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"content": "\u003cp>The skin lesions are the first sign that something is wrong. Then limbs fall off and the body disintegrates, collapsing in on itself as it liquefies. In the end, what was once a sea star is only a puddle on the ocean floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2013, sea star wasting disease has killed so many starfish along the \u003ca href=\"http://data.piscoweb.org/marine1/seastardisease.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pacific Coast\u003c/a> that scientists say it’s the largest disease epidemic ever observed in wild marine animals. Where there used to be dozens of stars, scuba divers now report seeing none.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while the epidemic itself is a naturally occurring (if particularly devastating) phenomenon, newly published research suggests that climate change may have exacerbated the disease’s deadliness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we think is that the warm water anomalies made these starfish more susceptible to the disease that was already out there,” says Joe Gaydos, the science director at the University of California, Davis’ SeaDoc Society and one author of a \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/1/eaau7042\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> out Wednesday in the journal \u003cem>Science Advances\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and co-authors analyzed data collected by scuba divers and found that divers were less likely to see living sea stars when the water temperatures were abnormally high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To think that warmer water temperature itself can cause animals to get disease quicker, or make them more susceptible, it’s kind of a like a one-two punch,” Gaydos says. “It’s a little nerve-wracking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937469\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1937469\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/photo-1_harvell1hr-ef295009b2b670f41c915dba1b986c6efa5f6a24-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/photo-1_harvell1hr-ef295009b2b670f41c915dba1b986c6efa5f6a24-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/photo-1_harvell1hr-ef295009b2b670f41c915dba1b986c6efa5f6a24-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/photo-1_harvell1hr-ef295009b2b670f41c915dba1b986c6efa5f6a24-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/photo-1_harvell1hr-ef295009b2b670f41c915dba1b986c6efa5f6a24-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/photo-1_harvell1hr-ef295009b2b670f41c915dba1b986c6efa5f6a24-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/photo-1_harvell1hr-ef295009b2b670f41c915dba1b986c6efa5f6a24-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A dying sunflower star afflicted with sea star wasting disease. \u003ccite>(Ed Gullekson/Science Advances)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Worldwide, sea surface temperatures have been \u003ca href=\"https://cpo.noaa.gov/warmingworld/sea_surface_temperature.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">steadily rising\u003c/a> as the Earth warms due to human-caused climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study did not examine why warmer water might make sea stars more susceptible to disease. The authors hypothesize that the animals’ relatively simple immune systems might be weaker when sea stars get hot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the same scuba diver survey data also confirm a previous finding: that the mass die-off of sea stars is triggering a cascade of other ecosystem changes. The sea urchins that starfish usually eat are proliferating with abandon. Whole rocks that were once covered in sea stars are now covered in urchins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The urchins eat kelp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We see these big urchin barrens where the urchins have gone through and eaten all the kelp,” Gaydos says. Kelp forests, like tree forests, are a place lots of different species to live and feed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have higher biodiversity when we have more kelp. So it’s setting off a cascade,” he adds. “If you looked on land, it would almost be akin to clear-cutting a forest.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear whether sea star populations will recover en mass in the coming years. Research published last year \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/content/115/27/7069\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">suggested\u003c/a> that some sea stars might be capable of surviving the disease, offering hope that the animals will bounce back over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The skin lesions are the first sign that something is wrong. Then limbs fall off and the body disintegrates, collapsing in on itself as it liquefies. In the end, what was once a sea star is only a puddle on the ocean floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2013, sea star wasting disease has killed so many starfish along the \u003ca href=\"http://data.piscoweb.org/marine1/seastardisease.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pacific Coast\u003c/a> that scientists say it’s the largest disease epidemic ever observed in wild marine animals. Where there used to be dozens of stars, scuba divers now report seeing none.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while the epidemic itself is a naturally occurring (if particularly devastating) phenomenon, newly published research suggests that climate change may have exacerbated the disease’s deadliness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we think is that the warm water anomalies made these starfish more susceptible to the disease that was already out there,” says Joe Gaydos, the science director at the University of California, Davis’ SeaDoc Society and one author of a \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/1/eaau7042\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> out Wednesday in the journal \u003cem>Science Advances\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and co-authors analyzed data collected by scuba divers and found that divers were less likely to see living sea stars when the water temperatures were abnormally high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To think that warmer water temperature itself can cause animals to get disease quicker, or make them more susceptible, it’s kind of a like a one-two punch,” Gaydos says. “It’s a little nerve-wracking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937469\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1937469\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/photo-1_harvell1hr-ef295009b2b670f41c915dba1b986c6efa5f6a24-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/photo-1_harvell1hr-ef295009b2b670f41c915dba1b986c6efa5f6a24-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/photo-1_harvell1hr-ef295009b2b670f41c915dba1b986c6efa5f6a24-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/photo-1_harvell1hr-ef295009b2b670f41c915dba1b986c6efa5f6a24-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/photo-1_harvell1hr-ef295009b2b670f41c915dba1b986c6efa5f6a24-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/photo-1_harvell1hr-ef295009b2b670f41c915dba1b986c6efa5f6a24-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/photo-1_harvell1hr-ef295009b2b670f41c915dba1b986c6efa5f6a24-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A dying sunflower star afflicted with sea star wasting disease. \u003ccite>(Ed Gullekson/Science Advances)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Worldwide, sea surface temperatures have been \u003ca href=\"https://cpo.noaa.gov/warmingworld/sea_surface_temperature.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">steadily rising\u003c/a> as the Earth warms due to human-caused climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study did not examine why warmer water might make sea stars more susceptible to disease. The authors hypothesize that the animals’ relatively simple immune systems might be weaker when sea stars get hot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the same scuba diver survey data also confirm a previous finding: that the mass die-off of sea stars is triggering a cascade of other ecosystem changes. The sea urchins that starfish usually eat are proliferating with abandon. Whole rocks that were once covered in sea stars are now covered in urchins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The urchins eat kelp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We see these big urchin barrens where the urchins have gone through and eaten all the kelp,” Gaydos says. Kelp forests, like tree forests, are a place lots of different species to live and feed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have higher biodiversity when we have more kelp. So it’s setting off a cascade,” he adds. “If you looked on land, it would almost be akin to clear-cutting a forest.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear whether sea star populations will recover en mass in the coming years. Research published last year \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/content/115/27/7069\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">suggested\u003c/a> that some sea stars might be capable of surviving the disease, offering hope that the animals will bounce back over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California’s Big Climate Plans Could Be in Hands of PG&E Bankruptcy Judge",
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"content": "\u003cp>Bankruptcy lawyers began hashing out the future of PG&E in court this week, but the battle over billions of dollars in renewable energy power is already well underway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar and wind companies, concerned that PG&E will be paying them less or even nothing in the future, have launched a preemptive strike, asking federal regulators to step in to protect their deals with PG&E.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E is one of the largest buyers of renewable energy in the country, driven by \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930972/why-100-percent-clean-energy-in-california-is-gonna-be-tricky\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the ambitious climate change goals\u003c/a> California has adopted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2002, the state passed a law requiring utilities to get 20 percent of their electricity from sources like solar and wind. Last year\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> the state put utilities on the hook for \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930972/why-100-percent-clean-energy-in-california-is-gonna-be-tricky\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">100 percent clean energy\u003c/a> by 2045.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve made them our essential clean energy partners,” says Ralph Cavanagh, an attorney with the Natural Resources Defense Council. “A federal bankruptcy judge has the ability to disrupt that in many ways.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In bankruptcy proceedings, the judge takes stock of all the debts a company has and then determines how its limited funds are paid out. One possibility is either reducing or rejecting some of the almost 300 renewable energy contracts on PG&E’s books.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Suddenly those are at risk,” says Cavanagh. “That’s causing consternation across the renewable energy sector, understandably.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of PG&E’s solar contracts date back more than a decade, when the technology was relatively expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The contracts that PG&E signed were some of the richest and highest price contracts we’ve seen for clean energy to date in the U.S.,” says Ethan Zindler, an analyst with Bloomberg New Energy Finance. “The price of renewables has dropped really dramatically since when they signed these contracts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its bankruptcy filing, PG&E claims some of the credit for helping renewable energy come of age, saying its contracts “contributed to significant price reductions for renewable energy resources currently available in the market.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But PG&E is still paying out those contracts, which can last 15 to 20 years. The bankruptcy judge could potentially seek to change their terms or prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It could undermine confidence in California as a clean energy market going forward,” says Zindler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already, several renewable energy projects have seen their credit ratings downgraded because of their contracts with PG&E, including NextEra Energy’s Genesis Solar Energy Project, located in the Mojave Desert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an earning’s call last week, NextEra sought to reassure investors its PG&E contracts wouldn’t impact its bottom line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even if all of that cash is trapped, we expect to be able to meet our financial expectations,” said NextEra CFO John Ketchum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the company went on the offense, too. It asked federal regulators at the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission to get involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Obviously, we are not going to sit on our heels,” said Ketchum. “We’re going to pursue all avenues.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FERC oversees power contracts across state lines, and on Friday it asserted it has a role to play, writing, “this Commission and the bankruptcy courts have concurrent jurisdiction to review and address the disposition of wholesale power contracts sought to be rejected through bankruptcy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E responded by asking the bankruptcy court to declare its exclusive jurisdiction, to prevent “irreparable harm” to PG&E.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s going to be the jurisdictional fight,” says Catharine Sandoval, law professor at Santa Clara University and a former state energy regulator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other utility cases, “this has been a tussle that’s been playing out in bankruptcy courts all over the nation,” she says. Some bankruptcy courts have decided to leave power contracts alone, while others have amended them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sandoval expects to see California also enter the jurisdictional battle in order to protect its renewable energy goals. Achieving them would be unlikely without the full participation of the state’s biggest utility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They might argue: ‘Wait, judge, we have adopted in California a number of laws regarding environmental protection. And the bankruptcy law gives you no authority to displace that,’” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If PG&E’s last bankruptcy is any guide, a judge may decide to preserve the environmental programs. In 2001, PG&E’s energy efficiency spending was left untouched.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s not automatic,” cautions Cavanagh. “With a limited amount of money available to pay claims, nothing is certain, and that’s one of the reasons you want to stay out of bankruptcy proceedings. Everyone loses.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Bankruptcy lawyers began hashing out the future of PG&E in court this week, but the battle over billions of dollars in renewable energy power is already well underway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar and wind companies, concerned that PG&E will be paying them less or even nothing in the future, have launched a preemptive strike, asking federal regulators to step in to protect their deals with PG&E.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E is one of the largest buyers of renewable energy in the country, driven by \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930972/why-100-percent-clean-energy-in-california-is-gonna-be-tricky\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the ambitious climate change goals\u003c/a> California has adopted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2002, the state passed a law requiring utilities to get 20 percent of their electricity from sources like solar and wind. Last year\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> the state put utilities on the hook for \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930972/why-100-percent-clean-energy-in-california-is-gonna-be-tricky\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">100 percent clean energy\u003c/a> by 2045.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve made them our essential clean energy partners,” says Ralph Cavanagh, an attorney with the Natural Resources Defense Council. “A federal bankruptcy judge has the ability to disrupt that in many ways.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In bankruptcy proceedings, the judge takes stock of all the debts a company has and then determines how its limited funds are paid out. One possibility is either reducing or rejecting some of the almost 300 renewable energy contracts on PG&E’s books.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Suddenly those are at risk,” says Cavanagh. “That’s causing consternation across the renewable energy sector, understandably.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of PG&E’s solar contracts date back more than a decade, when the technology was relatively expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The contracts that PG&E signed were some of the richest and highest price contracts we’ve seen for clean energy to date in the U.S.,” says Ethan Zindler, an analyst with Bloomberg New Energy Finance. “The price of renewables has dropped really dramatically since when they signed these contracts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its bankruptcy filing, PG&E claims some of the credit for helping renewable energy come of age, saying its contracts “contributed to significant price reductions for renewable energy resources currently available in the market.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But PG&E is still paying out those contracts, which can last 15 to 20 years. The bankruptcy judge could potentially seek to change their terms or prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It could undermine confidence in California as a clean energy market going forward,” says Zindler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already, several renewable energy projects have seen their credit ratings downgraded because of their contracts with PG&E, including NextEra Energy’s Genesis Solar Energy Project, located in the Mojave Desert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an earning’s call last week, NextEra sought to reassure investors its PG&E contracts wouldn’t impact its bottom line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even if all of that cash is trapped, we expect to be able to meet our financial expectations,” said NextEra CFO John Ketchum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the company went on the offense, too. It asked federal regulators at the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission to get involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Obviously, we are not going to sit on our heels,” said Ketchum. “We’re going to pursue all avenues.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FERC oversees power contracts across state lines, and on Friday it asserted it has a role to play, writing, “this Commission and the bankruptcy courts have concurrent jurisdiction to review and address the disposition of wholesale power contracts sought to be rejected through bankruptcy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E responded by asking the bankruptcy court to declare its exclusive jurisdiction, to prevent “irreparable harm” to PG&E.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s going to be the jurisdictional fight,” says Catharine Sandoval, law professor at Santa Clara University and a former state energy regulator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other utility cases, “this has been a tussle that’s been playing out in bankruptcy courts all over the nation,” she says. Some bankruptcy courts have decided to leave power contracts alone, while others have amended them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sandoval expects to see California also enter the jurisdictional battle in order to protect its renewable energy goals. Achieving them would be unlikely without the full participation of the state’s biggest utility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They might argue: ‘Wait, judge, we have adopted in California a number of laws regarding environmental protection. And the bankruptcy law gives you no authority to displace that,’” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If PG&E’s last bankruptcy is any guide, a judge may decide to preserve the environmental programs. In 2001, PG&E’s energy efficiency spending was left untouched.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s not automatic,” cautions Cavanagh. “With a limited amount of money available to pay claims, nothing is certain, and that’s one of the reasons you want to stay out of bankruptcy proceedings. Everyone loses.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Why We Can't Stop Talking About California’s Sierra Snowpack",
"headTitle": "Why We Can’t Stop Talking About California’s Sierra Snowpack | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>It’s not just skiers who have been whipsawed this season between fear of another dry winter and delight over the epic January snowfall in the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also paying close attention: water wonks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why? Because melting Sierra snow provides somewhere between one-third and one-half of California’s \u003ca href=\"https://sierranevada.ca.gov/ca-primary-watershed/\">water supply\u003c/a>. What determines just how much water is derived from that snow is called the “snowpack.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of this week, water stored in accumulated Sierra snows was running just about average for late January, and amounted to about 60 percent of the average on April 1, when the snowpack is typically at its peak for the year. “Average” is good news compared to where things stood less than a month ago, when the snowpack was only about two-thirds of the early-January average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can really make up a lot of ground if we just have a couple of kind of heavy-hitting storms,” says Ben Hatchett, a snow watcher at the Desert Research Institute in Nevada. “And we sure did, and the people rejoiced — both at the ski resorts and hopefully at the water management and other agencies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So What’s the Snowpack?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The term snowpack refers to the amount of snow on the ground at a given time. When scientists measure snowpack, they’re typically concerned with the Snow Water Equivalent (also known as Snow Water Content). The Snow Water Equivalent is how much water, measured as depth in inches\u003cstrong>, \u003c/strong>would be produced by melting the snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">Melting Sierra snow provides somewhere between one-third and one-half of California’s water supply.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Thus, the Snow Water Equivalent, or SWE, takes into account a particular snow’s density, and it can vary widely: Colorado’s powder may be luxurious for skiers, but because it’s less dense it contains less water. Meanwhile, the snow that skiers call “\u003ca href=\"https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=sierra%20cement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierra cement\u003c/a>” is much denser and thus full of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Water Resources and other organizations monitor the snowpack by conducting monthly \u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/Programs/Flood-Management/Flood-Data/Snow-Surveys\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">snow surveys\u003c/a>, which help inform projections of the state’s \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/reportapp/javareports?name=WSI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">water supply\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>In this video, KQED Science Editor Craig Miller ventures into the Sierra with veteran state surveyor \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1936327/californias-snow-guru-on-advances-in-snowpack-tech-and-the-future-of-california-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Frank Gerhke\u003c/a>, to see how traditional manual snow surveys are taken.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xojdkhJwZxY\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Timing: It’s Everything\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Merced hydrology professor Rogers Bales has been studying the Sierra Nevada snowpack for roughly three decades. He says the importance of the snowpack comes down to its functioning as storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most of California’s precipitation comes during the cold, wet season when the crops and forests don’t need as much water,” Bales explains. He notes that farmers use \u003ca href=\"https://www.ppic.org/publication/water-use-in-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">80 percent of the state’s water supply\u003c/a>. “[They] need a lot of water in the summer, when there’s very little or no precipitation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s where the snow comes in. Its natural ability to store water is why the Sierra snowpack is often referred to as California’s “frozen reservoir.” As spring sets in, the snowpack begins to melt. Water that’s not absorbed into the ground, called“runoff,” trickles into mountain streams, which feed rivers and eventually aqueducts and reservoirs, where it can be stored for use throughout the dry season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So timing is everything when it comes to the melting of the snowpack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want the runoff to be as late as possible, as close to when we need it as possible,” Bales says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Typically, that runoff begins in April, and in wet years, it can continue to flow through August, according to Bales. But in years with less precipitation, and therefore less accumulation of snow, the runoff can wind down as early as May. That leaves farmers with less reserves for those dry summer months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another concern, Bales says, is runoff that comes too early, triggered by warmer temperatures and rains over the mountains during winter months. Runoff occurring before April has the potential to cause flooding downstream. In February 2017, storms caused the equivalent of a full season’s runoff in the Feather River watershed to pour into Oroville Reservoir, in Butte County. Ultimately, attempts to release huge volumes of water through Oroville Dam caused both the main and emergency spillways to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/oroville-dam\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">collapse\u003c/a>, forcing evacuation orders for 100,000 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937431\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1937431\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Before and after the snowstorms: satellite images of Sequoia on Jan. 4, 2019 and Jan 23, 2019, after the Sierra Nevada was pummeled with snow. \u003ccite>(Couresty \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\">Planet\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Future: Warming Temperatures Mean a Smaller Snowpack\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The warming climate is already shrinking California’s “frozen reservoir.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over time, temperatures in the mountains are rising, leading to more “rain-on-snow” events, when warming temperatures cause it to rain where there’s already snow on the ground. That accelerates the melt, which produces runoff that’s out of sync with California’s seasonal water needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The accepted rule of thumb, according to Bales, is that for every two degrees Celsius (3.6 F) of increased surface temperature, the snowline will rise 1,000 feet in elevation, which makes for a kind of double-whammy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re getting rain instead of snow,” says Bales, “and [the snow is] melting earlier.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not just speculation, according to Alan Rhoades, a climate modeler with Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. He says that climate change has already begun to impact the Sierra snowpack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have had roughly about a one-degree Celsius [1.3 F] increase over the last 50 years in the Western United States in terms of surface temperature.” Rhoades says. “And so the timing [of runoff] has been shifting earlier and earlier.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research conducted by Rhoades and colleagues published in \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2018GL080308\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Geophysical Research Letters\u003c/a> predicts that more than three-quarters of the snowpack in the Sierra Nevada could be gone by the close of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most of the \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-017-3606-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">climate modeling scenarios\u003c/a> that I’ve seen predict about a 30 to 60 percent decline by mid-century in average snowpack in winter months,” Rhoades says. “By the end of the century that\u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2018GL080308\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> ramps up\u003c/a> to about 70 to 80 percent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936832\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1936832\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-800x389.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"389\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-800x389.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-160x78.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-768x373.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-1020x496.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image.png 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-1180x573.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-960x466.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-240x117.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-375x182.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-520x253.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Climate models predict drastic reductions of snowpack in the Western U.S. by the end of the Century. Image from 4th National Climate Assessment. \u003ccite>(Hari Krishnan and Michael Wehner/Lawrence Berkeley National Lab)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But, Rhoades says, this forecast is not set in stone. His projections are based on a “high-emissions scenario” that contributes to surface warming. In other words, it assumes minimal progress in reducing warming emissions like carbon dioxide and methane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the flipside, if the world succeeds in making drastic cuts in climate emissions, the picture needn’t be so grim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The 2018-19 Season\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half California’s annual precipitation typically falls within three months, from December through February. After an eerily dry November — the first storms didn’t roll in until nearly Thanksgiving — the January storms have more than made up for lost time, with an \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1935067/rivers-in-the-sky-what-you-need-to-know-about-atmospheric-river-storms\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">atmospheric river storm\u003c/a> dropping several feet of snow on the Sierra and pushing the statewide snowpack to above normal: 103 percent of average, as measured on Jan. 17, versus just 67 percent on Jan. 3.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next snow survey is scheduled for Feb. 1. Despite the good season to date, water wonks and worriers will be keeping a close tab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "If Californians seem obsessed with the volume of snow in the Sierra, there's a good reason.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s not just skiers who have been whipsawed this season between fear of another dry winter and delight over the epic January snowfall in the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also paying close attention: water wonks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why? Because melting Sierra snow provides somewhere between one-third and one-half of California’s \u003ca href=\"https://sierranevada.ca.gov/ca-primary-watershed/\">water supply\u003c/a>. What determines just how much water is derived from that snow is called the “snowpack.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of this week, water stored in accumulated Sierra snows was running just about average for late January, and amounted to about 60 percent of the average on April 1, when the snowpack is typically at its peak for the year. “Average” is good news compared to where things stood less than a month ago, when the snowpack was only about two-thirds of the early-January average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can really make up a lot of ground if we just have a couple of kind of heavy-hitting storms,” says Ben Hatchett, a snow watcher at the Desert Research Institute in Nevada. “And we sure did, and the people rejoiced — both at the ski resorts and hopefully at the water management and other agencies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So What’s the Snowpack?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The term snowpack refers to the amount of snow on the ground at a given time. When scientists measure snowpack, they’re typically concerned with the Snow Water Equivalent (also known as Snow Water Content). The Snow Water Equivalent is how much water, measured as depth in inches\u003cstrong>, \u003c/strong>would be produced by melting the snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">Melting Sierra snow provides somewhere between one-third and one-half of California’s water supply.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Thus, the Snow Water Equivalent, or SWE, takes into account a particular snow’s density, and it can vary widely: Colorado’s powder may be luxurious for skiers, but because it’s less dense it contains less water. Meanwhile, the snow that skiers call “\u003ca href=\"https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=sierra%20cement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierra cement\u003c/a>” is much denser and thus full of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Water Resources and other organizations monitor the snowpack by conducting monthly \u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/Programs/Flood-Management/Flood-Data/Snow-Surveys\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">snow surveys\u003c/a>, which help inform projections of the state’s \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/reportapp/javareports?name=WSI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">water supply\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>In this video, KQED Science Editor Craig Miller ventures into the Sierra with veteran state surveyor \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1936327/californias-snow-guru-on-advances-in-snowpack-tech-and-the-future-of-california-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Frank Gerhke\u003c/a>, to see how traditional manual snow surveys are taken.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/xojdkhJwZxY'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/xojdkhJwZxY'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Timing: It’s Everything\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Merced hydrology professor Rogers Bales has been studying the Sierra Nevada snowpack for roughly three decades. He says the importance of the snowpack comes down to its functioning as storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most of California’s precipitation comes during the cold, wet season when the crops and forests don’t need as much water,” Bales explains. He notes that farmers use \u003ca href=\"https://www.ppic.org/publication/water-use-in-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">80 percent of the state’s water supply\u003c/a>. “[They] need a lot of water in the summer, when there’s very little or no precipitation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s where the snow comes in. Its natural ability to store water is why the Sierra snowpack is often referred to as California’s “frozen reservoir.” As spring sets in, the snowpack begins to melt. Water that’s not absorbed into the ground, called“runoff,” trickles into mountain streams, which feed rivers and eventually aqueducts and reservoirs, where it can be stored for use throughout the dry season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So timing is everything when it comes to the melting of the snowpack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want the runoff to be as late as possible, as close to when we need it as possible,” Bales says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Typically, that runoff begins in April, and in wet years, it can continue to flow through August, according to Bales. But in years with less precipitation, and therefore less accumulation of snow, the runoff can wind down as early as May. That leaves farmers with less reserves for those dry summer months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another concern, Bales says, is runoff that comes too early, triggered by warmer temperatures and rains over the mountains during winter months. Runoff occurring before April has the potential to cause flooding downstream. In February 2017, storms caused the equivalent of a full season’s runoff in the Feather River watershed to pour into Oroville Reservoir, in Butte County. Ultimately, attempts to release huge volumes of water through Oroville Dam caused both the main and emergency spillways to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/oroville-dam\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">collapse\u003c/a>, forcing evacuation orders for 100,000 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937431\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1937431\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Sequoia_190104_190123.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Before and after the snowstorms: satellite images of Sequoia on Jan. 4, 2019 and Jan 23, 2019, after the Sierra Nevada was pummeled with snow. \u003ccite>(Couresty \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\">Planet\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Future: Warming Temperatures Mean a Smaller Snowpack\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The warming climate is already shrinking California’s “frozen reservoir.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over time, temperatures in the mountains are rising, leading to more “rain-on-snow” events, when warming temperatures cause it to rain where there’s already snow on the ground. That accelerates the melt, which produces runoff that’s out of sync with California’s seasonal water needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The accepted rule of thumb, according to Bales, is that for every two degrees Celsius (3.6 F) of increased surface temperature, the snowline will rise 1,000 feet in elevation, which makes for a kind of double-whammy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re getting rain instead of snow,” says Bales, “and [the snow is] melting earlier.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not just speculation, according to Alan Rhoades, a climate modeler with Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. He says that climate change has already begun to impact the Sierra snowpack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have had roughly about a one-degree Celsius [1.3 F] increase over the last 50 years in the Western United States in terms of surface temperature.” Rhoades says. “And so the timing [of runoff] has been shifting earlier and earlier.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research conducted by Rhoades and colleagues published in \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2018GL080308\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Geophysical Research Letters\u003c/a> predicts that more than three-quarters of the snowpack in the Sierra Nevada could be gone by the close of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most of the \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-017-3606-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">climate modeling scenarios\u003c/a> that I’ve seen predict about a 30 to 60 percent decline by mid-century in average snowpack in winter months,” Rhoades says. “By the end of the century that\u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2018GL080308\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> ramps up\u003c/a> to about 70 to 80 percent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936832\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1936832\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-800x389.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"389\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-800x389.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-160x78.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-768x373.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-1020x496.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image.png 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-1180x573.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-960x466.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-240x117.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-375x182.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/image-520x253.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Climate models predict drastic reductions of snowpack in the Western U.S. by the end of the Century. Image from 4th National Climate Assessment. \u003ccite>(Hari Krishnan and Michael Wehner/Lawrence Berkeley National Lab)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But, Rhoades says, this forecast is not set in stone. His projections are based on a “high-emissions scenario” that contributes to surface warming. In other words, it assumes minimal progress in reducing warming emissions like carbon dioxide and methane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the flipside, if the world succeeds in making drastic cuts in climate emissions, the picture needn’t be so grim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The 2018-19 Season\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half California’s annual precipitation typically falls within three months, from December through February. After an eerily dry November — the first storms didn’t roll in until nearly Thanksgiving — the January storms have more than made up for lost time, with an \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1935067/rivers-in-the-sky-what-you-need-to-know-about-atmospheric-river-storms\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">atmospheric river storm\u003c/a> dropping several feet of snow on the Sierra and pushing the statewide snowpack to above normal: 103 percent of average, as measured on Jan. 17, versus just 67 percent on Jan. 3.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next snow survey is scheduled for Feb. 1. Despite the good season to date, water wonks and worriers will be keeping a close tab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update Feb. 1, 2019: \u003c/strong>Despite a last-minute frenzy of deal-making, the federal government announced that it will begin taking “protective actions” on the Colorado River, where a long-running drought has put the water supply for 40 million people at risk. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1937523/federal-government-steps-in-to-handle-colorado-river-drought-crisis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Read the story here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Original post\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Avoiding a long-expected crisis on the Colorado River, a water source for 40 million people, is coming down to a final few days of frenzied negotiations. A 19-year drought and decades of overuse have put a water shortfall on the horizon.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘These are the lowest reservoir levels in my lifetime. We are quickly running out of time.’\u003ccite>Brenda Burman, Bureau of Reclamation\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>If California and six other states, all with deeply entrenched interests, can’t agree on a plan to cut their water consumption by Jan. 31, the federal government says it will step in and decide the river’s future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Colorado River has been the object of some of the West’s most bruising water battles. If farmers, cities and water districts can agree to conserve water now, it would mark a new era of cooperation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, the Colorado supplies millions of people in San Diego and the Los Angeles area. Its water also shows up on dinner plates across the country. In winter, most leafy greens and lettuce in grocery stores are grown with it, in California’s Imperial Valley or across the border in Arizona.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, despite the high stakes, California and Arizona have yet to sign off on the plan. For California, it will take convincing one farming community to share water, even though their supply of the Colorado River is considered the most untouchable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climate Change is ‘Water Change’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The long-running drought in the Colorado River basin has brought everyone to the table, but it’s not the entire story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right']“Most droughts, it’s pretty obvious,” says Brad Udall, climate and water scientist at Colorado State University. “You get less snow or less rain, you see less water in the river. In this case, there was actually still pretty good precipitation and yet a horrible drought. So, it begs the question: All right, what’s going on here?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Udall and others found one answer came from the warming climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate change is water change,” he says. “You heat up the climate, you are going to get fundamental impacts to the water cycle. We’ve known this for almost 50 years now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A warmer atmosphere sucks up water, drawing it out of plants and soils. Udall says that means less runoff going into the river, potentially cutting its flow 20 percent by mid-century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It Doesn’t Add Up\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add to that, the Colorado River has a fundamental accounting problem. Seven states and Mexico rely on the river, but by longstanding agreement are entitled to more water than it delivers in most years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, many states didn’t use their entire share, something that largely benefited California, which was able to tap into the surplus. But now, demand on the river has grown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s led to falling water levels in Lake Mead, the biggest reservoir on the river (and largest man-made reservoir in the nation). Its level is close to the specified low point that would trigger the federal government to declare an official shortage of water on the river for the first time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are the lowest reservoir levels in my lifetime,” said Brenda Burman, Commissioner of the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, as she addressed water users in December. “We are quickly running out of time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, states on the river have been negotiating a water-sharing deal known as the “drought contingency plan.” Water users would conserve and cut back, so that Lake Mead’s surface wouldn’t sink to its trigger point of 1,075 feet above sea level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Negotiations have been slow-going. Some hoped a few wet winters would solve things. But with a shortfall in sight, the federal government turned up the heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937380\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1937380\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Powell-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Powell-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Powell-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Powell-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Powell-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Powell-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Powell.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Colorado River supplies 40 million people and grows most of the country’s winter salad. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I am here today to tell you all that we will act if needed to protect this basin,” Burman said last month. If there’s no deal by Jan. 31, the Bureau of Reclamation will start a process to make new rules to govern water on the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>States like Arizona and Nevada have the biggest incentive to make a deal. That’s because of the pecking order of who gets water first, known as the water rights system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the current system, if a shortage is declared in Lake Mead, Arizona and Nevada would be the first states required to cut back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the oldest water rights, California wouldn’t have to make any cuts, at least until the reservoir dropped so much that the whole system would have to be renegotiated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the proposed drought plan, California would cut back voluntarily to help keep water in Lake Mead. On a river where water rights have ruled, it marks a major moment of collaboration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some water users, like the Metropolitan Water District, a major supplier in Southern California, have largely supported the plan, seeing their fate tied to the future of the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the subsidiary pecking order within California, Metropolitan is at the bottom. It would have to cut back before others in the state with more senior rights — like the Imperial Irrigation District. That’s where the drought plan has been a tough sell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water’s For Fightin’ Over\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s extremely important that we have a reliable water source,” says Erik Ortega, president of the board of directors of the Imperial Irrigation District. “It’s the Colorado River, our only source.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Imperial Valley uses more Colorado River water than Arizona and Nevada combined, mostly for agriculture. It’s the dominant industry there, thanks to its year-round growing season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public meetings about the drought plan have turned contentious. Some raised another water-sharing deal from 2003, where tensions ran high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1164305\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1164305\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-800x466.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"466\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-800x466.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-160x93.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-768x447.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-1020x594.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-1920x1118.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-1180x687.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-960x559.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-240x140.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-375x218.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-520x303.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Imperial Valley produces about two-thirds of the nation’s vegetables in the winter, solely with Colorado River water. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Back then, California had been using more than its allocation from the river and was being forced to stick to the limit. San Diego’s proposed solution was to buy some of Imperial Valley’s water. Farmers would either fallow land or install more efficient irrigation equipment to free up that water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The irrigation district approved it, but by a very tight margin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was voted out of office over that vote,” recalls Bruce Kuhn, who was a board member of Imperial Irrigation District at the time. “I was the swing vote. I lost friends and I lost business associates over that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kuhn is now back on the board, with another water-sharing vote in front of him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we have to do some things,” says Kuhn, “as long as it’s not to our detriment, we stand ready to be good neighbors and do our part.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He hopes his friends will stay with him this time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One thing I will not lose this time: I will not lose customers,” Kuhn says of his former agricultural services company. “I sold my business a year ago.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board said it would support the Colorado River drought plan under a few conditions, including rights to store more water in Lake Mead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The largest sticking point is the Salton Sea, a vast inland lake that was created in 1905 by a breached levee. The lake bed has been drying up, creating dust and air quality problems for the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is an ecological disaster at this point, and it needs to be addressed,” says Ortega.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to approve the drought plan, the irrigation district wants to ensure that millions of dollars in Salton Sea restoration funding is approved. The federal Farm Bill, passed in December, had language supporting that, but the district says it’s still looking into how to get that funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Imperial board said it won’t vote to implement the drought plan until that happens. Arizona is also debating how to cut water there, with some farm groups opposing the cutbacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re very hopeful it will be resolved by the 31st,” says Ortega, “but I don’t know if that’s realistic at this point.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "If California and six other states, all with deeply entrenched interests, can’t agree on a plan to cut their water consumption by Jan. 31, the federal government will step in, it says, and decide the river's future.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update Feb. 1, 2019: \u003c/strong>Despite a last-minute frenzy of deal-making, the federal government announced that it will begin taking “protective actions” on the Colorado River, where a long-running drought has put the water supply for 40 million people at risk. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1937523/federal-government-steps-in-to-handle-colorado-river-drought-crisis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Read the story here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Original post\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Avoiding a long-expected crisis on the Colorado River, a water source for 40 million people, is coming down to a final few days of frenzied negotiations. A 19-year drought and decades of overuse have put a water shortfall on the horizon.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘These are the lowest reservoir levels in my lifetime. We are quickly running out of time.’\u003ccite>Brenda Burman, Bureau of Reclamation\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>If California and six other states, all with deeply entrenched interests, can’t agree on a plan to cut their water consumption by Jan. 31, the federal government says it will step in and decide the river’s future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Colorado River has been the object of some of the West’s most bruising water battles. If farmers, cities and water districts can agree to conserve water now, it would mark a new era of cooperation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, the Colorado supplies millions of people in San Diego and the Los Angeles area. Its water also shows up on dinner plates across the country. In winter, most leafy greens and lettuce in grocery stores are grown with it, in California’s Imperial Valley or across the border in Arizona.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, despite the high stakes, California and Arizona have yet to sign off on the plan. For California, it will take convincing one farming community to share water, even though their supply of the Colorado River is considered the most untouchable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climate Change is ‘Water Change’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The long-running drought in the Colorado River basin has brought everyone to the table, but it’s not the entire story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“Most droughts, it’s pretty obvious,” says Brad Udall, climate and water scientist at Colorado State University. “You get less snow or less rain, you see less water in the river. In this case, there was actually still pretty good precipitation and yet a horrible drought. So, it begs the question: All right, what’s going on here?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Udall and others found one answer came from the warming climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate change is water change,” he says. “You heat up the climate, you are going to get fundamental impacts to the water cycle. We’ve known this for almost 50 years now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A warmer atmosphere sucks up water, drawing it out of plants and soils. Udall says that means less runoff going into the river, potentially cutting its flow 20 percent by mid-century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It Doesn’t Add Up\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add to that, the Colorado River has a fundamental accounting problem. Seven states and Mexico rely on the river, but by longstanding agreement are entitled to more water than it delivers in most years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, many states didn’t use their entire share, something that largely benefited California, which was able to tap into the surplus. But now, demand on the river has grown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s led to falling water levels in Lake Mead, the biggest reservoir on the river (and largest man-made reservoir in the nation). Its level is close to the specified low point that would trigger the federal government to declare an official shortage of water on the river for the first time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are the lowest reservoir levels in my lifetime,” said Brenda Burman, Commissioner of the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, as she addressed water users in December. “We are quickly running out of time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, states on the river have been negotiating a water-sharing deal known as the “drought contingency plan.” Water users would conserve and cut back, so that Lake Mead’s surface wouldn’t sink to its trigger point of 1,075 feet above sea level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Negotiations have been slow-going. Some hoped a few wet winters would solve things. But with a shortfall in sight, the federal government turned up the heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937380\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1937380\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Powell-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Powell-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Powell-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Powell-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Powell-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Powell-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Powell.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Colorado River supplies 40 million people and grows most of the country’s winter salad. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I am here today to tell you all that we will act if needed to protect this basin,” Burman said last month. If there’s no deal by Jan. 31, the Bureau of Reclamation will start a process to make new rules to govern water on the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>States like Arizona and Nevada have the biggest incentive to make a deal. That’s because of the pecking order of who gets water first, known as the water rights system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the current system, if a shortage is declared in Lake Mead, Arizona and Nevada would be the first states required to cut back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the oldest water rights, California wouldn’t have to make any cuts, at least until the reservoir dropped so much that the whole system would have to be renegotiated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the proposed drought plan, California would cut back voluntarily to help keep water in Lake Mead. On a river where water rights have ruled, it marks a major moment of collaboration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some water users, like the Metropolitan Water District, a major supplier in Southern California, have largely supported the plan, seeing their fate tied to the future of the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the subsidiary pecking order within California, Metropolitan is at the bottom. It would have to cut back before others in the state with more senior rights — like the Imperial Irrigation District. That’s where the drought plan has been a tough sell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water’s For Fightin’ Over\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s extremely important that we have a reliable water source,” says Erik Ortega, president of the board of directors of the Imperial Irrigation District. “It’s the Colorado River, our only source.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Imperial Valley uses more Colorado River water than Arizona and Nevada combined, mostly for agriculture. It’s the dominant industry there, thanks to its year-round growing season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public meetings about the drought plan have turned contentious. Some raised another water-sharing deal from 2003, where tensions ran high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1164305\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1164305\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-800x466.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"466\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-800x466.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-160x93.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-768x447.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-1020x594.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-1920x1118.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-1180x687.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-960x559.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-240x140.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-375x218.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-520x303.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Imperial Valley produces about two-thirds of the nation’s vegetables in the winter, solely with Colorado River water. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Back then, California had been using more than its allocation from the river and was being forced to stick to the limit. San Diego’s proposed solution was to buy some of Imperial Valley’s water. Farmers would either fallow land or install more efficient irrigation equipment to free up that water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The irrigation district approved it, but by a very tight margin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was voted out of office over that vote,” recalls Bruce Kuhn, who was a board member of Imperial Irrigation District at the time. “I was the swing vote. I lost friends and I lost business associates over that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kuhn is now back on the board, with another water-sharing vote in front of him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we have to do some things,” says Kuhn, “as long as it’s not to our detriment, we stand ready to be good neighbors and do our part.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He hopes his friends will stay with him this time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One thing I will not lose this time: I will not lose customers,” Kuhn says of his former agricultural services company. “I sold my business a year ago.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board said it would support the Colorado River drought plan under a few conditions, including rights to store more water in Lake Mead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The largest sticking point is the Salton Sea, a vast inland lake that was created in 1905 by a breached levee. The lake bed has been drying up, creating dust and air quality problems for the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is an ecological disaster at this point, and it needs to be addressed,” says Ortega.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to approve the drought plan, the irrigation district wants to ensure that millions of dollars in Salton Sea restoration funding is approved. The federal Farm Bill, passed in December, had language supporting that, but the district says it’s still looking into how to get that funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Imperial board said it won’t vote to implement the drought plan until that happens. Arizona is also debating how to cut water there, with some farm groups opposing the cutbacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re very hopeful it will be resolved by the 31st,” says Ortega, “but I don’t know if that’s realistic at this point.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Judge Rules Gray Wolves Can Stay in California",
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"content": "\u003cp>A California judge on Monday upheld protection for \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1925619/california-comeback-for-gray-wolf-hits-farthest-point-south\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gray wolves\u003c/a> under the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Conservation/CESA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Endangered Species Act\u003c/a>, rejecting a legal challenge from ranchers and farmers who fear the predators will threaten their livestock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”4c1NkWlYdcFNareS7hlPT6LnxRx1bUe0″]The judge in San Diego ruled that California was right to list the wolves as endangered in 2014. A lawsuit on behalf of the California Farm Bureau Federation and the California Cattlemen’s Association argued the listing was arbitrary because there are so few wolves in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://pacificlegal.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Opening-Brief-Gray-Wolf.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">suit\u003c/a>, filed by the Pacific Legal Foundation in January of 2017, claimed the type of gray wolf recently observed in California is a “non-native subspecies,” and challenged whether it had sufficiently established a range in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Jim Houston, the Farm Bureau’s manager of legal and governmental affairs, the suit was filed to give ranchers “more flexibility in co-existing with wolves.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Houston said in a statement that the group is committed to working with the state to reduce “the burdens of raising livestock in areas with wolves, but we do not expect it to be easy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trial court ruling held on Monday that the claims presented in the lawsuit to challenge the species’ place on the endangered list were false.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937369\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1937369\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/RS25927_wolf-61-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/RS25927_wolf-61-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/RS25927_wolf-61-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/RS25927_wolf-61-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/RS25927_wolf-61-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/RS25927_wolf-61-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/RS25927_wolf-61-1920x1080.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A gray wolf pup photographed by remote camera in Lassen National Forest in June 2017. \u003ccite>(U.S. Forest Service)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Amaroq Weiss is the West Coast Wolf Advocate with the Center for Biological Diversity, which joined the state in defending the gray wolf’s endangered status. She says this week’s ruling is a major victory for the species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are so few opportunities in our lifetime to be able to recover a species that we once tried to wipe off the face of the Earth, Weiss says. “That all by itself is just a miracle to have wolves coming back.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also an ecological value of having wolves back in the state, according to Weiss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They are key players in keeping wild nature healthy. And with our changing climate and changing habitat as a result of climate change and human development,” Weiss says, “It’s all the more important that we have players back on the ground like wolves.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weiss says the state ruling is especially important as the Trump administration is expected to try to strip wolves of their existing federal protections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011, a wolf known as OR-7 made headlines when it traveled south from Oregon — making it the first known wolf in California since 1924. One of OR-7’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/science/article/Wolf-family-sprouts-in-Lassen-National-Forest-11268765.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">offspring\u003c/a> has become the breeding male of the only known wolf pack in California. Two of OR-7’s female pups also ventured into the Golden State, and one has traveled as far south as Lake Tahoe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Fish and Game Commission granted the gray wolf protections under the state’s endangered species act, despite opposition from hunting and livestock groups who worry an unchecked population will kill deer and valuable cattle. Under California’s protections, gray wolves can’t be killed or hunted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OR-7 eventually returned to Oregon in 2014 and the wolf has successfully reproduced each year since. It was so-named because he was the seventh wolf captured and collared in Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Pacific Legal Foundation didn’t respond to a request for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2019 \u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/837292910fdc426eab1ad6171beabc41\">Associated Press\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED Science contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A San Diego judge on Monday upheld protection for gray wolves under the California's Endangered Species Act, rejecting a legal challenge from ranchers and farmers who fear the predators will threaten their livestock.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A California judge on Monday upheld protection for \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1925619/california-comeback-for-gray-wolf-hits-farthest-point-south\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gray wolves\u003c/a> under the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Conservation/CESA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Endangered Species Act\u003c/a>, rejecting a legal challenge from ranchers and farmers who fear the predators will threaten their livestock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The judge in San Diego ruled that California was right to list the wolves as endangered in 2014. A lawsuit on behalf of the California Farm Bureau Federation and the California Cattlemen’s Association argued the listing was arbitrary because there are so few wolves in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://pacificlegal.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Opening-Brief-Gray-Wolf.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">suit\u003c/a>, filed by the Pacific Legal Foundation in January of 2017, claimed the type of gray wolf recently observed in California is a “non-native subspecies,” and challenged whether it had sufficiently established a range in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Jim Houston, the Farm Bureau’s manager of legal and governmental affairs, the suit was filed to give ranchers “more flexibility in co-existing with wolves.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Houston said in a statement that the group is committed to working with the state to reduce “the burdens of raising livestock in areas with wolves, but we do not expect it to be easy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trial court ruling held on Monday that the claims presented in the lawsuit to challenge the species’ place on the endangered list were false.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937369\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1937369\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/RS25927_wolf-61-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/RS25927_wolf-61-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/RS25927_wolf-61-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/RS25927_wolf-61-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/RS25927_wolf-61-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/RS25927_wolf-61-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/RS25927_wolf-61-1920x1080.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A gray wolf pup photographed by remote camera in Lassen National Forest in June 2017. \u003ccite>(U.S. Forest Service)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Amaroq Weiss is the West Coast Wolf Advocate with the Center for Biological Diversity, which joined the state in defending the gray wolf’s endangered status. She says this week’s ruling is a major victory for the species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are so few opportunities in our lifetime to be able to recover a species that we once tried to wipe off the face of the Earth, Weiss says. “That all by itself is just a miracle to have wolves coming back.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also an ecological value of having wolves back in the state, according to Weiss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They are key players in keeping wild nature healthy. And with our changing climate and changing habitat as a result of climate change and human development,” Weiss says, “It’s all the more important that we have players back on the ground like wolves.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weiss says the state ruling is especially important as the Trump administration is expected to try to strip wolves of their existing federal protections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011, a wolf known as OR-7 made headlines when it traveled south from Oregon — making it the first known wolf in California since 1924. One of OR-7’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/science/article/Wolf-family-sprouts-in-Lassen-National-Forest-11268765.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">offspring\u003c/a> has become the breeding male of the only known wolf pack in California. Two of OR-7’s female pups also ventured into the Golden State, and one has traveled as far south as Lake Tahoe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Fish and Game Commission granted the gray wolf protections under the state’s endangered species act, despite opposition from hunting and livestock groups who worry an unchecked population will kill deer and valuable cattle. Under California’s protections, gray wolves can’t be killed or hunted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OR-7 eventually returned to Oregon in 2014 and the wolf has successfully reproduced each year since. It was so-named because he was the seventh wolf captured and collared in Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Pacific Legal Foundation didn’t respond to a request for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2019 \u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/837292910fdc426eab1ad6171beabc41\">Associated Press\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED Science contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Approves Plan to Clean Up Central Valley's Toxic Air",
"headTitle": "California Approves Plan to Clean Up Central Valley’s Toxic Air | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The California Air Resources Board on Thursday \u003ca href=\"https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/CARB/bulletins/22a833b\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">announced \u003c/a>it’s moving forward with a plan to clean up the toxic air that plagues the San Joaquin Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The region, which stretches from roughly Stockton to Bakersfield through the middle of the state, suffers some of the\u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/may/13/california-san-joaquin-valley-porterville-pollution-poverty\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> most dangerous air quality\u003c/a> in the country. \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/40894933_Outdoor_air_pollution_and_uncontrolled_asthma_in_the_San_Joaquin_Valley_California\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Asthma\u003c/a> and asthma-related hospitalization rates in the San Joaquin Valley are among the highest in the state, particularly in children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A major culprit is fine particulate pollution, known as PM2.5, made up of tiny particles like soot, dust or sulfates floating through the air. These particles are \u003cem>2.5 \u003c/em>or fewer micrometers in diameter and are typically produced by the burning of carbon-based fuel. Not only does the San Joaquin Valley have the \u003ca href=\"https://www.lung.org/local-content/california/documents/state-of-the-air/2018/sota-2018-statewide-press-english.pdf\">wors\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www.lung.org/local-content/california/documents/state-of-the-air/2018/sota-2018-statewide-press-english.pdf\">t \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www.lung.org/local-content/california/documents/state-of-the-air/2018/sota-2018-statewide-press-english.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">particle pollution\u003c/a> in California, it’s also the among the worst nationally, failing to meet four federal standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right']“The San Joaquin Valley has had a longstanding challenge in meeting the federal air quality standards for fine particulate,” says Michael Benjamin, chief of CARB’s Air Quality Planning and Science Division.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The region is still struggling to meet PM2.5 standards established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in 1997 and since revised. Due to it’s history of noncompliance, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.valleyair.org/Home.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District\u003c/a> is required to draft a plan to meet the requirements and submit it to CARB, the state’s clean air agency, which must approve it before passing it on to the EPA for federal approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Benjamin says the combination of agricultural emissions as well as those from the high volume of trucks moving through the region makes it a hot spot for these pollutants. In addition, the valley’s hot, dry summers followed by cool winters trap pollutants in the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roughly half of the fine particulate pollution in the region is the product of burning fuels like gasoline and diesel. The other half is primarily from wood smoke and dust, \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/planning/sip/sjvpm25/2018plan/2018pm25staffreport.pdf?utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to CARB\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the American Lung Association, the\u003ca href=\"https://www.lung.org/local-content/california/documents/ALAC_SJV-fact-sheet_042216.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> health risks\u003c/a> associated with particle pollution include asthma attacks, heart attacks, stroke, cancer and harm to developmental and reproductive systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s new plan, which the district drafted with input from CARB and environmental advocacy groups, combines both regulations and financial incentives, with the goal of meeting federal clean air standards by 2024.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan lays outs tighter restrictions on heavy-duty truck emissions, wood-burning stoves, oil refineries and commercial charbroiling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Benjamin says the plan will also rely heavily on the use of incentives to encourage owners of trucks and tractors to move to new, “cleaner equipment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re telling people, ‘Okay you need to replace your tractor maybe 10 years sooner than you would otherwise. But if you do that, we will provide 50 percent or more funding to offset the cost of that new piece of equipment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal is to turn over 12,000 tractors and 33,000 trucks in the process. But it’s still unclear where the funding will come from to pay for the incentives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The district’s plan calls for the allocation of $5 billion spread across the next five years to get the San Joaquin Valley up to code by 2024.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The concern of a lot of people is that it relies on the governor and the Legislature allocating funds for this every year,” Benjamin says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bill Magavern, policy director for the Coalition for Clean Air, an advocacy group, says his organization is “skeptical” of the financial feasibility of the state’s plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re relying on levels of incentive money that have not been available in the past, and are unlikely to be available in the future,” Magavern says. “If that money doesn’t materialize, then there’s going to be a gap.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, the Coalition for Clean Air advised CARB to reject a previous plan by the district to meet federal standards for particulate pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We thought what was presented in 2016 was really just a ‘business as usual’ plan,” Magavern says. “We thought that was unacceptable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the new version goes a lot further, Magavern says the coalition pushed for even tighter standards in order “to have more certainty in bringing down the emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Magavern says the San Joaquin Valley’s oil and gas industry should be more heavily regulated for their contributions to the region’s pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s been a long effort to try to get the pollution under control and there’s been some progress,” Magavern says, “But we’re definitely not where we need to be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While CARB signed off on the district’s plan on Thursday, the EPA approval process could take at least several months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But CARB’s Benjamin says the state won’t wait for the federal government to weigh in before starting to implement the plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In order to hit our target,” he says, “We’re going to need to just move forward in real-world terms—taking these actions, passing these regulations, passing out money, finding money, turning over equipment and doing all of this regardless of the bureaucratic process.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Benjamin says the region has made significant progress in recent years. Many of the regulatory measures put forth in the plan have already been adopted by CARB, and others could be put into effect as early as late 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ninety percent of the emissions reductions that are going to be needed to achieve clean air has already been adopted by CARB’s board,” Benjamin says. “So what was acted on Thursday was the final 10 percent of emission reductions.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A new plan approved by California air quality officials to clean up the air pollution plaguing the San Joaquin Valley moves on to the EPA for approval.",
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"description": "A new plan approved by California air quality officials to clean up the air pollution plaguing the San Joaquin Valley moves on to the EPA for approval.",
"title": "California Approves Plan to Clean Up Central Valley's Toxic Air | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The California Air Resources Board on Thursday \u003ca href=\"https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/CARB/bulletins/22a833b\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">announced \u003c/a>it’s moving forward with a plan to clean up the toxic air that plagues the San Joaquin Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The region, which stretches from roughly Stockton to Bakersfield through the middle of the state, suffers some of the\u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/may/13/california-san-joaquin-valley-porterville-pollution-poverty\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> most dangerous air quality\u003c/a> in the country. \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/40894933_Outdoor_air_pollution_and_uncontrolled_asthma_in_the_San_Joaquin_Valley_California\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Asthma\u003c/a> and asthma-related hospitalization rates in the San Joaquin Valley are among the highest in the state, particularly in children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A major culprit is fine particulate pollution, known as PM2.5, made up of tiny particles like soot, dust or sulfates floating through the air. These particles are \u003cem>2.5 \u003c/em>or fewer micrometers in diameter and are typically produced by the burning of carbon-based fuel. Not only does the San Joaquin Valley have the \u003ca href=\"https://www.lung.org/local-content/california/documents/state-of-the-air/2018/sota-2018-statewide-press-english.pdf\">wors\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www.lung.org/local-content/california/documents/state-of-the-air/2018/sota-2018-statewide-press-english.pdf\">t \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www.lung.org/local-content/california/documents/state-of-the-air/2018/sota-2018-statewide-press-english.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">particle pollution\u003c/a> in California, it’s also the among the worst nationally, failing to meet four federal standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“The San Joaquin Valley has had a longstanding challenge in meeting the federal air quality standards for fine particulate,” says Michael Benjamin, chief of CARB’s Air Quality Planning and Science Division.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The region is still struggling to meet PM2.5 standards established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in 1997 and since revised. Due to it’s history of noncompliance, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.valleyair.org/Home.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District\u003c/a> is required to draft a plan to meet the requirements and submit it to CARB, the state’s clean air agency, which must approve it before passing it on to the EPA for federal approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Benjamin says the combination of agricultural emissions as well as those from the high volume of trucks moving through the region makes it a hot spot for these pollutants. In addition, the valley’s hot, dry summers followed by cool winters trap pollutants in the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roughly half of the fine particulate pollution in the region is the product of burning fuels like gasoline and diesel. The other half is primarily from wood smoke and dust, \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/planning/sip/sjvpm25/2018plan/2018pm25staffreport.pdf?utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to CARB\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the American Lung Association, the\u003ca href=\"https://www.lung.org/local-content/california/documents/ALAC_SJV-fact-sheet_042216.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> health risks\u003c/a> associated with particle pollution include asthma attacks, heart attacks, stroke, cancer and harm to developmental and reproductive systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s new plan, which the district drafted with input from CARB and environmental advocacy groups, combines both regulations and financial incentives, with the goal of meeting federal clean air standards by 2024.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan lays outs tighter restrictions on heavy-duty truck emissions, wood-burning stoves, oil refineries and commercial charbroiling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Benjamin says the plan will also rely heavily on the use of incentives to encourage owners of trucks and tractors to move to new, “cleaner equipment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re telling people, ‘Okay you need to replace your tractor maybe 10 years sooner than you would otherwise. But if you do that, we will provide 50 percent or more funding to offset the cost of that new piece of equipment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal is to turn over 12,000 tractors and 33,000 trucks in the process. But it’s still unclear where the funding will come from to pay for the incentives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The district’s plan calls for the allocation of $5 billion spread across the next five years to get the San Joaquin Valley up to code by 2024.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The concern of a lot of people is that it relies on the governor and the Legislature allocating funds for this every year,” Benjamin says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bill Magavern, policy director for the Coalition for Clean Air, an advocacy group, says his organization is “skeptical” of the financial feasibility of the state’s plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re relying on levels of incentive money that have not been available in the past, and are unlikely to be available in the future,” Magavern says. “If that money doesn’t materialize, then there’s going to be a gap.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, the Coalition for Clean Air advised CARB to reject a previous plan by the district to meet federal standards for particulate pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We thought what was presented in 2016 was really just a ‘business as usual’ plan,” Magavern says. “We thought that was unacceptable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the new version goes a lot further, Magavern says the coalition pushed for even tighter standards in order “to have more certainty in bringing down the emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Magavern says the San Joaquin Valley’s oil and gas industry should be more heavily regulated for their contributions to the region’s pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s been a long effort to try to get the pollution under control and there’s been some progress,” Magavern says, “But we’re definitely not where we need to be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While CARB signed off on the district’s plan on Thursday, the EPA approval process could take at least several months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But CARB’s Benjamin says the state won’t wait for the federal government to weigh in before starting to implement the plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In order to hit our target,” he says, “We’re going to need to just move forward in real-world terms—taking these actions, passing these regulations, passing out money, finding money, turning over equipment and doing all of this regardless of the bureaucratic process.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Benjamin says the region has made significant progress in recent years. Many of the regulatory measures put forth in the plan have already been adopted by CARB, and others could be put into effect as early as late 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ninety percent of the emissions reductions that are going to be needed to achieve clean air has already been adopted by CARB’s board,” Benjamin says. “So what was acted on Thursday was the final 10 percent of emission reductions.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Researchers Find a Web of Factors Behind MS",
"headTitle": "Researchers Find a Web of Factors Behind MS | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>As the story goes, nearly 80 years ago on the Faroe Islands — a stark North Atlantic archipelago 200 miles off the coast of Scotland — a neurologic epidemic may have washed, or rather convoyed, ashore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before 1940 the incidence of multiple sclerosis on the Faroes was near, if not actually, zero, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11165464\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tantalizing lore\u003c/a> I recall from medical school. Yet in the years following British occupation of the islands during World War II, the rate of MS rose dramatically, leading many researchers to assume the outbreak was caused by some unknown germ transmitted by the foreign soldiers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We now know that MS is not infectious in the true sense of the word. It is not contagious in the way, say, the flu is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But infection does likely play a role in MS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As may be the case in \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/09/09/645629133/infectious-theory-of-alzheimers-disease-draws-fresh-interest\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alzheimer’s disease\u003c/a>, it’s looking more and more as though MS strikes when infectious, genetic and immune factors gang up to eventually impair the function of neurons in the brain and spinal cord. Researchers are hoping to better understand this network of influences to develop more effective ways to treat MS and perhaps prevent it in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the MS-free brain, electrical impulses zip down \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nerve fibers called axons\u003c/a> causing the release of neurotransmitters. The wiring allows neurons to communicate with each other and generate biologic wonders like thought, sensation and movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In many regions of the brain those axons are encased in an insulating jacket of protein and fat called myelin, which increases the speed that electrical nerve impulses travel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In MS, myelin breaks down and scars – it becomes “sclerotic” and degrades nerve function. A pickle for researchers has been figuring out how this process starts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is certainly a genetic component at work: The risk of developing MS is 1 in 1,000 in the general population; it rises to about 1 in 4 in identical twins in which one twin is affected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, genes don’t explain it all. MS occurs more frequently at higher latitudes, suggesting that vitamin D deficiency might play a role in disease risk (the vitamin’s production in the body is dependent on sun exposure). Smoking also increases risk for the disease, as does obesity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while the tale of the Faroe Islands is disputed – large scale retroactive epidemiological studies are notoriously hard to pull off – it is for the most part accepted that microbes play some role in MS given that dozens of microbes, including the Epstein-Barr virus, have been tied to MS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet more than 30 years of research suggests that risk factors in MS ultimately converge on the crux of its pathology: a misguided immune attack on myelin. Research in animals and humans supports the idea that MS develops when a type of white blood cell called a T-cell attacks specific proteins in myelin, making the axons less able to conduct electrical impulses efficiently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The immune siege appears to be a result of something called “molecular mimicry.” Normally the body’s immune system attacks foreign invaders like viruses and bacteria. If a molecule that’s part of the body happens to closely resemble a portion of an intruding microbe, then both molecules can be targeted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Put another way, say a particular protein on the surface of a virus is similar in structure to a protein found in myelin. The immune system ramps up to clear the virus but also attacks the myelin. It’s a case of mistaken identity, of collateral damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.en.neurologie.usz.ch/about-us/Pages/team.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Roland Martin from the University Hospital of Zurich\u003c/a> in Switzerland is among the researchers who over the years helped identify which myelin proteins and peptides – biologic building blocks made of amino acids — come under attack in MS and which cells and immune molecules do the attacking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The idea of molecular mimicry is one of the most important ones in MS,” Martin says. “We and others have shown that mimicry between myelin peptides and viral and bacterial peptides indeed exists.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a number of proteins that make up myelin have been identified as helping spark the immune activity behind MS, possibly in response to similar microbial cousins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/158835/1/2018_Planas_GDP_L-Fucose_Sci_Transl._Med._in_press.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">paper co-authored by Martin\u003c/a>, and published in October in \u003cem>Science and Translational Medicine\u003c/em>, reports on an additional nonmyelin-related protein that also may be involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Martin and his colleagues examined protein samples from the brains of 31 people who had died from suspected or confirmed MS. T-cells from 12 people reacted to the clunkily named enzyme, guanosine diphosphate-L-fucose synthase – or GDP-L-fucose synthase. The enzyme is normally involved in processing sugars essential to cellular function and communication, including that of neurons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paper co-author \u003ca href=\"https://www.multiplesclerosis.uzh.ch/en/coretopics/psospedra.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mireia Sospedra\u003c/a>, also of the University Hospital of Zurich, likens the enzyme to the iceberg’s ominous tip. “Yes, [myelin proteins] make sense but we think they might be not the only ones involved,” she speculates. “We think is that other auto-antigens might be involved in initiating the disease.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She believes that the attack on this newly identified auto-antigen triggers tissue damage that exposes other proteins in myelin that are subsequently attacked themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sospedra also makes the point that culprit antigens might be different in everyone. The structure of our molecular machinery is genetically determined. Certain variants in, say, myelin protein structure might be more prone to immune attack; also genetic variation in immune cells themselves could influence how the body responds to a particular infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Northwestern University \u003ca href=\"https://www.feinberg.northwestern.edu/faculty-profiles/az/profile.html?xid=14949\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">immunology professor Stephen Miller\u003c/a> – who was not involved in the new research but who has collaborated with Martin in the past — sees the findings as revealing another piece in the MS puzzle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think there’s one particular virus or bacteria or environmental factor that triggers MS in every patient. There are probably many things that can trigger an autoimmune reaction against a particular infection,” he says. “But the more antigens we identify that can contribute to the disease the better.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless of the particular “cause” in a given patient, Martin, Miller and a number of other researchers are hard at work trying to thwart the MS immune attack in the first place using by coaxing the body into building up a familiarity and tolerance to suspected antigens, something called immunotolerance therapy. It’s a similar concept to how certain allergies can be thwarted by exposure to small amounts of a particular allergen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Think of it as a sort of negative vaccine,” says Miller. “We want less immune activity, not more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sizable batch of approved MS medications for the most part work by broadly suppressing the immune system. They help control symptoms but also leave patients vulnerable to side effects like common infections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Antigen-specific therapy only tames the immune response to specific antigens of interest. In theory it should come with fewer risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miller recently co-founded a startup called \u003ca href=\"https://www.courpharma.com/about/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cour Pharmaceuticals\u003c/a> through which he and his colleagues are studying the potential for immunotolerance therapy for MS and a number of other conditions, including celiac disease and Type I diabetes. The experimental therapy they plan to test involves attaching known MS-inducing antigens to biodegradable nanoparticles which they will then inject into trial patients. But for now they’ve just completed a phase I study testing their approach in celiac disease, with a phase II trial about to begin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Martin’s group is pursuing a similar approach in which they chemically combine red or white blood cells with MS antigens and infuse them back into patients to induce tolerance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This research is at a very early stage, but both groups are optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Several of us in academia — and also the pharmaceutical industry — are pursing the long-standing dream of many immunologists: inducing tolerance against specific target antigens in autoimmune diseases like MS,” says Martin. “I am confident that sooner or later, we will be successful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Bret Stetka is a writer based in New York and an editorial director at \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.medscape.com/public/bios/bio-bretstetka\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Medscape\u003c/a>.\u003cem> A graduate of the University of Virginia School of Medicine, Stetka has had his work published by \u003c/em>Wired, Scientific American\u003cem> and The Atlantic.com. He’s also on Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/BretStetka\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">@BretStetka\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "It's looking like MS strikes when a variety of triggers gang up to impair neurons in the brain and spinal cord. Researchers are using their new knowledge to search for treatments. ",
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"description": "It's looking like MS strikes when a variety of triggers gang up to impair neurons in the brain and spinal cord. Researchers are using their new knowledge to search for treatments. ",
"title": "Researchers Find a Web of Factors Behind MS | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As the story goes, nearly 80 years ago on the Faroe Islands — a stark North Atlantic archipelago 200 miles off the coast of Scotland — a neurologic epidemic may have washed, or rather convoyed, ashore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before 1940 the incidence of multiple sclerosis on the Faroes was near, if not actually, zero, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11165464\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tantalizing lore\u003c/a> I recall from medical school. Yet in the years following British occupation of the islands during World War II, the rate of MS rose dramatically, leading many researchers to assume the outbreak was caused by some unknown germ transmitted by the foreign soldiers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We now know that MS is not infectious in the true sense of the word. It is not contagious in the way, say, the flu is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But infection does likely play a role in MS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As may be the case in \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/09/09/645629133/infectious-theory-of-alzheimers-disease-draws-fresh-interest\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alzheimer’s disease\u003c/a>, it’s looking more and more as though MS strikes when infectious, genetic and immune factors gang up to eventually impair the function of neurons in the brain and spinal cord. Researchers are hoping to better understand this network of influences to develop more effective ways to treat MS and perhaps prevent it in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the MS-free brain, electrical impulses zip down \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nerve fibers called axons\u003c/a> causing the release of neurotransmitters. The wiring allows neurons to communicate with each other and generate biologic wonders like thought, sensation and movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In many regions of the brain those axons are encased in an insulating jacket of protein and fat called myelin, which increases the speed that electrical nerve impulses travel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In MS, myelin breaks down and scars – it becomes “sclerotic” and degrades nerve function. A pickle for researchers has been figuring out how this process starts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is certainly a genetic component at work: The risk of developing MS is 1 in 1,000 in the general population; it rises to about 1 in 4 in identical twins in which one twin is affected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, genes don’t explain it all. MS occurs more frequently at higher latitudes, suggesting that vitamin D deficiency might play a role in disease risk (the vitamin’s production in the body is dependent on sun exposure). Smoking also increases risk for the disease, as does obesity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while the tale of the Faroe Islands is disputed – large scale retroactive epidemiological studies are notoriously hard to pull off – it is for the most part accepted that microbes play some role in MS given that dozens of microbes, including the Epstein-Barr virus, have been tied to MS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet more than 30 years of research suggests that risk factors in MS ultimately converge on the crux of its pathology: a misguided immune attack on myelin. Research in animals and humans supports the idea that MS develops when a type of white blood cell called a T-cell attacks specific proteins in myelin, making the axons less able to conduct electrical impulses efficiently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The immune siege appears to be a result of something called “molecular mimicry.” Normally the body’s immune system attacks foreign invaders like viruses and bacteria. If a molecule that’s part of the body happens to closely resemble a portion of an intruding microbe, then both molecules can be targeted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Put another way, say a particular protein on the surface of a virus is similar in structure to a protein found in myelin. The immune system ramps up to clear the virus but also attacks the myelin. It’s a case of mistaken identity, of collateral damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.en.neurologie.usz.ch/about-us/Pages/team.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Roland Martin from the University Hospital of Zurich\u003c/a> in Switzerland is among the researchers who over the years helped identify which myelin proteins and peptides – biologic building blocks made of amino acids — come under attack in MS and which cells and immune molecules do the attacking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The idea of molecular mimicry is one of the most important ones in MS,” Martin says. “We and others have shown that mimicry between myelin peptides and viral and bacterial peptides indeed exists.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a number of proteins that make up myelin have been identified as helping spark the immune activity behind MS, possibly in response to similar microbial cousins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/158835/1/2018_Planas_GDP_L-Fucose_Sci_Transl._Med._in_press.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">paper co-authored by Martin\u003c/a>, and published in October in \u003cem>Science and Translational Medicine\u003c/em>, reports on an additional nonmyelin-related protein that also may be involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Martin and his colleagues examined protein samples from the brains of 31 people who had died from suspected or confirmed MS. T-cells from 12 people reacted to the clunkily named enzyme, guanosine diphosphate-L-fucose synthase – or GDP-L-fucose synthase. The enzyme is normally involved in processing sugars essential to cellular function and communication, including that of neurons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paper co-author \u003ca href=\"https://www.multiplesclerosis.uzh.ch/en/coretopics/psospedra.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mireia Sospedra\u003c/a>, also of the University Hospital of Zurich, likens the enzyme to the iceberg’s ominous tip. “Yes, [myelin proteins] make sense but we think they might be not the only ones involved,” she speculates. “We think is that other auto-antigens might be involved in initiating the disease.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She believes that the attack on this newly identified auto-antigen triggers tissue damage that exposes other proteins in myelin that are subsequently attacked themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sospedra also makes the point that culprit antigens might be different in everyone. The structure of our molecular machinery is genetically determined. Certain variants in, say, myelin protein structure might be more prone to immune attack; also genetic variation in immune cells themselves could influence how the body responds to a particular infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Northwestern University \u003ca href=\"https://www.feinberg.northwestern.edu/faculty-profiles/az/profile.html?xid=14949\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">immunology professor Stephen Miller\u003c/a> – who was not involved in the new research but who has collaborated with Martin in the past — sees the findings as revealing another piece in the MS puzzle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think there’s one particular virus or bacteria or environmental factor that triggers MS in every patient. There are probably many things that can trigger an autoimmune reaction against a particular infection,” he says. “But the more antigens we identify that can contribute to the disease the better.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless of the particular “cause” in a given patient, Martin, Miller and a number of other researchers are hard at work trying to thwart the MS immune attack in the first place using by coaxing the body into building up a familiarity and tolerance to suspected antigens, something called immunotolerance therapy. It’s a similar concept to how certain allergies can be thwarted by exposure to small amounts of a particular allergen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Think of it as a sort of negative vaccine,” says Miller. “We want less immune activity, not more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sizable batch of approved MS medications for the most part work by broadly suppressing the immune system. They help control symptoms but also leave patients vulnerable to side effects like common infections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Antigen-specific therapy only tames the immune response to specific antigens of interest. In theory it should come with fewer risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miller recently co-founded a startup called \u003ca href=\"https://www.courpharma.com/about/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cour Pharmaceuticals\u003c/a> through which he and his colleagues are studying the potential for immunotolerance therapy for MS and a number of other conditions, including celiac disease and Type I diabetes. The experimental therapy they plan to test involves attaching known MS-inducing antigens to biodegradable nanoparticles which they will then inject into trial patients. But for now they’ve just completed a phase I study testing their approach in celiac disease, with a phase II trial about to begin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Martin’s group is pursuing a similar approach in which they chemically combine red or white blood cells with MS antigens and infuse them back into patients to induce tolerance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This research is at a very early stage, but both groups are optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Several of us in academia — and also the pharmaceutical industry — are pursing the long-standing dream of many immunologists: inducing tolerance against specific target antigens in autoimmune diseases like MS,” says Martin. “I am confident that sooner or later, we will be successful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Bret Stetka is a writer based in New York and an editorial director at \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.medscape.com/public/bios/bio-bretstetka\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Medscape\u003c/a>.\u003cem> A graduate of the University of Virginia School of Medicine, Stetka has had his work published by \u003c/em>Wired, Scientific American\u003cem> and The Atlantic.com. He’s also on Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/BretStetka\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">@BretStetka\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Considering a No Carb Diet? Instead, Think 'Slow Carb'",
"headTitle": "Considering a No Carb Diet? Instead, Think ‘Slow Carb’ | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>It’s trendy to go low-carb these days, even no carb. And, yes, this can lead to quick weight loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But ditching carbs is tough to do over the long haul. For starters, you’re swimming upstream. On average, adults in the U.S. get about \u003ca href=\"https://watermark.silverchair.com/836.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAAkAwggI8BgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggItMIICKQIBADCCAiIGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMgJ56isTW1zGKv3U7AgEQgIIB8yJXZ0KWIGgk-gkY7JiJ6HOwRiZaHApv9DRFiZhhQSh2e-BPFrLSZPK5GLiu6YIn9D8yWOb_PJ_zOiu77CuZyPsjVdgmWTe7mm1GAiksxBjGRKPsID488Bmv13src3e-GzRQbzNvVN6-b8cXEF6O82hQjNIwZ_JRDZAKq894DZ9kaRM0WfZ8fq5EzFlcEyGL1P5v4gvV1Tw90f_Hl9XIDQ7gzSZmxqKLRY59jP0kVJsK2qr8h7Al9blXGoQQIy4OfrEWYMPTnbhU4280B3tXL4z93_rRAqFwcl35iHCs4Uac1n22HILWxYIEiYHvD1elXGxcuimydRrLQGMgyrvrvh2n-2FenREPw1jtbY3twm6WQoHJpmC96mwwhr7XMDoiDMTyaADcwivWJ-A4XMBzlBGtDbY6W3d0MDKY3q57T0Us7i6M7g6VF6gTqqAzraMjLSWjYpBChzhIl0_kRtRQgDjXMUk4ZZgrAz95BbAHm9agQ0jBCVop0D46wN_wTPzD5ztSBMcfmpx-QbbQ8pVs5Wa9WijFg_RitfNoOeNEqMCatLD1SCebDEAeqKmiS6pj0j-z01PexCBOx2FO9Asdl7gFjYnV7Gzc7DqGevlpOdUeEgGaNgb_4d4ByVX13g18Z6t2D3v7QGvu20R64PwWY2O1mA4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">50 percent \u003c/a>of their daily calories from carbohydrates. And, if you truly cut out all carbs, you’ll have to give up fruits, vegetables, whole grains and beans — which are the building blocks of a healthy diet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, why do carbs get such a bad rap? Well, as we discuss in our new \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510328/eat-your-way-to-a-healthier-life\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Life Kit podcast\u003c/a>, a lot of us are choosing the wrong kind of carbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve known for decades that different foods affect the body differently,” says Dr. \u003ca href=\"http://www.childrenshospital.org/research/researchers/l/david-ludwig\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">David Ludwig\u003c/a>. He’s a professor of nutrition at the Harvard School of Public Health and the co-director of the New Balance Foundation Obesity Prevention Center Boston Children’s Hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, let’s compare two carbohydrate-rich foods. If you’re shopping in the bread aisle, you can pick white bread or a whole-grain bread, maybe pumpernickel or rye. They may have about the same number of calories, but the whole grain has a lot more going for it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you eat a whole-kernel, minimally processed grain … they take a while to digest. Blood sugar rises relatively more gently. You produce less insulin calorie for calorie,” Ludwig explains. Think of whole grains as slow carbs because of this slow digestion. (Other slow carbs include fruits, vegetables, beans and grains.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whole grains — which include everything from whole wheat to brown rice to steel-cut oats and \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/10/02/227838385/farro-an-ancient-if-complicated-grain-worth-figuring-out\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">farro\u003c/a> — are also rich in fiber. A\u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)31809-9/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> new study published in The Lancet\u003c/a> finds that people who eat a diet rich in fiber and whole grains have a reduced risk of Type 2 diabetes, stroke, coronary heart disease and colorectal cancer. (For more, we have this \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2014/04/15/301473319/wheres-the-whole-grain-in-most-of-our-wheat-bread\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">primer on whole grains\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">I know if I eat a scone or chocolate croissant for breakfast, I’m hungry an hour later. But, if I eat an egg and a piece of whole grain toast, I’m set until lunch.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Here’s what to visualize: When you eat whole grain wheat bread, you’re getting everything that comes in the wheat kernel. This includes the fiber-rich bran. It also includes the germ, which is the embryo of the seed, so it contains everything that’s needed to nurture new life. Think of wheat germ as a little packet of nutrients, including zinc, magnesium and Vitamin E.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with white bread, all this good stuff has been stripped out during processing. All that’s left is starch, which is one step away from turning to sugar in your body. “Refined starch is the hidden sugar,” says Dr. \u003ca href=\"https://nutrition.tufts.edu/profile/faculty/dariush-mozaffarian\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dariush Mozaffarian\u003c/a>, dean of the nutrition school at Tufts University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s not just white bread. Many of the packaged snacks we eat, such as pretzels and crackers, are often made from refined starch. So when you eat these foods, that starch can “slam into your bloodstream, raising blood sugar and insulin,” Ludwig says. And this can send a signal to the body to store fat and leave you feeling hungry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’ve experienced this. I know if I eat a scone or chocolate croissant for breakfast, I’m hungry an hour later. But, if I eat an egg and a piece of whole grain toast, I’m set until lunch. That’s because I’m getting plenty of fiber — which slows down digestion — as well as fat and protein that leave me feeling sated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So I’ve cut back on refined carbs. And the science suggests this is the way to go. The authors of the latest\u003cem> Lancet\u003c/em> study say their findings “provide convincing evidence for nutrition guidelines to focus on increasing dietary fiber and on replacing refined grains with whole grains.” \u003ca href=\"https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/guidelines/chapter-2/a-closer-look-at-current-intakes-and-recommended-shifts/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. Dietary Guidelines recommend\u003c/a> that at least half of your daily grain consumption should come from whole grains. But currently, most Americans under-consume whole grains and exceed the recommended limits on refined grains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Ludwig says it’s time we “just get off the roller-coaster” — the cycle of spiking blood sugar and hunger that refined carbs can cause. He says aim to replace refined carbs with whole fruits (the fiber in them slows digestion), beans, nuts, a variety of healthy fats and plenty of protein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, what does that look like on our dinner plates? David Ludwig has teamed up with his wife, Dawn Ludwig, a professional chef. They’ve collaborated on cookbooks designed to help people eat smarter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t want anyone to feel deprived … or that they have to give up anything,” Dawn Ludwig says. “I want to meet people where they are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s how she thinks about building a quick and easy dinner meal. Pick a protein, whether it’s plant-based — such as tofu — or meat. Include some healthy fats, such as olive oil. Chop up some vegetables. “Then, have the wholegrain be the side dish,” she says. To tie the meal together, try one of her sauce recipes below. (For an example of a complete meal, check out \u003ca href=\"https://www.drdavidludwig.com/buddha-bowl/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this recipe for Dawn Ludwig’s Japanese Buddha Bowl\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I do a lot of really simple five-minute sauces that I have in my fridge that I can pull out” for dinner, Ludwig says. She tosses all the ingredients for the sauces in Mason jars and mixes them in the jar with one of those stick-like immersion blender, so there’s not much clean-up involved and they store well in the refrigerator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, here’s one final tip for all of you who have a hard time turning down a baguette, croissant or warm basket of rolls: Eat them at the end of a meal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why? A small study published a few years back found that, compared with eating bread at the beginning of a meal, people who saved the rolls for the end had a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/06/29/417500957/curb-your-appetite-save-bread-for-the-end-of-the-meal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">30 percent lower peak in blood sugar\u003c/a>. Now, this may not have the same effect on everyone, but it suggests that timing matters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>NPR’s Maria Godoy contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Dawn Ludwig’s 5-Minute Sauces\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cashew Balsamic Dressing \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prep time: 5 minutes. Makes about 1 cup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2 1/2 tablespoons soy sauce\u003cbr>\n1 1/2 tablespoons balsamic vinegar\u003cbr>\n2 tablespoons water\u003cbr>\n1/2 cup neutral-tasting oil, such as high-oleic safflower or avocado oil\u003cbr>\n1/4 cup cashews\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Place all the ingredients in a wide-mouthed mason jar or cup that will fit an immersion blender without splashing. Pulse a few times to blend until the cashews are in small pieces but still chunky. Place a lid on the jar. For best results, set aside for at least one hour to allow the flavors to develop. The dressing will keep in the refrigerator for one to two weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ginger Tahini Dressing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prep time: 5 minutes. Makes about 1 cup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1/4 cup tahini\u003cbr>\n2 tablespoons white miso paste\u003cbr>\n1 2-inch piece ginger, peeled and thinly sliced\u003cbr>\n2 teaspoons rice vinegar\u003cbr>\n1 teaspoon soy sauce\u003cbr>\n1/2 cup warm water\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Place all the ingredients in a wide-mouth mason jar or cup that will fit an immersion blender without splashing. Blend, working the blender into the pieces of ginger until smooth. Add additional water as needed to reach the desired consistency. Place a lid on the jar. For best results, set aside for at least one hour to allow the flavors to develop. The dressing will keep in the refrigerator for one to two weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Moroccan Sauce\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prep time: 7 minutes. Makes 2/3 to 3/4 cup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1 2-inch piece fresh ginger, peeled and sliced into thin rounds\u003cbr>\n3 medium cloves garlic\u003cbr>\n1 3- to 4-inch piece fresh turmeric, peeled, or 1 teaspoon ground turmeric\u003cbr>\n(optional) 2 teaspoons paprika\u003cbr>\n1 teaspoon ground cumin\u003cbr>\n1 teaspoon ground coriander\u003cbr>\n1/2 teaspoon ground cinnamon\u003cbr>\n1/4 teaspoon ground cloves\u003cbr>\nDash of freshly grated nutmeg\u003cbr>\n1/4 teaspoon ground white or black pepper\u003cbr>\n9 or 10 sprigs cilantro, stems and leaves coarsely chopped\u003cbr>\n1/4 cup extra-virgin olive oil\u003cbr>\n1/4 cup water\u003cbr>\n1/2 teaspoon salt\u003cbr>\nDash of cayenne pepper, or to taste (optional)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Place all the ingredients in a wide-mouth mason jar or cup that will fit an immersion blender without splashing. Blend, working the blender in the jar until the garlic, ginger and turmeric are smooth. Place a lid on the jar. For best results, set aside for at least one hour to allow the flavors to develop. The dressing will keep in the refrigerator for up to two weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Thai Peanut Sauce\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prep time: 5 minutes. Makes about 1 3/4 cups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1 large orange, 4 small clementines or 2 large tangerines, peeled, seeded and cut into 1-inch pieces\u003cbr>\n1 1/2-inch piece fresh ginger, peeled\u003cbr>\n1 teaspoon fresh lime juice\u003cbr>\n1/2 cup peanut butter (no sugar added)\u003cbr>\n1 teaspoons unseasoned rice vinegar\u003cbr>\n2 tablespoons water\u003cbr>\n1 tablespoon soy sauce\u003cbr>\n1/4 teaspoon salt\u003cbr>\n1/4 to 1/2 teaspoon cayenne pepper, or to taste\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Place all the ingredients in a wide-mouth mason jar or cup that will fit an immersion blender without splashing. Blend until the orange is fully blended and the sauce is thick and creamy. Adjust seasoning to taste. Place a lid on the jar. Allow the flavors to develop for one hour or more in the refrigerator. The dressing will keep for about a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>These recipes are excerpted from \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://www.drdavidludwig.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Always Delicious\u003cem>, by David and Dawn Ludwig, and \u003c/em>Always Hungry? \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www.drdavidludwig.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>by David Ludwig\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> and are used with permission.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=You+Don%27t+Have+To+Go+No-Carb%3A+Instead%2C+Think+Slow+Carb&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Ditching carbs can lead to quick weight loss, but can you really stick with it? Here's the science on eating carbs smarter to keep you sated and healthy.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s trendy to go low-carb these days, even no carb. And, yes, this can lead to quick weight loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But ditching carbs is tough to do over the long haul. For starters, you’re swimming upstream. On average, adults in the U.S. get about \u003ca href=\"https://watermark.silverchair.com/836.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAAkAwggI8BgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggItMIICKQIBADCCAiIGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMgJ56isTW1zGKv3U7AgEQgIIB8yJXZ0KWIGgk-gkY7JiJ6HOwRiZaHApv9DRFiZhhQSh2e-BPFrLSZPK5GLiu6YIn9D8yWOb_PJ_zOiu77CuZyPsjVdgmWTe7mm1GAiksxBjGRKPsID488Bmv13src3e-GzRQbzNvVN6-b8cXEF6O82hQjNIwZ_JRDZAKq894DZ9kaRM0WfZ8fq5EzFlcEyGL1P5v4gvV1Tw90f_Hl9XIDQ7gzSZmxqKLRY59jP0kVJsK2qr8h7Al9blXGoQQIy4OfrEWYMPTnbhU4280B3tXL4z93_rRAqFwcl35iHCs4Uac1n22HILWxYIEiYHvD1elXGxcuimydRrLQGMgyrvrvh2n-2FenREPw1jtbY3twm6WQoHJpmC96mwwhr7XMDoiDMTyaADcwivWJ-A4XMBzlBGtDbY6W3d0MDKY3q57T0Us7i6M7g6VF6gTqqAzraMjLSWjYpBChzhIl0_kRtRQgDjXMUk4ZZgrAz95BbAHm9agQ0jBCVop0D46wN_wTPzD5ztSBMcfmpx-QbbQ8pVs5Wa9WijFg_RitfNoOeNEqMCatLD1SCebDEAeqKmiS6pj0j-z01PexCBOx2FO9Asdl7gFjYnV7Gzc7DqGevlpOdUeEgGaNgb_4d4ByVX13g18Z6t2D3v7QGvu20R64PwWY2O1mA4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">50 percent \u003c/a>of their daily calories from carbohydrates. And, if you truly cut out all carbs, you’ll have to give up fruits, vegetables, whole grains and beans — which are the building blocks of a healthy diet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, why do carbs get such a bad rap? Well, as we discuss in our new \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510328/eat-your-way-to-a-healthier-life\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Life Kit podcast\u003c/a>, a lot of us are choosing the wrong kind of carbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve known for decades that different foods affect the body differently,” says Dr. \u003ca href=\"http://www.childrenshospital.org/research/researchers/l/david-ludwig\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">David Ludwig\u003c/a>. He’s a professor of nutrition at the Harvard School of Public Health and the co-director of the New Balance Foundation Obesity Prevention Center Boston Children’s Hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, let’s compare two carbohydrate-rich foods. If you’re shopping in the bread aisle, you can pick white bread or a whole-grain bread, maybe pumpernickel or rye. They may have about the same number of calories, but the whole grain has a lot more going for it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you eat a whole-kernel, minimally processed grain … they take a while to digest. Blood sugar rises relatively more gently. You produce less insulin calorie for calorie,” Ludwig explains. Think of whole grains as slow carbs because of this slow digestion. (Other slow carbs include fruits, vegetables, beans and grains.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whole grains — which include everything from whole wheat to brown rice to steel-cut oats and \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/10/02/227838385/farro-an-ancient-if-complicated-grain-worth-figuring-out\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">farro\u003c/a> — are also rich in fiber. A\u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)31809-9/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> new study published in The Lancet\u003c/a> finds that people who eat a diet rich in fiber and whole grains have a reduced risk of Type 2 diabetes, stroke, coronary heart disease and colorectal cancer. (For more, we have this \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2014/04/15/301473319/wheres-the-whole-grain-in-most-of-our-wheat-bread\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">primer on whole grains\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">I know if I eat a scone or chocolate croissant for breakfast, I’m hungry an hour later. But, if I eat an egg and a piece of whole grain toast, I’m set until lunch.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Here’s what to visualize: When you eat whole grain wheat bread, you’re getting everything that comes in the wheat kernel. This includes the fiber-rich bran. It also includes the germ, which is the embryo of the seed, so it contains everything that’s needed to nurture new life. Think of wheat germ as a little packet of nutrients, including zinc, magnesium and Vitamin E.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with white bread, all this good stuff has been stripped out during processing. All that’s left is starch, which is one step away from turning to sugar in your body. “Refined starch is the hidden sugar,” says Dr. \u003ca href=\"https://nutrition.tufts.edu/profile/faculty/dariush-mozaffarian\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dariush Mozaffarian\u003c/a>, dean of the nutrition school at Tufts University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s not just white bread. Many of the packaged snacks we eat, such as pretzels and crackers, are often made from refined starch. So when you eat these foods, that starch can “slam into your bloodstream, raising blood sugar and insulin,” Ludwig says. And this can send a signal to the body to store fat and leave you feeling hungry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’ve experienced this. I know if I eat a scone or chocolate croissant for breakfast, I’m hungry an hour later. But, if I eat an egg and a piece of whole grain toast, I’m set until lunch. That’s because I’m getting plenty of fiber — which slows down digestion — as well as fat and protein that leave me feeling sated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So I’ve cut back on refined carbs. And the science suggests this is the way to go. The authors of the latest\u003cem> Lancet\u003c/em> study say their findings “provide convincing evidence for nutrition guidelines to focus on increasing dietary fiber and on replacing refined grains with whole grains.” \u003ca href=\"https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/guidelines/chapter-2/a-closer-look-at-current-intakes-and-recommended-shifts/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. Dietary Guidelines recommend\u003c/a> that at least half of your daily grain consumption should come from whole grains. But currently, most Americans under-consume whole grains and exceed the recommended limits on refined grains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Ludwig says it’s time we “just get off the roller-coaster” — the cycle of spiking blood sugar and hunger that refined carbs can cause. He says aim to replace refined carbs with whole fruits (the fiber in them slows digestion), beans, nuts, a variety of healthy fats and plenty of protein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, what does that look like on our dinner plates? David Ludwig has teamed up with his wife, Dawn Ludwig, a professional chef. They’ve collaborated on cookbooks designed to help people eat smarter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t want anyone to feel deprived … or that they have to give up anything,” Dawn Ludwig says. “I want to meet people where they are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s how she thinks about building a quick and easy dinner meal. Pick a protein, whether it’s plant-based — such as tofu — or meat. Include some healthy fats, such as olive oil. Chop up some vegetables. “Then, have the wholegrain be the side dish,” she says. To tie the meal together, try one of her sauce recipes below. (For an example of a complete meal, check out \u003ca href=\"https://www.drdavidludwig.com/buddha-bowl/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this recipe for Dawn Ludwig’s Japanese Buddha Bowl\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I do a lot of really simple five-minute sauces that I have in my fridge that I can pull out” for dinner, Ludwig says. She tosses all the ingredients for the sauces in Mason jars and mixes them in the jar with one of those stick-like immersion blender, so there’s not much clean-up involved and they store well in the refrigerator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, here’s one final tip for all of you who have a hard time turning down a baguette, croissant or warm basket of rolls: Eat them at the end of a meal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why? A small study published a few years back found that, compared with eating bread at the beginning of a meal, people who saved the rolls for the end had a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/06/29/417500957/curb-your-appetite-save-bread-for-the-end-of-the-meal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">30 percent lower peak in blood sugar\u003c/a>. Now, this may not have the same effect on everyone, but it suggests that timing matters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>NPR’s Maria Godoy contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Dawn Ludwig’s 5-Minute Sauces\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cashew Balsamic Dressing \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prep time: 5 minutes. Makes about 1 cup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2 1/2 tablespoons soy sauce\u003cbr>\n1 1/2 tablespoons balsamic vinegar\u003cbr>\n2 tablespoons water\u003cbr>\n1/2 cup neutral-tasting oil, such as high-oleic safflower or avocado oil\u003cbr>\n1/4 cup cashews\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Place all the ingredients in a wide-mouthed mason jar or cup that will fit an immersion blender without splashing. Pulse a few times to blend until the cashews are in small pieces but still chunky. Place a lid on the jar. For best results, set aside for at least one hour to allow the flavors to develop. The dressing will keep in the refrigerator for one to two weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ginger Tahini Dressing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prep time: 5 minutes. Makes about 1 cup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1/4 cup tahini\u003cbr>\n2 tablespoons white miso paste\u003cbr>\n1 2-inch piece ginger, peeled and thinly sliced\u003cbr>\n2 teaspoons rice vinegar\u003cbr>\n1 teaspoon soy sauce\u003cbr>\n1/2 cup warm water\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Place all the ingredients in a wide-mouth mason jar or cup that will fit an immersion blender without splashing. Blend, working the blender into the pieces of ginger until smooth. Add additional water as needed to reach the desired consistency. Place a lid on the jar. For best results, set aside for at least one hour to allow the flavors to develop. The dressing will keep in the refrigerator for one to two weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Moroccan Sauce\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prep time: 7 minutes. Makes 2/3 to 3/4 cup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1 2-inch piece fresh ginger, peeled and sliced into thin rounds\u003cbr>\n3 medium cloves garlic\u003cbr>\n1 3- to 4-inch piece fresh turmeric, peeled, or 1 teaspoon ground turmeric\u003cbr>\n(optional) 2 teaspoons paprika\u003cbr>\n1 teaspoon ground cumin\u003cbr>\n1 teaspoon ground coriander\u003cbr>\n1/2 teaspoon ground cinnamon\u003cbr>\n1/4 teaspoon ground cloves\u003cbr>\nDash of freshly grated nutmeg\u003cbr>\n1/4 teaspoon ground white or black pepper\u003cbr>\n9 or 10 sprigs cilantro, stems and leaves coarsely chopped\u003cbr>\n1/4 cup extra-virgin olive oil\u003cbr>\n1/4 cup water\u003cbr>\n1/2 teaspoon salt\u003cbr>\nDash of cayenne pepper, or to taste (optional)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Place all the ingredients in a wide-mouth mason jar or cup that will fit an immersion blender without splashing. Blend, working the blender in the jar until the garlic, ginger and turmeric are smooth. Place a lid on the jar. For best results, set aside for at least one hour to allow the flavors to develop. The dressing will keep in the refrigerator for up to two weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Thai Peanut Sauce\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prep time: 5 minutes. Makes about 1 3/4 cups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1 large orange, 4 small clementines or 2 large tangerines, peeled, seeded and cut into 1-inch pieces\u003cbr>\n1 1/2-inch piece fresh ginger, peeled\u003cbr>\n1 teaspoon fresh lime juice\u003cbr>\n1/2 cup peanut butter (no sugar added)\u003cbr>\n1 teaspoons unseasoned rice vinegar\u003cbr>\n2 tablespoons water\u003cbr>\n1 tablespoon soy sauce\u003cbr>\n1/4 teaspoon salt\u003cbr>\n1/4 to 1/2 teaspoon cayenne pepper, or to taste\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Place all the ingredients in a wide-mouth mason jar or cup that will fit an immersion blender without splashing. Blend until the orange is fully blended and the sauce is thick and creamy. Adjust seasoning to taste. Place a lid on the jar. Allow the flavors to develop for one hour or more in the refrigerator. The dressing will keep for about a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>These recipes are excerpted from \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://www.drdavidludwig.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Always Delicious\u003cem>, by David and Dawn Ludwig, and \u003c/em>Always Hungry? \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www.drdavidludwig.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>by David Ludwig\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> and are used with permission.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=You+Don%27t+Have+To+Go+No-Carb%3A+Instead%2C+Think+Slow+Carb&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "‘Digital Pill’ Can Track When Patients Take Their Meds",
"headTitle": "‘Digital Pill’ Can Track When Patients Take Their Meds | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">A Silicon Valley company \u003ca href=\"https://www.proteus.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">announced\u003c/a> this month what it described as the first “digital pill” program of its kind, one in which the chemotherapy pills taken by cancer patients are packaged with a sensor that can alert a physician, pharmacist, or caregiver after it has been swallowed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">Seven patients — all of whom have colorectal cancer in stage 3 or stage 4 and are being treated in Minnesota — have been provided with the treatment since September, according to Proteus Digital Health. The idea is that, by tracking when patients take their drugs, health care providers will be better able to ensure medication adherence and to provide treatment guidance, with the goal of improving health outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">After patients swallow a capsule, the sensor activates when it gets wet in the stomach and then pings a signal to a patch that patients wear on their torso. That transmits data on the time of day, the size of the dose, and the type of medication taken to an online portal that the patient can view. If patients choose to allow it, their support team can access the portal, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"\">Proteus previously developed the technology behind Abilify MyCite, which in November 2017 became \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/11/13/pill-sensor-fda-approval/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the first digital pill approved\u003c/a> by the Food and Drug Administration. That drug is meant for patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, and it needed FDA review because it involves a sensor embedded within the active medication in the pill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By contrast, the digital chemotherapy pills did not have to undergo a new round of regulatory approval because of the way they’re loosely packaged within a capsule. The program in Minnesota appears to be the first one in which a digital pill has been used in oncology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neither patients nor insurers are paying anything beyond the typical cost of the medication for Proteus’s high-tech upgrade. With the new digital chemotherapy pills, Proteus is only making money from the Minnesota health system, Fairview Health Services, where the patients receiving the medication are being treated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fairview, which like other health systems invests in phone calls and other reminders to patients to help them stay on track with their medications, is paying Proteus in the hope that it can save money if the technology can help its cancer patients do better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the contract, Fairview will generally only pay Proteus if indicated cancer patients take their digital chemotherapy as prescribed 80 percent of the time, Proteus executives told reporters. For those patients who don’t meet that threshold, Proteus won’t get paid. With the unusual arrangement, Proteus joins a growing number of medical companies \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/11/14/a-startup-for-diabetes-patients-will-only-get-paid-if-the-service-works/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">experimenting with payment structures\u003c/a> tied to how well patients fare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The commercial rollout of Abilify MyCite has gotten off to a slow start. It has yet to be prescribed outside of a clinical trial to a single patient, according to a spokesman for Otuska, the drug’s manufacturer. Otsuka late last summer \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/08/30/abilify-digital-medicaid-mental-illness/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">announced plans to initially roll out the pill\u003c/a> to certain patients covered by Medicaid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The holdup: The managed care company that struck a deal with Otuska to roll out Abilify MyCite is still working with a health plan to get final approval so that physicians in its network can start offering the pills to patients, said the spokesman, Robert Murphy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proteus’s new digital chemotherapy offering combines two parts into a single capsule: The first is a medication known to scientists as capecitabine; it’s sold under the brand name Xeloda and generic equivalents. The second is the sensor, which Proteus manufactures and embeds into a placebo pill for easy handling; Proteus won FDA approval for the product in 2012. Proteus ships its sensor to a specialty pharmacy, where a pharmacist does the physical handiwork of putting the active medication and the sensor-within-a-placebo into one capsule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proteus picked capecitabine for its high-tech upgrade for a few reasons. For one, it’s a commonly prescribed chemotherapy pill used in a number of different cancers. It’s also a medication that doesn’t look likely to be threatened by any direct competitors or new entrants. And, crucially, it’s a challenging regimen for patients to stay adherent to; patients have to take six to eight pills each day, with two weeks on and one week off, to complete one of eight cycles of chemotherapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abilify MyCite’s approval \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/12/05/smart-pill-abilify-ethics/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sparked concerns\u003c/a> that vulnerable patients might be coerced into taking the drug, maybe through a court order or a deal offered in exchange for freedom, child custody, or a more lenient sentence. Critics also saw a risk to patient privacy, if a patient’s insurer or other companies peered in on a patient’s daily medication intake patterns and other data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. George Savage, Proteus’ chief medical officer, told reporters that the company is trying to preempt those concerns by working with bioethicists and keeping patients “in the driver’s seat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An experiment starting in Minnesota\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Edward Greeno, an oncologist at the University of Minnesota who treats patients in the Fairview system, has led the rollout of the digital chemotherapy pills there. He said he’s been surprised by how enthusiastic patients have been so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every time he and other clinicians have offered the treatment to appropriate patients, they’ve wanted to try it, he said. The only patients who haven’t gone through with it were those whose insurers wouldn’t allow them to fill their capecitabine prescriptions at Fairview’s specialty pharmacies, the only ones that can dispense the digital chemotherapy pills, Greeno said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When patients have returned to the clinic after a few months of trying the digital chemotherapy pills, none has voiced complaints or worries, Greeno said. (Proteus has paid for some of Greeno’s travel.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greeno will be one of the researchers running a clinical trial that Proteus plans to launch to gauge whether patients taking digital chemotherapy see better clinical outcomes than those in the general population — and whether it saves money. The company plans to enroll 750 patients with different cancers at sites across the country, with the goal of launching eight trial sites this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The digital chemotherapy program is just one of about 40 approved medications that Proteus has packaged with a sensor in a capsule. The company has tried the technology with drugs for diabetes, hepatitis C, and tuberculosis, among others. Collectively, they’ve been used to treat thousands of patients, either commercially or in clinical trials, the company’s executives told reporters. In an unusual business model, none of Proteus’s revenue has come from insurers; instead, it’s made money from health systems and a development deal with Otuska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proteus also has big plans to turn itself into something of a high-tech generic drug manufacturer. It intends in the coming years to try to develop a generic version of capecitabine embedded with its sensor, like Abilify MyCite, and then seek FDA approval, the company’s executives said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2019/01/17/a-digital-pill-for-cancer-patients-is-rolled-out-for-the-first-time-in-hopes-of-improving-outcomes/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A Silicon Valley company announced the creation of a “digital pill\" that can track if patients are taking their medication.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">A Silicon Valley company \u003ca href=\"https://www.proteus.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">announced\u003c/a> this month what it described as the first “digital pill” program of its kind, one in which the chemotherapy pills taken by cancer patients are packaged with a sensor that can alert a physician, pharmacist, or caregiver after it has been swallowed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">Seven patients — all of whom have colorectal cancer in stage 3 or stage 4 and are being treated in Minnesota — have been provided with the treatment since September, according to Proteus Digital Health. The idea is that, by tracking when patients take their drugs, health care providers will be better able to ensure medication adherence and to provide treatment guidance, with the goal of improving health outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">After patients swallow a capsule, the sensor activates when it gets wet in the stomach and then pings a signal to a patch that patients wear on their torso. That transmits data on the time of day, the size of the dose, and the type of medication taken to an online portal that the patient can view. If patients choose to allow it, their support team can access the portal, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"\">Proteus previously developed the technology behind Abilify MyCite, which in November 2017 became \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/11/13/pill-sensor-fda-approval/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the first digital pill approved\u003c/a> by the Food and Drug Administration. That drug is meant for patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, and it needed FDA review because it involves a sensor embedded within the active medication in the pill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By contrast, the digital chemotherapy pills did not have to undergo a new round of regulatory approval because of the way they’re loosely packaged within a capsule. The program in Minnesota appears to be the first one in which a digital pill has been used in oncology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neither patients nor insurers are paying anything beyond the typical cost of the medication for Proteus’s high-tech upgrade. With the new digital chemotherapy pills, Proteus is only making money from the Minnesota health system, Fairview Health Services, where the patients receiving the medication are being treated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fairview, which like other health systems invests in phone calls and other reminders to patients to help them stay on track with their medications, is paying Proteus in the hope that it can save money if the technology can help its cancer patients do better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the contract, Fairview will generally only pay Proteus if indicated cancer patients take their digital chemotherapy as prescribed 80 percent of the time, Proteus executives told reporters. For those patients who don’t meet that threshold, Proteus won’t get paid. With the unusual arrangement, Proteus joins a growing number of medical companies \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/11/14/a-startup-for-diabetes-patients-will-only-get-paid-if-the-service-works/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">experimenting with payment structures\u003c/a> tied to how well patients fare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The commercial rollout of Abilify MyCite has gotten off to a slow start. It has yet to be prescribed outside of a clinical trial to a single patient, according to a spokesman for Otuska, the drug’s manufacturer. Otsuka late last summer \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/08/30/abilify-digital-medicaid-mental-illness/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">announced plans to initially roll out the pill\u003c/a> to certain patients covered by Medicaid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The holdup: The managed care company that struck a deal with Otuska to roll out Abilify MyCite is still working with a health plan to get final approval so that physicians in its network can start offering the pills to patients, said the spokesman, Robert Murphy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proteus’s new digital chemotherapy offering combines two parts into a single capsule: The first is a medication known to scientists as capecitabine; it’s sold under the brand name Xeloda and generic equivalents. The second is the sensor, which Proteus manufactures and embeds into a placebo pill for easy handling; Proteus won FDA approval for the product in 2012. Proteus ships its sensor to a specialty pharmacy, where a pharmacist does the physical handiwork of putting the active medication and the sensor-within-a-placebo into one capsule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proteus picked capecitabine for its high-tech upgrade for a few reasons. For one, it’s a commonly prescribed chemotherapy pill used in a number of different cancers. It’s also a medication that doesn’t look likely to be threatened by any direct competitors or new entrants. And, crucially, it’s a challenging regimen for patients to stay adherent to; patients have to take six to eight pills each day, with two weeks on and one week off, to complete one of eight cycles of chemotherapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abilify MyCite’s approval \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/12/05/smart-pill-abilify-ethics/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sparked concerns\u003c/a> that vulnerable patients might be coerced into taking the drug, maybe through a court order or a deal offered in exchange for freedom, child custody, or a more lenient sentence. Critics also saw a risk to patient privacy, if a patient’s insurer or other companies peered in on a patient’s daily medication intake patterns and other data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. George Savage, Proteus’ chief medical officer, told reporters that the company is trying to preempt those concerns by working with bioethicists and keeping patients “in the driver’s seat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An experiment starting in Minnesota\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Edward Greeno, an oncologist at the University of Minnesota who treats patients in the Fairview system, has led the rollout of the digital chemotherapy pills there. He said he’s been surprised by how enthusiastic patients have been so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every time he and other clinicians have offered the treatment to appropriate patients, they’ve wanted to try it, he said. The only patients who haven’t gone through with it were those whose insurers wouldn’t allow them to fill their capecitabine prescriptions at Fairview’s specialty pharmacies, the only ones that can dispense the digital chemotherapy pills, Greeno said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When patients have returned to the clinic after a few months of trying the digital chemotherapy pills, none has voiced complaints or worries, Greeno said. (Proteus has paid for some of Greeno’s travel.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greeno will be one of the researchers running a clinical trial that Proteus plans to launch to gauge whether patients taking digital chemotherapy see better clinical outcomes than those in the general population — and whether it saves money. The company plans to enroll 750 patients with different cancers at sites across the country, with the goal of launching eight trial sites this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The digital chemotherapy program is just one of about 40 approved medications that Proteus has packaged with a sensor in a capsule. The company has tried the technology with drugs for diabetes, hepatitis C, and tuberculosis, among others. Collectively, they’ve been used to treat thousands of patients, either commercially or in clinical trials, the company’s executives told reporters. In an unusual business model, none of Proteus’s revenue has come from insurers; instead, it’s made money from health systems and a development deal with Otuska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proteus also has big plans to turn itself into something of a high-tech generic drug manufacturer. It intends in the coming years to try to develop a generic version of capecitabine embedded with its sensor, like Abilify MyCite, and then seek FDA approval, the company’s executives said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2019/01/17/a-digital-pill-for-cancer-patients-is-rolled-out-for-the-first-time-in-hopes-of-improving-outcomes/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "shasta-dam-project-sets-up-another-trump-california-showdown",
"title": "Shasta Dam Project Sets Up Another Trump-California Showdown",
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"headTitle": "Shasta Dam Project Sets Up Another Trump-California Showdown | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update May 14:\u003c/strong> A little more than three months after this story first appeared, the State of California and more than a half-dozen fishing and conservation groups sued to stop Westlands Water District from working to advance the Shasta Dam expansion project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Original post:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration is laying the groundwork to enlarge California’s biggest reservoir, the iconic \u003ca href=\"https://www.usbr.gov/projects/index.php?id=241\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Shasta Dam\u003c/a>, north of Redding, by raising its height.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a saga that has \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/7191/is-raising-shasta-dam-the-best-bet-for-californias-water-supply\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dragged on for decades\u003c/a>, along with the controversy surrounding it. But the latest chapter is likely to set the stage for another showdown between California and the Trump administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We’re not talking. We’re explaining what we’re losing. And they’re not listening.’\u003ccite>Winnemem Wintu Chief Caleen Sisk\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Last fall, crews already had drilling rigs in place, taking core samples from the earthen banks around the 600-foot dam. That process was part of testing to see if its World War II-era foundation can support additional bulking up of the dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Taller Dam Means a Bigger Reservoir\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is what the federal Bureau of Reclamation calls “\u003ca href=\"https://www.usbr.gov/newsroom/newsrelease/detail.cfm?RecordID=63217\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">preliminary construction\u003c/a>” work. For now, that’s all they have funding for, but the Trump administration is keen to press on with a $1.3 billion project to add more than 18 feet to the top of the dam, which is already taller than the Washington Monument. That would increase the size of the reservoir, Shasta Lake, by 14 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/ShastaLocator_V05_190124.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-1937206\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/ShastaLocator_V05_190124.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"1335\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/ShastaLocator_V05_190124.jpeg 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/ShastaLocator_V05_190124-160x285.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/ShastaLocator_V05_190124-674x1200.jpeg 674w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003c/a>“We’re extremely confident that there’s a lot of momentum behind this right now,” says Don Bader, area manager for the reclamation bureau, which operates the dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that momentum is coming from Washington, not Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The new administration came in and they’re looking to add storage in California,” Bader explains, “and this was the one project that was ready to go, so that’s why it’s got most of the attention right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wild & Scenic\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project has also caught the attention of California officials, who say it violates the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.watereducation.org/aquapedia/california-wild-and-scenic-rivers-act\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wild & Scenic Rivers Act\u003c/a>, which protects one of the three major rivers that flow into Shasta Reservoir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The California Legislature protected the \u003ca href=\"https://www.calwild.org/portfolio/fact-sheet-mccloud-river/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">McCloud River\u003c/a> from any construction that would expand the reservoir,” says Ron Stork, of the advocacy group \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/FriendsOfTheRiverFoundation/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Friends of the River\u003c/a>. “It’s been illegal to expand this reservoir since 1989.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937209\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1950px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/IMG_4172.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1937209 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/IMG_4172.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: fishing on the McCloud River\" width=\"1950\" height=\"1463\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/IMG_4172.jpg 1950w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/IMG_4172-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/IMG_4172-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/IMG_4172-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/IMG_4172-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/IMG_4172-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/IMG_4172-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1950px) 100vw, 1950px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The McCloud River is a legendary trout-fishing stream and sacred grounds for the Winnemem Wintu tribe. It’s protected under state law. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists say that the $1.3 billion dollars could be better spent on more creative ways to conserve water, such as recycling, stormwater capture, and storing more water in underground aquifers. But President Trump is \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1171992/trumps-pledge-to-open-up-the-water-for-valley-farms-easier-said-than-done\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">on the record\u003c/a> promising Central Valley farmers more water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any bean-counter would say this is crazy,” says Stork. “But this is a political dam.”\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The additional 630, 000 acre-feet of capacity would be like taking \u003ca href=\"http://bawsca.org/water/supply/hetchhetchy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hetch Hetchy Reservoir\u003c/a> — the Sierra lake that supplies San Francisco — and dumping it into Shasta … twice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But nature is not likely to fill that order every year. Stork says the project would likely yield only about 50,000 acre-feet of water on average, annually. That’s a drop in the bucket relative to California’s water budget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sacred Grounds\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In December, Stork joined about 200 others at an “open house” in Redding, designed to inform stakeholders about the project. One of them was Caleen Sisk, chief of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/8855/raising-shasta-dam-and-the-flooding-of-a-cathedral\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Winnemem Wintu\u003c/a> tribe, whose sacred grounds run along the McCloud River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937204\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Speaker01.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1937204\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Speaker01.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: Caleen Sisk at microphone\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Speaker01.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Speaker01-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Speaker01-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Speaker01-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Speaker01-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Speaker01-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At a public meeting in Redding, Winnemem Wintu Chief Caleen Sisk appeals to stakeholders to oppose the expansion of Lake Shasta. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>She says the tribe already lost many of its sacred sites when the original reservoir was filled, back in the 1940s. The expansion would raise the lake level by about another 20 feet, pushing it farther up the McCloud River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For us, we have to be connected to those sacred places,” says Sisk. “And we’ve already lost 26 miles in the building of Shasta Dam — 26 miles have been given up.”\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sisk’s people still use numerous sites along the lower river for rituals, including rites of passage for young Wintu coming of age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sisk says nearly all of the tribe’s remaining sites would be put permanently underwater with the reservoir’s expansion. Reclamation says it’s “talking” with the Winnemem Wintu, but Sisk has a different take.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not talking,” she says, “we’re explaining what we’re losing. And they’re not listening.”\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Powerful Player\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sisk was distressed to see the meeting in Redding being run by \u003ca href=\"https://wwd.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Westlands Water District\u003c/a>, a politically powerful irrigation district based more than 300 miles away, in Fresno, which could be the chief beneficiary of any additional water from the project. It has also raised eyebrows that David Bernhardt, Trump’s acting head of the Interior Department, which includes Reclamation, is a former lobbyist for Westlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Westlands was hosting the Redding meeting because it’s preparing an environmental impact report for the project. Reclamation needs an investment “partner” to close the deal, and though there’s been no formal announcement, many assume that Westlands will put up hundreds of millions of dollars toward the project, in exchange for rights to the water it yields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That they would have the sheer boldness to do an EIR for an illegal project is still — it’s stunning to me,” says Stork.\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials have reacted with similar dismay. This month, the state’s Water Resources Control Board sent Westlands a letter confirming that what they’re proposing is illegal under state law, and that as a state agency, Westlands “participation is prohibited.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A consulting firm conducted the meeting on Westlands’ behalf, and while there was one Westlands official in attendance, consultants said he was “not authorized to talk to the media.” Several subsequent calls and emails to Westlands for this story went unanswered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the Bureau of Reclamation has made it clear that it intends to press on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re proceeding along the federal route here,” says Bader. “If California does not participate in this process, we’ll move along forward by getting the federal approval.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some might interpret that as saying they’re going through with this regardless of what California thinks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s one way to say it,” says Bader.\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From Bader’s standpoint, there’s a lot at stake. Shasta’s the keystone in the giant \u003ca href=\"https://www.usbr.gov/mp/cvp/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Central Valley Project\u003c/a>, which sends water to farms and cities in 29 California counties. But dams have consequences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Insult to Injury\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every time you put up a dam on the Sacramento River, it’s going to be bad for wildlife.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John McManus heads the Golden Gate Salmon Association, an advocate for protecting the threatened fish … and the industries they support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And right now,” he says, “what they’re talking about is adding more insult to injury by raising that dam, impounding more water behind it, and further impairing salmon runs downstream.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937205\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Shasta02.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1937205\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Shasta02.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: downstream view from Shasta Dam\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Shasta02.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Shasta02-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Shasta02-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Shasta02-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Shasta02-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Shasta02-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Federal dam operators say that a deeper reservoir would allow them to send more cold water downstream, to support salmon in the Sacramento River. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Reclamation says a deeper water pool behind the dam will allow them to put more cold water downstream to support the fish. In its project description, the bureau claims it will:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“…improve water supply reliability for agricultural, municipal and industrial, and environmental uses; reduce flood damage; and improve water temperatures and water quality in the Sacramento River below the dam for anadromous fish survival.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>But in 2014, the federal government’s own Fish & Wildlife Service recommended against the project, concluding that it would fail to protect endangered salmon in the Sacramento River and its tributaries. That report was later “rescinded” for further review, and has not resurfaced officially.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reclamation officials hope to award a construction contract by the end of next year, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.usbr.gov/mp/ncao/docs/sdrep-timeline.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">complete the project\u003c/a> by 2024.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McManus thinks the courts will ultimately rule against the project — if it gets that far. With Democrats now in control of the House, congressional funding to elevate Shasta Dam might be another stream that gets cut off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My view is they will ultimately be stopped,” offers McManus, “but I could be wrong. It wouldn’t be the first time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "The Trump administration is laying the groundwork to enlarge California’s biggest reservoir. But the project runs afoul of both state law and the Winnemem Wintu tribe, which says the expansion would end up submerging its sacred sites.",
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"title": "Shasta Dam Project Sets Up Another Trump-California Showdown | KQED",
"description": "The Trump administration is laying the groundwork to enlarge California’s biggest reservoir. But the project runs afoul of both state law and the Winnemem Wintu tribe, which says the expansion would end up submerging its sacred sites.",
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"headline": "Shasta Dam Project Sets Up Another Trump-California Showdown",
"datePublished": "2019-01-28T00:01:46-08:00",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update May 14:\u003c/strong> A little more than three months after this story first appeared, the State of California and more than a half-dozen fishing and conservation groups sued to stop Westlands Water District from working to advance the Shasta Dam expansion project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Original post:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration is laying the groundwork to enlarge California’s biggest reservoir, the iconic \u003ca href=\"https://www.usbr.gov/projects/index.php?id=241\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Shasta Dam\u003c/a>, north of Redding, by raising its height.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a saga that has \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/7191/is-raising-shasta-dam-the-best-bet-for-californias-water-supply\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dragged on for decades\u003c/a>, along with the controversy surrounding it. But the latest chapter is likely to set the stage for another showdown between California and the Trump administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We’re not talking. We’re explaining what we’re losing. And they’re not listening.’\u003ccite>Winnemem Wintu Chief Caleen Sisk\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Last fall, crews already had drilling rigs in place, taking core samples from the earthen banks around the 600-foot dam. That process was part of testing to see if its World War II-era foundation can support additional bulking up of the dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Taller Dam Means a Bigger Reservoir\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is what the federal Bureau of Reclamation calls “\u003ca href=\"https://www.usbr.gov/newsroom/newsrelease/detail.cfm?RecordID=63217\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">preliminary construction\u003c/a>” work. For now, that’s all they have funding for, but the Trump administration is keen to press on with a $1.3 billion project to add more than 18 feet to the top of the dam, which is already taller than the Washington Monument. That would increase the size of the reservoir, Shasta Lake, by 14 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/ShastaLocator_V05_190124.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-1937206\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/ShastaLocator_V05_190124.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"1335\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/ShastaLocator_V05_190124.jpeg 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/ShastaLocator_V05_190124-160x285.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/ShastaLocator_V05_190124-674x1200.jpeg 674w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003c/a>“We’re extremely confident that there’s a lot of momentum behind this right now,” says Don Bader, area manager for the reclamation bureau, which operates the dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that momentum is coming from Washington, not Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The new administration came in and they’re looking to add storage in California,” Bader explains, “and this was the one project that was ready to go, so that’s why it’s got most of the attention right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wild & Scenic\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project has also caught the attention of California officials, who say it violates the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.watereducation.org/aquapedia/california-wild-and-scenic-rivers-act\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wild & Scenic Rivers Act\u003c/a>, which protects one of the three major rivers that flow into Shasta Reservoir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The California Legislature protected the \u003ca href=\"https://www.calwild.org/portfolio/fact-sheet-mccloud-river/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">McCloud River\u003c/a> from any construction that would expand the reservoir,” says Ron Stork, of the advocacy group \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/FriendsOfTheRiverFoundation/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Friends of the River\u003c/a>. “It’s been illegal to expand this reservoir since 1989.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937209\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1950px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/IMG_4172.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1937209 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/IMG_4172.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: fishing on the McCloud River\" width=\"1950\" height=\"1463\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/IMG_4172.jpg 1950w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/IMG_4172-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/IMG_4172-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/IMG_4172-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/IMG_4172-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/IMG_4172-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/IMG_4172-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1950px) 100vw, 1950px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The McCloud River is a legendary trout-fishing stream and sacred grounds for the Winnemem Wintu tribe. It’s protected under state law. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists say that the $1.3 billion dollars could be better spent on more creative ways to conserve water, such as recycling, stormwater capture, and storing more water in underground aquifers. But President Trump is \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1171992/trumps-pledge-to-open-up-the-water-for-valley-farms-easier-said-than-done\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">on the record\u003c/a> promising Central Valley farmers more water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any bean-counter would say this is crazy,” says Stork. “But this is a political dam.”\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The additional 630, 000 acre-feet of capacity would be like taking \u003ca href=\"http://bawsca.org/water/supply/hetchhetchy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hetch Hetchy Reservoir\u003c/a> — the Sierra lake that supplies San Francisco — and dumping it into Shasta … twice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But nature is not likely to fill that order every year. Stork says the project would likely yield only about 50,000 acre-feet of water on average, annually. That’s a drop in the bucket relative to California’s water budget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sacred Grounds\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In December, Stork joined about 200 others at an “open house” in Redding, designed to inform stakeholders about the project. One of them was Caleen Sisk, chief of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/8855/raising-shasta-dam-and-the-flooding-of-a-cathedral\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Winnemem Wintu\u003c/a> tribe, whose sacred grounds run along the McCloud River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937204\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Speaker01.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1937204\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Speaker01.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: Caleen Sisk at microphone\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Speaker01.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Speaker01-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Speaker01-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Speaker01-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Speaker01-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Speaker01-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At a public meeting in Redding, Winnemem Wintu Chief Caleen Sisk appeals to stakeholders to oppose the expansion of Lake Shasta. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>She says the tribe already lost many of its sacred sites when the original reservoir was filled, back in the 1940s. The expansion would raise the lake level by about another 20 feet, pushing it farther up the McCloud River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For us, we have to be connected to those sacred places,” says Sisk. “And we’ve already lost 26 miles in the building of Shasta Dam — 26 miles have been given up.”\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sisk’s people still use numerous sites along the lower river for rituals, including rites of passage for young Wintu coming of age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sisk says nearly all of the tribe’s remaining sites would be put permanently underwater with the reservoir’s expansion. Reclamation says it’s “talking” with the Winnemem Wintu, but Sisk has a different take.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not talking,” she says, “we’re explaining what we’re losing. And they’re not listening.”\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Powerful Player\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sisk was distressed to see the meeting in Redding being run by \u003ca href=\"https://wwd.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Westlands Water District\u003c/a>, a politically powerful irrigation district based more than 300 miles away, in Fresno, which could be the chief beneficiary of any additional water from the project. It has also raised eyebrows that David Bernhardt, Trump’s acting head of the Interior Department, which includes Reclamation, is a former lobbyist for Westlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Westlands was hosting the Redding meeting because it’s preparing an environmental impact report for the project. Reclamation needs an investment “partner” to close the deal, and though there’s been no formal announcement, many assume that Westlands will put up hundreds of millions of dollars toward the project, in exchange for rights to the water it yields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That they would have the sheer boldness to do an EIR for an illegal project is still — it’s stunning to me,” says Stork.\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials have reacted with similar dismay. This month, the state’s Water Resources Control Board sent Westlands a letter confirming that what they’re proposing is illegal under state law, and that as a state agency, Westlands “participation is prohibited.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A consulting firm conducted the meeting on Westlands’ behalf, and while there was one Westlands official in attendance, consultants said he was “not authorized to talk to the media.” Several subsequent calls and emails to Westlands for this story went unanswered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the Bureau of Reclamation has made it clear that it intends to press on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re proceeding along the federal route here,” says Bader. “If California does not participate in this process, we’ll move along forward by getting the federal approval.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some might interpret that as saying they’re going through with this regardless of what California thinks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s one way to say it,” says Bader.\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From Bader’s standpoint, there’s a lot at stake. Shasta’s the keystone in the giant \u003ca href=\"https://www.usbr.gov/mp/cvp/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Central Valley Project\u003c/a>, which sends water to farms and cities in 29 California counties. But dams have consequences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Insult to Injury\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every time you put up a dam on the Sacramento River, it’s going to be bad for wildlife.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John McManus heads the Golden Gate Salmon Association, an advocate for protecting the threatened fish … and the industries they support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And right now,” he says, “what they’re talking about is adding more insult to injury by raising that dam, impounding more water behind it, and further impairing salmon runs downstream.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937205\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Shasta02.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1937205\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Shasta02.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: downstream view from Shasta Dam\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Shasta02.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Shasta02-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Shasta02-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Shasta02-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Shasta02-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Shasta02-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Federal dam operators say that a deeper reservoir would allow them to send more cold water downstream, to support salmon in the Sacramento River. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Reclamation says a deeper water pool behind the dam will allow them to put more cold water downstream to support the fish. In its project description, the bureau claims it will:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“…improve water supply reliability for agricultural, municipal and industrial, and environmental uses; reduce flood damage; and improve water temperatures and water quality in the Sacramento River below the dam for anadromous fish survival.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>But in 2014, the federal government’s own Fish & Wildlife Service recommended against the project, concluding that it would fail to protect endangered salmon in the Sacramento River and its tributaries. That report was later “rescinded” for further review, and has not resurfaced officially.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reclamation officials hope to award a construction contract by the end of next year, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.usbr.gov/mp/ncao/docs/sdrep-timeline.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">complete the project\u003c/a> by 2024.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McManus thinks the courts will ultimately rule against the project — if it gets that far. With Democrats now in control of the House, congressional funding to elevate Shasta Dam might be another stream that gets cut off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My view is they will ultimately be stopped,” offers McManus, “but I could be wrong. It wouldn’t be the first time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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},
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"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
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"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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},
"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
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