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"content": "\u003cp>Attorneys representing a coalition of 364 advocacy organizations filed a legal \u003ca href=\"https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/campaigns/plastic-production/pdfs/19-12-3-NSPS-Petition.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">petition\u003c/a> with the Environmental Protection Agency Wednesday calling for new regulations on the U.S. plastic industry. The group says plastic manufacturing is polluting the air and worsening climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The petition calls for requirements on manufacturers to power their facilities with renewable energy and to improve air quality monitors, record keeping, and public access to information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Plastic production is polluting,” said petition author Lauren Packard. “It’s poisoning our communities. It’s littering our oceans, and it’s dangerous.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Packard, an attorney with the Center for Biological Diversity, rallied in support of the petition with other advocates Wednesday in front of the EPA’s regional office in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/JasonPfeifle/status/1201937352056168449?s=20\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The petition was co-signed by a coalition of major environmental groups, including the Sierra Club and Greenpeace, as well as public health, social justice, labor, faith and indigenous rights organizations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Margot Perez-Sullivan, a spokeswoman with the EPA’s Pacific Southwest regional office, said the agency received the petition and will meet with the group’s leadership.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We value input from all stakeholders,” Perz-Sullivan said in an emailed statement. “The petition calls for national rulemaking actions and has therefore been shared with the agency’s national leadership. EPA will review the petition and continue to work with stakeholders to address environmental and public health concerns.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Plastic and Climate Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coalition of groups that petitioned the EPA says natural gas production is booming and that the glut has contributed to an explosion in plastic production over the last two decades. In the U.S., natural gas is the leading source of raw material for plastic production, according to the U.S Energy Information Administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=34&t=6\">site\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American Chemical Council argues that abundant natural gas creates a competitive advantage for U.S. chemical manufacturing and leads to job growth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But advocates say they are concerned about both the release of benzene, formaldehyde, and other toxic air pollutants from the plastic-making facilities that use natural gas, as well as greenhouse gases released during the plastics manufacturing process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Packard says EPA should strictly regulate the industry to protect public health and to fight climate change. “This dirty industry spews greenhouse gases at every step, from leaky gas wells to the plastic pollution degrading in our oceans and landfills,” she said. “That has to stop.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re calling on EPA to update its outdated regulations that apply to plastics production facilities,” Packard said. “Plastics are a huge problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The petition was co-signed by a coalition of major environmental groups, including the Sierra Club and Greenpeace, as well as public health, social justice, labor, faith and indigenous rights organizations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Margot Perez-Sullivan, a spokeswoman with the EPA’s Pacific Southwest regional office, said the agency received the petition and will meet with the group’s leadership.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We value input from all stakeholders,” Perz-Sullivan said in an emailed statement. “The petition calls for national rulemaking actions and has therefore been shared with the agency’s national leadership. EPA will review the petition and continue to work with stakeholders to address environmental and public health concerns.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Plastic and Climate Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coalition of groups that petitioned the EPA says natural gas production is booming and that the glut has contributed to an explosion in plastic production over the last two decades. In the U.S., natural gas is the leading source of raw material for plastic production, according to the U.S Energy Information Administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=34&t=6\">site\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American Chemical Council argues that abundant natural gas creates a competitive advantage for U.S. chemical manufacturing and leads to job growth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But advocates say they are concerned about both the release of benzene, formaldehyde, and other toxic air pollutants from the plastic-making facilities that use natural gas, as well as greenhouse gases released during the plastics manufacturing process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Packard says EPA should strictly regulate the industry to protect public health and to fight climate change. “This dirty industry spews greenhouse gases at every step, from leaky gas wells to the plastic pollution degrading in our oceans and landfills,” she said. “That has to stop.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re calling on EPA to update its outdated regulations that apply to plastics production facilities,” Packard said. “Plastics are a huge problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-99 Component-p-0-2-92\">U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres said Sunday that the world’s efforts to stop climate change have been “utterly inadequate” so far and there is a danger global warming could pass the “point of no return.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-99 Component-p-0-2-92\">Speaking before the start Monday of a two-week \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://apnews.com/4a37cff987f846a6b0f3d6d17f147037\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">international climate conference\u003c/a> in Madrid, the U.N. chief said the impact of rising temperatures — including more extreme weather — is already being felt around the world, with dramatic consequences for humans and other species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-99 Component-p-0-2-92\">He noted that the world has the scientific knowledge and the technical means to limit global warming, but “what is lacking is political will.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-99 Component-p-0-2-92\">“The point of no return is no longer over the horizon,” Guterres told reporters in the Spanish capital. “It is in sight and hurtling toward us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-99 Component-p-0-2-92\">Delegates from almost 200 countries will try to put the finishing touches on the rules governing the 2015 Paris climate accord at the Dec. 2-13 meeting, including how to create functioning international emissions trading systems and compensate poor countries for losses they suffer from rising sea levels and other consequences of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-99 Component-p-0-2-92\">Guterres cited \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://apnews.com/e5687657f8544c30b42f0c8641a4f7db\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">mounting scientific evidence\u003c/a> for the impact that man-made emissions of greenhouse gases are already having on the planet, including record temperatures and melting polar ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-99 Component-p-0-2-92\">But he insisted that his message was “one of hope, not of despair. Our war against nature must stop and we know that that is possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-99 Component-p-0-2-92\">Countries agreed in Paris four years ago to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 Fahrenheit), ideally 1.5C (2.7F) by the end of the century compared with pre-industrial times. Already, average temperatures have increased by about 1C, leaving little room for the more ambitious target to be met.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-99 Component-p-0-2-92\">Guterres said growing demands from citizens, particularly \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://apnews.com/e83d6b502d1443ac9d2ce5af8464f29a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">young people\u003c/a>, have shown there is widespread desire for climate action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-99 Component-p-0-2-92\">“What is still lacking is political will,” he said. “Political will to put a price on carbon. Political will to stop subsidies on fossil fuels. Political will to stop building coal power plants from 2020 onwards. Political will to shift taxation from income to carbon. Taxing pollution instead of people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-99 Component-p-0-2-92\">Guterres noted that some 70 countries — many of them among the most vulnerable to climate change — have pledged to stop emitting more greenhouse gases by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-99 Component-p-0-2-92\">“But we also see clearly that the world’s largest emitters are not pulling their weight. And without them, our goal is unreachable,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-99 Component-p-0-2-92\">The U.N. chief said he hoped the meeting in Madrid would see governments make more ambitious pledges ahead of a deadline to do so next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-99 Component-p-0-2-92\">He also said that creating a worldwide market for emissions, which is a key element of the sixth article of the Paris accord, remained one of the most contentious issues for negotiators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-99 Component-p-0-2-92\">“We are here to find answers for article 6, not to find excuses,” Guterres said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-99 Component-p-0-2-92\">Guterres also announced that outgoing Bank of England governor Mark Carney will become his new special envoy on “climate action and climate finance” from next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-99 Component-p-0-2-92\">Organizers expect around 29,000 visitors, including some 50 heads of state and government for Monday’s opening, as well as scientists, seasoned negotiators and activists during the two-week meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-99 Component-p-0-2-92\">Some of the world’s largest carbon emitters — the United States, China and India — will be represented by ministers or lower-level officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-99 Component-p-0-2-92\">The U.S. administration of President Donald Trump, which has announced the intention to withdraw from the Paris agreement, is represented by Marcia Bernicat, Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi is leading a delegation of Democratic lawmakers to the talks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-99 Component-p-0-2-92\">More than 5,000 police officers are charged with keeping the summit safe, Spain’s Interior Ministry said Sunday. Although authorities have stepped-up border controls and cybersecurity measures, authorities have kept the country’s terror alert one level under the highest, where it has been ever since extremist attacks in Tunisia and France in mid-2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Follow AP’s climate coverage at \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://apnews.com/Climate\">https://www.apnews.com/Climate\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-99 Component-p-0-2-92\">Guterres cited \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://apnews.com/e5687657f8544c30b42f0c8641a4f7db\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">mounting scientific evidence\u003c/a> for the impact that man-made emissions of greenhouse gases are already having on the planet, including record temperatures and melting polar ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-99 Component-p-0-2-92\">But he insisted that his message was “one of hope, not of despair. Our war against nature must stop and we know that that is possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-99 Component-p-0-2-92\">Countries agreed in Paris four years ago to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 Fahrenheit), ideally 1.5C (2.7F) by the end of the century compared with pre-industrial times. Already, average temperatures have increased by about 1C, leaving little room for the more ambitious target to be met.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-99 Component-p-0-2-92\">Guterres said growing demands from citizens, particularly \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://apnews.com/e83d6b502d1443ac9d2ce5af8464f29a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">young people\u003c/a>, have shown there is widespread desire for climate action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-99 Component-p-0-2-92\">“What is still lacking is political will,” he said. “Political will to put a price on carbon. Political will to stop subsidies on fossil fuels. Political will to stop building coal power plants from 2020 onwards. Political will to shift taxation from income to carbon. Taxing pollution instead of people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-99 Component-p-0-2-92\">Guterres noted that some 70 countries — many of them among the most vulnerable to climate change — have pledged to stop emitting more greenhouse gases by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-99 Component-p-0-2-92\">“But we also see clearly that the world’s largest emitters are not pulling their weight. And without them, our goal is unreachable,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-99 Component-p-0-2-92\">The U.N. chief said he hoped the meeting in Madrid would see governments make more ambitious pledges ahead of a deadline to do so next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-99 Component-p-0-2-92\">He also said that creating a worldwide market for emissions, which is a key element of the sixth article of the Paris accord, remained one of the most contentious issues for negotiators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-99 Component-p-0-2-92\">“We are here to find answers for article 6, not to find excuses,” Guterres said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-99 Component-p-0-2-92\">Guterres also announced that outgoing Bank of England governor Mark Carney will become his new special envoy on “climate action and climate finance” from next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-99 Component-p-0-2-92\">Organizers expect around 29,000 visitors, including some 50 heads of state and government for Monday’s opening, as well as scientists, seasoned negotiators and activists during the two-week meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-99 Component-p-0-2-92\">Some of the world’s largest carbon emitters — the United States, China and India — will be represented by ministers or lower-level officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-99 Component-p-0-2-92\">The U.S. administration of President Donald Trump, which has announced the intention to withdraw from the Paris agreement, is represented by Marcia Bernicat, Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi is leading a delegation of Democratic lawmakers to the talks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-99 Component-p-0-2-92\">More than 5,000 police officers are charged with keeping the summit safe, Spain’s Interior Ministry said Sunday. Although authorities have stepped-up border controls and cybersecurity measures, authorities have kept the country’s terror alert one level under the highest, where it has been ever since extremist attacks in Tunisia and France in mid-2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Follow AP’s climate coverage at \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://apnews.com/Climate\">https://www.apnews.com/Climate\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Unlike most kids, Alex Bevans scrutinizes the ingredient list before he eats anything. In the candy aisle of a grocery store in Carson City, Nevada, the 14-year-old scowls as he reads the label on a bag of lollipops,\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“Get this,” Alex said. “It has Red 40, Red 3, Yellow 5, Blue 1, Blue 2, Yellow 5, and Yellow 6.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">His mom, Rebecca, reached for the bag then gave her assessment: “Yeah, that’s completely toxic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Each pigment affects Alex differently, Rebecca said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“So red … he can’t pay attention and he’s impulsive. Green makes him manic. Blue makes him grumpy and tired. Yellow is the worst. He’s explosive and it leads to suicidal ideation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Alex is not alone in these types of reactions, says Lisa Lefferts, a senior scientist for the Center for Science in the Public Interest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“We’ve been contacted by over 2,000 families reporting their experiences with food dyes,” she said. “The parents say that when their child is off of dyes they’re just lovely children. On dyes they’re like a completely different person.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1949742\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1949742\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Fooddyes_004-800x577.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"577\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Fooddyes_004-800x577.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Fooddyes_004-160x115.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Fooddyes_004-768x554.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Fooddyes_004-1020x736.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Fooddyes_004-1200x866.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Fooddyes_004.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Surprising foods containing chemical food coloring like microwave popcorn, cough medicine, peanut butter and beef jerky. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Moore/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cstrong>European Protections\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Lefferts is lobbying the Food and Drug Administration to follow Europe’s example on dyes: The E.U. requires manufacturers to add a warning label to foods with artificial coloring that says they “may have an adverse effect on activity and attention in children.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Most European companies avoid the label by switching to natural dyes like beet juice and Spirulina extract. A few American companies have followed suit. Kraft Macaroni and Cheese now uses turmeric and paprika to turn its noodles bright yellow. But substitutions like these aren’t widespread in the U.S, because natural dyes are more expensive and less stable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The FDA has approved nine colors for use in processed food and other products like sunscreen, cough syrup and pills. The synthetic additives are made from petroleum and are contained in at least 90% of candies, fruit-flavored snacks, and drink mixes\u003cspan class=\"s2\"> marketed to kids\u003c/span>. It’s also in \u003ca href=\"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0009922816651621\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">40% of all food products \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">designed for children. \u003c/span>The agency has determined there’s not enough evidence to support adding a warning label to these products, and in 2011, after reviewing 35 years of research, it declined to impose any new regulations on manufacturers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/food/food-additives-petitions/color-additives-questions-and-answers-consumers\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">FDA website\u003c/span>\u003c/a> currently says, “The totality of scientific evidence indicates that most children have no adverse effects when consuming foods containing color additives, but some evidence suggests that certain children may be sensitive to them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>Shaky or Sound Science?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joel Nigg, psychologist and researcher\u003cspan style=\"color: red;\"> \u003c/span>at Oregon Health and Science University, followed up on the FDA probe with a comprehensive \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4321798/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">review\u003c/a>, published in 2015, of all the human clinical trials related to synthetic color additives. The article concluded that restricting the chemicals for some kids with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder does have a notable effect, but he agrees that the evidence is on the weak side because it relies on dated, often small studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>“One can question whether [the underlying studies] are convincing,” Nigg said. “But they do show a causal effect if taken at face value.”\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>A 2007 human clinical trial known as the Southampton \u003ca href=\"http://www.cspinet.org/new/pdf/mccann.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study \u003c/a>is often highlighted in the debate. British researchers gave kids beverages with synthetic food coloring in opaque containers. Afterwards, observers noted an increase in child hyperactivity. This replicated a prior similar study. But skeptics have noted that not all the dyes were FDA approved. Plus the behavioral changes were not as noticeable for teachers and independent people as for parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"color: red;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: black;\">Nigg and colleagues estimate that 5-10% of kids with ADHD may be sensitive to synthetic food coloring. That’s tens of thousands of children who could be exposed to a preventable influence on their ADHD. \u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cstrong>Worst-Case Scenario\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">But for Rebecca, all the evidence she needed was right there in her son. She remembered the moment she began connecting Alex’s diet to strange behavior. He was in second grade and complained he couldn’t focus because his brain was buzzing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“It’s like if you played a decibel machine and you just kept turning the tone and the sound up,” Alex said. “It just got really ear-piercing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Then there were the meltdowns. Several times or more a day, small frustrations resulted in crying fits. “It was like I was trapped by myself and I couldn’t escape the feelings,” Alex said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Rebecca shuddered as she recounted an episode when Alex was seven. He was shredding his clothes and scratching himself on his bed. “He looked at me and said, ‘Please get me a knife. I want to kill myself. I don’t want to live like this anymore.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The family doctor had no clear answers for her, so Rebecca turned to the internet. She began cutting things out of Alex’s diet like dairy, gluten, eggs, sugar, corn syrup and preservatives. The family tried behavioral then cognitive behavioral therapy. Nothing worked. Finally, one night Rebecca stumbled across a teenager’s blog post about an extreme reaction to red food coloring. Rebecca wondered if that was why Alex struggled with erratic mood swings. She decided to cut dyes out of Alex’s diet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">At first, Alex crashed like a detoxing addict. He could hardly get out of bed, and his body was sore to the touch. But within days, both the suicidal thoughts and the tantrums disappeared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“It completely changed who I was,” he said. “I could finally focus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dramatic change inspired Rebecca to share her family’s story in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nQzOHAwCfXs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">TEDX talk\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bevans hoped Alex would grow out of his sensitivity, but seven years later he continues to experience negative reactions every time he accidentally eats something with chemical food coloring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>Back on the Table\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The American Academy of Pediatrics said in a 2018 \u003ca href=\"https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/142/2/e20181408\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">policy statement\u003c/a> that “artificial food colors may be associated with exacerbation of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> “The AAP has concerns about the limited safety testing available on chemicals intentionally and unintentionally added to foods, including food dyes,” said Dr. Leonardo Trasande, who co-wrote the statement. “There are safe and simple steps families can take to limit children’s exposure to these chemicals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Nigg says even though more robust research is needed, it’s clear that synthetic food coloring is not benign. The good news, he says, is that the behavioral shifts triggered by the chemicals appear to usually last less than a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“I think we’ll be surprised in the future that we were so laissez-faire about adding so many synthetic chemicals and thinking they wouldn’t do anything to children’s brains,” said Nigg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The issue is back on the table at the federal and state levels, too. Scientists at the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment are conducting a risk assessment to determine if artificial colors impact neurobehavioral or neurological processes. The agency\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>expects a conclusive report next summer. And, the\u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/advisory-committees/advisory-committee-calendar/october-7-2019-science-board-fda-meeting-announcement-10072019-10072019\"> \u003cspan class=\"s1\">FDA recently\u003c/span>\u003c/a> asked its science board to assess whether new studies warrant another literature review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Unlike most kids, Alex Bevans scrutinizes the ingredient list before he eats anything. In the candy aisle of a grocery store in Carson City, Nevada, the 14-year-old scowls as he reads the label on a bag of lollipops,\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“Get this,” Alex said. “It has Red 40, Red 3, Yellow 5, Blue 1, Blue 2, Yellow 5, and Yellow 6.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">His mom, Rebecca, reached for the bag then gave her assessment: “Yeah, that’s completely toxic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Each pigment affects Alex differently, Rebecca said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“So red … he can’t pay attention and he’s impulsive. Green makes him manic. Blue makes him grumpy and tired. Yellow is the worst. He’s explosive and it leads to suicidal ideation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Alex is not alone in these types of reactions, says Lisa Lefferts, a senior scientist for the Center for Science in the Public Interest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“We’ve been contacted by over 2,000 families reporting their experiences with food dyes,” she said. “The parents say that when their child is off of dyes they’re just lovely children. On dyes they’re like a completely different person.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1949742\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1949742\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Fooddyes_004-800x577.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"577\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Fooddyes_004-800x577.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Fooddyes_004-160x115.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Fooddyes_004-768x554.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Fooddyes_004-1020x736.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Fooddyes_004-1200x866.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Fooddyes_004.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Surprising foods containing chemical food coloring like microwave popcorn, cough medicine, peanut butter and beef jerky. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Moore/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cstrong>European Protections\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Lefferts is lobbying the Food and Drug Administration to follow Europe’s example on dyes: The E.U. requires manufacturers to add a warning label to foods with artificial coloring that says they “may have an adverse effect on activity and attention in children.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Most European companies avoid the label by switching to natural dyes like beet juice and Spirulina extract. A few American companies have followed suit. Kraft Macaroni and Cheese now uses turmeric and paprika to turn its noodles bright yellow. But substitutions like these aren’t widespread in the U.S, because natural dyes are more expensive and less stable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The FDA has approved nine colors for use in processed food and other products like sunscreen, cough syrup and pills. The synthetic additives are made from petroleum and are contained in at least 90% of candies, fruit-flavored snacks, and drink mixes\u003cspan class=\"s2\"> marketed to kids\u003c/span>. It’s also in \u003ca href=\"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0009922816651621\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">40% of all food products \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">designed for children. \u003c/span>The agency has determined there’s not enough evidence to support adding a warning label to these products, and in 2011, after reviewing 35 years of research, it declined to impose any new regulations on manufacturers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/food/food-additives-petitions/color-additives-questions-and-answers-consumers\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">FDA website\u003c/span>\u003c/a> currently says, “The totality of scientific evidence indicates that most children have no adverse effects when consuming foods containing color additives, but some evidence suggests that certain children may be sensitive to them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>Shaky or Sound Science?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joel Nigg, psychologist and researcher\u003cspan style=\"color: red;\"> \u003c/span>at Oregon Health and Science University, followed up on the FDA probe with a comprehensive \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4321798/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">review\u003c/a>, published in 2015, of all the human clinical trials related to synthetic color additives. The article concluded that restricting the chemicals for some kids with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder does have a notable effect, but he agrees that the evidence is on the weak side because it relies on dated, often small studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>“One can question whether [the underlying studies] are convincing,” Nigg said. “But they do show a causal effect if taken at face value.”\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>A 2007 human clinical trial known as the Southampton \u003ca href=\"http://www.cspinet.org/new/pdf/mccann.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study \u003c/a>is often highlighted in the debate. British researchers gave kids beverages with synthetic food coloring in opaque containers. Afterwards, observers noted an increase in child hyperactivity. This replicated a prior similar study. But skeptics have noted that not all the dyes were FDA approved. Plus the behavioral changes were not as noticeable for teachers and independent people as for parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"color: red;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: black;\">Nigg and colleagues estimate that 5-10% of kids with ADHD may be sensitive to synthetic food coloring. That’s tens of thousands of children who could be exposed to a preventable influence on their ADHD. \u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cstrong>Worst-Case Scenario\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">But for Rebecca, all the evidence she needed was right there in her son. She remembered the moment she began connecting Alex’s diet to strange behavior. He was in second grade and complained he couldn’t focus because his brain was buzzing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“It’s like if you played a decibel machine and you just kept turning the tone and the sound up,” Alex said. “It just got really ear-piercing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Then there were the meltdowns. Several times or more a day, small frustrations resulted in crying fits. “It was like I was trapped by myself and I couldn’t escape the feelings,” Alex said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Rebecca shuddered as she recounted an episode when Alex was seven. He was shredding his clothes and scratching himself on his bed. “He looked at me and said, ‘Please get me a knife. I want to kill myself. I don’t want to live like this anymore.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The family doctor had no clear answers for her, so Rebecca turned to the internet. She began cutting things out of Alex’s diet like dairy, gluten, eggs, sugar, corn syrup and preservatives. The family tried behavioral then cognitive behavioral therapy. Nothing worked. Finally, one night Rebecca stumbled across a teenager’s blog post about an extreme reaction to red food coloring. Rebecca wondered if that was why Alex struggled with erratic mood swings. She decided to cut dyes out of Alex’s diet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">At first, Alex crashed like a detoxing addict. He could hardly get out of bed, and his body was sore to the touch. But within days, both the suicidal thoughts and the tantrums disappeared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“It completely changed who I was,” he said. “I could finally focus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dramatic change inspired Rebecca to share her family’s story in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nQzOHAwCfXs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">TEDX talk\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bevans hoped Alex would grow out of his sensitivity, but seven years later he continues to experience negative reactions every time he accidentally eats something with chemical food coloring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>Back on the Table\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The American Academy of Pediatrics said in a 2018 \u003ca href=\"https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/142/2/e20181408\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">policy statement\u003c/a> that “artificial food colors may be associated with exacerbation of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> “The AAP has concerns about the limited safety testing available on chemicals intentionally and unintentionally added to foods, including food dyes,” said Dr. Leonardo Trasande, who co-wrote the statement. “There are safe and simple steps families can take to limit children’s exposure to these chemicals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Nigg says even though more robust research is needed, it’s clear that synthetic food coloring is not benign. The good news, he says, is that the behavioral shifts triggered by the chemicals appear to usually last less than a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“I think we’ll be surprised in the future that we were so laissez-faire about adding so many synthetic chemicals and thinking they wouldn’t do anything to children’s brains,” said Nigg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The issue is back on the table at the federal and state levels, too. Scientists at the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment are conducting a risk assessment to determine if artificial colors impact neurobehavioral or neurological processes. The agency\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>expects a conclusive report next summer. And, the\u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/advisory-committees/advisory-committee-calendar/october-7-2019-science-board-fda-meeting-announcement-10072019-10072019\"> \u003cspan class=\"s1\">FDA recently\u003c/span>\u003c/a> asked its science board to assess whether new studies warrant another literature review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Greenhouse gas emissions have steadily risen for the last decade despite the current and future threat posed by climate change, according to a new United Nations report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The annual report compares how clean the world’s economies are to how clean they need to be in order to avoid the most catastrophic effects of climate change — a disparity known as the “emissions gap.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, this year’s report describes more of a chasm than a gap. Global emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and other greenhouse gasses have continued to steadily increase over the last decade. In 2018, the report notes that global fossil fuel CO2 emissions from electricity generation and industry grew by a mammoth 2%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is no sign of [greenhouse gas] emissions peaking in the next few years,” the authors write. Every year that emissions continue to increase, “means that deeper and faster cuts will be required” in order to keep the Earth from warming more than \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/10/08/655360909/grim-forecast-from-u-n-on-global-climate-change\">1.5 to 2 degrees\u003c/a> Celsius above pre-industrial levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Earth is \u003ca href=\"https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2865/a-degree-of-concern-why-global-temperatures-matter/\">already\u003c/a> more than 1 degree warmer than it was before industrialization, and that is driving more frequent and severe storms, droughts, heat waves and other extreme weather. According to the \u003ca href=\"https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/chapter/1/\">2018 National Climate Assessment\u003c/a>, if global emissions fail to fall in the coming decade, it will slow economic growth and cause serious damage to infrastructure and property in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is urgent, but we can do it,” says Elliot Diringer of the Center for Climate and Energy Solutions, a climate policy think tank in Washington, D.C. The annual emissions gap report “heightens even further the public and political pressure on governments to do their utmost,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States is currently not on track to meet its greenhouse gas reduction commitments under the Paris Agreement, which the United States ratified and is technically still part of until its withdrawal takes effect in November 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. emissions have decreased in the last decade as appliances and vehicles get more efficient and the economy moves away from pollutant-heavy energy sources, such as coal. However, a strong economy paired with regulatory rollbacks have \u003ca href=\"https://rhg.com/research/preliminary-us-emissions-estimates-for-2018/\">pushed emissions\u003c/a> back up in recent years, slowing the country’s downward emissions trend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the new report, six other major economies are also lagging behind their commitments, including Canada, Japan, Australia and Brazil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, China’s greenhouse emissions have continued to grow, although they appear to be \u003ca href=\"https://newclimate.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Report-Global-Climate-Action-from-Cities-Regions-and-Businesses_2019.pdf\">on track to peak\u003c/a> before 2030, which is the target date that Beijing set for itself. The new U.N. report points out that per capita emissions in China are now “in the same range” as the European Union. China has also invested heavily in renewable energy such as solar and wind, and leads the world in \u003ca href=\"https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/02/these-countries-are-leading-the-charge-to-clean-energy/\">electric vehicle infrastructure\u003c/a>, although such investments have \u003ca href=\"https://e360.yale.edu/features/why-chinas-renewable-energy-transition-is-losing-momentum\">slowed\u003c/a> in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new report lays out recommendations for how the world’s top economies could cut emissions in the next decade. For example, countries could ban new coal-fired power plants, require all new vehicles to be CO2-free by 2030, expand mass transit and require all new buildings to be entirely electric.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report comes just a few weeks before world leaders meet in Madrid for the annual Conference of the Parties to the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change, where they will discuss whether to make bolder national promises to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the coming years. The report warns that countries must promise to reduce emissions three to five times more than they already have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Greenhouse+Gas+Emissions+Are+Still+Rising%2C+U.N.+Report+Says&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Greenhouse gas emissions have steadily risen for the last decade despite the current and future threat posed by climate change, according to a new United Nations report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The annual report compares how clean the world’s economies are to how clean they need to be in order to avoid the most catastrophic effects of climate change — a disparity known as the “emissions gap.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, this year’s report describes more of a chasm than a gap. Global emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and other greenhouse gasses have continued to steadily increase over the last decade. In 2018, the report notes that global fossil fuel CO2 emissions from electricity generation and industry grew by a mammoth 2%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is no sign of [greenhouse gas] emissions peaking in the next few years,” the authors write. Every year that emissions continue to increase, “means that deeper and faster cuts will be required” in order to keep the Earth from warming more than \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/10/08/655360909/grim-forecast-from-u-n-on-global-climate-change\">1.5 to 2 degrees\u003c/a> Celsius above pre-industrial levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Earth is \u003ca href=\"https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2865/a-degree-of-concern-why-global-temperatures-matter/\">already\u003c/a> more than 1 degree warmer than it was before industrialization, and that is driving more frequent and severe storms, droughts, heat waves and other extreme weather. According to the \u003ca href=\"https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/chapter/1/\">2018 National Climate Assessment\u003c/a>, if global emissions fail to fall in the coming decade, it will slow economic growth and cause serious damage to infrastructure and property in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is urgent, but we can do it,” says Elliot Diringer of the Center for Climate and Energy Solutions, a climate policy think tank in Washington, D.C. The annual emissions gap report “heightens even further the public and political pressure on governments to do their utmost,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States is currently not on track to meet its greenhouse gas reduction commitments under the Paris Agreement, which the United States ratified and is technically still part of until its withdrawal takes effect in November 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. emissions have decreased in the last decade as appliances and vehicles get more efficient and the economy moves away from pollutant-heavy energy sources, such as coal. However, a strong economy paired with regulatory rollbacks have \u003ca href=\"https://rhg.com/research/preliminary-us-emissions-estimates-for-2018/\">pushed emissions\u003c/a> back up in recent years, slowing the country’s downward emissions trend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the new report, six other major economies are also lagging behind their commitments, including Canada, Japan, Australia and Brazil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, China’s greenhouse emissions have continued to grow, although they appear to be \u003ca href=\"https://newclimate.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Report-Global-Climate-Action-from-Cities-Regions-and-Businesses_2019.pdf\">on track to peak\u003c/a> before 2030, which is the target date that Beijing set for itself. The new U.N. report points out that per capita emissions in China are now “in the same range” as the European Union. China has also invested heavily in renewable energy such as solar and wind, and leads the world in \u003ca href=\"https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/02/these-countries-are-leading-the-charge-to-clean-energy/\">electric vehicle infrastructure\u003c/a>, although such investments have \u003ca href=\"https://e360.yale.edu/features/why-chinas-renewable-energy-transition-is-losing-momentum\">slowed\u003c/a> in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new report lays out recommendations for how the world’s top economies could cut emissions in the next decade. For example, countries could ban new coal-fired power plants, require all new vehicles to be CO2-free by 2030, expand mass transit and require all new buildings to be entirely electric.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report comes just a few weeks before world leaders meet in Madrid for the annual Conference of the Parties to the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change, where they will discuss whether to make bolder national promises to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the coming years. The report warns that countries must promise to reduce emissions three to five times more than they already have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Greenhouse+Gas+Emissions+Are+Still+Rising%2C+U.N.+Report+Says&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=67&v=hjIRI4hbkmg&feature=emb_logo\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ci>\u003cem>In the InsideClimate News documentary project \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">American Climate\u003c/a>, reporter Neela Banerjee and videographer Anna Belle Peevey share the stories of people trying to rebuild lives splintered by three weather-related disasters. \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Explore the videos and essays here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/Neq_CwpkPvsGmMG7hVOy7A?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/pD-rCxklQwf1V61yTviMEq?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Four months after the Camp Fire incinerated his home and the entire nearby town of Paradise, California, Randy Larsen sat on the steps of his RV and struggled to process what he’d survived.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">He remembered seeing the smoke and fire in Paradise across the canyon and the traffic streaming down the Skyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I still hadn’t pieced it all together,” he said. “I mean, I think I realized that there was an evacuation from Paradise, but I didn’t assume it was on fire. I assumed it—I don’t know what I assumed that day. The idea that the town had burned up … was nowhere in my imagination.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">His inability to comprehend the disaster he’d endured—a wildfire that jumped the length of a football field each second—was echoed by survivors of Hurricane Michael, the first Category 5 storm to hit the Florida Panhandle, and some of the most destructive flooding to inundate the Midwest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the year-long documentary project \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">American Climate\u003c/a>, InsideClimate News reporter Neela Banerjee and videographer Anna Belle Peevey found shared experiences in the aftermath of extreme weather and climate-related disasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">In dozens of interviews, victims and survivors used a \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate/essay/loss\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">common language of loss\u003c/a>, describing their communities in terms normally reserved for war zones. \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate/essay/sounds\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Sounds evoked what they’d lost\u003c/a>—exploding propane tanks, beeping smoke detectors in piles of rubble, chainsaws cutting through downed trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Often, they drew strength from \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate/essay/animals\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the animals they cared for\u003c/a>. As emergency planners learned in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina in 2005, some Americans love their animals so much they’re willing to risk their lives for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">A country accustomed to taking in refugees from around the globe now found itself dealing with climate refugees made here in America. The sheer destructive force of \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate/essay/wildfire-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">wildfires\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate/essay/hurricane-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">hurricanes\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate/essay/floods-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">river flooding\u003c/a> had rattled assumptions about the limits of disaster as climate change has increasingly eroded people’s sense of security across the American landscape, the interviews showed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">Read the essays on the \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate/essay/loss\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Common Language of Loss\u003c/a>, the \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate/essay/sounds\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Sounds that Trigger Trauma\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate/essay/animals\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Bonds Between People and Animals\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">And there was a relentlessness to calamities: As reporters found victims of Hurricane Michael and the Camp Fire still in the throes of recovery in March, the devastating floods struck Nebraska, Iowa and Missouri.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">Some survivors acknowledged climate change as a influence in the disasters. Others didn’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Randy Larsen saw the Camp Fire, which killed 85 people in Butte County, as an obvious consequence of a warming planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I grew up in California,” he said. “We’ve never had wildfires in November. We can fix all the power lines that PG&E was perhaps negligent in dealing with, we can fix all of those things, but we’re still going to have this tinderbox of a forest. Unless we do something about climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=3&v=16BGKwjP2ms&feature=emb_logo\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Louis Byford, a farmer in Corning, Missouri, whose home fared only slightly better in the flooding than Larsen’s had in the fire, was having none of that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“There’s been changes taking place since God created earth,” he said. “We are simply kidding ourselves if we think we can control anything. It’s just part of God’s creation. The cycle. The come and go, the ebb and flow, whatever.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Still, Byford found himself haunted by the calculus of loss, struggling to rebuild a farmhouse his wife wouldn’t live in anymore. “Where does that leave me?” Byford asked. “I told you I’m a determined man. I’ll give this compassion and patience. I may be a bachelor living here. It’s a burden that I can’t get rid of, every day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Scientists point out that there is broad consensus that global warming will fuel more wildfires, floods and intense hurricanes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Research shows that climate change has made California hotter and drier and more prone to wildfires. Summertime average temperatures in the state have risen 3.2 degrees Fahrenheit since the late 1800s, nearly all of it over the last 50 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The northern Great Plains are expected to see more drought, intense rainfall and flooding as the planet warms. The 12-month period leading up to February 2019 was the fifth-wettest stretch of weather in Nebraska since 1895.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The oceans are now warmer than they have been in 125,000 years, providing more energy to fuel the destructive power of hurricanes like Michael.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Perched on the steps of his RV in Butte Creek Canyon, Larsen sees little reason for optimism over the long term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I wish I could say this is the new normal, but that would be profoundly optimistic if it stayed at being just this bad,” he said. “And I haven’t seen any research that suggests that it’s going to level off. The best research says maybe what? Two degrees (Celsius) increase by the turn of the century? That’s super optimistic. I think these are the good ol’ days, in terms of wildfire in California, and that’s a bit heartbreaking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ci>\u003cem>Explore the \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">American Climate\u003c/a> project.\u003c/em>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/hjIRI4hbkmg'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/hjIRI4hbkmg'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ci>\u003cem>In the InsideClimate News documentary project \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">American Climate\u003c/a>, reporter Neela Banerjee and videographer Anna Belle Peevey share the stories of people trying to rebuild lives splintered by three weather-related disasters. \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Explore the videos and essays here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/Neq_CwpkPvsGmMG7hVOy7A?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/pD-rCxklQwf1V61yTviMEq?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Four months after the Camp Fire incinerated his home and the entire nearby town of Paradise, California, Randy Larsen sat on the steps of his RV and struggled to process what he’d survived.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">He remembered seeing the smoke and fire in Paradise across the canyon and the traffic streaming down the Skyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I still hadn’t pieced it all together,” he said. “I mean, I think I realized that there was an evacuation from Paradise, but I didn’t assume it was on fire. I assumed it—I don’t know what I assumed that day. The idea that the town had burned up … was nowhere in my imagination.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">His inability to comprehend the disaster he’d endured—a wildfire that jumped the length of a football field each second—was echoed by survivors of Hurricane Michael, the first Category 5 storm to hit the Florida Panhandle, and some of the most destructive flooding to inundate the Midwest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the year-long documentary project \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">American Climate\u003c/a>, InsideClimate News reporter Neela Banerjee and videographer Anna Belle Peevey found shared experiences in the aftermath of extreme weather and climate-related disasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">In dozens of interviews, victims and survivors used a \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate/essay/loss\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">common language of loss\u003c/a>, describing their communities in terms normally reserved for war zones. \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate/essay/sounds\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Sounds evoked what they’d lost\u003c/a>—exploding propane tanks, beeping smoke detectors in piles of rubble, chainsaws cutting through downed trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Often, they drew strength from \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate/essay/animals\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the animals they cared for\u003c/a>. As emergency planners learned in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina in 2005, some Americans love their animals so much they’re willing to risk their lives for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">A country accustomed to taking in refugees from around the globe now found itself dealing with climate refugees made here in America. The sheer destructive force of \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate/essay/wildfire-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">wildfires\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate/essay/hurricane-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">hurricanes\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate/essay/floods-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">river flooding\u003c/a> had rattled assumptions about the limits of disaster as climate change has increasingly eroded people’s sense of security across the American landscape, the interviews showed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">Read the essays on the \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate/essay/loss\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Common Language of Loss\u003c/a>, the \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate/essay/sounds\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Sounds that Trigger Trauma\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate/essay/animals\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Bonds Between People and Animals\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">And there was a relentlessness to calamities: As reporters found victims of Hurricane Michael and the Camp Fire still in the throes of recovery in March, the devastating floods struck Nebraska, Iowa and Missouri.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">Some survivors acknowledged climate change as a influence in the disasters. Others didn’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Randy Larsen saw the Camp Fire, which killed 85 people in Butte County, as an obvious consequence of a warming planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I grew up in California,” he said. “We’ve never had wildfires in November. We can fix all the power lines that PG&E was perhaps negligent in dealing with, we can fix all of those things, but we’re still going to have this tinderbox of a forest. Unless we do something about climate change.”\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/16BGKwjP2ms'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/16BGKwjP2ms'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Louis Byford, a farmer in Corning, Missouri, whose home fared only slightly better in the flooding than Larsen’s had in the fire, was having none of that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“There’s been changes taking place since God created earth,” he said. “We are simply kidding ourselves if we think we can control anything. It’s just part of God’s creation. The cycle. The come and go, the ebb and flow, whatever.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Still, Byford found himself haunted by the calculus of loss, struggling to rebuild a farmhouse his wife wouldn’t live in anymore. “Where does that leave me?” Byford asked. “I told you I’m a determined man. I’ll give this compassion and patience. I may be a bachelor living here. It’s a burden that I can’t get rid of, every day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Scientists point out that there is broad consensus that global warming will fuel more wildfires, floods and intense hurricanes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Research shows that climate change has made California hotter and drier and more prone to wildfires. Summertime average temperatures in the state have risen 3.2 degrees Fahrenheit since the late 1800s, nearly all of it over the last 50 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The northern Great Plains are expected to see more drought, intense rainfall and flooding as the planet warms. The 12-month period leading up to February 2019 was the fifth-wettest stretch of weather in Nebraska since 1895.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The oceans are now warmer than they have been in 125,000 years, providing more energy to fuel the destructive power of hurricanes like Michael.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Perched on the steps of his RV in Butte Creek Canyon, Larsen sees little reason for optimism over the long term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I wish I could say this is the new normal, but that would be profoundly optimistic if it stayed at being just this bad,” he said. “And I haven’t seen any research that suggests that it’s going to level off. The best research says maybe what? Two degrees (Celsius) increase by the turn of the century? That’s super optimistic. I think these are the good ol’ days, in terms of wildfire in California, and that’s a bit heartbreaking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ci>\u003cem>Explore the \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">American Climate\u003c/a> project.\u003c/em>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Video: Step Aside Julia Child. For the Perfect Thanksgiving Turkey, Turn to Science",
"headTitle": "Video: Step Aside Julia Child. For the Perfect Thanksgiving Turkey, Turn to Science | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/7v-bshg-yOI\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only thing worse than watching your Thanksgiving dinner devolve into a heated political debate is a dry, tasteless turkey. But it doesn’t have to be this way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re looking to keep your in-laws happy, fed, and hopefully, away from politics, take a trip back to high school chemistry. Using everyday ingredients from your pantry, you can create a wondrous series of chemical reactions that will tenderize, season and crisp your bird.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s how you can use science to transform a pinkish hunk of poultry into your Thanksgiving’s pièce de résistance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>All About the Brine\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Your turkey prep should start two days before the main event — with brining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brines are critical for flavor infusion. They are a mixture of salt, seasonings and sometimes liquids — such as water, soy sauce or apple cider vinegar — that submerge or coat the turkey, slowly saturating foods with salty goodness over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For crispy skin and savory notes, skip the liquid — which The New York Times recently pronounced \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/12/dining/the-rise-and-fall-of-turkey-brining.html\">out of style\u003c/a> — and work with a dry brine. The salt in dry brines causes a series of delectable reactions, the quickest being osmosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Osmosis occurs when water molecules in a less salty environment move across a semipermeable membrane — in this case, turkey skin — toward a saltier environment (outside of the bird). This process continues until the ratio of salt to water is equally balanced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first, osmosis wicks out water from cells, forming those droplets of moisture that you see on freshly salted meat. Though it may appear that your meat is losing vital liquid, just wait a couple hours. That’s when diffusion kicks in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Diffusion is a slower process, in which salt evenly distributes itself in an environment to create balance. It takes a good chunk of time; salt permeates into meat tissue at a rate of just one millimeter — or about the width of a dime — per hour. After the first few hours, it travels even more slowly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Samin Nosrat, author of “\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Salt-Fat-Acid-Heat-Mastering/dp/1476753830\">Salt, Fat, Acid, Heat\u003c/a>,” points out that as salt pushes into the turkey, it loosens coiled strands of proteins and causes the muscles to swell, pulling surface liquids back in. This prevents proteins from clumping up and squeezing out water molecules. As a result, the proteins get a better grip on moisture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the meat retains more liquid in the oven, the turkey will come out juicy and tender. This extra moisture also gives nervous chefs a larger margin of error for overcooking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to measuring salt for your dry brine, you’ll need some simple math. The volume of salt crystals can vary depending on grain size; one cup of smaller-grained table salt could hold more salt crystals than a cup of larger-grained sea salt. Your best bet is to go by weight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a chef, I would never use volumetric measurements because they’re too unreliable,” said food chemist Chris Young, founder of ChefSteps and coauthor of Modernist Cuisine. You can measure the same salt in the same measuring cup several times, and you’ll find its weight differs by about 5 or 10 percent each time based on how you pack the cup, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, take a kitchen scale and calculate 1.5 percent of your turkey’s weight in salt. Letting your dry-brined turkey mellow in the fridge for the next 24 to 48 hours will transform a tough bird into a scrumptious, tender delight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If your kitchen doesn’t have a weighing device, here’s a nifty trick: Young recommends heavily coating your turkey in salt, letting it sit for an hour and then rinsing off the excess before adding seasonings and refrigerating. The turkey won’t be too salty, because it won’t be exposed to the salt long enough to cure the meat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Best Roast\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Say you want more than juiciness. You’re looking for crackling skin, bursting with rich, savory flavors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Try amping up the Maillard reaction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whenever you happily munch on the deep brown crust of a hunk of bread or delight in a juicy steak, you’re indulging in a symphony of flavors created by the Maillard reaction, otherwise known as “nonenzymatic browning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the Maillard reaction, amino acids — the building blocks of proteins — and sugars in the meat break down with time and temperature. They recombine into thousands of new flavor compounds in what chef and author J. Kenji López-Alt calls a “\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Food-Lab-Cooking-Through-Science/dp/0393081087/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1541773777&sr=8-1&keywords=the+food+lab\">cascade of chemical reactions.\u003c/a>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These new compounds are responsible for the enticing aromas and fragrant flavors that emerge after roasting, baking, frying and searing foods. And this reaction really packs a punch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The amazing thing is some of these compounds are formed in infinitesimal amounts, and yet we can still smell it,” Young said. “You put a single droplet of a particular roast flavor of meat into an Olympic sized swimming pool, the water would taste beefy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists still struggle to understand the complex mechanisms behind the Maillard reaction. They know the reaction creates compounds like nutty and sweet chemicals called furans and savory chemicals called thiophenes, but they have been unable to nail down how long it takes or which temperature is ideal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reaction kicks into gear at temperatures above 220 degrees Fahrenheit, the point at which water starts boiling off, leaving behind higher concentrations of proteins and sugars. However, if temperatures exceed 340 degrees for long periods of time, food can undergo pyrolysis — a type of heat-induced decomposition.That creates bitter flavors even before the exterior looks burned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We roast Thanksgiving turkeys at a high temperature over a relatively quick time span to maximize the Maillard reaction. We don’t boil our Thanksgiving turkeys, for example, because we want water to evaporate, leaving a high concentration of sugars and proteins to react. A method like boiling also means that the turkey’s skin wouldn’t dehydrate in the oven, and it would never get crispy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At some point during the cooking process, acidic byproducts interfere with the Maillard reaction, causing it to slow down. Luckily, food chemists like Young and López-Alt have found a nifty trick to overcome this hurdle: baking soda. Baking soda works by increasing the pH level of a batter, mixture or surface to neutralize the acidic by-products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As food chemist Matt Hartings explained, every amino acid has a side chain made of nitrogen attached to hydrogen ions. As you increase the pH level, one hydrogen ion detaches from the side chain, removing the positive charge. The uncharged nitrogens are now more likely to go through the Maillard reaction, speeding up reaction rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To bring this reaction to your Thanksgiving masterpiece, dissolve a small amount of baking soda into water and lightly brush it onto the surface of your turkey just before putting it into the oven.. Young recommends using about 1 percent of your turkey’s weight in baking soda.. You can also add some baking powder to your dry brine — although it’s not alkaline enough to significantly raise the pH like baking soda will, its leavening properties will form tiny bubbles in the skin, which will also crisp up nicely in the oven.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Food Chemistry!\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re still skeptical about using dry brines with baking soda (or baking powder), you can experiment with caramelizing onions. Simply divide the cooking onions into two separate piles and add a pinch of salt and baking soda to one half. After a few minutes, the onions with salt and soda should be sweeter and browner than the other half.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/7v-bshg-yOI\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only thing worse than watching your Thanksgiving dinner devolve into a heated political debate is a dry, tasteless turkey. But it doesn’t have to be this way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re looking to keep your in-laws happy, fed, and hopefully, away from politics, take a trip back to high school chemistry. Using everyday ingredients from your pantry, you can create a wondrous series of chemical reactions that will tenderize, season and crisp your bird.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s how you can use science to transform a pinkish hunk of poultry into your Thanksgiving’s pièce de résistance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>All About the Brine\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Your turkey prep should start two days before the main event — with brining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brines are critical for flavor infusion. They are a mixture of salt, seasonings and sometimes liquids — such as water, soy sauce or apple cider vinegar — that submerge or coat the turkey, slowly saturating foods with salty goodness over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For crispy skin and savory notes, skip the liquid — which The New York Times recently pronounced \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/12/dining/the-rise-and-fall-of-turkey-brining.html\">out of style\u003c/a> — and work with a dry brine. The salt in dry brines causes a series of delectable reactions, the quickest being osmosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Osmosis occurs when water molecules in a less salty environment move across a semipermeable membrane — in this case, turkey skin — toward a saltier environment (outside of the bird). This process continues until the ratio of salt to water is equally balanced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first, osmosis wicks out water from cells, forming those droplets of moisture that you see on freshly salted meat. Though it may appear that your meat is losing vital liquid, just wait a couple hours. That’s when diffusion kicks in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Diffusion is a slower process, in which salt evenly distributes itself in an environment to create balance. It takes a good chunk of time; salt permeates into meat tissue at a rate of just one millimeter — or about the width of a dime — per hour. After the first few hours, it travels even more slowly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Samin Nosrat, author of “\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Salt-Fat-Acid-Heat-Mastering/dp/1476753830\">Salt, Fat, Acid, Heat\u003c/a>,” points out that as salt pushes into the turkey, it loosens coiled strands of proteins and causes the muscles to swell, pulling surface liquids back in. This prevents proteins from clumping up and squeezing out water molecules. As a result, the proteins get a better grip on moisture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the meat retains more liquid in the oven, the turkey will come out juicy and tender. This extra moisture also gives nervous chefs a larger margin of error for overcooking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to measuring salt for your dry brine, you’ll need some simple math. The volume of salt crystals can vary depending on grain size; one cup of smaller-grained table salt could hold more salt crystals than a cup of larger-grained sea salt. Your best bet is to go by weight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a chef, I would never use volumetric measurements because they’re too unreliable,” said food chemist Chris Young, founder of ChefSteps and coauthor of Modernist Cuisine. You can measure the same salt in the same measuring cup several times, and you’ll find its weight differs by about 5 or 10 percent each time based on how you pack the cup, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, take a kitchen scale and calculate 1.5 percent of your turkey’s weight in salt. Letting your dry-brined turkey mellow in the fridge for the next 24 to 48 hours will transform a tough bird into a scrumptious, tender delight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If your kitchen doesn’t have a weighing device, here’s a nifty trick: Young recommends heavily coating your turkey in salt, letting it sit for an hour and then rinsing off the excess before adding seasonings and refrigerating. The turkey won’t be too salty, because it won’t be exposed to the salt long enough to cure the meat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Best Roast\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Say you want more than juiciness. You’re looking for crackling skin, bursting with rich, savory flavors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Try amping up the Maillard reaction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whenever you happily munch on the deep brown crust of a hunk of bread or delight in a juicy steak, you’re indulging in a symphony of flavors created by the Maillard reaction, otherwise known as “nonenzymatic browning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the Maillard reaction, amino acids — the building blocks of proteins — and sugars in the meat break down with time and temperature. They recombine into thousands of new flavor compounds in what chef and author J. Kenji López-Alt calls a “\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Food-Lab-Cooking-Through-Science/dp/0393081087/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1541773777&sr=8-1&keywords=the+food+lab\">cascade of chemical reactions.\u003c/a>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These new compounds are responsible for the enticing aromas and fragrant flavors that emerge after roasting, baking, frying and searing foods. And this reaction really packs a punch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The amazing thing is some of these compounds are formed in infinitesimal amounts, and yet we can still smell it,” Young said. “You put a single droplet of a particular roast flavor of meat into an Olympic sized swimming pool, the water would taste beefy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists still struggle to understand the complex mechanisms behind the Maillard reaction. They know the reaction creates compounds like nutty and sweet chemicals called furans and savory chemicals called thiophenes, but they have been unable to nail down how long it takes or which temperature is ideal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reaction kicks into gear at temperatures above 220 degrees Fahrenheit, the point at which water starts boiling off, leaving behind higher concentrations of proteins and sugars. However, if temperatures exceed 340 degrees for long periods of time, food can undergo pyrolysis — a type of heat-induced decomposition.That creates bitter flavors even before the exterior looks burned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We roast Thanksgiving turkeys at a high temperature over a relatively quick time span to maximize the Maillard reaction. We don’t boil our Thanksgiving turkeys, for example, because we want water to evaporate, leaving a high concentration of sugars and proteins to react. A method like boiling also means that the turkey’s skin wouldn’t dehydrate in the oven, and it would never get crispy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At some point during the cooking process, acidic byproducts interfere with the Maillard reaction, causing it to slow down. Luckily, food chemists like Young and López-Alt have found a nifty trick to overcome this hurdle: baking soda. Baking soda works by increasing the pH level of a batter, mixture or surface to neutralize the acidic by-products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As food chemist Matt Hartings explained, every amino acid has a side chain made of nitrogen attached to hydrogen ions. As you increase the pH level, one hydrogen ion detaches from the side chain, removing the positive charge. The uncharged nitrogens are now more likely to go through the Maillard reaction, speeding up reaction rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To bring this reaction to your Thanksgiving masterpiece, dissolve a small amount of baking soda into water and lightly brush it onto the surface of your turkey just before putting it into the oven.. Young recommends using about 1 percent of your turkey’s weight in baking soda.. You can also add some baking powder to your dry brine — although it’s not alkaline enough to significantly raise the pH like baking soda will, its leavening properties will form tiny bubbles in the skin, which will also crisp up nicely in the oven.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Food Chemistry!\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re still skeptical about using dry brines with baking soda (or baking powder), you can experiment with caramelizing onions. Simply divide the cooking onions into two separate piles and add a pinch of salt and baking soda to one half. After a few minutes, the onions with salt and soda should be sweeter and browner than the other half.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>If you were hoping for a locally caught Dungeness crab dinner this Thanksgiving, you may have to wait — or catch it yourself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Late Wednesday, hours before some boats in the commercial fleet were set to head out to drop crab pots, the California Department of Fish and Wildlife announced a \u003ca href=\"https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=175182&inline\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">preliminary decision\u003c/a> to delay the season a second time this year, till mid-December. Allowing boats to go out before then could endanger humpback whales now migrating through prime crabbing waters between Half Moon Bay and Point Reyes, the department ruled. The season had already been delayed a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some port associations and commercial fleets, notably in Bodega Bay, San Francisco and Half Moon Bay, had requested the delay to avoid the chance of entangling whales in fishing gear. The department’s decision to postpone the season cited aerial and boat surveys this week that documented both whales in the fishing ground as well as concentrations of fish known to attract them. Surveys from the air in October showed “particularly high concentrations” of whales off the central coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fish and Wildlife Director Charlton Bonham requested feedback on the preliminary decision by late Friday afternoon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The backdrop for the delay is a 2017 Center for Biological Diversity \u003ca href=\"https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/campaigns/fisheries/pdfs/17-10-3_CA_Dungeness_Crab_Entanglement_Complaint.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">lawsuit\u003c/a> against the state for insufficient regulation of commercial crabbing fleets. That year, more than 70 whales became entangled in fishing gear. The settlement, which was \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11735659/california-dungeness-crab-fishery-to-close-three-months-early-to-protect-whales\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reached \u003c/a>in March, allows for more regulations and a potential end to the entire season if endangered whales become entangled. That’s a risk the fishing industry is eager to avoid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crab from Washington state should be available at local markets for Thanksgiving. The recreational crab season \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11784637/commercial-crab-fishing-season-tentatively-delayed-recreational-warning-issued\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">opened\u003c/a> Nov. 2.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you were hoping for a locally caught Dungeness crab dinner this Thanksgiving, you may have to wait — or catch it yourself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Late Wednesday, hours before some boats in the commercial fleet were set to head out to drop crab pots, the California Department of Fish and Wildlife announced a \u003ca href=\"https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=175182&inline\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">preliminary decision\u003c/a> to delay the season a second time this year, till mid-December. Allowing boats to go out before then could endanger humpback whales now migrating through prime crabbing waters between Half Moon Bay and Point Reyes, the department ruled. The season had already been delayed a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some port associations and commercial fleets, notably in Bodega Bay, San Francisco and Half Moon Bay, had requested the delay to avoid the chance of entangling whales in fishing gear. The department’s decision to postpone the season cited aerial and boat surveys this week that documented both whales in the fishing ground as well as concentrations of fish known to attract them. Surveys from the air in October showed “particularly high concentrations” of whales off the central coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fish and Wildlife Director Charlton Bonham requested feedback on the preliminary decision by late Friday afternoon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The backdrop for the delay is a 2017 Center for Biological Diversity \u003ca href=\"https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/campaigns/fisheries/pdfs/17-10-3_CA_Dungeness_Crab_Entanglement_Complaint.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">lawsuit\u003c/a> against the state for insufficient regulation of commercial crabbing fleets. That year, more than 70 whales became entangled in fishing gear. The settlement, which was \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11735659/california-dungeness-crab-fishery-to-close-three-months-early-to-protect-whales\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reached \u003c/a>in March, allows for more regulations and a potential end to the entire season if endangered whales become entangled. That’s a risk the fishing industry is eager to avoid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crab from Washington state should be available at local markets for Thanksgiving. The recreational crab season \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11784637/commercial-crab-fishing-season-tentatively-delayed-recreational-warning-issued\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">opened\u003c/a> Nov. 2.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "NASA Hopes to Find Direct Evidence of Past Life on Mars With 2021 Landing",
"headTitle": "NASA Hopes to Find Direct Evidence of Past Life on Mars With 2021 Landing | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>For the first time in over 40 years, NASA plans to search for Martians — not living ones but the very long dead remains of life forms that may have thrived on a watery planet 3.5 billion years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote]If the ancient shoreline of a now-dry lake bed harbors the fossilized remains of Martian life, then the long-anticipated moment when life beyond Earth is discovered may be only a few years away. Imagine that…[/pullquote]Call it a fossil hunt. \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7539\">NASA plans to send\u003c/a> its soon-to-launch Mars 2020 rover to a spot researchers hope will yield direct evidence of past life there. It may turn up in the form of mineral residues of once-living creatures, or possibly in physical formations, like stromatolites — \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7541&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=nasajpl&utm_content=daily-20191115-1\">rocks formed by the activity of ancient microbes\u003c/a> that thrived in shallow, sun-drenched water. On Earth, stromatolites are among the oldest extant remnants of the earliest terrestrial life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1950963\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1950963\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/Jezero_crater-Isidis_basin-nasajplusgs-800x618.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"618\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/Jezero_crater-Isidis_basin-nasajplusgs-800x618.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/Jezero_crater-Isidis_basin-nasajplusgs-160x124.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/Jezero_crater-Isidis_basin-nasajplusgs-768x593.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/Jezero_crater-Isidis_basin-nasajplusgs.jpg 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Color map of the Isidis Basin and the location of Jezero Crater on Mars. Colors indicate altitude, where red is higher elevations and violet the lowest. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL/USGS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jezero Crater: Fossil-hunting Site?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars 2020’s target of interest is the 30-mile-wide \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/news/8387/nasa-announces-landing-site-for-mars-2020-rover/\">Jezero Crater\u003c/a>, an impact feature at the edge of Isidis Basin. Through measurements and images the \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mro/\">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter \u003c/a>took from orbit, Jezero has shown great promise in the search for signs of past life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1950961\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1950961\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/22475_PIA23239-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSSJHU-APL-800x641.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"641\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/22475_PIA23239-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSSJHU-APL-800x641.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/22475_PIA23239-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSSJHU-APL-160x128.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/22475_PIA23239-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSSJHU-APL-768x616.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/22475_PIA23239-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSSJHU-APL-1020x818.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/22475_PIA23239-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSSJHU-APL-1200x962.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/22475_PIA23239-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSSJHU-APL.jpg 1865w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Composite image of the section of Jezero Crater that NASA’s Mars 2020 rover will begin exploring in 2021. Center in this image is a fan of material washed in from a river inlet (left) and deposited on the floor of an ancient lake. Mineral measurements of the materials in this delta deposit show the presence of clay and carbonates, possible evidence of past Martian life. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS/JHU-APL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>About 3.5 billion years ago, when a more Earth-like environment existed on Mars, Jezero Crater was probably flooded with water. A fanning complex of delta-like deposits sprouting from a likely river inlet promises to be a repository of sediments washed down from higher ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, maybe most tantalizing of all, researchers have discovered a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencealert.com/the-next-mars-rover-is-set-to-checkout-the-perfect-place-for-preserving-fossils\">layer of carbonate minerals\u003c/a> ringing what once upon a time would have been a shoreline of the ancient lake, like a chalk outline of a body of water that has dried up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Earth, geologists find calcium carbonate in the fossils of ancient seashells, coral and stromatolite formations, as well as layers of sedimentary limestone that form over time from accumulations of these remains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1950962\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1950962\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/PIA22907-Mars-LakeJezero-ArtistConcept-20181213-NASA-JPL-Caltech-University-of-Arizona-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/PIA22907-Mars-LakeJezero-ArtistConcept-20181213-NASA-JPL-Caltech-University-of-Arizona-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/PIA22907-Mars-LakeJezero-ArtistConcept-20181213-NASA-JPL-Caltech-University-of-Arizona-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/PIA22907-Mars-LakeJezero-ArtistConcept-20181213-NASA-JPL-Caltech-University-of-Arizona-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/PIA22907-Mars-LakeJezero-ArtistConcept-20181213-NASA-JPL-Caltech-University-of-Arizona.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of ancient lake waters filling Jezero Crater, showing the river inlet (top) and the fan of water-deposited sediments (underwater in this illustration) that have been captured in images by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/Arizona State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So, imagine astrobiologists’ excitement at finding concentrations of carbonates tracing the shoreline of an ancient lake, where sunny, shallow waters may have once provided a life-nurturing environment. Accordingly, Mars 2020 plans to visit this vestige of shoreline during its exploration of Jezero Crater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mars 2020\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scheduled for launch in 2020 and a landing on Feb. 18, 2021, Mars 2020 is the first spacecraft NASA has designed to search for signs of Martian life since the twin Vikings landed 43 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Vikings tested scoops of Martian soil for the chemical signatures of biological respiration, signs of microscopic organisms alive on Mars today. The \u003ca href=\"https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/im-convinced-we-found-evidence-of-life-on-mars-in-the-1970s/\">results remain controversial \u003c/a>and inconclusive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars 2020 is equipped with an instrument called \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/mission/instruments/sherloc/\">SHERLOC\u003c/a> (Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman and Luminescence for Organics and Chemicals), mounted at the end of its robotic arm. With a magnifying camera to examine fine-scale mineralogical features, and an ultraviolet laser and spectrometer for detecting and classifying minerals, SHERLOC will get up close and personal with the rocks in Jezero Crater to look for shapes and chemicals ancient life may have left behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the layer of carbonates lining the ancient shoreline of Jezero Crater’s now-dry lake bed harbors chemical residues or mineral structures that are the fossilized remains of Martians, then the long anticipated moment when life beyond Earth is discovered may be only a few years away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Call it a fossil hunt. \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7539\">NASA plans to send\u003c/a> its soon-to-launch Mars 2020 rover to a spot researchers hope will yield direct evidence of past life there. It may turn up in the form of mineral residues of once-living creatures, or possibly in physical formations, like stromatolites — \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7541&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=nasajpl&utm_content=daily-20191115-1\">rocks formed by the activity of ancient microbes\u003c/a> that thrived in shallow, sun-drenched water. On Earth, stromatolites are among the oldest extant remnants of the earliest terrestrial life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1950963\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1950963\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/Jezero_crater-Isidis_basin-nasajplusgs-800x618.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"618\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/Jezero_crater-Isidis_basin-nasajplusgs-800x618.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/Jezero_crater-Isidis_basin-nasajplusgs-160x124.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/Jezero_crater-Isidis_basin-nasajplusgs-768x593.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/Jezero_crater-Isidis_basin-nasajplusgs.jpg 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Color map of the Isidis Basin and the location of Jezero Crater on Mars. Colors indicate altitude, where red is higher elevations and violet the lowest. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL/USGS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jezero Crater: Fossil-hunting Site?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars 2020’s target of interest is the 30-mile-wide \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/news/8387/nasa-announces-landing-site-for-mars-2020-rover/\">Jezero Crater\u003c/a>, an impact feature at the edge of Isidis Basin. Through measurements and images the \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mro/\">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter \u003c/a>took from orbit, Jezero has shown great promise in the search for signs of past life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1950961\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1950961\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/22475_PIA23239-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSSJHU-APL-800x641.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"641\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/22475_PIA23239-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSSJHU-APL-800x641.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/22475_PIA23239-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSSJHU-APL-160x128.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/22475_PIA23239-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSSJHU-APL-768x616.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/22475_PIA23239-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSSJHU-APL-1020x818.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/22475_PIA23239-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSSJHU-APL-1200x962.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/22475_PIA23239-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSSJHU-APL.jpg 1865w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Composite image of the section of Jezero Crater that NASA’s Mars 2020 rover will begin exploring in 2021. Center in this image is a fan of material washed in from a river inlet (left) and deposited on the floor of an ancient lake. Mineral measurements of the materials in this delta deposit show the presence of clay and carbonates, possible evidence of past Martian life. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS/JHU-APL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>About 3.5 billion years ago, when a more Earth-like environment existed on Mars, Jezero Crater was probably flooded with water. A fanning complex of delta-like deposits sprouting from a likely river inlet promises to be a repository of sediments washed down from higher ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, maybe most tantalizing of all, researchers have discovered a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencealert.com/the-next-mars-rover-is-set-to-checkout-the-perfect-place-for-preserving-fossils\">layer of carbonate minerals\u003c/a> ringing what once upon a time would have been a shoreline of the ancient lake, like a chalk outline of a body of water that has dried up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Earth, geologists find calcium carbonate in the fossils of ancient seashells, coral and stromatolite formations, as well as layers of sedimentary limestone that form over time from accumulations of these remains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1950962\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1950962\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/PIA22907-Mars-LakeJezero-ArtistConcept-20181213-NASA-JPL-Caltech-University-of-Arizona-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/PIA22907-Mars-LakeJezero-ArtistConcept-20181213-NASA-JPL-Caltech-University-of-Arizona-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/PIA22907-Mars-LakeJezero-ArtistConcept-20181213-NASA-JPL-Caltech-University-of-Arizona-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/PIA22907-Mars-LakeJezero-ArtistConcept-20181213-NASA-JPL-Caltech-University-of-Arizona-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/PIA22907-Mars-LakeJezero-ArtistConcept-20181213-NASA-JPL-Caltech-University-of-Arizona.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of ancient lake waters filling Jezero Crater, showing the river inlet (top) and the fan of water-deposited sediments (underwater in this illustration) that have been captured in images by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/Arizona State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So, imagine astrobiologists’ excitement at finding concentrations of carbonates tracing the shoreline of an ancient lake, where sunny, shallow waters may have once provided a life-nurturing environment. Accordingly, Mars 2020 plans to visit this vestige of shoreline during its exploration of Jezero Crater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mars 2020\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scheduled for launch in 2020 and a landing on Feb. 18, 2021, Mars 2020 is the first spacecraft NASA has designed to search for signs of Martian life since the twin Vikings landed 43 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Vikings tested scoops of Martian soil for the chemical signatures of biological respiration, signs of microscopic organisms alive on Mars today. The \u003ca href=\"https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/im-convinced-we-found-evidence-of-life-on-mars-in-the-1970s/\">results remain controversial \u003c/a>and inconclusive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars 2020 is equipped with an instrument called \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/mission/instruments/sherloc/\">SHERLOC\u003c/a> (Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman and Luminescence for Organics and Chemicals), mounted at the end of its robotic arm. With a magnifying camera to examine fine-scale mineralogical features, and an ultraviolet laser and spectrometer for detecting and classifying minerals, SHERLOC will get up close and personal with the rocks in Jezero Crater to look for shapes and chemicals ancient life may have left behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the layer of carbonates lining the ancient shoreline of Jezero Crater’s now-dry lake bed harbors chemical residues or mineral structures that are the fossilized remains of Martians, then the long anticipated moment when life beyond Earth is discovered may be only a few years away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1949387\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 590px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1949387 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/2019-10-15-14_19_54.gif\" alt=\"Webspinner silk underneath a log at Guadalupe Oak Grove Park in San Jose, California.\" width=\"590\" height=\"331\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Webspinner silk underneath a log at Guadalupe Oak Grove Park in San Jose, California. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With the holidays just around the corner, it’s that time of year when you’re ready to burn off Thanksgiving turkey and Christmas cookie calories by heading outdoors for a hike. Maybe you’ve noticed what looks like spider webs woven between weeds along the trail, or poking out from under rocks or draped across logs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But take a closer look – those webs might actually not be spider webs. A lot of them are silken habitats, known as galleries, created by insects called webspinners. While they’re usually underground or sequestered in burrows in fall and winter – you’re more likely to see the insects in early spring or summer – their silk is visible year-round in many parks and open spaces. They’re typically in areas that aren’t too wet or shady, nibbling on lichen, dead leaves and moss underneath their silken canopies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1949394\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1949394 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Josh_Films_Silk_on_Log_With_Janice_Edgerly_Rooks-2.jpg\" alt=\"Santa Clara University professor of biology Janice Edgerly-Rooks and Deep Look producer Jenny Oh watch director of photography Josh Cassidy film webspinner silk at Guadalupe Oak Grove Park, San Jose, CA.\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Josh_Films_Silk_on_Log_With_Janice_Edgerly_Rooks-2.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Josh_Films_Silk_on_Log_With_Janice_Edgerly_Rooks-2-160x107.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Santa Clara University professor of biology Janice Edgerly-Rooks and Deep Look producer Jenny Oh watch KQED director of photography Josh Cassidy film webspinner silk at Guadalupe Oak Grove Park in San Jose, California. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Edward Rooks)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There are places where I go hiking where I just know their habitat looks perfect. If I turn over a rock, bam! The silk is there,” said Janice Edgerly-Rooks, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.scu.edu/cas/biology/faculty/edgerly-rooks/\">professor of biology at Santa Clara University\u003c/a> who has been studying webspinners for more than 30 years. “People don’t realize what it is. It’s these beautiful little bluish-tinted tubes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Webspinners, related to walking sticks and praying mantises, produce the finest silk in the animal kingdom. But unlike spiders, which produce silk from spinnerets on the tip of their abdomens, or caterpillars that produce it with salivary glands, webspinners have special silk ejectors on their front feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Their feet are clothed with silk ejectors, so they look like the Lord of the Rings’ hobbits,” said Edgerly-Rooks. “When they step, hundreds of fibers come out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1949388\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1949388\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/DL620_webspinner_foot-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"A female webspinner spins silk.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/DL620_webspinner_foot-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/DL620_webspinner_foot-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/DL620_webspinner_foot-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/DL620_webspinner_foot-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/DL620_webspinner_foot-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/DL620_webspinner_foot-1920x1080.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A female webspinner spins silk. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The extremely narrow silk threads are essential to the webspinners’ survival. The silk serves as the webspinners’ home, umbrella and invisibility cloak, all in one. Webspinners are susceptible to drowning in heavy rains, so the silk shields the insects from water with its amazing waterproof qualities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They can’t handle water. They’re just complete wimps when it comes to getting wet. But the water just slips off. It’s the most incredible thing,” Edgerly-Rooks said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When water hits the silk, drops sit on top, like on the paint of a just-waxed car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1949392\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1949392\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Screen-Shot-2019-10-15-at-2.21.25-PM-1020x570.png\" alt=\"A webspinner retreats under a gallery of silk to avoid water. \" width=\"640\" height=\"358\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Screen-Shot-2019-10-15-at-2.21.25-PM-1020x570.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Screen-Shot-2019-10-15-at-2.21.25-PM-160x89.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Screen-Shot-2019-10-15-at-2.21.25-PM-800x447.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Screen-Shot-2019-10-15-at-2.21.25-PM-768x429.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Screen-Shot-2019-10-15-at-2.21.25-PM-1200x670.png 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Screen-Shot-2019-10-15-at-2.21.25-PM-1920x1073.png 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A webspinner retreats under a gallery of silk to avoid water. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The silk grabs the water,” she said. “It actually pins it onto the surface. We’ve been watching it with this incredible microscope we have at the lab. We watch the water droplets dry, and it took more than twice as long for a tiny, tiny drop of water to disappear completely. Twice as long as if you put the tiny drop just on the counter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while we typically think of silk as a beautiful, luxurious fabric, for the webspinners, it’s their homemade armor that protects them from predators. Since they’re soft-bodied with no other means of defense, they disappear into their habitat while ants and other predators just walk on top, unaware of their prey safely hidden below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1949391\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 590px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1949391\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/rose.gif\" alt=\"Water drops on a silk compared to on a rose petal.\" width=\"590\" height=\"331\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water drops on silk compared to on a rose petal. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Janice Edgerly-Rooks / Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They can also run away, but they have to run backward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s so funny to watch them walk. They’re totally compromised by having silk come out of their front feet,” said Edgerly-Rooks. “So when they walk forward, they walk on tiptoes just to make sure they don’t engage their silk ejectors. And they do not run forwards.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to her teaching duties, Edgerly-Rooks continues to study and raise webspinners she has collected around the world. She’s even \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/veehbMKjMgw\">composed music\u003c/a> inspired by these creatures’ movements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And she advises that if you see them in the wild, be careful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They are very fragile insects, so it’s not wise to try to pick them up,” she said. “You can maybe gather some of the silk tubes carefully with them inside the silk. If you put them in a small container, you can get them to run around for you, although some also play dead and are really good at ‘disappearing’ even when we know they are right in front of us.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "To protect herself and her eggs, a female webspinner shoots super-fine silk from her front feet. She weaves the strands to build a shelter that serves as a tent, umbrella and invisibility cloak. But shooting silk from her feet requires her to moonwalk to get around. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1949387\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 590px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1949387 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/2019-10-15-14_19_54.gif\" alt=\"Webspinner silk underneath a log at Guadalupe Oak Grove Park in San Jose, California.\" width=\"590\" height=\"331\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Webspinner silk underneath a log at Guadalupe Oak Grove Park in San Jose, California. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With the holidays just around the corner, it’s that time of year when you’re ready to burn off Thanksgiving turkey and Christmas cookie calories by heading outdoors for a hike. Maybe you’ve noticed what looks like spider webs woven between weeds along the trail, or poking out from under rocks or draped across logs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But take a closer look – those webs might actually not be spider webs. A lot of them are silken habitats, known as galleries, created by insects called webspinners. While they’re usually underground or sequestered in burrows in fall and winter – you’re more likely to see the insects in early spring or summer – their silk is visible year-round in many parks and open spaces. They’re typically in areas that aren’t too wet or shady, nibbling on lichen, dead leaves and moss underneath their silken canopies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1949394\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1949394 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Josh_Films_Silk_on_Log_With_Janice_Edgerly_Rooks-2.jpg\" alt=\"Santa Clara University professor of biology Janice Edgerly-Rooks and Deep Look producer Jenny Oh watch director of photography Josh Cassidy film webspinner silk at Guadalupe Oak Grove Park, San Jose, CA.\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Josh_Films_Silk_on_Log_With_Janice_Edgerly_Rooks-2.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Josh_Films_Silk_on_Log_With_Janice_Edgerly_Rooks-2-160x107.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Santa Clara University professor of biology Janice Edgerly-Rooks and Deep Look producer Jenny Oh watch KQED director of photography Josh Cassidy film webspinner silk at Guadalupe Oak Grove Park in San Jose, California. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Edward Rooks)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There are places where I go hiking where I just know their habitat looks perfect. If I turn over a rock, bam! The silk is there,” said Janice Edgerly-Rooks, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.scu.edu/cas/biology/faculty/edgerly-rooks/\">professor of biology at Santa Clara University\u003c/a> who has been studying webspinners for more than 30 years. “People don’t realize what it is. It’s these beautiful little bluish-tinted tubes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Webspinners, related to walking sticks and praying mantises, produce the finest silk in the animal kingdom. But unlike spiders, which produce silk from spinnerets on the tip of their abdomens, or caterpillars that produce it with salivary glands, webspinners have special silk ejectors on their front feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Their feet are clothed with silk ejectors, so they look like the Lord of the Rings’ hobbits,” said Edgerly-Rooks. “When they step, hundreds of fibers come out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1949388\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1949388\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/DL620_webspinner_foot-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"A female webspinner spins silk.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/DL620_webspinner_foot-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/DL620_webspinner_foot-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/DL620_webspinner_foot-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/DL620_webspinner_foot-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/DL620_webspinner_foot-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/DL620_webspinner_foot-1920x1080.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A female webspinner spins silk. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The extremely narrow silk threads are essential to the webspinners’ survival. The silk serves as the webspinners’ home, umbrella and invisibility cloak, all in one. Webspinners are susceptible to drowning in heavy rains, so the silk shields the insects from water with its amazing waterproof qualities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They can’t handle water. They’re just complete wimps when it comes to getting wet. But the water just slips off. It’s the most incredible thing,” Edgerly-Rooks said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When water hits the silk, drops sit on top, like on the paint of a just-waxed car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1949392\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1949392\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Screen-Shot-2019-10-15-at-2.21.25-PM-1020x570.png\" alt=\"A webspinner retreats under a gallery of silk to avoid water. \" width=\"640\" height=\"358\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Screen-Shot-2019-10-15-at-2.21.25-PM-1020x570.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Screen-Shot-2019-10-15-at-2.21.25-PM-160x89.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Screen-Shot-2019-10-15-at-2.21.25-PM-800x447.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Screen-Shot-2019-10-15-at-2.21.25-PM-768x429.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Screen-Shot-2019-10-15-at-2.21.25-PM-1200x670.png 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Screen-Shot-2019-10-15-at-2.21.25-PM-1920x1073.png 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A webspinner retreats under a gallery of silk to avoid water. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The silk grabs the water,” she said. “It actually pins it onto the surface. We’ve been watching it with this incredible microscope we have at the lab. We watch the water droplets dry, and it took more than twice as long for a tiny, tiny drop of water to disappear completely. Twice as long as if you put the tiny drop just on the counter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while we typically think of silk as a beautiful, luxurious fabric, for the webspinners, it’s their homemade armor that protects them from predators. Since they’re soft-bodied with no other means of defense, they disappear into their habitat while ants and other predators just walk on top, unaware of their prey safely hidden below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1949391\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 590px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1949391\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/rose.gif\" alt=\"Water drops on a silk compared to on a rose petal.\" width=\"590\" height=\"331\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water drops on silk compared to on a rose petal. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Janice Edgerly-Rooks / Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They can also run away, but they have to run backward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s so funny to watch them walk. They’re totally compromised by having silk come out of their front feet,” said Edgerly-Rooks. “So when they walk forward, they walk on tiptoes just to make sure they don’t engage their silk ejectors. And they do not run forwards.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to her teaching duties, Edgerly-Rooks continues to study and raise webspinners she has collected around the world. She’s even \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/veehbMKjMgw\">composed music\u003c/a> inspired by these creatures’ movements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And she advises that if you see them in the wild, be careful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They are very fragile insects, so it’s not wise to try to pick them up,” she said. “You can maybe gather some of the silk tubes carefully with them inside the silk. If you put them in a small container, you can get them to run around for you, although some also play dead and are really good at ‘disappearing’ even when we know they are right in front of us.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Some Call Kratom a Miracle Herb. But Its Safety Is Questionable",
"headTitle": "Some Call Kratom a Miracle Herb. But Its Safety Is Questionable | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Americans know the dangers of drugs like morphine and heroin. But what about a supplement that acts like an opiate which any kid can buy from a vending machine?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kratom, an herb that’s legal, abundant and potentially dangerous, is currently the subject of a debate over its risks and benefits. Usually the leaf, which comes from a tropical Southeast Asian tree, can be chewed, brewed or crushed into a bitter green powder. Often sold as pills, capsules or extracts, it acts like a stimulant when someone takes a small amount but has a sedative effect at a higher dosage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People who have struggled with an opioid addiction swear kratom salvaged their health, livelihoods and relationships. But the federal Drug Enforcement Agency worries the substance carries the risk of physical dependency. The agency threatened to prohibit kratom in 2016, but advocates and lawmakers pushed back, and the ban never occurred. These days, the DEA lists it as a \u003ca href=\"https://www.dea.gov/factsheets/kratom\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">drug of concern\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_447015\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2016px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-447015 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2019/11/IMG_2647.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2016\" height=\"1512\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Gold Bali is a strain of kratom sold at Bumble Bee Botanicals in San Francisco. (Lesley McClurg/KQED)\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Kratom Changed My Life’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Linda Kline, 33, sells kratom for a living. She says her store has given her a new purpose in life, and while she herself doesn’t have an opioid dependency, she credits kratom with turning around her mental health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I went from feeling desperate and hopeless to finding an alternative where I had full control over how I felt,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She used to be paralyzed by anxiety and panic attacks. When her insurance carrier threatened to cut her Prozac prescription, she felt desperate. A friend suggested kratom, so she picked some up at a smoke shop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her anxiety vanished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It almost feels like you’re having just a little glass of wine,” Kline says. “It’s really relaxing. There’s no melting of the walls.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new habit cost about $6 a day, but Kline couldn’t always find a quality supply. The Food and Drug Administration has \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/food/outbreaks-foodborne-illness/fda-investigated-multistate-outbreak-salmonella-infections-linked-products-reported-contain-kratom#Problem\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">recalled\u003c/a> dozens of salmonella-tainted products sold online or in convenience stores. The agency has also found toxic heavy metals in kratom supplements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_447014\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-447014\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2019/11/IMG_2656-e1573685977395-800x508.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"508\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Linda Kline is the owner of Bumble Bee Botanicals, a shop in San Francisco that sells kratom. \u003cem>(Lesley McClurg/KQED)\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That’s one reason Kline started her own chic boutique, Bumble Bee Botanicals, devoted exclusively to kratom products. In a few weeks she’ll open her fifth location in less than two years. The shops offer 15 different kratom strains at outlets in California, Idaho and Nevada. Her clients’ reviews online claim kratom is a miraculous herb that relieves pain, quells anxiety, subdues depression and generally lifts spirits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Potential Dangers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reviews like that haunt Mateo Martinez.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My brother believed the marketing of kratom, that it was a natural herbal supplement that could provide you with the same benefits of an opioid without the risks,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mateo’s younger brother, Marco, struggled with an opioid addiction in high school. \u003c/span>Mateo describes Marco as a charismatic, creative teen, passionate about video games, cartoons and anime. Marco got hooked on painkillers after his dentist pulled his wisdom teeth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was using them in a way that wasn’t just for treating pain,” Mateo said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Email receipts show Marco used bitcoin to buy Vicodin and fentanyl on the dark web.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually Marco wanted to kick his addiction. Testimonials on \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fz_4YS0PQA4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">YouTube\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.reddit.com/r/kratom/comments/9t8yt4/how_kratom_saved_my_life/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Reddit\u003c/a> promised that kratom was the way out. Soon Marco was popping capsules multiple times a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During his freshman year at UC Davis, the 19-year-old started hyperventilating regularly. The incidents worsened, becoming seizure-like episodes ending in the emergency room. Each hospitalization, the doctors were stumped. No one thought to test for kratom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mateo theorizes that kratom had built up in his brother’s body. Marco died in his UC Davis dorm in February 2018, late on a Sunday night. The toxicology report named kratom as the cause of death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“\u003c/em>I think kratom needs to come with a much more serious caution that it is not harmless,” Mateo said. “I’m very heartbroken.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a recent 18-month period, the federal Centers for Disease Control \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/mm6814a2.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reported\u003c/a> 90 kratom overdoses, although most involved a combination of substances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Slim Science\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The data to support either the benefits or the harms for kratom is really, really poor,” said \u003ca href=\"https://pharmacy.uconn.edu/person/c-michael-white/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">C. Michael White\u003c/a>, head of the Department of Pharmacy Practice at the University of Connecticut. “A lot of the information we have comes from single-case reports.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>White says animal studies suggest kratom could be an effective pain reliever but that the collection of human data has only just begun. He says scientists need to conduct a lot more research before the appropriate level of regulation is clear. White recently\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/zxz221\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> argued\u003c/a> in the \u003cem>American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy \u003c/em>that the safest place for kratom is behind pharmacy counters, for adults only, but with no prescription required.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">McClain Haddow, spokesperson for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.americankratom.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">American Kratom Association\u003c/a>, agrees that the product should only be sold to people over the age of 18. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We would like vendors to register their product with the FDA and get a chemical analysis from a certified lab to insure the only ingredient is the naturally occurring alkaloid in the kratom plant,” Haddow said. “Some manufacturers are spiking products with fentanyl, heroin or morphine to give users a high.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Scott Steiger, d\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">eputy medical director of the opiate treatment outpatient program at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center\u003c/span>, doesn’t know how to advise patients who want to use kratom .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I tell them I just don’t know enough on the basis of science to tell them whether it’s a great idea or not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The DEA \u003ca href=\"https://www.dea.gov/factsheets/kratom\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">describes\u003c/a> kratom as an addictive substance that causes hallucinations, delusion and confusion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have seen that people who use kratom end up having a very hard time stopping the use of it,” said Steiger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His patients report withdrawal symptoms like nausea, sweats, aches and pains, loose stool, tearing and dysphoria. There is growing concern about kratom’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4275233/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">effects on the heart \u003c/a>and liver.\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steiger emphasizes that doctors have evidence-based treatments like buprenorphine and methadone to help people with an opioid addiction. He doesn’t recommend self-medicating with kratom until more research is available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan data-pm-slice='1 1 [\"paragraph-wrapper\",null,\"paragraph\",null]'>“We just don’t know enough about this chemical and the long-term use of it to know whether experimenting would lead to complications,” Steiger said. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Americans know the dangers of drugs like morphine and heroin. But what about a supplement that acts like an opiate which any kid can buy from a vending machine?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kratom, an herb that’s legal, abundant and potentially dangerous, is currently the subject of a debate over its risks and benefits. Usually the leaf, which comes from a tropical Southeast Asian tree, can be chewed, brewed or crushed into a bitter green powder. Often sold as pills, capsules or extracts, it acts like a stimulant when someone takes a small amount but has a sedative effect at a higher dosage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People who have struggled with an opioid addiction swear kratom salvaged their health, livelihoods and relationships. But the federal Drug Enforcement Agency worries the substance carries the risk of physical dependency. The agency threatened to prohibit kratom in 2016, but advocates and lawmakers pushed back, and the ban never occurred. These days, the DEA lists it as a \u003ca href=\"https://www.dea.gov/factsheets/kratom\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">drug of concern\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_447015\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2016px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-447015 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2019/11/IMG_2647.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2016\" height=\"1512\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Gold Bali is a strain of kratom sold at Bumble Bee Botanicals in San Francisco. (Lesley McClurg/KQED)\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Kratom Changed My Life’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Linda Kline, 33, sells kratom for a living. She says her store has given her a new purpose in life, and while she herself doesn’t have an opioid dependency, she credits kratom with turning around her mental health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I went from feeling desperate and hopeless to finding an alternative where I had full control over how I felt,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She used to be paralyzed by anxiety and panic attacks. When her insurance carrier threatened to cut her Prozac prescription, she felt desperate. A friend suggested kratom, so she picked some up at a smoke shop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her anxiety vanished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It almost feels like you’re having just a little glass of wine,” Kline says. “It’s really relaxing. There’s no melting of the walls.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new habit cost about $6 a day, but Kline couldn’t always find a quality supply. The Food and Drug Administration has \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/food/outbreaks-foodborne-illness/fda-investigated-multistate-outbreak-salmonella-infections-linked-products-reported-contain-kratom#Problem\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">recalled\u003c/a> dozens of salmonella-tainted products sold online or in convenience stores. The agency has also found toxic heavy metals in kratom supplements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_447014\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-447014\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2019/11/IMG_2656-e1573685977395-800x508.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"508\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Linda Kline is the owner of Bumble Bee Botanicals, a shop in San Francisco that sells kratom. \u003cem>(Lesley McClurg/KQED)\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That’s one reason Kline started her own chic boutique, Bumble Bee Botanicals, devoted exclusively to kratom products. In a few weeks she’ll open her fifth location in less than two years. The shops offer 15 different kratom strains at outlets in California, Idaho and Nevada. Her clients’ reviews online claim kratom is a miraculous herb that relieves pain, quells anxiety, subdues depression and generally lifts spirits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Potential Dangers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reviews like that haunt Mateo Martinez.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My brother believed the marketing of kratom, that it was a natural herbal supplement that could provide you with the same benefits of an opioid without the risks,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mateo’s younger brother, Marco, struggled with an opioid addiction in high school. \u003c/span>Mateo describes Marco as a charismatic, creative teen, passionate about video games, cartoons and anime. Marco got hooked on painkillers after his dentist pulled his wisdom teeth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was using them in a way that wasn’t just for treating pain,” Mateo said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Email receipts show Marco used bitcoin to buy Vicodin and fentanyl on the dark web.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually Marco wanted to kick his addiction. Testimonials on \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fz_4YS0PQA4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">YouTube\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.reddit.com/r/kratom/comments/9t8yt4/how_kratom_saved_my_life/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Reddit\u003c/a> promised that kratom was the way out. Soon Marco was popping capsules multiple times a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During his freshman year at UC Davis, the 19-year-old started hyperventilating regularly. The incidents worsened, becoming seizure-like episodes ending in the emergency room. Each hospitalization, the doctors were stumped. No one thought to test for kratom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mateo theorizes that kratom had built up in his brother’s body. Marco died in his UC Davis dorm in February 2018, late on a Sunday night. The toxicology report named kratom as the cause of death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“\u003c/em>I think kratom needs to come with a much more serious caution that it is not harmless,” Mateo said. “I’m very heartbroken.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a recent 18-month period, the federal Centers for Disease Control \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/mm6814a2.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reported\u003c/a> 90 kratom overdoses, although most involved a combination of substances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Slim Science\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The data to support either the benefits or the harms for kratom is really, really poor,” said \u003ca href=\"https://pharmacy.uconn.edu/person/c-michael-white/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">C. Michael White\u003c/a>, head of the Department of Pharmacy Practice at the University of Connecticut. “A lot of the information we have comes from single-case reports.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>White says animal studies suggest kratom could be an effective pain reliever but that the collection of human data has only just begun. He says scientists need to conduct a lot more research before the appropriate level of regulation is clear. White recently\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/zxz221\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> argued\u003c/a> in the \u003cem>American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy \u003c/em>that the safest place for kratom is behind pharmacy counters, for adults only, but with no prescription required.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">McClain Haddow, spokesperson for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.americankratom.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">American Kratom Association\u003c/a>, agrees that the product should only be sold to people over the age of 18. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We would like vendors to register their product with the FDA and get a chemical analysis from a certified lab to insure the only ingredient is the naturally occurring alkaloid in the kratom plant,” Haddow said. “Some manufacturers are spiking products with fentanyl, heroin or morphine to give users a high.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Scott Steiger, d\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">eputy medical director of the opiate treatment outpatient program at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center\u003c/span>, doesn’t know how to advise patients who want to use kratom .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I tell them I just don’t know enough on the basis of science to tell them whether it’s a great idea or not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The DEA \u003ca href=\"https://www.dea.gov/factsheets/kratom\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">describes\u003c/a> kratom as an addictive substance that causes hallucinations, delusion and confusion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have seen that people who use kratom end up having a very hard time stopping the use of it,” said Steiger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His patients report withdrawal symptoms like nausea, sweats, aches and pains, loose stool, tearing and dysphoria. There is growing concern about kratom’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4275233/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">effects on the heart \u003c/a>and liver.\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steiger emphasizes that doctors have evidence-based treatments like buprenorphine and methadone to help people with an opioid addiction. He doesn’t recommend self-medicating with kratom until more research is available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan data-pm-slice='1 1 [\"paragraph-wrapper\",null,\"paragraph\",null]'>“We just don’t know enough about this chemical and the long-term use of it to know whether experimenting would lead to complications,” Steiger said. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Updated at 1:35 p.m. ET Wednesday\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five years ago, Mary Millard went to the hospital for heart surgery. A contaminated medical instrument gave her an infection that led to septic shock. Her heart struggled, and her lungs and kidneys started to fail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What I caught was \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/hai/organisms/pseudomonas.html\">pseudomonas\u003c/a>, and it’s a very virulent superbug,” says the 60-year-old former nurse who lives in Baton Rouge, La. This bacterium no longer responds to most antibiotics, and “it lives in you permanently, so I’m on lifetime antibiotics,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her doctor prescribed one of the most powerful antibiotics available, and there is no clear backup for her if that stops working. “It’s kind of a wait-and-see. And that’s what’s scary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Millard is just one of about 2 million Americans who have been infected with a superbug. Tens of thousands die each year, and the numbers are vastly higher on a global scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention published a\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/pdf/threats-report/2019-ar-threats-report-508.pdf\"> major new report about antibiotic resistant germs\u003c/a> on Wednesday. The CDC now estimates more than 2.8 million infections that resist treatment and 35,000 deaths a year in the United States from this problem – a big jump from its previous estimate in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report does show that improved medical practices have reduced hospital-related infections with these superbugs, but the agency warns that several common bacteria, including the one that causes gonorrhea, are becoming more resistant to antibiotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People in the business of inventing new drugs don’t need to be told one of the most disturbing facts: It simply doesn’t make much financial sense for companies to develop new antibiotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The medicines are used for short-term treatment, unlike those that patients might take for a lifetime to manage a chronic disease. And the most innovative antibiotics are kept on the shelf to minimize the development of resistance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet bacteria are constantly evolving to outwit the current crop of drugs, so there’s a need for new antibiotics all the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One company, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2019/04/achaogen-bankruptcy-raises-worry-over-antibiotic-pipeline\">Achaogen,\u003c/a> managed to bring one to market recently, but because doctors (sensibly) held it in reserve for only the most desperate cases, the product barely sold. The company filed for bankruptcy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Their sales were nowhere enough to recoup just their operating costs, let alone their investment expenditures,” says Greg Frank at the \u003ca href=\"https://workingtofightamr.org/\">Biotechnology Innovation Organization\u003c/a>, an industry group. “And we’ve seen that time and time again with other companies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says it’s not only a crisis for the industry — but for public health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not developing nearly enough products to stay ahead of resistance,” he says. Frank counts just 70 products in various stages of development. “Many of those are not going to reach the market,” he says. “Those that do are right now destined to fail” for economic reasons. “And so the very dry pipeline is only going to get worse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The industry is trying to persuade the federal government to provide big-dollar incentives to keep the antibiotic pipeline flowing. (A bill called the \u003ca href=\"https://www.casey.senate.gov/newsroom/releases/casey-isakson-introduce-legislation-to-fight-drug-resistant-infections\">DISARM Act\u003c/a> is pending in Congress.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"https://ento.psu.edu/directory/afr3\">Andrew Read\u003c/a>, a biologist at Penn State University, argues that there must be a better way to fight these superbugs other than engaging in an endless arms race with them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most people are looking for new drugs or new drug targets, or rapid diagnostics” — tests that can quickly help doctors identify the best antibiotic for a given infection, he says. “And all that is important work, but the heart of the problem is the evolutionary process that generates the resistance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Few scientists are focusing on that most basic problem to find out-of-the-box solutions. He is an exception.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One idea: Since bacteria are more likely to evolve resistance if they are exposed to antibiotics for a long time, why not try limiting the dose, at least for people with healthy immune systems?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oftentimes, in many situations, the immune system kicks in and it kills the bugs and clears them out,” Read says. “So all the drugs need to do is buy the immune system a little time. So that’s the most obvious situation, where we don’t need the drugs to finish off every last bug. We just need the drugs to make us healthy again and let our immune systems take care of us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This idea needs to be tested in people. Read notes that many of the current rules about prescribing antibiotics are based on tests done long ago. Efforts to refine those practices have been based primarily on health outcomes rather than considering antibiotic resistance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another idea is to hit germs with several drugs at once, the way tuberculosis is treated with a multidrug combination. (Resistance still arises with TB, but largely when people fail to keep up their medication.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Psychologically it’s a bit scary putting all your firepower into one regimen,” Read admits. “On the other hand, it can work very effectively at preventing the evolution of resistance. So instead of just using drug A and that fails and then drug B and that fails, and then drug C, using A, B and C all together can stop any of them failing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another evolutionary biologist working in this area is \u003ca href=\"http://www.uni-kiel.de/zoologie/evoecogen/schulenburg/\">Hinrich Schulenburg\u003c/a>, at Christian-Albrechts University in Kiel, Germany.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One idea that we are particularly interested in is ‘sequential therapy,’ ” he says. That entails giving different antibiotics in rapid sequence — say, switching every 12 or 24 hours so the environment for the germ is always changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know from evolutionary theory that this makes it very difficult for any organism to adapt fast to these conditions,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schulenburg has tested that idea successfully in petri dishes and is now gearing up to test the concept in humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The point that we, as evolutionary biologists, want to make is that whatever kind of treatment we design, we need to take into account how bacteria evolve,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A small company called \u003ca href=\"https://www.syntheticbiologics.com/\">Synthetic Biologics\u003c/a> in Rockville, Md., is developing a counterintuitive drug — an enzyme that actually destroys common antibiotics called \u003ca href=\"https://www.aafp.org/afp/2000/0801/p611.html\">beta lactams\u003c/a>, such as penicillin. Their strategy is to give these pills to people who are getting antibiotics injected directly into the bloodstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our enzyme stays in the gut and it’s not absorbed into the blood, so it doesn’t affect antibiotic efficacy,” says Sheila Connelly, the company’s vice president of research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The enzyme destroys antibiotics in the gut, which is where they are most likely to lead to drug resistance. Resistance traits can also be passed from one bacterial species to another, making the gut a cauldron of superbug evolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we can avoid the gut being exposed to antibiotics, then we prevent the evolution and emergence of antibiotic resistance,” Connelly says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Preliminary \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30885591\">tests involving more than 400 patients\u003c/a> suggest that the medicine works — and it also reduces the risk that people will develop a potentially deadly condition called \u003cem>C. difficile\u003c/em>, which is triggered when antibiotics in the gut kill off too many “good” bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company is now planning extensive clinical trials to test the safety and effectiveness of its product. (It is also working on a time-release version, designed to be taken with oral antibiotics that would allow those drugs to get absorbed into the bloodstream before kicking in.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Connelly is optimistic about the economic prospects of this drug. The enzyme can be manufactured inexpensively, she says, and unlike new drugs which are often held in reserve, this one could be used widely by people taking common antibiotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I do think that there can be some creative ways to buy us time,” says Frank at the biotech trade group. “I am firmly of the opinion, though, that we will almost certainly never outthink bacteria with our current arsenal. We will always be developing new medicines.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schulenburg agrees that these methods won’t be a cure-all for the precarious role of antibiotics. “I think the most important solution is to use less,” he says, “and this is still where we are doing a bad job.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You can contact NPR Science Correspondent Richard Harris at \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"mailto:rharris@npr.org\">\u003cem>rharris@npr.org\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+Best+To+Use+The+Few+New+Drugs+To+Treat+Antibiotic-Resistant+Germs%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Updated at 1:35 p.m. ET Wednesday\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five years ago, Mary Millard went to the hospital for heart surgery. A contaminated medical instrument gave her an infection that led to septic shock. Her heart struggled, and her lungs and kidneys started to fail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What I caught was \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/hai/organisms/pseudomonas.html\">pseudomonas\u003c/a>, and it’s a very virulent superbug,” says the 60-year-old former nurse who lives in Baton Rouge, La. This bacterium no longer responds to most antibiotics, and “it lives in you permanently, so I’m on lifetime antibiotics,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her doctor prescribed one of the most powerful antibiotics available, and there is no clear backup for her if that stops working. “It’s kind of a wait-and-see. And that’s what’s scary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Millard is just one of about 2 million Americans who have been infected with a superbug. Tens of thousands die each year, and the numbers are vastly higher on a global scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention published a\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/pdf/threats-report/2019-ar-threats-report-508.pdf\"> major new report about antibiotic resistant germs\u003c/a> on Wednesday. The CDC now estimates more than 2.8 million infections that resist treatment and 35,000 deaths a year in the United States from this problem – a big jump from its previous estimate in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report does show that improved medical practices have reduced hospital-related infections with these superbugs, but the agency warns that several common bacteria, including the one that causes gonorrhea, are becoming more resistant to antibiotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People in the business of inventing new drugs don’t need to be told one of the most disturbing facts: It simply doesn’t make much financial sense for companies to develop new antibiotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The medicines are used for short-term treatment, unlike those that patients might take for a lifetime to manage a chronic disease. And the most innovative antibiotics are kept on the shelf to minimize the development of resistance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet bacteria are constantly evolving to outwit the current crop of drugs, so there’s a need for new antibiotics all the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One company, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2019/04/achaogen-bankruptcy-raises-worry-over-antibiotic-pipeline\">Achaogen,\u003c/a> managed to bring one to market recently, but because doctors (sensibly) held it in reserve for only the most desperate cases, the product barely sold. The company filed for bankruptcy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Their sales were nowhere enough to recoup just their operating costs, let alone their investment expenditures,” says Greg Frank at the \u003ca href=\"https://workingtofightamr.org/\">Biotechnology Innovation Organization\u003c/a>, an industry group. “And we’ve seen that time and time again with other companies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says it’s not only a crisis for the industry — but for public health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not developing nearly enough products to stay ahead of resistance,” he says. Frank counts just 70 products in various stages of development. “Many of those are not going to reach the market,” he says. “Those that do are right now destined to fail” for economic reasons. “And so the very dry pipeline is only going to get worse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The industry is trying to persuade the federal government to provide big-dollar incentives to keep the antibiotic pipeline flowing. (A bill called the \u003ca href=\"https://www.casey.senate.gov/newsroom/releases/casey-isakson-introduce-legislation-to-fight-drug-resistant-infections\">DISARM Act\u003c/a> is pending in Congress.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"https://ento.psu.edu/directory/afr3\">Andrew Read\u003c/a>, a biologist at Penn State University, argues that there must be a better way to fight these superbugs other than engaging in an endless arms race with them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most people are looking for new drugs or new drug targets, or rapid diagnostics” — tests that can quickly help doctors identify the best antibiotic for a given infection, he says. “And all that is important work, but the heart of the problem is the evolutionary process that generates the resistance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Few scientists are focusing on that most basic problem to find out-of-the-box solutions. He is an exception.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One idea: Since bacteria are more likely to evolve resistance if they are exposed to antibiotics for a long time, why not try limiting the dose, at least for people with healthy immune systems?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oftentimes, in many situations, the immune system kicks in and it kills the bugs and clears them out,” Read says. “So all the drugs need to do is buy the immune system a little time. So that’s the most obvious situation, where we don’t need the drugs to finish off every last bug. We just need the drugs to make us healthy again and let our immune systems take care of us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This idea needs to be tested in people. Read notes that many of the current rules about prescribing antibiotics are based on tests done long ago. Efforts to refine those practices have been based primarily on health outcomes rather than considering antibiotic resistance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another idea is to hit germs with several drugs at once, the way tuberculosis is treated with a multidrug combination. (Resistance still arises with TB, but largely when people fail to keep up their medication.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Psychologically it’s a bit scary putting all your firepower into one regimen,” Read admits. “On the other hand, it can work very effectively at preventing the evolution of resistance. So instead of just using drug A and that fails and then drug B and that fails, and then drug C, using A, B and C all together can stop any of them failing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another evolutionary biologist working in this area is \u003ca href=\"http://www.uni-kiel.de/zoologie/evoecogen/schulenburg/\">Hinrich Schulenburg\u003c/a>, at Christian-Albrechts University in Kiel, Germany.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One idea that we are particularly interested in is ‘sequential therapy,’ ” he says. That entails giving different antibiotics in rapid sequence — say, switching every 12 or 24 hours so the environment for the germ is always changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know from evolutionary theory that this makes it very difficult for any organism to adapt fast to these conditions,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schulenburg has tested that idea successfully in petri dishes and is now gearing up to test the concept in humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The point that we, as evolutionary biologists, want to make is that whatever kind of treatment we design, we need to take into account how bacteria evolve,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A small company called \u003ca href=\"https://www.syntheticbiologics.com/\">Synthetic Biologics\u003c/a> in Rockville, Md., is developing a counterintuitive drug — an enzyme that actually destroys common antibiotics called \u003ca href=\"https://www.aafp.org/afp/2000/0801/p611.html\">beta lactams\u003c/a>, such as penicillin. Their strategy is to give these pills to people who are getting antibiotics injected directly into the bloodstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our enzyme stays in the gut and it’s not absorbed into the blood, so it doesn’t affect antibiotic efficacy,” says Sheila Connelly, the company’s vice president of research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The enzyme destroys antibiotics in the gut, which is where they are most likely to lead to drug resistance. Resistance traits can also be passed from one bacterial species to another, making the gut a cauldron of superbug evolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we can avoid the gut being exposed to antibiotics, then we prevent the evolution and emergence of antibiotic resistance,” Connelly says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Preliminary \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30885591\">tests involving more than 400 patients\u003c/a> suggest that the medicine works — and it also reduces the risk that people will develop a potentially deadly condition called \u003cem>C. difficile\u003c/em>, which is triggered when antibiotics in the gut kill off too many “good” bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company is now planning extensive clinical trials to test the safety and effectiveness of its product. (It is also working on a time-release version, designed to be taken with oral antibiotics that would allow those drugs to get absorbed into the bloodstream before kicking in.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Connelly is optimistic about the economic prospects of this drug. The enzyme can be manufactured inexpensively, she says, and unlike new drugs which are often held in reserve, this one could be used widely by people taking common antibiotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I do think that there can be some creative ways to buy us time,” says Frank at the biotech trade group. “I am firmly of the opinion, though, that we will almost certainly never outthink bacteria with our current arsenal. We will always be developing new medicines.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schulenburg agrees that these methods won’t be a cure-all for the precarious role of antibiotics. “I think the most important solution is to use less,” he says, “and this is still where we are doing a bad job.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You can contact NPR Science Correspondent Richard Harris at \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"mailto:rharris@npr.org\">\u003cem>rharris@npr.org\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+Best+To+Use+The+Few+New+Drugs+To+Treat+Antibiotic-Resistant+Germs%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Researchers Probe the Toxic Soup From Wildfire",
"headTitle": "Researchers Probe the Toxic Soup From Wildfire | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Matt Rahn was about 200 feet away when flames started climbing up the side of the garage and creeping toward the car inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://news.csusm.edu/csusm-wildland-firefighting-research/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">A wildfire researcher\u003c/a> with California State University San Marcos, Rahn was at the edge of \u003ca href=\"https://fire.ca.gov/incidents/2014/7/25/sand-fire/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a fire that would go on to burn 4,240 acres\u003c/a> across California’s Amador and El Dorado counties. He was there to study the smoke rising off blackening shrubs and trees. Watching the garage burn, though, he realized that firefighters fending off flames without any real lung protection were inhaling more than airborne remnants of burnt plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Think about the average home, all the chemicals and things that are in there, not to mention all the building materials and furniture,” said Rahn, who also is \u003ca href=\"https://temeculaca.gov/904/Council-Member-Matt-Rahn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a member of \u003c/a>Temecula’s city council. “That’s when we started really thinking about what happens. What’s in the smoke when you have all that complicated fuel being combusted at the same time?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was in 2014, when wildfires burned 568 buildings across the state. Fire season is not yet over this year and the toll already is higher: three people dead and 732 buildings burned. And the state is still recovering from back-to-back years of catastrophic fires that killed 137 people and damaged or destroyed nearly 35,000 buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As \u003ca href=\"https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/chapter/6/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">climate change primes the West to burn\u003c/a> and more \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/content/115/13/3314\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">people build closer to nature\u003c/a>, the question of what’s in the smoke when fires tear through wilderness and homes alike is still far from being answered. Yet the health of those breathing the smoke — like the firefighters battling the flames — depends on real data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now, we’re trying to keep California from burning down,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.yourcsd.com/161/Message-from-the-Fire-Chief\">Michael McLaughlin\u003c/a>, chief of the Cosumnes Fire Department and legislative director of the \u003ca href=\"https://calchiefs.org/who-we-are/committees/legislative-committee/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California Fire Chiefs Association\u003c/a>. “But how do we put emphasis on those that we’re putting between the fire and the communities we’re trying to save?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On People’s Radar\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a wildfire burns through grasslands, forests, and chaparral, the blaze \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/t-d/pubs/pdfpubs/pdf13511803/pdf13511803dpi100.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">churns out fine airborne particles\u003c/a> that can irritate the lungs and have been \u003ca href=\"https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1716846\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">linked to heart and lung problems\u003c/a>, as well as \u003ca href=\"https://www3.epa.gov/airnow/wildfire-smoke/wildfire-smoke-guide-revised-2019.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">premature death\u003c/a>. Deadly gases like carbon monoxide and irritating, potentially cancer-causing chemicals like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons mix into the smoke cloud as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a complex soup with ingredients that can change depending on the fuel and the ferocity of the fire. And as the chemicals stew in the atmosphere, \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/t-d/pubs/pdfpubs/pdf13511803/pdf13511803dpi100.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">they continue to react\u003c/a> — breaking apart and joining together to create new ingredients to inhale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burning buildings and cars typically make up only a small proportion of wildfire smoke, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.firelab.org/profile/urbanski-shawn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Shawn Urbanski\u003c/a>, a research physical scientist at the Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory — but their contributions are starting to capture scientists’ attention. “With these recent fires, it’s really sort of gotten on people’s radar,” Urbanski said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For folks inhaling smoke far from its source, toxic emissions from burning cars and houses are likely to pose less of a health risk as they’re diluted away. “All the way down in the Bay Area, probably the smoke from the Paradise Fire was pretty much just wood smoke,” said \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.ucsf.edu/john.balmes\">John Balmes\u003c/a>, a professor at the University of California, San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, wood smoke isn’t benign; \u003ca href=\"https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1716846\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">researchers\u003c/a> as well as \u003ca href=\"https://www.revealnews.org/article/the-smokes-gone-but-hearts-and-lungs-still-may-be-in-danger-months-after-wildfires/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reporters at Reveal\u003c/a> found increases in emergency room visits \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6015400/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">for heart\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://ehjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12940-016-0146-8#Sec4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">breathing problems\u003c/a> after exposure to wildfire smoke. But for people immediately downwind and for the firefighters battling the flames, the metals, carcinogens, and toxic air pollutants rising from burning homes and cars could present an additional hazard. “It definitely is an occupational risk for the firefighters when they’re trying to save buildings, and for community exposures,” Balmes said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We do know that municipal firefighters battling structure fires in towns and cities can run into heavy metals as well as all \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK326815/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">kinds of cancer-causing chemicals\u003c/a>, like formaldehyde, benzene, and asbestos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re also more \u003ca href=\"https://www.fsi.illinois.edu/documents/research/CardioChemRisksModernFF_InterimReport2016.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">prone to getting cancer\u003c/a> than the general population, according to a massive study of 30,000 firefighters in San Francisco, Chicago, and Philadelphia. The paper, published \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4499779/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">in the journal \u003cem>Occupational and Environmental Medicine\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>,\u003c/em> reported an increase in certain cancers, including of the esophagus, lungs, mouth and throat, large intestine, and kidney.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There haven’t been any similar long-term epidemiology studies of firefighters battling blazes in the wilderness, according to a deep dive into the scientific literature that was published in the journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/journals/pnw_2016_adetona001.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Inhalation Toxicology\u003c/em>\u003c/a> in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shorter-term studies, however, have reported \u003ca href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/08958378.2011.617790\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">small drops in lung function\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/erj/32/1/129.full.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">increased inflammation\u003c/a> among wildland firefighters exposed to smoke. Kathleen Navarro is a research industrial hygienist at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health who has worked as a wildland firefighter. She estimated in a recent study published in \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30981117\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Environmental Research\u003c/em>\u003c/a> that based on their smoke exposures, wildland firefighters may be at greater risk of dying from lung cancer and cardiovascular disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildland firefighters also tend to battle conflagrations without any lung protection beyond a bandana or a mask to filter out airborne particles — even when they’re working where wilderness and homes intersect, a junction known as the wildland urban interface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For structure fires in towns or cities, firefighters typically use a breathing apparatus equipped with a clean air tank that lasts about 20 to 30 minutes, according to Cosumnes Fire Chief McLaughlin. That’s not feasible for wildland firefighters who can end up working long shifts, in treacherous terrain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why figuring out what’s in the smoke, and what it means for health, is so important, said Jesse Estrada, the department safety officer for the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, also known as Cal Fire. “You get exposed to a lot of stuff over the years, and the body takes a beatdown,” he said. “We need to understand what the short term and long term effects are. The only way to know that is to let time pass as they do the research, and truly see what we are facing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Different Landscape\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the people driving this research is Aida Rodriguez, a master’s student working with Matt Rahn at CSU San Marcos. The day after the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2019/10/23/kincade-fire/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kincade fire\u003c/a> started in Sonoma County, Rodriguez hopped on a plane with a pink duffle bag full of pre-labeled glass vials, patches made out of the same Nomex material in firefighters’ uniforms, and fabric staplers. Airport security, Rodriguez said, “were concerned about everything in there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next morning, under a reddish haze of smoke on the horizon and the faint smell of camp fires in the air, Rodriguez got to work. Balancing the vials and Nomex patches on the front of a fire engine at the base camp in Santa Rosa, she tacked the material to the outside and the inside of the firefighters’ gear. She was done in about 20 minutes. “I was fast and furiously going through it,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenty-four hours later, it was Rahn who was in charge of ripping the patches from the returning firefighters’ uniforms, pushing them into the glass vials, and mailing them to an independent lab in Ohio for testing. His team’s goal is to find out which chemicals settle on the outside of the firefighters’ uniforms while they’re fighting the flames, and which ones soak through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Are they harmful chemicals? Are they cancer causing?” Rodriguez said. “If that’s something we can answer, then you can develop a decontamination protocol to mitigate the exposure to those chemicals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists across the country are asking these questions. \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2019-03/documents/holderamara_biosketche_aemd.pdf\">Amara Holder\u003c/a>, a scientist with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, is working with the U.S. Forest Service to review what we know — and what we don’t — about the air pollution from fires that burn homes and wilderness together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stakes are high for firefighters and other emergency responders, and for the people living close to a conflagration. “You’ve got smoke from a house, or a car, as well as trees,” Holder said. “It’s just a different landscape.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Key will be measuring what’s in the smoke, and determining how far these pollutants travel — as some might dissipate before they reach nearby towns, and some might not. Figuring that out could help guide evacuations and determine when and where wildland firefighters need to wear protective equipment. “Then we’ll know what we need to do to protect people,” Holder said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Navarro, the scientist who has worked as a wildland firefighter, is taking an even closer\u003cem> \u003c/em>look at wildland firefighter health — by studying their bodily fluids. She and a team of researchers at the University of Miami and the University of Arizona are collecting blood and urine samples from firefighters battling fires at the interface between homes and nature. She’s looking for signs of metals, certain flame retardants, and a family of chemicals called \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1110062114200237\">polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons\u003c/a> that’s known to include carcinogens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In those environments, firefighters’ chemical exposures become much more complex, according to Navarro’s colleague, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/Membership/member-sections/Metro-Chiefs/Urban-Fire-Forum/2019/2019UFFCancerRegistry.ashx?la=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kenneth Fent\u003c/a>. “There are a lot more questions about their health risks even above and beyond other wildland firefighters where it may be more vegetation exposure,” Fent said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fent is helming a voluntary \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/firefighters/health.html\">National Firefighter Registry\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2019/p0328-firefighter-registry.html\">track the long-term health\u003c/a> of any firefighter who signs up. The goal is to understand the long-term cancer risk of firefighters across the field, from those rushing into burning buildings to those fighting to keep a wildfire from engulfing a nearby town.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For wildland firefighters in particular, he said, this is the kind of study that’s been missing. And identifying the risks is the first step for trying to prevent them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Expensive Consideration\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why don’t we know yet what long-term health problems might plague wildland firefighters? One reason is logistics: it’s tough for scientists to tag along with firefighters while they’re working in extreme conditions to save lives and homes. “To do my work, I became a firefighter,” Navarro said. Her training allows her to measure smoke exposures at active wildfires, and gives her insights into what the job as a wildland firefighter actually involves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another reason is that this research is expensive, according to CSU San Marcos’ Rahn. “The laboratory analysis costs us about $2,000 per firefighter,” he said. “This is an expensive consideration. That’s the hurdle we’re up against.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the money — which Rahn said includes a grant from the Federal Emergency Management Agency and another from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calfirelocal2881.org/\">Cal Fire Local 2881 union\u003c/a> — is running out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have struggled to find someone willing to pay to investigate the risks to wildland firefighters, he said. “We have to convince these funding agencies, believe it or not, that the work we do here is not just a California issue — this is a national concern,” he said. “It’s a challenge every year to try to receive that funding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why two years ago Cal Fire Local 2881 pushed the state of California to fund the research, according to union President Tim Edwards. And \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billAnalysisClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB774\">a bill by Sen. Connie Leyva\u003c/a>, a Democrat from Chino, would have tapped $5 million from the state’s general fund to pay for wildland firefighting research at California State University campuses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the bill sailed through the Legislature, former Gov. Jerry Brown vetoed it, calling it a “well-intentioned and important proposal” that belonged in the budget, not legislation. Edwards, an engineer with Cal Fire and thyroid cancer survivor, said the veto was disappointing. “Being a state employee, and a state firefighter, I think that hurt me more than anything. It frustrated me more than anything,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Edwards said the union is working to get the funding included in the state budget. H.D. Palmer, deputy director for external affairs at the California Department of Finance, wouldn’t say whether the union’s latest efforts will work. “I’ll respectfully decline to speculate on what will or will not be included in next year’s budget proposal,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s Next?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are\u003cem> \u003c/em>strategies to reduce wildland firefighters’ risks by removing them from the smoke when they’re off shift, and giving them a chance to clean up, Cal Fire’s Estrada said. “It doesn’t mean that when they go out in these environments that 100 percent of the time, every firefighter is completely immersed in the smoke for the duration,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, union president Edwards said, “We’re hoping to eventually find a breathing apparatus that will work at the wildland conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To that end, the Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate has contracted with a company called TDA Research to \u003ca href=\"https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/931_R-Tech_Wildland-Firefighter-Respiration-Protection-FactSheet_180606-508.pdf\">create a lightweight respirator\u003c/a> that firefighters can use in the wildland for days to weeks. Since many wildland firefighters wear bandanas over their faces, the device is shaped like a scarf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We wanted to create something that was similar to what they use,” said Kimberli Jones-Holt, program manager with the DHS Science and Technology Directorate. Jones-Holt is optimistic that wildland firefighters could be using the device by 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for Rodriguez, the results aren’t back yet from the patches she sent into the smoke in Sonoma. But in the meantime, she has her glass vials and fabric staplers still packed in that pink duffle bag, ready for the next fire, she said: “It’s important for us to realize that fire season is year round. I don’t really have the time to sit and wait.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Matt Rahn was about 200 feet away when flames started climbing up the side of the garage and creeping toward the car inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://news.csusm.edu/csusm-wildland-firefighting-research/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">A wildfire researcher\u003c/a> with California State University San Marcos, Rahn was at the edge of \u003ca href=\"https://fire.ca.gov/incidents/2014/7/25/sand-fire/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a fire that would go on to burn 4,240 acres\u003c/a> across California’s Amador and El Dorado counties. He was there to study the smoke rising off blackening shrubs and trees. Watching the garage burn, though, he realized that firefighters fending off flames without any real lung protection were inhaling more than airborne remnants of burnt plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Think about the average home, all the chemicals and things that are in there, not to mention all the building materials and furniture,” said Rahn, who also is \u003ca href=\"https://temeculaca.gov/904/Council-Member-Matt-Rahn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a member of \u003c/a>Temecula’s city council. “That’s when we started really thinking about what happens. What’s in the smoke when you have all that complicated fuel being combusted at the same time?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was in 2014, when wildfires burned 568 buildings across the state. Fire season is not yet over this year and the toll already is higher: three people dead and 732 buildings burned. And the state is still recovering from back-to-back years of catastrophic fires that killed 137 people and damaged or destroyed nearly 35,000 buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As \u003ca href=\"https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/chapter/6/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">climate change primes the West to burn\u003c/a> and more \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/content/115/13/3314\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">people build closer to nature\u003c/a>, the question of what’s in the smoke when fires tear through wilderness and homes alike is still far from being answered. Yet the health of those breathing the smoke — like the firefighters battling the flames — depends on real data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now, we’re trying to keep California from burning down,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.yourcsd.com/161/Message-from-the-Fire-Chief\">Michael McLaughlin\u003c/a>, chief of the Cosumnes Fire Department and legislative director of the \u003ca href=\"https://calchiefs.org/who-we-are/committees/legislative-committee/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California Fire Chiefs Association\u003c/a>. “But how do we put emphasis on those that we’re putting between the fire and the communities we’re trying to save?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On People’s Radar\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a wildfire burns through grasslands, forests, and chaparral, the blaze \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/t-d/pubs/pdfpubs/pdf13511803/pdf13511803dpi100.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">churns out fine airborne particles\u003c/a> that can irritate the lungs and have been \u003ca href=\"https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1716846\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">linked to heart and lung problems\u003c/a>, as well as \u003ca href=\"https://www3.epa.gov/airnow/wildfire-smoke/wildfire-smoke-guide-revised-2019.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">premature death\u003c/a>. Deadly gases like carbon monoxide and irritating, potentially cancer-causing chemicals like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons mix into the smoke cloud as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a complex soup with ingredients that can change depending on the fuel and the ferocity of the fire. And as the chemicals stew in the atmosphere, \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/t-d/pubs/pdfpubs/pdf13511803/pdf13511803dpi100.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">they continue to react\u003c/a> — breaking apart and joining together to create new ingredients to inhale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burning buildings and cars typically make up only a small proportion of wildfire smoke, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.firelab.org/profile/urbanski-shawn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Shawn Urbanski\u003c/a>, a research physical scientist at the Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory — but their contributions are starting to capture scientists’ attention. “With these recent fires, it’s really sort of gotten on people’s radar,” Urbanski said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For folks inhaling smoke far from its source, toxic emissions from burning cars and houses are likely to pose less of a health risk as they’re diluted away. “All the way down in the Bay Area, probably the smoke from the Paradise Fire was pretty much just wood smoke,” said \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.ucsf.edu/john.balmes\">John Balmes\u003c/a>, a professor at the University of California, San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, wood smoke isn’t benign; \u003ca href=\"https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1716846\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">researchers\u003c/a> as well as \u003ca href=\"https://www.revealnews.org/article/the-smokes-gone-but-hearts-and-lungs-still-may-be-in-danger-months-after-wildfires/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reporters at Reveal\u003c/a> found increases in emergency room visits \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6015400/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">for heart\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://ehjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12940-016-0146-8#Sec4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">breathing problems\u003c/a> after exposure to wildfire smoke. But for people immediately downwind and for the firefighters battling the flames, the metals, carcinogens, and toxic air pollutants rising from burning homes and cars could present an additional hazard. “It definitely is an occupational risk for the firefighters when they’re trying to save buildings, and for community exposures,” Balmes said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We do know that municipal firefighters battling structure fires in towns and cities can run into heavy metals as well as all \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK326815/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">kinds of cancer-causing chemicals\u003c/a>, like formaldehyde, benzene, and asbestos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re also more \u003ca href=\"https://www.fsi.illinois.edu/documents/research/CardioChemRisksModernFF_InterimReport2016.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">prone to getting cancer\u003c/a> than the general population, according to a massive study of 30,000 firefighters in San Francisco, Chicago, and Philadelphia. The paper, published \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4499779/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">in the journal \u003cem>Occupational and Environmental Medicine\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>,\u003c/em> reported an increase in certain cancers, including of the esophagus, lungs, mouth and throat, large intestine, and kidney.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There haven’t been any similar long-term epidemiology studies of firefighters battling blazes in the wilderness, according to a deep dive into the scientific literature that was published in the journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/journals/pnw_2016_adetona001.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Inhalation Toxicology\u003c/em>\u003c/a> in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shorter-term studies, however, have reported \u003ca href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/08958378.2011.617790\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">small drops in lung function\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/erj/32/1/129.full.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">increased inflammation\u003c/a> among wildland firefighters exposed to smoke. Kathleen Navarro is a research industrial hygienist at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health who has worked as a wildland firefighter. She estimated in a recent study published in \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30981117\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Environmental Research\u003c/em>\u003c/a> that based on their smoke exposures, wildland firefighters may be at greater risk of dying from lung cancer and cardiovascular disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildland firefighters also tend to battle conflagrations without any lung protection beyond a bandana or a mask to filter out airborne particles — even when they’re working where wilderness and homes intersect, a junction known as the wildland urban interface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For structure fires in towns or cities, firefighters typically use a breathing apparatus equipped with a clean air tank that lasts about 20 to 30 minutes, according to Cosumnes Fire Chief McLaughlin. That’s not feasible for wildland firefighters who can end up working long shifts, in treacherous terrain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why figuring out what’s in the smoke, and what it means for health, is so important, said Jesse Estrada, the department safety officer for the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, also known as Cal Fire. “You get exposed to a lot of stuff over the years, and the body takes a beatdown,” he said. “We need to understand what the short term and long term effects are. The only way to know that is to let time pass as they do the research, and truly see what we are facing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Different Landscape\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the people driving this research is Aida Rodriguez, a master’s student working with Matt Rahn at CSU San Marcos. The day after the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2019/10/23/kincade-fire/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kincade fire\u003c/a> started in Sonoma County, Rodriguez hopped on a plane with a pink duffle bag full of pre-labeled glass vials, patches made out of the same Nomex material in firefighters’ uniforms, and fabric staplers. Airport security, Rodriguez said, “were concerned about everything in there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next morning, under a reddish haze of smoke on the horizon and the faint smell of camp fires in the air, Rodriguez got to work. Balancing the vials and Nomex patches on the front of a fire engine at the base camp in Santa Rosa, she tacked the material to the outside and the inside of the firefighters’ gear. She was done in about 20 minutes. “I was fast and furiously going through it,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenty-four hours later, it was Rahn who was in charge of ripping the patches from the returning firefighters’ uniforms, pushing them into the glass vials, and mailing them to an independent lab in Ohio for testing. His team’s goal is to find out which chemicals settle on the outside of the firefighters’ uniforms while they’re fighting the flames, and which ones soak through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Are they harmful chemicals? Are they cancer causing?” Rodriguez said. “If that’s something we can answer, then you can develop a decontamination protocol to mitigate the exposure to those chemicals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists across the country are asking these questions. \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2019-03/documents/holderamara_biosketche_aemd.pdf\">Amara Holder\u003c/a>, a scientist with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, is working with the U.S. Forest Service to review what we know — and what we don’t — about the air pollution from fires that burn homes and wilderness together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stakes are high for firefighters and other emergency responders, and for the people living close to a conflagration. “You’ve got smoke from a house, or a car, as well as trees,” Holder said. “It’s just a different landscape.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Key will be measuring what’s in the smoke, and determining how far these pollutants travel — as some might dissipate before they reach nearby towns, and some might not. Figuring that out could help guide evacuations and determine when and where wildland firefighters need to wear protective equipment. “Then we’ll know what we need to do to protect people,” Holder said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Navarro, the scientist who has worked as a wildland firefighter, is taking an even closer\u003cem> \u003c/em>look at wildland firefighter health — by studying their bodily fluids. She and a team of researchers at the University of Miami and the University of Arizona are collecting blood and urine samples from firefighters battling fires at the interface between homes and nature. She’s looking for signs of metals, certain flame retardants, and a family of chemicals called \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1110062114200237\">polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons\u003c/a> that’s known to include carcinogens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In those environments, firefighters’ chemical exposures become much more complex, according to Navarro’s colleague, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/Membership/member-sections/Metro-Chiefs/Urban-Fire-Forum/2019/2019UFFCancerRegistry.ashx?la=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kenneth Fent\u003c/a>. “There are a lot more questions about their health risks even above and beyond other wildland firefighters where it may be more vegetation exposure,” Fent said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fent is helming a voluntary \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/firefighters/health.html\">National Firefighter Registry\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2019/p0328-firefighter-registry.html\">track the long-term health\u003c/a> of any firefighter who signs up. The goal is to understand the long-term cancer risk of firefighters across the field, from those rushing into burning buildings to those fighting to keep a wildfire from engulfing a nearby town.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For wildland firefighters in particular, he said, this is the kind of study that’s been missing. And identifying the risks is the first step for trying to prevent them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Expensive Consideration\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why don’t we know yet what long-term health problems might plague wildland firefighters? One reason is logistics: it’s tough for scientists to tag along with firefighters while they’re working in extreme conditions to save lives and homes. “To do my work, I became a firefighter,” Navarro said. Her training allows her to measure smoke exposures at active wildfires, and gives her insights into what the job as a wildland firefighter actually involves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another reason is that this research is expensive, according to CSU San Marcos’ Rahn. “The laboratory analysis costs us about $2,000 per firefighter,” he said. “This is an expensive consideration. That’s the hurdle we’re up against.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the money — which Rahn said includes a grant from the Federal Emergency Management Agency and another from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calfirelocal2881.org/\">Cal Fire Local 2881 union\u003c/a> — is running out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have struggled to find someone willing to pay to investigate the risks to wildland firefighters, he said. “We have to convince these funding agencies, believe it or not, that the work we do here is not just a California issue — this is a national concern,” he said. “It’s a challenge every year to try to receive that funding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why two years ago Cal Fire Local 2881 pushed the state of California to fund the research, according to union President Tim Edwards. And \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billAnalysisClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB774\">a bill by Sen. Connie Leyva\u003c/a>, a Democrat from Chino, would have tapped $5 million from the state’s general fund to pay for wildland firefighting research at California State University campuses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the bill sailed through the Legislature, former Gov. Jerry Brown vetoed it, calling it a “well-intentioned and important proposal” that belonged in the budget, not legislation. Edwards, an engineer with Cal Fire and thyroid cancer survivor, said the veto was disappointing. “Being a state employee, and a state firefighter, I think that hurt me more than anything. It frustrated me more than anything,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Edwards said the union is working to get the funding included in the state budget. H.D. Palmer, deputy director for external affairs at the California Department of Finance, wouldn’t say whether the union’s latest efforts will work. “I’ll respectfully decline to speculate on what will or will not be included in next year’s budget proposal,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s Next?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are\u003cem> \u003c/em>strategies to reduce wildland firefighters’ risks by removing them from the smoke when they’re off shift, and giving them a chance to clean up, Cal Fire’s Estrada said. “It doesn’t mean that when they go out in these environments that 100 percent of the time, every firefighter is completely immersed in the smoke for the duration,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, union president Edwards said, “We’re hoping to eventually find a breathing apparatus that will work at the wildland conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To that end, the Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate has contracted with a company called TDA Research to \u003ca href=\"https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/931_R-Tech_Wildland-Firefighter-Respiration-Protection-FactSheet_180606-508.pdf\">create a lightweight respirator\u003c/a> that firefighters can use in the wildland for days to weeks. Since many wildland firefighters wear bandanas over their faces, the device is shaped like a scarf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We wanted to create something that was similar to what they use,” said Kimberli Jones-Holt, program manager with the DHS Science and Technology Directorate. Jones-Holt is optimistic that wildland firefighters could be using the device by 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for Rodriguez, the results aren’t back yet from the patches she sent into the smoke in Sonoma. But in the meantime, she has her glass vials and fabric staplers still packed in that pink duffle bag, ready for the next fire, she said: “It’s important for us to realize that fire season is year round. I don’t really have the time to sit and wait.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
"airtime": "SUN 9pm-10pm",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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}
},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
}
},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"id": "here-and-now",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/hiddenbrain.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
"subscribe": {
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Science-Podcasts/Hidden-Brain-p787503/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510308/podcast.xml"
}
},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
"imageAlt": "KQED Hyphenación",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"meta": {
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/6c3dd23c-93fb-4aab-97ba-1725fa6315f1/hyphenaci%C3%B3n",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
}
},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/xtTd",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/M4f5",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Political Breakdown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"subscribe": {
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/e0c2d153-ad36-4c8d-901d-f1da6a724824/political-breakdown",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/572155894/political-breakdown",
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