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"title": "A Summer Communing With California's Glaciers",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/05/2013-05-27-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, geologists in Yosemite Park came to the sad conclusion that one of California’s iconic glaciers, the Lyell, had ground to a halt, having lost too much mass to sustain its downward movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knowing that California’s approximately 130 (depending on your definition) glaciers will not be around forever, author and naturalist Tim Palmer spent the summer of 2010 on a personal quest to climb and photograph as many of these frozen giants as he could manage. I spoke with him shortly after publication of his ensuing book, \u003cem>California Glaciers\u003c/em> (Heyday).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3108\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Palmer_JeffPflueger-e1369168994516.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3108\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3108\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Palmer_JeffPflueger-e1369168994516.jpg\" alt=\"Nature photographer Tim Palmer spent several months climbing and shooting California glaciers in 2010. (Photo: Jeff Pflueger/Heyday)\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California’s mountain ranges harbor about 130 glaciers. In 2010, nature photographer Tim Palmer spent several months climbing and shooting them. (Photo: Jeff Pflueger/Heyday)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>CM: I know that a number of California’s glaciers have been re-surveyed, comparing them now with photographs taken a century ago. The shrinkage is starkly evident in some of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TP: What that shows – picture an aerial or planned view looking straight down – the area of ice gets smaller as the glacier shrinks, so we see that easily. But the glacier is also getting thinner, which we don’t see. This is not theoretical — the McLure Glacier is losing two feet of thickness per year. That could be typical of other Sierra glaciers. We could be down to almost the last year [and] it would look about the same size but it would only be two feet thick. And the next year: gone. So, the rate of loss is actually far faster than what we see by comparing those photos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3105\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Lyell_1903_p96-e1369167735535.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3105\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3105\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Lyell_1903_p96-e1369167735535.jpg\" alt=\"The Lyell Glacier, as photographed by G. K. Gilbert in August of 1903 (Photo: USGS)\" width=\"640\" height=\"431\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Lyell Glacier, as photographed by G. K. Gilbert in August of 1903 (Photo: USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3106\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Lyell_2010_p96-e1369168344512.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3106\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3106\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Lyell_2010_p96-e1369168344512.jpg\" alt=\"The Lyell Glacier, shown from the same vantage point in September, 2010. (Photo: Tim Palmer/Heyday)\" width=\"640\" height=\"423\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Lyell Glacier, shown from the same vantage point in September, 2010. (Photo: Tim Palmer/Heyday)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>CM: What makes this worrisome?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TP: The glaciers have been receding so long — except for Mount Shasta — they’re really not that big anymore. They do provide water to the rivers below them — no less than the Tuolumne which provides for San Francisco’s water and the Owens, which provides for Los Angeles’s water. They do provide water late in the season. Virtually all the other streams have almost completely dried up because the snow has melted by August-September. The glacial streams continue to run, nourishing the ecosystem below them, the fish, the riparian life and of course the people who use that water later on. But that’s not really the main point. The main point here is that the glaciers are simply the most visible sign that we have of climate change and global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their loss directly correlates to the diminishment of the Sierra snowpack and that is an enormous issue for California. Some of the best estimates I was able to uncover are that 52 percent of the early summer runoff will be gone in this century because of the snowpack shrinking. Twenty-five percent of farm supplies are likely to be gone, disappear, because of that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3111\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 269px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Maclure_p20.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3111\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-3111 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Maclure_p20.jpg\" alt=\"Inside the bergschrund, where the top of the Maclure Glacier curls away from the mountainside.\" width=\"269\" height=\"410\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inside the bergschrund, where the top of the Maclure Glacier curls away from the mountainside. (Tim Palmer/Heyday)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>CM: You describe a number of John Muir moments that you had when you were up there, in this kind of secret world where very few people go. I mean you’ve actually crawled inside some of these glaciers that have these natural pockets in them, almost womblike in a sense, if a little cold. Try to give us a sense of what you feel when you’re up there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TP: My fate 140 years later was to follow, in a sense, in [Muir’s] footsteps and report that these glaciers are disappearing very rapidly. I was in the same place on a very different mission. The connection was actually really fun in a lot of ways though because he went to many of the same places. When I climbed into that cave at the base of the McClure Glacier — it was an opening just about four feet high — I crawled in there and I could scoot back about 50 feet or so to where it tapered shut. It was very dark on the inside but light was coming in through the entrance. The ceiling was just like, if you can picture, a black wet mirror above you. That’s what the whole ceiling was like, just utterly smooth. There were rocks on the ground and water trickling here and there, but ice all around me. It was totally silent. One of the first things I thought was, “John Muir would have loved it in here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s something particularly poignant and powerful about connecting to a place that’s changing so rapidly, that’s actually being lost. I was just totally stoked to be up there doing this. But at the same time, I realized that this incredible beauty I was seeing, I would never see again and that people after me would never have the opportunity to see. Even in a few years, you won’t be able to see exactly what I saw. The next generation probably won’t be able to see most of these glaciers at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But by being able to show this real manifestation of the changes we’re making, I am hopeful that people will get it and that people will become motivated to deal with the changes that are coming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3116\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/NPalisade_p106-e1369171449599.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3116\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3116\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/NPalisade_p106-e1369171449599.jpg\" alt=\"The North Palisade Glacier, in the southern Sierra Nevada. (Tim Palmer/Heyday)\" width=\"640\" height=\"418\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The North Palisade is the largest Glacier in the Sierra Nevada and one of the most dramatic. It’s namesake mountain rises to more than 14,ooo feet. (Tim Palmer/Heyday)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Earlier this year, geologists in Yosemite Park came to the sad conclusion that one of California's iconic glaciers, the Lyell, had ground to a halt, having lost too much mass to sustain its downward movement. Knowing that California's approximately 130 glaciers will not be around forever, Tim Palmer spent a summer on a personal quest to climb and photograph as many of these frozen giants as he could manage.",
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"description": "Earlier this year, geologists in Yosemite Park came to the sad conclusion that one of California's iconic glaciers, the Lyell, had ground to a halt, having lost too much mass to sustain its downward movement. Knowing that California's approximately 130 glaciers will not be around forever, Tim Palmer spent a summer on a personal quest to climb and photograph as many of these frozen giants as he could manage.",
"title": "A Summer Communing With California's Glaciers | KQED",
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"headline": "A Summer Communing With California's Glaciers",
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"slug": "a-summer-communing-with-californias-glaciers",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/05/2013-05-27-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, geologists in Yosemite Park came to the sad conclusion that one of California’s iconic glaciers, the Lyell, had ground to a halt, having lost too much mass to sustain its downward movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knowing that California’s approximately 130 (depending on your definition) glaciers will not be around forever, author and naturalist Tim Palmer spent the summer of 2010 on a personal quest to climb and photograph as many of these frozen giants as he could manage. I spoke with him shortly after publication of his ensuing book, \u003cem>California Glaciers\u003c/em> (Heyday).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3108\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Palmer_JeffPflueger-e1369168994516.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3108\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3108\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Palmer_JeffPflueger-e1369168994516.jpg\" alt=\"Nature photographer Tim Palmer spent several months climbing and shooting California glaciers in 2010. (Photo: Jeff Pflueger/Heyday)\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California’s mountain ranges harbor about 130 glaciers. In 2010, nature photographer Tim Palmer spent several months climbing and shooting them. (Photo: Jeff Pflueger/Heyday)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>CM: I know that a number of California’s glaciers have been re-surveyed, comparing them now with photographs taken a century ago. The shrinkage is starkly evident in some of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TP: What that shows – picture an aerial or planned view looking straight down – the area of ice gets smaller as the glacier shrinks, so we see that easily. But the glacier is also getting thinner, which we don’t see. This is not theoretical — the McLure Glacier is losing two feet of thickness per year. That could be typical of other Sierra glaciers. We could be down to almost the last year [and] it would look about the same size but it would only be two feet thick. And the next year: gone. So, the rate of loss is actually far faster than what we see by comparing those photos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3105\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Lyell_1903_p96-e1369167735535.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3105\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3105\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Lyell_1903_p96-e1369167735535.jpg\" alt=\"The Lyell Glacier, as photographed by G. K. Gilbert in August of 1903 (Photo: USGS)\" width=\"640\" height=\"431\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Lyell Glacier, as photographed by G. K. Gilbert in August of 1903 (Photo: USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3106\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Lyell_2010_p96-e1369168344512.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3106\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3106\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Lyell_2010_p96-e1369168344512.jpg\" alt=\"The Lyell Glacier, shown from the same vantage point in September, 2010. (Photo: Tim Palmer/Heyday)\" width=\"640\" height=\"423\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Lyell Glacier, shown from the same vantage point in September, 2010. (Photo: Tim Palmer/Heyday)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>CM: What makes this worrisome?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TP: The glaciers have been receding so long — except for Mount Shasta — they’re really not that big anymore. They do provide water to the rivers below them — no less than the Tuolumne which provides for San Francisco’s water and the Owens, which provides for Los Angeles’s water. They do provide water late in the season. Virtually all the other streams have almost completely dried up because the snow has melted by August-September. The glacial streams continue to run, nourishing the ecosystem below them, the fish, the riparian life and of course the people who use that water later on. But that’s not really the main point. The main point here is that the glaciers are simply the most visible sign that we have of climate change and global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their loss directly correlates to the diminishment of the Sierra snowpack and that is an enormous issue for California. Some of the best estimates I was able to uncover are that 52 percent of the early summer runoff will be gone in this century because of the snowpack shrinking. Twenty-five percent of farm supplies are likely to be gone, disappear, because of that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3111\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 269px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Maclure_p20.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3111\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-3111 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Maclure_p20.jpg\" alt=\"Inside the bergschrund, where the top of the Maclure Glacier curls away from the mountainside.\" width=\"269\" height=\"410\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inside the bergschrund, where the top of the Maclure Glacier curls away from the mountainside. (Tim Palmer/Heyday)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>CM: You describe a number of John Muir moments that you had when you were up there, in this kind of secret world where very few people go. I mean you’ve actually crawled inside some of these glaciers that have these natural pockets in them, almost womblike in a sense, if a little cold. Try to give us a sense of what you feel when you’re up there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TP: My fate 140 years later was to follow, in a sense, in [Muir’s] footsteps and report that these glaciers are disappearing very rapidly. I was in the same place on a very different mission. The connection was actually really fun in a lot of ways though because he went to many of the same places. When I climbed into that cave at the base of the McClure Glacier — it was an opening just about four feet high — I crawled in there and I could scoot back about 50 feet or so to where it tapered shut. It was very dark on the inside but light was coming in through the entrance. The ceiling was just like, if you can picture, a black wet mirror above you. That’s what the whole ceiling was like, just utterly smooth. There were rocks on the ground and water trickling here and there, but ice all around me. It was totally silent. One of the first things I thought was, “John Muir would have loved it in here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s something particularly poignant and powerful about connecting to a place that’s changing so rapidly, that’s actually being lost. I was just totally stoked to be up there doing this. But at the same time, I realized that this incredible beauty I was seeing, I would never see again and that people after me would never have the opportunity to see. Even in a few years, you won’t be able to see exactly what I saw. The next generation probably won’t be able to see most of these glaciers at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But by being able to show this real manifestation of the changes we’re making, I am hopeful that people will get it and that people will become motivated to deal with the changes that are coming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3116\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/NPalisade_p106-e1369171449599.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3116\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3116\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/NPalisade_p106-e1369171449599.jpg\" alt=\"The North Palisade Glacier, in the southern Sierra Nevada. (Tim Palmer/Heyday)\" width=\"640\" height=\"418\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The North Palisade is the largest Glacier in the Sierra Nevada and one of the most dramatic. It’s namesake mountain rises to more than 14,ooo feet. (Tim Palmer/Heyday)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Geological Side Trips from Interstate 80: Placerville",
"headTitle": "Geological Side Trips from Interstate 80: Placerville | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Here’s a way to turn the routine roar up I-80 into a jaunt through part of the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_lode\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mother Lode\u003c/a> in Placerville. If you like warmth, the Sierra foothills can give you heat, but this side trip also takes you places to cool your feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The route starts with US Route 50, which splits off I-80 just west of Sacramento. I covered the first part of this stretch in the \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/02/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-through-folsom-to-loomis/\">Folsom-to-Loomis side trip\u003c/a>. On this trip, though, you stay on 50 to Placerville, then strike north across the watershed of the American River to Auburn, where I-80 is the ridge route to the crest of the Sierra Nevada. With minimal stops it takes a couple hours, but there are lots of places to linger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/05/23/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-placerville/placervilleloopmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3005\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/placervilleloopmap.png\" alt=\"placervilleloopmap\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-3005\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once past Folsom, the road starts to climb into the Sierra foothills. The big range has a wide western fringe of older rocks, much of them about 160 million years old from Jurassic time. The great batholiths of white Sierran granite are farther east, where this older cover has mostly eroded away. The rocks you’ll see are the type that yielded California’s hard-rock gold. Here’s the geologic map of that part of the route.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3002\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/placervillegeomap.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3002\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/placervillegeomap.png\" alt=\"geologic map\" width=\"600\" height=\"550\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3002\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rock units: m/um, mafic and ultramafic rocks of early Mesozoic age (ophiolite); J, marine rocks of Jurassic age; Mzv, volcanic rocks of Mesozoic age; gr\u003csup>Mz\u003c/sup>, late Jurassic granite; gb, late Jurassic gabbro. From the \u003ca href=\"http://www.quake.ca.gov/gmaps/GMC/stategeologicmap.html\">online State Geologic Map\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Mother Lode is a string of gold-bearing quartz veins and related rocks that stretches along the Melones fault zone. That’s where Placerville is. This route also goes through Coloma, where the Gold Rush began in 1848. That gold was nuggets in the river gravel, or placer (“PLASS-er”) gold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The beginning and the end of the route on the geologic map goes through the Smartville complex, which is the remains of an old volcanic island chain that collided with ancient California in Jurassic time. You won’t see it in the landscape, but the rocks around Shingle Springs conceal a major fault inside the complex. There’s some very nice slate to be found there . . .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/05/23/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-placerville/placerville-slate/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3010\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/placerville-slate.jpg\" alt=\"slate\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-3010\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>and peridotite, from deep in the ocean crust, with its distinctive density, dark-green color and rusty weathering rind. Serpentine is abundant here too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/05/23/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-placerville/placerville-perid/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3007\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/placerville-perid.jpg\" alt=\"peridotite\" width=\"500\" height=\"385\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-3007\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Placerville features lots of history from its days as a Gold Rush center. Some of the history lurks just off the main street in the form of cryptic diggings and other structures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/05/23/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-placerville/placerville-ruin/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3009\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/placerville-ruin.jpg\" alt=\"placerville ruin\" width=\"500\" height=\"378\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-3009\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More formally, you can tour the workings of a former gold mine just north of town at Gold Bug Park. This stamp mill at the park was used to pound the gold-bearing rock into powder for processing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/05/23/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-placerville/placerville-goldbug/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3003\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/placerville-goldbug.jpg\" alt=\"gold bug park\" width=\"500\" height=\"450\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-3003\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another destination I can recommend is Lava Cap Winery, northeast of town. The Sierra foothills are a thriving wine region, but Lava Cap was founded by a retired geologist, the late David Jones of the U.S. Geological Survey. His deep knowledge of rock, soil and terrain informs the wide variety of grapes grown on the property, and lots of Bay Area geologists consider it something of a pilgrimage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/05/23/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-placerville/placerville-lavacap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3004\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/placerville-lavacap.jpg\" alt=\"lava cap\" width=\"500\" height=\"402\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-3004\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rest of the trip takes state route 49 through the tiny town of Coloma, where a state historic park recalls the earliest days of the Gold Rush. An outdoor museum houses exhibits including this menacing “monitor,” which once directed huge streams of water against gravel hillsides to yield the bulk of California’s placer gold production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/05/23/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-placerville/placerville-monitor/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3006\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/placerville-monitor.jpg\" alt=\"coloma monitor\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-3006\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across the South Fork American River, next to the bridge, is a public gold-panning zone where you can seek your own nuggets—and get your feet nice and cold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/05/23/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-placerville/placerville-am-river/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3001\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/placerville-Am-River.jpg\" alt=\"coloma panning zone\" width=\"600\" height=\"420\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-3001\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This part of the route runs through a small body of granite, which makes for a picturesque countryside as you head north. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/05/23/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-placerville/placerville-top/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3011\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/placerville-top.jpg\" alt=\"placerville-top\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-3011\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just past the village of Cool, you’ll enter the big gorge of the main American River. The river crossing is a popular spot for boaters and soakers of feet. The old rail bridge downstream from the highway, built around 1900, is reserved for pedestrians today. And of course the rocks, scoured by regular floods, are beautifully displayed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/05/23/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-placerville/placerville-riverfork/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3008\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/placerville-riverfork.jpg\" alt=\"placerville-riverfork\" width=\"600\" height=\"446\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-3008\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From here a steep climb out of the American River gorge brings you to Auburn and the freeway. Now you can return from taking time to making time.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Here’s a way to turn the routine roar up I-80 into a jaunt through part of the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_lode\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mother Lode\u003c/a> in Placerville. If you like warmth, the Sierra foothills can give you heat, but this side trip also takes you places to cool your feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The route starts with US Route 50, which splits off I-80 just west of Sacramento. I covered the first part of this stretch in the \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/02/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-through-folsom-to-loomis/\">Folsom-to-Loomis side trip\u003c/a>. On this trip, though, you stay on 50 to Placerville, then strike north across the watershed of the American River to Auburn, where I-80 is the ridge route to the crest of the Sierra Nevada. With minimal stops it takes a couple hours, but there are lots of places to linger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/05/23/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-placerville/placervilleloopmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3005\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/placervilleloopmap.png\" alt=\"placervilleloopmap\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-3005\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once past Folsom, the road starts to climb into the Sierra foothills. The big range has a wide western fringe of older rocks, much of them about 160 million years old from Jurassic time. The great batholiths of white Sierran granite are farther east, where this older cover has mostly eroded away. The rocks you’ll see are the type that yielded California’s hard-rock gold. Here’s the geologic map of that part of the route.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3002\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/placervillegeomap.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3002\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/placervillegeomap.png\" alt=\"geologic map\" width=\"600\" height=\"550\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3002\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rock units: m/um, mafic and ultramafic rocks of early Mesozoic age (ophiolite); J, marine rocks of Jurassic age; Mzv, volcanic rocks of Mesozoic age; gr\u003csup>Mz\u003c/sup>, late Jurassic granite; gb, late Jurassic gabbro. From the \u003ca href=\"http://www.quake.ca.gov/gmaps/GMC/stategeologicmap.html\">online State Geologic Map\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Mother Lode is a string of gold-bearing quartz veins and related rocks that stretches along the Melones fault zone. That’s where Placerville is. This route also goes through Coloma, where the Gold Rush began in 1848. That gold was nuggets in the river gravel, or placer (“PLASS-er”) gold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The beginning and the end of the route on the geologic map goes through the Smartville complex, which is the remains of an old volcanic island chain that collided with ancient California in Jurassic time. You won’t see it in the landscape, but the rocks around Shingle Springs conceal a major fault inside the complex. There’s some very nice slate to be found there . . .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/05/23/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-placerville/placerville-slate/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3010\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/placerville-slate.jpg\" alt=\"slate\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-3010\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>and peridotite, from deep in the ocean crust, with its distinctive density, dark-green color and rusty weathering rind. Serpentine is abundant here too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/05/23/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-placerville/placerville-perid/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3007\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/placerville-perid.jpg\" alt=\"peridotite\" width=\"500\" height=\"385\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-3007\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Placerville features lots of history from its days as a Gold Rush center. Some of the history lurks just off the main street in the form of cryptic diggings and other structures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/05/23/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-placerville/placerville-ruin/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3009\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/placerville-ruin.jpg\" alt=\"placerville ruin\" width=\"500\" height=\"378\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-3009\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More formally, you can tour the workings of a former gold mine just north of town at Gold Bug Park. This stamp mill at the park was used to pound the gold-bearing rock into powder for processing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/05/23/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-placerville/placerville-goldbug/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3003\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/placerville-goldbug.jpg\" alt=\"gold bug park\" width=\"500\" height=\"450\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-3003\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another destination I can recommend is Lava Cap Winery, northeast of town. The Sierra foothills are a thriving wine region, but Lava Cap was founded by a retired geologist, the late David Jones of the U.S. Geological Survey. His deep knowledge of rock, soil and terrain informs the wide variety of grapes grown on the property, and lots of Bay Area geologists consider it something of a pilgrimage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/05/23/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-placerville/placerville-lavacap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3004\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/placerville-lavacap.jpg\" alt=\"lava cap\" width=\"500\" height=\"402\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-3004\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rest of the trip takes state route 49 through the tiny town of Coloma, where a state historic park recalls the earliest days of the Gold Rush. An outdoor museum houses exhibits including this menacing “monitor,” which once directed huge streams of water against gravel hillsides to yield the bulk of California’s placer gold production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/05/23/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-placerville/placerville-monitor/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3006\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/placerville-monitor.jpg\" alt=\"coloma monitor\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-3006\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across the South Fork American River, next to the bridge, is a public gold-panning zone where you can seek your own nuggets—and get your feet nice and cold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/05/23/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-placerville/placerville-am-river/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3001\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/placerville-Am-River.jpg\" alt=\"coloma panning zone\" width=\"600\" height=\"420\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-3001\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This part of the route runs through a small body of granite, which makes for a picturesque countryside as you head north. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/05/23/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-placerville/placerville-top/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3011\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/placerville-top.jpg\" alt=\"placerville-top\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-3011\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just past the village of Cool, you’ll enter the big gorge of the main American River. The river crossing is a popular spot for boaters and soakers of feet. The old rail bridge downstream from the highway, built around 1900, is reserved for pedestrians today. And of course the rocks, scoured by regular floods, are beautifully displayed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/05/23/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-placerville/placerville-riverfork/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3008\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/placerville-riverfork.jpg\" alt=\"placerville-riverfork\" width=\"600\" height=\"446\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-3008\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From here a steep climb out of the American River gorge brings you to Auburn and the freeway. Now you can return from taking time to making time.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Stanford Study: Earth's Center Is Not Quite What We Thought",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2909\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 216px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2909 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/525281main_earth-4x3-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"(Image: NASA JPL)\" width=\"216\" height=\"162\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cutaway graphic of the Earth, showing the outermost crust, mantle (red) and core. (Image: NASA JPL)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s not chewy or chocolate cream, nor is it a raging sea guarded by giant lizards, as in the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey_to_the_Center_of_the_Earth_%281959_film%29\">1959 film adaptation\u003c/a> of Jules Verne’s classic \u003cem>A Journey to the Center of the Earth\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So here’s a high school geology refresher: the Earth has an outer core and an inner core. The outer is liquid metal, and the inner core — we thought — was a solid ball of hot iron.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when seismic waves pass through the inner core, they sometimes behave strangely, moving at different speeds, for instance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Trying to explain, though, what about iron might be causing these interesting phenomena, that’s what we didn’t have much information on,” explains \u003ca href=\"https://pangea.stanford.edu/people/faculty/wendy-mao\">Wendy Mao\u003c/a>, an assistant professor at Stanford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she and Arianna Gleason, a post-doc at Stanford, applied the same amount of pressure to iron that they think it’s under at the center of the earth — about three million times as much pressure as at sea level — it was \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/ngeo1808.html\">surprisingly soft\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Of course, it’s much harder than silly putty,” Mao says. But conditions at the core are so different from the surface, it’s hard to really compare it to anything here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mao says, knowing the iron at the core is weak helps explain the strange behavior of seismic waves, and will help scientists better understand other quirks about our planet.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2909\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 216px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2909 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/525281main_earth-4x3-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"(Image: NASA JPL)\" width=\"216\" height=\"162\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cutaway graphic of the Earth, showing the outermost crust, mantle (red) and core. (Image: NASA JPL)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s not chewy or chocolate cream, nor is it a raging sea guarded by giant lizards, as in the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey_to_the_Center_of_the_Earth_%281959_film%29\">1959 film adaptation\u003c/a> of Jules Verne’s classic \u003cem>A Journey to the Center of the Earth\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So here’s a high school geology refresher: the Earth has an outer core and an inner core. The outer is liquid metal, and the inner core — we thought — was a solid ball of hot iron.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when seismic waves pass through the inner core, they sometimes behave strangely, moving at different speeds, for instance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Trying to explain, though, what about iron might be causing these interesting phenomena, that’s what we didn’t have much information on,” explains \u003ca href=\"https://pangea.stanford.edu/people/faculty/wendy-mao\">Wendy Mao\u003c/a>, an assistant professor at Stanford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she and Arianna Gleason, a post-doc at Stanford, applied the same amount of pressure to iron that they think it’s under at the center of the earth — about three million times as much pressure as at sea level — it was \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/ngeo1808.html\">surprisingly soft\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Of course, it’s much harder than silly putty,” Mao says. But conditions at the core are so different from the surface, it’s hard to really compare it to anything here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mao says, knowing the iron at the core is weak helps explain the strange behavior of seismic waves, and will help scientists better understand other quirks about our planet.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Remember the Quarries of Telegraph Hill",
"headTitle": "Remember the Quarries of Telegraph Hill | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>San Francisco is known for its hills, but before that touristic meme caught on, stone quarries were on course to remove some of them entirely. Twin Peaks had quarries; so did Bernal Heights; so did Diamond Heights; so did Point Lobos. There was a quarry in Golden Gate Park. But it all began at the nearest bedrock to the city’s original waterfront—Telegraph Hill. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2769\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/tel-hill-1849.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-2769\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/tel-hill-1849.jpg\" alt=\"Telegraph Hill in July 1849\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2769\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Part of George H. Burgess’ painting “San Francisco in July, 1849” \u003ca href=\"http://collections.museumca.org/?q=collection-item/a78189\">at the Oakland Museum of California\u003c/a> showing Telegraph Hill\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A modern city needs rock as much as it needs water. Roadbeds and foundations are important uses that may come to mind today. As the Gold Rush began, San Francisco needed stone to build wharves and piers, stone to fill in the marshland and build more piers, and stone to use for ballast—rocks to weigh down the holds of ships after they were emptied of cargo. The pace of business was frantic, and regulations were few. Every possible hillside was pressed into service, and Telegraph Hill was the one that served the most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Vulcan Quarry was located on Francisco Street near Kearny Street. The George P. Wetmore Quarry was at the corner of Lombard and Montgomery streets. Other quarry faces are found just north of Broadway on the south side of the hill. But the biggest was the Gray Brothers quarry operation, headquartered on Sansome Street at Green Street, where a great vertical cut almost 200 feet high still stands, barely covered with vegetation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2770\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/tel-hill-grayquarry.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-2770\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/tel-hill-grayquarry.jpg\" alt=\"Grey Bros quarry off Telegraph Hill 1908\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2770\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The handwritten caption of this photo by Hamilton Henry Dobbin says “Another one about ripe enough to tumble into Grey Bros quarry off Telegraph Hill 1908.” A 1910 photo shows the building still perched there. Image courtesy California State Library\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By 1900 the ongoing damage alarmed not just the hill’s modest homeowners, but civic groups who wanted it preserved as a landmark. A member of the California Club told the \u003ci>Call\u003c/i> on 3 January 1900 that the hill was “one of the natural and beautiful sites of San Francisco in addition to being closely identified with the early history of the city.” But quarry owner George Gray called it “very unsightly” and argued, among other things, that “if Telegraph Hill were cut down, residents on the east side of Russian Hill would have a magnificent marine view they do not now enjoy.” A decade later, the quarry was shut down and the city crept in. In 1927, Philo Farnsworth invented television in his Green Street lab on the quarry site. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A walk around the south, east and north sides of Telegraph Hill will give you many opportunities to peek at its innards. On the whole, it’s holding up well. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2771\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/tel-hill-today.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-2771\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/tel-hill-today.jpg\" alt=\"Telegraph Hill from Pier 39\" width=\"600\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2771\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Telegraph Hill from Pier 39; note quarry scars on the left side. Andrew Alden photos\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The sandstone is so massively bedded here that it crumbles less than your average former quarry. I think it’s fair to say, without offering a professional geologist’s opinion, that the next big earthquake will leave the hill mostly intact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/05/16/remember-the-quarries-of-telegraph-hill/tel-hill-top/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-2772\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/tel-hill-top.jpg\" alt=\"tel-hill-top\" width=\"600\" height=\"423\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2772\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Telegraph Hill is one of seven outcrops of the same Franciscan sandstone in this part of the city. On the geologic map below, it’s the one on the upper right; going clockwise from it the others make up Rincon Hill, Nob Hill, Pacific Heights/Cathedral Hill, Presidio Hill, Black Point/Fort Mason and Russian Hill. Alcatraz and Yerba Buena Islands also have this stone, and all are mapped as part of the Alcatraz terrane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2773\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/tel-hillbedrockmap.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-2773\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/tel-hillbedrockmap.png\" alt=\"Bedrock map of Telegraph Hill\" width=\"500\" height=\"333\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2773\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kfs,Kfss,Kfsh are Franciscan sandstone or shale. Qd is dune sand, and Qaf is artificial fill. From USGS Map MF-2337\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The other important thing to note on the map is the amount of artificial fill (Qaf). That’s where much of the early quarry output went.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quarried material of Telegraph Hill was always called blue sandstone, but what you’ll see today is brown from weathering. Geologists of the U.S. Geological Survey have described it as dark gray “with rare tinges of blue.” It is classified as graywacke, an “immature” sandstone with abundant fine-grained matrix and rich in rock fragments as well as sharp-edged mineral grains. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/05/16/remember-the-quarries-of-telegraph-hill/tel-hill-ss/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-2774\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/tel-hill-ss.jpg\" alt=\"tel-hill-ss\" width=\"500\" height=\"333\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2774\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the microscope the sandstone displays metamorphic minerals such as pumpellyite, attesting a moderate degree of heat and pressure. That happened as this former seafloor was turned to rock, squeezed up and torn to ribbons in California’s dynamic tectonic environment during the last few dozen million years.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>San Francisco is known for its hills, but before that touristic meme caught on, stone quarries were on course to remove some of them entirely. Twin Peaks had quarries; so did Bernal Heights; so did Diamond Heights; so did Point Lobos. There was a quarry in Golden Gate Park. But it all began at the nearest bedrock to the city’s original waterfront—Telegraph Hill. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2769\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/tel-hill-1849.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-2769\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/tel-hill-1849.jpg\" alt=\"Telegraph Hill in July 1849\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2769\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Part of George H. Burgess’ painting “San Francisco in July, 1849” \u003ca href=\"http://collections.museumca.org/?q=collection-item/a78189\">at the Oakland Museum of California\u003c/a> showing Telegraph Hill\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A modern city needs rock as much as it needs water. Roadbeds and foundations are important uses that may come to mind today. As the Gold Rush began, San Francisco needed stone to build wharves and piers, stone to fill in the marshland and build more piers, and stone to use for ballast—rocks to weigh down the holds of ships after they were emptied of cargo. The pace of business was frantic, and regulations were few. Every possible hillside was pressed into service, and Telegraph Hill was the one that served the most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Vulcan Quarry was located on Francisco Street near Kearny Street. The George P. Wetmore Quarry was at the corner of Lombard and Montgomery streets. Other quarry faces are found just north of Broadway on the south side of the hill. But the biggest was the Gray Brothers quarry operation, headquartered on Sansome Street at Green Street, where a great vertical cut almost 200 feet high still stands, barely covered with vegetation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2770\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/tel-hill-grayquarry.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-2770\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/tel-hill-grayquarry.jpg\" alt=\"Grey Bros quarry off Telegraph Hill 1908\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2770\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The handwritten caption of this photo by Hamilton Henry Dobbin says “Another one about ripe enough to tumble into Grey Bros quarry off Telegraph Hill 1908.” A 1910 photo shows the building still perched there. Image courtesy California State Library\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By 1900 the ongoing damage alarmed not just the hill’s modest homeowners, but civic groups who wanted it preserved as a landmark. A member of the California Club told the \u003ci>Call\u003c/i> on 3 January 1900 that the hill was “one of the natural and beautiful sites of San Francisco in addition to being closely identified with the early history of the city.” But quarry owner George Gray called it “very unsightly” and argued, among other things, that “if Telegraph Hill were cut down, residents on the east side of Russian Hill would have a magnificent marine view they do not now enjoy.” A decade later, the quarry was shut down and the city crept in. In 1927, Philo Farnsworth invented television in his Green Street lab on the quarry site. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A walk around the south, east and north sides of Telegraph Hill will give you many opportunities to peek at its innards. On the whole, it’s holding up well. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2771\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/tel-hill-today.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-2771\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/tel-hill-today.jpg\" alt=\"Telegraph Hill from Pier 39\" width=\"600\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2771\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Telegraph Hill from Pier 39; note quarry scars on the left side. Andrew Alden photos\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The sandstone is so massively bedded here that it crumbles less than your average former quarry. I think it’s fair to say, without offering a professional geologist’s opinion, that the next big earthquake will leave the hill mostly intact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/05/16/remember-the-quarries-of-telegraph-hill/tel-hill-top/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-2772\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/tel-hill-top.jpg\" alt=\"tel-hill-top\" width=\"600\" height=\"423\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2772\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Telegraph Hill is one of seven outcrops of the same Franciscan sandstone in this part of the city. On the geologic map below, it’s the one on the upper right; going clockwise from it the others make up Rincon Hill, Nob Hill, Pacific Heights/Cathedral Hill, Presidio Hill, Black Point/Fort Mason and Russian Hill. Alcatraz and Yerba Buena Islands also have this stone, and all are mapped as part of the Alcatraz terrane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2773\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/tel-hillbedrockmap.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-2773\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/tel-hillbedrockmap.png\" alt=\"Bedrock map of Telegraph Hill\" width=\"500\" height=\"333\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2773\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kfs,Kfss,Kfsh are Franciscan sandstone or shale. Qd is dune sand, and Qaf is artificial fill. From USGS Map MF-2337\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The other important thing to note on the map is the amount of artificial fill (Qaf). That’s where much of the early quarry output went.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quarried material of Telegraph Hill was always called blue sandstone, but what you’ll see today is brown from weathering. Geologists of the U.S. Geological Survey have described it as dark gray “with rare tinges of blue.” It is classified as graywacke, an “immature” sandstone with abundant fine-grained matrix and rich in rock fragments as well as sharp-edged mineral grains. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/05/16/remember-the-quarries-of-telegraph-hill/tel-hill-ss/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-2774\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/tel-hill-ss.jpg\" alt=\"tel-hill-ss\" width=\"500\" height=\"333\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2774\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the microscope the sandstone displays metamorphic minerals such as pumpellyite, attesting a moderate degree of heat and pressure. That happened as this former seafloor was turned to rock, squeezed up and torn to ribbons in California’s dynamic tectonic environment during the last few dozen million years.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Scientist Superheroes: The US Government's Crisis Science Team",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/13/scientist-superheroes-the-us-governments-crisis-science-team/science-during-crisis-640-360/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54580\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Science-During-Crisis-640-360.jpg\" alt=\"Science During Crisis 640 360\" width=\"542\" height=\"420\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-54580\">\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If your town were suddenly struck by an earthquake or hurricane, you could count on the arrival of police, firefighters, and medical technicians to aid in the emergency response. As of this past January, the US government has added a new team of responders to this list—scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Strategic Sciences Group was formed under Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar in order to help the department “act quickly, decisively and effectively when hurricanes, droughts, oil spills, wildfires or other crises strike.” The group was initially tested as a pilot program during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill and is now a permanent part of the Department of the Interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But don’t expect to see people in lab coats rushing into burning buildings or diving into flooding rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Strategic Sciences Group’s mission,” says group co-leader Gary Machlis, “is to very quickly assemble a team of scientists to develop scenarios of what the cascading consequences of a crisis might be.” These scenarios are projections of all the different ways in which the disaster might play out. The projections are then delivered to the President and other national leaders to help inform real-time, emergency-response decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During Deepwater Horizon, for example, calculations regarding oil flow rates helped decision-makers respond to obvious problems such as ecosystem contamination, as well as some subtler consequences: long-term displacement of oyster harvesters, disproportionate economic impacts upon cultural communities, and diminished hurricane resilience due to wetland stress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54582\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 485px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/alg_oil_rig_explosion.jpeg\" alt=\"Deepwater Horizon in flames, April 21, 2010.\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deepwater Horizon in flames, April 21, 2010.\u003cbr>(AP Photo/U.S. Coast Guard)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>With such a breadth of potential consequences to examine, its clear that the Strategic Sciences Group’s task is not simple. What is surprising however, is that many of the group’s difficulties stem from the nature of the scientific process itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Scientists are very accustomed to being deliberate in their work,” says Marcia Mcnutt, who worked with the Strategic Sciences Group during her tenure as director of the United States Geological Survey. “The idea that they might get critical info on a Monday night and need to have their best guess of what that info means by six am Tuesday morning is just not the normal way science operates.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, Machlis adds, the rapidly determined results must also be communicated persuasively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It isn’t enough to do good science. You might have an extraordinary, complex scenario figured out that’s important for leaders to know, but if you can’t tell that story clearly and effectively, it’s of less value.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These requirements—the ability to work with urgency, cope with uncertainty, and communicate well with non-scientists—separate crisis science from traditional scientific research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When creating the Strategic Sciences Group, Machlis responded to these unique demands by borrowing ideas from an unusual agency: The Office of Strategic Services, or OSS, which was established during World War II to coordinate espionage activities behind enemy lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Machlis says he has learned four important lessons from the historic military-intelligence organization:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\n\u003c/p>\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003ch2>1. Who You Hire Matters\u003c/h2>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\n\u003c/p>\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54625\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 447px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Donovan-Officers-Resize.jpg\" alt=\"OSS founder Maj. Gen. William J. Donovan with members of the OSS Operational Groups\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">OSS founder Maj. Gen. William J. Donovan with members of the OSS\u003cbr>Photo Courtesy of the OSS Society\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“The ideal candidate for the OSS were PhD’s that could win a bar fight,” says Machlis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While martial arts training is not an actual requirement, the Strategic Sciences Group does seek scientists with a certain mental and physical tenacity. “They‘ve got to be expert in their own discipline, able to transcend their own discipline and work well with other scientists, and they have to be able to work extremely hard under very intense conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003ch2>2. Expertise Not Representation\u003c/h2>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n“Our goal is to get the very best people in the field working on these science teams. It is less about do we need one person from this agency and one person from this agency to make sure it’s representative.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From government scientists to graduate students, anyone with the necessary skills can be recruited and put onto Machlis’ lists, or “rosters”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003ch2>3. Be Flexible\u003c/h2>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54584\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/13/scientist-superheroes-the-us-governments-crisis-science-team/strategic-sciences-working-group/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54584\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Strategic-Sciences-Working-Group.jpg\" alt=\"US Department of the Interior Strategic Sciences Working Group, New Orleans, LA, July 2010.\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">US Department of the Interior Strategic Sciences Working Group, New Orleans, LA, July 2010. Photo Credit: Jason Newman\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Machlis ensures that the rosters are highly interdisciplinary. The 30 scientists who have already been called to action include “an anthropologist with expertise in disaster response from Louisiana, a public health medical officer from Washington, DC, a coastal geomorphologist from California, an ecologist working with a major natural history museum, and a Forest Service social scientist with expertise in urban ecology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such diversity allows the Strategic Sciences Group to be highly adaptable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Each crisis that might happen, whether it’s an oil spill, whether it’s an earth quake, whether it’s a dam failure, there’s always going to be many elements of it that are unique. We need to be flexible enough to choose a team that has reliable expert scientists appropriate to that crisis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003ch2>4. Avoid Bureaucracy\u003c/h2>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n“We stay focused on the mission rather than developing a lot of complicated, time-consuming bureaucratic processes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to avoid creating a large government agency, Machlis only activates the rostered scientists when a disaster occurs. At all other times, the Strategic Sciences Group is made up of only three people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This three person team, when there are no current crises, spends its time evaluating the consequences of potential crises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By considering situations such as “a forest fire in the sierras during Yosemite’s tourist season, or a pandemic, or an arctic oil spill,” the group hopes to pre-emptively increase response preparedness. Ultimately, Machlis aims to have the capacity to address simultaneous, bi-coastal disasters. For example: an earthquake in California and a hurricane in New York on the same day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When will the group be ready for such a situation?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would hope that we’re prepared for that within the year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark that down as December 31st, 2013--the date when you can expect not only police and firefighters, but also scientists, to play a role in addressing the next major natural or man-made disaster.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/13/scientist-superheroes-the-us-governments-crisis-science-team/science-during-crisis-640-360/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54580\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Science-During-Crisis-640-360.jpg\" alt=\"Science During Crisis 640 360\" width=\"542\" height=\"420\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-54580\">\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If your town were suddenly struck by an earthquake or hurricane, you could count on the arrival of police, firefighters, and medical technicians to aid in the emergency response. As of this past January, the US government has added a new team of responders to this list—scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Strategic Sciences Group was formed under Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar in order to help the department “act quickly, decisively and effectively when hurricanes, droughts, oil spills, wildfires or other crises strike.” The group was initially tested as a pilot program during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill and is now a permanent part of the Department of the Interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But don’t expect to see people in lab coats rushing into burning buildings or diving into flooding rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Strategic Sciences Group’s mission,” says group co-leader Gary Machlis, “is to very quickly assemble a team of scientists to develop scenarios of what the cascading consequences of a crisis might be.” These scenarios are projections of all the different ways in which the disaster might play out. The projections are then delivered to the President and other national leaders to help inform real-time, emergency-response decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During Deepwater Horizon, for example, calculations regarding oil flow rates helped decision-makers respond to obvious problems such as ecosystem contamination, as well as some subtler consequences: long-term displacement of oyster harvesters, disproportionate economic impacts upon cultural communities, and diminished hurricane resilience due to wetland stress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54582\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 485px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/alg_oil_rig_explosion.jpeg\" alt=\"Deepwater Horizon in flames, April 21, 2010.\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deepwater Horizon in flames, April 21, 2010.\u003cbr>(AP Photo/U.S. Coast Guard)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>With such a breadth of potential consequences to examine, its clear that the Strategic Sciences Group’s task is not simple. What is surprising however, is that many of the group’s difficulties stem from the nature of the scientific process itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Scientists are very accustomed to being deliberate in their work,” says Marcia Mcnutt, who worked with the Strategic Sciences Group during her tenure as director of the United States Geological Survey. “The idea that they might get critical info on a Monday night and need to have their best guess of what that info means by six am Tuesday morning is just not the normal way science operates.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, Machlis adds, the rapidly determined results must also be communicated persuasively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It isn’t enough to do good science. You might have an extraordinary, complex scenario figured out that’s important for leaders to know, but if you can’t tell that story clearly and effectively, it’s of less value.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These requirements—the ability to work with urgency, cope with uncertainty, and communicate well with non-scientists—separate crisis science from traditional scientific research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When creating the Strategic Sciences Group, Machlis responded to these unique demands by borrowing ideas from an unusual agency: The Office of Strategic Services, or OSS, which was established during World War II to coordinate espionage activities behind enemy lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Machlis says he has learned four important lessons from the historic military-intelligence organization:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\n\u003c/p>\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003ch2>1. Who You Hire Matters\u003c/h2>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\n\u003c/p>\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54625\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 447px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Donovan-Officers-Resize.jpg\" alt=\"OSS founder Maj. Gen. William J. Donovan with members of the OSS Operational Groups\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">OSS founder Maj. Gen. William J. Donovan with members of the OSS\u003cbr>Photo Courtesy of the OSS Society\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“The ideal candidate for the OSS were PhD’s that could win a bar fight,” says Machlis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While martial arts training is not an actual requirement, the Strategic Sciences Group does seek scientists with a certain mental and physical tenacity. “They‘ve got to be expert in their own discipline, able to transcend their own discipline and work well with other scientists, and they have to be able to work extremely hard under very intense conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003ch2>2. Expertise Not Representation\u003c/h2>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n“Our goal is to get the very best people in the field working on these science teams. It is less about do we need one person from this agency and one person from this agency to make sure it’s representative.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From government scientists to graduate students, anyone with the necessary skills can be recruited and put onto Machlis’ lists, or “rosters”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003ch2>3. Be Flexible\u003c/h2>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54584\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/13/scientist-superheroes-the-us-governments-crisis-science-team/strategic-sciences-working-group/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54584\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Strategic-Sciences-Working-Group.jpg\" alt=\"US Department of the Interior Strategic Sciences Working Group, New Orleans, LA, July 2010.\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">US Department of the Interior Strategic Sciences Working Group, New Orleans, LA, July 2010. Photo Credit: Jason Newman\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Machlis ensures that the rosters are highly interdisciplinary. The 30 scientists who have already been called to action include “an anthropologist with expertise in disaster response from Louisiana, a public health medical officer from Washington, DC, a coastal geomorphologist from California, an ecologist working with a major natural history museum, and a Forest Service social scientist with expertise in urban ecology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such diversity allows the Strategic Sciences Group to be highly adaptable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Each crisis that might happen, whether it’s an oil spill, whether it’s an earth quake, whether it’s a dam failure, there’s always going to be many elements of it that are unique. We need to be flexible enough to choose a team that has reliable expert scientists appropriate to that crisis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003ch2>4. Avoid Bureaucracy\u003c/h2>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n“We stay focused on the mission rather than developing a lot of complicated, time-consuming bureaucratic processes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to avoid creating a large government agency, Machlis only activates the rostered scientists when a disaster occurs. At all other times, the Strategic Sciences Group is made up of only three people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This three person team, when there are no current crises, spends its time evaluating the consequences of potential crises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By considering situations such as “a forest fire in the sierras during Yosemite’s tourist season, or a pandemic, or an arctic oil spill,” the group hopes to pre-emptively increase response preparedness. Ultimately, Machlis aims to have the capacity to address simultaneous, bi-coastal disasters. For example: an earthquake in California and a hurricane in New York on the same day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When will the group be ready for such a situation?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would hope that we’re prepared for that within the year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark that down as December 31st, 2013--the date when you can expect not only police and firefighters, but also scientists, to play a role in addressing the next major natural or man-made disaster.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Exploring Caves in California: An Otherworldly Experience",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53477\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/07/exploring-caves-in-californi-an-otherworldly-experience/cave1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53477\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53477\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave1.jpg\" alt=\"A tour group explores California Cavern.\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave1-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Rachael Rufino\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While most people are out enjoying the warmer weather spring offers, there are some who cannot wait to make their way underground. With the rainy season behind us, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Caverns\" target=\"_blank\">California Caverns\u003c/a> are opening up for those who aren't afraid of the dark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tour guides interpret the eerie speleothems (cave formations), created by water droplets and mineral deposits. Most of the formations follow the laws of gravity. Stalactites appear to grow downward as water droplets following down the same path leave minerals behind. Stalagmites on the other hand, appear to grow upward, as water droplets fall and land in the same place depositing minerals over time. Helictite crystals, however, actually defy gravity. Although their formation is not fully understood, water pressure and capillary forces are said to play a key role. This results in one of the most delicate, extraterrestrial-looking speleothems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53476\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/07/exploring-caves-in-californi-an-otherworldly-experience/cave3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53476\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53476\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave3.jpg\" alt=\"Helictite formations at Black Chasm Cavern.\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave3.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave3-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Rachael Rufino\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Simpler formation names inspired by more familiar objects include \"soda straws,\" \"angel wings,\" and \"bacon.\" Their formation is so slow, a speleothem that is a couple inches long can be several hundred years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53475\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/07/exploring-caves-in-californi-an-otherworldly-experience/cave4/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53475\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53475\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave4.jpg\" alt='\"Angel Wing\" formations are created by mineral deposits as water droplets flow down cave walls.' width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave4.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave4-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Rachael Rufino\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although bats are an iconic cave inhabitant, you won't find them here. Small crustaceans are one of the few residents confirmed living in this isolated environment. One species is endemic to Black Chasm Cavern, meaning, the entire population exists only in that cave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An environment that is so secluded means that the slightest disturbance can throw its ecosystem off balance. Algae has unnaturally began to grow in the caves because of the heat given off by light bulbs. When touring, it is important to observe the formations without touching them, as the oils from our skin can degrade the fragile speleothems. To help preserve these chambers, tour guides will immediately turn lights off when leaving, and in California Cavern, a pristine chamber called the \"Jungle Room\" is only shown to visitors who have demonstrated respect for the cave and its rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53478\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/07/exploring-caves-in-californi-an-otherworldly-experience/cave2-1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53478\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53478\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave2-1.jpg\" alt=\"A flood in California Cavern makes a wonderful habitat for small invertebrates.\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave2-1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave2-1-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Rachael Rufino\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Located just 3 hours from San Francisco, exploring \u003ca href=\"http://www.caverntours.com/BlackRt.htm\">Black Chasm Cavern\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.caverntours.com/CalifRt.htm\">California Cavern\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.caverntours.com/MoCavRt.htm\">Moaning Cavern\u003c/a> is a fascinating way to spend the weekend for all ages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53477\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/07/exploring-caves-in-californi-an-otherworldly-experience/cave1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53477\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53477\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave1.jpg\" alt=\"A tour group explores California Cavern.\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave1-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Rachael Rufino\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While most people are out enjoying the warmer weather spring offers, there are some who cannot wait to make their way underground. With the rainy season behind us, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Caverns\" target=\"_blank\">California Caverns\u003c/a> are opening up for those who aren't afraid of the dark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tour guides interpret the eerie speleothems (cave formations), created by water droplets and mineral deposits. Most of the formations follow the laws of gravity. Stalactites appear to grow downward as water droplets following down the same path leave minerals behind. Stalagmites on the other hand, appear to grow upward, as water droplets fall and land in the same place depositing minerals over time. Helictite crystals, however, actually defy gravity. Although their formation is not fully understood, water pressure and capillary forces are said to play a key role. This results in one of the most delicate, extraterrestrial-looking speleothems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53476\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/07/exploring-caves-in-californi-an-otherworldly-experience/cave3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53476\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53476\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave3.jpg\" alt=\"Helictite formations at Black Chasm Cavern.\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave3.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave3-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Rachael Rufino\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Simpler formation names inspired by more familiar objects include \"soda straws,\" \"angel wings,\" and \"bacon.\" Their formation is so slow, a speleothem that is a couple inches long can be several hundred years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53475\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/07/exploring-caves-in-californi-an-otherworldly-experience/cave4/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53475\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53475\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave4.jpg\" alt='\"Angel Wing\" formations are created by mineral deposits as water droplets flow down cave walls.' width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave4.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave4-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Rachael Rufino\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although bats are an iconic cave inhabitant, you won't find them here. Small crustaceans are one of the few residents confirmed living in this isolated environment. One species is endemic to Black Chasm Cavern, meaning, the entire population exists only in that cave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An environment that is so secluded means that the slightest disturbance can throw its ecosystem off balance. Algae has unnaturally began to grow in the caves because of the heat given off by light bulbs. When touring, it is important to observe the formations without touching them, as the oils from our skin can degrade the fragile speleothems. To help preserve these chambers, tour guides will immediately turn lights off when leaving, and in California Cavern, a pristine chamber called the \"Jungle Room\" is only shown to visitors who have demonstrated respect for the cave and its rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53478\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/07/exploring-caves-in-californi-an-otherworldly-experience/cave2-1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53478\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53478\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave2-1.jpg\" alt=\"A flood in California Cavern makes a wonderful habitat for small invertebrates.\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave2-1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave2-1-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Rachael Rufino\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Located just 3 hours from San Francisco, exploring \u003ca href=\"http://www.caverntours.com/BlackRt.htm\">Black Chasm Cavern\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.caverntours.com/CalifRt.htm\">California Cavern\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.caverntours.com/MoCavRt.htm\">Moaning Cavern\u003c/a> is a fascinating way to spend the weekend for all ages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Geological Side Trips from Interstate 80: Through Folsom to Loomis",
"title": "Geological Side Trips from Interstate 80: Through Folsom to Loomis",
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"content": "\u003cp>You could crawl through Sacramento during rush hour on your way to (or from) Reno and Tahoe, or you could take a 36-mile side trip through water, history, greenery and geology in the granite lands and early gold country of Folsom. Here's the route as it appears on Google Maps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/02/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-through-folsom-to-loomis/folsommap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53745\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-53745\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsommap.png\" alt=\"folsommap\" width=\"500\" height=\"325\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsommap.png 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsommap-400x260.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make this side trip, turn off I-80 just west of Sacramento onto US 50. This point is the western end of US 50; you can stay on that historic route past South Lake Tahoe and across Nevada to reach the Atlantic at Ocean City, Maryland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Route 50 starts at sea level and stays on the level ground of the Central Valley, following the American River toward the mountains. Twenty miles later you've climbed just 130 feet. All of the ups and downs of the road are related to interchanges and overcrossings, not topography. You won't see it from the highway, but most of the ground is gravel tailings, piled up over decades of gold mining in the bed of the American River. The river course is open to the public in Sacramento County's \u003ca href=\"http://www.msa2.saccounty.net/parks/Pages/RegionalParksDetails.aspx?pn=American%20River%20Parkway\">American River Parkway\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Hazel Avenue, 21 miles into the drive, exit and turn left (just above the \"E\" in Gold River on the map). It's a few hundred yards to the Nimbus Fish Hatchery, which has been here since the 1950s. You can tour the hatchery, or you can sit and watch the river flow. The last dam on the river, the relatively low Nimbus Dam, is just to the east.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53746\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/02/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-through-folsom-to-loomis/folsom-hatchery/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53746\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53746\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsom-hatchery.jpg\" alt=\"Nimbus Fish Hatchery\" width=\"600\" height=\"375\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsom-hatchery.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsom-hatchery-400x250.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And here we finally have topography, and rocks. The rock in the cliffs is mapped as the Turlock Lake Formation, which consists of sandstone and siltstone about a half million years old. At that time the rising Sierra Nevada was shedding this sediment in vast fan-shaped aprons up and down the eastern Central Valley. The wonderful \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/24/side-trips-from-interstate-5-the-deep-san-joaquin-valley/\">fossil beds of the Fairmead Landfill site\u003c/a>, down by Chowchilla, are in this formation, but no one has reported anything like that around here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Return to US 50, go east another mile, and take Folsom Boulevard north. Now let's look at the geologic map of the route (derived from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.quake.ca.gov/gmaps/GMC/stategeologicmap.html\">State Geologic Map\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/02/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-through-folsom-to-loomis/folsomgeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53747\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-53747\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsomgeomap.png\" alt=\"folsomgeomap\" width=\"500\" height=\"325\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsomgeomap.png 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsomgeomap-400x260.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Turlock Lake Formation makes up most of the area marked QPc, and the pink area is granite. That's what you'll see in the northern half of this side trip, between the towns of Folsom and Loomis. But first you pass a high pile of clean boulder gravel, two miles from US 50.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/02/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-through-folsom-to-loomis/folsomgravel/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53748\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-53748\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsomgravel.jpg\" alt=\"folsomgravel\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsomgravel.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsomgravel-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is just a tiny bit of the tailings left behind by the gold syndicates, much of it over a century ago. Pull over if you can and climb on it. Folsom began as a gold-rush town, and if you have the time there's a lot of history to explore. Along here you'll also catch glimpses of the sprawling, monumental \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=882\">Folsom Dam\u003c/a>, built in the 1950s for flood control and power generation. Folsom Lake behind it is a major outdoor asset for the capital region. There are several opportunities along the route to visit the lake and wet your feet in \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=500\">Folsom Lake State Recreation Area\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North of Folsom, the road will take you all the way to Auburn if you like, but we'll leave it at the town of Granite Bay and take Laird Road north to I-80 at Loomis. This is the pleasant, green part of the drive. By now you've surely noticed the abundant granite boulders and outcrops. They're all part of the Rocklin Pluton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/02/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-through-folsom-to-loomis/folsom-granite/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53749\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-53749\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsom-granite.jpg\" alt=\"folsom-granite\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsom-granite.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsom-granite-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the same rock that makes up the High Sierra, but here it's humble and charming instead of grand and rugged. If it were lifted up three miles and sculpted by erosion for a few million years, it would look like Yosemite. The Rocklin Pluton is an outlier, far to the west of most Sierran granitic intrusions. Its high-quality stone, so convenient to rail and river shipping, was first quarried early during statehood and has been used in public buildings and industrial infrastructure ever since. To get deeper into the subject, once back on I-80 you can take the next exit, Penryn Road, and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/06/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn/\">visit the old Griffith Quarry\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "An hour of crowded freeway or a jaunt through granite, greenery and history? The choice is yours.",
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"description": "An hour of crowded freeway or a jaunt through granite, greenery and history? The choice is yours.",
"title": "Geological Side Trips from Interstate 80: Through Folsom to Loomis | KQED",
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"headline": "Geological Side Trips from Interstate 80: Through Folsom to Loomis",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>You could crawl through Sacramento during rush hour on your way to (or from) Reno and Tahoe, or you could take a 36-mile side trip through water, history, greenery and geology in the granite lands and early gold country of Folsom. Here's the route as it appears on Google Maps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/02/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-through-folsom-to-loomis/folsommap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53745\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-53745\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsommap.png\" alt=\"folsommap\" width=\"500\" height=\"325\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsommap.png 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsommap-400x260.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make this side trip, turn off I-80 just west of Sacramento onto US 50. This point is the western end of US 50; you can stay on that historic route past South Lake Tahoe and across Nevada to reach the Atlantic at Ocean City, Maryland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Route 50 starts at sea level and stays on the level ground of the Central Valley, following the American River toward the mountains. Twenty miles later you've climbed just 130 feet. All of the ups and downs of the road are related to interchanges and overcrossings, not topography. You won't see it from the highway, but most of the ground is gravel tailings, piled up over decades of gold mining in the bed of the American River. The river course is open to the public in Sacramento County's \u003ca href=\"http://www.msa2.saccounty.net/parks/Pages/RegionalParksDetails.aspx?pn=American%20River%20Parkway\">American River Parkway\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Hazel Avenue, 21 miles into the drive, exit and turn left (just above the \"E\" in Gold River on the map). It's a few hundred yards to the Nimbus Fish Hatchery, which has been here since the 1950s. You can tour the hatchery, or you can sit and watch the river flow. The last dam on the river, the relatively low Nimbus Dam, is just to the east.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53746\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/02/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-through-folsom-to-loomis/folsom-hatchery/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53746\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53746\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsom-hatchery.jpg\" alt=\"Nimbus Fish Hatchery\" width=\"600\" height=\"375\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsom-hatchery.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsom-hatchery-400x250.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And here we finally have topography, and rocks. The rock in the cliffs is mapped as the Turlock Lake Formation, which consists of sandstone and siltstone about a half million years old. At that time the rising Sierra Nevada was shedding this sediment in vast fan-shaped aprons up and down the eastern Central Valley. The wonderful \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/24/side-trips-from-interstate-5-the-deep-san-joaquin-valley/\">fossil beds of the Fairmead Landfill site\u003c/a>, down by Chowchilla, are in this formation, but no one has reported anything like that around here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Return to US 50, go east another mile, and take Folsom Boulevard north. Now let's look at the geologic map of the route (derived from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.quake.ca.gov/gmaps/GMC/stategeologicmap.html\">State Geologic Map\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/02/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-through-folsom-to-loomis/folsomgeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53747\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-53747\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsomgeomap.png\" alt=\"folsomgeomap\" width=\"500\" height=\"325\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsomgeomap.png 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsomgeomap-400x260.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Turlock Lake Formation makes up most of the area marked QPc, and the pink area is granite. That's what you'll see in the northern half of this side trip, between the towns of Folsom and Loomis. But first you pass a high pile of clean boulder gravel, two miles from US 50.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/02/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-through-folsom-to-loomis/folsomgravel/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53748\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-53748\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsomgravel.jpg\" alt=\"folsomgravel\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsomgravel.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsomgravel-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is just a tiny bit of the tailings left behind by the gold syndicates, much of it over a century ago. Pull over if you can and climb on it. Folsom began as a gold-rush town, and if you have the time there's a lot of history to explore. Along here you'll also catch glimpses of the sprawling, monumental \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=882\">Folsom Dam\u003c/a>, built in the 1950s for flood control and power generation. Folsom Lake behind it is a major outdoor asset for the capital region. There are several opportunities along the route to visit the lake and wet your feet in \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=500\">Folsom Lake State Recreation Area\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North of Folsom, the road will take you all the way to Auburn if you like, but we'll leave it at the town of Granite Bay and take Laird Road north to I-80 at Loomis. This is the pleasant, green part of the drive. By now you've surely noticed the abundant granite boulders and outcrops. They're all part of the Rocklin Pluton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/02/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-through-folsom-to-loomis/folsom-granite/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53749\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-53749\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsom-granite.jpg\" alt=\"folsom-granite\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsom-granite.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsom-granite-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the same rock that makes up the High Sierra, but here it's humble and charming instead of grand and rugged. If it were lifted up three miles and sculpted by erosion for a few million years, it would look like Yosemite. The Rocklin Pluton is an outlier, far to the west of most Sierran granitic intrusions. Its high-quality stone, so convenient to rail and river shipping, was first quarried early during statehood and has been used in public buildings and industrial infrastructure ever since. To get deeper into the subject, once back on I-80 you can take the next exit, Penryn Road, and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/06/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn/\">visit the old Griffith Quarry\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Landslide at the Calaveras Reservoir",
"title": "Landslide at the Calaveras Reservoir",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Big construction projects are rarely straightforward. The new San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge is a prime example, thanks to unexpected problems with the steel. But there, at least, nature was not to blame. This week a long-running dam project made the news when a geological discovery forced the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission to move millions of dollars around and push back its schedule by three years. Big excavations are like exploratory surgery, no matter how carefully planned, because mapping the underground is never certain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Calaveras Reservoir dam, east of Milpitas, is a massive earthen structure built across Calaveras Creek in 1925. These traditional dam designs are generally robust—the Crystal Springs Reservoir on the Peninsula has one that easily weathered the 1906 earthquake while the fault moved beneath it. However, the Calaveras Dam needed more work. The reservoir needs to be a reliable six-month backup water supply in case the Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct is out of action. And what could damage the aqueduct? Among other things, a major earthquake on the Calaveras fault, which happens to run right under the Calaveras Reservoir next to the dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan for meeting this dire scenario was to build a new dam just downstream of the old one. It will use the existing hills on either side of the creek as buttresses and be largely made of the rock excavated from the hills. The work was proceeding without incident until June of last year when excavators on the western buttress found signs of a huge, ancient landslide in the Temblor Formation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cutting into the hillslope under those circumstances would risk reactivating the slide, which could endanger the workers and threaten the new dam ever afterward. So now they will cut deeper to create a shallower slope, producing about a million and a half cubic yards of extra rubble and pushing the construction schedule back three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's a view of the project as seen looking south from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/19/geological-outings-around-the-bay-sunol-regional-wilderness/\">Sunol Regional Wilderness\u003c/a> in July 2012. The reservoir, its water level drawn down for safety reasons, is just visible between the two cuts making up the buttresses for the new dam. The cut on the left (the right bank of Calaveras Creek) is in bluish metamorphic rock of the Franciscan Complex, and the cut on the right is in the much younger brown sandstone of the Temblor Formation. (The chopped-up hill in the middle is downstream from the dam site; the creek runs around it on the left side.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53214\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/25/landslide-at-the-calaveras-reservoir/calaverasdam/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53214\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/calaverasdam.jpg\" alt=\"Calaveras Dam project\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-53214\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/calaverasdam.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/calaverasdam-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The hill on the right, where the landslide was discovered, is Observation Hill. Both it and the smaller hill at center are composed of Temblor Formation sandstone. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The landslide was discovered in the Temblor Formation. Here's the part of the Alameda County geologic map that covers the area. The photo above was taken from roughly the \"25\" mark at the top of the map. The solid black lines running north-south down the middle are major strands of the Calaveras fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53215\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/25/landslide-at-the-calaveras-reservoir/calaverasdamgeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53215\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/calaverasdamgeomap.png\" alt=\"Geologic map of the Calaveras Dam area.\" width=\"600\" height=\"341\" class=\"size-full wp-image-53215\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/calaverasdamgeomap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/calaverasdamgeomap-400x227.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From oldest to youngest: KJfm, Franciscan melange; Ks, sandstone of Cretaceous age; Ttem, Temblor Formation (Miocene age); Tcs, Claremont Shale (cousin of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/29/the-mighty-monterey-formation-in-your-future/\">Monterey Formation\u003c/a>); To, Oursan Sandstone; Tbr, Briones Formation.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The amended dam plan, filed with the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission last December, shows an east-west cross section of the dam site. The extra digging will happen on the left side to create a slope that is less steep and more stable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53216\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/25/landslide-at-the-calaveras-reservoir/calaverasdamdiagram/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53216\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/calaverasdamdiagram.jpg\" alt=\"From the Addendum to Environmental Impact Report (Dec. 13, 2012), San Francisco Public Utilities Commission\" width=\"600\" height=\"337\" class=\"size-full wp-image-53216\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/calaverasdamdiagram.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/calaverasdamdiagram-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From the Addendum to Environmental Impact Report (Dec. 13, 2012), San Francisco Public Utilities Commission\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I have to say a little about the Temblor Formation, which occurs mostly in the southern Central Valley beneath the Monterey Formation. It gets its name from the Temblor Range, where its type section was described. And the Temblor Range got its name after the great 1857 earthquake ripped through the area. It's a coarse-grained marine sandstone full of fossils, and this spot appears to be its northernmost outcrop—right next to another earthquake fault. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Temblor is strong stone, but landslides can affect any kind of rock if it's fractured enough. And around major faults like the Calaveras, everything can be assumed to be fractured. The mountains of the Bay Area look beautiful and strong, but watch them for a few thousand years and you'll find them rather crumbly. Alternatively, scientists with the right equipment can survey the ground with millimeter precision. In the Bay Area's steeper hills they have detected many large, old landslides that are creeping very slowly, as they have for centuries. Maybe the landslide at the dam site was just pausing for breath. Better for the Calaveras Reservoir project to get this one out of the way.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Big construction projects are rarely straightforward. The new San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge is a prime example, thanks to unexpected problems with the steel. But there, at least, nature was not to blame. This week a long-running dam project made the news when a geological discovery forced the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission to move millions of dollars around and push back its schedule by three years. Big excavations are like exploratory surgery, no matter how carefully planned, because mapping the underground is never certain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Calaveras Reservoir dam, east of Milpitas, is a massive earthen structure built across Calaveras Creek in 1925. These traditional dam designs are generally robust—the Crystal Springs Reservoir on the Peninsula has one that easily weathered the 1906 earthquake while the fault moved beneath it. However, the Calaveras Dam needed more work. The reservoir needs to be a reliable six-month backup water supply in case the Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct is out of action. And what could damage the aqueduct? Among other things, a major earthquake on the Calaveras fault, which happens to run right under the Calaveras Reservoir next to the dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan for meeting this dire scenario was to build a new dam just downstream of the old one. It will use the existing hills on either side of the creek as buttresses and be largely made of the rock excavated from the hills. The work was proceeding without incident until June of last year when excavators on the western buttress found signs of a huge, ancient landslide in the Temblor Formation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cutting into the hillslope under those circumstances would risk reactivating the slide, which could endanger the workers and threaten the new dam ever afterward. So now they will cut deeper to create a shallower slope, producing about a million and a half cubic yards of extra rubble and pushing the construction schedule back three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's a view of the project as seen looking south from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/19/geological-outings-around-the-bay-sunol-regional-wilderness/\">Sunol Regional Wilderness\u003c/a> in July 2012. The reservoir, its water level drawn down for safety reasons, is just visible between the two cuts making up the buttresses for the new dam. The cut on the left (the right bank of Calaveras Creek) is in bluish metamorphic rock of the Franciscan Complex, and the cut on the right is in the much younger brown sandstone of the Temblor Formation. (The chopped-up hill in the middle is downstream from the dam site; the creek runs around it on the left side.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53214\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/25/landslide-at-the-calaveras-reservoir/calaverasdam/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53214\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/calaverasdam.jpg\" alt=\"Calaveras Dam project\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-53214\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/calaverasdam.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/calaverasdam-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The hill on the right, where the landslide was discovered, is Observation Hill. Both it and the smaller hill at center are composed of Temblor Formation sandstone. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The landslide was discovered in the Temblor Formation. Here's the part of the Alameda County geologic map that covers the area. The photo above was taken from roughly the \"25\" mark at the top of the map. The solid black lines running north-south down the middle are major strands of the Calaveras fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53215\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/25/landslide-at-the-calaveras-reservoir/calaverasdamgeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53215\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/calaverasdamgeomap.png\" alt=\"Geologic map of the Calaveras Dam area.\" width=\"600\" height=\"341\" class=\"size-full wp-image-53215\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/calaverasdamgeomap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/calaverasdamgeomap-400x227.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From oldest to youngest: KJfm, Franciscan melange; Ks, sandstone of Cretaceous age; Ttem, Temblor Formation (Miocene age); Tcs, Claremont Shale (cousin of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/29/the-mighty-monterey-formation-in-your-future/\">Monterey Formation\u003c/a>); To, Oursan Sandstone; Tbr, Briones Formation.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The amended dam plan, filed with the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission last December, shows an east-west cross section of the dam site. The extra digging will happen on the left side to create a slope that is less steep and more stable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53216\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/25/landslide-at-the-calaveras-reservoir/calaverasdamdiagram/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53216\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/calaverasdamdiagram.jpg\" alt=\"From the Addendum to Environmental Impact Report (Dec. 13, 2012), San Francisco Public Utilities Commission\" width=\"600\" height=\"337\" class=\"size-full wp-image-53216\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/calaverasdamdiagram.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/calaverasdamdiagram-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From the Addendum to Environmental Impact Report (Dec. 13, 2012), San Francisco Public Utilities Commission\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I have to say a little about the Temblor Formation, which occurs mostly in the southern Central Valley beneath the Monterey Formation. It gets its name from the Temblor Range, where its type section was described. And the Temblor Range got its name after the great 1857 earthquake ripped through the area. It's a coarse-grained marine sandstone full of fossils, and this spot appears to be its northernmost outcrop—right next to another earthquake fault. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Temblor is strong stone, but landslides can affect any kind of rock if it's fractured enough. And around major faults like the Calaveras, everything can be assumed to be fractured. The mountains of the Bay Area look beautiful and strong, but watch them for a few thousand years and you'll find them rather crumbly. Alternatively, scientists with the right equipment can survey the ground with millimeter precision. In the Bay Area's steeper hills they have detected many large, old landslides that are creeping very slowly, as they have for centuries. Maybe the landslide at the dam site was just pausing for breath. Better for the Calaveras Reservoir project to get this one out of the way.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Firefighters are mopping up the Madison Fire. The fire started over the weekend in the foothills of the San Gabriel Mountains and scorched 125 acres. Monrovia Fire Chief Chris Donovan says to expect more blazes like this in the months to come. \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201304230850/b\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">…\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201304230850/b\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Fire's Intensity Signals Difficult Season To Come\" rel=\"noopener\">The California Report Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Firefighters are mopping up the Madison Fire. The fire started over the weekend in the foothills of the San Gabriel Mountains and scorched 125 acres. Monrovia Fire Chief Chris Donovan says to expect more blazes like this in the months to come. \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201304230850/b\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">…\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201304230850/b\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Fire's Intensity Signals Difficult Season To Come\" rel=\"noopener\">The California Report Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Historic Devil's Slide Tunnels Finally About To Open",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51304\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Devils_Slide_Tunnel_Entrance-aerial.png\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Devils_Slide_Tunnel_Entrance-aerial.png\" alt=\"Ariel view of Devil's Slide tunnel project. \" width=\"640\" height=\"370\" class=\"size-full wp-image-51304\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Devils_Slide_Tunnel_Entrance-aerial.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Devils_Slide_Tunnel_Entrance-aerial-400x231.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aerial view of Devil's Slide tunnel project. Credit: \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Devil's_Slide_Tunnel_Entrance-aerial.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">Carwil\u003c/a> / Wikimedia Commons\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It's been a long time coming. The first highway tunnels to open in California in nearly fifty years are about ready for motorists. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two mile-long, state-of-the-art tunnels will offer a new route to what has been a stunning, cliffhanger of a drive along Highway 1 above Northern California's coast. The passage, between Pacifica and Half Moon Bay, has been the site of so many landslides, prolonged closures and deadly car accidents that it earned the name, \"Devil's Slide.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51311\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/DevilSlide-10.png\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/DevilSlide-10.png\" alt=\"Photo: Jenny Oh\" width=\"640\" height=\"344\" class=\"size-full wp-image-51311\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/DevilSlide-10.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/DevilSlide-10-400x215.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo: Jenny Oh\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The new tunnel consists of two bores each about 4,200 feet long with one lane and wide shoulder. The cutting edge tunnels have been \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/11/the-turns-and-twists-of-devils-slide/\">a major engineering project\u003c/a> and will feature jet-powered exhaust fans and carbon monoxide sensors. That's much more high-tech than Cal Trans' last tunnel, the third bore of the Caldecott Tunnel, which opened in 1964.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51397\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/DevilSlide-21.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/DevilSlide-21.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: Jenny Oh\" width=\"640\" height=\"365\" class=\"size-full wp-image-51397\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/DevilSlide-21.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/DevilSlide-21-400x228.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo: Jenny Oh\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After five decades of \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201303210900\">political and environmental roadblocks\u003c/a>, the 439-million dollar federally funded project is finished. Its opening will roll out over two days. Opening ceremonies for the twin tunnels and accompanying bridges is Monday, March 25th. The tunnels will be ready for commuters the following morning. The old Devil's Slide stretch of California coastline will soon open up to hikers and bike riders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51469\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/5668907_orig.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/5668907_orig.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: www.dot.ca.gov\" width=\"640\" height=\"369\" class=\"size-full wp-image-51469\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/5668907_orig.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/5668907_orig-400x231.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo: www.dot.ca.gov\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51304\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Devils_Slide_Tunnel_Entrance-aerial.png\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Devils_Slide_Tunnel_Entrance-aerial.png\" alt=\"Ariel view of Devil's Slide tunnel project. \" width=\"640\" height=\"370\" class=\"size-full wp-image-51304\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Devils_Slide_Tunnel_Entrance-aerial.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Devils_Slide_Tunnel_Entrance-aerial-400x231.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aerial view of Devil's Slide tunnel project. Credit: \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Devil's_Slide_Tunnel_Entrance-aerial.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">Carwil\u003c/a> / Wikimedia Commons\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It's been a long time coming. The first highway tunnels to open in California in nearly fifty years are about ready for motorists. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two mile-long, state-of-the-art tunnels will offer a new route to what has been a stunning, cliffhanger of a drive along Highway 1 above Northern California's coast. The passage, between Pacifica and Half Moon Bay, has been the site of so many landslides, prolonged closures and deadly car accidents that it earned the name, \"Devil's Slide.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51311\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/DevilSlide-10.png\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/DevilSlide-10.png\" alt=\"Photo: Jenny Oh\" width=\"640\" height=\"344\" class=\"size-full wp-image-51311\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/DevilSlide-10.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/DevilSlide-10-400x215.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo: Jenny Oh\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The new tunnel consists of two bores each about 4,200 feet long with one lane and wide shoulder. The cutting edge tunnels have been \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/11/the-turns-and-twists-of-devils-slide/\">a major engineering project\u003c/a> and will feature jet-powered exhaust fans and carbon monoxide sensors. That's much more high-tech than Cal Trans' last tunnel, the third bore of the Caldecott Tunnel, which opened in 1964.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51397\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/DevilSlide-21.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/DevilSlide-21.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: Jenny Oh\" width=\"640\" height=\"365\" class=\"size-full wp-image-51397\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/DevilSlide-21.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/DevilSlide-21-400x228.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo: Jenny Oh\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After five decades of \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201303210900\">political and environmental roadblocks\u003c/a>, the 439-million dollar federally funded project is finished. Its opening will roll out over two days. Opening ceremonies for the twin tunnels and accompanying bridges is Monday, March 25th. The tunnels will be ready for commuters the following morning. The old Devil's Slide stretch of California coastline will soon open up to hikers and bike riders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51469\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/5668907_orig.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/5668907_orig.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: www.dot.ca.gov\" width=\"640\" height=\"369\" class=\"size-full wp-image-51469\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/5668907_orig.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/5668907_orig-400x231.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo: www.dot.ca.gov\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Scientists Celebrate a Long-Dead Whale",
"title": "Scientists Celebrate a Long-Dead Whale",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51212\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/21/scientists-celebrate-a-long-dead-whale/whalefall/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51212\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/whalefall-300x169.png\" alt=\"Fallen whale carcasses nurture a variety of deep-sea life from large crabs and fish to thick coats of bacteria. Photo courtesy neptunecanada of Flickr via Creative Commons\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-51212\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fallen whale carcasses nurture a variety of deep-sea life from large crabs and fish to thick coats of bacteria. Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/neptunecanada/7329819240/\" target=\"_blank\">neptunecanada of Flickr\u003c/a> via Creative Commons\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A new paper describes the slowly rotting skeleton of a whale on the seafloor near the South Sandwich Islands, between South America and Antarctica. Why is such a thing exciting to geologists? There are a couple of reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When whales die, they drop dead wherever they happen to be. If they beach themselves first, their corpses lie on the beach, but most whales pass away at sea and sink. Once on the seafloor, their decomposing bodies, called \"whale falls,\" amount to a winning lottery ticket for a host of creatures, which gather around the corpses and settle in to live off them. The flesh goes first, then come the fat-filled bones. The biological communities that arise may last for decades, perhaps centuries, depending on the local conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologists are interested in whale falls as lovely self-contained examples of oceanic food chains. Geologists see whale falls as a rich study in \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/paleontology/qt/Taphonomy.htm\">taphonomy\u003c/a>, their name for everything that happens to organisms as they become fossilized. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you think about the exquisite fossils you see in museums, the marvel is how clean they are, as if a taxidermist had prepared them for burial. But nature is a lousy taxidermist. For every perfect museum skeleton there are drawers backstage stuffed with thousands of bony fragments, incomplete and imperfect in many ways. But what the fossil collector sees as lamentable damage, the paleontologist—specifically the taphonomist—sees as possible environmental data. Everything from the tooth marks of scavengers to the scrapes made by construction-site bulldozers is the kind of evidence that geology prizes for insight into the living world of the deep past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the first whale falls studied by scientists were found by the U.S. Navy while they were searching for something they'd dropped. Most whale-fall research, however, is done on carcasses that are towed away from beaches and deliberately placed on the seafloor. That kind of research is quite young, though, and to learn about the late stages of whale-fall existence we need natural examples that are older. It is way too expensive to just dive down and look around for them, so we have to grab the opportunities that arise while we're looking for other things. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new paper was published in the journal \u003ci>Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography\u003c/i> in January (\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967064513000489\">read it online\u003c/a>). The British research ship \u003ca href=\"http://noc.ac.uk/research-at-sea/ships/rrs-james-cook\">\u003ci>James Cook\u003c/i>\u003c/a> was surveying a blown-out seafloor volcano full of hydrothermal vents (\u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geoprocesses/ig/hydrothermal-features/white-smoker.htm\">white smokers\u003c/a>) when it spotted whale bones. The scientists alertly carried out a state-of-the-art study using the ship's underwater roving vehicle \u003ci>Isis\u003c/i>, making a thorough video survey and grabbing some bone samples. It is only the sixth time that a natural whale fall has been examined in this much detail, and the first case from the Southern Ocean where whales are most abundant. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper is full of the kind of information that can be applied to fossils as we get our bearings in this field. The different stages of life on a whale fall leave different signs in the bones. The subject is complex, but that's what science is for. And the Bay Area's younger rocks, especially in the Santa Cruz area, are full of whale fossils. Modern whale falls can inform our understanding of the ancient times in which those whales lived and died around here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another thing that interests geologists, especially students of evolution, about whale falls is their role in the deep sea environment. Hospitable places in the deep sea are stepping stones for life, like oases in a desert or gas stations in Nevada. Many of the same species on whale falls also live on hydrothermal vents, which exist only in places where tectonic plates are spreading apart. Whale falls are scattered more randomly and allow the vent species to \"island hop,\" keeping the seafloor a unified biome. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These matters are relevant to how Earth operates. The deep seafloor can be a source of new species when mass extinctions strike the surface world, and vice versa. How did this work before whales existed? Are there signs in the fossil record, or in the genetic records of living species, of this process at work in the past? Those are the scientific topics that this new set of whale bones will help us address.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51212\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/21/scientists-celebrate-a-long-dead-whale/whalefall/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51212\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/whalefall-300x169.png\" alt=\"Fallen whale carcasses nurture a variety of deep-sea life from large crabs and fish to thick coats of bacteria. Photo courtesy neptunecanada of Flickr via Creative Commons\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-51212\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fallen whale carcasses nurture a variety of deep-sea life from large crabs and fish to thick coats of bacteria. Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/neptunecanada/7329819240/\" target=\"_blank\">neptunecanada of Flickr\u003c/a> via Creative Commons\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A new paper describes the slowly rotting skeleton of a whale on the seafloor near the South Sandwich Islands, between South America and Antarctica. Why is such a thing exciting to geologists? There are a couple of reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When whales die, they drop dead wherever they happen to be. If they beach themselves first, their corpses lie on the beach, but most whales pass away at sea and sink. Once on the seafloor, their decomposing bodies, called \"whale falls,\" amount to a winning lottery ticket for a host of creatures, which gather around the corpses and settle in to live off them. The flesh goes first, then come the fat-filled bones. The biological communities that arise may last for decades, perhaps centuries, depending on the local conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologists are interested in whale falls as lovely self-contained examples of oceanic food chains. Geologists see whale falls as a rich study in \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/paleontology/qt/Taphonomy.htm\">taphonomy\u003c/a>, their name for everything that happens to organisms as they become fossilized. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you think about the exquisite fossils you see in museums, the marvel is how clean they are, as if a taxidermist had prepared them for burial. But nature is a lousy taxidermist. For every perfect museum skeleton there are drawers backstage stuffed with thousands of bony fragments, incomplete and imperfect in many ways. But what the fossil collector sees as lamentable damage, the paleontologist—specifically the taphonomist—sees as possible environmental data. Everything from the tooth marks of scavengers to the scrapes made by construction-site bulldozers is the kind of evidence that geology prizes for insight into the living world of the deep past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the first whale falls studied by scientists were found by the U.S. Navy while they were searching for something they'd dropped. Most whale-fall research, however, is done on carcasses that are towed away from beaches and deliberately placed on the seafloor. That kind of research is quite young, though, and to learn about the late stages of whale-fall existence we need natural examples that are older. It is way too expensive to just dive down and look around for them, so we have to grab the opportunities that arise while we're looking for other things. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new paper was published in the journal \u003ci>Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography\u003c/i> in January (\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967064513000489\">read it online\u003c/a>). The British research ship \u003ca href=\"http://noc.ac.uk/research-at-sea/ships/rrs-james-cook\">\u003ci>James Cook\u003c/i>\u003c/a> was surveying a blown-out seafloor volcano full of hydrothermal vents (\u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geoprocesses/ig/hydrothermal-features/white-smoker.htm\">white smokers\u003c/a>) when it spotted whale bones. The scientists alertly carried out a state-of-the-art study using the ship's underwater roving vehicle \u003ci>Isis\u003c/i>, making a thorough video survey and grabbing some bone samples. It is only the sixth time that a natural whale fall has been examined in this much detail, and the first case from the Southern Ocean where whales are most abundant. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper is full of the kind of information that can be applied to fossils as we get our bearings in this field. The different stages of life on a whale fall leave different signs in the bones. The subject is complex, but that's what science is for. And the Bay Area's younger rocks, especially in the Santa Cruz area, are full of whale fossils. Modern whale falls can inform our understanding of the ancient times in which those whales lived and died around here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another thing that interests geologists, especially students of evolution, about whale falls is their role in the deep sea environment. Hospitable places in the deep sea are stepping stones for life, like oases in a desert or gas stations in Nevada. Many of the same species on whale falls also live on hydrothermal vents, which exist only in places where tectonic plates are spreading apart. Whale falls are scattered more randomly and allow the vent species to \"island hop,\" keeping the seafloor a unified biome. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These matters are relevant to how Earth operates. The deep seafloor can be a source of new species when mass extinctions strike the surface world, and vice versa. How did this work before whales existed? Are there signs in the fossil record, or in the genetic records of living species, of this process at work in the past? Those are the scientific topics that this new set of whale bones will help us address.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Still Mining Gold in the Golden State",
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"content": "\u003cp>Since California became a state in 1850, it has had a gold industry: sometimes booming, sometimes just thriving and sometimes under its own version of Prohibition. Lately California gold has become an endangered species. The last producers in the Mother Lode are down to less than a handful, but it looks like the industry is ready to resume.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gold was always known in the mountains of California, even before James Marshall famously spotted nuggets in his new millrace near Coloma on 24 January 1848. But \u003ca href=\"http://www.coloma.com/california-gold-discovery/\">Marshall's find\u003c/a> sparked the first serious flush of gold production as thousands of men waded into the Sierra Nevada rivers, sifting the gravel with their pans and sluices. They've been there ever since, ranging from weekend panners to elaborate syndicates. It was the syndicates that ruined things for everyone else with their \u003ca href=\"http://museumca.org/goldrush/fever19-hy.html\">notorious hydraulic methods\u003c/a>. Before the courts shut down the industry in 1884, operations progressed from the gravel terraces of the Central Valley into the mountains, where hydraulickers stripped large swaths of land of their woods and soils and sent the waste sediment downstream to smother the farmlands of the Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydraulic mining was banned from discharging waste into the Sacramento River. That left two ways to keep doing it. One was to strip other rivers instead, most notably the Trinity River, where the practice lasted into the mid-1900s. The other was to dredge Central Valley gravels without affecting the river. The huge gravel beds laid down in the Valley by the Yuba and Feather rivers, where the first gold dredger set to work in 1850, nurtured a long-lasting industry based on floating dredges. The last of these, Yuba Gold Dredge No. 17, is still at work there today. By digging up one side of a pond and depositing the waste on the other, the great dredge slowly travels across the gravel fields east of Yuba City collecting enough powder-fine gold to pay for itself. The sand and gravel can be quarried again and sold later as aggregate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50501\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/07/still-mining-gold-in-the-golden-state/golddredge17/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50501\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/golddredge17.jpg\" alt=\"Yuba Gold Dredge No. 17. Photos by Andrew Alden\" width=\"600\" height=\"389\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50501\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/golddredge17.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/golddredge17-400x259.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yuba Gold Dredge No. 17 works its way across the Deep Reserve Area on behalf of Cal Sierra Development Inc., digging gravel with a belt of buckets (seen below the control room at center), sifting out fine-grained gold and heavy minerals, and dumping the rest out the stern with its high stacker (left). Launched in 1918 and refurbished twice, it makes the damnedest noise you ever heard. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The hard-rock mines of the Sierra Nevada, hundreds of them, produced the majority of California's gold and populated the region with strong communities. Without them the Mother Lode country would be a thinly peopled land of loggers like the northern Coast Range. The death blow to this industry was a federal wartime order in 1942 that halted all work. For the next five years the shafts filled with groundwater and the workers dispersed, making it uneconomical to reopen any but the richest deposits. Over the next decades the slow decline in the value of gold squeezed out what mines could be revived, and then the regulatory climate shifted to give nature a little more say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Carson Hill Rock Products, south of Angels Camp, still digs the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calaverashistory.org/post/carson-hill\">fabulous ground\u003c/a> that yielded the 195-pound Calaveras Nugget in 1854. But its main business is the green-veined decorative rock called mariposite. I am told that the operators keep their eye out for gold as they go, but produce it from the richest pockets only as a byproduct and thus avoid many of the regulations imposed on a gold mine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50497\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/07/still-mining-gold-in-the-golden-state/mariposite/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50497\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/mariposite.jpg\" alt=\"Mariposite rock\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50497\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/mariposite.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/mariposite-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mariposite rock is named for the green phyllosilicate mineral mariposite, a variety of phengite.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The steady—apparently permanent—high price of gold today is driving a few long-standing efforts to reopen large-scale gold mining in the Sierra. Foremost of these is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.suttergoldmining.com/s/Home.asp\">Lincoln Mine project\u003c/a>, in Amador County between Jackson and Plymouth, where the Sutter Gold Mining company has methodically gotten all its permits in order and anticipates starting to produce ore for real this spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But one little mine, started in 1896, still runs as an artisan operation: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.origsix.com/\">Original Sixteen to One Mine\u003c/a>, up in Sierra County in the hamlet of Alleghany. Its business model today is based solely on specimen gold, doing its work by hand and making no toxic waste. If you ever run across decorative California gold like this, with visible metal in creamy quartz, you're surely looking at the mine's output.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50498\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/07/still-mining-gold-in-the-golden-state/matrixgoldspec/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50498\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/matrixgoldspec.jpg\" alt=\"A small cabochon of gold quartz rests on serpentinite\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50498\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/matrixgoldspec.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/matrixgoldspec-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A small cabochon of gold quartz rests on serpentinite, a rock closely associated with the Mother Lode\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Occasionally the miners hit a jackpot, like this specimen called \"The Whopper,\" that can pay for more than a year's expenses all by itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50499\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/07/still-mining-gold-in-the-golden-state/califgoldwhopper/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50499\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/califgoldwhopper.jpg\" alt=\"Photo courtesy Mike Diggles, U.S. Geological Survey\" width=\"480\" height=\"279\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50499\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/califgoldwhopper.jpg 480w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/califgoldwhopper-400x233.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo courtesy Mike Diggles, U.S. Geological Survey\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Original Sixteen to One Mine will let you spend a day in the mine with the miners for $400, lunch included. There's no word on the website on whether you can keep what you find, but other rewards in Alleghany include \u003ca href=\"http://www.caseys-place.com/\">Casey's Place\u003c/a> and, if you make an appointment, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.undergroundgold.com/Index.html\">Underground Gold Miners Museum\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "California is not yet finished producing the gold that made it wealthy and famous.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Since California became a state in 1850, it has had a gold industry: sometimes booming, sometimes just thriving and sometimes under its own version of Prohibition. Lately California gold has become an endangered species. The last producers in the Mother Lode are down to less than a handful, but it looks like the industry is ready to resume.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gold was always known in the mountains of California, even before James Marshall famously spotted nuggets in his new millrace near Coloma on 24 January 1848. But \u003ca href=\"http://www.coloma.com/california-gold-discovery/\">Marshall's find\u003c/a> sparked the first serious flush of gold production as thousands of men waded into the Sierra Nevada rivers, sifting the gravel with their pans and sluices. They've been there ever since, ranging from weekend panners to elaborate syndicates. It was the syndicates that ruined things for everyone else with their \u003ca href=\"http://museumca.org/goldrush/fever19-hy.html\">notorious hydraulic methods\u003c/a>. Before the courts shut down the industry in 1884, operations progressed from the gravel terraces of the Central Valley into the mountains, where hydraulickers stripped large swaths of land of their woods and soils and sent the waste sediment downstream to smother the farmlands of the Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydraulic mining was banned from discharging waste into the Sacramento River. That left two ways to keep doing it. One was to strip other rivers instead, most notably the Trinity River, where the practice lasted into the mid-1900s. The other was to dredge Central Valley gravels without affecting the river. The huge gravel beds laid down in the Valley by the Yuba and Feather rivers, where the first gold dredger set to work in 1850, nurtured a long-lasting industry based on floating dredges. The last of these, Yuba Gold Dredge No. 17, is still at work there today. By digging up one side of a pond and depositing the waste on the other, the great dredge slowly travels across the gravel fields east of Yuba City collecting enough powder-fine gold to pay for itself. The sand and gravel can be quarried again and sold later as aggregate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50501\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/07/still-mining-gold-in-the-golden-state/golddredge17/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50501\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/golddredge17.jpg\" alt=\"Yuba Gold Dredge No. 17. Photos by Andrew Alden\" width=\"600\" height=\"389\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50501\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/golddredge17.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/golddredge17-400x259.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yuba Gold Dredge No. 17 works its way across the Deep Reserve Area on behalf of Cal Sierra Development Inc., digging gravel with a belt of buckets (seen below the control room at center), sifting out fine-grained gold and heavy minerals, and dumping the rest out the stern with its high stacker (left). Launched in 1918 and refurbished twice, it makes the damnedest noise you ever heard. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The hard-rock mines of the Sierra Nevada, hundreds of them, produced the majority of California's gold and populated the region with strong communities. Without them the Mother Lode country would be a thinly peopled land of loggers like the northern Coast Range. The death blow to this industry was a federal wartime order in 1942 that halted all work. For the next five years the shafts filled with groundwater and the workers dispersed, making it uneconomical to reopen any but the richest deposits. Over the next decades the slow decline in the value of gold squeezed out what mines could be revived, and then the regulatory climate shifted to give nature a little more say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Carson Hill Rock Products, south of Angels Camp, still digs the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calaverashistory.org/post/carson-hill\">fabulous ground\u003c/a> that yielded the 195-pound Calaveras Nugget in 1854. But its main business is the green-veined decorative rock called mariposite. I am told that the operators keep their eye out for gold as they go, but produce it from the richest pockets only as a byproduct and thus avoid many of the regulations imposed on a gold mine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50497\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/07/still-mining-gold-in-the-golden-state/mariposite/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50497\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/mariposite.jpg\" alt=\"Mariposite rock\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50497\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/mariposite.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/mariposite-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mariposite rock is named for the green phyllosilicate mineral mariposite, a variety of phengite.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The steady—apparently permanent—high price of gold today is driving a few long-standing efforts to reopen large-scale gold mining in the Sierra. Foremost of these is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.suttergoldmining.com/s/Home.asp\">Lincoln Mine project\u003c/a>, in Amador County between Jackson and Plymouth, where the Sutter Gold Mining company has methodically gotten all its permits in order and anticipates starting to produce ore for real this spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But one little mine, started in 1896, still runs as an artisan operation: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.origsix.com/\">Original Sixteen to One Mine\u003c/a>, up in Sierra County in the hamlet of Alleghany. Its business model today is based solely on specimen gold, doing its work by hand and making no toxic waste. If you ever run across decorative California gold like this, with visible metal in creamy quartz, you're surely looking at the mine's output.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50498\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/07/still-mining-gold-in-the-golden-state/matrixgoldspec/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50498\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/matrixgoldspec.jpg\" alt=\"A small cabochon of gold quartz rests on serpentinite\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50498\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/matrixgoldspec.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/matrixgoldspec-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A small cabochon of gold quartz rests on serpentinite, a rock closely associated with the Mother Lode\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Occasionally the miners hit a jackpot, like this specimen called \"The Whopper,\" that can pay for more than a year's expenses all by itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50499\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/07/still-mining-gold-in-the-golden-state/califgoldwhopper/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50499\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/califgoldwhopper.jpg\" alt=\"Photo courtesy Mike Diggles, U.S. Geological Survey\" width=\"480\" height=\"279\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50499\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/califgoldwhopper.jpg 480w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/califgoldwhopper-400x233.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo courtesy Mike Diggles, U.S. Geological Survey\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Original Sixteen to One Mine will let you spend a day in the mine with the miners for $400, lunch included. There's no word on the website on whether you can keep what you find, but other rewards in Alleghany include \u003ca href=\"http://www.caseys-place.com/\">Casey's Place\u003c/a> and, if you make an appointment, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.undergroundgold.com/Index.html\">Underground Gold Miners Museum\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
"airtime": "SUN 9pm-10pm",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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}
},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
}
},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"id": "here-and-now",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/hiddenbrain.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
"subscribe": {
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Science-Podcasts/Hidden-Brain-p787503/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510308/podcast.xml"
}
},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
"imageAlt": "KQED Hyphenación",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"meta": {
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/6c3dd23c-93fb-4aab-97ba-1725fa6315f1/hyphenaci%C3%B3n",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
}
},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/xtTd",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/M4f5",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Political Breakdown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"subscribe": {
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/e0c2d153-ad36-4c8d-901d-f1da6a724824/political-breakdown",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/572155894/political-breakdown",
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