astronomy experts and special eclipse viewers on the observation deck to help people view the eclipse safely. Included with museum admission or $15 for the viewing party only.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://msnucleus.org/events/events.html\">Children’s Natural History Museum\u003c/a> in Fremont will have telescopes for viewing the eclipse from 2 to 4:00 in the afternooon. In case of rain or clouds, the museum will also have a video feed of the eclipse inside the museum, along with solar system demonstrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mt. Diablo Astronomical Society will host an \u003ca href=\"https://nightsky.jpl.nasa.gov/event-view.cfm?Event_ID=60250\">eclipse viewing party\u003c/a> from 2 to 4:30 p.m. at Lindsay Wildlife Museum in Walnut Creek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>South Bay\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.foothill.edu/ast/fhobs.php\">Foothill College Observatory\u003c/a> will be open from 2 to 4:30 for an eclipse party. Parking costs $3.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.collegeofsanmateo.edu/calendar/events/index.php?com=detail&eID=13749\">College of San Mateo Observatory\u003c/a> will have several solar telescopes available in the observatory from 1:45 to 4:30 p.m., including one that people can use to take pictures of the eclipse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Members of the San Mateo County Astronomical Society will provide telescopes, viewing aids and information from 2 to 5 p.m. at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.smcas.com/\">San Carlos Library\u003c/a>. The many perforations in the library dome will also cast beautiful images of the eclipsed sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.sjaa.net/directions/\">San Jose Astronomical Association\u003c/a> will hold an eclipse party for the public from 1 to 4 p.m. at Houge Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>North Bay\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sonoma State University is hosting a \u003ca href=\"http://www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu/publicviewingnight.shtml\">public viewing\u003c/a> from 1:45 to 4:30 p.m. at the campus observatory and a track and field nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://rfo.org/\">Robert Ferguson Observatory\u003c/a> will be open from 1 to 4:30 p.m. for observing the eclipse. Parking is $8.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Thanks to Professor Andrew Fraknoi, Foothill College, for this list of eclipse viewing parties.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "A First: Drought Tops List of Californians' Worries",
"headTitle": "A First: Drought Tops List of Californians’ Worries | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22926\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1698px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/iStock_000006541724_Medium.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22926\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/iStock_000006541724_Medium.jpg\" alt=\"(iStock/Getty Images)\" width=\"1698\" height=\"1131\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(iStock/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The drought has moved to the top of Californians’ worry list. And that’s a first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked to name the “most important issue” facing the state, 26 percent of respondents to a statewide survey earlier this month said “water” and “drought.” That’s a statistical tie with those who said “jobs” and “the economy” (29 percent), the first time that’s happened since 1998, when the \u003ca title=\"PPIC - main\" href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/home.asp\">Public Policy Institute of California\u003c/a> started asking the question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s an incredible number,” says Mark Baldassare, who directs the poll. And he says he thinks it’s more than a fleeting response to the crisis of the moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘I think there’s a fundamental shift going on.”\u003ccite>— Mark Baldassare, PPIC\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It’s been the duration of this [three-year] drought and the fact that it’s affected every corner of the state, that’s made people realize that it’s not a short-term issue; it’s a long-term issue,” he says. “I think there’s a fundamental shift going on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Baldassare says the water issue had been “nowhere” on residents’ radar in most previous polls. Just 7 percent of respondents mentioned it as recently as January of this year, before creeping up to 24 percent in September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason the spike surprised Baldassare was that optimism about the economy hasn’t improved that much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not as if people feel that one problem has been resolved and they’ve replaced it with something else,” he observed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another bit of perspective: fully half of those polled say they’re following news of the drought “very closely.” Baldassare says that’s far more than are closely tracking the upcoming election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The heightened angst over the drought and water supplies is also likely driving support for \u003ca title=\"Ballotpedia - Prop 1\" href=\"http://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_1,_Water_Bond_%282014%29\">Proposition 1\u003c/a>, the $7 billion bond measure \u003ca title=\"CWF - water bond\" href=\"http://waterforthelonghaul.com/local-impact-interest/\">to fund water projects\u003c/a> around the state. In the latest PPIC poll, 56 percent of likely voters said they were inclined to vote “yes” on the measure. Perhaps more significantly, only 32 percent said they would vote “no.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An “overwhelming majority” of 72 percent saw the state’s water supply as a “big problem.” Both coastal and inland residents were equally concerned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a state issue, it’s a regional issue, it’s a local issue,” says Baldasare.” It’s an in-your-house and in-your backyard issue for Californians, too.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The PPIC poll has a margin of error of plus-or-minus 3.5 percentage points, which makes it a statistical tie between “drought, water” and “jobs, economy” in the survey. Here’s how the main question was posed and how the answers have changed in less than a year’s time:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>First, thinking about the state as a whole, what do you think is the most important issue facing people in California today?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">October 2014\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n29% jobs, economy\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>26% water, drought\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n6% education, schools, teachers\u003cbr>\n4% crime, gangs, drugs\u003cbr>\n4% health care, health reform, Obamacare\u003cbr>\n4% immigration, illegal immigration\u003cbr>\n4% state budget, deficit, taxes\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">January 2014\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n26% jobs, economy\u003cbr>\n13% education, schools, teachers\u003cbr>\n10% state budget, deficit, taxes\u003cbr>\n9% immigration, illegal immigration\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong> 7% water, drought\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22926\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1698px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/iStock_000006541724_Medium.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22926\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/iStock_000006541724_Medium.jpg\" alt=\"(iStock/Getty Images)\" width=\"1698\" height=\"1131\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(iStock/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The drought has moved to the top of Californians’ worry list. And that’s a first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked to name the “most important issue” facing the state, 26 percent of respondents to a statewide survey earlier this month said “water” and “drought.” That’s a statistical tie with those who said “jobs” and “the economy” (29 percent), the first time that’s happened since 1998, when the \u003ca title=\"PPIC - main\" href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/home.asp\">Public Policy Institute of California\u003c/a> started asking the question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s an incredible number,” says Mark Baldassare, who directs the poll. And he says he thinks it’s more than a fleeting response to the crisis of the moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘I think there’s a fundamental shift going on.”\u003ccite>— Mark Baldassare, PPIC\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It’s been the duration of this [three-year] drought and the fact that it’s affected every corner of the state, that’s made people realize that it’s not a short-term issue; it’s a long-term issue,” he says. “I think there’s a fundamental shift going on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Baldassare says the water issue had been “nowhere” on residents’ radar in most previous polls. Just 7 percent of respondents mentioned it as recently as January of this year, before creeping up to 24 percent in September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason the spike surprised Baldassare was that optimism about the economy hasn’t improved that much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not as if people feel that one problem has been resolved and they’ve replaced it with something else,” he observed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another bit of perspective: fully half of those polled say they’re following news of the drought “very closely.” Baldassare says that’s far more than are closely tracking the upcoming election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The heightened angst over the drought and water supplies is also likely driving support for \u003ca title=\"Ballotpedia - Prop 1\" href=\"http://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_1,_Water_Bond_%282014%29\">Proposition 1\u003c/a>, the $7 billion bond measure \u003ca title=\"CWF - water bond\" href=\"http://waterforthelonghaul.com/local-impact-interest/\">to fund water projects\u003c/a> around the state. In the latest PPIC poll, 56 percent of likely voters said they were inclined to vote “yes” on the measure. Perhaps more significantly, only 32 percent said they would vote “no.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An “overwhelming majority” of 72 percent saw the state’s water supply as a “big problem.” Both coastal and inland residents were equally concerned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a state issue, it’s a regional issue, it’s a local issue,” says Baldasare.” It’s an in-your-house and in-your backyard issue for Californians, too.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The PPIC poll has a margin of error of plus-or-minus 3.5 percentage points, which makes it a statistical tie between “drought, water” and “jobs, economy” in the survey. Here’s how the main question was posed and how the answers have changed in less than a year’s time:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>First, thinking about the state as a whole, what do you think is the most important issue facing people in California today?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">October 2014\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n29% jobs, economy\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>26% water, drought\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n6% education, schools, teachers\u003cbr>\n4% crime, gangs, drugs\u003cbr>\n4% health care, health reform, Obamacare\u003cbr>\n4% immigration, illegal immigration\u003cbr>\n4% state budget, deficit, taxes\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">January 2014\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n26% jobs, economy\u003cbr>\n13% education, schools, teachers\u003cbr>\n10% state budget, deficit, taxes\u003cbr>\n9% immigration, illegal immigration\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong> 7% water, drought\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "As More Crude Oil Rolls In, a Push for Better Track Inspection",
"headTitle": "As More Crude Oil Rolls In, a Push for Better Track Inspection | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Mina Kim and Molly Samuel\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6942\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/train.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/train.jpg\" alt=\"Union Pacific owns the tracks that would deliver crude oil to the Valero refinery in Benicia. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6942\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Union Pacific owns the tracks that would deliver crude oil to the Valero refinery in Benicia. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Shipments of crude oil by rail are \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/08/28/oil-transport-by-train-continues-to-climb/\">expected to increase\u003c/a> in the Bay Area and the rest of the state in the near future. BNSF Railways is already transporting crude oil into Richmond, including the kind of oil that exploded from a derailment and killed 47 people in a Quebec town last year. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to concerns about the risks of crude by rail, the state’s other large rail company, Union Pacific, began to boost its rail inspection program by dispatching vehicles with lasers that can find tiny track imperfections, as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/local/transportation/article3076881.htmlhttp://www.sacbee.com/news/local/transportation/article3076881.html\">\u003cem>Sacramento Bee\u003c/em> reports\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\nThe new cars will patrol the main mountain routes into the state, Union Pacific officials said. Northern California sites will include Donner Pass, the Feather River Canyon and grades outside Dunsmuir. The state has designated all those areas high hazards for derailments.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The Bee’s Tony Bizjack spoke with Mina Kim about the program, which began last month. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/173089406&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bizjack explained that Union Pacific is particularly worried about California’s mountain passes because they’re considered more high-hazard areas, “often because they’re curving, they’re on slopes, and they have to deal with more extreme weather,” he said. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”WIhJP6RIWboEN1nBaj7bwKRNUAAOPJ3p”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bizjak rode on one of the track inspection vehicles. He said they’re equipped with ultrasound to look into the rails to find weaknesses and lasers to measure variations in rail height and alignment. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last five years, Union Pacific has had about 180 derailments in California, Bizjack said. “Derailments are surprisingly frequent, but generally very minor,” he said. “Most of those derailments, however, the train cars ended up standing up, not falling over.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half of all derailments are caused by track problems, said Bizjack. Others are caused by human and equipments errors. “So tracks are important, that’s sort of the front-line of defense — \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/PUC/safety/rail/\">PUC\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.fra.dot.gov/Page/P0001\">FRA\u003c/a> think — in reducing the chance these new crude oil shipments can derail, explode.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Union Pacific is not yet bringing volatile Bakken crude to California. But there are plans in the works for Union Pacific to bring crude oil both to and through the Bay Area, Bizjak explains. A project at the Valero refinery in Benicia would bring two 50-car trains a day through Sacramento and along the I-80 corridor. Another proposal in Santa Maria, by Phillips 66, would bring trains through Sacramento, the East Bay, San Jose and down the coast. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you ask anybody in the Office of Emergency Services here in California, or first responders, fire departments, there is a real level of concern about the safety with more crude oil coming in,” Bizjak said. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Mina Kim and Molly Samuel\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6942\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/train.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/train.jpg\" alt=\"Union Pacific owns the tracks that would deliver crude oil to the Valero refinery in Benicia. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6942\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Union Pacific owns the tracks that would deliver crude oil to the Valero refinery in Benicia. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Shipments of crude oil by rail are \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/08/28/oil-transport-by-train-continues-to-climb/\">expected to increase\u003c/a> in the Bay Area and the rest of the state in the near future. BNSF Railways is already transporting crude oil into Richmond, including the kind of oil that exploded from a derailment and killed 47 people in a Quebec town last year. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to concerns about the risks of crude by rail, the state’s other large rail company, Union Pacific, began to boost its rail inspection program by dispatching vehicles with lasers that can find tiny track imperfections, as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/local/transportation/article3076881.htmlhttp://www.sacbee.com/news/local/transportation/article3076881.html\">\u003cem>Sacramento Bee\u003c/em> reports\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\nThe new cars will patrol the main mountain routes into the state, Union Pacific officials said. Northern California sites will include Donner Pass, the Feather River Canyon and grades outside Dunsmuir. The state has designated all those areas high hazards for derailments.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The Bee’s Tony Bizjack spoke with Mina Kim about the program, which began last month. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/173089406&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bizjack explained that Union Pacific is particularly worried about California’s mountain passes because they’re considered more high-hazard areas, “often because they’re curving, they’re on slopes, and they have to deal with more extreme weather,” he said. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bizjak rode on one of the track inspection vehicles. He said they’re equipped with ultrasound to look into the rails to find weaknesses and lasers to measure variations in rail height and alignment. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last five years, Union Pacific has had about 180 derailments in California, Bizjack said. “Derailments are surprisingly frequent, but generally very minor,” he said. “Most of those derailments, however, the train cars ended up standing up, not falling over.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half of all derailments are caused by track problems, said Bizjack. Others are caused by human and equipments errors. “So tracks are important, that’s sort of the front-line of defense — \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/PUC/safety/rail/\">PUC\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.fra.dot.gov/Page/P0001\">FRA\u003c/a> think — in reducing the chance these new crude oil shipments can derail, explode.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Union Pacific is not yet bringing volatile Bakken crude to California. But there are plans in the works for Union Pacific to bring crude oil both to and through the Bay Area, Bizjak explains. A project at the Valero refinery in Benicia would bring two 50-car trains a day through Sacramento and along the I-80 corridor. Another proposal in Santa Maria, by Phillips 66, would bring trains through Sacramento, the East Bay, San Jose and down the coast. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you ask anybody in the Office of Emergency Services here in California, or first responders, fire departments, there is a real level of concern about the safety with more crude oil coming in,” Bizjak said. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"radiolab": {
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},
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"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
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"tagline": "Real stories with killer beats",
"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
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"soldout": {
"id": "soldout",
"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
"info": "Sold Out: Rethinking Housing in America",
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"description": "[caption id=\"attachment_13657\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"351\"] Just over 2,000 wells have been fracked in California, according to industry data. (Craig Miller/KQED)[/caption] Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, has been used for more than 30 years in California, but it’s attracting attention and scrutiny because of renewed interest in the state’s large oil reserve, known as the Monterey Shale. In California, fracking is done mainly for oil, while in other states with recent fracking booms, like Pennsylvania and Texas, it’s used largely for natural gas. What is it? Fracking is just one phase of the process used to bring an oil or gas well into production. The technique is used to release oil from rocks deep underground. Water, mixed with sand and chemicals, is injected down the well bore at high pressure to create tiny fractures in the rock. According to the oil industry, more than 2,000 wells have been fracked in the state. Concerns Environmental groups have called for a moratorium on fracking until the state does a comprehensive review of potential impacts on both water and air quality. A chief concern is the chemicals used, some of which are carcinogens, and potential contamination of groundwater. Fracking also uses large volumes of freshwater. Industry sources say it uses less freshwater in California than is used in other states and no cases of groundwater contamination have been found. Where it Stands In November 2013, state regulators released draft rules for fracking that are now expected to go into effect in July 2015. They followed passage of SB 4, a bill signed by Governor Jerry Brown, that spelled out what the regulations should cover. Under the rules, oil and gas operators would be required to apply for a permit prior to fracking a well, and to provide written notice to nearby landowners. Operators would have to disclose what chemicals they use, but not the specific concentrations if they consider those a trade secret. State water regulators are also developing a groundwater monitoring program. The regulations are expected to be finalized by the end of 2014.",
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