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"title": "What It's Like to Live in One of the Most Polluted Places in California",
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"content": "\u003cp>Juan Pasillas is trying to be stealthy. Roving around a quiet city, wearing a mask, looking around corners while on the lookout for mutants, changed by an airborne infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pasillas’ avatar in the video game “Last of Us” moves quickly, wary of any movement. It could be someone whose brain has been taken over by the fungus and whose body is mutating.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">Imperial County is emblematic of life for millions of people around the state who live under an umbrella of bad air quality or who have contaminated soil or lack access to clean water.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The Imperial County teenager finds some irony in his game choice. Stuck indoors whenever he is not at school or at work, Pasillas, 18, actively avoids the polluted air in his community that caused asthma attacks so bad they sent him to the hospital several times as a kid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Pasillas family lives in the county with some of the worst air quality in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imperial County does not meet federal air quality standards, and state officials are working on plans to begin to decrease pollution. Only two other places in California have the same distinction: the San Joaquin Valley and the South Coast Air Basin, which includes most of Los Angeles County\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rural border county is overburdened by agricultural burning, the nearby drying Salton Sea, and emissions from factories in its border neighbor Mexicali. It’s so bad children in the county are hospitalized and visit the emergency room more often for asthma than anywhere else in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not quite anyone’s vision of the California dream, popularly imagined as variations based on building a safe, secure and successful life. Many people arrived in Imperial County to mine their version of the dream through farming or factory work, in a rural, affordable area, that is also close to family or friends in the U.S. and just over the border in Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, Imperial is emblematic of life for millions of people around the state who live under an umbrella of bad air quality or who have contaminated soil or lack access to clean water. The majority of these environmental hot spots in California are concentrated in low-income communities of color, and there is often little attention paid to improving the situation, said David Pettit, senior attorney for the National Resources Defense Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everybody wants the same thing for their kids: a good education, a healthy place to live and clean air and water,” said Pettit. “For a lot of people it’s difficult to figure out how to do that. Families should not have to worry that if their kids go outside and play baseball or soccer…they might get sick.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imperial got an F in high ozone and particle pollution from the American Lung Association. The city of El Centro, the county seat, is ranked seventh worst city among 187 areas for particle pollution across the country, according to the lung association’s report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These tiny invaders can embed in the lungs, enter the bloodstream and are known to cause asthma and other respiratory illnesses, including lung cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Residents regularly deal with a brown haze that causes their eyes to burn as smoke climbs into the air from factories and agricultural burning. In addition, toxic dust from the shrinking Salton Sea, which has been used for farm runoff for decades, permeates the air. Gasoline vapors rise from millions of idling cars and diesel trucks at the border each year. Across the border more than 180 maquiladoras, or manufacturing facilities, contribute to the bad air quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials have done little to address the worsening air over the years but things are changing on that front, spurred by the work of Luis Olmedo and the social justice organization he runs, Comite Civico del Valle, which works on health and air issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, Comite Civico received $2 million in funding from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. It partnered with the California Environmental Health Tracking Program and the University of Washington to set up 40 air monitors around the region to capture real-time data about air quality levels. The network, IVAN Air Monitoring, or Identifying Violations Affecting Neighborhoods, uses monitors placed in the region from the Salton Sea to across the border in Mexicali.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937122\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1937122\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/pollution2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/pollution2.jpg 600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/pollution2-160x107.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Juan Pasillas, 18, spends a lot of his free time indoors playing video games like Last of Us. He has asthma and has to avoid being outdoors in the polluted air. \u003ccite>(Elizabeth Aguilera for CALmatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Olmedo said the organization wanted to measure air quality in the areas where people actually live and not just rely on the few government monitors that are in the area. The state only had six monitors in the county before the IVAN network.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are giving the public a resource. We communicate the data in real time, so people can register and get alerts whenever the levels are high,” Olmedo said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Air quality in Imperial County has been so bad that it has been labeled a non-attainment area under the federal Clean Air Act in 2014, said Michael Benjamin, chief of air quality planning and science division for the California Air Resources Board. That means it does not meet the standards set under the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re very cognizant of the fact that the residents of Imperial County are breathing unhealthy levels of air pollution. So we have a very robust set of actions to try to work with the agencies on both sides of the border as well as community groups to address and mitigate those sources of pollution,” said Benjamin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency adopted a plan last spring as framework for decreasing air pollution in the area over the next decade. It’s also working with Mexico to decrease pollution from its factories and unpaved roads as well as considering more regular smog check requirements and stricter rules for agricultural burning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for now, residents cope with the dangers by signing up for ozone and air alerts, keeping their children indoors and minimizing their use of fireplaces or other contributors to bad air quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Imperial Valley has one of California’s highest rates of childhood asthma hospitalization and emergency room visits, double that of the state, according to the Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development. In Imperial County the prevalence of asthma is 15.1 percent, higher than the state average, according to state data. It is also one of the state’s poorest counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pasillas is one of those stats. He recalled going to the hospital several times throughout middle and high school after suffering terrible asthma attacks. They usually happened after he was outside during physical education class.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You feel dizzy, everything starts getting like dark, the lights dim, the voices echo all around, you see everything in slow motion. When it’s really bad you can’t breathe, your heart feels like it’s going to pound out of your chest, your fingertips get really cold, you sweat a lot and your nails start getting really purple,” Pasillas said. “If you want to feel an asthma attack go under water and try to breathe, your inside burns.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back then a doctor told Pasillas’ parents that the best thing for him would be for the family to move away, said Monica Pasillas, his mother.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We thought, do we go to San Diego? But it’s very expensive there,” said Monica Pasillas, whose husband delivers furniture for a local retailer. “It wouldn’t work. We couldn’t make ends meet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pettit called the suggestion “wildly unrealistic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For people working for a living and struggling to make ends meet, they are not going anywhere,” he said. “People don’t get that, especially if you are coming from a place of white economic privilege. It’s unrealistic—it’s not the way most of California works.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assemblyman Eduardo Garcia, an Imperial Valley Democrat, said the solution is to fix the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the southern parts of California, particularly in my district, there’s a tremendous amount of room to grow,” Garcia said. “That’s why sustainable environmentally sound policies in our land use development, in our transportation systems,are extremely important to try to prevent these types of circumstances from continuing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Comite’s monitors, many of them at schools, have already shown increased air pollution and found higher levels of small particulate levels that was previously known. Now the information is being used to create strategies to decrease the pollution through efforts at the state level and with Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those efforts, and new laws, have spurred actions by the state air board to set goals for the region, sometime in the 2030s and invest resources in trying to improve the situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s frustrating sometimes that it takes a while to get things up and going,” Garcia said. But he added, “It’s certainly very refreshing and gives us a tremendous amount of hope that we’re moving in the right direction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the fall the board launched the Community Air Protection Program to help improve air quality in some of the most impacted areas of the state, including part of Imperial County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found that Imperial County would attain the 2.5 standard if it were not for the contribution of emissions from Mexico,” said Benjamin from the air board. “Imperial County is more challenging because of Mexico and the impact from Mexico and our limited authority and the nature of the desert environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now Mexicali is putting up 50 air monitors, borrowed from the state, and has already taken action to ban fireworks and pave roads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Monica Pasillas and her family, who live in a double-wide home across from agricultural fields, the improvements can’t come soon enough. She lost her left eye to a bacterial infection last year after a day in the garden. Doctors, she said, blamed the contaminated air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You think about a rosy future for your children, that nothing is going to happen to them,” she said. “We spent nearly three years with Juan going to the doctors when he should have been playing outside. He couldn’t do that. He didn’t have a normal childhood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/series/californiadream/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The California Dream series\u003c/a> is a statewide media collaboration of CALmatters, KPBS, KPCC, KQED and Capital Public Radio with support from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, the James Irvine Foundation and the College Futures Foundation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-11660142\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/CADreamBanner.jpg%20https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/CADreamBanner.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1867\" height=\"512\">\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rural border county is overburdened by agricultural burning, the nearby drying Salton Sea, and emissions from factories in its border neighbor Mexicali. It’s so bad children in the county are hospitalized and visit the emergency room more often for asthma than anywhere else in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not quite anyone’s vision of the California dream, popularly imagined as variations based on building a safe, secure and successful life. Many people arrived in Imperial County to mine their version of the dream through farming or factory work, in a rural, affordable area, that is also close to family or friends in the U.S. and just over the border in Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, Imperial is emblematic of life for millions of people around the state who live under an umbrella of bad air quality or who have contaminated soil or lack access to clean water. The majority of these environmental hot spots in California are concentrated in low-income communities of color, and there is often little attention paid to improving the situation, said David Pettit, senior attorney for the National Resources Defense Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everybody wants the same thing for their kids: a good education, a healthy place to live and clean air and water,” said Pettit. “For a lot of people it’s difficult to figure out how to do that. Families should not have to worry that if their kids go outside and play baseball or soccer…they might get sick.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imperial got an F in high ozone and particle pollution from the American Lung Association. The city of El Centro, the county seat, is ranked seventh worst city among 187 areas for particle pollution across the country, according to the lung association’s report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These tiny invaders can embed in the lungs, enter the bloodstream and are known to cause asthma and other respiratory illnesses, including lung cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Residents regularly deal with a brown haze that causes their eyes to burn as smoke climbs into the air from factories and agricultural burning. In addition, toxic dust from the shrinking Salton Sea, which has been used for farm runoff for decades, permeates the air. Gasoline vapors rise from millions of idling cars and diesel trucks at the border each year. Across the border more than 180 maquiladoras, or manufacturing facilities, contribute to the bad air quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials have done little to address the worsening air over the years but things are changing on that front, spurred by the work of Luis Olmedo and the social justice organization he runs, Comite Civico del Valle, which works on health and air issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, Comite Civico received $2 million in funding from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. It partnered with the California Environmental Health Tracking Program and the University of Washington to set up 40 air monitors around the region to capture real-time data about air quality levels. The network, IVAN Air Monitoring, or Identifying Violations Affecting Neighborhoods, uses monitors placed in the region from the Salton Sea to across the border in Mexicali.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937122\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1937122\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/pollution2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/pollution2.jpg 600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/pollution2-160x107.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Juan Pasillas, 18, spends a lot of his free time indoors playing video games like Last of Us. He has asthma and has to avoid being outdoors in the polluted air. \u003ccite>(Elizabeth Aguilera for CALmatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Olmedo said the organization wanted to measure air quality in the areas where people actually live and not just rely on the few government monitors that are in the area. The state only had six monitors in the county before the IVAN network.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are giving the public a resource. We communicate the data in real time, so people can register and get alerts whenever the levels are high,” Olmedo said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Air quality in Imperial County has been so bad that it has been labeled a non-attainment area under the federal Clean Air Act in 2014, said Michael Benjamin, chief of air quality planning and science division for the California Air Resources Board. That means it does not meet the standards set under the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re very cognizant of the fact that the residents of Imperial County are breathing unhealthy levels of air pollution. So we have a very robust set of actions to try to work with the agencies on both sides of the border as well as community groups to address and mitigate those sources of pollution,” said Benjamin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency adopted a plan last spring as framework for decreasing air pollution in the area over the next decade. It’s also working with Mexico to decrease pollution from its factories and unpaved roads as well as considering more regular smog check requirements and stricter rules for agricultural burning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for now, residents cope with the dangers by signing up for ozone and air alerts, keeping their children indoors and minimizing their use of fireplaces or other contributors to bad air quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Imperial Valley has one of California’s highest rates of childhood asthma hospitalization and emergency room visits, double that of the state, according to the Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development. In Imperial County the prevalence of asthma is 15.1 percent, higher than the state average, according to state data. It is also one of the state’s poorest counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pasillas is one of those stats. He recalled going to the hospital several times throughout middle and high school after suffering terrible asthma attacks. They usually happened after he was outside during physical education class.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You feel dizzy, everything starts getting like dark, the lights dim, the voices echo all around, you see everything in slow motion. When it’s really bad you can’t breathe, your heart feels like it’s going to pound out of your chest, your fingertips get really cold, you sweat a lot and your nails start getting really purple,” Pasillas said. “If you want to feel an asthma attack go under water and try to breathe, your inside burns.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back then a doctor told Pasillas’ parents that the best thing for him would be for the family to move away, said Monica Pasillas, his mother.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We thought, do we go to San Diego? But it’s very expensive there,” said Monica Pasillas, whose husband delivers furniture for a local retailer. “It wouldn’t work. We couldn’t make ends meet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pettit called the suggestion “wildly unrealistic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For people working for a living and struggling to make ends meet, they are not going anywhere,” he said. “People don’t get that, especially if you are coming from a place of white economic privilege. It’s unrealistic—it’s not the way most of California works.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assemblyman Eduardo Garcia, an Imperial Valley Democrat, said the solution is to fix the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the southern parts of California, particularly in my district, there’s a tremendous amount of room to grow,” Garcia said. “That’s why sustainable environmentally sound policies in our land use development, in our transportation systems,are extremely important to try to prevent these types of circumstances from continuing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Comite’s monitors, many of them at schools, have already shown increased air pollution and found higher levels of small particulate levels that was previously known. Now the information is being used to create strategies to decrease the pollution through efforts at the state level and with Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those efforts, and new laws, have spurred actions by the state air board to set goals for the region, sometime in the 2030s and invest resources in trying to improve the situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s frustrating sometimes that it takes a while to get things up and going,” Garcia said. But he added, “It’s certainly very refreshing and gives us a tremendous amount of hope that we’re moving in the right direction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the fall the board launched the Community Air Protection Program to help improve air quality in some of the most impacted areas of the state, including part of Imperial County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found that Imperial County would attain the 2.5 standard if it were not for the contribution of emissions from Mexico,” said Benjamin from the air board. “Imperial County is more challenging because of Mexico and the impact from Mexico and our limited authority and the nature of the desert environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now Mexicali is putting up 50 air monitors, borrowed from the state, and has already taken action to ban fireworks and pave roads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Monica Pasillas and her family, who live in a double-wide home across from agricultural fields, the improvements can’t come soon enough. She lost her left eye to a bacterial infection last year after a day in the garden. Doctors, she said, blamed the contaminated air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You think about a rosy future for your children, that nothing is going to happen to them,” she said. “We spent nearly three years with Juan going to the doctors when he should have been playing outside. He couldn’t do that. He didn’t have a normal childhood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/series/californiadream/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The California Dream series\u003c/a> is a statewide media collaboration of CALmatters, KPBS, KPCC, KQED and Capital Public Radio with support from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, the James Irvine Foundation and the College Futures Foundation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">T\u003c/span>\u003c/span>he population of physicians in the U.S. should look like the population as a whole. But it doesn’t. African-Americans and Hispanics now make up about \u003ca href=\"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045217\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">31 percent\u003c/a> of the U.S. population, but comprise just \u003ca href=\"https://www.aamc.org/download/321472/data/factstablea8.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">15 percent\u003c/a> of this year’s first-year medical students. That number would be higher if we could figure out how to keep potential medical students from falling through the leaks in the pipeline from grammar school to medical school and beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">The leaks are everywhere. Lack of family support: drip. Low-functioning schools: drip. Little guidance or support from teachers: drip. No role models or mentors: drip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">As an African-American girl growing up in a lower-middle-class neighborhood in North Carolina, one of those “drips” should have derailed my journey. Yet I managed to traverse the pipeline and become a physician. Here’s how.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>My Mother’s Support\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"\">My mother gave me permission as a young girl to dream big: “You can be whatever you want to be,” she told me time and time again. It wasn’t until I was older that I realized how her empowerment would be tested by external limits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"\">My mom valued education and prioritized it for my sister and me. She understood how important it was to go to college, even though she didn’t complete college until we were adults. We were latchkey kids, but felt her presence even when she wasn’t home. Our homework had to be completed and on the coffee table by the time she got home from work. She took time to review our schoolwork with us. She built a structure that required us to do well academically. This initial foundation helped me develop habits that would later become important. She created the pipeline for me and sealed its beginning section.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Help From My Community\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The median income of a school’s neighborhood serves as a proxy for the quality of education the school provides. Stanford researchers have shown that in 100 of the largest U.S. cities, 75 percent of African-American and Hispanic students \u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2016/02/concentration-poverty-american-schools/471414/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">were segregated to schools\u003c/a> with peers of low socioeconomic status, compared to just 33 percent of white students. This disparity was shown to contribute to diminished educational achievement due to poor access to resources and increased difficulty attracting higher-quality teachers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was destined to go to a low-income school lacking in strong classroom leadership. Yet that leak closed for me when I was afforded the opportunity to attend a newly opened and highly resourced secondary school. Families in my neighborhood attended city council meetings and fought for our inclusion in the prized school district, which had initially been built to serve the surrounding upper middle-class neighborhood. Over time, the school became known for having the best resources and the highest test scores in the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The opportunity to enroll in this school let me escape the achievement gap that frequently eliminates minority students from consideration well before their opportunity to apply to college or medical school. Neighborhood parents fighting for equitable zoning policies kept me from slipping through the cracks and nudged me forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Teachers and Counselors Plugged Important Leaks\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teachers pulled me back into the pipeline when they noticed I was beginning to lose interest. I enjoyed science and math in elementary school. By the end of middle school, though, I began to follow the pattern of many black girls in my circle. We became interested in science at a young age but later succumbed to the \u003ca href=\"https://money.cnn.com/2017/02/28/technology/girls-math-science-engineering/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“loss of interest”\u003c/a> leak in the pipeline. I was fortunate that my high school biology teacher, Michelle Chadwick, pulled me back in by reinvigorating my interest and teaching me how to be successful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She was an amazing teacher. She innovated in the classroom by making us write songs corresponding to different biological processes. We read fictional books about biological agents. We dissected cats and bred fruit flies. She did everything possible to keep our interest by making science fun. I continued to use many of her innovative techniques in medical school to help me learn information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My high school guidance counselor, Janice Barbee, further fortified the pipeline. She told me about scholarships and signed me up for leadership programs. She was specific and direct. She told me exactly where to go and when. Her consistent but necessary investment kept me in the pipeline and pushed me forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Strong Influence of Peers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I started at Winston-Salem State University, one of the country’s small, historically black colleges and universities, I hadn’t selected a major, and becoming a doctor was far from my mind. That career un-choice was due in part to my limited interactions with physicians, especially black ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My roommate, though, knew she wanted to become a doctor and was ready to make her dream a reality. Hearing her story was a shock to me. Cynthia invited me to meetings with black physicians and medical students at a neighboring institution. She introduced me to her friends, who were also interested in medicine. After a year of delving into her interest, it slowly became my interest, too. I chose to major in chemistry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My roommate’s infectious enthusiasm for a career in medicine and her exposing me to other black women pursuing medicine captured me before I fell through the college leak. Her encouragement and dedication to her goals kept me in the pipeline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Unlikely Mentors\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winston-Salem State did not have dedicated medical school advisers or connections to a medical school, so its students didn’t have many on-campus black mentors in medicine. Teachers and mentors from outside the college who were willing to help were often overwhelmed by the number of students seeking their help. (This is something I continue to experience, as I connect with mentors and act as a mentor for others.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My roommate created her own path to medical mentors through networking and Google. We formed our own group and relied heavily on each other for information about the process of applying to medical school. Our biology and chemistry department chairs tried to serve as proxies for black physician mentorship. Without their guidance, medical school would have remained a pipe dream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Help Beyond Medical School\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once I got into Morehouse School of Medicine, I was surrounded by minority students and faculty with the same goal: increasing the number of minority physicians. Leaks in the pipeline still loomed, but they were plugged by my friends and mentors. I struggled to stay focused because of personal issues during my first year in medical school. When I admitted that I didn’t want to finish medical school, my friend Deanna held me accountable and kept me organized. She remained my study partner throughout all four years. Other friends became part of that circle. We challenged each other in our courses and encouraged each other to follow our specialty goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During my residency, this same circle of friends offered emotional support and helped me navigate \u003ca href=\"https://opmed.doximity.com/articles/i-am-not-an-imposter-02f50b07-087f-44a5-a93c-c1f36fbf4463\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">imposter syndrome\u003c/a>. They continue to support me as a fledgling attending physician.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Now It’s My Turn\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many medical school students grew up knowing that they wanted to become doctors. Some had parents, siblings, or friends of the family who were physicians. Many had mentors or friends who encouraged them to consider careers in medicine. For minority students like me, the path to medicine is far more uncertain and uncharted. We need to find ways to build stronger, less-leaky pipelines for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was fortunate that someone always stepped in at moments when I was at risk of dripping out of the pipeline. Now it’s my turn to pay my experiences forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Paula Magee, M.D., is a hospitalist in the pediatric intensive care unit at Children’s National Health System in Washington, D.C.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2019/01/14/minority-students-physician-leaky-pipeline/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">T\u003c/span>\u003c/span>he population of physicians in the U.S. should look like the population as a whole. But it doesn’t. African-Americans and Hispanics now make up about \u003ca href=\"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045217\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">31 percent\u003c/a> of the U.S. population, but comprise just \u003ca href=\"https://www.aamc.org/download/321472/data/factstablea8.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">15 percent\u003c/a> of this year’s first-year medical students. That number would be higher if we could figure out how to keep potential medical students from falling through the leaks in the pipeline from grammar school to medical school and beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">The leaks are everywhere. Lack of family support: drip. Low-functioning schools: drip. Little guidance or support from teachers: drip. No role models or mentors: drip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">As an African-American girl growing up in a lower-middle-class neighborhood in North Carolina, one of those “drips” should have derailed my journey. Yet I managed to traverse the pipeline and become a physician. Here’s how.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>My Mother’s Support\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"\">My mother gave me permission as a young girl to dream big: “You can be whatever you want to be,” she told me time and time again. It wasn’t until I was older that I realized how her empowerment would be tested by external limits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"\">My mom valued education and prioritized it for my sister and me. She understood how important it was to go to college, even though she didn’t complete college until we were adults. We were latchkey kids, but felt her presence even when she wasn’t home. Our homework had to be completed and on the coffee table by the time she got home from work. She took time to review our schoolwork with us. She built a structure that required us to do well academically. This initial foundation helped me develop habits that would later become important. She created the pipeline for me and sealed its beginning section.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Help From My Community\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The median income of a school’s neighborhood serves as a proxy for the quality of education the school provides. Stanford researchers have shown that in 100 of the largest U.S. cities, 75 percent of African-American and Hispanic students \u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2016/02/concentration-poverty-american-schools/471414/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">were segregated to schools\u003c/a> with peers of low socioeconomic status, compared to just 33 percent of white students. This disparity was shown to contribute to diminished educational achievement due to poor access to resources and increased difficulty attracting higher-quality teachers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was destined to go to a low-income school lacking in strong classroom leadership. Yet that leak closed for me when I was afforded the opportunity to attend a newly opened and highly resourced secondary school. Families in my neighborhood attended city council meetings and fought for our inclusion in the prized school district, which had initially been built to serve the surrounding upper middle-class neighborhood. Over time, the school became known for having the best resources and the highest test scores in the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The opportunity to enroll in this school let me escape the achievement gap that frequently eliminates minority students from consideration well before their opportunity to apply to college or medical school. Neighborhood parents fighting for equitable zoning policies kept me from slipping through the cracks and nudged me forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Teachers and Counselors Plugged Important Leaks\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teachers pulled me back into the pipeline when they noticed I was beginning to lose interest. I enjoyed science and math in elementary school. By the end of middle school, though, I began to follow the pattern of many black girls in my circle. We became interested in science at a young age but later succumbed to the \u003ca href=\"https://money.cnn.com/2017/02/28/technology/girls-math-science-engineering/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“loss of interest”\u003c/a> leak in the pipeline. I was fortunate that my high school biology teacher, Michelle Chadwick, pulled me back in by reinvigorating my interest and teaching me how to be successful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She was an amazing teacher. She innovated in the classroom by making us write songs corresponding to different biological processes. We read fictional books about biological agents. We dissected cats and bred fruit flies. She did everything possible to keep our interest by making science fun. I continued to use many of her innovative techniques in medical school to help me learn information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My high school guidance counselor, Janice Barbee, further fortified the pipeline. She told me about scholarships and signed me up for leadership programs. She was specific and direct. She told me exactly where to go and when. Her consistent but necessary investment kept me in the pipeline and pushed me forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Strong Influence of Peers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I started at Winston-Salem State University, one of the country’s small, historically black colleges and universities, I hadn’t selected a major, and becoming a doctor was far from my mind. That career un-choice was due in part to my limited interactions with physicians, especially black ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My roommate, though, knew she wanted to become a doctor and was ready to make her dream a reality. Hearing her story was a shock to me. Cynthia invited me to meetings with black physicians and medical students at a neighboring institution. She introduced me to her friends, who were also interested in medicine. After a year of delving into her interest, it slowly became my interest, too. I chose to major in chemistry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My roommate’s infectious enthusiasm for a career in medicine and her exposing me to other black women pursuing medicine captured me before I fell through the college leak. Her encouragement and dedication to her goals kept me in the pipeline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Unlikely Mentors\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winston-Salem State did not have dedicated medical school advisers or connections to a medical school, so its students didn’t have many on-campus black mentors in medicine. Teachers and mentors from outside the college who were willing to help were often overwhelmed by the number of students seeking their help. (This is something I continue to experience, as I connect with mentors and act as a mentor for others.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My roommate created her own path to medical mentors through networking and Google. We formed our own group and relied heavily on each other for information about the process of applying to medical school. Our biology and chemistry department chairs tried to serve as proxies for black physician mentorship. Without their guidance, medical school would have remained a pipe dream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Help Beyond Medical School\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once I got into Morehouse School of Medicine, I was surrounded by minority students and faculty with the same goal: increasing the number of minority physicians. Leaks in the pipeline still loomed, but they were plugged by my friends and mentors. I struggled to stay focused because of personal issues during my first year in medical school. When I admitted that I didn’t want to finish medical school, my friend Deanna held me accountable and kept me organized. She remained my study partner throughout all four years. Other friends became part of that circle. We challenged each other in our courses and encouraged each other to follow our specialty goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During my residency, this same circle of friends offered emotional support and helped me navigate \u003ca href=\"https://opmed.doximity.com/articles/i-am-not-an-imposter-02f50b07-087f-44a5-a93c-c1f36fbf4463\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">imposter syndrome\u003c/a>. They continue to support me as a fledgling attending physician.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Now It’s My Turn\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many medical school students grew up knowing that they wanted to become doctors. Some had parents, siblings, or friends of the family who were physicians. Many had mentors or friends who encouraged them to consider careers in medicine. For minority students like me, the path to medicine is far more uncertain and uncharted. We need to find ways to build stronger, less-leaky pipelines for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was fortunate that someone always stepped in at moments when I was at risk of dripping out of the pipeline. Now it’s my turn to pay my experiences forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Paula Magee, M.D., is a hospitalist in the pediatric intensive care unit at Children’s National Health System in Washington, D.C.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2019/01/14/minority-students-physician-leaky-pipeline/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "When It Comes to Flame Retardants, New Chemicals, New Problems",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Originally published Jan. 14, 2018\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896971833969X?dgcid=coauthor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> of compounds in San Francisco Bay is illustrating a case of chemical whack-a-mole. Fifteen years ago, California banned a class of toxic fire retardants called PBDEs, which were put in household items like furniture and electronics. A year later, PBDEs were banned nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now, along with these old flame retardants, the new chemicals used to replace them can also be found in the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rebecca Sutton is a senior scientist at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfei.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Estuary Institute\u003c/a>, which conducts studies for the Regonal Monitoring Program for Water Quality in San Francisco Bay. She talked with KQED’s Brian Watt about concerns over this new class of flame retardants. Here’s what she had to say, edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>PBDEs were banned in the 2000s. What did they do and why were they banned? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, or PBDEs, were used in really large quantities in a number of consumer products in order to meet some well-intentioned flammability standards set by California. The compounds were meant to make some products, such as couches, less flammable, so that people could escape in the event of a house fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it turns out they didn’t work so well. Plus we started to see them in the environment and building up in our bodies. They were pretty toxic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How successful was the ban on PBDEs?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s actually been a huge success story for the bay. We’ve seen a one-third decline of these chemicals in the sediment at the bottom of the bay. In bay fish, we’re seeing half the levels we used to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So what’s the problem, then? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When manufacturers couldn’t use PBDEs, they still had to meet the state’s flammability standards. So they switched to other chemicals, some of which are used in really large quantities in some typical consumer goods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we went out to the bay in 2013-14, we checked the water and sediment, as well as mussels and harbor seals, for a wide array of flame retardants. The types of flame retardants we saw that really caught our eye were those that are phosphate-based. They’re really water-soluble; they can go right through a wastewater treatment plant and enter the bay. And they’re building up in our water and in our sediment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What effects does this newer class of chemicals have on people and the environment?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a number of different effects, depending on the species. One of the overarching findings that’s of particular concern is that these chemicals can have endocrine-disrupting impacts. They can affect how estrogen works or block the path of estrogen in the body of a person or a fish. There have been a number of lab studies showing this, in fish in particular. But there are definitely concerns for people, too. And this can happen at very low levels of the chemicals, because the hormones are active in our bodies at very low levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So what happens next? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, a lot of manufacturers would like to not use flame retardants at all. They’re primarily using them because of California’s flammability standards. Here in our state, we changed\u003ca href=\"https://www.bearhfti.ca.gov/about_us/tb117_2013.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> one of these standards\u003c/a> a few years ago, to where it no longer requires use of these compounds. The new standard is actually more effective in terms of protecting people in house fires. So people are starting to examine the standards to figure out whether these chemicals are actually working, whether we need them in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Originally published Jan. 14, 2018\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896971833969X?dgcid=coauthor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> of compounds in San Francisco Bay is illustrating a case of chemical whack-a-mole. Fifteen years ago, California banned a class of toxic fire retardants called PBDEs, which were put in household items like furniture and electronics. A year later, PBDEs were banned nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now, along with these old flame retardants, the new chemicals used to replace them can also be found in the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rebecca Sutton is a senior scientist at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfei.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Estuary Institute\u003c/a>, which conducts studies for the Regonal Monitoring Program for Water Quality in San Francisco Bay. She talked with KQED’s Brian Watt about concerns over this new class of flame retardants. Here’s what she had to say, edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>PBDEs were banned in the 2000s. What did they do and why were they banned? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, or PBDEs, were used in really large quantities in a number of consumer products in order to meet some well-intentioned flammability standards set by California. The compounds were meant to make some products, such as couches, less flammable, so that people could escape in the event of a house fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it turns out they didn’t work so well. Plus we started to see them in the environment and building up in our bodies. They were pretty toxic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How successful was the ban on PBDEs?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s actually been a huge success story for the bay. We’ve seen a one-third decline of these chemicals in the sediment at the bottom of the bay. In bay fish, we’re seeing half the levels we used to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So what’s the problem, then? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When manufacturers couldn’t use PBDEs, they still had to meet the state’s flammability standards. So they switched to other chemicals, some of which are used in really large quantities in some typical consumer goods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we went out to the bay in 2013-14, we checked the water and sediment, as well as mussels and harbor seals, for a wide array of flame retardants. The types of flame retardants we saw that really caught our eye were those that are phosphate-based. They’re really water-soluble; they can go right through a wastewater treatment plant and enter the bay. And they’re building up in our water and in our sediment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What effects does this newer class of chemicals have on people and the environment?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a number of different effects, depending on the species. One of the overarching findings that’s of particular concern is that these chemicals can have endocrine-disrupting impacts. They can affect how estrogen works or block the path of estrogen in the body of a person or a fish. There have been a number of lab studies showing this, in fish in particular. But there are definitely concerns for people, too. And this can happen at very low levels of the chemicals, because the hormones are active in our bodies at very low levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So what happens next? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, a lot of manufacturers would like to not use flame retardants at all. They’re primarily using them because of California’s flammability standards. Here in our state, we changed\u003ca href=\"https://www.bearhfti.ca.gov/about_us/tb117_2013.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> one of these standards\u003c/a> a few years ago, to where it no longer requires use of these compounds. The new standard is actually more effective in terms of protecting people in house fires. So people are starting to examine the standards to figure out whether these chemicals are actually working, whether we need them in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Turn Around, It's a Total Eclipse of the Super Moon",
"headTitle": "Turn Around, It’s a Total Eclipse of the Super Moon | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>In the evening hours of Sunday, Jan. 20, a \u003ca href=\"https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/LEplot/LEplot2001/LE2019Jan21T.pdf\">total lunar eclipse\u003c/a> will transform a full moon into a three-hour-plus celestial extravaganza. Not only will we witness the breathtaking beauty of the eclipse, but we’ll watch it during a super moon, when the moon is near its closest approach to Earth and appears larger in our sky than at any other time.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Light from all of Earth’s sunrises and sunsets softly illuminate the eclipsed moon, producing a celestial night light in the sky\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The best part of the show, when the moon begins to enter Earth’s full shadow (or umbra), begins at 7:33 p.m. and lasts until 10:50 p.m. Pacific Standard Time, when the moon will slip out of the shadow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The moon will be fully engulfed in Earth’s umbra starting at 8:41 p.m. This state of “totality” will last a full hour — so there’s plenty of time to enjoy the show. During totality, the moon will be high and rising higher in the Eastern sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936679\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 466px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1936679\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/jan202000_eclipse_cjung.jpg\" alt=\"Total Lunar Eclipse that took place exactly 19 years ago, on January 20, 2000. \" width=\"466\" height=\"337\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/jan202000_eclipse_cjung.jpg 466w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/jan202000_eclipse_cjung-160x116.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/jan202000_eclipse_cjung-240x174.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/jan202000_eclipse_cjung-375x271.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 466px) 100vw, 466px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Total lunar eclipse that took place exactly 19 years ago, on Jan. 20, 2000. \u003ccite>(Conrad Jung)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Chabot Space & Science Center will be hosting a \u003ca href=\"https://chabotspace.org/calendar/total-lunar-eclipse-viewing/\">special eclipse-viewing event\u003c/a> from 6 p.m. to 11:30 p.m., so come on up if you want to make this breathtaking spectacle of nature a memorable social event. (The forecast is for rain showers during the day on Sunday, becoming partly cloudy by evening. Keep your fingers crossed!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What You Will See\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A total lunar eclipse is sometimes referred to as a “\u003ca href=\"https://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/blood-moon.html\">blood moon\u003c/a>” for the reddish hues it acquires during totality. The color can range from coppery to orange to downright red, depending on atmospheric conditions and the moon’s position in the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reddish color is an effect of Earth’s atmosphere, which filters out the bluer tones of sunlight and lets the redder colors pass through unhindered–like red stained-glass. That reddened, filtered sunlight grazing the edge of the Earth passes on and is bent into Earth’s shadow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This filtering of sunlight by the atmosphere is the same effect that makes the sun appear orange or red at sunrise or sunset.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936682\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1936682\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/lunareclipsediagram_nasa-800x453.jpg\" alt=\"Diagram showing the sun, Earth, and Moon in relation to Earth's shadow and the Moon's orbit. When in the penumbra (Earth's partial shadow), the Moon will be partially illuminated. Within the umbra (Earth's full shadow) no direct sunlight falls on the Moon, but some reddened rays of sunlight refracted and filtered by Earth's atmosphere provides soft illumination.\" width=\"800\" height=\"453\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/lunareclipsediagram_nasa.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/lunareclipsediagram_nasa-160x91.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/lunareclipsediagram_nasa-768x435.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/lunareclipsediagram_nasa-240x136.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/lunareclipsediagram_nasa-375x212.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/lunareclipsediagram_nasa-520x294.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram showing the sun, Earth, and Moon in relation to Earth’s shadow and the Moon’s orbit. When in the penumbra (Earth’s partial shadow), the Moon will be partially illuminated. Within the umbra (Earth’s full shadow) no direct sunlight falls on the Moon, but some reddened rays of sunlight refracted and filtered by Earth’s atmosphere provides soft illumination. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Without these effects of Earth’s atmosphere, the moon would go almost completely dark upon entering the umbra. Instead, the light from all of Earth’s sunrises and sunsets softly illuminate the eclipsed moon, producing a celestial night light in the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You may find that the eclipsed moon looks more like a three-dimensional ball, rather than the flattish disk the full moon usually appears as. This quality is mostly due to the darkened moon not being overwhelmingly bright, as a full moon tends to be. The ruddy coloration may also have something to do with this, accentuating the moon against the otherwise black-and-white night sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Super Moon?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the full moon looks larger than usual on Jan. 20, it may not be your imagination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, Sunday’s full moon is a so-called “super moon.” Though it is not an official astronomical term, a super moon is defined as one that takes place when the moon is within 90 percent of its closest approach to Earth (\u003ca href=\"https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/LEplot/LEplot2001/LE2019Jan21T.pdf\">perigee\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Sunday the moon will reach perigee, 222,000 miles from Earth, only a few hours after the eclipse, so at the time of eclipse it’ll be almost as close as it can get, and 15,000 miles closer than average. This will make the moon physically larger in the sky than average — thus the super moon label.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The actual difference in size between a super moon and nonsuper moon isn’t huge, but it is perceptible to the human eye. The problem is that you can’t compare two different full moons at the same time, side by side, unless you take a photograph of each and compare the pics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936683\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1936683\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/supermoon-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Side by side comparison of the apparent size of the moon at apogee (left), at average distance (center), and at perigee (right) — the so-called super moon.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/supermoon.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/supermoon-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/supermoon-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/supermoon-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/supermoon-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/supermoon-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Side by side comparison of the apparent size of the moon at apogee (left), at average distance (center), and at perigee (right) — the so-called super moon. \u003ccite>(Chabot Space & Science Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you could compare the full moon at perigee and at apogee (the moon’s greatest distance from Earth), the size difference would be equivalent to that between a nickel and a penny.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The greater effect of a super moon is the brightness, which is 30 percent greater than it is from the apogee full moon. That’s like turning up the dimmer switch on a lamp from two-thirds to full.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coincidence of the eclipse and the super moon gives us a rare opportunity to see what happens when nature cranks the full moon’s dimmer switch from maximum to almost off, then back again. And it’ll all happen within a few hours time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enjoy!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the evening hours of Sunday, Jan. 20, a \u003ca href=\"https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/LEplot/LEplot2001/LE2019Jan21T.pdf\">total lunar eclipse\u003c/a> will transform a full moon into a three-hour-plus celestial extravaganza. Not only will we witness the breathtaking beauty of the eclipse, but we’ll watch it during a super moon, when the moon is near its closest approach to Earth and appears larger in our sky than at any other time.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Light from all of Earth’s sunrises and sunsets softly illuminate the eclipsed moon, producing a celestial night light in the sky\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The best part of the show, when the moon begins to enter Earth’s full shadow (or umbra), begins at 7:33 p.m. and lasts until 10:50 p.m. Pacific Standard Time, when the moon will slip out of the shadow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The moon will be fully engulfed in Earth’s umbra starting at 8:41 p.m. This state of “totality” will last a full hour — so there’s plenty of time to enjoy the show. During totality, the moon will be high and rising higher in the Eastern sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936679\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 466px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1936679\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/jan202000_eclipse_cjung.jpg\" alt=\"Total Lunar Eclipse that took place exactly 19 years ago, on January 20, 2000. \" width=\"466\" height=\"337\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/jan202000_eclipse_cjung.jpg 466w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/jan202000_eclipse_cjung-160x116.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/jan202000_eclipse_cjung-240x174.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/jan202000_eclipse_cjung-375x271.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 466px) 100vw, 466px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Total lunar eclipse that took place exactly 19 years ago, on Jan. 20, 2000. \u003ccite>(Conrad Jung)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Chabot Space & Science Center will be hosting a \u003ca href=\"https://chabotspace.org/calendar/total-lunar-eclipse-viewing/\">special eclipse-viewing event\u003c/a> from 6 p.m. to 11:30 p.m., so come on up if you want to make this breathtaking spectacle of nature a memorable social event. (The forecast is for rain showers during the day on Sunday, becoming partly cloudy by evening. Keep your fingers crossed!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What You Will See\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A total lunar eclipse is sometimes referred to as a “\u003ca href=\"https://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/blood-moon.html\">blood moon\u003c/a>” for the reddish hues it acquires during totality. The color can range from coppery to orange to downright red, depending on atmospheric conditions and the moon’s position in the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reddish color is an effect of Earth’s atmosphere, which filters out the bluer tones of sunlight and lets the redder colors pass through unhindered–like red stained-glass. That reddened, filtered sunlight grazing the edge of the Earth passes on and is bent into Earth’s shadow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This filtering of sunlight by the atmosphere is the same effect that makes the sun appear orange or red at sunrise or sunset.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936682\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1936682\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/lunareclipsediagram_nasa-800x453.jpg\" alt=\"Diagram showing the sun, Earth, and Moon in relation to Earth's shadow and the Moon's orbit. When in the penumbra (Earth's partial shadow), the Moon will be partially illuminated. Within the umbra (Earth's full shadow) no direct sunlight falls on the Moon, but some reddened rays of sunlight refracted and filtered by Earth's atmosphere provides soft illumination.\" width=\"800\" height=\"453\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/lunareclipsediagram_nasa.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/lunareclipsediagram_nasa-160x91.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/lunareclipsediagram_nasa-768x435.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/lunareclipsediagram_nasa-240x136.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/lunareclipsediagram_nasa-375x212.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/lunareclipsediagram_nasa-520x294.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram showing the sun, Earth, and Moon in relation to Earth’s shadow and the Moon’s orbit. When in the penumbra (Earth’s partial shadow), the Moon will be partially illuminated. Within the umbra (Earth’s full shadow) no direct sunlight falls on the Moon, but some reddened rays of sunlight refracted and filtered by Earth’s atmosphere provides soft illumination. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Without these effects of Earth’s atmosphere, the moon would go almost completely dark upon entering the umbra. Instead, the light from all of Earth’s sunrises and sunsets softly illuminate the eclipsed moon, producing a celestial night light in the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You may find that the eclipsed moon looks more like a three-dimensional ball, rather than the flattish disk the full moon usually appears as. This quality is mostly due to the darkened moon not being overwhelmingly bright, as a full moon tends to be. The ruddy coloration may also have something to do with this, accentuating the moon against the otherwise black-and-white night sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Super Moon?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the full moon looks larger than usual on Jan. 20, it may not be your imagination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, Sunday’s full moon is a so-called “super moon.” Though it is not an official astronomical term, a super moon is defined as one that takes place when the moon is within 90 percent of its closest approach to Earth (\u003ca href=\"https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/LEplot/LEplot2001/LE2019Jan21T.pdf\">perigee\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Sunday the moon will reach perigee, 222,000 miles from Earth, only a few hours after the eclipse, so at the time of eclipse it’ll be almost as close as it can get, and 15,000 miles closer than average. This will make the moon physically larger in the sky than average — thus the super moon label.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The actual difference in size between a super moon and nonsuper moon isn’t huge, but it is perceptible to the human eye. The problem is that you can’t compare two different full moons at the same time, side by side, unless you take a photograph of each and compare the pics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936683\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1936683\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/supermoon-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Side by side comparison of the apparent size of the moon at apogee (left), at average distance (center), and at perigee (right) — the so-called super moon.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/supermoon.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/supermoon-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/supermoon-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/supermoon-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/supermoon-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/supermoon-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Side by side comparison of the apparent size of the moon at apogee (left), at average distance (center), and at perigee (right) — the so-called super moon. \u003ccite>(Chabot Space & Science Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you could compare the full moon at perigee and at apogee (the moon’s greatest distance from Earth), the size difference would be equivalent to that between a nickel and a penny.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The greater effect of a super moon is the brightness, which is 30 percent greater than it is from the apogee full moon. That’s like turning up the dimmer switch on a lamp from two-thirds to full.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coincidence of the eclipse and the super moon gives us a rare opportunity to see what happens when nature cranks the full moon’s dimmer switch from maximum to almost off, then back again. And it’ll all happen within a few hours time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enjoy!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"headTitle": "Storm Batters Bay Area | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update Thursday 4:28 p.m.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(KQED and Associated Press) The winter storm that pelted the Bay Area last night and this morning has moved on. The storm, courtesy of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1935067/rivers-in-the-sky-what-you-need-to-know-about-atmospheric-river-storms\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">atmospheric river\u003c/a>, caused several deaths, brought high tree-toppling winds, caused \u003ca href=\"https://m.pge.com/#outages\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">power outages\u003c/a> affecting more than 80,000 PG&E customers, and led to about 225 canceled flights at local airports. In Sonoma County, about two-dozen roads remain \u003ca href=\"http://roadconditions.sonoma-county.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">closed\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rainfall totals in the region over the last 72 hours include Santa Rosa, 3 inches; Petaluma, 3 inches; Mill Valley, 4 inches; San Francisco, 2.5 inches; Redwood City, 1.25 inches; Oakland, 2.5 inches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unincorporated Sonoma County community of Venado, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/5092497-181/sonoma-county-community-of\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">perennial leader\u003c/a> in regional rainfall, received 9.5 inches.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://m.pge.com/#outages\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PG&E Power Outages\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1935067/rivers-in-the-sky-what-you-need-to-know-about-atmospheric-river-storms\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">What You Need to Know About Atmospheric River Storms\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>A high surf warning remains in effect in Marin, San Francisco, San Mateo and Santa Cruz counties through Friday evening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Oakland Wednesday night, authorities said, a homeless man was killed after being crushed by a 30-foot branch from a fallen tree. The man may have been “just trying to stay dry,” California Highway Patrol Officer Herman Baza said. “Unfortunately, that protection was deadly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Marin, a 52-year-old man was \u003ca href=\"https://www.marinij.com/2019/01/17/mill-valley-man-hit-by-driver-evading-falling-tree-killed/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">killed\u003c/a> by a driver evading a falling tree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Napa County, one person died when a car went out of control on a wet roadway and hit another vehicle, the California Highway Patrol said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday evening, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Highway-50-crash-kills-three-people-including-13538090.php?utm_campaign=sfgate&utm_source=article&utm_medium=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fbayarea%2Farticle%2FNasty-storm-battering-Bay-Area-leads-to-5-deaths-13541167.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Chronicle reports\u003c/a>, three people in Camino, in El Dorado County, were killed on Highway 50 after their vehicle spun out and crashed during heavy rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The power of the storm lived up to expectations, with winds measured as high as 98 mph at Big Rock Ridge in Marin\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was the strongest storm to hit the region this season,” said National Weather Service meteorologist Spencer Tangen, with the strongest winds and the most rain “received at once across so widespread of an area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, blizzard conditions blanketed the higher elevations of the Sierra Nevada with snow. An \u003ca href=\"https://www.weather.gov/images/rev/WxStory/WeatherStory3.png?0b3c40923e4a1a07ff08df2c9d157158\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">avalanche warning\u003c/a> remained in effect for Eastern Sierra Mono County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936935\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1936935\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/WeatherStory1-1020x574.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/WeatherStory1-1020x574.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/WeatherStory1-160x90.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/WeatherStory1-800x450.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/WeatherStory1-768x432.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/WeatherStory1-1200x675.png 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/WeatherStory1-1180x664.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/WeatherStory1-960x540.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/WeatherStory1-240x135.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/WeatherStory1-375x211.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/WeatherStory1-520x293.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/WeatherStory1.png 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Snowfall totals from the National Weather Service Reno.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Concern was also high in communities near burn scars of recent wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Santa Barbara County, the community of Montecito, devastated by a deadly debris flow a year ago, received 1.5 inches of rain in 24 hours, but has so far avoided a repeat of the disaster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A flash flood watch was in effect for the area burned by the wildfire that obliterated the town of Paradise in November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weather concerns also kept a stretch of scenic Highway 1 in Big Sur closed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Southern California, fog on a mountain highway triggered a 19-vehicle crash. Thirty-five people were evaluated for injuries after the pileup on Interstate 15 in Cajon Pass, but most declined to be taken to hospitals, the San Bernardino County Fire Department said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In areas recently scarred by wildfires, authorities feared small rivers and creeks would flood their banks and cause massive mudslides, further damaging communities struggling to recover from a historically bad fire season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blazes stripped hillsides of trees and other vegetation that stabilize soil and prevent mudslides, putting at risk thousands of people living in foothill and canyon areas devastated by wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hillsides were holding but people in burn areas were urged to remain alert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Malibu, a boulder crashed into a car, injuring the driver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Original post\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water planners, meteorologists and weather nerds all love the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1935067/rivers-in-the-sky-what-you-need-to-know-about-atmospheric-river-storms\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">atmospheric river\u003c/a>. The weather phenomenon produces up to half of California’s precipitation annually. But for the rest of us, the storms produced by the AR are a little like vegetables: We know they’re good for us, but, uh, not right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">Weather Resources\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://forecast.weather.gov/product.php?site=NWS&issuedby=mtr&product=AFD&format=CI&glossary=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Latest Bay Area weather report\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cnrfc.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Nevada River Forecast Center\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cnrfc.noaa.gov/precipMaps.php?group=sf&hour=24&synoptic=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Northern California Precipitation Map\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/@NWSBayArea\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NWS Bay Area Twitter Feed\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSReno\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NWS Reno Twitter Feed\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://alerts.weather.gov/cap/ca.php?x=3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Weather Warnings by County\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Be that as it may, the Bay Area is getting socked Wednesday night by a powerful storm system, the first really major drenching of the winter. And with one of the biggest ski weekends of the season approaching, the National Weather Service has issued a \u003ca href=\"https://www.weather.gov/rev/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">blizzard warning\u003c/a> for the Sierra Nevada, with “dangerous and potentially life-threatening conditions” including a \u003ca href=\"https://www.weather.gov/rev/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">high danger of avalanches\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Bay Area, the storm is moving north to south, and it’s likely to bring torrential rains, gusty winds topping 50 mph, and a nasty afternoon commute disrupted by dangerous urban and small stream flooding, especially in the North Bay and Santa Cruz mountains, and at Alameda Creek near Niles Canyon. The National Weather Service says the Russian and Napa rivers will rise rapidly, but remain below flood levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area will likely see one to three inches of rain, which will taper off after midnight. The North Bay has already absorbed about 1.5 inches. \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnrfc.noaa.gov/precipMaps.php?group=sf&hour=24&synoptic=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">See rainfall totals here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, blizzard warnings are in effect in the Sierra Nevada through Thursday afternoon, where two to five feet of snow are expected. The most extreme conditions are likely to be above 7,000 feet, which is about the elevation of Donner Summit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/CHP_Truckee/status/1085680044196818944\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are the latest severe weather warnings for the region by county:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://alerts.weather.gov/cap/wwaatmget.php?x=CAC001&y=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alameda\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://alerts.weather.gov/cap/wwaatmget.php?x=CAC041&y=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marin\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://alerts.weather.gov/cap/wwaatmget.php?x=CAC055&y=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Napa\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://alerts.weather.gov/cap/wwaatmget.php?x=CAC075&y=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://alerts.weather.gov/cap/wwaatmget.php?x=CAC081&y=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Mateo\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://alerts.weather.gov/cap/wwaatmget.php?x=CAC085&y=1\">Santa Clara\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://alerts.weather.gov/cap/wwaatmget.php?x=CAC087&y=1\">Santa Cruz\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://alerts.weather.gov/cap/wwaatmget.php?x=CAC095&y=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Solano\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "The strongest storm of the season claimed several lives, caused power outages affecting more than 80,000 PG&E customers, and led to about 225 canceled flights at local airports.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update Thursday 4:28 p.m.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(KQED and Associated Press) The winter storm that pelted the Bay Area last night and this morning has moved on. The storm, courtesy of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1935067/rivers-in-the-sky-what-you-need-to-know-about-atmospheric-river-storms\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">atmospheric river\u003c/a>, caused several deaths, brought high tree-toppling winds, caused \u003ca href=\"https://m.pge.com/#outages\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">power outages\u003c/a> affecting more than 80,000 PG&E customers, and led to about 225 canceled flights at local airports. In Sonoma County, about two-dozen roads remain \u003ca href=\"http://roadconditions.sonoma-county.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">closed\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rainfall totals in the region over the last 72 hours include Santa Rosa, 3 inches; Petaluma, 3 inches; Mill Valley, 4 inches; San Francisco, 2.5 inches; Redwood City, 1.25 inches; Oakland, 2.5 inches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unincorporated Sonoma County community of Venado, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/5092497-181/sonoma-county-community-of\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">perennial leader\u003c/a> in regional rainfall, received 9.5 inches.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://m.pge.com/#outages\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PG&E Power Outages\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1935067/rivers-in-the-sky-what-you-need-to-know-about-atmospheric-river-storms\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">What You Need to Know About Atmospheric River Storms\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>A high surf warning remains in effect in Marin, San Francisco, San Mateo and Santa Cruz counties through Friday evening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Oakland Wednesday night, authorities said, a homeless man was killed after being crushed by a 30-foot branch from a fallen tree. The man may have been “just trying to stay dry,” California Highway Patrol Officer Herman Baza said. “Unfortunately, that protection was deadly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Marin, a 52-year-old man was \u003ca href=\"https://www.marinij.com/2019/01/17/mill-valley-man-hit-by-driver-evading-falling-tree-killed/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">killed\u003c/a> by a driver evading a falling tree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Napa County, one person died when a car went out of control on a wet roadway and hit another vehicle, the California Highway Patrol said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday evening, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Highway-50-crash-kills-three-people-including-13538090.php?utm_campaign=sfgate&utm_source=article&utm_medium=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fbayarea%2Farticle%2FNasty-storm-battering-Bay-Area-leads-to-5-deaths-13541167.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Chronicle reports\u003c/a>, three people in Camino, in El Dorado County, were killed on Highway 50 after their vehicle spun out and crashed during heavy rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The power of the storm lived up to expectations, with winds measured as high as 98 mph at Big Rock Ridge in Marin\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was the strongest storm to hit the region this season,” said National Weather Service meteorologist Spencer Tangen, with the strongest winds and the most rain “received at once across so widespread of an area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, blizzard conditions blanketed the higher elevations of the Sierra Nevada with snow. An \u003ca href=\"https://www.weather.gov/images/rev/WxStory/WeatherStory3.png?0b3c40923e4a1a07ff08df2c9d157158\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">avalanche warning\u003c/a> remained in effect for Eastern Sierra Mono County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936935\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1936935\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/WeatherStory1-1020x574.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/WeatherStory1-1020x574.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/WeatherStory1-160x90.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/WeatherStory1-800x450.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/WeatherStory1-768x432.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/WeatherStory1-1200x675.png 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/WeatherStory1-1180x664.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/WeatherStory1-960x540.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/WeatherStory1-240x135.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/WeatherStory1-375x211.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/WeatherStory1-520x293.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/WeatherStory1.png 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Snowfall totals from the National Weather Service Reno.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Concern was also high in communities near burn scars of recent wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Santa Barbara County, the community of Montecito, devastated by a deadly debris flow a year ago, received 1.5 inches of rain in 24 hours, but has so far avoided a repeat of the disaster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A flash flood watch was in effect for the area burned by the wildfire that obliterated the town of Paradise in November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weather concerns also kept a stretch of scenic Highway 1 in Big Sur closed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Southern California, fog on a mountain highway triggered a 19-vehicle crash. Thirty-five people were evaluated for injuries after the pileup on Interstate 15 in Cajon Pass, but most declined to be taken to hospitals, the San Bernardino County Fire Department said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In areas recently scarred by wildfires, authorities feared small rivers and creeks would flood their banks and cause massive mudslides, further damaging communities struggling to recover from a historically bad fire season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blazes stripped hillsides of trees and other vegetation that stabilize soil and prevent mudslides, putting at risk thousands of people living in foothill and canyon areas devastated by wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hillsides were holding but people in burn areas were urged to remain alert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Malibu, a boulder crashed into a car, injuring the driver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Original post\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water planners, meteorologists and weather nerds all love the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1935067/rivers-in-the-sky-what-you-need-to-know-about-atmospheric-river-storms\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">atmospheric river\u003c/a>. The weather phenomenon produces up to half of California’s precipitation annually. But for the rest of us, the storms produced by the AR are a little like vegetables: We know they’re good for us, but, uh, not right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">Weather Resources\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://forecast.weather.gov/product.php?site=NWS&issuedby=mtr&product=AFD&format=CI&glossary=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Latest Bay Area weather report\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cnrfc.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Nevada River Forecast Center\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cnrfc.noaa.gov/precipMaps.php?group=sf&hour=24&synoptic=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Northern California Precipitation Map\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/@NWSBayArea\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NWS Bay Area Twitter Feed\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSReno\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NWS Reno Twitter Feed\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://alerts.weather.gov/cap/ca.php?x=3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Weather Warnings by County\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Be that as it may, the Bay Area is getting socked Wednesday night by a powerful storm system, the first really major drenching of the winter. And with one of the biggest ski weekends of the season approaching, the National Weather Service has issued a \u003ca href=\"https://www.weather.gov/rev/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">blizzard warning\u003c/a> for the Sierra Nevada, with “dangerous and potentially life-threatening conditions” including a \u003ca href=\"https://www.weather.gov/rev/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">high danger of avalanches\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Bay Area, the storm is moving north to south, and it’s likely to bring torrential rains, gusty winds topping 50 mph, and a nasty afternoon commute disrupted by dangerous urban and small stream flooding, especially in the North Bay and Santa Cruz mountains, and at Alameda Creek near Niles Canyon. The National Weather Service says the Russian and Napa rivers will rise rapidly, but remain below flood levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area will likely see one to three inches of rain, which will taper off after midnight. The North Bay has already absorbed about 1.5 inches. \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnrfc.noaa.gov/precipMaps.php?group=sf&hour=24&synoptic=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">See rainfall totals here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, blizzard warnings are in effect in the Sierra Nevada through Thursday afternoon, where two to five feet of snow are expected. The most extreme conditions are likely to be above 7,000 feet, which is about the elevation of Donner Summit.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>Here are the latest severe weather warnings for the region by county:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://alerts.weather.gov/cap/wwaatmget.php?x=CAC001&y=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alameda\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://alerts.weather.gov/cap/wwaatmget.php?x=CAC041&y=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marin\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://alerts.weather.gov/cap/wwaatmget.php?x=CAC055&y=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Napa\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://alerts.weather.gov/cap/wwaatmget.php?x=CAC075&y=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://alerts.weather.gov/cap/wwaatmget.php?x=CAC081&y=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Mateo\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://alerts.weather.gov/cap/wwaatmget.php?x=CAC085&y=1\">Santa Clara\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://alerts.weather.gov/cap/wwaatmget.php?x=CAC087&y=1\">Santa Cruz\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://alerts.weather.gov/cap/wwaatmget.php?x=CAC095&y=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Solano\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "The Quiet Threat Inside ‘Internet of Things’ Devices",
"headTitle": "The Quiet Threat Inside ‘Internet of Things’ Devices | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>[dropcap]A[/dropcap]s Americans increasingly \u003ca href=\"https://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/news/2018/smart-speaking-my-language-despite-their-vast-capabilities-smart-speakers-all-about-the-music.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">buy and install smart devices\u003c/a> in their homes, all those cheap interconnected devices create new security problems for individuals and society as a whole. The problem is compounded by businesses radically expanding the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCADA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">number of sensors and remote monitors\u003c/a> it uses to manage overhead lights in corporate offices and detailed manufacturing processes in factories. Governments, too, are getting into the act – cities, especially, want to use new technologies to improve energy efficiency, reduce traffic congestion and improve water quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The number of these “internet of things” devices is \u003ca href=\"https://iot-analytics.com/state-of-the-iot-update-q1-q2-2018-number-of-iot-devices-now-7b/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">climbing into the tens of billions\u003c/a>. They’re creating an interconnected world with the potential to make people’s lives more enjoyable, productive, secure and efficient. But those very same devices, many of which have no real security protections, are also becoming part of what are called “botnets,” vast networks of tiny computers vulnerable to hijacking by hackers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Botnets have caused problems on the internet, from sending vast amounts of spam mail to disrupting websites around the world. While traditionally most botnets are comprised of laptop and desktop computers, the growth of unsecured devices such as industrial sensors, webcams, televisions and other smart home devices is leading to a growing disruptive capability.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Tiny computers everywhere\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The “internet of things” includes countless types of devices – \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/security-risks-in-the-age-of-smart-homes-58756\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">webcams, pressure sensors\u003c/a>, thermometers, \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/do-i-want-an-always-on-digital-assistant-listening-in-all-the-time-92571\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">microphones, speakers\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/4-ways-internet-of-things-toys-endanger-children-94092\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stuffed animals\u003c/a> and many more – made by a vast array of companies. Many of these manufacturers are \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/using-blockchain-to-secure-the-internet-of-things-90002\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">small and unknown\u003c/a>, and don’t have popular brands or public reputations to protect. Their goals are to produce lots of devices to sell as cheaply as possible. Customers’ cybersecurity \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/using-blockchain-to-secure-the-internet-of-things-90002\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">isn’t a real concern\u003c/a> for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936794\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1936794\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/file-20190108-32148-3qo844-800x530.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"530\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/file-20190108-32148-3qo844-800x530.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/file-20190108-32148-3qo844-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/file-20190108-32148-3qo844-768x508.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/file-20190108-32148-3qo844-960x636.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/file-20190108-32148-3qo844-240x159.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/file-20190108-32148-3qo844-375x248.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/file-20190108-32148-3qo844-520x344.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/file-20190108-32148-3qo844.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A tiny computer on a desk. \u003ccite>(Mehaniq/Shutterstock.com)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These devices’ variety means they’re useful for lots of things, but also means they have a \u003ca href=\"https://resources.infosecinstitute.com/the-top-ten-iot-vulnerabilities/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wide range of vulnerabilities\u003c/a>. They include weak passwords, unencrypted communications and insecure web interfaces. With thousands, or hundreds of thousands, of identically insecure devices scattered all over the world, they’re a wealth of targets ripe for the hacking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If, for instance, a manufacturer has set an \u003ca href=\"https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2017/06/internet-cameras-expose-private-video-feeds-and-remote-controls/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">unchangeable administrative password\u003c/a> on a particular type of device – it \u003ca href=\"https://www.csoonline.com/article/3038302/application-development/hard-coded-passwords-remain-a-key-security-flaw.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">happens more often\u003c/a> than you might think – a \u003ca href=\"https://blog.avast.com/hacker-creates-seven-new-variants-of-the-mirai-botnet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hacker can run a program\u003c/a> searching the internet for those devices, and then logging in, taking control and installing their own malicious software, \u003ca href=\"https://krebsonsecurity.com/2016/10/source-code-for-iot-botnet-mirai-released/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recruiting the device into a botnet army\u003c/a>. The devices run normally until the hackers issue instructions, after which they can do more or less anything a computer might do – such as sending meaningless internet traffic to clog up data connections.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Blocking internet access\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>That type of attack when emanating from thousands of devices at once, called a “distributed denial of service,” can shut down companies’ servers or even block wide swaths of the internet from being publicly accessible. A major DDoS attack in 2016 \u003ca href=\"https://www.wired.com/story/mirai-botnet-minecraft-scam-brought-down-the-internet/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">interrupted connections to Amazon, Netflix and Paypal\u003c/a> from customers on the east coast of the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"align-center zoomable\">\u003ca href=\"https://images.theconversation.com/files/252901/original/file-20190108-32148-jrvq1r.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://images.theconversation.com/files/252901/original/file-20190108-32148-jrvq1r.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption>\u003cspan class=\"caption\">A botnet took down connections through a major internet company in October 2016.\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"attribution\">\u003ca class=\"source\" href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Level3_Outage_Map_(US)_-_21_October_2016.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DownDetector/Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>, \u003ca class=\"license\" href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY-SA\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That attack was linked to a botnet-control software program \u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-announces-charges-and-guilty-pleas-three-computer-crime-cases-involving\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">created by three teenagers\u003c/a> seeking to use more than 100,000 hijacked webcams and other internet-connected devices from around the world to \u003ca href=\"https://www.wired.com/story/mirai-botnet-minecraft-scam-brought-down-the-internet/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gain an advantage\u003c/a> over other players of the “Minecraft” online video game.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The size and scale of these attacks – and the broad range of devices that can contribute to them – make this both a private problem and a public one. People want to secure the devices in their homes and pockets, of course. Yet the same networks that stream television shows and music also link burglar alarms to police, manage traffic lights in congested areas and let \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/saving-lives-by-letting-cars-talk-to-each-other-59221\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">self-driving cars talk to each other\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All that activity can be drowned out if hackers flood the internet, or sections of it, with meaningless messages. Traffic would stall across towns, even counties, and police officers would have a hard time communicating with each other to try to straighten everything out. Even small devices, in their hundreds of thousands, all around the world, can work together to have huge repercussions both online and in the physical world.\u003c!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. -->\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"border: none !important;margin: 0 !important;max-height: 1px !important;max-width: 1px !important;min-height: 1px !important;min-width: 1px !important;padding: 0 !important\" src=\"https://counter.theconversation.com/content/109391/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\">\u003c!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: http://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines -->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/profiles/charles-t-harry-660658\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Charles T. Harry\u003c/a>, Associate Research Professor of Public Policy; Director of Operations, Maryland Global Initiative in Cybersecurity; Senior Research Associate, Center for International and Security Studies, \u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-maryland-1347\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>University of Maryland\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article is republished from \u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Conversation\u003c/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/the-quiet-threat-inside-internet-of-things-devices-109391\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">original article\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "As Americans increasingly buy and install smart devices in their homes, all those cheap interconnected devices increase security vulnerabilities to homes, businesses, governments and the internet as as whole.",
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"headline": "The Quiet Threat Inside ‘Internet of Things’ Devices",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__dropcapShortcode__dropcap\">A\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>s Americans increasingly \u003ca href=\"https://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/news/2018/smart-speaking-my-language-despite-their-vast-capabilities-smart-speakers-all-about-the-music.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">buy and install smart devices\u003c/a> in their homes, all those cheap interconnected devices create new security problems for individuals and society as a whole. The problem is compounded by businesses radically expanding the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCADA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">number of sensors and remote monitors\u003c/a> it uses to manage overhead lights in corporate offices and detailed manufacturing processes in factories. Governments, too, are getting into the act – cities, especially, want to use new technologies to improve energy efficiency, reduce traffic congestion and improve water quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The number of these “internet of things” devices is \u003ca href=\"https://iot-analytics.com/state-of-the-iot-update-q1-q2-2018-number-of-iot-devices-now-7b/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">climbing into the tens of billions\u003c/a>. They’re creating an interconnected world with the potential to make people’s lives more enjoyable, productive, secure and efficient. But those very same devices, many of which have no real security protections, are also becoming part of what are called “botnets,” vast networks of tiny computers vulnerable to hijacking by hackers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Botnets have caused problems on the internet, from sending vast amounts of spam mail to disrupting websites around the world. While traditionally most botnets are comprised of laptop and desktop computers, the growth of unsecured devices such as industrial sensors, webcams, televisions and other smart home devices is leading to a growing disruptive capability.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Tiny computers everywhere\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The “internet of things” includes countless types of devices – \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/security-risks-in-the-age-of-smart-homes-58756\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">webcams, pressure sensors\u003c/a>, thermometers, \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/do-i-want-an-always-on-digital-assistant-listening-in-all-the-time-92571\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">microphones, speakers\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/4-ways-internet-of-things-toys-endanger-children-94092\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stuffed animals\u003c/a> and many more – made by a vast array of companies. Many of these manufacturers are \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/using-blockchain-to-secure-the-internet-of-things-90002\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">small and unknown\u003c/a>, and don’t have popular brands or public reputations to protect. Their goals are to produce lots of devices to sell as cheaply as possible. Customers’ cybersecurity \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/using-blockchain-to-secure-the-internet-of-things-90002\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">isn’t a real concern\u003c/a> for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936794\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1936794\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/file-20190108-32148-3qo844-800x530.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"530\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/file-20190108-32148-3qo844-800x530.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/file-20190108-32148-3qo844-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/file-20190108-32148-3qo844-768x508.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/file-20190108-32148-3qo844-960x636.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/file-20190108-32148-3qo844-240x159.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/file-20190108-32148-3qo844-375x248.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/file-20190108-32148-3qo844-520x344.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/file-20190108-32148-3qo844.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A tiny computer on a desk. \u003ccite>(Mehaniq/Shutterstock.com)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These devices’ variety means they’re useful for lots of things, but also means they have a \u003ca href=\"https://resources.infosecinstitute.com/the-top-ten-iot-vulnerabilities/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wide range of vulnerabilities\u003c/a>. They include weak passwords, unencrypted communications and insecure web interfaces. With thousands, or hundreds of thousands, of identically insecure devices scattered all over the world, they’re a wealth of targets ripe for the hacking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If, for instance, a manufacturer has set an \u003ca href=\"https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2017/06/internet-cameras-expose-private-video-feeds-and-remote-controls/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">unchangeable administrative password\u003c/a> on a particular type of device – it \u003ca href=\"https://www.csoonline.com/article/3038302/application-development/hard-coded-passwords-remain-a-key-security-flaw.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">happens more often\u003c/a> than you might think – a \u003ca href=\"https://blog.avast.com/hacker-creates-seven-new-variants-of-the-mirai-botnet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hacker can run a program\u003c/a> searching the internet for those devices, and then logging in, taking control and installing their own malicious software, \u003ca href=\"https://krebsonsecurity.com/2016/10/source-code-for-iot-botnet-mirai-released/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recruiting the device into a botnet army\u003c/a>. The devices run normally until the hackers issue instructions, after which they can do more or less anything a computer might do – such as sending meaningless internet traffic to clog up data connections.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Blocking internet access\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>That type of attack when emanating from thousands of devices at once, called a “distributed denial of service,” can shut down companies’ servers or even block wide swaths of the internet from being publicly accessible. A major DDoS attack in 2016 \u003ca href=\"https://www.wired.com/story/mirai-botnet-minecraft-scam-brought-down-the-internet/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">interrupted connections to Amazon, Netflix and Paypal\u003c/a> from customers on the east coast of the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"align-center zoomable\">\u003ca href=\"https://images.theconversation.com/files/252901/original/file-20190108-32148-jrvq1r.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://images.theconversation.com/files/252901/original/file-20190108-32148-jrvq1r.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption>\u003cspan class=\"caption\">A botnet took down connections through a major internet company in October 2016.\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"attribution\">\u003ca class=\"source\" href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Level3_Outage_Map_(US)_-_21_October_2016.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DownDetector/Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>, \u003ca class=\"license\" href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY-SA\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That attack was linked to a botnet-control software program \u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-announces-charges-and-guilty-pleas-three-computer-crime-cases-involving\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">created by three teenagers\u003c/a> seeking to use more than 100,000 hijacked webcams and other internet-connected devices from around the world to \u003ca href=\"https://www.wired.com/story/mirai-botnet-minecraft-scam-brought-down-the-internet/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gain an advantage\u003c/a> over other players of the “Minecraft” online video game.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The size and scale of these attacks – and the broad range of devices that can contribute to them – make this both a private problem and a public one. People want to secure the devices in their homes and pockets, of course. Yet the same networks that stream television shows and music also link burglar alarms to police, manage traffic lights in congested areas and let \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/saving-lives-by-letting-cars-talk-to-each-other-59221\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">self-driving cars talk to each other\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All that activity can be drowned out if hackers flood the internet, or sections of it, with meaningless messages. Traffic would stall across towns, even counties, and police officers would have a hard time communicating with each other to try to straighten everything out. Even small devices, in their hundreds of thousands, all around the world, can work together to have huge repercussions both online and in the physical world.\u003c!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. -->\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"border: none !important;margin: 0 !important;max-height: 1px !important;max-width: 1px !important;min-height: 1px !important;min-width: 1px !important;padding: 0 !important\" src=\"https://counter.theconversation.com/content/109391/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\">\u003c!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: http://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines -->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/profiles/charles-t-harry-660658\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Charles T. Harry\u003c/a>, Associate Research Professor of Public Policy; Director of Operations, Maryland Global Initiative in Cybersecurity; Senior Research Associate, Center for International and Security Studies, \u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-maryland-1347\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>University of Maryland\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article is republished from \u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Conversation\u003c/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/the-quiet-threat-inside-internet-of-things-devices-109391\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">original article\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Opioid Overdoses Surpass Vehicle Crashes on Leading Causes of Death List",
"headTitle": "Opioid Overdoses Surpass Vehicle Crashes on Leading Causes of Death List | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>For the first time in U.S. history, a leading cause of deaths — vehicle crashes — has been surpassed in likelihood by opioid overdoses, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://injuryfacts.nsc.org/all-injuries/preventable-death-overview/odds-of-dying/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new report \u003c/a>on preventable deaths from the National Safety Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Americans now have a 1 in 96 chance of dying from an opioid overdose, according to the council’s analysis of 2017 data on accidental death. The probability of dying in a motor vehicle crash is 1 in 103.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The nation’s opioid crisis is fueling the Council’s grim probabilities, and that crisis is worsening with an influx of illicit fentanyl,” the council said in a statement released Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fentanyl is now the drug most often responsible for drug overdose deaths, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/12/12/676214086/fentanyl-surpasses-heroin-as-drug-most-often-involved-in-deadly-overdoses\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> in December. And that may only be a partial view of the problem: Opioid-related overdoses also have been\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/03/22/595787272/omissions-on-death-certificates-lead-to-undercounting-of-opioid-overdoses\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> undercounted\u003c/a> by as much as 35 percent, according to a study published last year in the journal \u003cem>Addiction\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The council has \u003ca href=\"https://www.nsc.org/home-safety/safety-topics/opioids/whats-working\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recommended\u003c/a> tackling the epidemic by increasing pain management training for opioid prescribers, making the potentially lifesaving drug \u003ca href=\"https://whyy.org/segments/the-overdose-antidote-how-narcan-works/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">naloxone\u003c/a> more widely available and expanding access to addiction treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the leading causes of death in the U.S. are heart disease (1 in 6 chance) and cancer (1 in 7), the rising overdose numbers are part of a distressing trend the nonprofit has tracked: The lifetime odds of an American dying from a preventable, unintentional injury have gone up over the past 15 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is impacting our workforce, it is impacting our fathers and mothers who are still raising their children,” said Ken Kolosh, manager of statistics at the National Safety Council. Kolosh said that those accidental deaths usually affect people in the “core of their life,” with greater financial and emotional ramifications than deaths of those in their later years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=59&v=_vNYQi6ZXss\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vehicle crashes remain a leading danger as well. Kolosh said half of people who died in crashes they analyzed were not wearing seat belts. Meanwhile, the frequency of pedestrian deaths has increased, led by a jump in fatalities in urban areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pedestrian deaths have been at a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/02/28/589453431/pedestrian-fatalities-remain-at-25-year-high-for-second-year-in-a-row\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">25-year high\u003c/a>, according to the Governors Highway Safety Association. A 2017 study found that an average of \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/01/10/509206453/walking-in-america-remains-dangerous-especially-in-florida\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">13 people a day\u003c/a> were killed by cars between 2005 and 2014, and that people of color and the elderly are disproportionately at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Historically, roadways have been designed to make it as efficient as possible for the vehicle,” Kolosh said, noting that bicyclists and pedestrians have been shortchanged. “We now have to do a far better job of building our infrastructure to accommodate all road users.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kolosh said he hopes the council’s analysis will allay unfounded fears, and remind people of more common dangers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As human beings, we’re terrible at assessing our own risk,” Kolosh said. “We typically focus on the unusual or scary events … and assume that those are the riskiest.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said data show the opposite is true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, an American’s likelihood of dying in a “cataclysmic storm” is just 1 in 31,394.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dying as an airplane passenger? 1 in 188,364.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a train wreck? 1 in 243,765.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Falling? 1 in 114.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kolosh said the probability of dying in a fall has increased (it was 1 in 119 last year), driven by more recorded falls among older adults as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/03/14/593398944/projections-show-an-aging-u-s-population\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. population ages\u003c/a>. Experts say the best way to prevent that risk is \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/04/17/603186213/to-prevent-falls-in-older-age-try-regular-exercise\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">exercise\u003c/a>. It’s a reminder, Kolosh said, that each of the 169,936 preventable deaths recorded in 2017 were preventable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Your odds of dying are 1 in 1,” Kolosh quipped. “But that doesn’t mean we can’t do something. If, as a society, we put the appropriate rules and regulations in place we can prevent all accidental deaths in the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Report%3A+Americans+Are+Now+More+Likely+To+Die+Of+An+Opioid+Overdose+Than+On+The+Road&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For the first time in U.S. history, a leading cause of deaths — vehicle crashes — has been surpassed in likelihood by opioid overdoses, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://injuryfacts.nsc.org/all-injuries/preventable-death-overview/odds-of-dying/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new report \u003c/a>on preventable deaths from the National Safety Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Americans now have a 1 in 96 chance of dying from an opioid overdose, according to the council’s analysis of 2017 data on accidental death. The probability of dying in a motor vehicle crash is 1 in 103.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The nation’s opioid crisis is fueling the Council’s grim probabilities, and that crisis is worsening with an influx of illicit fentanyl,” the council said in a statement released Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fentanyl is now the drug most often responsible for drug overdose deaths, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/12/12/676214086/fentanyl-surpasses-heroin-as-drug-most-often-involved-in-deadly-overdoses\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> in December. And that may only be a partial view of the problem: Opioid-related overdoses also have been\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/03/22/595787272/omissions-on-death-certificates-lead-to-undercounting-of-opioid-overdoses\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> undercounted\u003c/a> by as much as 35 percent, according to a study published last year in the journal \u003cem>Addiction\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The council has \u003ca href=\"https://www.nsc.org/home-safety/safety-topics/opioids/whats-working\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recommended\u003c/a> tackling the epidemic by increasing pain management training for opioid prescribers, making the potentially lifesaving drug \u003ca href=\"https://whyy.org/segments/the-overdose-antidote-how-narcan-works/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">naloxone\u003c/a> more widely available and expanding access to addiction treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the leading causes of death in the U.S. are heart disease (1 in 6 chance) and cancer (1 in 7), the rising overdose numbers are part of a distressing trend the nonprofit has tracked: The lifetime odds of an American dying from a preventable, unintentional injury have gone up over the past 15 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is impacting our workforce, it is impacting our fathers and mothers who are still raising their children,” said Ken Kolosh, manager of statistics at the National Safety Council. Kolosh said that those accidental deaths usually affect people in the “core of their life,” with greater financial and emotional ramifications than deaths of those in their later years.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/_vNYQi6ZXss'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/_vNYQi6ZXss'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Vehicle crashes remain a leading danger as well. Kolosh said half of people who died in crashes they analyzed were not wearing seat belts. Meanwhile, the frequency of pedestrian deaths has increased, led by a jump in fatalities in urban areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pedestrian deaths have been at a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/02/28/589453431/pedestrian-fatalities-remain-at-25-year-high-for-second-year-in-a-row\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">25-year high\u003c/a>, according to the Governors Highway Safety Association. A 2017 study found that an average of \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/01/10/509206453/walking-in-america-remains-dangerous-especially-in-florida\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">13 people a day\u003c/a> were killed by cars between 2005 and 2014, and that people of color and the elderly are disproportionately at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Historically, roadways have been designed to make it as efficient as possible for the vehicle,” Kolosh said, noting that bicyclists and pedestrians have been shortchanged. “We now have to do a far better job of building our infrastructure to accommodate all road users.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kolosh said he hopes the council’s analysis will allay unfounded fears, and remind people of more common dangers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As human beings, we’re terrible at assessing our own risk,” Kolosh said. “We typically focus on the unusual or scary events … and assume that those are the riskiest.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said data show the opposite is true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, an American’s likelihood of dying in a “cataclysmic storm” is just 1 in 31,394.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dying as an airplane passenger? 1 in 188,364.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a train wreck? 1 in 243,765.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Falling? 1 in 114.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kolosh said the probability of dying in a fall has increased (it was 1 in 119 last year), driven by more recorded falls among older adults as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/03/14/593398944/projections-show-an-aging-u-s-population\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. population ages\u003c/a>. Experts say the best way to prevent that risk is \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/04/17/603186213/to-prevent-falls-in-older-age-try-regular-exercise\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">exercise\u003c/a>. It’s a reminder, Kolosh said, that each of the 169,936 preventable deaths recorded in 2017 were preventable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Your odds of dying are 1 in 1,” Kolosh quipped. “But that doesn’t mean we can’t do something. If, as a society, we put the appropriate rules and regulations in place we can prevent all accidental deaths in the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Report%3A+Americans+Are+Now+More+Likely+To+Die+Of+An+Opioid+Overdose+Than+On+The+Road&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Big, important scientific breakthroughs are built of small, incremental experiments. And the partial government shutdown is already interfering with some of that research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists often depend on the government for grant funding, expertise and — in some cases — even regulatory approval. With the shutdown, some researchers are missing those key elements of scientific collaboration. Here’s how some scientists say the shutdown is affecting their work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://plantandmicrobiology.berkeley.edu/profile/tuesday-b-simmons\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Tuesday Simmons\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, a graduate student in microbiology at the University of California, Berkeley, \u003c/strong>writes, “I’m a grad student at Berkeley, but my PI [principal investigator] works for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.usda.gov/topics/research-and-science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">USDA\u003c/a> (like several PIs in my department). While the grad students continue to work, it is difficult for us without our advisers here.” She says this affects her in two primary ways. “I am trying to complete a manuscript with my adviser and I need to meet with him to discuss figures and text edits,” Simmons says. And she says she is “trying to plan a new experiment where I’m adding synthetic microbial communities to sorghum plants, and I need to iron out the details with him before starting the experiment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The loss of support sucks away my ability to continue research.’\u003ccite>Christopher Horvat, Brown University climate scientist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Simmons points out that it’s hard to hit the pause button on plant research. “The plants continue to grow and need care (such as water and maintained growth chambers). During this time, many plants are dying, time points for experiments aren’t being collected, and plants are maturing without people to collect their seeds. This can set experiments back weeks, months or, in some cases, up to a year. Honestly, the labs with grad students are the lucky ones, because we’re allowed in to take care of plants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://leiferlab.princeton.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Andrew Leifer\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, a physicist at Princeton, \u003c/strong>says, “I’m a newer assistant professor and I’ve been trying hard to land my first federal grant, which is crucial for funding my research into how the neurons in a worm’s brain generate its behavior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In mid-December, he was on the cusp of hearing whether he was about to receive a grant from the NSF. He says they were going to let him know in the new year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And then the shutdown happened and so for the past three weeks I have been anxiously waiting to hear if my research will get funded,” Leifer says. “It is my understanding that NSF employees are barred from even checking their email and are not allowed to discuss any NSF related business. So I will just wait. But not knowing impedes my ability to plan or to hire people, or even knowing whether I should be trying to recruit additional grad students. Admittedly, this is minor in the scheme of things, but I think it illustrates just how pervasive the negative consequences of the shutdown are for science, and it will only get worse with time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.mlml.calstate.edu_people_research-2Dfaculty_alison-2Dstimpert_&d=DwMFaQ&c=E2nBno7hEddFhl23N5nD1Q&r=xsHAhkZXy4VnIyVKWrbYEA&m=NY92TDSc8AyfcRwAqSmo-iR4SZ4b8ilzMT15jOJq2TU&s=0HyUrpwWxG39kWTmHtRQSIB3Ec6VYBySAWPG0Tjp0iw&e=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Alison Stimpert\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, a marine biologist with California State University, \u003c/strong>writes, “Even though I am continuing to work, many of my collaborators (\u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.usgs.gov_&d=DwMFaQ&c=E2nBno7hEddFhl23N5nD1Q&r=xsHAhkZXy4VnIyVKWrbYEA&m=NY92TDSc8AyfcRwAqSmo-iR4SZ4b8ilzMT15jOJq2TU&s=i2HFJF-bNWuTGhsal1os8PCvyq0dAHgqsfwdClL8FTk&e=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">USGS\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.noaa.gov_&d=DwMFaQ&c=E2nBno7hEddFhl23N5nD1Q&r=xsHAhkZXy4VnIyVKWrbYEA&m=NY92TDSc8AyfcRwAqSmo-iR4SZ4b8ilzMT15jOJq2TU&s=jK8CaRolj7riqEo7-hd-CVop8JZ1kCPjGUcJ4v-4s9s&e=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NOAA\u003c/a>) are furloughed and projects we are working on together cannot move forward.” She says that means “project planning meetings are being delayed, as well as permit applications for upcoming work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stimpert studies bioacoustics — “acoustic behavior and effects of noise on marine species,” she explains — in waters off of California, Hawaii, Massachusetts, Alaska and Antarctica. She says that in some cases, the shutdown means she may have to reorganize some travel or wait to start a phase of research until collaborators can work. In other areas, it might have more serious implications: “We might miss an opportunity to deploy an instrument, which makes us miss collecting an entire season of data.” And Stimpert says that if she or her collaborators have future federal funding delays, it could mean that “I can’t purchase an instrument that I need, but might (and I am not alone in this) mean my other funding runs out and I can no longer fund my position, making me lose my benefits.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.chrv.at/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Christopher Horvat\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, a climate scientist at Brown University, \u003c/strong>tells NPR, “I’m a postdoc, and while I am in a lucky position to have a reasonably-paying fellowship, the loss of support sucks away my ability to continue research.” His funding comes from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration via a contractor, and NOAA is closed during the shutdown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Already, the high relative cost of travel for research my means I must float significant amounts of money relative to my salary on credit cards,” he says. “With the shutdown, reimbursements for research and travel expenditures are not being paid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Horvat researches the Arctic climate system –“aspects of its sea ice, ocean and ecology emerging as a result of the last century of rapid change, like massive under-ice phytoplankton blooms or rapid sea ice breakup events. I also do kayak-based field research in the high Arctic where we use drones to map changes to the sea ice in Arctic waterways.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says his employer has provided two options: “(1) be furloughed, or (2) have subsequent pay periods at half our typical rates, with the hope that at the conclusion of the shutdown we will get back pay accounting for the drop in pay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a contractor, in the case of a furlough I would not be paid for the time I did not work and so I would likely go on unemployment. I do not know how long option (2) will last, but I assume it is for at least the next few weeks before a forced furlough happens. While earning half rates seems like the best option, unemployment would pay a similar wage and have more certainty, while prolonging my appointment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Big, important scientific breakthroughs are built of small, incremental experiments. And the partial government shutdown is already interfering with some of that research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists often depend on the government for grant funding, expertise and — in some cases — even regulatory approval. With the shutdown, some researchers are missing those key elements of scientific collaboration. Here’s how some scientists say the shutdown is affecting their work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://plantandmicrobiology.berkeley.edu/profile/tuesday-b-simmons\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Tuesday Simmons\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, a graduate student in microbiology at the University of California, Berkeley, \u003c/strong>writes, “I’m a grad student at Berkeley, but my PI [principal investigator] works for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.usda.gov/topics/research-and-science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">USDA\u003c/a> (like several PIs in my department). While the grad students continue to work, it is difficult for us without our advisers here.” She says this affects her in two primary ways. “I am trying to complete a manuscript with my adviser and I need to meet with him to discuss figures and text edits,” Simmons says. And she says she is “trying to plan a new experiment where I’m adding synthetic microbial communities to sorghum plants, and I need to iron out the details with him before starting the experiment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The loss of support sucks away my ability to continue research.’\u003ccite>Christopher Horvat, Brown University climate scientist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Simmons points out that it’s hard to hit the pause button on plant research. “The plants continue to grow and need care (such as water and maintained growth chambers). During this time, many plants are dying, time points for experiments aren’t being collected, and plants are maturing without people to collect their seeds. This can set experiments back weeks, months or, in some cases, up to a year. Honestly, the labs with grad students are the lucky ones, because we’re allowed in to take care of plants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://leiferlab.princeton.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Andrew Leifer\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, a physicist at Princeton, \u003c/strong>says, “I’m a newer assistant professor and I’ve been trying hard to land my first federal grant, which is crucial for funding my research into how the neurons in a worm’s brain generate its behavior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In mid-December, he was on the cusp of hearing whether he was about to receive a grant from the NSF. He says they were going to let him know in the new year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And then the shutdown happened and so for the past three weeks I have been anxiously waiting to hear if my research will get funded,” Leifer says. “It is my understanding that NSF employees are barred from even checking their email and are not allowed to discuss any NSF related business. So I will just wait. But not knowing impedes my ability to plan or to hire people, or even knowing whether I should be trying to recruit additional grad students. Admittedly, this is minor in the scheme of things, but I think it illustrates just how pervasive the negative consequences of the shutdown are for science, and it will only get worse with time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.mlml.calstate.edu_people_research-2Dfaculty_alison-2Dstimpert_&d=DwMFaQ&c=E2nBno7hEddFhl23N5nD1Q&r=xsHAhkZXy4VnIyVKWrbYEA&m=NY92TDSc8AyfcRwAqSmo-iR4SZ4b8ilzMT15jOJq2TU&s=0HyUrpwWxG39kWTmHtRQSIB3Ec6VYBySAWPG0Tjp0iw&e=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Alison Stimpert\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, a marine biologist with California State University, \u003c/strong>writes, “Even though I am continuing to work, many of my collaborators (\u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.usgs.gov_&d=DwMFaQ&c=E2nBno7hEddFhl23N5nD1Q&r=xsHAhkZXy4VnIyVKWrbYEA&m=NY92TDSc8AyfcRwAqSmo-iR4SZ4b8ilzMT15jOJq2TU&s=i2HFJF-bNWuTGhsal1os8PCvyq0dAHgqsfwdClL8FTk&e=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">USGS\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.noaa.gov_&d=DwMFaQ&c=E2nBno7hEddFhl23N5nD1Q&r=xsHAhkZXy4VnIyVKWrbYEA&m=NY92TDSc8AyfcRwAqSmo-iR4SZ4b8ilzMT15jOJq2TU&s=jK8CaRolj7riqEo7-hd-CVop8JZ1kCPjGUcJ4v-4s9s&e=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NOAA\u003c/a>) are furloughed and projects we are working on together cannot move forward.” She says that means “project planning meetings are being delayed, as well as permit applications for upcoming work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stimpert studies bioacoustics — “acoustic behavior and effects of noise on marine species,” she explains — in waters off of California, Hawaii, Massachusetts, Alaska and Antarctica. She says that in some cases, the shutdown means she may have to reorganize some travel or wait to start a phase of research until collaborators can work. In other areas, it might have more serious implications: “We might miss an opportunity to deploy an instrument, which makes us miss collecting an entire season of data.” And Stimpert says that if she or her collaborators have future federal funding delays, it could mean that “I can’t purchase an instrument that I need, but might (and I am not alone in this) mean my other funding runs out and I can no longer fund my position, making me lose my benefits.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.chrv.at/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Christopher Horvat\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, a climate scientist at Brown University, \u003c/strong>tells NPR, “I’m a postdoc, and while I am in a lucky position to have a reasonably-paying fellowship, the loss of support sucks away my ability to continue research.” His funding comes from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration via a contractor, and NOAA is closed during the shutdown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Already, the high relative cost of travel for research my means I must float significant amounts of money relative to my salary on credit cards,” he says. “With the shutdown, reimbursements for research and travel expenditures are not being paid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Horvat researches the Arctic climate system –“aspects of its sea ice, ocean and ecology emerging as a result of the last century of rapid change, like massive under-ice phytoplankton blooms or rapid sea ice breakup events. I also do kayak-based field research in the high Arctic where we use drones to map changes to the sea ice in Arctic waterways.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says his employer has provided two options: “(1) be furloughed, or (2) have subsequent pay periods at half our typical rates, with the hope that at the conclusion of the shutdown we will get back pay accounting for the drop in pay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a contractor, in the case of a furlough I would not be paid for the time I did not work and so I would likely go on unemployment. I do not know how long option (2) will last, but I assume it is for at least the next few weeks before a forced furlough happens. While earning half rates seems like the best option, unemployment would pay a similar wage and have more certainty, while prolonging my appointment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dropcap]L[/dropcap]AS VEGAS — The drug industry’s\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/08/10/alzheimers-pipeline-clinical-trials/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> foundering search for an Alzheimer’s cure\u003c/a> is fueling a parallel quest by technology companies to help patients and family caregivers cope with the disease by using virtual reality software, robotics and novel communication tools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several companies engaged in the effort \u003ca href=\"https://digitalhealthsummit.com/Sessions/who-will-rescue-alzheimers-if-pharma-cant/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gathered here on Wednesday\u003c/a> to deliver a unified message: Waiting for pharma to deliver a miracle is a recipe for financial Armageddon, as the cost of treating Alzheimer’s is expected to quadruple, to more than $1 trillion in the U.S. by 2030, if no breakthrough treatments reach the market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The solution is not simply developing tools to manage patient symptoms, but to deliver better support to family caregivers who are collectively spending more than $500 billion annually to care for elderly relatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we do not support the role of family caregivers and value them in this process, there is nothing we can do to bend the cost curve beyond what we’re doing,” said Thomas Riley, chief executive of Seniorlink, which developed a digital communication platform to help coordinate care for Alzheimer’s patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technology firms are also selling digital products to help patients: A company called Dthera Sciences has built a therapy that uses music and images to help patients recover memories. The product analyzes facial expressions to monitor the emotional impact on patients and discover the sounds and visuals that provide the greatest relief. Earlier this year, Dthera received breakthrough device designation from the Food and Drug Administration, which provides an expedited pathway for the product’s approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another firm, Ageless Innovation, has developed robotic cats and dogs that help to treat the depression and social isolation that so often afflicts people with Alzheimer’s. Ted Fischer, the company’s CEO, said Wednesday that research conducted by Pace University showed the products resulted in better patient outcomes across several measures, including a reduction in hospitalizations. “And it produces joy and meaningful connections for these patients,” Fischer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pharmaceutical industry has racked up a long list of failures in recent years, with many drug candidates following a similar narrative. A promising treatment in early-stage research turns out to be a flop in late-stage trials, putting investors, patients, and caregivers on a roller coaster that always ends in disappointment and a return to the drawing board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fischer and other technology executives gathered here said their products are neither panaceas nor substitutes for a hoped-for pharmaceutical breakthrough that could reverse or prevent the symptoms of the disease. But they also urged public and private funders to step up investments in technology solutions that, in the short term, represent the best option for patients and families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carrie Shaw, chief executive of Embodied Labs, said the fear and stigma of Alzheimer’s has undermined the development of tools to help families, clinicians, and payers confront the disease in a meaningful way. “We’re afraid of it, so we’re not addressing it,” she said, adding that more investment is needed to diagnose the onset of the disease at an earlier stage, to ensure more effective treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her company developed a virtual reality program to educate caregivers about the disease and help them understand its impact on their relatives. The product immerses users in various scenarios Alzheimer’s patients and caregivers commonly face — from the loss of cognitive function, to changes in family relationships, to caregiver burnout.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We not only go inside their lives, but inside their bodies, so they actually know what it’s like to have this disease,” Shaw said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Effective training and education for caregivers is especially important as the population ages, dramatically increasing the need for Alzheimer’s treatment as government investment in nursing home beds continues to decline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Riley, the CEO of Seniorlink, said that means care will be increasingly delivered in home settings, where technology can help facilitate access to timely information and care. Seniorlink’s communication platform, called Vela, is a digital messaging service that can be used by all the family members, clinicians, and service providers involved in a patient’s care. Similar to workplace platforms like Slack, it lets the parties communicate in real time to address emergent problems and share information about changes in a patient’s condition and level of need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Riley said the company is using analytics to help recognize patterns in patients’ symptoms, in an effort to flag optimal interventions for caregivers. He cautioned, however, that such technology should be used only to augment human care — not replace it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Money always rushes to technology,” he said. “But what technology gives you is data that humans still have to act on. And to act on it, they have to be able to trust it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2019/01/10/alzheimers-tech-firms-solutions/\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another firm, Ageless Innovation, has developed robotic cats and dogs that help to treat the depression and social isolation that so often afflicts people with Alzheimer’s. Ted Fischer, the company’s CEO, said Wednesday that research conducted by Pace University showed the products resulted in better patient outcomes across several measures, including a reduction in hospitalizations. “And it produces joy and meaningful connections for these patients,” Fischer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pharmaceutical industry has racked up a long list of failures in recent years, with many drug candidates following a similar narrative. A promising treatment in early-stage research turns out to be a flop in late-stage trials, putting investors, patients, and caregivers on a roller coaster that always ends in disappointment and a return to the drawing board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fischer and other technology executives gathered here said their products are neither panaceas nor substitutes for a hoped-for pharmaceutical breakthrough that could reverse or prevent the symptoms of the disease. But they also urged public and private funders to step up investments in technology solutions that, in the short term, represent the best option for patients and families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carrie Shaw, chief executive of Embodied Labs, said the fear and stigma of Alzheimer’s has undermined the development of tools to help families, clinicians, and payers confront the disease in a meaningful way. “We’re afraid of it, so we’re not addressing it,” she said, adding that more investment is needed to diagnose the onset of the disease at an earlier stage, to ensure more effective treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her company developed a virtual reality program to educate caregivers about the disease and help them understand its impact on their relatives. The product immerses users in various scenarios Alzheimer’s patients and caregivers commonly face — from the loss of cognitive function, to changes in family relationships, to caregiver burnout.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We not only go inside their lives, but inside their bodies, so they actually know what it’s like to have this disease,” Shaw said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Effective training and education for caregivers is especially important as the population ages, dramatically increasing the need for Alzheimer’s treatment as government investment in nursing home beds continues to decline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Riley, the CEO of Seniorlink, said that means care will be increasingly delivered in home settings, where technology can help facilitate access to timely information and care. Seniorlink’s communication platform, called Vela, is a digital messaging service that can be used by all the family members, clinicians, and service providers involved in a patient’s care. Similar to workplace platforms like Slack, it lets the parties communicate in real time to address emergent problems and share information about changes in a patient’s condition and level of need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Riley said the company is using analytics to help recognize patterns in patients’ symptoms, in an effort to flag optimal interventions for caregivers. He cautioned, however, that such technology should be used only to augment human care — not replace it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Money always rushes to technology,” he said. “But what technology gives you is data that humans still have to act on. And to act on it, they have to be able to trust it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2019/01/10/alzheimers-tech-firms-solutions/\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "What a Blue Speck Found in Ancient Teeth Could Reveal About Female Artists in the Middle Ages",
"headTitle": "What a Blue Speck Found in Ancient Teeth Could Reveal About Female Artists in the Middle Ages | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Tiny bits of blue pigment found in the teeth of a medieval skeleton reveal that more than 850 years ago, this seemingly ordinary woman was very likely involved in the production of lavishly illustrated sacred texts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unexpected discovery, \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/1/eaau7126\">described\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>Science Advances,\u003c/em> astonished scientists who weren’t setting out to study female artists in the Middle Ages. It adds to a growing recognition that women, and not just monks, labored as the anonymous scribes who painstakingly copied manuscripts and decorated the pages to dazzle the eye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This particular woman lived in a small religious community at Dalheim, Germany. Little is known about life there, says \u003ca href=\"http://christinawarinner.com/about-us/christina-warinner/\">Christina Warinner\u003c/a> of the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History in Germany.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Basically all that remains are the stone foundations. A broken comb was found, but almost nothing else,” Warinner says. “There are no books that survived. There’s no art that survives. It’s known only from a handful of scraps of text that mention it in passing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and a colleague were examining the teeth of skeletons from this community’s cemetery to see what had been preserved in the dental calculus, or tartar. Tartar forms from sticky plaque that traps remnants of food, bacteria and even pollen and then hardens over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really an extraordinary material,” Warinner says. “It’s actually the only part of your body that fossilizes while you’re still alive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936652\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1936652\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/radini4hr-700e6788a93e5ef898448c2569c3ca8519910954-s1200-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/radini4hr-700e6788a93e5ef898448c2569c3ca8519910954-s1200-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/radini4hr-700e6788a93e5ef898448c2569c3ca8519910954-s1200-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/radini4hr-700e6788a93e5ef898448c2569c3ca8519910954-s1200-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/radini4hr-700e6788a93e5ef898448c2569c3ca8519910954-s1200-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/radini4hr-700e6788a93e5ef898448c2569c3ca8519910954-s1200-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/radini4hr-700e6788a93e5ef898448c2569c3ca8519910954-s1200-520x390.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/radini4hr-700e6788a93e5ef898448c2569c3ca8519910954-s1200.jpg 915w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During the European Middle Ages, Afghanistan was the only known source of the rare blue stone lapis lazuli. \u003ccite>(Christina Warinner/Science Advances)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Her colleague \u003ca href=\"https://www.york.ac.uk/archaeology/staff/research-staff/anita-radini/\">Anita Radini\u003c/a>, of the University of York in the United Kingdom, spotted something bright blue in the dental sample from this woman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was absolutely unbelievable. It almost looked like there were robins’ eggs on the microscope slide — they were such vibrant blue particles,” Warinner recalls. “I remember joking around at the time that maybe we discovered an artist painting with lapis lazuli.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea seemed absurd. After all, lapis lazuli was one of the most expensive pigments known in the Middle Ages. At the time, it came from just one source — a region of Afghanistan — and was used only by artists of exceptional skill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was rare,” Warinner says. “It’s really iconic. It’s kind of the blue that we associate with the Middles Ages that’s absent in Roman art.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers turned to technologies that could analyze the elemental composition of the microscopic particles as well as the mineral structure. “And ultimately we did find that it was indeed lapis lazuli, which was really, really surprising,” Warinner says. “Once it all came together that this was lapis lazuli, and this was a woman, and she was in this kind of small, remote place, really far away from where this lapis lazuli would have come from or been traded from, it was pretty extraordinary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936647\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 639px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1936647\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/lapis-1_enl-75cdb0a59fc72b4a25bd476677f69e61c92c3ead.jpe\" alt=\"\" width=\"639\" height=\"622\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/lapis-1_enl-75cdb0a59fc72b4a25bd476677f69e61c92c3ead.jpe 639w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/lapis-1_enl-75cdb0a59fc72b4a25bd476677f69e61c92c3ead-160x156.jpe 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/lapis-1_enl-75cdb0a59fc72b4a25bd476677f69e61c92c3ead-240x234.jpe 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/lapis-1_enl-75cdb0a59fc72b4a25bd476677f69e61c92c3ead-375x365.jpe 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/lapis-1_enl-75cdb0a59fc72b4a25bd476677f69e61c92c3ead-520x506.jpe 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/lapis-1_enl-75cdb0a59fc72b4a25bd476677f69e61c92c3ead-32x32.jpe 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/lapis-1_enl-75cdb0a59fc72b4a25bd476677f69e61c92c3ead-50x50.jpe 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This image shows Guda, a 12th century nun, and the inscription reads, “Guda, a sinful woman, wrote and painted this book.” It’s a rare example of a manuscript signed by a female scribe. \u003ccite>(Frankfurt University Library)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Warinner reached out to \u003ca href=\"https://history.osu.edu/people/beach.174\">Alison Beach\u003c/a>, a professor of medieval history at Ohio State University in Columbus. “I realized this is a really sensational find,” Beach says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s quite a bit of evidence of female contributions to book production. And it’s gotten more attention in the past 20 years,” Beach says. “But I still think that image of the monk as the producer of books is very central and very resilient.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of those books that were signed with the name of the scribe before the 12th century, less than 1 percent can be attributed to women, the researchers write in their report. But Beach says it’s just impossible to know how widespread women’s participation was, because many libraries of medieval books have been lost to history. What’s more, most of the surviving books from this period were produced by scribes who did not sign their work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m still trying to convince colleagues that they should immediately consider female book production or ownership or use when they encounter an anonymous manuscript in the Middles Ages,” Beach says. “Was ‘anonymous’ a man or a woman? We really just don’t know for most of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers considered various explanations for how the blue pigment ended up in the woman’s teeth. One possibility is that she wasn’t an artist but rather engaged in devotional kissing of a decorated text. “You’d have to be doing a lot of kissing of a book over a lot of time to get that much lapis lazuli pigment,” Beach says. “That one seemed, to me, to be the least plausible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another possibility was that the woman consumed the pigment as a kind of medicine. That also seems unlikely, given the lack of evidence that this was common in Germany in the 11th and 12th centuries. What’s more, the lapis lazuli residue was found more toward the front of the mouth than the back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I thought they made a nice case that because it is up near the lips, that it was most likely related to the notion of moistening the brush,” says \u003ca href=\"https://blair.vanderbilt.edu/bio/cynthia-cyrus\">Cynthia Cyrus\u003c/a> of Vanderbilt University, who has studied medieval scribes associated with women’s convents but was not part of the research team. “As you put the tip of the brush into your mouth to bring it to a point, a little bit of the pigment residue then makes its way into the dental structure. That would explain the differential between back of mouth and front of mouth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is true that simply grinding lapis lazuli can produce fine, airborne dust that ends up on the lips and in the saliva, the researchers found — because Radini tried it herself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, given the small size of this religious community — only around 15 people — it’s likely that this artist produced her own materials rather than making them for sale or for someone else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re going to be creating your own pigments and using your pigments,” Cyrus says. “This individual may, in fact, have been doing both of those activities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Cyrus’ view, this finding is extraordinary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a brand-new kind of evidence for scribal activity, and one that we haven’t been on the alert for,” she says. “We now know that evidence from teeth, and other skeletal remains, can really point towards what the daily life of a particular monastery was like. That will lead us to ask different questions when we’re doing excavations and combine different kinds of evidence to get a better understanding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org\">www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Blue+Clue+In+Medieval+Teeth+May+Bespeak+A+Woman%27s+Artistry+Circa+A.D.+1000+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Tiny bits of blue pigment found in the teeth of a medieval skeleton reveal that more than 850 years ago, this seemingly ordinary woman was very likely involved in the production of lavishly illustrated sacred texts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unexpected discovery, \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/1/eaau7126\">described\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>Science Advances,\u003c/em> astonished scientists who weren’t setting out to study female artists in the Middle Ages. It adds to a growing recognition that women, and not just monks, labored as the anonymous scribes who painstakingly copied manuscripts and decorated the pages to dazzle the eye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This particular woman lived in a small religious community at Dalheim, Germany. Little is known about life there, says \u003ca href=\"http://christinawarinner.com/about-us/christina-warinner/\">Christina Warinner\u003c/a> of the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History in Germany.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Basically all that remains are the stone foundations. A broken comb was found, but almost nothing else,” Warinner says. “There are no books that survived. There’s no art that survives. It’s known only from a handful of scraps of text that mention it in passing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and a colleague were examining the teeth of skeletons from this community’s cemetery to see what had been preserved in the dental calculus, or tartar. Tartar forms from sticky plaque that traps remnants of food, bacteria and even pollen and then hardens over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really an extraordinary material,” Warinner says. “It’s actually the only part of your body that fossilizes while you’re still alive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936652\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1936652\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/radini4hr-700e6788a93e5ef898448c2569c3ca8519910954-s1200-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/radini4hr-700e6788a93e5ef898448c2569c3ca8519910954-s1200-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/radini4hr-700e6788a93e5ef898448c2569c3ca8519910954-s1200-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/radini4hr-700e6788a93e5ef898448c2569c3ca8519910954-s1200-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/radini4hr-700e6788a93e5ef898448c2569c3ca8519910954-s1200-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/radini4hr-700e6788a93e5ef898448c2569c3ca8519910954-s1200-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/radini4hr-700e6788a93e5ef898448c2569c3ca8519910954-s1200-520x390.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/radini4hr-700e6788a93e5ef898448c2569c3ca8519910954-s1200.jpg 915w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During the European Middle Ages, Afghanistan was the only known source of the rare blue stone lapis lazuli. \u003ccite>(Christina Warinner/Science Advances)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Her colleague \u003ca href=\"https://www.york.ac.uk/archaeology/staff/research-staff/anita-radini/\">Anita Radini\u003c/a>, of the University of York in the United Kingdom, spotted something bright blue in the dental sample from this woman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was absolutely unbelievable. It almost looked like there were robins’ eggs on the microscope slide — they were such vibrant blue particles,” Warinner recalls. “I remember joking around at the time that maybe we discovered an artist painting with lapis lazuli.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea seemed absurd. After all, lapis lazuli was one of the most expensive pigments known in the Middle Ages. At the time, it came from just one source — a region of Afghanistan — and was used only by artists of exceptional skill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was rare,” Warinner says. “It’s really iconic. It’s kind of the blue that we associate with the Middles Ages that’s absent in Roman art.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers turned to technologies that could analyze the elemental composition of the microscopic particles as well as the mineral structure. “And ultimately we did find that it was indeed lapis lazuli, which was really, really surprising,” Warinner says. “Once it all came together that this was lapis lazuli, and this was a woman, and she was in this kind of small, remote place, really far away from where this lapis lazuli would have come from or been traded from, it was pretty extraordinary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936647\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 639px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1936647\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/lapis-1_enl-75cdb0a59fc72b4a25bd476677f69e61c92c3ead.jpe\" alt=\"\" width=\"639\" height=\"622\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/lapis-1_enl-75cdb0a59fc72b4a25bd476677f69e61c92c3ead.jpe 639w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/lapis-1_enl-75cdb0a59fc72b4a25bd476677f69e61c92c3ead-160x156.jpe 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/lapis-1_enl-75cdb0a59fc72b4a25bd476677f69e61c92c3ead-240x234.jpe 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/lapis-1_enl-75cdb0a59fc72b4a25bd476677f69e61c92c3ead-375x365.jpe 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/lapis-1_enl-75cdb0a59fc72b4a25bd476677f69e61c92c3ead-520x506.jpe 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/lapis-1_enl-75cdb0a59fc72b4a25bd476677f69e61c92c3ead-32x32.jpe 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/lapis-1_enl-75cdb0a59fc72b4a25bd476677f69e61c92c3ead-50x50.jpe 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This image shows Guda, a 12th century nun, and the inscription reads, “Guda, a sinful woman, wrote and painted this book.” It’s a rare example of a manuscript signed by a female scribe. \u003ccite>(Frankfurt University Library)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Warinner reached out to \u003ca href=\"https://history.osu.edu/people/beach.174\">Alison Beach\u003c/a>, a professor of medieval history at Ohio State University in Columbus. “I realized this is a really sensational find,” Beach says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s quite a bit of evidence of female contributions to book production. And it’s gotten more attention in the past 20 years,” Beach says. “But I still think that image of the monk as the producer of books is very central and very resilient.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of those books that were signed with the name of the scribe before the 12th century, less than 1 percent can be attributed to women, the researchers write in their report. But Beach says it’s just impossible to know how widespread women’s participation was, because many libraries of medieval books have been lost to history. What’s more, most of the surviving books from this period were produced by scribes who did not sign their work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m still trying to convince colleagues that they should immediately consider female book production or ownership or use when they encounter an anonymous manuscript in the Middles Ages,” Beach says. “Was ‘anonymous’ a man or a woman? We really just don’t know for most of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers considered various explanations for how the blue pigment ended up in the woman’s teeth. One possibility is that she wasn’t an artist but rather engaged in devotional kissing of a decorated text. “You’d have to be doing a lot of kissing of a book over a lot of time to get that much lapis lazuli pigment,” Beach says. “That one seemed, to me, to be the least plausible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another possibility was that the woman consumed the pigment as a kind of medicine. That also seems unlikely, given the lack of evidence that this was common in Germany in the 11th and 12th centuries. What’s more, the lapis lazuli residue was found more toward the front of the mouth than the back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I thought they made a nice case that because it is up near the lips, that it was most likely related to the notion of moistening the brush,” says \u003ca href=\"https://blair.vanderbilt.edu/bio/cynthia-cyrus\">Cynthia Cyrus\u003c/a> of Vanderbilt University, who has studied medieval scribes associated with women’s convents but was not part of the research team. “As you put the tip of the brush into your mouth to bring it to a point, a little bit of the pigment residue then makes its way into the dental structure. That would explain the differential between back of mouth and front of mouth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is true that simply grinding lapis lazuli can produce fine, airborne dust that ends up on the lips and in the saliva, the researchers found — because Radini tried it herself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, given the small size of this religious community — only around 15 people — it’s likely that this artist produced her own materials rather than making them for sale or for someone else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re going to be creating your own pigments and using your pigments,” Cyrus says. “This individual may, in fact, have been doing both of those activities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Cyrus’ view, this finding is extraordinary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a brand-new kind of evidence for scribal activity, and one that we haven’t been on the alert for,” she says. “We now know that evidence from teeth, and other skeletal remains, can really point towards what the daily life of a particular monastery was like. That will lead us to ask different questions when we’re doing excavations and combine different kinds of evidence to get a better understanding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org\">www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Blue+Clue+In+Medieval+Teeth+May+Bespeak+A+Woman%27s+Artistry+Circa+A.D.+1000+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Farming insects may be more sustainable than raising meat, but so far that hasn’t been quite enough to convince most Westerners to eat them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marketing them as delicious, exquisite delicacies, though? That might do the trick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The global demand for meat drives environmental decline, from forest depletion and soil erosion to increased water use and the release of greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Insect farming is easier on the environment, says Joost Van Itterbeeck, visiting scientist at Rikkyo University in Tokyo and co-author of the book \u003ca href=\"http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3253e/i3253e00.htm\">\u003cem>Edible Insects: Future Prospects for Food and Feed Security\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. And, he adds, “The nutritional benefits are very obvious in terms of proteins, minerals and vitamins.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as nice as that all sounds, Westerners are just plain disgusted by bugs on the dinner plate. And save-the-planet discussions don’t seem to be changing their minds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Current marketing tactics for eating insects tend to point out environmental and health benefits. But a \u003ca href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2018.00088/full\">new study\u003c/a> published in \u003cem>Frontiers in Nutrition\u003c/em> suggests it might be better to focus on taste and experience, such as highlighting how much dragonflies taste like soft-shelled crabs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hiding crickets in cookies\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This doesn’t come as a surprise to Kathy Rolin, who knows something about getting people to try edible insects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and her husband, James, originally started their business, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cowboycrickets.com/\">Cowboy Cricket Farms\u003c/a>, to sell whole frozen crickets to food manufacturers. After finding that more first-time bug eaters opt for cookies baked with cricket flour instead of a whole cricket, they decided to expand their business to sell Chocolate Chirp Cookies directly to consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Telling people to eat insects for the sake of the planet, the researchers argue, won’t convince a stomach that has already said ‘no.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>They found the Chocolate Chirps had better profit margins. “We mainly market the cookies, because who doesn’t like a chocolate cookie?” says Kathy Rolin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/05/27/410013224/bugs-its-not-whats-for-dinner-until-theyre-tastier-maybe\">calls to appeal to consumers’ tastes\u003c/a> before, but now there is evidence that appealing to the senses might actually work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study shows that a willingness to try edible insects — in this case, a chocolate-covered mealworm — depends on what advertisement a person reads before deciding whether to eat it. When the ad focused on taste and experience, rather than environmental or health claims, more people would try the worms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the study, 180 volunteers reviewed informational flyers on an edible insect start-up company. The wording differed only in one sentence: “Eating meat has never been so _______,” meat referring to the meaty part of the insect in this case. The sentence ended with either “good for the environment,” “good for the body,” “exotic” or “delicious.” The latter two were considered by the researchers as hedonic marketing that appealed to the senses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After reflecting on the ad, participants were then given the option to try a chocolate mealworm truffle, which contained whole and visible worms. Participants who read the hedonic marketing claims were more likely to try the truffle, which the researchers attributed to higher-quality expectations suggested by the advertisements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fighting disgust\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Promoting taste may convince more people to try insects because it veers our reaction away from disgust. “It’s not a rational response,” says Val Curtis, a professor at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine and author of the book \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Dont-Look-Touch-Eat-Revulsion-ebook/dp/B00EYZQWOK\">Don’t Look, Don’t Touch, the Science Behind Revulsion\u003c/a>\u003c/em>. “We have an innate response to things that might make us sick by feeling disgusted and, therefore, don’t want to consume them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Disgust can be easily generalized, and bugs on the dinner plate trigger the “ick” reaction because we associate them with the cockroach scurrying across the floor. The result? A ruined appetite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Telling people to eat insects for the sake of the planet, the researchers argue, won’t convince a stomach that has already said “no.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Saving the planet is not something we’ve evolved to do,” notes Curtis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, the researchers suggest that hedonic advertising is a better way to entice would-be diners to eat bugs, because it helps prevent the disgust response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The cockroach rises\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we can clear that hurdle, insects could potentially become as common as lobster — which was once referred to as the “cockroach of the sea” and fed to prisoners and servants. But when railways began to spread across America and lobster was served to unsuspecting travelers — who didn’t know that the crustaceans were considered “trash food” — the passengers took a liking to the taste, and lobster began to soar in popularity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A related story surrounds sushi, which didn’t start \u003ca href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07409710.2017.1420353\">gaining widespread acceptance\u003c/a> in the U.S. until the mid-’60s. When high-end restaurants started serving raw fish, it went from unpalatable to popular.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, both lobster and sushi are considered delicacies, a trend that was propelled by another effective form of advertising: status appeal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rolin thinks insects could follow the same trend. “We’ve noticed that there’s been quite a few celebrities that have endorsed the idea of [eating] insects.” Recently, actress Nicole Kidman revealed her “secret talent” of bug consumption in a \u003cem>Vanity Fair\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e3UqLAtdZ04\">video\u003c/a> by eating a four-course insect meal complete with fried grasshopper dessert, and singer Justin Timberlake served up bug dishes at a recent album release party.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marketing campaigns that focus on a favorable bug-eating \u003cem>experience\u003c/em>, perhaps by showing celebrities eating them, might be enough to distract people from the disgust response long enough to get them to try it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reframing the bug\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would say if you’re going to market insects, you take them as far away from anything slimy or crawling or creepy or too leggy,” says Curtis. “Meat is sold as a tasty product, and all pictures of animals have been taken off the packaging. I would say just do exactly the same with insects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way to do this is by changing the name of the dish. We’ve done this with other foods: We eat pork, not pig; and beef, not cow. When serving ant larvae, it may be better to use their alternative food name: escamoles, a delicacy served in Mexico City.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While taste and experience may prove to be a good way to promote eating insects, that shouldn’t discount environmental claims. Eco-friendly campaigns do get people to think more about food sustainability; they’re just \u003ca href=\"http://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/520272\">not quite enough\u003c/a> to get most people to put their money where their mouth is, so to speak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But by advertising escamoles in garlic sauce with cilantro and chipotle? It just might.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org\">www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Should+Hyping+Edible+Bugs+Focus+On+The+Experience+Instead+Of+The+Environment%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Berly McCoy is a freelance science writer living in Northwest Montana. Follow her on Twitter: \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/travlinscientst\">@travlinscientst\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Farming insects may be more sustainable than raising meat, but so far that hasn’t been quite enough to convince most Westerners to eat them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marketing them as delicious, exquisite delicacies, though? That might do the trick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The global demand for meat drives environmental decline, from forest depletion and soil erosion to increased water use and the release of greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Insect farming is easier on the environment, says Joost Van Itterbeeck, visiting scientist at Rikkyo University in Tokyo and co-author of the book \u003ca href=\"http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3253e/i3253e00.htm\">\u003cem>Edible Insects: Future Prospects for Food and Feed Security\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. And, he adds, “The nutritional benefits are very obvious in terms of proteins, minerals and vitamins.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as nice as that all sounds, Westerners are just plain disgusted by bugs on the dinner plate. And save-the-planet discussions don’t seem to be changing their minds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Current marketing tactics for eating insects tend to point out environmental and health benefits. But a \u003ca href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2018.00088/full\">new study\u003c/a> published in \u003cem>Frontiers in Nutrition\u003c/em> suggests it might be better to focus on taste and experience, such as highlighting how much dragonflies taste like soft-shelled crabs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hiding crickets in cookies\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This doesn’t come as a surprise to Kathy Rolin, who knows something about getting people to try edible insects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and her husband, James, originally started their business, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cowboycrickets.com/\">Cowboy Cricket Farms\u003c/a>, to sell whole frozen crickets to food manufacturers. After finding that more first-time bug eaters opt for cookies baked with cricket flour instead of a whole cricket, they decided to expand their business to sell Chocolate Chirp Cookies directly to consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Telling people to eat insects for the sake of the planet, the researchers argue, won’t convince a stomach that has already said ‘no.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>They found the Chocolate Chirps had better profit margins. “We mainly market the cookies, because who doesn’t like a chocolate cookie?” says Kathy Rolin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/05/27/410013224/bugs-its-not-whats-for-dinner-until-theyre-tastier-maybe\">calls to appeal to consumers’ tastes\u003c/a> before, but now there is evidence that appealing to the senses might actually work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study shows that a willingness to try edible insects — in this case, a chocolate-covered mealworm — depends on what advertisement a person reads before deciding whether to eat it. When the ad focused on taste and experience, rather than environmental or health claims, more people would try the worms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the study, 180 volunteers reviewed informational flyers on an edible insect start-up company. The wording differed only in one sentence: “Eating meat has never been so _______,” meat referring to the meaty part of the insect in this case. The sentence ended with either “good for the environment,” “good for the body,” “exotic” or “delicious.” The latter two were considered by the researchers as hedonic marketing that appealed to the senses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After reflecting on the ad, participants were then given the option to try a chocolate mealworm truffle, which contained whole and visible worms. Participants who read the hedonic marketing claims were more likely to try the truffle, which the researchers attributed to higher-quality expectations suggested by the advertisements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fighting disgust\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Promoting taste may convince more people to try insects because it veers our reaction away from disgust. “It’s not a rational response,” says Val Curtis, a professor at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine and author of the book \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Dont-Look-Touch-Eat-Revulsion-ebook/dp/B00EYZQWOK\">Don’t Look, Don’t Touch, the Science Behind Revulsion\u003c/a>\u003c/em>. “We have an innate response to things that might make us sick by feeling disgusted and, therefore, don’t want to consume them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Disgust can be easily generalized, and bugs on the dinner plate trigger the “ick” reaction because we associate them with the cockroach scurrying across the floor. The result? A ruined appetite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Telling people to eat insects for the sake of the planet, the researchers argue, won’t convince a stomach that has already said “no.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Saving the planet is not something we’ve evolved to do,” notes Curtis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, the researchers suggest that hedonic advertising is a better way to entice would-be diners to eat bugs, because it helps prevent the disgust response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The cockroach rises\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we can clear that hurdle, insects could potentially become as common as lobster — which was once referred to as the “cockroach of the sea” and fed to prisoners and servants. But when railways began to spread across America and lobster was served to unsuspecting travelers — who didn’t know that the crustaceans were considered “trash food” — the passengers took a liking to the taste, and lobster began to soar in popularity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A related story surrounds sushi, which didn’t start \u003ca href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07409710.2017.1420353\">gaining widespread acceptance\u003c/a> in the U.S. until the mid-’60s. When high-end restaurants started serving raw fish, it went from unpalatable to popular.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, both lobster and sushi are considered delicacies, a trend that was propelled by another effective form of advertising: status appeal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rolin thinks insects could follow the same trend. “We’ve noticed that there’s been quite a few celebrities that have endorsed the idea of [eating] insects.” Recently, actress Nicole Kidman revealed her “secret talent” of bug consumption in a \u003cem>Vanity Fair\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e3UqLAtdZ04\">video\u003c/a> by eating a four-course insect meal complete with fried grasshopper dessert, and singer Justin Timberlake served up bug dishes at a recent album release party.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marketing campaigns that focus on a favorable bug-eating \u003cem>experience\u003c/em>, perhaps by showing celebrities eating them, might be enough to distract people from the disgust response long enough to get them to try it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reframing the bug\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would say if you’re going to market insects, you take them as far away from anything slimy or crawling or creepy or too leggy,” says Curtis. “Meat is sold as a tasty product, and all pictures of animals have been taken off the packaging. I would say just do exactly the same with insects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way to do this is by changing the name of the dish. We’ve done this with other foods: We eat pork, not pig; and beef, not cow. When serving ant larvae, it may be better to use their alternative food name: escamoles, a delicacy served in Mexico City.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While taste and experience may prove to be a good way to promote eating insects, that shouldn’t discount environmental claims. Eco-friendly campaigns do get people to think more about food sustainability; they’re just \u003ca href=\"http://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/520272\">not quite enough\u003c/a> to get most people to put their money where their mouth is, so to speak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But by advertising escamoles in garlic sauce with cilantro and chipotle? It just might.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org\">www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Should+Hyping+Edible+Bugs+Focus+On+The+Experience+Instead+Of+The+Environment%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Berly McCoy is a freelance science writer living in Northwest Montana. Follow her on Twitter: \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/travlinscientst\">@travlinscientst\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>NEW YORK (AP) — The U.S. cancer death rate has hit a milestone: It’s been falling for at least 25 years, according to a new report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lower smoking rates are translating into fewer deaths. Advances in early detection and treatment also are having a positive impact, experts say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not all good news. Obesity-related cancer deaths are rising, and prostate cancer deaths are no longer dropping, said Rebecca Siegel, lead author of the American Cancer Society report published Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cancer also remains the nation’s No. 2 killer. The society predicts there will be more than 1.7 million new cancer cases, and more than 600,000 cancer deaths, in the U.S. this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a breakdown of the report:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Decline\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>There’s been a lot of bad news recently regarding U.S. death rates. In 2017, increases were seen in fatalities from seven of the 10 leading causes of death, according to recently released government data. But cancer has been something of a bright spot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nation’s cancer death rate was increasing until the early 1990s. It has been dropping since, falling 27 percent between 1991 and 2016, the Cancer Society reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lung cancer is the main reason. Among cancers, it has long killed the most people, especially men. But the lung cancer death rate dropped by nearly 50 percent among men since 1991. It was a delayed effect from a decline in smoking that began in the 1960s, Siegel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Prostate Cancer\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The report has some mixed news about prostate cancer, the second leading cause of cancer death in men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prostate cancer death rate fell by half over two decades, but experts have been wondering whether the trend changed after a 2011 decision by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force to stop recommending routine testing of men using the PSA blood test. That decision was prompted by concerns the test was leading to over-diagnosis and over-treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prostate cancer death rate flattened from 2013 to 2016. So while the PSA testing may have surfaced cases that didn’t actually need treatment, it may also have prevented some cancer deaths, the report suggests.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Obesity\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Of the most common types of cancer in the U.S., all the ones with increasing death rates are linked to obesity, including cancers of the pancreas and uterus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another is liver cancer. Liver cancer deaths have been increasing since the 1970s, and initially most of the increase was tied to hepatitis C infections spread among people who abuse drugs. But now obesity accounts for a third of liver cancer deaths, and is more of a factor than hepatitis, Siegel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nation’s growing obesity epidemic was first identified as a problem in the 1990s. It can take decades to see how a risk factor influences cancer rates, “so we may just be seeing the tip of the iceberg in terms of the effect of the obesity epidemic on cancer,” Siegel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Disparity\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>There’s been a decline in the historic racial gap in cancer death rates, but an economic gap is growing — especially when it comes to deaths that could be prevented by early screening and treatment, better eating and less smoking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early 1970s, colon cancer death rates in the poorest counties were 20 percent lower than those in affluent counties; now they’re 30 percent higher. Cervical cancer deaths are twice as high for women in poor counties now, compared with women in affluent counties. And lung and liver cancer death rates are 40 percent higher for men in poor counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Darrell Gray, deputy director of Ohio State University’s Center for Cancer Health Equity, called the findings “important but not surprising.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve known for some time that race is a surrogate” for other factors, like poverty and difficulty getting to — or paying for — doctor’s appointments, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Associated Press Health & Science Department receives \u003ca href=\"https://www.ap.org/press-releases/2018/ap-hhmi-expand-collaboration-to-bolster-health-science-coverage\">support\u003c/a> from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2019 \u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/b5589e095abb4a0e9022bcffe9ed38b3\">Associated Press\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NEW YORK (AP) — The U.S. cancer death rate has hit a milestone: It’s been falling for at least 25 years, according to a new report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lower smoking rates are translating into fewer deaths. Advances in early detection and treatment also are having a positive impact, experts say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not all good news. Obesity-related cancer deaths are rising, and prostate cancer deaths are no longer dropping, said Rebecca Siegel, lead author of the American Cancer Society report published Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cancer also remains the nation’s No. 2 killer. The society predicts there will be more than 1.7 million new cancer cases, and more than 600,000 cancer deaths, in the U.S. this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a breakdown of the report:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Decline\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>There’s been a lot of bad news recently regarding U.S. death rates. In 2017, increases were seen in fatalities from seven of the 10 leading causes of death, according to recently released government data. But cancer has been something of a bright spot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nation’s cancer death rate was increasing until the early 1990s. It has been dropping since, falling 27 percent between 1991 and 2016, the Cancer Society reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lung cancer is the main reason. Among cancers, it has long killed the most people, especially men. But the lung cancer death rate dropped by nearly 50 percent among men since 1991. It was a delayed effect from a decline in smoking that began in the 1960s, Siegel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Prostate Cancer\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The report has some mixed news about prostate cancer, the second leading cause of cancer death in men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prostate cancer death rate fell by half over two decades, but experts have been wondering whether the trend changed after a 2011 decision by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force to stop recommending routine testing of men using the PSA blood test. That decision was prompted by concerns the test was leading to over-diagnosis and over-treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prostate cancer death rate flattened from 2013 to 2016. So while the PSA testing may have surfaced cases that didn’t actually need treatment, it may also have prevented some cancer deaths, the report suggests.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Obesity\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Of the most common types of cancer in the U.S., all the ones with increasing death rates are linked to obesity, including cancers of the pancreas and uterus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another is liver cancer. Liver cancer deaths have been increasing since the 1970s, and initially most of the increase was tied to hepatitis C infections spread among people who abuse drugs. But now obesity accounts for a third of liver cancer deaths, and is more of a factor than hepatitis, Siegel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nation’s growing obesity epidemic was first identified as a problem in the 1990s. It can take decades to see how a risk factor influences cancer rates, “so we may just be seeing the tip of the iceberg in terms of the effect of the obesity epidemic on cancer,” Siegel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Disparity\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>There’s been a decline in the historic racial gap in cancer death rates, but an economic gap is growing — especially when it comes to deaths that could be prevented by early screening and treatment, better eating and less smoking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early 1970s, colon cancer death rates in the poorest counties were 20 percent lower than those in affluent counties; now they’re 30 percent higher. Cervical cancer deaths are twice as high for women in poor counties now, compared with women in affluent counties. And lung and liver cancer death rates are 40 percent higher for men in poor counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Darrell Gray, deputy director of Ohio State University’s Center for Cancer Health Equity, called the findings “important but not surprising.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve known for some time that race is a surrogate” for other factors, like poverty and difficulty getting to — or paying for — doctor’s appointments, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Associated Press Health & Science Department receives \u003ca href=\"https://www.ap.org/press-releases/2018/ap-hhmi-expand-collaboration-to-bolster-health-science-coverage\">support\u003c/a> from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2019 \u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/b5589e095abb4a0e9022bcffe9ed38b3\">Associated Press\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/bbc-world-service",
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"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
}
},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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}
},
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"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"order": 1
},
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"here-and-now": {
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"order": 15
},
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"order": 18
},
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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