window.__IS_SSR__=true
window.__INITIAL_STATE__={
"attachmentsReducer": {
"audio_0": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "audio_0",
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background0.jpg"
}
}
},
"audio_1": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "audio_1",
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background1.jpg"
}
}
},
"audio_2": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "audio_2",
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background2.jpg"
}
}
},
"audio_3": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "audio_3",
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background3.jpg"
}
}
},
"audio_4": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "audio_4",
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background4.jpg"
}
}
},
"placeholder": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "placeholder",
"imgSizes": {
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-160x107.jpg",
"width": 160,
"height": 107,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-800x533.jpg",
"width": 800,
"height": 533,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-768x512.jpg",
"width": 768,
"height": 512,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"large": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1020x680.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"height": 680,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"1536x1536": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1536x1024.jpg",
"width": 1536,
"height": 1024,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1536x1024.jpg",
"width": 1536,
"height": 1024,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1020x680.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"height": 680,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-800x533.jpg",
"width": 800,
"height": 533,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"height": 372,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"height": 576,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-160x107.jpg",
"width": 160,
"height": 107,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"height": 372,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"small": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"height": 372,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1020x680.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"height": 680,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1920x1280.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"height": 1280,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 32,
"height": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 50,
"height": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 64,
"height": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 96,
"height": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 128,
"height": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 160,
"height": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1.jpg",
"width": 2000,
"height": 1333
}
}
},
"science_1938166": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1938166",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1938166",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1938007,
"imgSizes": {
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2039/02/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2039/02/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-160x106.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 106
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2039/02/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2039/02/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1.jpg",
"width": 1280,
"height": 850
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2039/02/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-1020x677.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 677
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2039/02/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-1200x797.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 797
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2039/02/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2039/02/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2039/02/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-800x531.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 531
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2039/02/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2039/02/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2039/02/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2039/02/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-768x510.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 510
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2039/02/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
}
},
"publishDate": 1550617632,
"modified": 1550617632,
"caption": null,
"description": null,
"title": "DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115 (1)",
"credit": null,
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1938187": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1938187",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1938187",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1938157,
"imgSizes": {
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/download-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/download-160x90.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 90
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/download-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/download.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"height": 1080
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/download-1020x574.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 574
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/download-1200x675.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 675
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/download-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/download-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/download-800x450.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 450
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/download-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/download-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/download-1920x1080.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1080
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/download-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/download-768x432.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 432
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/download-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
}
},
"publishDate": 1550621969,
"modified": 1550773862,
"caption": "Satellite view of the Sierra Nevada and western Nevada from Yosemite National Park, at lower left, to Walker Lake, at the top of the images toward the right. The 'before' image was taken Feb. 16, 2018; the 'after' image on Feb. 11, 2019.",
"description": null,
"title": "Snowpack Feb 2019",
"credit": "Planet",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1938128": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1938128",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1938128",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1938127,
"imgSizes": {
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/ap_19049790976870-69b7fbccbbb7a566718fc8011d63482aac788f68-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/ap_19049790976870-69b7fbccbbb7a566718fc8011d63482aac788f68-160x120.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 120
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/ap_19049790976870-69b7fbccbbb7a566718fc8011d63482aac788f68-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/ap_19049790976870-69b7fbccbbb7a566718fc8011d63482aac788f68-e1550602719295.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"height": 1440
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/ap_19049790976870-69b7fbccbbb7a566718fc8011d63482aac788f68-1020x765.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 765
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/ap_19049790976870-69b7fbccbbb7a566718fc8011d63482aac788f68-1200x900.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 900
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/ap_19049790976870-69b7fbccbbb7a566718fc8011d63482aac788f68-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/ap_19049790976870-69b7fbccbbb7a566718fc8011d63482aac788f68-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/ap_19049790976870-69b7fbccbbb7a566718fc8011d63482aac788f68-800x600.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 600
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/ap_19049790976870-69b7fbccbbb7a566718fc8011d63482aac788f68-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/ap_19049790976870-69b7fbccbbb7a566718fc8011d63482aac788f68-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/ap_19049790976870-69b7fbccbbb7a566718fc8011d63482aac788f68-1920x1440.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1440
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/ap_19049790976870-69b7fbccbbb7a566718fc8011d63482aac788f68-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/ap_19049790976870-69b7fbccbbb7a566718fc8011d63482aac788f68-768x576.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/ap_19049790976870-69b7fbccbbb7a566718fc8011d63482aac788f68-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
}
},
"publishDate": 1550600281,
"modified": 1550601118,
"caption": "Wallace Broecker, a professor at Columbia University in New York, speaking during the Balzan Prize ceremony in Rome in 2008. Broecker, a climate scientist who popularized the term \"global warming,\" died Monday.",
"description": "Wallace Broecker, a professor at Columbia University in New York, speaking during the Balzan Prize ceremony in Rome in 2008. Broecker, a climate scientist who popularized the term \"global warming,\" died Monday.",
"title": "Wallace Broecker, a professor at Columbia University in New York, speaking during the Balzan Prize ceremony in Rome in 2008. Broecker, a climate scientist who popularized the term \"global warming,\" died Monday.",
"credit": "Gregorio Borgia/AP",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1938024": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1938024",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1938024",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1937982,
"imgSizes": {
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/03419002_495-160x107.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 107
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/03419002_495-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/03419002_495.jpg",
"width": 770,
"height": 513
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/03419002_495-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/03419002_495-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/03419002_495-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/03419002_495-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/03419002_495-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/03419002_495-768x512.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 512
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/03419002_495-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
}
},
"publishDate": 1550188589,
"modified": 1550188792,
"caption": "The recent \"E-Prix\" in Santiago, Chile. Now in it's fifth season, Formula-E racing is chasing a worldwide base of young, tech-savvy fans.",
"description": "The recent \"E-Prix\" in Santiago, Chile. Now in it's fifth season, Formula-E racing is chasing a worldwide base of young, tech-savvy fans.",
"title": "03419002_495",
"credit": "FIA",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1937968": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1937968",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1937968",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1937967,
"imgSizes": {
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/oppytracks_wide-2e80777b02b8c50810a6663b1cfe38135f5bf266-1024x576.jpg",
"width": 1024,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/oppytracks_wide-2e80777b02b8c50810a6663b1cfe38135f5bf266-160x90.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 90
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/oppytracks_wide-2e80777b02b8c50810a6663b1cfe38135f5bf266-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/oppytracks_wide-2e80777b02b8c50810a6663b1cfe38135f5bf266.jpg",
"width": 1024,
"height": 576
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/oppytracks_wide-2e80777b02b8c50810a6663b1cfe38135f5bf266-1020x574.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 574
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/oppytracks_wide-2e80777b02b8c50810a6663b1cfe38135f5bf266-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/oppytracks_wide-2e80777b02b8c50810a6663b1cfe38135f5bf266-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/oppytracks_wide-2e80777b02b8c50810a6663b1cfe38135f5bf266-800x450.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 450
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/oppytracks_wide-2e80777b02b8c50810a6663b1cfe38135f5bf266-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/oppytracks_wide-2e80777b02b8c50810a6663b1cfe38135f5bf266-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/oppytracks_wide-2e80777b02b8c50810a6663b1cfe38135f5bf266-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/oppytracks_wide-2e80777b02b8c50810a6663b1cfe38135f5bf266-768x432.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 432
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/oppytracks_wide-2e80777b02b8c50810a6663b1cfe38135f5bf266-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
}
},
"publishDate": 1550085449,
"modified": 1550103793,
"caption": "NASA's Opportunity rover used its navigation camera to capture this northward view of tracks in May 2010 during its long trek to Mars' Endeavour crater.",
"description": "NASA's Opportunity rover used its navigation camera to capture this northward view of tracks in May 2010 during its long trek to Mars' Endeavour Crate",
"title": "NASA's Opportunity rover used its navigation camera to capture this northward view of tracks in May 2010 during its long trek to Mars' Endeavour Crater.",
"credit": "NASA/JPL-Caltech",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1937926": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1937926",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1937926",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1937918,
"imgSizes": {
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/DeadTrees-1020x612-1020x576.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/DeadTrees-1020x612-160x96.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/DeadTrees-1020x612-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/DeadTrees-1020x612.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"height": 612
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/DeadTrees-1020x612-1020x612.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 612
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/DeadTrees-1020x612-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/DeadTrees-1020x612-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/DeadTrees-1020x612-800x480.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 480
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/DeadTrees-1020x612-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/DeadTrees-1020x612-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/DeadTrees-1020x612-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/DeadTrees-1020x612-768x461.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 461
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/DeadTrees-1020x612-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
}
},
"publishDate": 1549934112,
"modified": 1549934173,
"caption": "Dead trees in Sequoia National Park in May 2016. The Southern Sierra Nevada was one of the hardest-hit areas by drought and high temperatures, resulting in millions of dead trees. ",
"description": "Dead trees in Sequoia National Park in May 2016. The Southern Sierra Nevada was one of the hardest-hit areas by drought and high temperatures, resulting in millions of dead trees. ",
"title": "DeadTrees-1020x612",
"credit": "U.S. Forest Service",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1937810": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1937810",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1937810",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1937767,
"imgSizes": {
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/treasureisland_007-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/treasureisland_007-160x102.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 102
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/treasureisland_007-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/treasureisland_007.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"height": 1223
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/treasureisland_007-1020x650.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 650
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/treasureisland_007-1200x764.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 764
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/treasureisland_007-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/treasureisland_007-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/treasureisland_007-800x510.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 510
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/treasureisland_007-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/treasureisland_007-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/treasureisland_007-1920x1223.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1223
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/treasureisland_007-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/treasureisland_007-768x489.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 489
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/treasureisland_007-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
}
},
"publishDate": 1549674051,
"modified": 1561412334,
"caption": "View of Treasure Island. The toxic compounds PFOS and PFOA, a type of PFAS, are present on the island at levels far beyond EPA guidelines.",
"description": null,
"title": "treasureisland_007",
"credit": "Lindsey Moore/KQED",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1937393": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1937393",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1937393",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1937137,
"imgSizes": {
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/RS34850_McClurgBirth_004-qut-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/RS34850_McClurgBirth_004-qut-160x118.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 118
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/RS34850_McClurgBirth_004-qut-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/RS34850_McClurgBirth_004-qut.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"height": 1412
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/RS34850_McClurgBirth_004-qut-1020x750.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 750
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/RS34850_McClurgBirth_004-qut-1200x883.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 883
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/RS34850_McClurgBirth_004-qut-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/RS34850_McClurgBirth_004-qut-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/RS34850_McClurgBirth_004-qut-800x588.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 588
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/RS34850_McClurgBirth_004-qut-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/RS34850_McClurgBirth_004-qut-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/RS34850_McClurgBirth_004-qut-1920x1412.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1412
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/RS34850_McClurgBirth_004-qut-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/RS34850_McClurgBirth_004-qut-768x565.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 565
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/RS34850_McClurgBirth_004-qut-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
}
},
"publishDate": 1548799816,
"modified": 1548800064,
"caption": "Lesley McClurg is reviewing birthing books as she weighs her decision about where to give birth in a few months. ",
"description": null,
"title": "RS34850_McClurgBirth_004-qut",
"credit": "Lindsey Moore/KQED",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1937688": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1937688",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1937688",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1937679,
"imgSizes": {
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/RS8626_467299859-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/RS8626_467299859-160x105.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 105
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/RS8626_467299859-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/RS8626_467299859.jpg",
"width": 1950,
"height": 1278
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/RS8626_467299859-1020x668.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 668
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/RS8626_467299859-1200x786.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 786
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/RS8626_467299859-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/RS8626_467299859-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/RS8626_467299859-800x524.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 524
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/RS8626_467299859-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/RS8626_467299859-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/RS8626_467299859-1920x1258.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1258
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/RS8626_467299859-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/RS8626_467299859-768x503.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 503
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/RS8626_467299859-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
}
},
"publishDate": 1549336428,
"modified": 1549336506,
"caption": "Atmospheric river storms deliver up to half of California's annual precipitation.",
"description": "SAN FRANCISCO, CA - FEBRUARY 06: A pedestrian carries an umbrella while walking near the Bay Bridge on February 6, 2014 in San Francisco, California. The San Francisco Bay Area is getting much needed rain with up to a half inch of rain falling overnight and a bigger weather system expected to bring more precipitation over the weekend. (Photo by Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)",
"title": "Much Needed Rain Falls In Bay Area, As State Continues To Suffer Worsening Drought",
"credit": "Justin Sullivan/Getty Images",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1937597": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1937597",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1937597",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1937521,
"imgSizes": {
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/polarvortex-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/polarvortex-160x107.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 107
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/polarvortex-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/polarvortex-e1549135970848.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"height": 1280
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/polarvortex-1020x680.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 680
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/polarvortex-1200x800.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 800
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/polarvortex-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/polarvortex-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/polarvortex-800x533.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 533
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/polarvortex-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/polarvortex-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/polarvortex-1920x1280.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1280
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/polarvortex-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/polarvortex-768x512.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 512
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/polarvortex-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
}
},
"publishDate": 1549135930,
"modified": 1549135963,
"caption": "A man walks along the lakefront as temperatures hovered around -20 degrees on Jan. 30, 2019 in Chicago,",
"description": null,
"title": "Polar Vortex Brings Extreme Cold Temperatures To Chicago",
"credit": "Scott Olson/Getty Images",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1937564": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1937564",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1937564",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1937477,
"imgSizes": {
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/RS28367_GettyImages-887599032-qut-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/RS28367_GettyImages-887599032-qut-160x107.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 107
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/RS28367_GettyImages-887599032-qut-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/RS28367_GettyImages-887599032-qut.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"height": 1280
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/RS28367_GettyImages-887599032-qut-1020x680.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 680
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/RS28367_GettyImages-887599032-qut-1200x800.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 800
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/RS28367_GettyImages-887599032-qut-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/RS28367_GettyImages-887599032-qut-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/RS28367_GettyImages-887599032-qut-800x533.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 533
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/RS28367_GettyImages-887599032-qut-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/RS28367_GettyImages-887599032-qut-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/RS28367_GettyImages-887599032-qut-1920x1280.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1280
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/RS28367_GettyImages-887599032-qut-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/RS28367_GettyImages-887599032-qut-768x512.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 512
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/RS28367_GettyImages-887599032-qut-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
}
},
"publishDate": 1549056144,
"modified": 1549056231,
"caption": "Santa Ana winds helped drive the Thomas Fire in December 2017.",
"description": "VENTURA, CA - DECEMBER 07: Firefighters monitor a section of the Thomas Fire along the 101 freeway on December 7, 2017 north of Ventura, California. The firefighters occasionally used a flare device to burn-off brush close to the roadside. Strong Santa Ana winds are rapidly pushing multiple wildfires across the region, expanding across tens of thousands of acres and destroying hundreds of homes and structures. (Photo by Mario Tama/Getty Images)",
"title": "Southern California Wildfires Forces Thousands to Evacuate",
"credit": "Mario Tama/Getty Images",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1937380": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1937380",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1937380",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1937377,
"imgSizes": {
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Powell-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Powell-160x90.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 90
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Powell-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Powell.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"height": 1080
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Powell-1020x574.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 574
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Powell-1200x675.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 675
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Powell-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Powell-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Powell-800x450.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 450
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Powell-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Powell-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Powell-1920x1080.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1080
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Powell-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Powell-768x432.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 432
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Powell-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
}
},
"publishDate": 1548797936,
"modified": 1549044448,
"caption": "The Colorado River supplies water for 40 million people.",
"description": null,
"title": "Powell",
"credit": "Lauren Sommer/KQED",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
}
},
"audioPlayerReducer": {
"postId": "stream_live",
"isPaused": true,
"isPlaying": false,
"pfsActive": false,
"pledgeModalIsOpen": true,
"playerDrawerIsOpen": false,
"liveAudioPlayStartedAt": 0,
"liveAudioPlayContext": ""
},
"authorsReducer": {
"byline_science_1938127": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_science_1938127",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_science_1938127",
"name": "Francesca Paris\u003cbr/>NPR",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_science_1937967": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_science_1937967",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_science_1937967",
"name": "Joe Palca\u003cbr />NPR",
"isLoading": false
},
"jbrooks": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "80",
"meta": {
"index": "authors_1716337520",
"id": "80",
"found": true
},
"name": "Jon Brooks",
"firstName": "Jon",
"lastName": "Brooks",
"slug": "jbrooks",
"email": "jbrooks@kqed.org",
"display_author_email": true,
"staff_mastheads": [
"science"
],
"title": "Digital Editor",
"bio": "Jon Brooks is a former Digital Editor for KQED Science. He is the former editor of KQED’s daily news blog, News Fix. In 2014, he won a California Journalism Award for his coverage of ride services like Uber and Lyft and the taxi industry. A veteran blogger, he previously worked for Yahoo! in various news writing and editing roles. Jon is also a playwright whose work has been produced in San Francisco, New York, Italy, and around the U.S. He has written about film for his own blog and studied film at Boston University.",
"avatar": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/98887f7ed1c876ed414d4c915e969584?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twitter": "jbrooksfoy",
"facebook": null,
"instagram": null,
"linkedin": null,
"sites": [
{
"site": "arts",
"roles": [
"Contributor",
"editor"
]
},
{
"site": "news",
"roles": [
"author"
]
},
{
"site": "futureofyou",
"roles": [
"administrator"
]
},
{
"site": "mindshift",
"roles": [
"editor"
]
},
{
"site": "stateofhealth",
"roles": [
"editor"
]
},
{
"site": "science",
"roles": [
"administrator"
]
},
{
"site": "quest",
"roles": [
"editor"
]
}
],
"headData": {
"title": "Jon Brooks | KQED",
"description": "Digital Editor",
"ogImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/98887f7ed1c876ed414d4c915e969584?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/98887f7ed1c876ed414d4c915e969584?s=600&d=blank&r=g"
},
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/author/jbrooks"
},
"cmiller": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "221",
"meta": {
"index": "authors_1716337520",
"id": "221",
"found": true
},
"name": "Craig Miller",
"firstName": "Craig",
"lastName": "Miller",
"slug": "cmiller",
"email": "craig@voxterra.net",
"display_author_email": false,
"staff_mastheads": [
"science"
],
"title": "Editor Emeritus, Science",
"bio": "Craig is a former KQED Science editor, specializing in weather, climate, water & energy issues, with a little seismology thrown in just to shake things up. Prior to that, he launched and led the station's award-winning multimedia project, Climate Watch. Craig is also an accomplished writer/producer of television documentaries, with a focus on natural resource issues.",
"avatar": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b91661df645e001a9cafe0861fa685f9?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twitter": "voxterra",
"facebook": null,
"instagram": null,
"linkedin": null,
"sites": [
{
"site": "news",
"roles": [
"author"
]
},
{
"site": "futureofyou",
"roles": [
"editor"
]
},
{
"site": "stateofhealth",
"roles": [
"author"
]
},
{
"site": "science",
"roles": [
"editor"
]
},
{
"site": "quest",
"roles": [
"editor"
]
}
],
"headData": {
"title": "Craig Miller | KQED",
"description": "Editor Emeritus, Science",
"ogImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b91661df645e001a9cafe0861fa685f9?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b91661df645e001a9cafe0861fa685f9?s=600&d=blank&r=g"
},
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/author/cmiller"
},
"laurensommer": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "239",
"meta": {
"index": "authors_1716337520",
"id": "239",
"found": true
},
"name": "Lauren Sommer",
"firstName": "Lauren",
"lastName": "Sommer",
"slug": "laurensommer",
"email": "lsommer@kqed.org",
"display_author_email": false,
"staff_mastheads": [],
"title": "KQED Contributor",
"bio": "Lauren is a radio reporter formerly covering environment, water, and energy for KQED Science. As part of her day job, she has scaled Sierra Nevada peaks, run from charging elephant seals, and desperately tried to get her sea legs - all in pursuit of good radio. Her work has appeared on Marketplace, Living on Earth, Science Friday and NPR's Morning Edition and All Things Considered. You can find her on Twitter at \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/lesommer\">@lesommer\u003c/a>.",
"avatar": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/33aa3772bb86c6ad45b8aca6a238bbdf?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twitter": null,
"facebook": null,
"instagram": null,
"linkedin": null,
"sites": [
{
"site": "news",
"roles": [
"author"
]
},
{
"site": "science",
"roles": [
"editor",
"manage_content_types",
"manage_taxonomies"
]
},
{
"site": "quest",
"roles": [
"editor"
]
}
],
"headData": {
"title": "Lauren Sommer | KQED",
"description": "KQED Contributor",
"ogImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/33aa3772bb86c6ad45b8aca6a238bbdf?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/33aa3772bb86c6ad45b8aca6a238bbdf?s=600&d=blank&r=g"
},
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/author/laurensommer"
},
"kqedscience": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "6387",
"meta": {
"index": "authors_1716337520",
"id": "6387",
"found": true
},
"name": "KQED Science",
"firstName": "KQED",
"lastName": "Science",
"slug": "kqedscience",
"email": "kqedscience@gmail.com",
"display_author_email": false,
"staff_mastheads": [],
"title": null,
"bio": "KQED Science brings you award-winning science and environment coverage from the Bay Area and beyond by the flagship Northern California PBS and NPR affiliate.",
"avatar": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/5a295ff49cf82a8c0f30937d3f788b2f?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twitter": null,
"facebook": null,
"instagram": null,
"linkedin": null,
"sites": [
{
"site": "science",
"roles": [
"contributor"
]
},
{
"site": "quest",
"roles": [
"editor"
]
},
{
"site": "food",
"roles": [
"contributor"
]
}
],
"headData": {
"title": "KQED Science | KQED",
"description": null,
"ogImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/5a295ff49cf82a8c0f30937d3f788b2f?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/5a295ff49cf82a8c0f30937d3f788b2f?s=600&d=blank&r=g"
},
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/author/kqedscience"
},
"dventon": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "11088",
"meta": {
"index": "authors_1716337520",
"id": "11088",
"found": true
},
"name": "Danielle Venton",
"firstName": "Danielle",
"lastName": "Venton",
"slug": "dventon",
"email": "dventon@kqed.org",
"display_author_email": true,
"staff_mastheads": [
"science"
],
"title": "Science reporter",
"bio": "Danielle Venton is a reporter for KQED Science. She covers wildfires, space and oceans (though she is prone to sea sickness).\r\n\r\nBefore joining KQED in 2015, Danielle was a staff reporter at KRCB in Sonoma County and a freelancer. She studied science communication at UC Santa Cruz and formerly worked at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland where she wrote about computing. She lives in Sonoma County and enjoys backpacking.",
"avatar": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ebaf11ee6cfb7bb40329a143d463829e?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twitter": "DanielleVenton",
"facebook": null,
"instagram": null,
"linkedin": null,
"sites": [
{
"site": "arts",
"roles": [
"contributor"
]
},
{
"site": "news",
"roles": [
"editor"
]
},
{
"site": "futureofyou",
"roles": [
"editor"
]
},
{
"site": "science",
"roles": [
"editor"
]
},
{
"site": "liveblog",
"roles": [
"contributor"
]
}
],
"headData": {
"title": "Danielle Venton | KQED",
"description": "Science reporter",
"ogImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ebaf11ee6cfb7bb40329a143d463829e?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ebaf11ee6cfb7bb40329a143d463829e?s=600&d=blank&r=g"
},
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/author/dventon"
},
"mpeterson": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "11223",
"meta": {
"index": "authors_1716337520",
"id": "11223",
"found": true
},
"name": "Molly Peterson",
"firstName": "Molly",
"lastName": "Peterson",
"slug": "mpeterson",
"email": "mpeterson@kqed.org",
"display_author_email": false,
"staff_mastheads": [],
"title": null,
"bio": "Molly Peterson reports for KQED science and news on climate change, catastrophe and risk. Previously she was environment correspondent at Southern California Public Radio. Her work has also appeared at The New York Times, The Guardian, on NPR, at High Country News, on Code Switch, and other national outlets. She has been honored with awards from Public Radio News Directors Incorporated, Investigative Reporters and Editors, the Society for Professional Journalists, the Los Angeles Press Club, and RTNDA Edward R. Murrow awards, among others.",
"avatar": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7908e2807131f776cc8165c649530b05?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twitter": "Mollydacious",
"facebook": null,
"instagram": "https://www.instagram.com/radiomolly/",
"linkedin": null,
"sites": [
{
"site": "news",
"roles": [
"subscriber"
]
},
{
"site": "futureofyou",
"roles": [
"editor"
]
},
{
"site": "science",
"roles": [
"editor"
]
}
],
"headData": {
"title": "Molly Peterson | KQED",
"description": null,
"ogImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7908e2807131f776cc8165c649530b05?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7908e2807131f776cc8165c649530b05?s=600&d=blank&r=g"
},
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/author/mpeterson"
},
"lesleymcclurg": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "11229",
"meta": {
"index": "authors_1716337520",
"id": "11229",
"found": true
},
"name": "Lesley McClurg",
"firstName": "Lesley",
"lastName": "McClurg",
"slug": "lesleymcclurg",
"email": "lmcclurg@KQED.org",
"display_author_email": false,
"staff_mastheads": [
"news",
"science"
],
"title": "KQED Health Correspondent",
"bio": "Lesley McClurg is a health correspondent and fill-in host whose work is regularly rebroadcast on NPR and PBS programs. She’s earned multiple regional Emmy awards, a national and a regional Edward R. Murrow award, and was named Best Beat Reporter by the Association of Health Care Journalists. The Society of Professional Journalists has recognized her work several times, and the Society of Environmental Journalists spotlighted her coverage of California’s historic drought.\r\n\r\nBefore joining KQED in 2016, Lesley covered food and sustainability for Capital Public Radio, environmental issues for Colorado Public Radio, and reported for KUOW and KCTS 9 in Seattle. Away from the newsroom, she loves skiing with her daughter, mountain biking with her partner, and playing with Ollie, the family’s goldendoodle. On deadline, she runs almost entirely on chocolate chips.\r\n\r\n ",
"avatar": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bab49e972ea10c774fe0f5e29dba1722b158f7c0d58a360923d1389d380b2978?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twitter": "lesleywmcclurg",
"bluesky": null,
"facebook": null,
"instagram": null,
"linkedin": null,
"sites": [
{
"site": "arts",
"roles": [
"author"
]
},
{
"site": "news",
"roles": [
"editor"
]
},
{
"site": "futureofyou",
"roles": [
"editor"
]
},
{
"site": "stateofhealth",
"roles": [
"author"
]
},
{
"site": "science",
"roles": [
"editor"
]
},
{
"site": "quest",
"roles": [
"subscriber"
]
},
{
"site": "forum",
"roles": [
"administrator"
]
},
{
"site": "liveblog",
"roles": [
"author"
]
}
],
"headData": {
"title": "Lesley McClurg | KQED",
"description": "KQED Health Correspondent",
"ogImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bab49e972ea10c774fe0f5e29dba1722b158f7c0d58a360923d1389d380b2978?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bab49e972ea10c774fe0f5e29dba1722b158f7c0d58a360923d1389d380b2978?s=600&d=blank&r=g"
},
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/author/lesleymcclurg"
},
"parcuni": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "11368",
"meta": {
"index": "authors_1716337520",
"id": "11368",
"found": true
},
"name": "Peter Arcuni",
"firstName": "Peter",
"lastName": "Arcuni",
"slug": "parcuni",
"email": "parcuni@KQED.org",
"display_author_email": false,
"staff_mastheads": [
"science"
],
"title": "Reporter",
"bio": "Peter reports radio and online stories for \u003cem>KQED Science\u003c/em>. His work has also appeared on the \u003cem>The California Report\u003c/em> morning show and \u003cem>KQED News\u003c/em>. His production credits include \u003cem>The California Report, The California Report Magazine\u003c/em> and KQED's local news podcast \u003cem>The Bay\u003c/em>. Other credits include NPR's \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em>, WNYC's \u003cem>Science Friday\u003c/em>, WBUR's \u003cem>Here & Now\u003c/em>, WIRED and SFGate. Peter graduated from Brown University and earned a master's degree in journalism from Stanford. He's covered everything from homelessness to wildfires, health, the environment, arts and Thanksgiving in San Quentin prison. In other lives, he played rock n roll music and studied neuroscience. You can email him at: parcuni@kqed.org",
"avatar": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d5032f6f27199d478af34ad2e1d98732?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twitter": "peterarcuni",
"facebook": null,
"instagram": null,
"linkedin": null,
"sites": [
{
"site": "news",
"roles": [
"editor"
]
},
{
"site": "science",
"roles": [
"editor"
]
}
],
"headData": {
"title": "Peter Arcuni | KQED",
"description": "Reporter",
"ogImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d5032f6f27199d478af34ad2e1d98732?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d5032f6f27199d478af34ad2e1d98732?s=600&d=blank&r=g"
},
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/author/parcuni"
},
"hhagemann": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "11578",
"meta": {
"index": "authors_1716337520",
"id": "11578",
"found": true
},
"name": "Hannah Hagemann",
"firstName": "Hannah",
"lastName": "Hagemann",
"slug": "hhagemann",
"email": "hhagemann@KQED.org",
"display_author_email": false,
"staff_mastheads": [],
"title": "KQED Contributor",
"bio": null,
"avatar": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c3af389deff545c719141a87524965d8?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twitter": null,
"facebook": null,
"instagram": null,
"linkedin": null,
"sites": [
{
"site": "news",
"roles": [
"author"
]
},
{
"site": "science",
"roles": [
"editor"
]
}
],
"headData": {
"title": "Hannah Hagemann | KQED",
"description": "KQED Contributor",
"ogImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c3af389deff545c719141a87524965d8?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c3af389deff545c719141a87524965d8?s=600&d=blank&r=g"
},
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/author/hhagemann"
}
},
"pagesReducer": {
"science_category_news": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_40",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "40",
"score": 10.810802
},
"featImg": null,
"name": "News",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "News Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 42,
"slug": "news",
"isLoading": false,
"title": "News",
"pageMeta": {
"site": "science",
"WpPageTemplate": "page-topic-editorial",
"currentPage": 144
},
"blocks": [
{
"blockName": "kqed/post-list",
"attrs": {
"layout": "cardArticle2",
"query": "posts/science?category=news",
"seeMore": false,
"paginated": true,
"page": 144
}
},
{
"blockName": "kqed/ad"
}
]
}
},
"pfsSessionReducer": {},
"postsReducer": {
"stream_live": {
"type": "live",
"id": "stream_live",
"audioUrl": "https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio",
"title": "Live Stream",
"excerpt": "Live Stream information currently unavailable.",
"link": "/radio",
"featImg": "",
"label": {
"name": "KQED Live",
"link": "/"
}
},
"stream_kqedNewscast": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "stream_kqedNewscast",
"audioUrl": "https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1",
"title": "KQED Newscast",
"featImg": "",
"label": {
"name": "88.5 FM",
"link": "/"
}
},
"science_1938007": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1938007",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1938007",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1550687407000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {
"site": "science"
},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1550687407,
"format": "aside",
"title": "Making Sense of the CRISPR Patent Dispute Between the University of California and Broad",
"headTitle": "Making Sense of the CRISPR Patent Dispute Between the University of California and Broad | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Anyone fond of intricate intellectual property disputes (and really, who isn’t?) is going to have their cup runnething over when it comes to the long-running battle between the University of California and Harvard/MIT’s Broad Institute to determine who will get to cash in the most on their seminal CRISPR/Cas 9 discoveries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CRISPR/Cas9 is a precise gene-editing technology. Scientists can use it to home in on specific locations within the human genetic code to swap out a problematic section of DNA with a corrected segment. The advance has created enormous excitement over its potential for curing or preventing genetic diseases, and galvanized an \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/435096/as-human-gene-editing-advances-doudna-says-ethical-discussions-cant-wait\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ethical debate\u003c/a> over \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934926/trying-to-understand-the-crispr-baby-five-things-to-read\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">human genome editing\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/11/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-1938166\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2039/02/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-1020x677.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"425\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2039/02/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-1020x677.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2039/02/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2039/02/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2039/02/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2039/02/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-1200x797.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2039/02/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC and Broad have been slugging it out in administrative hearings and the courts since 2014, when Broad, which had paid for an expedited review, received a key patent while UC still waited for approval on its own filing. UC eventually \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/444391/uc-loses-appeal-on-crispr-patent\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lost\u003c/a> the legal fight, but on Feb. 8, \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ucberkeley-ip-crispr/university-of-california-to-be-granted-pioneering-crispr-patent-idUSKCN1PX25K\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">news broke\u003c/a> that the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office will finally issue UC’s foundational CRISPR/Cas9 patent. Not everyone expected the decision, and it has created a potentially even bigger muddle over who will get paid for what should the considerable hopes for the technology come to fruition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To sort out the complexities, KQED spoke with two people following the case, reporter \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2019/02/08/the-university-of-california-gets-its-key-crispr-patent/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sharon Begley\u003c/a> of the health news website \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">STAT,\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nyls.edu/faculty/faculty-profiles/faculty_profiles/jacob-s-sherkow/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Professor Jacob Sherkow\u003c/a>, of the Innovation Center for Law and Technology at New York Law School. Some key points …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the history of the dispute between Broad and UC? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, University of California Berkeley biochemist \u003ca href=\"https://chemistry.berkeley.edu/faculty/chem/doudna\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jennifer Doudna\u003c/a> and colleagues made a seminal discovery about how to use CRISPR/Cas9 for gene editing, performing their experiments on DNA in a test tube. UC subsequently filed with the United States Patent and Trademark Office for a patent on the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, a group led by molecular biologist \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/bios/feng-zhang\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Feng Zhang\u003c/a> at the Broad Institute in Boston also edited genes using CRISPR. This team was able to edit the DNA inside of actual mouse and human cells. Broad filed for a patent on its process, and in 2014 the United States Patent and Trademark Office granted the patents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At that point, UC claimed the Broad patents “interfered” with the patent for which UC had applied. “That’s called an interference proceeding,” Begley said of the legal maneuver. “Lawyers make gazillions of dollars on it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the tactic didn’t work. In February 2017, the Patent office ruled that Broad’s patents were sufficiently different from the one UC claimed, so no interference had occurred. UC then took Broad to court, and in September 2018, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit affirmed the patent office’s decision to award Broad its patents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So at this point, and again, we’re six years later, UC’s (2013) patent application is still sitting there at the Patent and Trademark Office,” said Begley. “And what happened on February 8 is that the patent office finally said, ‘UC, we are going to give you this patent that you applied for on the basic use of CRISPR in all kinds of cells.’ And that should be very good news for UC.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jacob Sherkow, a patent law expert who has been following the case closely, wrote in an email that he was surprised at the news that UC is going to be awarded the patent for which it filed in 2013. He thought UC would run into trouble given the filing of an earlier patent from a Lithuanian researcher named Virginijus Šikšnys, who won the prestigious Kavli Prize last year for “seminal” CRISPR advances. Science magazine \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/06/prestigious-prize-overshadowed-crispr-researcher-wins-spotlight\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">called\u003c/a> Šikšnys an “overshadowed” researcher in the field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Surprisingly — and I wasn’t the only one surprised — the patent office assigned the patent to a new examiner, who simply allowed the patent with only minimal comment,” Sherkow said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How much are these patents worth?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of companies are trying to produce human therapies using CRISPR. If they succeed, “that market almost certainly will be worth tens of billions of dollars per year,” said Begley. But the holder of the patent that enables these advances won’t get a huge slice. Despite early reports that the patents might be worth billions of dollars, she said the figure will “almost certainly be in the millions of dollars.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sherkow’s back-of-the-envelope calculation puts that figure at “easily tens of millions” per year, or $100 million over the life of the patent. Developments over the last several years, he says, have diminished the stakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the case was first filed, it was unclear whether enzymes other than Cas9 would have the same efficacy. Now, \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-crisper-casx-cas12b-20190204-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">we’ve got a riot\u003c/a>: Cas12, CasX, CasY, etc. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Begley said the scientists she’s spoken to “have sort of been rooting for UC because it’s a public institution,” whereas Harvard and MIT are private universities. With the funding difficulties UC has had over the years, “if a significant revenue stream can come to UC as a result of [CRISPR patents], there’s just a lot of people who are hoping that happens,” Begley said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is the dispute over? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Broad Institute could challenge UC’s patents in a procedure called a post-grant review, said Sherkow. He said Broad has nine months from the date the UC patent is issued to do that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Alternatively, there may be an opportunity to bring a lawsuit in federal court challenging the UC patent,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, it appears UC and Broad may both need to be compensated for any applications using CRISPR in humans. Begley said we’re “years away” from knowing the final outcome of the dispute. “Not until there’s an actual commercialized therapy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there could be one more complication down the road: Another expert in intellectual property and innovation, Stanford Law Professor Lisa Larrimore Ouellette, \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2019/02/08/the-university-of-california-gets-its-key-crispr-patent/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told Begley\u003c/a> that UC’s patent could be vulnerable to challenges based on something called the “enablement clause,” which requires that patents allow for anyone to follow a series of steps to carry out the invention. Sherkow agreed UC’s patent may fall short in this regard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Brian Watt and Danielle Venton contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 1136,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 26
},
"modified": 1704848841,
"excerpt": "Recent news that the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office will award a key CRISPR/Cas9 patent to the University of California may create even more complications in its long-running dispute with the Broad Institute.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "Recent news that the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office will award a key CRISPR/Cas9 patent to the University of California may create even more complications in its long-running dispute with the Broad Institute.",
"title": "Making Sense of the CRISPR Patent Dispute Between the University of California and Broad | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Making Sense of the CRISPR Patent Dispute Between the University of California and Broad",
"datePublished": "2019-02-20T10:30:07-08:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-09T17:07:21-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "making-sense-of-the-crispr-patent-dispute-between-the-university-of-california-and-broad",
"status": "publish",
"audioUrl": "https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2019/02/WattCrisprPatent.mp3",
"sticky": false,
"audioTrackLength": 159,
"path": "/science/1938007/making-sense-of-the-crispr-patent-dispute-between-the-university-of-california-and-broad",
"audioDuration": 182000,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Anyone fond of intricate intellectual property disputes (and really, who isn’t?) is going to have their cup runnething over when it comes to the long-running battle between the University of California and Harvard/MIT’s Broad Institute to determine who will get to cash in the most on their seminal CRISPR/Cas 9 discoveries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CRISPR/Cas9 is a precise gene-editing technology. Scientists can use it to home in on specific locations within the human genetic code to swap out a problematic section of DNA with a corrected segment. The advance has created enormous excitement over its potential for curing or preventing genetic diseases, and galvanized an \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/435096/as-human-gene-editing-advances-doudna-says-ethical-discussions-cant-wait\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ethical debate\u003c/a> over \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934926/trying-to-understand-the-crispr-baby-five-things-to-read\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">human genome editing\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/11/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-1938166\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2039/02/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-1020x677.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"425\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2039/02/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-1020x677.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2039/02/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2039/02/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2039/02/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2039/02/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-1200x797.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2039/02/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC and Broad have been slugging it out in administrative hearings and the courts since 2014, when Broad, which had paid for an expedited review, received a key patent while UC still waited for approval on its own filing. UC eventually \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/444391/uc-loses-appeal-on-crispr-patent\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lost\u003c/a> the legal fight, but on Feb. 8, \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ucberkeley-ip-crispr/university-of-california-to-be-granted-pioneering-crispr-patent-idUSKCN1PX25K\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">news broke\u003c/a> that the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office will finally issue UC’s foundational CRISPR/Cas9 patent. Not everyone expected the decision, and it has created a potentially even bigger muddle over who will get paid for what should the considerable hopes for the technology come to fruition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To sort out the complexities, KQED spoke with two people following the case, reporter \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2019/02/08/the-university-of-california-gets-its-key-crispr-patent/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sharon Begley\u003c/a> of the health news website \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">STAT,\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nyls.edu/faculty/faculty-profiles/faculty_profiles/jacob-s-sherkow/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Professor Jacob Sherkow\u003c/a>, of the Innovation Center for Law and Technology at New York Law School. Some key points …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the history of the dispute between Broad and UC? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, University of California Berkeley biochemist \u003ca href=\"https://chemistry.berkeley.edu/faculty/chem/doudna\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jennifer Doudna\u003c/a> and colleagues made a seminal discovery about how to use CRISPR/Cas9 for gene editing, performing their experiments on DNA in a test tube. UC subsequently filed with the United States Patent and Trademark Office for a patent on the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, a group led by molecular biologist \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/bios/feng-zhang\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Feng Zhang\u003c/a> at the Broad Institute in Boston also edited genes using CRISPR. This team was able to edit the DNA inside of actual mouse and human cells. Broad filed for a patent on its process, and in 2014 the United States Patent and Trademark Office granted the patents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At that point, UC claimed the Broad patents “interfered” with the patent for which UC had applied. “That’s called an interference proceeding,” Begley said of the legal maneuver. “Lawyers make gazillions of dollars on it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the tactic didn’t work. In February 2017, the Patent office ruled that Broad’s patents were sufficiently different from the one UC claimed, so no interference had occurred. UC then took Broad to court, and in September 2018, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit affirmed the patent office’s decision to award Broad its patents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So at this point, and again, we’re six years later, UC’s (2013) patent application is still sitting there at the Patent and Trademark Office,” said Begley. “And what happened on February 8 is that the patent office finally said, ‘UC, we are going to give you this patent that you applied for on the basic use of CRISPR in all kinds of cells.’ And that should be very good news for UC.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jacob Sherkow, a patent law expert who has been following the case closely, wrote in an email that he was surprised at the news that UC is going to be awarded the patent for which it filed in 2013. He thought UC would run into trouble given the filing of an earlier patent from a Lithuanian researcher named Virginijus Šikšnys, who won the prestigious Kavli Prize last year for “seminal” CRISPR advances. Science magazine \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/06/prestigious-prize-overshadowed-crispr-researcher-wins-spotlight\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">called\u003c/a> Šikšnys an “overshadowed” researcher in the field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Surprisingly — and I wasn’t the only one surprised — the patent office assigned the patent to a new examiner, who simply allowed the patent with only minimal comment,” Sherkow said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How much are these patents worth?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of companies are trying to produce human therapies using CRISPR. If they succeed, “that market almost certainly will be worth tens of billions of dollars per year,” said Begley. But the holder of the patent that enables these advances won’t get a huge slice. Despite early reports that the patents might be worth billions of dollars, she said the figure will “almost certainly be in the millions of dollars.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sherkow’s back-of-the-envelope calculation puts that figure at “easily tens of millions” per year, or $100 million over the life of the patent. Developments over the last several years, he says, have diminished the stakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the case was first filed, it was unclear whether enzymes other than Cas9 would have the same efficacy. Now, \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-crisper-casx-cas12b-20190204-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">we’ve got a riot\u003c/a>: Cas12, CasX, CasY, etc. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Begley said the scientists she’s spoken to “have sort of been rooting for UC because it’s a public institution,” whereas Harvard and MIT are private universities. With the funding difficulties UC has had over the years, “if a significant revenue stream can come to UC as a result of [CRISPR patents], there’s just a lot of people who are hoping that happens,” Begley said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is the dispute over? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Broad Institute could challenge UC’s patents in a procedure called a post-grant review, said Sherkow. He said Broad has nine months from the date the UC patent is issued to do that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Alternatively, there may be an opportunity to bring a lawsuit in federal court challenging the UC patent,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, it appears UC and Broad may both need to be compensated for any applications using CRISPR in humans. Begley said we’re “years away” from knowing the final outcome of the dispute. “Not until there’s an actual commercialized therapy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there could be one more complication down the road: Another expert in intellectual property and innovation, Stanford Law Professor Lisa Larrimore Ouellette, \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2019/02/08/the-university-of-california-gets-its-key-crispr-patent/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told Begley\u003c/a> that UC’s patent could be vulnerable to challenges based on something called the “enablement clause,” which requires that patents allow for anyone to follow a series of steps to carry out the invention. Sherkow agreed UC’s patent may fall short in this regard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Brian Watt and Danielle Venton contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "floatright"
},
"numeric": [
"floatright"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1938007/making-sense-of-the-crispr-patent-dispute-between-the-university-of-california-and-broad",
"authors": [
"80"
],
"categories": [
"science_30",
"science_3890",
"science_40"
],
"tags": [
"science_3841",
"science_1287",
"science_3370",
"science_327",
"science_3830"
],
"featImg": "science_1938166",
"label": "science"
},
"science_1938157": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1938157",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1938157",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1550667676000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1550667676,
"format": "image",
"title": "Before and After: See California's Monster Snow Year by Satellite",
"headTitle": "Before and After: See California’s Monster Snow Year by Satellite | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>A rolling conveyor belt of storms this winter has left the Sierra Nevada blanketed in a thick layer of snow. The year started modestly, with the snowpack measuring around 70 percent of average on the first of the year. A robust January and February has brought the snowpack up to around 145 percent of normal for this time of year. April 1 typically marks the peak of Sierra snowpack accumulation and the start of the spring runoff. Move the sliders below to view the terrain before and after snowstorms.\u003c/p>\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>Sierra Nevada Mountains\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBefore: Feb. 8, 2018\u003cbr>\nAfter: Feb. 11, 2019\u003c/p>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"750\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"750\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=229ac4ec-34bd-11e9-9dba-0edaf8f81e27\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>South Lake Tahoe Flyover Simulation\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBefore: Feb. 16, 2018\u003cbr>\nAfter: Feb. 11, 2019\u003c/p>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"750\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"750\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=931d8b8c-34bd-11e9-9dba-0edaf8f81e27\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>Lake Tahoe\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBefore: Feb. 16, 2018\u003cbr>\nAfter: Feb. 11, 2019\u003c/p>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"750\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"750\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=0ada4a8e-34be-11e9-9dba-0edaf8f81e27\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>Mammoth Lakes\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBefore: Feb. 16, 2018\u003cbr>\nAfter: Feb. 11, 2019\u003c/p>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"750\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"750\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=7037f5ca-34be-11e9-9dba-0edaf8f81e27\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>Kings Canyon National Park\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBefore: Feb. 16, 2018\u003cbr>\nAfter: Feb. 11, 2019\u003c/p>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"750\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"750\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=c319d0f6-34be-11e9-9dba-0edaf8f81e27\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": true,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 147,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [
"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html"
],
"paragraphCount": 3
},
"modified": 1704848843,
"excerpt": "In the Sierra Nevada, 2019 is shaping up to be a bonanza for the snowpack.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "In the Sierra Nevada, 2019 is shaping up to be a bonanza for the snowpack.",
"title": "Before and After: See California's Monster Snow Year by Satellite | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Before and After: See California's Monster Snow Year by Satellite",
"datePublished": "2019-02-20T05:01:16-08:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-09T17:07:23-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "before-and-after-check-out-californias-monster-snow-year-by-satellite",
"status": "publish",
"excludeFromSiteSearch": "Include",
"sticky": false,
"source": "Snowpack",
"articleAge": "0",
"path": "/science/1938157/before-and-after-check-out-californias-monster-snow-year-by-satellite",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A rolling conveyor belt of storms this winter has left the Sierra Nevada blanketed in a thick layer of snow. The year started modestly, with the snowpack measuring around 70 percent of average on the first of the year. A robust January and February has brought the snowpack up to around 145 percent of normal for this time of year. April 1 typically marks the peak of Sierra snowpack accumulation and the start of the spring runoff. Move the sliders below to view the terrain before and after snowstorms.\u003c/p>\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>Sierra Nevada Mountains\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBefore: Feb. 8, 2018\u003cbr>\nAfter: Feb. 11, 2019\u003c/p>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"750\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"750\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=229ac4ec-34bd-11e9-9dba-0edaf8f81e27\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>South Lake Tahoe Flyover Simulation\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBefore: Feb. 16, 2018\u003cbr>\nAfter: Feb. 11, 2019\u003c/p>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"750\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"750\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=931d8b8c-34bd-11e9-9dba-0edaf8f81e27\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>Lake Tahoe\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBefore: Feb. 16, 2018\u003cbr>\nAfter: Feb. 11, 2019\u003c/p>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"750\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"750\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=0ada4a8e-34be-11e9-9dba-0edaf8f81e27\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>Mammoth Lakes\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBefore: Feb. 16, 2018\u003cbr>\nAfter: Feb. 11, 2019\u003c/p>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"750\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"750\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=7037f5ca-34be-11e9-9dba-0edaf8f81e27\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>Kings Canyon National Park\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBefore: Feb. 16, 2018\u003cbr>\nAfter: Feb. 11, 2019\u003c/p>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"750\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"750\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=c319d0f6-34be-11e9-9dba-0edaf8f81e27\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1938157/before-and-after-check-out-californias-monster-snow-year-by-satellite",
"authors": [
"6387"
],
"categories": [
"science_31",
"science_40",
"science_98"
],
"tags": [
"science_3370",
"science_1462"
],
"featImg": "science_1938187",
"label": "source_science_1938157"
},
"science_1938127": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1938127",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1938127",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1550601676000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1550601676,
"format": "standard",
"title": "'Grandfather of Climate Science' Wallace Broecker Dies at 87",
"headTitle": "‘Grandfather of Climate Science’ Wallace Broecker Dies at 87 | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Wallace Broecker, a climate scientist who brought the term “global warming” into the public and scientific lexicon, died on Monday. He was 87.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Broecker, a professor in the department of earth and environmental science at Columbia, was among the early scientists who raised alarms about the drastic changes in the planet’s climate that humans could bring about over a relatively short period of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His 1975 \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/189/4201/460\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">paper \u003c/a>“Climatic Change: Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming?” predicted the current rise in global temperatures as a result of increased carbon dioxide levels — and popularized the term “global warming” to describe the phenomenon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The geoscientist was also known for recognizing the global “\u003ca href=\"https://press.princeton.edu/titles/9162.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">conveyor belt\u003c/a>,” a system of deep-ocean currents that circulate water between the continents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sean Solomon, director of Columbia’s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, where Broecker worked, called his late colleague a force for scientific innovation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is difficult to imagine … a Columbia University without [Broecker’s] intellectual vision, his gift for distilling the important from the merely interesting, and his sustained passion for his science, his colleagues, and his planet,” Solomon wrote in an email to colleagues that he shared with NPR. “One of the last of the giants of our field no longer walks among us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Broecker’s work focused on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.earth.columbia.edu/articles/view/2246\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ocean’s role in climate change\u003c/a> and the behavior of the climate throughout the planet’s history, as \u003cem>The New York Times\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/17/science/scientist-at-work-wallace-s-broecker-iconoclastic-guru-of-the-climate-debate.html?smid=tw-share\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported in 1998\u003c/a>. As early as the ’70s, Broecker spoke openly about the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/08/01/magazine/climate-change-losing-earth.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">need to restrict fossil fuels\u003c/a> and the disruptive effects that just a few degrees of warming could have on the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The climate system is an angry beast and we are poking it with sticks,” he told the \u003cem>Times\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He accumulated a long list of honors and awards, including a National Medal of Science, the Balzan Prize, the BBVA Frontiers of Knowledge Award and honorary doctorates from Harvard, Cambridge and Oxford, among other universities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesperson for the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory\u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/cdf38be8fc6d49cc8cd1baa4d0a919ea\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> told The Associated Press\u003c/a> that Broecker died in a New York hospital and that he had been ailing in recent months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Broecker was born in Chicago in 1931 and grew up in Oak Park, according to AP. He received his bachelor’s and master’s from Columbia University, as well as his doctorate in geology, which he earned in 1958. He joined the university’s faculty the next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a testament to his impact on the field, Broecker came to be known by his peers as the “grandfather of climate science” and “\u003ca href=\"https://www.college.columbia.edu/cct/archive/summer12/features4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dean of climate scientists\u003c/a>.” But to his many friends, he was just “Wally.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 478,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 14
},
"modified": 1704848845,
"excerpt": "Broecker was an early advocate for reducing fossil fuels to avoid the disruptive effects of climate change and brought the term \"global warming\" into the mainstream.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "Broecker was an early advocate for reducing fossil fuels to avoid the disruptive effects of climate change and brought the term "global warming" into the mainstream.",
"title": "'Grandfather of Climate Science' Wallace Broecker Dies at 87 | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "'Grandfather of Climate Science' Wallace Broecker Dies at 87",
"datePublished": "2019-02-19T10:41:16-08:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-09T17:07:25-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "grandfather-of-climate-science-wallace-broecker-dies-at-87",
"status": "publish",
"nprApiLink": "http://api.npr.org/query?id=695797869&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004",
"nprByline": "Francesca Paris\u003cbr/>NPR",
"nprStoryDate": "Mon, 18 Feb 2019 23:35:00 -0500",
"nprLastModifiedDate": "Tue, 19 Feb 2019 00:12:15 -0500",
"sticky": false,
"nprHtmlLink": "https://www.npr.org/2019/02/18/695797869/grandfather-of-climate-science-wallace-broecker-dies-at-87?ft=nprml&f=695797869",
"nprImageAgency": "AP",
"nprImageCredit": "Gregorio Borgia",
"source": "NPR",
"nprStoryId": "695797869",
"nprRetrievedStory": "1",
"nprPubDate": "Tue, 19 Feb 2019 00:12:00 -0500",
"path": "/science/1938127/grandfather-of-climate-science-wallace-broecker-dies-at-87",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Wallace Broecker, a climate scientist who brought the term “global warming” into the public and scientific lexicon, died on Monday. He was 87.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Broecker, a professor in the department of earth and environmental science at Columbia, was among the early scientists who raised alarms about the drastic changes in the planet’s climate that humans could bring about over a relatively short period of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His 1975 \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/189/4201/460\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">paper \u003c/a>“Climatic Change: Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming?” predicted the current rise in global temperatures as a result of increased carbon dioxide levels — and popularized the term “global warming” to describe the phenomenon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The geoscientist was also known for recognizing the global “\u003ca href=\"https://press.princeton.edu/titles/9162.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">conveyor belt\u003c/a>,” a system of deep-ocean currents that circulate water between the continents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sean Solomon, director of Columbia’s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, where Broecker worked, called his late colleague a force for scientific innovation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is difficult to imagine … a Columbia University without [Broecker’s] intellectual vision, his gift for distilling the important from the merely interesting, and his sustained passion for his science, his colleagues, and his planet,” Solomon wrote in an email to colleagues that he shared with NPR. “One of the last of the giants of our field no longer walks among us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Broecker’s work focused on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.earth.columbia.edu/articles/view/2246\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ocean’s role in climate change\u003c/a> and the behavior of the climate throughout the planet’s history, as \u003cem>The New York Times\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/17/science/scientist-at-work-wallace-s-broecker-iconoclastic-guru-of-the-climate-debate.html?smid=tw-share\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported in 1998\u003c/a>. As early as the ’70s, Broecker spoke openly about the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/08/01/magazine/climate-change-losing-earth.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">need to restrict fossil fuels\u003c/a> and the disruptive effects that just a few degrees of warming could have on the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The climate system is an angry beast and we are poking it with sticks,” he told the \u003cem>Times\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He accumulated a long list of honors and awards, including a National Medal of Science, the Balzan Prize, the BBVA Frontiers of Knowledge Award and honorary doctorates from Harvard, Cambridge and Oxford, among other universities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesperson for the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory\u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/cdf38be8fc6d49cc8cd1baa4d0a919ea\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> told The Associated Press\u003c/a> that Broecker died in a New York hospital and that he had been ailing in recent months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Broecker was born in Chicago in 1931 and grew up in Oak Park, according to AP. He received his bachelor’s and master’s from Columbia University, as well as his doctorate in geology, which he earned in 1958. He joined the university’s faculty the next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a testament to his impact on the field, Broecker came to be known by his peers as the “grandfather of climate science” and “\u003ca href=\"https://www.college.columbia.edu/cct/archive/summer12/features4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dean of climate scientists\u003c/a>.” But to his many friends, he was just “Wally.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1938127/grandfather-of-climate-science-wallace-broecker-dies-at-87",
"authors": [
"byline_science_1938127"
],
"categories": [
"science_31",
"science_35",
"science_16",
"science_40"
],
"tags": [
"science_194",
"science_3253",
"science_3301",
"science_556",
"science_3838"
],
"featImg": "science_1938128",
"label": "source_science_1938127"
},
"science_1937982": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1937982",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1937982",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1550476908000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1550476908,
"format": "audio",
"title": "Electric Car Racing Targets Tech-Savvy Millennials",
"headTitle": "Electric Car Racing Targets Tech-Savvy Millennials | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The new NASCAR racing season has kicked into high gear with the Daytona 500, and some fans are already counting down to the Indianapolis 500 on Memorial Day weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But look out: Coming up in the rearview mirror behind these well-established racing traditions is a relatively new circuit known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.fiaformulae.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Formula E\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “E” stands for the all-electric cars that run on international courses. Promoters are hoping the vehicles will redefine motorsports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1938028\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 770px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/03419002_479.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1938028\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/03419002_479.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: Formula-E car cornering\" width=\"770\" height=\"513\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/03419002_479.jpg 770w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/03419002_479-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/03419002_479-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 770px) 100vw, 770px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Not quite as fast on the straightaway, Formula E electric cars rival the conventionally powered Formula One racers in acceleration. \u003ccite>(FIA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Formula E cars look something like \u003ca href=\"https://montrealgrandprix.com/news/whats-difference-indy-formula-one-nascar/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Formula One or Indy\u003c/a> cars, though the newest generation of Formula-E cars resemble the \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=batmobile\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Batmobile\u003c/a> more than anything else. From a dead stop, they can hit 60 mph in about 2.7 seconds. That’s pretty competitive with the turbocharged V-6 rolling rockets of F1, which are generally reckoned to have the quickest acceleration in racing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But let’s face it — for generations of race fans, it’s not just about the speed and the danger; it’s the \u003ci>sound\u003c/i>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To many, it seems like a stretch that the whining shriek of electric cars could replace the thrum and roar of internal combustion as the signature sound of motor sports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a whine and a whoosh,” says Sonoma Raceway CEO Steve Page. “That is a different sound, and you’ll probably need a younger generation to grow up with that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K8YB8-Rt5aY&w=560&h=315]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sonoma Raceway has hosted all manner of motorsports. NASCAR still has a stop at Sonoma, but IndyCar just wasn’t profitable for the track, so Page gave up on it after last season. He can envision that slot one day being filled by Formula E, but like many, he wonders if cars that sound like electric drills can build a U.S. fan base.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the big unknown,” says Page. “One of the things about motor racing is that visceral appeal of the sound — that sense of speed and vibration. And power.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>A Race to the Future\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bob Koveleski is betting on just that. At the Global Climate Summit in San Francisco last fall, he was showing off a sleek, white Formula-E car from the Mahindra Racing Team, where he is director of strategic partnerships.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a race to the future,” he declares. “We go to cities around the world, cities that are conscientious about sustainable-renewable. And really, what we’re doing is promoting EVs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.fiaformulae.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">FIA-sanctioned Formula E\u003c/a> entrepreneurs build temporary street courses, usually right downtown, pulling in tech-savvy urban millennials to watch the races. There’s even a crowdsourcing element called “Fan Boost,” in which race fans can vote to give their favorite drivers an extra jolt of electric power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Major automakers like Audi, Mercedes and Nissan are on board and have supplied most of the financial fuel so far. Ford recently announced that it’s eyeballing Formula E for the near future, citing the clear direction of personal transportation. The technology developed for the track will quickly find its way into dealer showrooms and the EVs Ford and others will be selling in years to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>International Flair\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Formula E has already built a globetrotting cachet, boasting races in \u003ca href=\"https://www.fiaformulae.com/en/championship/race-calendar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a dozen cities\u003c/a> from Switzerland to Saudi Arabia. So far, there is only one U.S. stop on the circuit: New York, in July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sonoma seems like a natural fit, situated as it is in the high-tech mecca of the Bay Area. The track is also unusual in that it features hills, which would be a good test for electrics. But Formula E has so far chosen to snub traditional suburban race tracks, possibly part of its strategy to attract young urbanites, many of whom, somewhat ironically, don’t drive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The demographic is younger, they’re more high-tech,” says Koveleski. “You’re not gonna get a guy who’s watching NASCAR to watch Formula E.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watching Formula E does take some getting used to. Instead of turbo-boost and RPM, announcers talk about turning up the kilowatts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I hear a lot of gearbox noise,” says Max Martin, a race mechanic at \u003ca href=\"https://www.lizardms.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Flying Lizard Motorsports\u003c/a>, based at Sonoma Raceway. His comment seems like a sneer at the squeal of Formula E compared to the roar of the 10-cylinder Audi he was revving up in the shop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But at 28, Martin is not too set in his ways to be convinced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I still like the raw power of the V-10s and the V-8s and the turbo cars,” he says, “But it’s all racing. It’s all got four wheels and a motor; it’s all good stuff.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the beginning, everybody laughed at us,” recalls Formula E pioneer Lucas di Grassi, in a promotional video. “Then they started criticizing, and now they join.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So … drivers, throw your switches?\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rzoNtieZego&w=560&h=315]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": true,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 895,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 27
},
"modified": 1704848848,
"excerpt": "Look out NASCAR, look out Indy: here comes the all-electric, high-tech racing circuit for the next generation.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "Look out NASCAR, look out Indy: here comes the all-electric, high-tech racing circuit for the next generation.",
"title": "Electric Car Racing Targets Tech-Savvy Millennials | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Electric Car Racing Targets Tech-Savvy Millennials",
"datePublished": "2019-02-18T00:01:48-08:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-09T17:07:28-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "from-0-to-60-in-just-seconds-formula-e-electric-car-racing-comes-of-age",
"status": "publish",
"audioUrl": "https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2019/02/MillerFormulaERacing.mp3",
"sticky": false,
"audioTrackLength": 281,
"source": "Engineering",
"path": "/science/1937982/from-0-to-60-in-just-seconds-formula-e-electric-car-racing-comes-of-age",
"audioDuration": 305000,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The new NASCAR racing season has kicked into high gear with the Daytona 500, and some fans are already counting down to the Indianapolis 500 on Memorial Day weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But look out: Coming up in the rearview mirror behind these well-established racing traditions is a relatively new circuit known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.fiaformulae.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Formula E\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “E” stands for the all-electric cars that run on international courses. Promoters are hoping the vehicles will redefine motorsports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1938028\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 770px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/03419002_479.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1938028\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/03419002_479.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: Formula-E car cornering\" width=\"770\" height=\"513\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/03419002_479.jpg 770w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/03419002_479-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/03419002_479-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 770px) 100vw, 770px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Not quite as fast on the straightaway, Formula E electric cars rival the conventionally powered Formula One racers in acceleration. \u003ccite>(FIA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Formula E cars look something like \u003ca href=\"https://montrealgrandprix.com/news/whats-difference-indy-formula-one-nascar/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Formula One or Indy\u003c/a> cars, though the newest generation of Formula-E cars resemble the \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=batmobile\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Batmobile\u003c/a> more than anything else. From a dead stop, they can hit 60 mph in about 2.7 seconds. That’s pretty competitive with the turbocharged V-6 rolling rockets of F1, which are generally reckoned to have the quickest acceleration in racing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But let’s face it — for generations of race fans, it’s not just about the speed and the danger; it’s the \u003ci>sound\u003c/i>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To many, it seems like a stretch that the whining shriek of electric cars could replace the thrum and roar of internal combustion as the signature sound of motor sports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a whine and a whoosh,” says Sonoma Raceway CEO Steve Page. “That is a different sound, and you’ll probably need a younger generation to grow up with that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/K8YB8-Rt5aY'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/K8YB8-Rt5aY'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sonoma Raceway has hosted all manner of motorsports. NASCAR still has a stop at Sonoma, but IndyCar just wasn’t profitable for the track, so Page gave up on it after last season. He can envision that slot one day being filled by Formula E, but like many, he wonders if cars that sound like electric drills can build a U.S. fan base.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the big unknown,” says Page. “One of the things about motor racing is that visceral appeal of the sound — that sense of speed and vibration. And power.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>A Race to the Future\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bob Koveleski is betting on just that. At the Global Climate Summit in San Francisco last fall, he was showing off a sleek, white Formula-E car from the Mahindra Racing Team, where he is director of strategic partnerships.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a race to the future,” he declares. “We go to cities around the world, cities that are conscientious about sustainable-renewable. And really, what we’re doing is promoting EVs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.fiaformulae.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">FIA-sanctioned Formula E\u003c/a> entrepreneurs build temporary street courses, usually right downtown, pulling in tech-savvy urban millennials to watch the races. There’s even a crowdsourcing element called “Fan Boost,” in which race fans can vote to give their favorite drivers an extra jolt of electric power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Major automakers like Audi, Mercedes and Nissan are on board and have supplied most of the financial fuel so far. Ford recently announced that it’s eyeballing Formula E for the near future, citing the clear direction of personal transportation. The technology developed for the track will quickly find its way into dealer showrooms and the EVs Ford and others will be selling in years to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>International Flair\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Formula E has already built a globetrotting cachet, boasting races in \u003ca href=\"https://www.fiaformulae.com/en/championship/race-calendar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a dozen cities\u003c/a> from Switzerland to Saudi Arabia. So far, there is only one U.S. stop on the circuit: New York, in July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sonoma seems like a natural fit, situated as it is in the high-tech mecca of the Bay Area. The track is also unusual in that it features hills, which would be a good test for electrics. But Formula E has so far chosen to snub traditional suburban race tracks, possibly part of its strategy to attract young urbanites, many of whom, somewhat ironically, don’t drive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The demographic is younger, they’re more high-tech,” says Koveleski. “You’re not gonna get a guy who’s watching NASCAR to watch Formula E.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watching Formula E does take some getting used to. Instead of turbo-boost and RPM, announcers talk about turning up the kilowatts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I hear a lot of gearbox noise,” says Max Martin, a race mechanic at \u003ca href=\"https://www.lizardms.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Flying Lizard Motorsports\u003c/a>, based at Sonoma Raceway. His comment seems like a sneer at the squeal of Formula E compared to the roar of the 10-cylinder Audi he was revving up in the shop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But at 28, Martin is not too set in his ways to be convinced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I still like the raw power of the V-10s and the V-8s and the turbo cars,” he says, “But it’s all racing. It’s all got four wheels and a motor; it’s all good stuff.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the beginning, everybody laughed at us,” recalls Formula E pioneer Lucas di Grassi, in a promotional video. “Then they started criticizing, and now they join.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So … drivers, throw your switches?\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/rzoNtieZego'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/rzoNtieZego'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1937982/from-0-to-60-in-just-seconds-formula-e-electric-car-racing-comes-of-age",
"authors": [
"221"
],
"categories": [
"science_33",
"science_89",
"science_40"
],
"tags": [
"science_3370"
],
"featImg": "science_1938024",
"label": "source_science_1937982"
},
"science_1937967": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1937967",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1937967",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1550085815000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1550085815,
"format": "standard",
"title": "NASA's Mars Rover Opportunity Is Officially Declared Dead",
"headTitle": "NASA’s Mars Rover Opportunity Is Officially Declared Dead | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Opportunity lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA has officially declared an end to the mission of the six-wheeled rover on Mars. Opportunity lost power in a dust storm last June, and all efforts to make contact have failed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plucky robot operated on the red planet for more than 14 years — an astonishing achievement, given that the mission was technically supposed to last only 90 days. The rover drove more than 25 miles, returned thousands of pictures and changed the way scientists think about Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On landing day in January 2004, scientists were positively giddy about what they saw in the first pictures Opportunity sent after touching down at \u003ca href=\"https://themis.asu.edu/node/5390\">Meridiani Planum\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I will attempt no science analysis because it looks like nothing I’ve ever seen before in my life,” rover principle investigator \u003ca href=\"https://astro.cornell.edu/steven-w-squyres\">Steven W. Squyres\u003c/a> said during a news conference at NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/\">Jet Propulsion Laboratory\u003c/a> in Pasadena, Calif., shortly after landing. “We knew, going into this, at a fine scale the texture of Meridiani Planum was unlike almost anything else on Mars. As we had expected …”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Squyres stopped mid-sentence to gawk at a new picture of the landing site that had just appeared on a monitor screen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Holy smokes,” he exclaimed. “I’m sorry, I’m just blown away by this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the weeks, then months, then years following landing, Squyres appeared at numerous news conferences to talk about the rover’s scientific discoveries. Asked last summer to share two of his favorites, he said, “OK, I’ll give you two. The first was right at the beginning at the landing site.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s when Opportunity found \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mer/newsroom/pressreleases/20040302a.html\">evidence\u003c/a> that briny water once sloshed around on the surface of what is now a very dry planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second “was years and years later [when] we got to the rim of a very ancient crater,” Squyres said. The robot found evidence of what’s called \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/336/6081/570\">hydrothermal events\u003c/a> in which hot water percolates through rocks and changes their mineral content.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But last summer, the planet that gave up so many of its secrets smothered the rover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937973\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 512px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1937973\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/oppy1_wide-54b66aacd2d8f36503c147fe25412f52eb1f0e2e-s800-c85.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"512\" height=\"288\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/oppy1_wide-54b66aacd2d8f36503c147fe25412f52eb1f0e2e-s800-c85.jpg 512w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/oppy1_wide-54b66aacd2d8f36503c147fe25412f52eb1f0e2e-s800-c85-160x90.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This image is among the first taken by NASA’s Opportunity rover after landing on a Martian plain called Meridiani Planum on Jan. 24, 2004. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On May 30, NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter spotted a dust storm heading toward Opportunity’s location near the equator. Over the next few days, the enormous storm swirled over the entire planet, covering Opportunity’s solar panels with dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The storm is one of the most intense ever observed on the Red Planet. As of June 10, it covered more than 15.8 million square miles (41 million square kilometers) — about the area of North America and Russia combined,” NASA \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/marsduststormtelecon\">said at the time\u003c/a>. “It has blocked out so much sunlight, it has effectively turned day into night for Opportunity, which is located near the center of the storm, inside Mars’ Perseverance Valley.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her power dropped to a trickle, and she was last heard from on June 10.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(Opportunity’s twin, a rover named Spirit that landed three weeks earlier on the other side of the planet, met a similar cold and dark fate. Spirit explored for more than five years before getting stuck in the sand, its solar-powered batteries draining until the robot fell silent.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I made the decision to declare a spacecraft emergency because there wasn’t enough energy for the rover to sustain activities,” John Callas, Opportunity’s project manager, told NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Prior to this storm, the vehicle was in, actually, remarkably good health,” Callas said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mission managers weren’t exactly sure what was wrong with the rover. Opportunity survived a planet-wide dust storm in 2007 — but this time, with so little power, the rover might not have been able to protect electronic instruments from damage during the cold Martian nights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of waiting for the rover to wake up on its own, managers have spent the past several months pinging Opportunity with commands. But she remained silent and still in Perseverance Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937974\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1937974\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/oppyconcept_custom-42e51205fd1e699ffd16c896895b78c1849f73dd-s800-c85.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"569\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/oppyconcept_custom-42e51205fd1e699ffd16c896895b78c1849f73dd-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/oppyconcept_custom-42e51205fd1e699ffd16c896895b78c1849f73dd-s800-c85-160x114.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/oppyconcept_custom-42e51205fd1e699ffd16c896895b78c1849f73dd-s800-c85-768x546.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist’s concept shows a NASA Mars Exploration Rover on the surface of Mars. The twin rovers Spirit and Opportunity were launched in 2003 and arrived at sites on Mars in January 2004. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, scientists at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory announced that there would be \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/02/12/694021631/nasa-will-make-a-last-attempt-to-contact-mars-rover-opportunity\">one final attempt\u003c/a> to ping the rover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keri Bean was among those who helped send that last radio signal. Losing Opportunity, she says, is like a death in the family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bean was in high school when she saw a documentary about Opportunity called \u003ca href=\"https://movies.disney.com/roving-mars\">\u003cem>Roving Mars\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. “I especially remember them showing the landing footage,” she says. “And when they got the confirmation the spacecraft landed they were all cheering, they were so excited. And I was really drawn to the idea of exploring and being so interested and caring about something that much.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bean went to graduate school at \u003ca href=\"https://www.tamu.edu/\">Texas A&M University\u003c/a> where she worked on the rover as a student, and ultimately landed a job at JPL where she joined the Opportunity mission team. She says losing the rover is like a death in the family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Me, personally, it’s been really hard because this is a project I’ve worked on for over a third of my life at this point,” Bean says. “And so just to lose that all of a sudden is really tough. But at least it was Mars that killed her — it wasn’t the rover failing or something else. It was Mars. And I feel like that’s really the only appropriate death for her at this point.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA still has one rover operating on Mars. Curiosity landed in 2012 and is currently climbing up Mount Sharp, a three-mile-high mound in the middle of Gale Crater. Curiosity is nuclear powered, so dust storms don’t interfere with its power supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The space agency plans to send another rover to Mars in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=NASA%27s+Mars+Rover+Opportunity+Is+Officially+Declared+Dead+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 1060,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 28
},
"modified": 1704848850,
"excerpt": "NASA's six-wheeled rover landed on the red planet in January 2004 for what was billed as a 90-day mission. The plucky robot was still going until a dust storm on Mars last summer killed it.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "NASA's six-wheeled rover landed on the red planet in January 2004 for what was billed as a 90-day mission. The plucky robot was still going until a dust storm on Mars last summer killed it.",
"title": "NASA's Mars Rover Opportunity Is Officially Declared Dead | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "NASA's Mars Rover Opportunity Is Officially Declared Dead",
"datePublished": "2019-02-13T11:23:35-08:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-09T17:07:30-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "nasas-mars-rover-opportunity-is-officially-declared-dead",
"status": "publish",
"nprApiLink": "http://api.npr.org/query?id=654737444&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004",
"nprByline": "Joe Palca\u003cbr />NPR",
"nprStoryDate": "Wed, 13 Feb 2019 14:08:17 -0500",
"nprLastModifiedDate": "Wed, 13 Feb 2019 14:10:13 -0500",
"sticky": false,
"nprHtmlLink": "https://www.npr.org/2019/02/13/654737444/nasas-mars-rover-opportunity-is-officially-declared-dead?ft=nprml&f=654737444",
"nprImageAgency": "NASA/JPL-Caltech",
"source": "NPR",
"nprStoryId": "654737444",
"nprRetrievedStory": "1",
"nprPubDate": "Wed, 13 Feb 2019 14:10:00 -0500",
"path": "/science/1937967/nasas-mars-rover-opportunity-is-officially-declared-dead",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Opportunity lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA has officially declared an end to the mission of the six-wheeled rover on Mars. Opportunity lost power in a dust storm last June, and all efforts to make contact have failed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plucky robot operated on the red planet for more than 14 years — an astonishing achievement, given that the mission was technically supposed to last only 90 days. The rover drove more than 25 miles, returned thousands of pictures and changed the way scientists think about Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On landing day in January 2004, scientists were positively giddy about what they saw in the first pictures Opportunity sent after touching down at \u003ca href=\"https://themis.asu.edu/node/5390\">Meridiani Planum\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I will attempt no science analysis because it looks like nothing I’ve ever seen before in my life,” rover principle investigator \u003ca href=\"https://astro.cornell.edu/steven-w-squyres\">Steven W. Squyres\u003c/a> said during a news conference at NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/\">Jet Propulsion Laboratory\u003c/a> in Pasadena, Calif., shortly after landing. “We knew, going into this, at a fine scale the texture of Meridiani Planum was unlike almost anything else on Mars. As we had expected …”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Squyres stopped mid-sentence to gawk at a new picture of the landing site that had just appeared on a monitor screen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Holy smokes,” he exclaimed. “I’m sorry, I’m just blown away by this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the weeks, then months, then years following landing, Squyres appeared at numerous news conferences to talk about the rover’s scientific discoveries. Asked last summer to share two of his favorites, he said, “OK, I’ll give you two. The first was right at the beginning at the landing site.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s when Opportunity found \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mer/newsroom/pressreleases/20040302a.html\">evidence\u003c/a> that briny water once sloshed around on the surface of what is now a very dry planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second “was years and years later [when] we got to the rim of a very ancient crater,” Squyres said. The robot found evidence of what’s called \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/336/6081/570\">hydrothermal events\u003c/a> in which hot water percolates through rocks and changes their mineral content.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But last summer, the planet that gave up so many of its secrets smothered the rover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937973\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 512px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1937973\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/oppy1_wide-54b66aacd2d8f36503c147fe25412f52eb1f0e2e-s800-c85.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"512\" height=\"288\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/oppy1_wide-54b66aacd2d8f36503c147fe25412f52eb1f0e2e-s800-c85.jpg 512w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/oppy1_wide-54b66aacd2d8f36503c147fe25412f52eb1f0e2e-s800-c85-160x90.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This image is among the first taken by NASA’s Opportunity rover after landing on a Martian plain called Meridiani Planum on Jan. 24, 2004. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On May 30, NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter spotted a dust storm heading toward Opportunity’s location near the equator. Over the next few days, the enormous storm swirled over the entire planet, covering Opportunity’s solar panels with dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The storm is one of the most intense ever observed on the Red Planet. As of June 10, it covered more than 15.8 million square miles (41 million square kilometers) — about the area of North America and Russia combined,” NASA \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/marsduststormtelecon\">said at the time\u003c/a>. “It has blocked out so much sunlight, it has effectively turned day into night for Opportunity, which is located near the center of the storm, inside Mars’ Perseverance Valley.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her power dropped to a trickle, and she was last heard from on June 10.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(Opportunity’s twin, a rover named Spirit that landed three weeks earlier on the other side of the planet, met a similar cold and dark fate. Spirit explored for more than five years before getting stuck in the sand, its solar-powered batteries draining until the robot fell silent.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I made the decision to declare a spacecraft emergency because there wasn’t enough energy for the rover to sustain activities,” John Callas, Opportunity’s project manager, told NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Prior to this storm, the vehicle was in, actually, remarkably good health,” Callas said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mission managers weren’t exactly sure what was wrong with the rover. Opportunity survived a planet-wide dust storm in 2007 — but this time, with so little power, the rover might not have been able to protect electronic instruments from damage during the cold Martian nights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of waiting for the rover to wake up on its own, managers have spent the past several months pinging Opportunity with commands. But she remained silent and still in Perseverance Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937974\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1937974\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/oppyconcept_custom-42e51205fd1e699ffd16c896895b78c1849f73dd-s800-c85.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"569\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/oppyconcept_custom-42e51205fd1e699ffd16c896895b78c1849f73dd-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/oppyconcept_custom-42e51205fd1e699ffd16c896895b78c1849f73dd-s800-c85-160x114.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/oppyconcept_custom-42e51205fd1e699ffd16c896895b78c1849f73dd-s800-c85-768x546.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist’s concept shows a NASA Mars Exploration Rover on the surface of Mars. The twin rovers Spirit and Opportunity were launched in 2003 and arrived at sites on Mars in January 2004. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, scientists at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory announced that there would be \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/02/12/694021631/nasa-will-make-a-last-attempt-to-contact-mars-rover-opportunity\">one final attempt\u003c/a> to ping the rover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keri Bean was among those who helped send that last radio signal. Losing Opportunity, she says, is like a death in the family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bean was in high school when she saw a documentary about Opportunity called \u003ca href=\"https://movies.disney.com/roving-mars\">\u003cem>Roving Mars\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. “I especially remember them showing the landing footage,” she says. “And when they got the confirmation the spacecraft landed they were all cheering, they were so excited. And I was really drawn to the idea of exploring and being so interested and caring about something that much.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bean went to graduate school at \u003ca href=\"https://www.tamu.edu/\">Texas A&M University\u003c/a> where she worked on the rover as a student, and ultimately landed a job at JPL where she joined the Opportunity mission team. She says losing the rover is like a death in the family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Me, personally, it’s been really hard because this is a project I’ve worked on for over a third of my life at this point,” Bean says. “And so just to lose that all of a sudden is really tough. But at least it was Mars that killed her — it wasn’t the rover failing or something else. It was Mars. And I feel like that’s really the only appropriate death for her at this point.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA still has one rover operating on Mars. Curiosity landed in 2012 and is currently climbing up Mount Sharp, a three-mile-high mound in the middle of Gale Crater. Curiosity is nuclear powered, so dust storms don’t interfere with its power supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The space agency plans to send another rover to Mars in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=NASA%27s+Mars+Rover+Opportunity+Is+Officially+Declared+Dead+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1937967/nasas-mars-rover-opportunity-is-officially-declared-dead",
"authors": [
"byline_science_1937967"
],
"categories": [
"science_28",
"science_40"
],
"tags": [
"science_3838"
],
"featImg": "science_1937968",
"label": "source_science_1937967"
},
"science_1937918": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1937918",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1937918",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1549934401000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1549934401,
"format": "standard",
"title": "Drought's Over But the Dead Tree Toll in California Keeps Rising",
"headTitle": "Drought’s Over But the Dead Tree Toll in California Keeps Rising | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Federal officials report that 18 million more trees have died in California since the fall of 2017 – and that’s a bit of a relief.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s better news than \u003ca href=\"https://www.arcgis.com/apps/MapJournal/index.html?appid=3457736fb0dd45f98d41ab4030ebf048\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the previous few years\u003c/a>,” says Randy Moore, regional forester at the U.S. Forest Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wetter weather has slowly improved conditions for thirsty pines, firs and other conifers in the last two years. A previous mortality survey in 2017 found \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1918327/california-drought-kills-27-million-more-trees\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">27 million dead trees\u003c/a>. Before that, in 2016, federal scientists counted 62 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have evidence [at sites with] between 80 and 100 percent of ponderosa pines and mixed conifer — where every tree in there had died,” Moore says. “We’re starting to see a decline in that now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the latest aerial surveys boost the state’s tree-body count to at least 147 million, a staggering total since 2010, when a five-year drought set in, worsening infestations of bark beetles, and driven by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bark beetles gained “a real big advantage” over weakened trees when the drought began nine years ago, according to Moore. “The bugs were beginning to eat at a higher level than they normally would, because with a change in climate, it’s warmer at a higher elevation,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as precipitation remained below average, pulling out of drought has allowed forests to regain some leverage against hungry beetles. “When there’s moisture in the ground, the trees can make enough sap to squeeze the bugs out,” Moore says. “The trees are better able to defend itself against these kinds of bugs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, Cal Fire director Thom Porter called 2018’s slower rate of mortality for trees “encouraging.” But, he added, continuing deaths “are an indication that the forests of California are still under significant stress.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The worst-hit forests are found along the west side of the central and southern Sierra Nevada range, though surveys show dead and dying trees across the state, especially at higher elevations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trees in poor health amplify fire risks, a concern after the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/12/12/674612113/rethinking-the-past-in-the-aftermath-of-california-s-deadly-wildfires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">deadliest wildfires\u003c/a> in California’s history. Even where fire is scarce, sickened trees can fall across roads and power lines unexpectedly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Established last May, a \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/CATreeTaskForce?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Eembeddedtimeline%7Ctwterm%5Eprofile%3ACATreeTaskForce&ref_url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fire.ca.gov%2Ftreetaskforce%2F\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Forest Management Task Force\u003c/a> comprised of more than two dozen federal, state, and local agencies has cleared trees and other forest debris along roads, near power lines, and around 165 communities in the wildland-urban interface, according to Moore. In the longer term, he says government land managers have committed to management strategies that thin forests, including by using \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927354/controlled-burns-can-help-solve-californias-fire-problem-so-why-arent-there-more-of-them\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">prescribed burns\u003c/a> across the landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Between the federal government and the state, we’ve decided that we need to treat a million acres in California a year, that’s what we’re working toward,” says Moore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reducing biomass and fire fuels in a forest is complex and expensive work, much of it funded by the State of California. In his first budget, Governor Gavin Newsom proposed spending $305 million on forest management, including $200 million from a 5-year, $1 billion program approved by lawmakers to support fire prevention efforts.\u003c/p>\n\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 548,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 15
},
"modified": 1704848853,
"excerpt": "The latest survey reveals an apparent slowdown in dying trees, but California's forests are still not out of the woods.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "The latest survey reveals an apparent slowdown in dying trees, but California's forests are still not out of the woods.",
"title": "Drought's Over But the Dead Tree Toll in California Keeps Rising | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Drought's Over But the Dead Tree Toll in California Keeps Rising",
"datePublished": "2019-02-11T17:20:01-08:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-09T17:07:33-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "droughts-over-but-the-dead-tree-toll-in-california-keeps-rising",
"status": "publish",
"sticky": false,
"source": "Weather",
"path": "/science/1937918/droughts-over-but-the-dead-tree-toll-in-california-keeps-rising",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Federal officials report that 18 million more trees have died in California since the fall of 2017 – and that’s a bit of a relief.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s better news than \u003ca href=\"https://www.arcgis.com/apps/MapJournal/index.html?appid=3457736fb0dd45f98d41ab4030ebf048\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the previous few years\u003c/a>,” says Randy Moore, regional forester at the U.S. Forest Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wetter weather has slowly improved conditions for thirsty pines, firs and other conifers in the last two years. A previous mortality survey in 2017 found \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1918327/california-drought-kills-27-million-more-trees\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">27 million dead trees\u003c/a>. Before that, in 2016, federal scientists counted 62 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have evidence [at sites with] between 80 and 100 percent of ponderosa pines and mixed conifer — where every tree in there had died,” Moore says. “We’re starting to see a decline in that now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the latest aerial surveys boost the state’s tree-body count to at least 147 million, a staggering total since 2010, when a five-year drought set in, worsening infestations of bark beetles, and driven by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bark beetles gained “a real big advantage” over weakened trees when the drought began nine years ago, according to Moore. “The bugs were beginning to eat at a higher level than they normally would, because with a change in climate, it’s warmer at a higher elevation,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as precipitation remained below average, pulling out of drought has allowed forests to regain some leverage against hungry beetles. “When there’s moisture in the ground, the trees can make enough sap to squeeze the bugs out,” Moore says. “The trees are better able to defend itself against these kinds of bugs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, Cal Fire director Thom Porter called 2018’s slower rate of mortality for trees “encouraging.” But, he added, continuing deaths “are an indication that the forests of California are still under significant stress.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The worst-hit forests are found along the west side of the central and southern Sierra Nevada range, though surveys show dead and dying trees across the state, especially at higher elevations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trees in poor health amplify fire risks, a concern after the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/12/12/674612113/rethinking-the-past-in-the-aftermath-of-california-s-deadly-wildfires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">deadliest wildfires\u003c/a> in California’s history. Even where fire is scarce, sickened trees can fall across roads and power lines unexpectedly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Established last May, a \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/CATreeTaskForce?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Eembeddedtimeline%7Ctwterm%5Eprofile%3ACATreeTaskForce&ref_url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fire.ca.gov%2Ftreetaskforce%2F\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Forest Management Task Force\u003c/a> comprised of more than two dozen federal, state, and local agencies has cleared trees and other forest debris along roads, near power lines, and around 165 communities in the wildland-urban interface, according to Moore. In the longer term, he says government land managers have committed to management strategies that thin forests, including by using \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927354/controlled-burns-can-help-solve-californias-fire-problem-so-why-arent-there-more-of-them\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">prescribed burns\u003c/a> across the landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Between the federal government and the state, we’ve decided that we need to treat a million acres in California a year, that’s what we’re working toward,” says Moore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reducing biomass and fire fuels in a forest is complex and expensive work, much of it funded by the State of California. In his first budget, Governor Gavin Newsom proposed spending $305 million on forest management, including $200 million from a 5-year, $1 billion program approved by lawmakers to support fire prevention efforts.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1937918/droughts-over-but-the-dead-tree-toll-in-california-keeps-rising",
"authors": [
"11223"
],
"series": [
"science_1151"
],
"categories": [
"science_31",
"science_35",
"science_40",
"science_98",
"science_3730"
],
"tags": [
"science_194",
"science_3370",
"science_3833",
"science_3830"
],
"featImg": "science_1937926",
"label": "source_science_1937918"
},
"science_1937767": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1937767",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1937767",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1549720892000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1549720892,
"format": "image",
"title": "EPA Will Consider Limits on Toxic Chemicals in Ski Gloves and Frying Pans Showing Up in Waterways",
"headTitle": "EPA Will Consider Limits on Toxic Chemicals in Ski Gloves and Frying Pans Showing Up in Waterways | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update: Feb. 14, 2019\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Environmental Protection Agency said Thursday it would \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-acting-administrator-announces-first-ever-comprehensive-nationwide-pfas-action-plan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">start working by the end of the year on a plan\u003c/a> to set drinking water limits on a class of highly toxic chemicals. Known as PFAS, poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances, they are associated with a wide range of negative health effects, including cancer and birth defects. For years environmental groups have pushed the EPA to regulate the chemicals and were largely disappointed by today’s announcement, saying the EPA is moving too slowly. Congressional democrats and state officials also criticized the agency’s move.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a non-action plan, designed to delay effective regulation of these dangerous chemicals in our drinking water,” said Wenonah Hauter, executive director of Food & Water Watch, in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erik Olson, senior director for Health and Food at the Natural Resources Defense Council likewise expressed frustration:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“Has the Trump administration so thoroughly purged EPA of scientists, and so completely stacked its management with industry lobbyists, that it can’t even decide whether to lift a finger to regulate widely-known toxic chemicals? While the agency fumbles with this ‘mis-management plan,’ millions of people will be exposed to highly toxic PFAS from drinking contaminated water. As a guardian of public health, Administrator Andrew Wheeler should revisit this embarrassing decision. With EPA asleep at the wheel, it’s up to states, citizens, and public-minded companies to take action.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Original post: \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Politicians and environmentalists are ratcheting up the pressure on the Environmental Protection Agency to take the first step in regulating drinking water contaminated with a toxic, long-lasting family of chemicals called PFAS or per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances. The agency has not yet announced what steps it will take. A plan that was supposed to be released by late last year has been held up for months, with no official timeline of when the action plan will be announced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The EPA is trying to walk away from its responsibilities,” Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsday.com/long-island/pfos-poas-schumer-1.26904883\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told Newsday\u003c/a>. “To take a carcinogenic chemical like PFOS and PFOA and say we are not going to pay attention to that when we have learned that it is in many more locations than you would think … makes no sense whatsoever.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, California says it will soon announce its own plan to deal with PFAS in drinking water, a step environmental advocates have long pushed for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PFAS chemicals are found in a diverse array of products: from non-stick pans and waterproof ski-gloves, to firefighting foams and food packaging. The chemicals have gone largely unregulated, at both the state and federal level, since they were first produced in the 1940s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The corporate giant \u003ca href=\"https://www.3m.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">3M\u003c/a> originally produced and sold two of the most well-known PFAS chemicals — PFOS and PFOA— both of which the EPA is considering regulating. In recent years 3M has been been hit with a slew of \u003ca href=\"https://theintercept.com/2018/10/06/dupont-pfas-chemicals-lawsuit/\">lawsuits\u003c/a> over PFAS contamination. That’s brought attention to the health impacts and environmental dangers linked to the chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though major companies, like 3M, have stopped producing PFOA and PFOS in the US, those are just two of thousands of chemicals in the PFAS class that have the same toxic properties, says Amy Kyle, a retired UC Berkeley Public Health researcher and professor. “They’re not even the tip of the tip of the tip of the iceberg for what’s out there,” says Kyle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Much is Too Much?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The level at which PFAS chemicals become harmful to human health is still largely unknown. Regulatory agencies can’t seem to agree, either. The EPA\u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water/drinking-water-health-advisories-pfoa-and-pfos\"> lists\u003c/a> a drinking water health advisory level at 70 parts per trillion for PFOA and PFAS, while another federal agency\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry \u003ca href=\"https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp.asp?id=1117&tid=237\">reports\u003c/a> a safe limit for PFAS in drinking water at 11 ppt and 7 ppt, respectively. In a independent study, Harvard scientists report that \u003ca href=\"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1048291115590506\">1 ppt\u003c/a> is a low health risk level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With chemicals like this, there may not be a truly safe amount,” Kyle says. “They seem to react with various systems in the body.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PFAS contaminants have been \u003ca href=\"https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/pfas/health-effects.html\">linked\u003c/a> to cancer, birth defects, developmental disorders, decreased immunity, increased cholesterol and infertility. The National Institute of Health found PFAS compounds in the blood of over 98 percent of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/exposurereport/pdf/FourthReport_UpdatedTables_Volume1_Jan2019-508.pdf\">population\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear if replacement chemicals used in lieu of PFOS and PFOA are any less harmful, either. Many of these compounds are still within the PFAS family, which is thousands of members strong, and their health effects have been sparsely studied. And the list of products and waterways the toxic family is found in \u003ca href=\"https://cen.acs.org/environment/World-Chemical-Outlook-2019-Environmental-forecast/97/i2\">continues to grow.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Chemicals That Keep Going, And Going\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The flame-resistant, grease-repellent and waterproof properties of PFAS chemicals that make them attractive to manufacturers are also what make the chemicals so persistent in the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Toxic specialist Anna Reade with\u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/experts/anna-reade\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/a> says those characteristics are due to PFAS chemicals’ structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The defining feature of PFAS chemicals are carbon fluorine bonds, which are incredibly strong, so they don’t degrade in our environment,” says Reade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These same properties are why companies continue to use PFAS chemicals to coat carpets and clothes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unrelenting contaminants are also soluble, spreading easily into rivers, oceans and groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Chemicals that are super persistent, are not usually this soluble,” says Jane Williams executive director of California Communities Against Toxics. “It’s a confluence of these two chemical characteristics that make this class of chemicals so dangerous for public health and the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PFAS contamination is especially persistent at airports and military bases, where fire fighting foams have been and continued to be used, frequently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Bay Area, the chemicals have been found at Treasure Island and Alameda Naval Bases. EPA also detected PFAS compounds in tap water in\u003ca href=\"https://www.ewg.org/interactive-maps/2017_pfa/\"> Pleasanton\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Alameda Naval Base, the Environmental Working Group \u003ca href=\"https://www.ewg.org/interactive-maps/2017_pfa/\">reports\u003c/a> PFAS chemicals present in water at 336,000 parts per trillion. That’s over 30,000 times greater than the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry’s safety threshold for PFAS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937851\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1937851\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/4424451964_c612f5e3ce_b-1020x676.jpg\" alt=\"A lot with a row of white buildings.\" width=\"640\" height=\"424\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/4424451964_c612f5e3ce_b-1020x676.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/4424451964_c612f5e3ce_b-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/4424451964_c612f5e3ce_b-800x530.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/4424451964_c612f5e3ce_b-768x509.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/4424451964_c612f5e3ce_b.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Persistent PFAS chemicals have been found at high concentrations at Alameda Naval Base. \u003ccite>(Flickr user \u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/8838/4424451964/in/photolist-7JYtqy-9xgid4-6Vo4HE-aZRUrg-Th2xWo-D9Ypq2-CjSeXr-DhfR2T-oZVz-3yNb7Q-dn9eWq-3yNaqL-dn9d9j-sumz-nc2yAb-dn9efw-oZVC-bPJcji-bPDTUZ-c7aJjS-bAPxtN-bAPxjJ-bAPwKu-9g25Tm-bAKf6Q-9AXBH8-oZVB-9B1whh-9B1w1U-9B1uzd-6b3DqF-zzu8u-CHKQRr-CQ8QGu-DhfTHV-D9YrMM-D7FMFw-6b3AYe-CjK7v7-D7FMvG-CjShiZ-6b7Nsd-8MKFiY-6b7Ndw-8MKFCy-6b7MR9-6b3BBg-6b7NFC-6b7MAs-DeWvXj\">Abe Bingham\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Weighs Action\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, the State Water Resources Control Board asks water providers to voluntarily measure their supply for the chemicals. The state board says they will come out with a plan on how they might regulate PFAS chemicals in the state in next month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the current system, districts that choose to monitor PFAS chemicals must report to the city and their customers if the supply is contaminated at levels exceeding a “notification level” — which is 13 ppt for PFOS and 14 ppt for PFOA. If their water supply exceeds a higher “response level” the water must be cleaned up, or cut off, Darren Polhemus says, deputy director of the Division of Drinking Water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if a drinking water standard is enacted by the federal EPA for PFOS and PFOA, environmentalists are concerned the standard still won’t protect human health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our state is going to have to define its own destiny when it comes to these chemicals,” Williams says. “Clearly relying on the US EPA to protect Californians to exposure from chemicals, has not worked.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.politico.com/story/2019/01/28/epa-toxic-chemicals-drinking-water-1124797\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Politico has reported\u003c/a> the EPA is unlikely to enact the long-expected drinking water standards for PFAS (a report the agency has disputed). Meanwhile, Senator Chuck Schumer has \u003ca href=\"https://www.schumer.senate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/schumer-reveals-feds-on-verge-of-not-setting-drinking-water-standard-for-highly-toxic-pfoa/pfos-chemicals-that-have-plagued-li-schumer-makes-public-push-on-epa-to-reverse-course-and-issue-drinking-water-standard-to-protect-public-health-feds-must-be-held-to-account\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">publicly pressed\u003c/a> for standards to be enacted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since monitoring of PFAS hasn’t been required in California, the picture of how widespread the contamination is in the state is just emerging. Since so far California has only tested for 14 of the thousands of possible PFAS chemicals in water, it’s unclear how long it will take to characterize the extent of these new legacy pollutants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Danielle Venton contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 1393,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 37
},
"modified": 1704848855,
"excerpt": "Environmental groups say they're disappointed by EPA's timeline for drinking-water limits on a widespread group of toxic chemicals known as PFAS.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "Environmental groups say they're disappointed by EPA's timeline for drinking-water limits on a widespread group of toxic chemicals known as PFAS.",
"title": "EPA Will Consider Limits on Toxic Chemicals in Ski Gloves and Frying Pans Showing Up in Waterways | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "EPA Will Consider Limits on Toxic Chemicals in Ski Gloves and Frying Pans Showing Up in Waterways",
"datePublished": "2019-02-09T06:01:32-08:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-09T17:07:35-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "chemical-found-ski-gloves-and-frying-pans-also-showing-up-in-us-waterways-epa-california-consider-regulation",
"status": "publish",
"audioUrl": "https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/2019/02/PFAS2way.mp3",
"sticky": false,
"audioTrackLength": 126,
"source": "Environment",
"path": "/science/1937767/chemical-found-ski-gloves-and-frying-pans-also-showing-up-in-us-waterways-epa-california-consider-regulation",
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update: Feb. 14, 2019\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Environmental Protection Agency said Thursday it would \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-acting-administrator-announces-first-ever-comprehensive-nationwide-pfas-action-plan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">start working by the end of the year on a plan\u003c/a> to set drinking water limits on a class of highly toxic chemicals. Known as PFAS, poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances, they are associated with a wide range of negative health effects, including cancer and birth defects. For years environmental groups have pushed the EPA to regulate the chemicals and were largely disappointed by today’s announcement, saying the EPA is moving too slowly. Congressional democrats and state officials also criticized the agency’s move.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a non-action plan, designed to delay effective regulation of these dangerous chemicals in our drinking water,” said Wenonah Hauter, executive director of Food & Water Watch, in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erik Olson, senior director for Health and Food at the Natural Resources Defense Council likewise expressed frustration:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“Has the Trump administration so thoroughly purged EPA of scientists, and so completely stacked its management with industry lobbyists, that it can’t even decide whether to lift a finger to regulate widely-known toxic chemicals? While the agency fumbles with this ‘mis-management plan,’ millions of people will be exposed to highly toxic PFAS from drinking contaminated water. As a guardian of public health, Administrator Andrew Wheeler should revisit this embarrassing decision. With EPA asleep at the wheel, it’s up to states, citizens, and public-minded companies to take action.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Original post: \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Politicians and environmentalists are ratcheting up the pressure on the Environmental Protection Agency to take the first step in regulating drinking water contaminated with a toxic, long-lasting family of chemicals called PFAS or per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances. The agency has not yet announced what steps it will take. A plan that was supposed to be released by late last year has been held up for months, with no official timeline of when the action plan will be announced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The EPA is trying to walk away from its responsibilities,” Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsday.com/long-island/pfos-poas-schumer-1.26904883\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told Newsday\u003c/a>. “To take a carcinogenic chemical like PFOS and PFOA and say we are not going to pay attention to that when we have learned that it is in many more locations than you would think … makes no sense whatsoever.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, California says it will soon announce its own plan to deal with PFAS in drinking water, a step environmental advocates have long pushed for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PFAS chemicals are found in a diverse array of products: from non-stick pans and waterproof ski-gloves, to firefighting foams and food packaging. The chemicals have gone largely unregulated, at both the state and federal level, since they were first produced in the 1940s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The corporate giant \u003ca href=\"https://www.3m.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">3M\u003c/a> originally produced and sold two of the most well-known PFAS chemicals — PFOS and PFOA— both of which the EPA is considering regulating. In recent years 3M has been been hit with a slew of \u003ca href=\"https://theintercept.com/2018/10/06/dupont-pfas-chemicals-lawsuit/\">lawsuits\u003c/a> over PFAS contamination. That’s brought attention to the health impacts and environmental dangers linked to the chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though major companies, like 3M, have stopped producing PFOA and PFOS in the US, those are just two of thousands of chemicals in the PFAS class that have the same toxic properties, says Amy Kyle, a retired UC Berkeley Public Health researcher and professor. “They’re not even the tip of the tip of the tip of the iceberg for what’s out there,” says Kyle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Much is Too Much?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The level at which PFAS chemicals become harmful to human health is still largely unknown. Regulatory agencies can’t seem to agree, either. The EPA\u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water/drinking-water-health-advisories-pfoa-and-pfos\"> lists\u003c/a> a drinking water health advisory level at 70 parts per trillion for PFOA and PFAS, while another federal agency\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry \u003ca href=\"https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp.asp?id=1117&tid=237\">reports\u003c/a> a safe limit for PFAS in drinking water at 11 ppt and 7 ppt, respectively. In a independent study, Harvard scientists report that \u003ca href=\"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1048291115590506\">1 ppt\u003c/a> is a low health risk level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With chemicals like this, there may not be a truly safe amount,” Kyle says. “They seem to react with various systems in the body.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PFAS contaminants have been \u003ca href=\"https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/pfas/health-effects.html\">linked\u003c/a> to cancer, birth defects, developmental disorders, decreased immunity, increased cholesterol and infertility. The National Institute of Health found PFAS compounds in the blood of over 98 percent of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/exposurereport/pdf/FourthReport_UpdatedTables_Volume1_Jan2019-508.pdf\">population\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear if replacement chemicals used in lieu of PFOS and PFOA are any less harmful, either. Many of these compounds are still within the PFAS family, which is thousands of members strong, and their health effects have been sparsely studied. And the list of products and waterways the toxic family is found in \u003ca href=\"https://cen.acs.org/environment/World-Chemical-Outlook-2019-Environmental-forecast/97/i2\">continues to grow.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Chemicals That Keep Going, And Going\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The flame-resistant, grease-repellent and waterproof properties of PFAS chemicals that make them attractive to manufacturers are also what make the chemicals so persistent in the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Toxic specialist Anna Reade with\u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/experts/anna-reade\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/a> says those characteristics are due to PFAS chemicals’ structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The defining feature of PFAS chemicals are carbon fluorine bonds, which are incredibly strong, so they don’t degrade in our environment,” says Reade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These same properties are why companies continue to use PFAS chemicals to coat carpets and clothes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unrelenting contaminants are also soluble, spreading easily into rivers, oceans and groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Chemicals that are super persistent, are not usually this soluble,” says Jane Williams executive director of California Communities Against Toxics. “It’s a confluence of these two chemical characteristics that make this class of chemicals so dangerous for public health and the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PFAS contamination is especially persistent at airports and military bases, where fire fighting foams have been and continued to be used, frequently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Bay Area, the chemicals have been found at Treasure Island and Alameda Naval Bases. EPA also detected PFAS compounds in tap water in\u003ca href=\"https://www.ewg.org/interactive-maps/2017_pfa/\"> Pleasanton\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Alameda Naval Base, the Environmental Working Group \u003ca href=\"https://www.ewg.org/interactive-maps/2017_pfa/\">reports\u003c/a> PFAS chemicals present in water at 336,000 parts per trillion. That’s over 30,000 times greater than the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry’s safety threshold for PFAS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937851\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1937851\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/4424451964_c612f5e3ce_b-1020x676.jpg\" alt=\"A lot with a row of white buildings.\" width=\"640\" height=\"424\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/4424451964_c612f5e3ce_b-1020x676.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/4424451964_c612f5e3ce_b-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/4424451964_c612f5e3ce_b-800x530.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/4424451964_c612f5e3ce_b-768x509.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/4424451964_c612f5e3ce_b.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Persistent PFAS chemicals have been found at high concentrations at Alameda Naval Base. \u003ccite>(Flickr user \u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/8838/4424451964/in/photolist-7JYtqy-9xgid4-6Vo4HE-aZRUrg-Th2xWo-D9Ypq2-CjSeXr-DhfR2T-oZVz-3yNb7Q-dn9eWq-3yNaqL-dn9d9j-sumz-nc2yAb-dn9efw-oZVC-bPJcji-bPDTUZ-c7aJjS-bAPxtN-bAPxjJ-bAPwKu-9g25Tm-bAKf6Q-9AXBH8-oZVB-9B1whh-9B1w1U-9B1uzd-6b3DqF-zzu8u-CHKQRr-CQ8QGu-DhfTHV-D9YrMM-D7FMFw-6b3AYe-CjK7v7-D7FMvG-CjShiZ-6b7Nsd-8MKFiY-6b7Ndw-8MKFCy-6b7MR9-6b3BBg-6b7NFC-6b7MAs-DeWvXj\">Abe Bingham\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Weighs Action\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, the State Water Resources Control Board asks water providers to voluntarily measure their supply for the chemicals. The state board says they will come out with a plan on how they might regulate PFAS chemicals in the state in next month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the current system, districts that choose to monitor PFAS chemicals must report to the city and their customers if the supply is contaminated at levels exceeding a “notification level” — which is 13 ppt for PFOS and 14 ppt for PFOA. If their water supply exceeds a higher “response level” the water must be cleaned up, or cut off, Darren Polhemus says, deputy director of the Division of Drinking Water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if a drinking water standard is enacted by the federal EPA for PFOS and PFOA, environmentalists are concerned the standard still won’t protect human health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our state is going to have to define its own destiny when it comes to these chemicals,” Williams says. “Clearly relying on the US EPA to protect Californians to exposure from chemicals, has not worked.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.politico.com/story/2019/01/28/epa-toxic-chemicals-drinking-water-1124797\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Politico has reported\u003c/a> the EPA is unlikely to enact the long-expected drinking water standards for PFAS (a report the agency has disputed). Meanwhile, Senator Chuck Schumer has \u003ca href=\"https://www.schumer.senate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/schumer-reveals-feds-on-verge-of-not-setting-drinking-water-standard-for-highly-toxic-pfoa/pfos-chemicals-that-have-plagued-li-schumer-makes-public-push-on-epa-to-reverse-course-and-issue-drinking-water-standard-to-protect-public-health-feds-must-be-held-to-account\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">publicly pressed\u003c/a> for standards to be enacted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since monitoring of PFAS hasn’t been required in California, the picture of how widespread the contamination is in the state is just emerging. Since so far California has only tested for 14 of the thousands of possible PFAS chemicals in water, it’s unclear how long it will take to characterize the extent of these new legacy pollutants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "floatright"
},
"numeric": [
"floatright"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Danielle Venton contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1937767/chemical-found-ski-gloves-and-frying-pans-also-showing-up-in-us-waterways-epa-california-consider-regulation",
"authors": [
"11578"
],
"categories": [
"science_29",
"science_40"
],
"tags": [
"science_798",
"science_3840",
"science_2080",
"science_3370",
"science_3834",
"science_778"
],
"featImg": "science_1937810",
"label": "source_science_1937767"
},
"science_1937137": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1937137",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1937137",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1549530008000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {
"site": "science"
},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1549530008,
"format": "audio",
"title": "I’m Having a Baby: Is a Home Birth or the Hospital Safer?",
"headTitle": "I’m Having a Baby: Is a Home Birth or the Hospital Safer? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>As my belly grows, I’m more and more stressed by a decision that’s weighed on me for the last eight months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where should I birth my baby?\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">In the U.S., studies show that women planning to deliver at home have fewer medical interventions like induced labor or cesarean delivery, and their babies have a higher rate of death, seizure or other serious medical conditions.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Last summer, when I found out I was pregnant, I initially envisioned, like most American women, a hospital delivery. In fact, that’s where 99 percent of U.S. children are born. That’s not a surprise: The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends hospitals or accredited birth centers as the\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24594003\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> \u003cspan class=\"s1\">safest\u003c/span>\u003c/a> option for having a baby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, infant mortality plummeted in the last century as hospital births became more common. In 1900, when almost all U.S. births \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db84.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">took place at home\u003c/a>, 100 babies \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4838a2.htm#fig1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">died\u003c/a> for every 1,000 born. By 1997, modern medicine had reduced that rate by a whopping 93 percent, to seven infant deaths out of every 1,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Today, only about\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24594003\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one percent\u003c/a> of babies are born at home each year. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Yet to judge by my particular social group here in the Bay Area, you’d think home birth was by far the norm. L\u003c/span>ast year, six of my friends gave birth in their living rooms. Afterwards they shared powerful photos from the experience, of birthing tubs surrounded by candles. And they warned me that physicians and nurses in a hospital would push me to have medical treatments I might not want, such as drugs to speed my labor, an \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/10/12/656198429/rate-of-c-sections-is-rising-at-an-alarming-rate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">unnecessary C-section\u003c/a> or pain meds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">\u003cb>Friends on One Side, Family on the Other\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937387\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1937387\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/RS34863_McClurgBirth_017-qut-800x576.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"630\" height=\"453\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/RS34863_McClurgBirth_017-qut-800x576.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/RS34863_McClurgBirth_017-qut-160x115.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/RS34863_McClurgBirth_017-qut-768x553.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/RS34863_McClurgBirth_017-qut-1020x735.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/RS34863_McClurgBirth_017-qut-1200x864.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/RS34863_McClurgBirth_017-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 630px) 100vw, 630px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lesley McClurg holds her pregnant belly as she contemplates where to give birth. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Moore/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">But when I shared the possibility of a home birth with my mother, she basically freaked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p5\">“You could have a complication or something happen where you would need to be in a hospital,” said my mom. “If there’s a problem, I want you to be where you need to be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p5\">Just to make sure she landed her point, she told me about my older brother’s birth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p5\">“He came out blue,” she said, shuddering. “They whisked him away to the intensive care unit. And I was afraid that he’d gone a long time without breathing, to the point where he might be brain damaged.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, my brother was fine, and my mom credits the hospital for saving his life.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"aligncenter\">\u003cstrong>BY THE NUMBERS\u003c/strong> \n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.acog.org/Clinical-Guidance-and-Publications/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Obstetric-Practice/Planned-Home-Birth?IsMobileSet=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nationwide\u003c/a>, 1 in 1,000 babies die in hospital births, and 2 in 1,000 die in home births.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsa1501738?query=featured_home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Babies in planned home births\u003c/a> are significantly more likely to have seizures or neurological problems, although this happens to fewer than 1 in 1,000 babies.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Of first-time moms choosing to give birth at home, \u003ca href=\"https://www.acog.org/Clinical-Guidance-and-Publications/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Obstetric-Practice/Planned-Home-Birth?IsMobileSet=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">up to 37 percent\u003c/a> transfer to a hospital, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4069085/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">largely because \u003c/a>the baby is unable to move through the birth canal.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Planned home births end up in \u003ca href=\"https://www.acog.org/Clinical-Guidance-and-Publications/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Obstetric-Practice/Planned-Home-Birth?IsMobileSet=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fewer cesarean deliveries\u003c/a>; California hospitals report a \u003ca href=\"https://www.chcf.org/project/reducing-unnecessary-c-sections/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wide range\u003c/a> in the rate of cesarean births, from 15 percent to more than 60 percent.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What a Hospital Offers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p5\">I decided to consult a woman who specializes in high-risk pregnancies.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://obgyn.ucsf.edu/maternal-fetal-medicine/neda-ghaffari-md\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Dr. Neda Ghaffari\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, a perinatologist at UCSF, says delivering in the hospital is probably safer than being at home, because a team of practitioners is always available in case of emergency, which any woman can experience during labor. A mother may begin hemorrhaging, for instance, or the baby may become blocked in the birth canal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very hard to determine which patients are going to have an obstetric emergency,” Dr. Ghaffari said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, she notes that neonatal seizures are three times more common at home, and that twice as many babies die in home births as hospital births, \u003ca href=\"https://www.acog.org/Clinical-Guidance-and-Publications/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Obstetric-Practice/Planned-Home-Birth?IsMobileSet=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to\u003c/a> the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nationwide, 1 in 1,000 babies die in hospital births, and 2 in 1,000 die in home births.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a woman with a low-risk pregnancy does choose a home birth, Ghaffari recommends the \u003ca href=\"https://www.acog.org/Clinical-Guidance-and-Publications/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Obstetric-Practice/Planned-Home-Birth?IsMobileSet=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">same precautions\u003c/a> as ACOG. She should live within 15 minutes of a hospital, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’ll admit the conversation with Dr. Ghaffari stoked my fears about home birth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Why Home Birth Appeals to Some Women\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a home birth perspective, I talked to \u003ca href=\"http://www.wisewomanchildbirth.com/aboutmaria/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Maria Iorillo\u003c/a>, a state-licensed midwife in San Francisco. She’s attended births for three decades, and says she’s tallied 1,400 births, most of which unfolded safely at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937455\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 736px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1937455 \" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/UCSF-1-14-1-800x584.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"736\" height=\"537\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/UCSF-1-14-1-800x584.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/UCSF-1-14-1-160x117.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/UCSF-1-14-1-768x561.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/UCSF-1-14-1.jpg 834w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 736px) 100vw, 736px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">KQED’s Lesley McClurg tours labor and delivery at UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital with Vanessa Tilp, a certified nurse-midwife. \u003ccite>(Samantha Shanahan/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Birth is not a medical procedure,” Iorillo said. “It is a process of you becoming a mother. Of this little person meeting you on the outside for the first time, and continuing that relationship.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a mom chooses to take that journey at home instead of the hospital, she will feel the full brunt of the experience, because no pharmaceutical pain relief will be available. Though Iorillo does carry medical items like an oxygen tank, numbing agents, suturing materials, acupuncture needles and herbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have three big bags of stuff,” she said. “And my hope is that when I come to your birth, I won’t have to use any of it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Iorillo says her clients desire a birth with the least amount of medical intervention possible. She describes the appeal of home birth by comparing it to running a marathon, in the sense that they’re both arduous, excruciating and rewarding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can really kind of tap into what’s a woman’s body’s made for,” Iorillo said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing I learned: I’m a good candidate for home birth. I don’t have diabetes, high blood pressure or other conditions that could complicate delivery. I only have one baby inside my belly, and I live close to a hospital. So I found myself rethinking home birth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I needed someone who knew both worlds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>The Risks Depend on Each Woman’s Situation\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsfhealth.org/robyn.lamar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Robyn Lamar\u003c/a> is an OB-GYN at UCSF. Despite her profession, she chose home births for both of her children. She’s now pregnant with her third child, whom she also plans to birth at home, because she wants to labor at her own pace in a familiar setting, without medical intervention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937453\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1937453\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/UCSF-1-20-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/UCSF-1-20-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/UCSF-1-20-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/UCSF-1-20-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/UCSF-1-20-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/UCSF-1-20.jpg 1100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">KQED’s Lesley McClurg consults with Dr. Robyn Lamar to learn more about the differences between birthing at home or at the hospital. \u003ccite>(Samantha Shanahan/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The underlying belief in midwifery is that birth is a physiological process, which makes sense to me,” said Dr. Lamar. “Versus the more medical view, which I’m trained in and I practice, that birth is something that can be high-risk at any moment and it’s sort of a disaster waiting to happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Lamar emphasizes that, at the hospital, a mother is at a higher risk for an \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/07/04/483945168/episiotomies-still-common-during-childbirth-despite-advice-to-do-fewer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">episiotomy \u003c/span>\u003c/a>and infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p5\">Lamar recognizes that what’s best for one woman may not be right for the next.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p5\">“Some of us feel more at ease in the hospital because they know the experts are there. It gives them a lot of security and assurance,” said Lamar. “But, a lot of us feel like a duck out of water in the hospital. It’s very unfamiliar. When you’re on your home turf, and you’re there with your family, it really does change the dynamic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p5\">When I asked Dr. Lamar directly to advise me on my own decision, she answered very neutrally, with a smile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p5\">“Oh, there’s no right answer,” she said. “I think it’s such an individual journey for everybody. Whether you give birth in a hospital, or at home, or in a birth center, everyone’s story is going to be completely unique.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p5\">\u003cb>Weighing the Cost\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p5\">Another big factor to consider is cost. If I choose a home birth, I’ll pay completely out of pocket. In the Bay Area that’s $4,000 to $8,000. If I choose a hospital, my insurance will pay everything except my $100 copay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p5\">This frustrates Dr. Lamar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p5\">\u003ci>“\u003c/i>In terms of reproductive justice, it makes sense for all women to have the same array of options around birth like you would in a country like England, where there’s national insurance,” she said. “One should be able to choose their place of birth based on preferences and risk level rather than financial means.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p5\">She hopes insurance companies will consider the benefits of home-birth and future plans will cover the costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p5\">I tried to prevent money from influencing my decision by continuing to talk to friends and experts, reading studies and\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>touring hospitals. But after eight months of searching, I still find myself on the fence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p5\">Either way, this baby is coming … and soon!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 1584,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 26
},
"modified": 1704848857,
"excerpt": "My Bay Area friends are on the one side. My worried mom is on the other. What’s a pregnant science reporter to do? ",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "My Bay Area friends are on the one side. My worried mom is on the other. What’s a pregnant science reporter to do? ",
"title": "I’m Having a Baby: Is a Home Birth or the Hospital Safer? | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "I’m Having a Baby: Is a Home Birth or the Hospital Safer?",
"datePublished": "2019-02-07T01:00:08-08:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-09T17:07:37-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "im-having-a-baby-is-a-home-birth-or-the-hospital-safer",
"status": "publish",
"audioUrl": "https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio//2019/02/HomeBirthwithFunder.mp3",
"sticky": false,
"audioTrackLength": 350,
"path": "/science/1937137/im-having-a-baby-is-a-home-birth-or-the-hospital-safer",
"audioDuration": 350000,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As my belly grows, I’m more and more stressed by a decision that’s weighed on me for the last eight months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where should I birth my baby?\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">In the U.S., studies show that women planning to deliver at home have fewer medical interventions like induced labor or cesarean delivery, and their babies have a higher rate of death, seizure or other serious medical conditions.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Last summer, when I found out I was pregnant, I initially envisioned, like most American women, a hospital delivery. In fact, that’s where 99 percent of U.S. children are born. That’s not a surprise: The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends hospitals or accredited birth centers as the\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24594003\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> \u003cspan class=\"s1\">safest\u003c/span>\u003c/a> option for having a baby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, infant mortality plummeted in the last century as hospital births became more common. In 1900, when almost all U.S. births \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db84.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">took place at home\u003c/a>, 100 babies \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4838a2.htm#fig1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">died\u003c/a> for every 1,000 born. By 1997, modern medicine had reduced that rate by a whopping 93 percent, to seven infant deaths out of every 1,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Today, only about\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24594003\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one percent\u003c/a> of babies are born at home each year. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Yet to judge by my particular social group here in the Bay Area, you’d think home birth was by far the norm. L\u003c/span>ast year, six of my friends gave birth in their living rooms. Afterwards they shared powerful photos from the experience, of birthing tubs surrounded by candles. And they warned me that physicians and nurses in a hospital would push me to have medical treatments I might not want, such as drugs to speed my labor, an \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/10/12/656198429/rate-of-c-sections-is-rising-at-an-alarming-rate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">unnecessary C-section\u003c/a> or pain meds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">\u003cb>Friends on One Side, Family on the Other\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937387\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1937387\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/RS34863_McClurgBirth_017-qut-800x576.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"630\" height=\"453\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/RS34863_McClurgBirth_017-qut-800x576.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/RS34863_McClurgBirth_017-qut-160x115.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/RS34863_McClurgBirth_017-qut-768x553.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/RS34863_McClurgBirth_017-qut-1020x735.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/RS34863_McClurgBirth_017-qut-1200x864.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/RS34863_McClurgBirth_017-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 630px) 100vw, 630px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lesley McClurg holds her pregnant belly as she contemplates where to give birth. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Moore/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">But when I shared the possibility of a home birth with my mother, she basically freaked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p5\">“You could have a complication or something happen where you would need to be in a hospital,” said my mom. “If there’s a problem, I want you to be where you need to be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p5\">Just to make sure she landed her point, she told me about my older brother’s birth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p5\">“He came out blue,” she said, shuddering. “They whisked him away to the intensive care unit. And I was afraid that he’d gone a long time without breathing, to the point where he might be brain damaged.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, my brother was fine, and my mom credits the hospital for saving his life.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"aligncenter\">\u003cstrong>BY THE NUMBERS\u003c/strong> \n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.acog.org/Clinical-Guidance-and-Publications/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Obstetric-Practice/Planned-Home-Birth?IsMobileSet=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nationwide\u003c/a>, 1 in 1,000 babies die in hospital births, and 2 in 1,000 die in home births.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsa1501738?query=featured_home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Babies in planned home births\u003c/a> are significantly more likely to have seizures or neurological problems, although this happens to fewer than 1 in 1,000 babies.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Of first-time moms choosing to give birth at home, \u003ca href=\"https://www.acog.org/Clinical-Guidance-and-Publications/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Obstetric-Practice/Planned-Home-Birth?IsMobileSet=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">up to 37 percent\u003c/a> transfer to a hospital, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4069085/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">largely because \u003c/a>the baby is unable to move through the birth canal.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Planned home births end up in \u003ca href=\"https://www.acog.org/Clinical-Guidance-and-Publications/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Obstetric-Practice/Planned-Home-Birth?IsMobileSet=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fewer cesarean deliveries\u003c/a>; California hospitals report a \u003ca href=\"https://www.chcf.org/project/reducing-unnecessary-c-sections/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wide range\u003c/a> in the rate of cesarean births, from 15 percent to more than 60 percent.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What a Hospital Offers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p5\">I decided to consult a woman who specializes in high-risk pregnancies.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://obgyn.ucsf.edu/maternal-fetal-medicine/neda-ghaffari-md\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Dr. Neda Ghaffari\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, a perinatologist at UCSF, says delivering in the hospital is probably safer than being at home, because a team of practitioners is always available in case of emergency, which any woman can experience during labor. A mother may begin hemorrhaging, for instance, or the baby may become blocked in the birth canal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very hard to determine which patients are going to have an obstetric emergency,” Dr. Ghaffari said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, she notes that neonatal seizures are three times more common at home, and that twice as many babies die in home births as hospital births, \u003ca href=\"https://www.acog.org/Clinical-Guidance-and-Publications/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Obstetric-Practice/Planned-Home-Birth?IsMobileSet=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to\u003c/a> the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nationwide, 1 in 1,000 babies die in hospital births, and 2 in 1,000 die in home births.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a woman with a low-risk pregnancy does choose a home birth, Ghaffari recommends the \u003ca href=\"https://www.acog.org/Clinical-Guidance-and-Publications/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Obstetric-Practice/Planned-Home-Birth?IsMobileSet=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">same precautions\u003c/a> as ACOG. She should live within 15 minutes of a hospital, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’ll admit the conversation with Dr. Ghaffari stoked my fears about home birth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Why Home Birth Appeals to Some Women\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a home birth perspective, I talked to \u003ca href=\"http://www.wisewomanchildbirth.com/aboutmaria/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Maria Iorillo\u003c/a>, a state-licensed midwife in San Francisco. She’s attended births for three decades, and says she’s tallied 1,400 births, most of which unfolded safely at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937455\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 736px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1937455 \" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/UCSF-1-14-1-800x584.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"736\" height=\"537\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/UCSF-1-14-1-800x584.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/UCSF-1-14-1-160x117.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/UCSF-1-14-1-768x561.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/UCSF-1-14-1.jpg 834w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 736px) 100vw, 736px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">KQED’s Lesley McClurg tours labor and delivery at UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital with Vanessa Tilp, a certified nurse-midwife. \u003ccite>(Samantha Shanahan/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Birth is not a medical procedure,” Iorillo said. “It is a process of you becoming a mother. Of this little person meeting you on the outside for the first time, and continuing that relationship.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a mom chooses to take that journey at home instead of the hospital, she will feel the full brunt of the experience, because no pharmaceutical pain relief will be available. Though Iorillo does carry medical items like an oxygen tank, numbing agents, suturing materials, acupuncture needles and herbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have three big bags of stuff,” she said. “And my hope is that when I come to your birth, I won’t have to use any of it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Iorillo says her clients desire a birth with the least amount of medical intervention possible. She describes the appeal of home birth by comparing it to running a marathon, in the sense that they’re both arduous, excruciating and rewarding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can really kind of tap into what’s a woman’s body’s made for,” Iorillo said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing I learned: I’m a good candidate for home birth. I don’t have diabetes, high blood pressure or other conditions that could complicate delivery. I only have one baby inside my belly, and I live close to a hospital. So I found myself rethinking home birth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I needed someone who knew both worlds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>The Risks Depend on Each Woman’s Situation\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsfhealth.org/robyn.lamar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Robyn Lamar\u003c/a> is an OB-GYN at UCSF. Despite her profession, she chose home births for both of her children. She’s now pregnant with her third child, whom she also plans to birth at home, because she wants to labor at her own pace in a familiar setting, without medical intervention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937453\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1937453\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/UCSF-1-20-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/UCSF-1-20-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/UCSF-1-20-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/UCSF-1-20-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/UCSF-1-20-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/UCSF-1-20.jpg 1100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">KQED’s Lesley McClurg consults with Dr. Robyn Lamar to learn more about the differences between birthing at home or at the hospital. \u003ccite>(Samantha Shanahan/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The underlying belief in midwifery is that birth is a physiological process, which makes sense to me,” said Dr. Lamar. “Versus the more medical view, which I’m trained in and I practice, that birth is something that can be high-risk at any moment and it’s sort of a disaster waiting to happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Lamar emphasizes that, at the hospital, a mother is at a higher risk for an \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/07/04/483945168/episiotomies-still-common-during-childbirth-despite-advice-to-do-fewer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">episiotomy \u003c/span>\u003c/a>and infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p5\">Lamar recognizes that what’s best for one woman may not be right for the next.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p5\">“Some of us feel more at ease in the hospital because they know the experts are there. It gives them a lot of security and assurance,” said Lamar. “But, a lot of us feel like a duck out of water in the hospital. It’s very unfamiliar. When you’re on your home turf, and you’re there with your family, it really does change the dynamic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p5\">When I asked Dr. Lamar directly to advise me on my own decision, she answered very neutrally, with a smile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p5\">“Oh, there’s no right answer,” she said. “I think it’s such an individual journey for everybody. Whether you give birth in a hospital, or at home, or in a birth center, everyone’s story is going to be completely unique.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p5\">\u003cb>Weighing the Cost\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p5\">Another big factor to consider is cost. If I choose a home birth, I’ll pay completely out of pocket. In the Bay Area that’s $4,000 to $8,000. If I choose a hospital, my insurance will pay everything except my $100 copay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p5\">This frustrates Dr. Lamar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p5\">\u003ci>“\u003c/i>In terms of reproductive justice, it makes sense for all women to have the same array of options around birth like you would in a country like England, where there’s national insurance,” she said. “One should be able to choose their place of birth based on preferences and risk level rather than financial means.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p5\">She hopes insurance companies will consider the benefits of home-birth and future plans will cover the costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p5\">I tried to prevent money from influencing my decision by continuing to talk to friends and experts, reading studies and\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>touring hospitals. But after eight months of searching, I still find myself on the fence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p5\">Either way, this baby is coming … and soon!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "floatright"
},
"numeric": [
"floatright"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1937137/im-having-a-baby-is-a-home-birth-or-the-hospital-safer",
"authors": [
"11229"
],
"categories": [
"science_39",
"science_40"
],
"tags": [
"science_3370",
"science_3833",
"science_616",
"science_3830"
],
"featImg": "science_1937393",
"label": "science"
},
"science_1937679": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1937679",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1937679",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1549386023000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1549386023,
"format": "standard",
"title": "West Coast Storms Get Some Respect With New Scale",
"headTitle": "West Coast Storms Get Some Respect With New Scale | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The storms known as “atmospheric rivers” are make-or-break events for California’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Category-5 atmospheric river storms, designated as ‘primarily hazardous,’ come along every three to five years, says Marty Ralph of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>They can also be serious troublemakers, causing flooding and mudslides if they linger too long over the state. The recent National Climate Assessment included ARs as a type of extreme storm for the first time, and cites them as a specific risk associated with climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there hasn’t been a convenient way to classify these events according to their ferocity — until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team of atmospheric scientists have come up with a scale similar to those used for hurricanes, \u003ca href=\"https://www.weather.gov/oun/efscale\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tornadoes\u003c/a>, and earthquakes. The new scale, proposed Tuesday in the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, is similar to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshws.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one used for hurricanes\u003c/a>: storms are classified as category 1 through 5, according to how much water they’re packing and how long they’re likely to stick around, wringing out that moisture as precipitation over land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1935067/rivers-in-the-sky-what-you-need-to-know-about-atmospheric-river-storms\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">atmospheric rivers\u003c/a> are the most impactful storms for the West,” says Marty Ralph, who led the effort to develop the scale at \u003ca href=\"https://scripps.ucsd.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scripps Institution of Oceanography\u003c/a> in San Diego. “In fact, something like 90 percent of the flood damages in the western U.S. come from atmospheric river-type storms. And we need to distinguish the hazardous ones from the beneficial ones.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s how the new scale stacks up, with examples provided by Scripps:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• \u003cstrong>AR Cat 1 (Weak):\u003c/strong> Primarily beneficial. For example, a Feb. 23, 2017 AR hit California, lasted 24 hours at the coast, and produced modest rainfall.\u003cbr>\n• \u003cstrong>AR Cat 2 (Moderate):\u003c/strong> Mostly beneficial, but also somewhat hazardous. An atmospheric river on Nov. 19-20, 2016 hit Northern California, lasted 42 hours at the coast, and produced several inches of rain that helped replenish low reservoirs after a drought.\u003cbr>\n• \u003cstrong>AR Cat 3 (Strong):\u003c/strong> Balance of beneficial and hazardous. An atmospheric river on Oct. 14-15, 2016 lasted 36 hours at the coast, produced 5-10 inches of rain that helped refill reservoirs after a drought, but also caused some rivers to rise to just below flood stage.\u003cbr>\n• \u003cstrong>AR Cat 4 (Extreme):\u003c/strong> Mostly hazardous, but also beneficial. For example, an atmospheric river on Jan. 8-9, 2017 that persisted for 36 hours produced up to 14 inches of rain in the Sierra Nevada and caused at least a dozen rivers to reach flood stage.\u003cbr>\n• \u003cstrong>AR Cat 5 (Exceptional):\u003c/strong> Primarily hazardous. For example, a Dec. 29, 1996 to Jan. 2, 1997 atmospheric river lasted over 100 hours at the Central California coast. The associated heavy precipitation and runoff caused more than $1 billion in damages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scale takes into account the amount of water vapor in the air and the strength of low-altitude winds. Storms are downgraded if they’re fast-moving and less likely to “stall,” dumping huge volumes of rain and snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ralph says that going by his new scale, Category-5 ARs come through every three to five years. The last one was during the drenching winter of 2017. It probably tipped the scale of runoff conditions that led to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11690563/new-cost-for-oroville-dam-spillway-disaster-1-1-billion\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">catastrophic spillway collapse\u003c/a> at Oroville Dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked about official adoption of the AR scale, Ralph, who spent 21 years at the National Weather Service, says the concept is a murky one. He says some of his co-authors are government forecasters who say they’ll start using the scale, and a program is in the works to train broadcast meteorologists on it. But when — or whether — it will penetrate the popular lexicon to the extent that scales for hurricanes and tornadoes have is anyone’s guess.\u003c/p>\n\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 653,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 12
},
"modified": 1704848858,
"excerpt": "The storms known as 'atmospheric rivers' can be highly beneficial to California's water supply. They can also be deadly. A new scale helps sort them out -- but will it catch on?",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "The storms known as 'atmospheric rivers' can be highly beneficial to California's water supply. They can also be deadly. A new scale helps sort them out -- but will it catch on?",
"title": "West Coast Storms Get Some Respect With New Scale | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "West Coast Storms Get Some Respect With New Scale",
"datePublished": "2019-02-05T09:00:23-08:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-09T17:07:38-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "proposed-scale-for-atmospheric-river-storms-runs-from-beneficial-to-hazardous",
"status": "publish",
"sticky": false,
"source": "Climate",
"path": "/science/1937679/proposed-scale-for-atmospheric-river-storms-runs-from-beneficial-to-hazardous",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The storms known as “atmospheric rivers” are make-or-break events for California’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Category-5 atmospheric river storms, designated as ‘primarily hazardous,’ come along every three to five years, says Marty Ralph of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>They can also be serious troublemakers, causing flooding and mudslides if they linger too long over the state. The recent National Climate Assessment included ARs as a type of extreme storm for the first time, and cites them as a specific risk associated with climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there hasn’t been a convenient way to classify these events according to their ferocity — until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team of atmospheric scientists have come up with a scale similar to those used for hurricanes, \u003ca href=\"https://www.weather.gov/oun/efscale\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tornadoes\u003c/a>, and earthquakes. The new scale, proposed Tuesday in the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, is similar to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshws.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one used for hurricanes\u003c/a>: storms are classified as category 1 through 5, according to how much water they’re packing and how long they’re likely to stick around, wringing out that moisture as precipitation over land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1935067/rivers-in-the-sky-what-you-need-to-know-about-atmospheric-river-storms\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">atmospheric rivers\u003c/a> are the most impactful storms for the West,” says Marty Ralph, who led the effort to develop the scale at \u003ca href=\"https://scripps.ucsd.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scripps Institution of Oceanography\u003c/a> in San Diego. “In fact, something like 90 percent of the flood damages in the western U.S. come from atmospheric river-type storms. And we need to distinguish the hazardous ones from the beneficial ones.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s how the new scale stacks up, with examples provided by Scripps:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• \u003cstrong>AR Cat 1 (Weak):\u003c/strong> Primarily beneficial. For example, a Feb. 23, 2017 AR hit California, lasted 24 hours at the coast, and produced modest rainfall.\u003cbr>\n• \u003cstrong>AR Cat 2 (Moderate):\u003c/strong> Mostly beneficial, but also somewhat hazardous. An atmospheric river on Nov. 19-20, 2016 hit Northern California, lasted 42 hours at the coast, and produced several inches of rain that helped replenish low reservoirs after a drought.\u003cbr>\n• \u003cstrong>AR Cat 3 (Strong):\u003c/strong> Balance of beneficial and hazardous. An atmospheric river on Oct. 14-15, 2016 lasted 36 hours at the coast, produced 5-10 inches of rain that helped refill reservoirs after a drought, but also caused some rivers to rise to just below flood stage.\u003cbr>\n• \u003cstrong>AR Cat 4 (Extreme):\u003c/strong> Mostly hazardous, but also beneficial. For example, an atmospheric river on Jan. 8-9, 2017 that persisted for 36 hours produced up to 14 inches of rain in the Sierra Nevada and caused at least a dozen rivers to reach flood stage.\u003cbr>\n• \u003cstrong>AR Cat 5 (Exceptional):\u003c/strong> Primarily hazardous. For example, a Dec. 29, 1996 to Jan. 2, 1997 atmospheric river lasted over 100 hours at the Central California coast. The associated heavy precipitation and runoff caused more than $1 billion in damages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scale takes into account the amount of water vapor in the air and the strength of low-altitude winds. Storms are downgraded if they’re fast-moving and less likely to “stall,” dumping huge volumes of rain and snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ralph says that going by his new scale, Category-5 ARs come through every three to five years. The last one was during the drenching winter of 2017. It probably tipped the scale of runoff conditions that led to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11690563/new-cost-for-oroville-dam-spillway-disaster-1-1-billion\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">catastrophic spillway collapse\u003c/a> at Oroville Dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked about official adoption of the AR scale, Ralph, who spent 21 years at the National Weather Service, says the concept is a murky one. He says some of his co-authors are government forecasters who say they’ll start using the scale, and a program is in the works to train broadcast meteorologists on it. But when — or whether — it will penetrate the popular lexicon to the extent that scales for hurricanes and tornadoes have is anyone’s guess.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1937679/proposed-scale-for-atmospheric-river-storms-runs-from-beneficial-to-hazardous",
"authors": [
"221"
],
"series": [
"science_1151"
],
"categories": [
"science_31",
"science_40",
"science_98"
],
"tags": [
"science_3840",
"science_3370",
"science_1004",
"science_3830"
],
"featImg": "science_1937688",
"label": "source_science_1937679"
},
"science_1937521": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1937521",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1937521",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1549267309000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1549267309,
"format": "image",
"title": "Scientist Sees Even Conservatives Now Worried Over Climate Change",
"headTitle": "Scientist Sees Even Conservatives Now Worried Over Climate Change | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Over the weekend, the Midwest and eastern U.S. were finally released from the grip of an icy air mass known as the “Polar Vortex.” Tens of millions of Americans experienced life-threatening cold that set record lows across the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Trump, not for the first time, seized on the obvious optics to minimize the threat of global warming.”In the beautiful Midwest, windchill temperatures are reaching minus 60 degrees, the coldest ever recorded,” he \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1090074254010404864?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1090074254010404864&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kqed.org%2Fscience%2F1937521%2F1937521-revision-v1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tweeted\u003c/a>. “What the hell is going on with Global Waming? Please come back fast, we need you!”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘I’m getting calls from organizations that I never would have heard from 10 years ago: farmers and producers, ranchers, land managers, oil and gas companies, water managers, they’re calling me in and they’re saying, “We know there’s something going on. We want to have a conversation.”\u003ccite>Katherine Hayhoe,Texas Tech University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Trump wasn’t alone, at least in terms of ignoring the science behind the \u003ca href=\"https://www.weather.gov/safety/cold-polar-vortex\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Polar Vortex \u003c/a>during the three days the phenomenon was the talk of the nation. A guy on The Weather Channel shattered a frozen cup of coffee using a banana; reporters from major networks stood outdoors bundled up like characters from South Park, spewing statistics and explanations of wind chill. But as to the whys and hows of what was happening, there wasn’t much. NBC News did post a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/video/how-the-polar-vortex-is-linked-to-climate-change-1435590211872\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">helpful video explainer\u003c/a>, but some TV news organizations, in particular, really \u003ca href=\"https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a26111552/fox-and-friends-polar-vortex-climate-change-global-warming/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">did not distinguish themselves\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lost in the TV coverage was the fact that there’s good evidence warming in the Arctic is what’s disrupting the circular winds that normally keep the vortex at the pole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://katharinehayhoe.com/wp2016/biography/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Katharine Hayhoe\u003c/a> is a climate modeler at Texas Tech University. She was in San Francisco recently to receive the Commonwealth Club’s annual \u003ca href=\"https://climateone.org/events/eighth-annual-stephen-h-schneider-award-outstanding-climate-science-communication\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Schneider Award\u003c/a> for climate science communications. I asked her — it was before the polar vortex hit — about this apparent disconnect in the media and elsewhere. Here’s part of our conversation, edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Here you are being given this award for climate science communications, but don’t you feel sometimes like \u003ca href=\"https://medium.com/@chhavikumar/takeaways-from-the-story-of-sisyphus-and-the-rock-81721c6e499\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sisyphus\u003c/a> rolling a rock up a really steep hill?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oh, I absolutely do. I feel that way pretty much all the time \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/KHayhoe/status/1090610360044974082/photo/1?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1090610360044974082&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kqed.org%2Fscience%2F1937521%2F1937521-autosave-v1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">on social media.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937594\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/20-sm.Credit.Chris_.Soldt_.BostonCollege.MTS_.Photography.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1937594\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/20-sm.Credit.Chris_.Soldt_.BostonCollege.MTS_.Photography.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: Katharine Hayhoe\" width=\"1500\" height=\"1286\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/20-sm.Credit.Chris_.Soldt_.BostonCollege.MTS_.Photography.jpg 1500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/20-sm.Credit.Chris_.Soldt_.BostonCollege.MTS_.Photography-160x137.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/20-sm.Credit.Chris_.Soldt_.BostonCollege.MTS_.Photography-800x686.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/20-sm.Credit.Chris_.Soldt_.BostonCollege.MTS_.Photography-768x658.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/20-sm.Credit.Chris_.Soldt_.BostonCollege.MTS_.Photography-1020x874.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/20-sm.Credit.Chris_.Soldt_.BostonCollege.MTS_.Photography-1200x1029.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hayhoe says advances in attributional science could help make the connection between extreme weather events and climate change. \u003ccite>(Chris Soldt/Boston College/MTS Photography)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ironically, one of the most important lessons I’ve learned is that when we’re talking about climate, science is one of the least important things to bring up, because most of the smoke screens that people throw up sound sciencey. They say, but it’s cold, or it’s just a natural cycle, or the world’s been warmer before. But within 30 seconds or within a couple of tweets on Twitter, the conversation will take a 90-degree turn into, “I don’t want the government destroying the economy. They’re going to set my thermostat. What about China?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So really, it’s all about solution aversion. We’ve been told that these solutions pose an imminent threat to our well-being, our way of life, our identity and our ideology. And at the same time, we also believe that the impacts pose a very distant threat. That’s why it’s so interesting that the \u003ca href=\"http://climatecommunication.yale.edu/publications/climate-change-in-the-american-mind-december-2018/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">latest poll\u003c/a> from the Yale Program on Climate Communication that came out recently, and they found the highest levels ever of people in the United States who are concerned about a changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>But do you see this on the ground? You’re in Texas, for example. Did Hurricane Harvey create a mass conversion of conservative Texans to acceptance of climate science?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don’t like using the word conversion because it reinforces the myth that people have gone to a great extent to promote that caring about climate change is a religion, that you’re worshiping the earth. Then for the 85 percent of people in the U.S. who already have a religion that they like, you’re automatically setting up a conflict between their core beliefs and the idea that climate is changing due to human activities. So what I like to do is assume that most people actually have the values that they need to care; they just haven’t connected the dots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you rephrase the question, “Are people connecting the dots now?”, my answer to that is yes. Now, in very conservative Texas a lot of people aren’t willing to go so far as to say it’s humans yet. But over 70 percent in Texas are willing to say, “Something is different. Climate is changing.” So today, I’m getting calls from organizations that I never would have heard from 10 years ago: farmers and producers, ranchers, land managers, oil and gas companies, water managers, they’re calling me in and they’re saying, “We know there’s something going on. We want to have a conversation,” and I think that’s actually a very positive thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"aligncenter\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1924974/its-not-about-the-facts-the-irrational-fight-over-climate-change-explained-in-one-cartoon\">The Irrational Fight Over Climate Change Explained in One Cartoon\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It sounds like you think we’re nearing some kind of inflection point, where more people will start connecting those dots. Why is that?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think part of that is the fact that the chickens are coming home to roost. We, today, can point to specific ways that climate change is affecting us in the places we live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I served as a lead author for the \u003ca href=\"https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. National Climate Assessment\u003c/a>, and this is a really important document because it brings climate change down to the local level where we live. In that assessment, there were examples from across the entire country of ways that real people are already being affected today. Small towns along the East Coast where the risk of sunny-day flooding has increased by a factor of 30 already. And of course, the wildfires here in the western United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But today, we’ve gotten to the point where — not quite in real time, but we’re getting there — you can actually calculate how much stronger an event was because of climate change. You can calculate how much more probable it was. We’re starting to be able to connect the dots, and many broadcast meteorologists are starting to be given the tools that they need, because, frankly, you need tools to be able to make these connections. We’re starting to be able to tell you how much worse it is because of a changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 1165,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 18
},
"modified": 1704848860,
"excerpt": "Texas Tech climate modeler Katharine Hayhoe says people can now see 'the chickens coming home to roost' when it comes to climate change and extreme weather events.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "Texas Tech climate modeler Katharine Hayhoe says people can now see 'the chickens coming home to roost' when it comes to climate change and extreme weather events.",
"title": "Scientist Sees Even Conservatives Now Worried Over Climate Change | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Scientist Sees Even Conservatives Now Worried Over Climate Change",
"datePublished": "2019-02-04T00:01:49-08:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-09T17:07:40-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "scientist-sees-even-conservatives-now-linking-climate-change-extreme-weather",
"status": "publish",
"sticky": false,
"source": "Climate",
"path": "/science/1937521/scientist-sees-even-conservatives-now-linking-climate-change-extreme-weather",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Over the weekend, the Midwest and eastern U.S. were finally released from the grip of an icy air mass known as the “Polar Vortex.” Tens of millions of Americans experienced life-threatening cold that set record lows across the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Trump, not for the first time, seized on the obvious optics to minimize the threat of global warming.”In the beautiful Midwest, windchill temperatures are reaching minus 60 degrees, the coldest ever recorded,” he \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1090074254010404864?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1090074254010404864&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kqed.org%2Fscience%2F1937521%2F1937521-revision-v1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tweeted\u003c/a>. “What the hell is going on with Global Waming? Please come back fast, we need you!”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘I’m getting calls from organizations that I never would have heard from 10 years ago: farmers and producers, ranchers, land managers, oil and gas companies, water managers, they’re calling me in and they’re saying, “We know there’s something going on. We want to have a conversation.”\u003ccite>Katherine Hayhoe,Texas Tech University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Trump wasn’t alone, at least in terms of ignoring the science behind the \u003ca href=\"https://www.weather.gov/safety/cold-polar-vortex\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Polar Vortex \u003c/a>during the three days the phenomenon was the talk of the nation. A guy on The Weather Channel shattered a frozen cup of coffee using a banana; reporters from major networks stood outdoors bundled up like characters from South Park, spewing statistics and explanations of wind chill. But as to the whys and hows of what was happening, there wasn’t much. NBC News did post a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/video/how-the-polar-vortex-is-linked-to-climate-change-1435590211872\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">helpful video explainer\u003c/a>, but some TV news organizations, in particular, really \u003ca href=\"https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a26111552/fox-and-friends-polar-vortex-climate-change-global-warming/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">did not distinguish themselves\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lost in the TV coverage was the fact that there’s good evidence warming in the Arctic is what’s disrupting the circular winds that normally keep the vortex at the pole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://katharinehayhoe.com/wp2016/biography/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Katharine Hayhoe\u003c/a> is a climate modeler at Texas Tech University. She was in San Francisco recently to receive the Commonwealth Club’s annual \u003ca href=\"https://climateone.org/events/eighth-annual-stephen-h-schneider-award-outstanding-climate-science-communication\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Schneider Award\u003c/a> for climate science communications. I asked her — it was before the polar vortex hit — about this apparent disconnect in the media and elsewhere. Here’s part of our conversation, edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Here you are being given this award for climate science communications, but don’t you feel sometimes like \u003ca href=\"https://medium.com/@chhavikumar/takeaways-from-the-story-of-sisyphus-and-the-rock-81721c6e499\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sisyphus\u003c/a> rolling a rock up a really steep hill?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oh, I absolutely do. I feel that way pretty much all the time \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/KHayhoe/status/1090610360044974082/photo/1?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1090610360044974082&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kqed.org%2Fscience%2F1937521%2F1937521-autosave-v1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">on social media.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937594\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/20-sm.Credit.Chris_.Soldt_.BostonCollege.MTS_.Photography.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1937594\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/20-sm.Credit.Chris_.Soldt_.BostonCollege.MTS_.Photography.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: Katharine Hayhoe\" width=\"1500\" height=\"1286\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/20-sm.Credit.Chris_.Soldt_.BostonCollege.MTS_.Photography.jpg 1500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/20-sm.Credit.Chris_.Soldt_.BostonCollege.MTS_.Photography-160x137.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/20-sm.Credit.Chris_.Soldt_.BostonCollege.MTS_.Photography-800x686.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/20-sm.Credit.Chris_.Soldt_.BostonCollege.MTS_.Photography-768x658.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/20-sm.Credit.Chris_.Soldt_.BostonCollege.MTS_.Photography-1020x874.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/20-sm.Credit.Chris_.Soldt_.BostonCollege.MTS_.Photography-1200x1029.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hayhoe says advances in attributional science could help make the connection between extreme weather events and climate change. \u003ccite>(Chris Soldt/Boston College/MTS Photography)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ironically, one of the most important lessons I’ve learned is that when we’re talking about climate, science is one of the least important things to bring up, because most of the smoke screens that people throw up sound sciencey. They say, but it’s cold, or it’s just a natural cycle, or the world’s been warmer before. But within 30 seconds or within a couple of tweets on Twitter, the conversation will take a 90-degree turn into, “I don’t want the government destroying the economy. They’re going to set my thermostat. What about China?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So really, it’s all about solution aversion. We’ve been told that these solutions pose an imminent threat to our well-being, our way of life, our identity and our ideology. And at the same time, we also believe that the impacts pose a very distant threat. That’s why it’s so interesting that the \u003ca href=\"http://climatecommunication.yale.edu/publications/climate-change-in-the-american-mind-december-2018/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">latest poll\u003c/a> from the Yale Program on Climate Communication that came out recently, and they found the highest levels ever of people in the United States who are concerned about a changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>But do you see this on the ground? You’re in Texas, for example. Did Hurricane Harvey create a mass conversion of conservative Texans to acceptance of climate science?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don’t like using the word conversion because it reinforces the myth that people have gone to a great extent to promote that caring about climate change is a religion, that you’re worshiping the earth. Then for the 85 percent of people in the U.S. who already have a religion that they like, you’re automatically setting up a conflict between their core beliefs and the idea that climate is changing due to human activities. So what I like to do is assume that most people actually have the values that they need to care; they just haven’t connected the dots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you rephrase the question, “Are people connecting the dots now?”, my answer to that is yes. Now, in very conservative Texas a lot of people aren’t willing to go so far as to say it’s humans yet. But over 70 percent in Texas are willing to say, “Something is different. Climate is changing.” So today, I’m getting calls from organizations that I never would have heard from 10 years ago: farmers and producers, ranchers, land managers, oil and gas companies, water managers, they’re calling me in and they’re saying, “We know there’s something going on. We want to have a conversation,” and I think that’s actually a very positive thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"aligncenter\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1924974/its-not-about-the-facts-the-irrational-fight-over-climate-change-explained-in-one-cartoon\">The Irrational Fight Over Climate Change Explained in One Cartoon\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It sounds like you think we’re nearing some kind of inflection point, where more people will start connecting those dots. Why is that?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think part of that is the fact that the chickens are coming home to roost. We, today, can point to specific ways that climate change is affecting us in the places we live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I served as a lead author for the \u003ca href=\"https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. National Climate Assessment\u003c/a>, and this is a really important document because it brings climate change down to the local level where we live. In that assessment, there were examples from across the entire country of ways that real people are already being affected today. Small towns along the East Coast where the risk of sunny-day flooding has increased by a factor of 30 already. And of course, the wildfires here in the western United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But today, we’ve gotten to the point where — not quite in real time, but we’re getting there — you can actually calculate how much stronger an event was because of climate change. You can calculate how much more probable it was. We’re starting to be able to connect the dots, and many broadcast meteorologists are starting to be given the tools that they need, because, frankly, you need tools to be able to make these connections. We’re starting to be able to tell you how much worse it is because of a changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "floatright"
},
"numeric": [
"floatright"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1937521/scientist-sees-even-conservatives-now-linking-climate-change-extreme-weather",
"authors": [
"221"
],
"categories": [
"science_31",
"science_40"
],
"tags": [
"science_3841",
"science_194",
"science_3370",
"science_3830"
],
"featImg": "science_1937597",
"label": "source_science_1937521"
},
"science_1937477": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1937477",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1937477",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1549056603000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1549056603,
"format": "image",
"title": "Changing Winds Could Shift Southern California Fire Season",
"headTitle": "Changing Winds Could Shift Southern California Fire Season | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>In popular culture, Southern California’s Santa Ana winds have been portrayed as \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Ana_winds_in_popular_culture\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">harbingers\u003c/a> of chaos, strange behavior and most notably, fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they’re changing, with potential big implications for the SoCal fire season.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘I think that these changes together mean a later wildfire season in Southern California’s future.’\u003ccite>Alexander Gershunov, Scripps Institution\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>These intense, dry gusts, sometimes referred to as “devil winds,” can lead to coastal heat waves, downed trees and the spread of the region’s most destructive wildfires. Santa Ana wind conditions played a role in the massive \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2017/12/05/us/ventura-county-fire-california/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Thomas Fire\u003c/a> that broke out in December 2017, scorching more than 280,000 acres across Ventura and Santa Barbara counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Santa Anas also contribute to Southern California’s characteristic sunshine and year-round warmth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2018GL080261\">new study\u003c/a> out this week suggests that rising temperatures as a result of climate change could have a big impact on the timing of Santa Ana wind season, compressing more of it into December.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Diminishing Winds\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results of the study, published this week in Geophysical Research Letters, project that Santa Ana wind frequency could drop \u003ca href=\"https://scripps.ucsd.edu/news/climate-change-may-suppress-santa-ana-winds-particularly-fall?hash=GKVME8bwLdEz_8vul3N4bH3gz7MROXNUxH6VRrk2Tm8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nearly 20 percent\u003c/a> by the end of this century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found that, in general, Santa Ana winds are likely to diminish with warming,” says Alexander Gershunov, a researcher at Scripps Institution of Oceanography in San Diego and the study’s co-author.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s forecast was drawn from eight global climate models adjusted to detect more localized weather characteristics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The predicted decrease in Santa Ana wind activity is expected to be most pronounced in the “shoulder” seasons, with big declines in October and May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Really it’s that Santa Ana winds are expected to diminish in the fall and spring,” Gershunov says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peak wind activity will likely occur in December, which is typical historically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the paper, Gershunov and co-author Janin Guzman‐Morales suggest that changes in the timing of Santa Ana winds could alter Southern California’s wildfire outlook. But just how this will affect fire season is “much more nuanced,” according to Gershunov.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Santa Ana winds do drive the most catastrophic wildfires in Southern California,” Gershunov says. “But they’re not the only ingredient.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, don’t expect the shorter windy season to mean less wildfire risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Dry fuel” from vegetation is another key factor in the spread of wildfires. According to Gershunov, trends for rising temperatures and changing precipitation patterns mean that the prevalence of fire’s natural fuel could persist into winter, when the winds are at their most frequent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that these changes together mean a later wildfire season in Southern California’s future,” Gershunov says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The worst of California’s fire season typically peaks in the fall months. But the Thomas Fire was exacerbated by a warm, dry fall combined with a series of Santa Ana wind events starting in December 2017. Gershunov says the likelihood of similar fire conditions could increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t say anything with any confidence at this point, whether the fire season will intensify or decrease on average in the future,” he says. “But this later fire season does suggest that future fires may burn longer, because as the wildfire season shifts to December, which is the peak of Santa Ana wind activity, we’re more likely to get back-to-back Santa Ana winds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So events like the Thomas Fire, which burned for three weeks fanned by a couple of back-to-back Santa Ana wind events, will be more likely in the future than they were in the past.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mimi Hughes largely agrees. She researches climate at the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences at the University of Colorado, Boulder. Hughes has modeled how climate affects the \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-011-0300-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Santa Ana winds\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cold Air and Hot Wind\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The winds are powered by the sharp pressure difference or “gradient” between the Great Basin — a vast interior region spanning parts of Nevada, Utah and Oregon — and the Pacific Ocean off the Southern California coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while the Santa Ana winds feel hot, that pressure gradient depends on the presence of high-density cold air masses over the Great Basin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These [winds] actually happen when it’s cold in the desert interior, which is kind of counterintuitive,” Hughes says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you have less cold air in the desert, then that actually means that you get fewer of these pressure gradients that can set up the conditions that are ripe for Santa Ana winds,” Hughes says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Hughes, the Scripps study implies “an increased likelihood of fire later in the season.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And like Gershunov, she says that to understand the bigger picture of what this spells for Southern California wildfires, other factors must be taken into account.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In particular, she says the dry and wet extremes in the region are projected to increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So if you had a very, very dry winter, and then compound that with the fact that the Santa Ana season is a bit later,” Hughes explains, “Then you could really see this being potential for devastatingly large fires.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 901,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 32
},
"modified": 1704848861,
"excerpt": "A new study suggests that rising temperatures could have a big impact on the Santa Ana wind season, which in turn could shift the worst of fire season to later in the year. ",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "A new study suggests that rising temperatures could have a big impact on the Santa Ana wind season, which in turn could shift the worst of fire season to later in the year. ",
"title": "Changing Winds Could Shift Southern California Fire Season | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Changing Winds Could Shift Southern California Fire Season",
"datePublished": "2019-02-01T13:30:03-08:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-09T17:07:41-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "changing-winds-could-shift-southern-california-fire-season",
"status": "publish",
"templateType": "standard",
"audioUrl": "https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/tcr/2019/02/VentonSantaAnaWinds.mp3",
"featuredImageType": "standard",
"sticky": false,
"audioTrackLength": 86,
"source": "Wildfires",
"path": "/science/1937477/changing-winds-could-shift-southern-california-fire-season",
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In popular culture, Southern California’s Santa Ana winds have been portrayed as \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Ana_winds_in_popular_culture\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">harbingers\u003c/a> of chaos, strange behavior and most notably, fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they’re changing, with potential big implications for the SoCal fire season.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘I think that these changes together mean a later wildfire season in Southern California’s future.’\u003ccite>Alexander Gershunov, Scripps Institution\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>These intense, dry gusts, sometimes referred to as “devil winds,” can lead to coastal heat waves, downed trees and the spread of the region’s most destructive wildfires. Santa Ana wind conditions played a role in the massive \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2017/12/05/us/ventura-county-fire-california/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Thomas Fire\u003c/a> that broke out in December 2017, scorching more than 280,000 acres across Ventura and Santa Barbara counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Santa Anas also contribute to Southern California’s characteristic sunshine and year-round warmth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2018GL080261\">new study\u003c/a> out this week suggests that rising temperatures as a result of climate change could have a big impact on the timing of Santa Ana wind season, compressing more of it into December.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Diminishing Winds\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results of the study, published this week in Geophysical Research Letters, project that Santa Ana wind frequency could drop \u003ca href=\"https://scripps.ucsd.edu/news/climate-change-may-suppress-santa-ana-winds-particularly-fall?hash=GKVME8bwLdEz_8vul3N4bH3gz7MROXNUxH6VRrk2Tm8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nearly 20 percent\u003c/a> by the end of this century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found that, in general, Santa Ana winds are likely to diminish with warming,” says Alexander Gershunov, a researcher at Scripps Institution of Oceanography in San Diego and the study’s co-author.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s forecast was drawn from eight global climate models adjusted to detect more localized weather characteristics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The predicted decrease in Santa Ana wind activity is expected to be most pronounced in the “shoulder” seasons, with big declines in October and May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Really it’s that Santa Ana winds are expected to diminish in the fall and spring,” Gershunov says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peak wind activity will likely occur in December, which is typical historically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the paper, Gershunov and co-author Janin Guzman‐Morales suggest that changes in the timing of Santa Ana winds could alter Southern California’s wildfire outlook. But just how this will affect fire season is “much more nuanced,” according to Gershunov.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Santa Ana winds do drive the most catastrophic wildfires in Southern California,” Gershunov says. “But they’re not the only ingredient.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, don’t expect the shorter windy season to mean less wildfire risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Dry fuel” from vegetation is another key factor in the spread of wildfires. According to Gershunov, trends for rising temperatures and changing precipitation patterns mean that the prevalence of fire’s natural fuel could persist into winter, when the winds are at their most frequent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that these changes together mean a later wildfire season in Southern California’s future,” Gershunov says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The worst of California’s fire season typically peaks in the fall months. But the Thomas Fire was exacerbated by a warm, dry fall combined with a series of Santa Ana wind events starting in December 2017. Gershunov says the likelihood of similar fire conditions could increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t say anything with any confidence at this point, whether the fire season will intensify or decrease on average in the future,” he says. “But this later fire season does suggest that future fires may burn longer, because as the wildfire season shifts to December, which is the peak of Santa Ana wind activity, we’re more likely to get back-to-back Santa Ana winds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So events like the Thomas Fire, which burned for three weeks fanned by a couple of back-to-back Santa Ana wind events, will be more likely in the future than they were in the past.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mimi Hughes largely agrees. She researches climate at the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences at the University of Colorado, Boulder. Hughes has modeled how climate affects the \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-011-0300-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Santa Ana winds\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cold Air and Hot Wind\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The winds are powered by the sharp pressure difference or “gradient” between the Great Basin — a vast interior region spanning parts of Nevada, Utah and Oregon — and the Pacific Ocean off the Southern California coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while the Santa Ana winds feel hot, that pressure gradient depends on the presence of high-density cold air masses over the Great Basin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These [winds] actually happen when it’s cold in the desert interior, which is kind of counterintuitive,” Hughes says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you have less cold air in the desert, then that actually means that you get fewer of these pressure gradients that can set up the conditions that are ripe for Santa Ana winds,” Hughes says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Hughes, the Scripps study implies “an increased likelihood of fire later in the season.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And like Gershunov, she says that to understand the bigger picture of what this spells for Southern California wildfires, other factors must be taken into account.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In particular, she says the dry and wet extremes in the region are projected to increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So if you had a very, very dry winter, and then compound that with the fact that the Santa Ana season is a bit later,” Hughes explains, “Then you could really see this being potential for devastatingly large fires.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1937477/changing-winds-could-shift-southern-california-fire-season",
"authors": [
"11368",
"11088"
],
"categories": [
"science_31",
"science_35",
"science_40",
"science_3730"
],
"tags": [
"science_194",
"science_1596",
"science_556",
"science_3428",
"science_113"
],
"featImg": "science_1937564",
"label": "source_science_1937477"
},
"science_1937523": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1937523",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1937523",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1549042363000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {
"site": "science"
},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1549042363,
"format": "standard",
"title": "Federal Government Steps In to Handle Colorado River Drought Crisis",
"headTitle": "Federal Government Steps In to Handle Colorado River Drought Crisis | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Despite a last-minute frenzy of deal-making, the federal government announced that it will begin taking “protective actions” on the Colorado River, where a long-running drought has put the water supply for 40 million people at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The seven states that use the river had been trying to broker their own solution, a collective water-sharing deal, with a Jan. 31 deadline to get it done. While most states had agreed, California and Arizona couldn’t finalize the agreement in time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are close,” said U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Commissioner Brenda Burman. “But only ‘done’ will protect this basin. It’s time to get the job done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The river has a storied history of water battles and litigation, and many hoped the deal could be a cooperative breakthrough. Allocating water is traditionally managed by the states, so the federal government’s move marks a major shift.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Short of the states completing a deal between them, the U.S. Department of the Interior is asking them for recommendations on how to protect the river’s supply, with an eye toward August, when decisions about the upcoming year are generally made. Interior holds “broad authority,” according to Commissioner Burman, to make decisions on the lower Colorado River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if the states can agree on a water sharing plan soon, the commissioner says, she will halt the federal process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 19-year drought in the watershed combined with overuse of the river have driven reservoir levels down in Lake Mead, the massive reservoir outside of Las Vegas. Water officials warn it’s dangerously close to the low point that would trigger an official “shortage” on the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arizona and Nevada’s water supplies would be cut back then, but California’s would not, because it holds the oldest water rights on the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the states’ still unratified drought deal, California and other states would begin reducing their water use before currently required, in order to preserve water levels in Lake Mead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Colorado River supplies millions of people in Southern California, mostly through the Metropolitan Water District, as well as several major farming districts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Metropolitan had an incentive to sign onto the drought plan; if the river falls into shortage, it loses extra water that it has banked in Lake Mead. But some farming communities saw little reason to sign on, since they have the most secure water rights to the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the deadline passed, two parties, Arizona and California’s Imperial Irrigation District, had yet to agree to the plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arizona faced opposition from farming groups and others in the state, but was able to put together a package of financial incentives and water trading agreements to get everyone on board. Late on Thursday, the Legislature approved it, but state water officials still must officially sign off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Working together, with a common goal in mind, there’s no limit to what we can achieve,” said Arizona Governor Doug Ducey as he signed the bills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the deal, the water that the Imperial Irrigation District would contribute to Lake Mead wouldn’t require additional cuts to its growers, since it’s already been freed up by conservation programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But still, the district outlined several conditions for its support, including a request for $200 million from the federal government to restore the Salton Sea, a vast inland lake. Water levels there have been dropping, creating dust and air pollution in the surrounding community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, Imperial Irrigation District General Manager Henry Martinez said the district “will continue to work diligently to reach agreement” and it “expects the work on the DCP (drought contingency plan) to be completed promptly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal Farm Bill passed in December included language authorizing restoration funding, but Imperial says it’s still in discussions about how to access it. Its board says it won’t vote to approve the drought plan until that’s in place.\u003c/p>\n\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 687,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 20
},
"modified": 1704848863,
"excerpt": "Despite a last-minute frenzy of deal-making, the federal government announced that it will begin taking “protective actions” on the Colorado River, where a long-running drought has put the water supply for 40 million people at risk.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "Despite a last-minute frenzy of deal-making, the federal government announced that it will begin taking “protective actions” on the Colorado River, where a long-running drought has put the water supply for 40 million people at risk.",
"title": "Federal Government Steps In to Handle Colorado River Drought Crisis | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Federal Government Steps In to Handle Colorado River Drought Crisis",
"datePublished": "2019-02-01T09:32:43-08:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-09T17:07:43-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "federal-government-steps-in-to-handle-colorado-river-drought-crisis",
"status": "publish",
"sticky": false,
"path": "/science/1937523/federal-government-steps-in-to-handle-colorado-river-drought-crisis",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Despite a last-minute frenzy of deal-making, the federal government announced that it will begin taking “protective actions” on the Colorado River, where a long-running drought has put the water supply for 40 million people at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The seven states that use the river had been trying to broker their own solution, a collective water-sharing deal, with a Jan. 31 deadline to get it done. While most states had agreed, California and Arizona couldn’t finalize the agreement in time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are close,” said U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Commissioner Brenda Burman. “But only ‘done’ will protect this basin. It’s time to get the job done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The river has a storied history of water battles and litigation, and many hoped the deal could be a cooperative breakthrough. Allocating water is traditionally managed by the states, so the federal government’s move marks a major shift.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Short of the states completing a deal between them, the U.S. Department of the Interior is asking them for recommendations on how to protect the river’s supply, with an eye toward August, when decisions about the upcoming year are generally made. Interior holds “broad authority,” according to Commissioner Burman, to make decisions on the lower Colorado River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if the states can agree on a water sharing plan soon, the commissioner says, she will halt the federal process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 19-year drought in the watershed combined with overuse of the river have driven reservoir levels down in Lake Mead, the massive reservoir outside of Las Vegas. Water officials warn it’s dangerously close to the low point that would trigger an official “shortage” on the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arizona and Nevada’s water supplies would be cut back then, but California’s would not, because it holds the oldest water rights on the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the states’ still unratified drought deal, California and other states would begin reducing their water use before currently required, in order to preserve water levels in Lake Mead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Colorado River supplies millions of people in Southern California, mostly through the Metropolitan Water District, as well as several major farming districts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Metropolitan had an incentive to sign onto the drought plan; if the river falls into shortage, it loses extra water that it has banked in Lake Mead. But some farming communities saw little reason to sign on, since they have the most secure water rights to the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the deadline passed, two parties, Arizona and California’s Imperial Irrigation District, had yet to agree to the plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arizona faced opposition from farming groups and others in the state, but was able to put together a package of financial incentives and water trading agreements to get everyone on board. Late on Thursday, the Legislature approved it, but state water officials still must officially sign off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Working together, with a common goal in mind, there’s no limit to what we can achieve,” said Arizona Governor Doug Ducey as he signed the bills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the deal, the water that the Imperial Irrigation District would contribute to Lake Mead wouldn’t require additional cuts to its growers, since it’s already been freed up by conservation programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But still, the district outlined several conditions for its support, including a request for $200 million from the federal government to restore the Salton Sea, a vast inland lake. Water levels there have been dropping, creating dust and air pollution in the surrounding community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, Imperial Irrigation District General Manager Henry Martinez said the district “will continue to work diligently to reach agreement” and it “expects the work on the DCP (drought contingency plan) to be completed promptly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal Farm Bill passed in December included language authorizing restoration funding, but Imperial says it’s still in discussions about how to access it. Its board says it won’t vote to approve the drought plan until that’s in place.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1937523/federal-government-steps-in-to-handle-colorado-river-drought-crisis",
"authors": [
"239"
],
"categories": [
"science_40",
"science_98"
],
"tags": [
"science_3840",
"science_3370",
"science_3830",
"science_201"
],
"featImg": "science_1937380",
"label": "science"
}
},
"podcastsReducer": {
"isFetching": false,
"fetchFailed": false,
"hasFetched": false,
"podcasts": {}
},
"radioProgramsReducer": {
"isFetching": false,
"fetchFailed": false,
"hasFetched": false,
"radioPrograms": {}
},
"radioSearchSegmentsReducer": {},
"programsReducer": {
"all-things-considered": {
"id": "all-things-considered",
"title": "All Things Considered",
"info": "Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/all-things-considered"
},
"american-suburb-podcast": {
"id": "american-suburb-podcast",
"title": "American Suburb: The Podcast",
"tagline": "The flip side of gentrification, told through one town",
"info": "Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/news/series/american-suburb-podcast",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 19
},
"link": "/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"
}
},
"baycurious": {
"id": "baycurious",
"title": "Bay Curious",
"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Bay Curious",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/news/series/baycurious",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 3
},
"link": "/podcasts/baycurious",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/9a90d476-aa04-455d-9a4c-0871ed6216d4/bay-curious",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"
}
},
"bbc-world-service": {
"id": "bbc-world-service",
"title": "BBC World Service",
"info": "The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "BBC World Service"
},
"link": "/radio/program/bbc-world-service",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/",
"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
}
},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The California Report",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-the-california-report/id79681292",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/26099305-72af-4542-9dde-ac1807fe36d5/kqed-s-the-california-report",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432285393/the-california-report",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-the-california-report-podcast-8838",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/tcram/feed/podcast"
}
},
"californiareportmagazine": {
"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Magazine-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The California Report Magazine",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 10
},
"link": "/californiareportmagazine",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-california-report-magazine/id1314750545",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/564733126/the-california-report-magazine",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-california-report-magazine",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/tcrmag/feed/podcast"
}
},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/",
"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
"title": "Close All Tabs",
"tagline": "Your irreverent guide to the trends redefining our world",
"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/CAT_2_Tile-scaled.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Close All Tabs",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 1
},
"link": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/close-all-tabs/id214663465",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC6993880386",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/92d9d4ac-67a3-4eed-b10a-fb45d45b1ef2/close-all-tabs",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/6LAJFHnGK1pYXYzv6SIol6?si=deb0cae19813417c"
}
},
"code-switch-life-kit": {
"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
"airtime": "SUN 9pm-10pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"
}
},
"commonwealth-club": {
"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"
}
},
"forum": {
"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/forum",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
"link": "/forum",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"
}
},
"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
}
},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 7pm-8pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Fresh-Air-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Fresh-Air-p17/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
}
},
"here-and-now": {
"id": "here-and-now",
"title": "Here & Now",
"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
"airtime": "MON-THU 11am-12pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Here-And-Now-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/here-and-now",
"subsdcribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=426698661",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Here--Now-p211/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
}
},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/hiddenbrain.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/hidden-brain/id1028908750?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Science-Podcasts/Hidden-Brain-p787503/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510308/podcast.xml"
}
},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Arts--Culture-Podcasts/How-I-Built-This-p910896/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"
}
},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
"imageAlt": "KQED Hyphenación",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/hyphenaci%C3%B3n/id1191591838",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
"youtube": "https://www.youtube.com/c/kqedarts",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/6c3dd23c-93fb-4aab-97ba-1725fa6315f1/hyphenaci%C3%B3n",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
}
},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/790253322/the-political-mind-of-jerry-brown",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/jerrybrown/feed/podcast/",
"tuneIn": "http://tun.in/pjGcK",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-political-mind-of-jerry-brown",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/54C1dmuyFyKMFttY6X2j6r?si=K8SgRCoISNK6ZbjpXrX5-w",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/44420f75-3b0e-4301-ab3b-16da6b09e543/the-political-mind-of-jerry-brown"
}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/xtTd",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Latino-USA-p621/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=201853034&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/APM-Marketplace-p88/",
"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"
}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/onourwatch",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-Our-Watch-p1436229/",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
}
},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/M4f5",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Political Breakdown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/political-breakdown/id1327641087",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/e0c2d153-ad36-4c8d-901d-f1da6a724824/political-breakdown",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/572155894/political-breakdown",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/political-breakdown",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/07RVyIjIdk2WDuVehvBMoN",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/political-breakdown/feed/podcast"
}
},
"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
}
},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pri.org/programs/the-world",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "PRI"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pri-the-world",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pris-the-world-latest-edition/id278196007?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/News--Politics-Podcasts/PRIs-The-World-p24/",
"rss": "http://feeds.feedburner.com/pri/theworld"
}
},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
"airtime": "SUN 12am-1am, SAT 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/radiolab1400.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/radiolab/",
"meta": {
"site": "science",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/radiolab",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/radiolab/id152249110?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/RadioLab-p68032/",
"rss": "https://feeds.wnyc.org/radiolab"
}
},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
"airtime": "SAT 4pm-5pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/reveal300px.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/reveal",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/reveal/id886009669",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Reveal-p679597/",
"rss": "http://feeds.revealradio.org/revealpodcast"
}
},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Rightnowish-Podcast-Tile-500x500-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Rightnowish with Pendarvis Harshaw",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/rightnowish",
"meta": {
"site": "arts",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 16
},
"link": "/podcasts/rightnowish",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/721590300/rightnowish",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/programs/rightnowish/feed/podcast",
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/rightnowish/id1482187648",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/rightnowish",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMxMjU5MTY3NDc4",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/7kEJuafTzTVan7B78ttz1I"
}
},
"science-friday": {
"id": "science-friday",
"title": "Science Friday",
"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
"airtime": "FRI 11am-1pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Science-Friday-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/science-friday",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/science-friday",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=73329284&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Science-Friday-p394/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/science-friday"
}
},
"snap-judgment": {
"id": "snap-judgment",
"title": "Snap Judgment",
"tagline": "Real stories with killer beats",
"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
"airtime": "SAT 1pm-2pm, 9pm-10pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Snap-Judgment-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Snap Judgment",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://snapjudgment.org",
"meta": {
"site": "arts",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 4
},
"link": "https://snapjudgment.org",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/snap-judgment/id283657561",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/449018144/snap-judgment",
"stitcher": "https://www.pandora.com/podcast/snap-judgment/PC:241?source=stitcher-sunset",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/3Cct7ZWmxHNAtLgBTqjC5v",
"rss": "https://snap.feed.snapjudgment.org/"
}
},
"soldout": {
"id": "soldout",
"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
"info": "Sold Out: Rethinking Housing in America",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Sold-Out-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Sold Out: Rethinking Housing in America",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/soldout",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 13
},
"link": "/podcasts/soldout",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/911586047/s-o-l-d-o-u-t-a-new-future-for-housing",
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/introducing-sold-out-rethinking-housing-in-america/id1531354937",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/soldout",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/38dTBSk2ISFoPiyYNoKn1X",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/sold-out-rethinking-housing-in-america",
"tunein": "https://tunein.com/radio/SOLD-OUT-Rethinking-Housing-in-America-p1365871/"
}
},
"spooked": {
"id": "spooked",
"title": "Spooked",
"tagline": "True-life supernatural stories",
"info": "",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Spooked-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Spooked",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://spookedpodcast.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 7
},
"link": "https://spookedpodcast.org/",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/spooked/id1279361017",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/549547848/snap-judgment-presents-spooked",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/76571Rfl3m7PLJQZKQIGCT",
"rss": "https://feeds.simplecast.com/TBotaapn"
}
},
"tech-nation": {
"id": "tech-nation",
"title": "Tech Nation Radio Podcast",
"info": "Tech Nation is a weekly public radio program, hosted by Dr. Moira Gunn. Founded in 1993, it has grown from a simple interview show to a multi-faceted production, featuring conversations with noted technology and science leaders, and a weekly science and technology-related commentary.",
"airtime": "FRI 10pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Tech-Nation-Radio-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://technation.podomatic.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "science",
"source": "Tech Nation Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/tech-nation",
"subscribe": {
"rss": "https://technation.podomatic.com/rss2.xml"
}
},
"ted-radio-hour": {
"id": "ted-radio-hour",
"title": "TED Radio Hour",
"info": "The TED Radio Hour is a journey through fascinating ideas, astonishing inventions, fresh approaches to old problems, and new ways to think and create.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm, SAT 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/tedRadioHour.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/ted-radio-hour/?showDate=2018-06-22",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/ted-radio-hour",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/8vsS",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=523121474&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/TED-Radio-Hour-p418021/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510298/podcast.xml"
}
},
"thebay": {
"id": "thebay",
"title": "The Bay",
"tagline": "Local news to keep you rooted",
"info": "Host Devin Katayama walks you through the biggest story of the day with reporters and newsmakers.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Bay-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Bay",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/thebay",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 2
},
"link": "/podcasts/thebay",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-bay/id1350043452",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/d800ea4c-7a2c-42f2-b861-edaf78a5db0b/the-bay",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/586725995/the-bay",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-bay",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/4BIKBKIujizLHlIlBNaAqQ",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC8259786327"
}
},
"thelatest": {
"id": "thelatest",
"title": "The Latest",
"tagline": "Trusted local news in real time",
"info": "",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/The-Latest-2025-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Latest",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/thelatest",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 6
},
"link": "/thelatest",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-latest-from-kqed/id1197721799",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/1257949365/the-latest-from-k-q-e-d",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/5KIIXMgM9GTi5AepwOYvIZ?si=bd3053fec7244dba",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9137121918"
}
},
"theleap": {
"id": "theleap",
"title": "The Leap",
"tagline": "What if you closed your eyes, and jumped?",
"info": "Stories about people making dramatic, risky changes, told by award-winning public radio reporter Judy Campbell.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Leap-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Leap",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/theleap",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 17
},
"link": "/podcasts/theleap",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-leap/id1046668171",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/447248267/the-leap",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-leap",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/3sSlVHHzU0ytLwuGs1SD1U",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/programs/the-leap/feed/podcast"
}
},
"the-moth-radio-hour": {
"id": "the-moth-radio-hour",
"title": "The Moth Radio Hour",
"info": "Since its launch in 1997, The Moth has presented thousands of true stories, told live and without notes, to standing-room-only crowds worldwide. Moth storytellers stand alone, under a spotlight, with only a microphone and a roomful of strangers. The storyteller and the audience embark on a high-wire act of shared experience which is both terrifying and exhilarating. Since 2008, The Moth podcast has featured many of our favorite stories told live on Moth stages around the country. For information on all of our programs and live events, visit themoth.org.",
"airtime": "SAT 8pm-9pm and SUN 11am-12pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/theMoth.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://themoth.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "arts",
"source": "prx"
},
"link": "/radio/program/the-moth-radio-hour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/the-moth-podcast/id275699983?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/The-Moth-p273888/",
"rss": "http://feeds.themoth.org/themothpodcast"
}
},
"the-new-yorker-radio-hour": {
"id": "the-new-yorker-radio-hour",
"title": "The New Yorker Radio Hour",
"info": "The New Yorker Radio Hour is a weekly program presented by the magazine's editor, David Remnick, and produced by WNYC Studios and The New Yorker. Each episode features a diverse mix of interviews, profiles, storytelling, and an occasional burst of humor inspired by the magazine, and shaped by its writers, artists, and editors. This isn't a radio version of a magazine, but something all its own, reflecting the rich possibilities of audio storytelling and conversation. Theme music for the show was composed and performed by Merrill Garbus of tUnE-YArDs.",
"airtime": "SAT 10am-11am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-New-Yorker-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/tnyradiohour",
"meta": {
"site": "arts",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/the-new-yorker-radio-hour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1050430296",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/New-Yorker-Radio-Hour-p803804/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/newyorkerradiohour"
}
},
"the-sam-sanders-show": {
"id": "the-sam-sanders-show",
"title": "The Sam Sanders Show",
"info": "One of public radio's most dynamic voices, Sam Sanders helped launch The NPR Politics Podcast and hosted NPR's hit show It's Been A Minute. Now, the award-winning host returns with something brand new, The Sam Sanders Show. Every week, Sam Sanders and friends dig into the culture that shapes our lives: what's driving the biggest trends, how artists really think, and even the memes you can't stop scrolling past. Sam is beloved for his way of unpacking the world and bringing you up close to fresh currents and engaging conversations. The Sam Sanders Show is smart, funny and always a good time.",
"airtime": "FRI 12-1pm AND SAT 11am-12pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/The-Sam-Sanders-Show-Podcast-Tile-400x400-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.kcrw.com/shows/the-sam-sanders-show/latest",
"meta": {
"site": "arts",
"source": "KCRW"
},
"link": "https://www.kcrw.com/shows/the-sam-sanders-show/latest",
"subscribe": {
"rss": "https://feed.cdnstream1.com/zjb/feed/download/ac/28/59/ac28594c-e1d0-4231-8728-61865cdc80e8.xml"
}
},
"the-splendid-table": {
"id": "the-splendid-table",
"title": "The Splendid Table",
"info": "\u003cem>The Splendid Table\u003c/em> hosts our nation's conversations about cooking, sustainability and food culture.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Splendid-Table-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.splendidtable.org/",
"airtime": "SUN 10-11 pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/the-splendid-table"
},
"this-american-life": {
"id": "this-american-life",
"title": "This American Life",
"info": "This American Life is a weekly public radio show, heard by 2.2 million people on more than 500 stations. Another 2.5 million people download the weekly podcast. It is hosted by Ira Glass, produced in collaboration with Chicago Public Media, delivered to stations by PRX The Public Radio Exchange, and has won all of the major broadcasting awards.",
"airtime": "SAT 12pm-1pm, 7pm-8pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/thisAmericanLife.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.thisamericanlife.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "wbez"
},
"link": "/radio/program/this-american-life",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=201671138&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"rss": "https://www.thisamericanlife.org/podcast/rss.xml"
}
},
"tinydeskradio": {
"id": "tinydeskradio",
"title": "Tiny Desk Radio",
"info": "We're bringing the best of Tiny Desk to the airwaves, only on public radio.",
"airtime": "SUN 8pm and SAT 9pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/300x300-For-Member-Station-Logo-Tiny-Desk-Radio-@2x.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/g-s1-52030/tiny-desk-radio",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/tinydeskradio",
"subscribe": {
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/g-s1-52030/rss.xml"
}
},
"wait-wait-dont-tell-me": {
"id": "wait-wait-dont-tell-me",
"title": "Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!",
"info": "Peter Sagal and Bill Kurtis host the weekly NPR News quiz show alongside some of the best and brightest news and entertainment personalities.",
"airtime": "SUN 10am-11am, SAT 11am-12pm, SAT 6pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Wait-Wait-Podcast-Tile-300x300-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/wait-wait-dont-tell-me/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/wait-wait-dont-tell-me",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/Xogv",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=121493804&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Wait-Wait-Dont-Tell-Me-p46/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/344098539/podcast.xml"
}
},
"weekend-edition-saturday": {
"id": "weekend-edition-saturday",
"title": "Weekend Edition Saturday",
"info": "Weekend Edition Saturday wraps up the week's news and offers a mix of analysis and features on a wide range of topics, including arts, sports, entertainment, and human interest stories. The two-hour program is hosted by NPR's Peabody Award-winning Scott Simon.",
"airtime": "SAT 5am-10am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Weekend-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/weekend-edition-saturday/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/weekend-edition-saturday"
},
"weekend-edition-sunday": {
"id": "weekend-edition-sunday",
"title": "Weekend Edition Sunday",
"info": "Weekend Edition Sunday features interviews with newsmakers, artists, scientists, politicians, musicians, writers, theologians and historians. The program has covered news events from Nelson Mandela's 1990 release from a South African prison to the capture of Saddam Hussein.",
"airtime": "SUN 5am-10am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Weekend-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/weekend-edition-sunday/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/weekend-edition-sunday"
}
},
"racesReducer": {},
"racesGenElectionReducer": {},
"racesGenElection2026Reducer": {},
"radioSchedulesReducer": {},
"listsReducer": {
"posts/science?category=news": {
"isFetching": false,
"latestQuery": {
"from": 1716,
"size": 12
},
"vitalsOnly": false,
"totalRequested": 12,
"isLoading": false,
"isLoadingMore": true,
"total": {
"value": 3368,
"relation": "eq"
},
"items": [
"science_1938007",
"science_1938157",
"science_1938127",
"science_1937982",
"science_1937967",
"science_1937918",
"science_1937767",
"science_1937137",
"science_1937679",
"science_1937521",
"science_1937477",
"science_1937523"
],
"complete": true
}
},
"recallGuideReducer": {
"intros": {},
"policy": {},
"candidates": {}
},
"savedArticleReducer": {
"articles": [],
"status": {}
},
"newslettersReducer": {
"isFetching": false,
"fetchFailed": false,
"hasFetched": false,
"newsletters": {},
"isSubscribing": false,
"isUnsubscribing": false,
"subscribedNewsletters": {}
},
"termsReducer": {
"about": {
"name": "About",
"type": "terms",
"id": "about",
"slug": "about",
"link": "/about",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"arts": {
"name": "Arts & Culture",
"grouping": [
"arts",
"pop",
"trulyca"
],
"description": "KQED Arts provides daily in-depth coverage of the Bay Area's music, art, film, performing arts, literature and arts news, as well as cultural commentary and criticism.",
"type": "terms",
"id": "arts",
"slug": "arts",
"link": "/arts",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"artschool": {
"name": "Art School",
"parent": "arts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "artschool",
"slug": "artschool",
"link": "/artschool",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"bayareabites": {
"name": "KQED food",
"grouping": [
"food",
"bayareabites",
"checkplease"
],
"parent": "food",
"type": "terms",
"id": "bayareabites",
"slug": "bayareabites",
"link": "/food",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"bayareahiphop": {
"name": "Bay Area Hiphop",
"type": "terms",
"id": "bayareahiphop",
"slug": "bayareahiphop",
"link": "/bayareahiphop",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"campaign21": {
"name": "Campaign 21",
"type": "terms",
"id": "campaign21",
"slug": "campaign21",
"link": "/campaign21",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"careers": {
"name": "Careers",
"type": "terms",
"id": "careers",
"slug": "careers",
"link": "/careers",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"checkplease": {
"name": "KQED food",
"grouping": [
"food",
"bayareabites",
"checkplease"
],
"parent": "food",
"type": "terms",
"id": "checkplease",
"slug": "checkplease",
"link": "/food",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"education": {
"name": "Education",
"grouping": [
"education"
],
"type": "terms",
"id": "education",
"slug": "education",
"link": "/education",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"elections": {
"name": "Elections",
"type": "terms",
"id": "elections",
"slug": "elections",
"link": "/elections",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"events": {
"name": "Events",
"type": "terms",
"id": "events",
"slug": "events",
"link": "/events",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"event": {
"name": "Event",
"alias": "events",
"type": "terms",
"id": "event",
"slug": "event",
"link": "/event",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"filmschoolshorts": {
"name": "Film School Shorts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "filmschoolshorts",
"slug": "filmschoolshorts",
"link": "/filmschoolshorts",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"food": {
"name": "KQED food",
"grouping": [
"food",
"bayareabites",
"checkplease"
],
"type": "terms",
"id": "food",
"slug": "food",
"link": "/food",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"forum": {
"name": "Forum",
"relatedContentQuery": "posts/forum?",
"parent": "news",
"type": "terms",
"id": "forum",
"slug": "forum",
"link": "/forum",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"futureofyou": {
"name": "Future of You",
"grouping": [
"science",
"futureofyou"
],
"parent": "science",
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou",
"slug": "futureofyou",
"link": "/futureofyou",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"jpepinheart": {
"name": "KQED food",
"relatedContentQuery": "posts/food,bayareabites,checkplease",
"parent": "food",
"type": "terms",
"id": "jpepinheart",
"slug": "jpepinheart",
"link": "/food",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"liveblog": {
"name": "Live Blog",
"type": "terms",
"id": "liveblog",
"slug": "liveblog",
"link": "/liveblog",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"livetv": {
"name": "Live TV",
"parent": "tv",
"type": "terms",
"id": "livetv",
"slug": "livetv",
"link": "/livetv",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"lowdown": {
"name": "The Lowdown",
"relatedContentQuery": "posts/lowdown?",
"parent": "news",
"type": "terms",
"id": "lowdown",
"slug": "lowdown",
"link": "/lowdown",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"mindshift": {
"name": "Mindshift",
"parent": "news",
"description": "MindShift explores the future of education by highlighting the innovative – and sometimes counterintuitive – ways educators and parents are helping all children succeed.",
"type": "terms",
"id": "mindshift",
"slug": "mindshift",
"link": "/mindshift",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"news": {
"name": "News",
"grouping": [
"news",
"forum"
],
"type": "terms",
"id": "news",
"slug": "news",
"link": "/news",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"newsletters": {
"name": "newsletters",
"type": "terms",
"id": "newsletters",
"slug": "newsletters",
"link": "/newsletters",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"perspectives": {
"name": "Perspectives",
"parent": "radio",
"type": "terms",
"id": "perspectives",
"slug": "perspectives",
"link": "/perspectives",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"podcasts": {
"name": "Podcasts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "podcasts",
"slug": "podcasts",
"link": "/podcasts",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"pop": {
"name": "Pop",
"parent": "arts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "pop",
"slug": "pop",
"link": "/pop",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"pressroom": {
"name": "Pressroom",
"type": "terms",
"id": "pressroom",
"slug": "pressroom",
"link": "/pressroom",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"quest": {
"name": "Quest",
"parent": "science",
"type": "terms",
"id": "quest",
"slug": "quest",
"link": "/quest",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"radio": {
"name": "Radio",
"grouping": [
"forum",
"perspectives"
],
"description": "Listen to KQED Public Radio – home of Forum and The California Report – on 88.5 FM in San Francisco, 89.3 FM in Sacramento, 88.3 FM in Santa Rosa and 88.1 FM in Martinez.",
"type": "terms",
"id": "radio",
"slug": "radio",
"link": "/radio",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"root": {
"name": "KQED",
"image": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png",
"imageWidth": 1200,
"imageHeight": 630,
"headData": {
"title": "KQED | News, Radio, Podcasts, TV | Public Media for Northern California",
"description": "KQED provides public radio, television, and independent reporting on issues that matter to the Bay Area. We’re the NPR and PBS member station for Northern California."
},
"type": "terms",
"id": "root",
"slug": "root",
"link": "/root",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"science": {
"name": "Science",
"grouping": [
"science",
"futureofyou"
],
"description": "KQED Science brings you award-winning science and environment coverage from the Bay Area and beyond.",
"type": "terms",
"id": "science",
"slug": "science",
"link": "/science",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"stateofhealth": {
"name": "State of Health",
"parent": "science",
"type": "terms",
"id": "stateofhealth",
"slug": "stateofhealth",
"link": "/stateofhealth",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"support": {
"name": "Support",
"type": "terms",
"id": "support",
"slug": "support",
"link": "/support",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"thedolist": {
"name": "The Do List",
"parent": "arts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "thedolist",
"slug": "thedolist",
"link": "/thedolist",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"trulyca": {
"name": "Truly CA",
"grouping": [
"arts",
"pop",
"trulyca"
],
"parent": "arts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "trulyca",
"slug": "trulyca",
"link": "/trulyca",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"tv": {
"name": "TV",
"type": "terms",
"id": "tv",
"slug": "tv",
"link": "/tv",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"voterguide": {
"name": "Voter Guide",
"parent": "elections",
"alias": "elections",
"type": "terms",
"id": "voterguide",
"slug": "voterguide",
"link": "/voterguide",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"guiaelectoral": {
"name": "Guia Electoral",
"parent": "elections",
"alias": "elections",
"type": "terms",
"id": "guiaelectoral",
"slug": "guiaelectoral",
"link": "/guiaelectoral",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"science_category_news": {
"isLoading": true
},
"science_40": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_40",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "40",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "News",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "News Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 42,
"slug": "news",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/news"
},
"source_science_1938157": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_science_1938157",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Snowpack",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_science_1938127": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_science_1938127",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "NPR",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_science_1937982": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_science_1937982",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Engineering",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_science_1937967": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_science_1937967",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "NPR",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_science_1937918": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_science_1937918",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Weather",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_science_1937767": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_science_1937767",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Environment",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_science_1937679": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_science_1937679",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Climate",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_science_1937521": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_science_1937521",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Climate",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_science_1937477": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_science_1937477",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Wildfires",
"isLoading": false
},
"science_30": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_30",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "30",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Biology",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Biology Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 32,
"slug": "biology",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/biology"
},
"science_3890": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_3890",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "3890",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Medical Science",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Medical Science Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 3890,
"slug": "medical-science",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/medical-science"
},
"science_3841": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_3841",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "3841",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "2way",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "2way Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 3841,
"slug": "2way",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/2way"
},
"science_1287": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_1287",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1287",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "CRISPR",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "CRISPR Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1296,
"slug": "crispr",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/crispr"
},
"science_3370": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_3370",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "3370",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "featured",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "featured Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 3370,
"slug": "featured",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/featured"
},
"science_327": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_327",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "327",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "genetics",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "genetics Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 333,
"slug": "genetics",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/genetics"
},
"science_3830": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_3830",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "3830",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Staff",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Staff Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 3830,
"slug": "staff",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/staff"
},
"science_31": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_31",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "31",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Climate",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Climate Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 33,
"slug": "climate",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/climate"
},
"science_98": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_98",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "98",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Water",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Water Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 102,
"slug": "water",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/water"
},
"science_1462": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_1462",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1462",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Sierra snowpack",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Sierra snowpack Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1471,
"slug": "sierra-snowpack",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/sierra-snowpack"
},
"science_35": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_35",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "35",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Environment",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Environment Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 37,
"slug": "environment",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/environment"
},
"science_16": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_16",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "16",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Import",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Import Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 17,
"slug": "import",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/import"
},
"science_194": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_194",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "194",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "climate change",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "climate change Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 198,
"slug": "climate-change",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/climate-change"
},
"science_3253": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_3253",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "3253",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "climate science",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "climate science Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 3253,
"slug": "climate-science",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/climate-science"
},
"science_3301": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_3301",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "3301",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "fossil fuels",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "fossil fuels Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 3301,
"slug": "fossil-fuels",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/fossil-fuels"
},
"science_556": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_556",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "556",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "global warming",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "global warming Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 562,
"slug": "global-warming",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/global-warming"
},
"science_3838": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_3838",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "3838",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "ingest",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "ingest Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 3838,
"slug": "ingest",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/ingest"
},
"science_33": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_33",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "33",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Energy",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Energy Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 35,
"slug": "energy",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/energy"
},
"science_89": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_89",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "89",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Engineering",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Engineering Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 92,
"slug": "engineering",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/engineering"
},
"science_28": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_28",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "28",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Astronomy",
"description": "Explore the universe with KQED Science! Dive into the latest astronomy news, discover celestial events, and unravel the mysteries of outer space.",
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": "Explore the universe with KQED Science! Dive into the latest astronomy news, discover celestial events, and unravel the mysteries of outer space.",
"title": "Astronomy Articles | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 30,
"slug": "astronomy",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/astronomy"
},
"science_1151": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_1151",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1151",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Drought Watch",
"description": "\u003cem>What California's reservoirs look like right now (From KQED's \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/\">The Lowdown\u003c/a>)\u003c/em>\r\n\r\n[iframe src=\"http://kroodsma.com/KQED/water-supply-master/public/map.html\" width=\"640\" height=\"720\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"]\r\n\r\n\u003cem>We’re collecting all of our California drought coverage here, starting with the current state of the drought, then providing the \u003ca href=\"#background\">background\u003c/a> and rounding up \u003ca href=\"#river\">all the stories\u003c/a> we’ve produced.\u003c/em>\r\n\r\n\u003cstrong>Relief at Last\r\n\u003c/strong>\r\n\r\nIn early April, after more than five years of the most withering drought on record, California Governor Jerry Brown finally lifted the emergency drought order he issued in January of 2014. By that time, the record-setting winter of 2016-17 had removed all doubt that the drought was over, though concerns over depleted groundwater levels still remain. According to the \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Drought Monitor\u003c/a>, less than 10 percent of California remains in “moderate drought” — compared to nearly 100 percent of the state a year ago.\r\n\r\n[http_redir]",
"taxonomy": "series",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": "What California's reservoirs look like right now (From KQED's The Lowdown) [iframe src=\"http://kroodsma.com/KQED/water-supply-master/public/map.html\" width=\"640\" height=\"720\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"] We’re collecting all of our California drought coverage here, starting with the current state of the drought, then providing the background and rounding up all the stories we’ve produced. Relief at Last In early April, after more than five years of the most withering drought on record, California Governor Jerry Brown finally lifted the emergency drought order he issued in January of 2014. By that time, the record-setting winter of 2016-17 had removed all doubt that the drought was over, though concerns over depleted groundwater levels still remain. According to the U.S. Drought Monitor, less than 10 percent of California remains in “moderate drought” — compared to nearly 100 percent of the state a year ago. [http_redir]",
"title": "Drought Watch Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1160,
"slug": "california-drought-watch",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/series/california-drought-watch"
},
"science_3730": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_3730",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "3730",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Wildfires",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Wildfires Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 3730,
"slug": "wildfires",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/wildfires"
},
"science_3833": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_3833",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "3833",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "FeatureRadio",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "FeatureRadio Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 3833,
"slug": "featureradio",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/featureradio"
},
"science_29": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_29",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "29",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Chemistry",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Chemistry Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 31,
"slug": "chemistry",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/chemistry"
},
"science_798": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_798",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "798",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "chemistry",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "chemistry Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 805,
"slug": "chemistry-2",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/chemistry-2"
},
"science_3840": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_3840",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "3840",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "daily",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "daily Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 3840,
"slug": "daily",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/daily"
},
"science_2080": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_2080",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "2080",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "EPA",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "EPA Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 2091,
"slug": "epa",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/epa"
},
"science_3834": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_3834",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "3834",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Freelance",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Freelance Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 3834,
"slug": "freelance",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/freelance"
},
"science_778": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_778",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "778",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "regulations",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "regulations Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 785,
"slug": "regulations",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/regulations"
},
"science_39": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_39",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "39",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Health",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Health Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 41,
"slug": "health",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/health"
},
"science_616": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_616",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "616",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "pregnancy",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "pregnancy Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 622,
"slug": "pregnancy",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/pregnancy"
},
"science_1004": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_1004",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1004",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "precipitation",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "precipitation Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1012,
"slug": "precipitation",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/precipitation"
},
"science_1596": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_1596",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1596",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "fire season",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "fire season Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1605,
"slug": "fire-season",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/fire-season"
},
"science_3428": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_3428",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "3428",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "temperature",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "temperature Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 3428,
"slug": "temperature",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/temperature"
},
"science_113": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_113",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "113",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "wildfire",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "wildfire Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 117,
"slug": "wildfire",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/wildfire"
},
"science_201": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_201",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "201",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "water",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "water Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 205,
"slug": "water-2",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/water-2"
}
},
"userPermissionsReducer": {
"wpLoggedIn": false
},
"eventsReducer": {},
"fssReducer": {},
"tvDailyScheduleReducer": {},
"tvWeeklyScheduleReducer": {},
"tvPrimetimeScheduleReducer": {},
"tvMonthlyScheduleReducer": {},
"userAccountReducer": {
"user": {
"email": null,
"emailStatus": "EMAIL_UNVALIDATED",
"loggedStatus": "LOGGED_OUT",
"loggingChecked": false,
"articles": [],
"firstName": null,
"lastName": null,
"phoneNumber": null,
"fetchingMembership": false,
"membershipError": false,
"memberships": [
{
"id": null,
"startDate": null,
"firstName": null,
"lastName": null,
"familyNumber": null,
"memberNumber": null,
"memberSince": null,
"expirationDate": null,
"pfsEligible": false,
"isSustaining": false,
"membershipLevel": "Prospect",
"membershipStatus": "Non Member",
"lastGiftDate": null,
"renewalDate": null,
"lastDonationAmount": null
}
]
},
"authModal": {
"isOpen": false,
"view": "LANDING_VIEW"
},
"error": null
},
"youthMediaReducer": {},
"checkPleaseReducer": {
"filterData": {
"region": {
"key": "Restaurant Region",
"filters": [
"Any Region"
]
},
"cuisine": {
"key": "Restaurant Cuisine",
"filters": [
"Any Cuisine"
]
}
},
"restaurantDataById": {},
"restaurantIdsSorted": [],
"error": null
},
"userAgentReducer": {
"userAgent": "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)",
"isBot": true
}
}
