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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, \u003ca href=\"http://www.energy.ca.gov/renewables/tracking_progress/documents/renewable.pdf\">about 20 percent \u003c/a>of California’s energy comes from renewables, and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.energy.ca.gov/renewables/tracking_progress/documents/renewable.pdf\">latest report\u003c/a> from the California Energy Commission says that number should reach 25 percent by 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is already 40 percent more energy-efficient than the rest of the nation, thanks to the work that, interestingly, Governor\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>Brown started when he was governor the first time,” said \u003ca href=\"http://seventhgenerationadvisors.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4:terry-tamminen&catid=2&Itemid=4\">Terry Tamminen\u003c/a>, former Secretary of California’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.calepa.ca.gov/\">Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/a>. “I think with the very rapid expansion of wind, solar and storage — which makes it possible to store intermittent resources like wind and solar — that it will be relatively easy to get there by his 2030 deadline.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the suggestions Brown offered to meet his aggressive goals: distributed power, expanded rooftop solar, micro-grids, an energy imbalance market, battery storage, and millions of electric and low-carbon vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He acknowledged the goals would be costly but are necessary since current measures alone “are not enough\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The challenge is to build for the future, not steal from it,” Brown said, “to live within our means and to keep California ever golden and creative.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Warm Temps Mean Less Snow for the Sierra",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25729\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Sierra-Nevada-snowpack-e1419916145918.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-25729 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Sierra-Nevada-snowpack-e1419916145918.jpg\" alt=\"Sierra Nevada snowpack\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In 2011, lower elevations in the Sierra Nevada sported a healthy snow cover. (Comrogues/flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, 1:30 p.m. Tuesday (Dec. 30): \u003c/strong>Today, officials announced this winter’s first manual snow survey, which shows snowpack in the Sierra is 50 percent of what is average for this time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>December’s storms boosted water levels in state reservoirs, but unusually warm temperatures meant rain instead of snow for parts of the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We still have a long ways to go,” says Roger Bales, Director of \u003ca href=\"http://snri.ucmerced.edu/\">U.C. Merced’s Sierra Nevada Research Institute\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need three to four more good storms in order for the snowpack to get up to average or above average levels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25715\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 264px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/field-station-682x1024.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-25715\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/field-station-682x1024.jpg\" alt=\"A solar-powered tower managed by Roger Bales and his research team measures trees' water uptake in the Sierra Nevada. (Roger Wynan)\" width=\"264\" height=\"397\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A solar-powered tower managed by Roger Bales and his research team measures trees’ water uptake in the Sierra Nevada. (Roger Wynan)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>State water officials have estimated that California would need more than 150 percent of “normal” winter precipitation to substantially reverse the drought, now in its fourth year. Snow in the Sierra Nevada provides about a third of the water that the state relies on for drinking, business and agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instruments that measure water content of the snowpack show that statewide, it’s at 51 percent of normal for late December. Most of the snow accumulates in January through March before it all starts to melt in April, says Bales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Historically the Sierra snowpack comes in four to six big storms each year and so far we’ve really only had one big storm this year,” he explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bales says those storms need to be cold so they produce snow instead of rain. This year will almost certainly go down as California’s warmest on record, making it harder for snow to stick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Two things happen when you have warmer, drier weather after the first snowfall,” says Bales. “First, some of it melts and second, some of that water gets used for growing plants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bales and his research group use ground-based measurement systems and satellite data to study water cycles in the Sierra Nevada’s forests, meadows and streams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, more of his weather stations are surrounded by water instead of snow, meaning the team must rely on fewer data points.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As the climate warms and snow is only at higher elevations, there’s more uncertainty, which will become more common as the climate changes.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25729\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Sierra-Nevada-snowpack-e1419916145918.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-25729 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Sierra-Nevada-snowpack-e1419916145918.jpg\" alt=\"Sierra Nevada snowpack\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In 2011, lower elevations in the Sierra Nevada sported a healthy snow cover. (Comrogues/flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, 1:30 p.m. Tuesday (Dec. 30): \u003c/strong>Today, officials announced this winter’s first manual snow survey, which shows snowpack in the Sierra is 50 percent of what is average for this time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>December’s storms boosted water levels in state reservoirs, but unusually warm temperatures meant rain instead of snow for parts of the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We still have a long ways to go,” says Roger Bales, Director of \u003ca href=\"http://snri.ucmerced.edu/\">U.C. Merced’s Sierra Nevada Research Institute\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need three to four more good storms in order for the snowpack to get up to average or above average levels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25715\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 264px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/field-station-682x1024.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-25715\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/field-station-682x1024.jpg\" alt=\"A solar-powered tower managed by Roger Bales and his research team measures trees' water uptake in the Sierra Nevada. (Roger Wynan)\" width=\"264\" height=\"397\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A solar-powered tower managed by Roger Bales and his research team measures trees’ water uptake in the Sierra Nevada. (Roger Wynan)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>State water officials have estimated that California would need more than 150 percent of “normal” winter precipitation to substantially reverse the drought, now in its fourth year. Snow in the Sierra Nevada provides about a third of the water that the state relies on for drinking, business and agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instruments that measure water content of the snowpack show that statewide, it’s at 51 percent of normal for late December. Most of the snow accumulates in January through March before it all starts to melt in April, says Bales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Historically the Sierra snowpack comes in four to six big storms each year and so far we’ve really only had one big storm this year,” he explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bales says those storms need to be cold so they produce snow instead of rain. This year will almost certainly go down as California’s warmest on record, making it harder for snow to stick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Two things happen when you have warmer, drier weather after the first snowfall,” says Bales. “First, some of it melts and second, some of that water gets used for growing plants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bales and his research group use ground-based measurement systems and satellite data to study water cycles in the Sierra Nevada’s forests, meadows and streams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, more of his weather stations are surrounded by water instead of snow, meaning the team must rely on fewer data points.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As the climate warms and snow is only at higher elevations, there’s more uncertainty, which will become more common as the climate changes.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Washington State Offers Ambitious Cap-and-Trade Plan",
"headTitle": "Washington State Offers Ambitious Cap-and-Trade Plan | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25687\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Washington-state-e1419883940895.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-25687 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Washington-state-e1419883940895.jpg\" alt=\"Washington state\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Washington State Department of Transportation/flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By John Upton\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Washington’s governor gets his legislative holiday wish, the Evergreen State in 18 months will launch one of the world’s most sophisticated and all-encompassing climate-pollution pricing programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Draft \u003ca href=\"http://www.governor.wa.gov/issues/climate/documents/CarbonPolutionAccountabilityAct2015_Z-0307.2.pdf\">legislation released last week\u003c/a> by the office of Gov. Jay Inslee (D) would — if sufficient support can be mustered from state lawmakers — raise an estimated $1 billion a year through a new levee on greenhouse gas pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program would cap statewide pollution rates at levels that decline over time, with polluters allowed to trade state-sold pollution allowances among themselves. It would affect as great a share of carbon as any similar program operating in the U.S., while avoiding pitfalls of other programs, such as giveaways for certain polluters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program was crafted to help Washington \u003ca href=\"http://governor.wa.gov/issues/economy/climateWorkgroup/documents/Leidos_ExecSum_20131011.pdf\">get on track\u003c/a> toward meeting its goals, established by the legislature in 2008, of producing no more greenhouse gases in 2020 than had been the case in 1990, with a further 50 percent reduction by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Windfall \u003ca href=\"http://www.governor.wa.gov/issues/climate/documents/carbon_market_revenue.pdf\">revenue under the cap-and-trade proposal would\u003c/a> ease entrenched shortfalls in transportation and education spending, reduce taxes and fund household energy efficiency improvements for poorer residents, and help meet the general costs of running the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘He talks about polluters; we talk about these individuals as employers throughout our state.’\u003ccite>–Brandon Houskeeper,\u003cbr>\nAssociation of Washington Business government affairs official\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The program would become the latest in a growing list of worldwide schemes that charge for the act of polluting the climate — with the dual goals of slowing climate change and, in many cases, providing funds to help tackle the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Congress unwilling to take action on global warming, efforts such as Washington’s are independently burbling up from American states and regions. Fusing together and promoting these “bottom up” approaches to climate action will be a heavy focus of the next international climate treaty, \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-accord-struck-in-lima-18443\">due a year from now\u003c/a>, following the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/whats-at-stake-in-lima-climate-talks-18388\">failures of the Kyoto Protocol\u003c/a> and other attempts to dictate climate policy to nations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts in the fast-growing universe of carbon markets lauded the Washington proposal’s technical prowess, which they characterized as best practice. “It’s about as good as you can design these things,” Environmental Defense Fund economist \u003ca href=\"http://www.edf.org/people/gernot-wagner\">Gernot Wagner\u003c/a> said. “It’s exactly what you ought to be doing to rein in emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The business body representing many of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ecy.wa.gov/climatechange/docs/ECYlistofEntitieswithMajorGHGEmissions12-18-14_F.pdf\">130 companies\u003c/a> that would directly pay the new $1 billion a year pollution tax, the costs of which would presumably be spread among customers — including, ultimately, households and motorists — is less enthusiastic. It worries about the economic impacts of the new fees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re concerned with how the governor is framing the debate,” Association of Washington Business government affairs official \u003ca href=\"http://www.awb.org/brandon-houskeeper/\">Brandon Houskeeper\u003c/a> said. “He talks about polluters; we talk about these individuals as employers throughout our state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Houskeeper said the association agrees that climate change is a problem that needs to be addressed. But he pointed to gradually declining greenhouse gas pollution rates in Washington in recent years as evidence that industry can improve its environmental performance without new regulations as it switches to more efficient energy technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25681\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 510px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Climate-Central-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-25681\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Climate-Central-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"(Gov. Jay Inslee's office)\" width=\"510\" height=\"287\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Washington Governor Jay Inslee’s office)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://governor.wa.gov/issues/economy/climateWorkgroup/documents/Leidos_ExecSum_20131011.pdf\">state analysis, however, concluded\u003c/a> that Washington is not on target to comply with the 2008 law regarding required reductions in greenhouse gas pollution. It found that the requirement of reducing yearly pollution levels back to 1990 levels in 2020 would “likely” be met if a new cap and trade policy is implemented. Further steps would be needed to meet more ambitious reductions required by 2035 and 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like other Washington experts interviewed, Houskeeper said he doesn’t know whether lawmakers will approve Inslee’s bill. A similar state bill failed in 2008. He acknowledged that a “unique budget problem in Washington” could help win lawmaker support for it. “We anticipate there will be a heavy push by the governor,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program would cover an estimated 85 percent of the climate pollution produced by Washington — the same proportion that California’s program will \u003ca href=\"http://www.ieta.org/assets/Reports/EmissionsTradingAroundTheWorld/edf_ieta_california_case_study_may_2013.pdf\">cover in the new year\u003c/a> after it expands to include transportation fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, a joint project of nine northeastern and Mid-Atlantic states plus regions of Canada, by contrast, affects electricity generation only, covering \u003ca href=\"http://nationalaglawcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/assets/crs/R41836.pdf\">22 percent of climate pollution\u003c/a>. The European Union’s trading scheme affects the electricity and manufacturing sectors, plus flights within Europe, \u003ca href=\"http://ec.europa.eu/clima/publications/docs/factsheet_ets_en.pdf\">covering 45 percent\u003c/a> of the union’s 28 countries’ carbon pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”E8D1SbObECXTSOEexLI92g1Lrhkt6scP”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inslee’s proposed program would affect pollution produced by factories, trucks and cars and power plants, including those that produce electricity in other states and import it across state lines. The program would lack the allowance giveaways for select polluters that reduce the potency of other programs, such as in Europe, where \u003ca href=\"http://www.rtcc.org/2014/10/29/poland-won-eu-2030-deal-does-the-climate-lose/\">Poland’s coal plants could get free passes\u003c/a> for decades to come. It could permit some allowances to be traded through other carbon markets operating in the U.S. and elsewhere — creating economic linkages that economists say can drive down the overall cost of climate action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite widespread opposition among members of Congress, carbon pricing and trading is being embraced by governments and industry worldwide — \u003ca href=\"http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2014/09/22/governments-businesses-support-carbon-pricing\">even by Royal Dutch Shell\u003c/a> — as an approach that can simultaneously curb greenhouse gas pollution while raising money needed to combat climate change. Many see it as logical to charge for pollution, instead of expecting society to bear its costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some cases, such as in Inslee’s proposal, such programs can help finance government spending following declines in revenue from other fees and taxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kristin Eberhard, a researcher at the Sightline Institute, a think tank focused on sustainability issues in the Pacific Northwest, recently \u003ca href=\"http://daily.sightline.org/2014/11/17/all-the-worlds-carbon-pricing-systems-in-one-animated-map/\">counted 39 carbon pricing programs\u003c/a> in place across the world, from the flagship trading scheme operated by the European Union to a \u003ca href=\"https://icapcarbonaction.com/index.php?option=com_etsmap&task=export&format=pdf&layout=list&systems%5B%5D=46\">2-year-old program in Kazakhstan\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She concluded that 12 percent of the globe’s carbon pollution now comes under the control of such programs — a figure that will rise to nearly a quarter after China begins a national program in 2016. “Sightline for many years has been saying we should price pollution,” Eberhard said. “So this is an exciting proposal for us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state senate is controlled by Republicans, and the Republican chair of the senate’s energy and environment committee, Doug Ericksen, also said it was too early to say what would happen to the bill if it reaches his chamber next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, the battle over the legislation could be fought largely on non-environmental grounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Washington’s \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.seattletimes.com/politicsnorthwest/2014/09/11/supreme-court-finds-legislature-in-contempt-on-education-funding/\">legislature is being held in contempt of court\u003c/a> by the state’s Supreme Court for failing to provide sufficient funds for public education. Sanctions have been threatened if the problem remains unfixed by the end of 2015, and Inslee has proposed that the carbon allowance fees would be used to provide hundreds of millions of dollars for education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s something that \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/washington/chris-davis-q-a.xml\">Chris Davis\u003c/a>, a carbon markets advisor to Inslee, said “shifts the balance politically” in the cap-and-trade proposal’s favor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a> \u003cem>is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"description": "By John Upton Climate Central If Washington’s governor gets his legislative holiday wish, the Evergreen State in 18 months will launch one of the world’s most sophisticated and all-encompassing climate-pollution pricing programs. Draft legislation released last week by the office of Gov. Jay Inslee (D) would — if sufficient support can be mustered from state lawmakers",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25687\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Washington-state-e1419883940895.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-25687 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Washington-state-e1419883940895.jpg\" alt=\"Washington state\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Washington State Department of Transportation/flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By John Upton\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Washington’s governor gets his legislative holiday wish, the Evergreen State in 18 months will launch one of the world’s most sophisticated and all-encompassing climate-pollution pricing programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Draft \u003ca href=\"http://www.governor.wa.gov/issues/climate/documents/CarbonPolutionAccountabilityAct2015_Z-0307.2.pdf\">legislation released last week\u003c/a> by the office of Gov. Jay Inslee (D) would — if sufficient support can be mustered from state lawmakers — raise an estimated $1 billion a year through a new levee on greenhouse gas pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program would cap statewide pollution rates at levels that decline over time, with polluters allowed to trade state-sold pollution allowances among themselves. It would affect as great a share of carbon as any similar program operating in the U.S., while avoiding pitfalls of other programs, such as giveaways for certain polluters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program was crafted to help Washington \u003ca href=\"http://governor.wa.gov/issues/economy/climateWorkgroup/documents/Leidos_ExecSum_20131011.pdf\">get on track\u003c/a> toward meeting its goals, established by the legislature in 2008, of producing no more greenhouse gases in 2020 than had been the case in 1990, with a further 50 percent reduction by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Windfall \u003ca href=\"http://www.governor.wa.gov/issues/climate/documents/carbon_market_revenue.pdf\">revenue under the cap-and-trade proposal would\u003c/a> ease entrenched shortfalls in transportation and education spending, reduce taxes and fund household energy efficiency improvements for poorer residents, and help meet the general costs of running the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘He talks about polluters; we talk about these individuals as employers throughout our state.’\u003ccite>–Brandon Houskeeper,\u003cbr>\nAssociation of Washington Business government affairs official\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The program would become the latest in a growing list of worldwide schemes that charge for the act of polluting the climate — with the dual goals of slowing climate change and, in many cases, providing funds to help tackle the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Congress unwilling to take action on global warming, efforts such as Washington’s are independently burbling up from American states and regions. Fusing together and promoting these “bottom up” approaches to climate action will be a heavy focus of the next international climate treaty, \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-accord-struck-in-lima-18443\">due a year from now\u003c/a>, following the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/whats-at-stake-in-lima-climate-talks-18388\">failures of the Kyoto Protocol\u003c/a> and other attempts to dictate climate policy to nations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts in the fast-growing universe of carbon markets lauded the Washington proposal’s technical prowess, which they characterized as best practice. “It’s about as good as you can design these things,” Environmental Defense Fund economist \u003ca href=\"http://www.edf.org/people/gernot-wagner\">Gernot Wagner\u003c/a> said. “It’s exactly what you ought to be doing to rein in emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The business body representing many of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ecy.wa.gov/climatechange/docs/ECYlistofEntitieswithMajorGHGEmissions12-18-14_F.pdf\">130 companies\u003c/a> that would directly pay the new $1 billion a year pollution tax, the costs of which would presumably be spread among customers — including, ultimately, households and motorists — is less enthusiastic. It worries about the economic impacts of the new fees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re concerned with how the governor is framing the debate,” Association of Washington Business government affairs official \u003ca href=\"http://www.awb.org/brandon-houskeeper/\">Brandon Houskeeper\u003c/a> said. “He talks about polluters; we talk about these individuals as employers throughout our state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Houskeeper said the association agrees that climate change is a problem that needs to be addressed. But he pointed to gradually declining greenhouse gas pollution rates in Washington in recent years as evidence that industry can improve its environmental performance without new regulations as it switches to more efficient energy technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25681\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 510px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Climate-Central-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-25681\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Climate-Central-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"(Gov. Jay Inslee's office)\" width=\"510\" height=\"287\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Washington Governor Jay Inslee’s office)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://governor.wa.gov/issues/economy/climateWorkgroup/documents/Leidos_ExecSum_20131011.pdf\">state analysis, however, concluded\u003c/a> that Washington is not on target to comply with the 2008 law regarding required reductions in greenhouse gas pollution. It found that the requirement of reducing yearly pollution levels back to 1990 levels in 2020 would “likely” be met if a new cap and trade policy is implemented. Further steps would be needed to meet more ambitious reductions required by 2035 and 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like other Washington experts interviewed, Houskeeper said he doesn’t know whether lawmakers will approve Inslee’s bill. A similar state bill failed in 2008. He acknowledged that a “unique budget problem in Washington” could help win lawmaker support for it. “We anticipate there will be a heavy push by the governor,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program would cover an estimated 85 percent of the climate pollution produced by Washington — the same proportion that California’s program will \u003ca href=\"http://www.ieta.org/assets/Reports/EmissionsTradingAroundTheWorld/edf_ieta_california_case_study_may_2013.pdf\">cover in the new year\u003c/a> after it expands to include transportation fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, a joint project of nine northeastern and Mid-Atlantic states plus regions of Canada, by contrast, affects electricity generation only, covering \u003ca href=\"http://nationalaglawcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/assets/crs/R41836.pdf\">22 percent of climate pollution\u003c/a>. The European Union’s trading scheme affects the electricity and manufacturing sectors, plus flights within Europe, \u003ca href=\"http://ec.europa.eu/clima/publications/docs/factsheet_ets_en.pdf\">covering 45 percent\u003c/a> of the union’s 28 countries’ carbon pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inslee’s proposed program would affect pollution produced by factories, trucks and cars and power plants, including those that produce electricity in other states and import it across state lines. The program would lack the allowance giveaways for select polluters that reduce the potency of other programs, such as in Europe, where \u003ca href=\"http://www.rtcc.org/2014/10/29/poland-won-eu-2030-deal-does-the-climate-lose/\">Poland’s coal plants could get free passes\u003c/a> for decades to come. It could permit some allowances to be traded through other carbon markets operating in the U.S. and elsewhere — creating economic linkages that economists say can drive down the overall cost of climate action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite widespread opposition among members of Congress, carbon pricing and trading is being embraced by governments and industry worldwide — \u003ca href=\"http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2014/09/22/governments-businesses-support-carbon-pricing\">even by Royal Dutch Shell\u003c/a> — as an approach that can simultaneously curb greenhouse gas pollution while raising money needed to combat climate change. Many see it as logical to charge for pollution, instead of expecting society to bear its costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some cases, such as in Inslee’s proposal, such programs can help finance government spending following declines in revenue from other fees and taxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kristin Eberhard, a researcher at the Sightline Institute, a think tank focused on sustainability issues in the Pacific Northwest, recently \u003ca href=\"http://daily.sightline.org/2014/11/17/all-the-worlds-carbon-pricing-systems-in-one-animated-map/\">counted 39 carbon pricing programs\u003c/a> in place across the world, from the flagship trading scheme operated by the European Union to a \u003ca href=\"https://icapcarbonaction.com/index.php?option=com_etsmap&task=export&format=pdf&layout=list&systems%5B%5D=46\">2-year-old program in Kazakhstan\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She concluded that 12 percent of the globe’s carbon pollution now comes under the control of such programs — a figure that will rise to nearly a quarter after China begins a national program in 2016. “Sightline for many years has been saying we should price pollution,” Eberhard said. “So this is an exciting proposal for us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state senate is controlled by Republicans, and the Republican chair of the senate’s energy and environment committee, Doug Ericksen, also said it was too early to say what would happen to the bill if it reaches his chamber next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, the battle over the legislation could be fought largely on non-environmental grounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Washington’s \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.seattletimes.com/politicsnorthwest/2014/09/11/supreme-court-finds-legislature-in-contempt-on-education-funding/\">legislature is being held in contempt of court\u003c/a> by the state’s Supreme Court for failing to provide sufficient funds for public education. Sanctions have been threatened if the problem remains unfixed by the end of 2015, and Inslee has proposed that the carbon allowance fees would be used to provide hundreds of millions of dollars for education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s something that \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/washington/chris-davis-q-a.xml\">Chris Davis\u003c/a>, a carbon markets advisor to Inslee, said “shifts the balance politically” in the cap-and-trade proposal’s favor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Storms a Boon for Rainwater Harvesters",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25178\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 681px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/rainwater-collection-system.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-25178\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/rainwater-collection-system.jpeg\" alt=\"rainwater collection system\" width=\"681\" height=\"511\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Many Northern California counties now offer rebates for rain barrels purchased for residential use. (Water Cache)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Water didn’t just pour into city streets during last week’s storm, it was also stashed away by rain harvesting enthusiasts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s crazy we have all this wasted water that is flooding our cities and we could be capturing and using it,” says Claire Elliot, a home owner in Palo Alto. Elliot has six barrels in her back yard that she uses to water her plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though they hold a total of 300 gallons of water, she says all six filled up within a couple of hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was excited to see them fill up but the question is whether I can use all the water before the next storm event.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water is not potable but can be used as “graywater,” for outdoor irrigation, laundry and dish washing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25225\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 339px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Acterra_rain-barrel.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-25225\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Acterra_rain-barrel.jpg\" alt=\"Volunteers for Acterra, an environmental non-profit, install rain barrels at Arastradero nature preserve in Palo Alto. (Acterra)\" width=\"339\" height=\"227\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Volunteers for Acterra, an environmental non-profit, install rain barrels at Arastradero nature preserve in Palo Alto. (Acterra)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It hasn’t been universally embraced. In parts of the West, rainwater harvesting has been outlawed, seen as an infringement on those who have downstream water rights on rivers where that rain might end up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Californians have legally been able to collect household runoff \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201120120AB1750\">without a permit\u003c/a> since 2012. In fact, several counties and the \u003ca href=\"http://bawsca.org/conservation/rain-barrel-rebate-program/\">Bay Area Water Supply & Conservation Agency\u003c/a> provide up to $100 in rebates for barrels or cisterns purchased for rainwater harvesting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BAWSCA has issued 75 rebates since launching its program in October. “We were getting calls the first day after the program was announced,” says Water Resources Manager Michael Hurley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco will start a similar program by spring of next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most systems for corralling rainwater use a barrel, a mesh screen and a diverter. As rainfall collects in rooftop gutters, instead of gushing out of downspouts it takes a detour through the diverter and into storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the first rush of water often contains contaminants like leaves, insects and animal waste, many diverters will capture this debris and prevent it from flowing into the barrel, and the mesh discourages mosquitoes from using the collected water as a nursery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Australia, rainwater collection systems became standard accessories during the recent nine-year drought known as the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/drought-lessons-from-down-under/\">Big Dry\u003c/a>, but have been slower to catch on in California. During a previous four-year program, San Francisco issued fewer than 1,000 rebates for rain catchments within the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a tangible activity that people can do on their own to try and help address drought conditions,” said Hurley. “It won’t be the entire solution but it provides some benefit to home owners and the region.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rain barrels are available at most large hardware supply stores and hold between 50 and 200 gallons of water. A 100-gallon barrel costs about $200.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25178\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 681px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/rainwater-collection-system.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-25178\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/rainwater-collection-system.jpeg\" alt=\"rainwater collection system\" width=\"681\" height=\"511\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Many Northern California counties now offer rebates for rain barrels purchased for residential use. (Water Cache)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Water didn’t just pour into city streets during last week’s storm, it was also stashed away by rain harvesting enthusiasts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s crazy we have all this wasted water that is flooding our cities and we could be capturing and using it,” says Claire Elliot, a home owner in Palo Alto. Elliot has six barrels in her back yard that she uses to water her plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though they hold a total of 300 gallons of water, she says all six filled up within a couple of hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was excited to see them fill up but the question is whether I can use all the water before the next storm event.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water is not potable but can be used as “graywater,” for outdoor irrigation, laundry and dish washing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25225\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 339px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Acterra_rain-barrel.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-25225\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Acterra_rain-barrel.jpg\" alt=\"Volunteers for Acterra, an environmental non-profit, install rain barrels at Arastradero nature preserve in Palo Alto. (Acterra)\" width=\"339\" height=\"227\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Volunteers for Acterra, an environmental non-profit, install rain barrels at Arastradero nature preserve in Palo Alto. (Acterra)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It hasn’t been universally embraced. In parts of the West, rainwater harvesting has been outlawed, seen as an infringement on those who have downstream water rights on rivers where that rain might end up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Californians have legally been able to collect household runoff \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201120120AB1750\">without a permit\u003c/a> since 2012. In fact, several counties and the \u003ca href=\"http://bawsca.org/conservation/rain-barrel-rebate-program/\">Bay Area Water Supply & Conservation Agency\u003c/a> provide up to $100 in rebates for barrels or cisterns purchased for rainwater harvesting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BAWSCA has issued 75 rebates since launching its program in October. “We were getting calls the first day after the program was announced,” says Water Resources Manager Michael Hurley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco will start a similar program by spring of next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most systems for corralling rainwater use a barrel, a mesh screen and a diverter. As rainfall collects in rooftop gutters, instead of gushing out of downspouts it takes a detour through the diverter and into storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the first rush of water often contains contaminants like leaves, insects and animal waste, many diverters will capture this debris and prevent it from flowing into the barrel, and the mesh discourages mosquitoes from using the collected water as a nursery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Australia, rainwater collection systems became standard accessories during the recent nine-year drought known as the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/drought-lessons-from-down-under/\">Big Dry\u003c/a>, but have been slower to catch on in California. During a previous four-year program, San Francisco issued fewer than 1,000 rebates for rain catchments within the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a tangible activity that people can do on their own to try and help address drought conditions,” said Hurley. “It won’t be the entire solution but it provides some benefit to home owners and the region.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rain barrels are available at most large hardware supply stores and hold between 50 and 200 gallons of water. A 100-gallon barrel costs about $200.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Northern California Ski Slopes Reopen After Storm",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24972\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 782px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/AA9Q7388-1024x682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-24972\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/AA9Q7388-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"A skier at Alpine Meadows Ski Resort on Friday after a Bay Area storm left more than a foot of snow in parts of the Sierra Nevada. (Jeff Engerbretson/Squaw Valley Alpine Meadows)\" width=\"782\" height=\"521\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A skier at Alpine Meadows on Friday after a Bay Area storm left more than a foot of snow in parts of the Sierra Nevada. (Jeff Engerbretson/Squaw Valley Alpine Meadows)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Strong winds and white-out conditions forced many Sierra Nevada ski resorts to close Thursday. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.weather.gov/\">National Weather Service\u003c/a> issued a blizzard warning and \u003ca href=\"http://www.dot.ca.gov/cgi-bin/roads.cgi\">Caltrans\u003c/a> urged travelers to use chains while traveling Highway 80 toward Tahoe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Friday, the roads cleared and many ski resorts opened after receiving almost two feet of snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.onthesnow.com/california/sugar-bowl-resort/ski-resort.html\">Sugar Bowl Resort\u003c/a>, near Donner Lake, got 22 inches and \u003ca href=\"http://www.onthesnow.com/california/alpine-meadows/ski-resort.html\">Alpine Meadows\u003c/a>, which opened for the first time this season, has 14 inches of new snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tegan Kopilenko, a spokeswoman for \u003ca href=\"http://squawalpine.com/\">Squaw Valley-Alpine Meadows\u003c/a>, said the storm improved ski trails near the base of the mountain, where the resort has been relying on man-made snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The lower parts don’t always get snow early,” Kopilenko said, “and this year they are, so it makes more of the mountain accessible to more people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra has had less snow this year in 2014, due partly to normal fluctuations temperature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Snow-pack-maps.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-24992\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Snow-pack-maps.png\" alt=\"Snow pack maps\" width=\"422\" height=\"383\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drought has played a minor role too, according to Greg Fall, a researcher at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nohrsc.noaa.gov/\">National Operational Hydrologic Remote Sensing Center\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because of the drought, we started off with almost no snow in the Sierra,” Fall said. “This storm has made a significant dent but it hasn’t turned it into a normal year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nohrsc.noaa.gov/nsa/index.html?region=Sierra_Nevada&year=2013&month=12&day=12&units=e\">75 percent\u003c/a> of the Sierra Nevada range was covered in snow; this year, it’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.nohrsc.noaa.gov/nsa/index.html?region=Sierra_Nevada&year=2014&month=12&day=12&units=e\">25 percent\u003c/a>, according to data from the Remote Sensing Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A storm the first week of December left little more than what Coop Cooper calls “snain” — a combination of snow and rain. Cooper is a public communications manager for \u003ca href=\"http://www.onthesnow.com/california/kirkwood/ski-resort.html\">Kirkwood Mountain Resort\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The rain came in really warm,” he said. Not this time, though. Kirkwood got 13 inches of snow in Thursday’s storm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Resorts can expect more snow next week as a new storm moves through the Bay Area Monday.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24972\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 782px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/AA9Q7388-1024x682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-24972\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/AA9Q7388-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"A skier at Alpine Meadows Ski Resort on Friday after a Bay Area storm left more than a foot of snow in parts of the Sierra Nevada. (Jeff Engerbretson/Squaw Valley Alpine Meadows)\" width=\"782\" height=\"521\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A skier at Alpine Meadows on Friday after a Bay Area storm left more than a foot of snow in parts of the Sierra Nevada. (Jeff Engerbretson/Squaw Valley Alpine Meadows)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Strong winds and white-out conditions forced many Sierra Nevada ski resorts to close Thursday. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.weather.gov/\">National Weather Service\u003c/a> issued a blizzard warning and \u003ca href=\"http://www.dot.ca.gov/cgi-bin/roads.cgi\">Caltrans\u003c/a> urged travelers to use chains while traveling Highway 80 toward Tahoe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Friday, the roads cleared and many ski resorts opened after receiving almost two feet of snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.onthesnow.com/california/sugar-bowl-resort/ski-resort.html\">Sugar Bowl Resort\u003c/a>, near Donner Lake, got 22 inches and \u003ca href=\"http://www.onthesnow.com/california/alpine-meadows/ski-resort.html\">Alpine Meadows\u003c/a>, which opened for the first time this season, has 14 inches of new snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tegan Kopilenko, a spokeswoman for \u003ca href=\"http://squawalpine.com/\">Squaw Valley-Alpine Meadows\u003c/a>, said the storm improved ski trails near the base of the mountain, where the resort has been relying on man-made snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The lower parts don’t always get snow early,” Kopilenko said, “and this year they are, so it makes more of the mountain accessible to more people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra has had less snow this year in 2014, due partly to normal fluctuations temperature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Snow-pack-maps.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-24992\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Snow-pack-maps.png\" alt=\"Snow pack maps\" width=\"422\" height=\"383\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drought has played a minor role too, according to Greg Fall, a researcher at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nohrsc.noaa.gov/\">National Operational Hydrologic Remote Sensing Center\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because of the drought, we started off with almost no snow in the Sierra,” Fall said. “This storm has made a significant dent but it hasn’t turned it into a normal year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nohrsc.noaa.gov/nsa/index.html?region=Sierra_Nevada&year=2013&month=12&day=12&units=e\">75 percent\u003c/a> of the Sierra Nevada range was covered in snow; this year, it’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.nohrsc.noaa.gov/nsa/index.html?region=Sierra_Nevada&year=2014&month=12&day=12&units=e\">25 percent\u003c/a>, according to data from the Remote Sensing Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A storm the first week of December left little more than what Coop Cooper calls “snain” — a combination of snow and rain. Cooper is a public communications manager for \u003ca href=\"http://www.onthesnow.com/california/kirkwood/ski-resort.html\">Kirkwood Mountain Resort\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The rain came in really warm,” he said. Not this time, though. Kirkwood got 13 inches of snow in Thursday’s storm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Resorts can expect more snow next week as a new storm moves through the Bay Area Monday.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "'Pineapple Express' Soaks Bay Area",
"headTitle": "‘Pineapple Express’ Soaks Bay Area | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24894\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Storm_GIF.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-24894 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Storm_GIF.gif\" alt=\"Storm_GIF\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A satellite image shows an atmospheric river, which brought rain and strong winds to the U.S. West Coast on Thursday. (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As city streets flood and power lines go down, don’t blame \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/drought-myth-busting-why-el-nino-wont-save-california/\">El Niño\u003c/a>. The epic storm that hit California early Thursday morning is caused by a water vapor filled low-pressure system called an atmospheric river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Long and narrow, it carries ten Mississippi Rivers’ worth of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Originating near Hawaii, this ‘Pineapple Express’ brings atmospheric moisture up to the West Coast. As it condenses, water vapor in the river falls as rain – or snow – at higher elevations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A handful of storms during California’s rainy season are atmospheric rivers that release large amounts of water in a short period of time. Although a megastorm can last more than a week, smaller atmospheric rivers usually last a few days. Annually, atmospheric rivers account for 30 to 50 percent of California’s precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”op29xT9KjaYGLxM5RebKoJBr5wxvJWJA”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These streams in the sky form near mid-latitudes. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/1188\">last large one\u003c/a> to hit the Bay Area was in February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With 80 percent of California in an extreme drought, the deluge could bring some areas back to their average annual rainfall totals, according to \u003ca href=\"http://scrippsscholars.ucsd.edu/mralph\">Marty Ralph\u003c/a>, a meteorologist with the \u003ca href=\"https://scripps.ucsd.edu/\">Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This will have a potentially useful impact on water supply during this drought,” said Ralph.”Some reservoirs will get a real benefit out of this,” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, some Bay Area counties are expected to receive more than a foot of water. Guerneville in Sonoma County has received nearly five inches of water in less than 24 hours. A blizzard warning is also in effect for the western slope of the northern Sierra Nevada, which could receive up to 3 feet of snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24844\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/NOAA.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-24844\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/NOAA.jpg\" alt=\"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) electronics engineer Tom Ayers conducting an atmospheric river observation at the Bodega Marine Laboratory in Bodega Bay, CA, on March 19, 2013.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) electronics engineer Tom Ayers conducting an atmospheric river observation at the Bodega Marine Laboratory in Bodega Bay on March 19, 2013. (California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After three years of little rain, some reservoirs like Uvas near Gilroy are at less than five percent of capacity. Fuller reservoirs may be one result of this storm, in addition to power outages, mudslides and blizzard conditions in the mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Expect “numerous trees down” due to gusts of wind measuring 50 miles per hour, said meteorologist Steve Anderson of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.weather.gov/\">National Weather Service\u003c/a>. “Most of the trees are in drought stress…so it won’t take much, if anything, to push them all over,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Damage from the storm, such as downed trees, power lines and mudslides, may extend from Mendocino to Monterey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For meteorologist Marty Ralph, who studies extreme atmospheric events, this storm is a chance to understand how the pressure system works, which could help prepare for future powerful storm events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the \u003ca href=\"http://bml.ucdavis.edu/\">UC Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory\u003c/a> in Bodega Bay, he measures soil moisture networks and uses rain gauges to track precipitation.”This is part of the beauty of science, we’re studying how this all works…in real time,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The storm is expected to clear tomorrow, as the atmospheric river of rain continues moving down the coast to San Diego, losing strength along the way.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The precipitation flooding many parts of the Bay Area is part of a low pressure system that is both common and uncommon during California's winter months.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24894\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Storm_GIF.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-24894 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Storm_GIF.gif\" alt=\"Storm_GIF\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A satellite image shows an atmospheric river, which brought rain and strong winds to the U.S. West Coast on Thursday. (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As city streets flood and power lines go down, don’t blame \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/drought-myth-busting-why-el-nino-wont-save-california/\">El Niño\u003c/a>. The epic storm that hit California early Thursday morning is caused by a water vapor filled low-pressure system called an atmospheric river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Long and narrow, it carries ten Mississippi Rivers’ worth of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Originating near Hawaii, this ‘Pineapple Express’ brings atmospheric moisture up to the West Coast. As it condenses, water vapor in the river falls as rain – or snow – at higher elevations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A handful of storms during California’s rainy season are atmospheric rivers that release large amounts of water in a short period of time. Although a megastorm can last more than a week, smaller atmospheric rivers usually last a few days. Annually, atmospheric rivers account for 30 to 50 percent of California’s precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These streams in the sky form near mid-latitudes. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/1188\">last large one\u003c/a> to hit the Bay Area was in February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With 80 percent of California in an extreme drought, the deluge could bring some areas back to their average annual rainfall totals, according to \u003ca href=\"http://scrippsscholars.ucsd.edu/mralph\">Marty Ralph\u003c/a>, a meteorologist with the \u003ca href=\"https://scripps.ucsd.edu/\">Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This will have a potentially useful impact on water supply during this drought,” said Ralph.”Some reservoirs will get a real benefit out of this,” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, some Bay Area counties are expected to receive more than a foot of water. Guerneville in Sonoma County has received nearly five inches of water in less than 24 hours. A blizzard warning is also in effect for the western slope of the northern Sierra Nevada, which could receive up to 3 feet of snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24844\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/NOAA.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-24844\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/NOAA.jpg\" alt=\"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) electronics engineer Tom Ayers conducting an atmospheric river observation at the Bodega Marine Laboratory in Bodega Bay, CA, on March 19, 2013.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) electronics engineer Tom Ayers conducting an atmospheric river observation at the Bodega Marine Laboratory in Bodega Bay on March 19, 2013. (California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After three years of little rain, some reservoirs like Uvas near Gilroy are at less than five percent of capacity. Fuller reservoirs may be one result of this storm, in addition to power outages, mudslides and blizzard conditions in the mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Expect “numerous trees down” due to gusts of wind measuring 50 miles per hour, said meteorologist Steve Anderson of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.weather.gov/\">National Weather Service\u003c/a>. “Most of the trees are in drought stress…so it won’t take much, if anything, to push them all over,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Damage from the storm, such as downed trees, power lines and mudslides, may extend from Mendocino to Monterey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For meteorologist Marty Ralph, who studies extreme atmospheric events, this storm is a chance to understand how the pressure system works, which could help prepare for future powerful storm events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the \u003ca href=\"http://bml.ucdavis.edu/\">UC Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory\u003c/a> in Bodega Bay, he measures soil moisture networks and uses rain gauges to track precipitation.”This is part of the beauty of science, we’re studying how this all works…in real time,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The storm is expected to clear tomorrow, as the atmospheric river of rain continues moving down the coast to San Diego, losing strength along the way.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California's Drought: Is it Global Warming?",
"headTitle": "California’s Drought: Is it Global Warming? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24642\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/12290993595_30600f2df7_z-e1418080548549.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-24642\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/12290993595_30600f2df7_z-e1418080548549.jpg\" alt=\"12290993595_30600f2df7_z\" width=\"640\" height=\"359\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Uvas Reservoir north of Gilroy stood at less than four percent of its total capacity in early December. (Ian Abbott/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Federal climate scientists say that \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - Drought Watch\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/california-drought-watch/?=science_widget\">California’s drought\u003c/a>, now in its fourth year, is not likely the product of human-induced global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca title=\"NOAA - drought drivers report\" href=\"http://cpo.noaa.gov/ClimatePrograms/ModelingAnalysisPredictionsandProjections/MAPPTaskForces/DroughtTaskForce/CaliforniaDrought.aspx\">new report\u003c/a>, based on seven models that ran 160 “reenactments” of the last three years, concludes that “perhaps about two-thirds of the precipitation deficits” of the last three years have been the product of various convergent factors, including “a randomness of the atmosphere,” says Marty Hoerling, a climate scientist at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a>‘s Earth System Research Laboratory and one of the study’s co-authors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, it’s been mostly natural variability, which is science-speak for the random year-to-year fluctuations in precipitation that we would normally expect.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">The current California drought is ‘one of the most severe’ since 1895.\u003ccite>— Richard Seager,\u003cbr>\nColumbia University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Most climate models show that rising greenhouse gas emissions should produce more intense precipitation during California’s core mid-winter “rainy season” and less during the spring months, creating what lead author Richard Seager of Columbia University calls a “shorter, sharper rainy season.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That hasn’t been happening in recent years. Therefore, says Seager, “The events of the last three winters were primarily due to the natural variability of the atmosphere-ocean system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report has drawn fire from some scientists and commentators who say that it leaves out the effects of \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/01/15/heat-breaks-records-all-over-bay-area-weather\">record-high temperatures\u003c/a> in California this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brenda Ekwurzel, senior climate scientist at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsusa.org/\">Union of Concerned Scientists\u003c/a>, wrote in a response that, “The NOAA study points to natural variability, but it is important to note that these random variations are happening in the context of higher overall temperatures caused by climate change and warmer temperatures spell trouble for water in California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s well understood that \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/10/14/high-temps-intensified-california-drought/\">high temperatures tend to exacerbate drought\u003c/a> impacts, baking moisture out of the ground through increased evaporation and transpiration by plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”SJvxYJSRSSNAGhrem6PCh8609h1g5lSK”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, “Warmer temperatures are widening the gap between water supply and demand by contributing to earlier spring snow melt meaning less water is available when demands are the highest in mid-to-late summer,” said UCS climate scientist Juliet Christian-Smith in the same response. “As global warming continues, decreasing snowpack and earlier snowmelt — coupled with increasing demand for water — will likely exacerbate water shortages.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seager says the “main driver” of the drought has been lack of precipitation, which defied the predictive models amid rising carbon emissions, but he and Hoerling agree that it would be useful to “continue the analysis by looking at the land surface hydrology and working out what the role of increasing temperature was,” as Seager put it to reporters in a conference call.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydrologist Peter Gleick of the Oakland-based Pacific Institute says the NOAA report lends itself to misinterpretation because of the “fundamental difference between ’cause’ and ‘influence.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Asking whether climate changes ’caused’ the current drought is simply the wrong question,” Gleick wrote in an email to KQED. “While there remains plenty of interesting science to be done about how climate changes will cause extreme events in the future, we already see today a growing and clear influence of climate changes on storms and droughts around the world. The influence of human-caused climate change is already apparent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NOAA scientists acknowledge the historic nature of the drought itself. Seager describes it as “one of the most severe” since 1895, when the state began keeping precipitation records. Even with December coming down on the wet side so far, it’s impossible to say whether this winter will extend the drought or help bring an end to it, according to Seager and Hoerling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the last three years, California lost essentially one whole year’s worth of precipitation,” Seager notes.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Not really, says a new report from federal climate scientists. But others say that report doesn't show the whole picture.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24642\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/12290993595_30600f2df7_z-e1418080548549.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-24642\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/12290993595_30600f2df7_z-e1418080548549.jpg\" alt=\"12290993595_30600f2df7_z\" width=\"640\" height=\"359\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Uvas Reservoir north of Gilroy stood at less than four percent of its total capacity in early December. (Ian Abbott/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Federal climate scientists say that \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - Drought Watch\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/california-drought-watch/?=science_widget\">California’s drought\u003c/a>, now in its fourth year, is not likely the product of human-induced global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca title=\"NOAA - drought drivers report\" href=\"http://cpo.noaa.gov/ClimatePrograms/ModelingAnalysisPredictionsandProjections/MAPPTaskForces/DroughtTaskForce/CaliforniaDrought.aspx\">new report\u003c/a>, based on seven models that ran 160 “reenactments” of the last three years, concludes that “perhaps about two-thirds of the precipitation deficits” of the last three years have been the product of various convergent factors, including “a randomness of the atmosphere,” says Marty Hoerling, a climate scientist at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a>‘s Earth System Research Laboratory and one of the study’s co-authors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, it’s been mostly natural variability, which is science-speak for the random year-to-year fluctuations in precipitation that we would normally expect.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">The current California drought is ‘one of the most severe’ since 1895.\u003ccite>— Richard Seager,\u003cbr>\nColumbia University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Most climate models show that rising greenhouse gas emissions should produce more intense precipitation during California’s core mid-winter “rainy season” and less during the spring months, creating what lead author Richard Seager of Columbia University calls a “shorter, sharper rainy season.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That hasn’t been happening in recent years. Therefore, says Seager, “The events of the last three winters were primarily due to the natural variability of the atmosphere-ocean system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report has drawn fire from some scientists and commentators who say that it leaves out the effects of \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/01/15/heat-breaks-records-all-over-bay-area-weather\">record-high temperatures\u003c/a> in California this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brenda Ekwurzel, senior climate scientist at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsusa.org/\">Union of Concerned Scientists\u003c/a>, wrote in a response that, “The NOAA study points to natural variability, but it is important to note that these random variations are happening in the context of higher overall temperatures caused by climate change and warmer temperatures spell trouble for water in California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s well understood that \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/10/14/high-temps-intensified-california-drought/\">high temperatures tend to exacerbate drought\u003c/a> impacts, baking moisture out of the ground through increased evaporation and transpiration by plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, “Warmer temperatures are widening the gap between water supply and demand by contributing to earlier spring snow melt meaning less water is available when demands are the highest in mid-to-late summer,” said UCS climate scientist Juliet Christian-Smith in the same response. “As global warming continues, decreasing snowpack and earlier snowmelt — coupled with increasing demand for water — will likely exacerbate water shortages.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seager says the “main driver” of the drought has been lack of precipitation, which defied the predictive models amid rising carbon emissions, but he and Hoerling agree that it would be useful to “continue the analysis by looking at the land surface hydrology and working out what the role of increasing temperature was,” as Seager put it to reporters in a conference call.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydrologist Peter Gleick of the Oakland-based Pacific Institute says the NOAA report lends itself to misinterpretation because of the “fundamental difference between ’cause’ and ‘influence.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Asking whether climate changes ’caused’ the current drought is simply the wrong question,” Gleick wrote in an email to KQED. “While there remains plenty of interesting science to be done about how climate changes will cause extreme events in the future, we already see today a growing and clear influence of climate changes on storms and droughts around the world. The influence of human-caused climate change is already apparent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NOAA scientists acknowledge the historic nature of the drought itself. Seager describes it as “one of the most severe” since 1895, when the state began keeping precipitation records. Even with December coming down on the wet side so far, it’s impossible to say whether this winter will extend the drought or help bring an end to it, according to Seager and Hoerling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the last three years, California lost essentially one whole year’s worth of precipitation,” Seager notes.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Study: California Drought Most Severe Dry Spell in at least 1,200 Years",
"headTitle": "Study: California Drought Most Severe Dry Spell in at least 1,200 Years | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24540\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/droughtpic1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-24540 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/droughtpic1.jpg\" alt=\"A car sits in dried and cracked earth of what was the bottom of the Almaden Reservoir on January 28, 2014 in San Jose, California. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"430\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A car sits in dried and cracked earth of what was the bottom of the Almaden Reservoir south of San Jose on Jan. 28. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California’s current drought is pretty exceptional — like the driest in about a millennium — according to an article published today in the journal \u003cem>Geophysical Research Letters\u003c/em> by scientists with the University of Minnesota and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Massachusetts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how could they know that? There weren’t a lot of rain gauges in California in 800 A.D. — at least, not the plastic kind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So authors Daniel Griffin and Kevin Anchukaitis looked to tree-ring samples from California blue oaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24564\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/ring-core-ejon_ranch_DSC3975-243x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-24564\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/ring-core-ejon_ranch_DSC3975-243x162.jpg\" alt=\"Pencil-like tree-ring cores are collected non-destructively using a Swedish increment borer in May, 2014. (Daniel Griffin/University of Minnesota)\" width=\"320\" height=\"213\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pencil-like tree-ring cores are collected non-destructively using a Swedish increment borer in May, 2014. (Daniel Griffin/University of Minnesota)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“California’s old blue oaks are as close to nature’s rain gauges as we get,” said Griffin, a NOAA Climate and Global Change Fellow with Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. “They thrive in some of California’s driest environments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers collected their own blue oak tree-ring samples from south and central California, giving them a pretty good idea of yearly precipitation in the area back to 1293. They then augmented their samples with data from the \u003ca href=\"http://iridl.ldeo.columbia.edu/SOURCES/.LDEO/.TRL/.NADA2004/.pdsi-atlas.html\">North American Drought Atlas\u003c/a> and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Palmer Drought Severity Index.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The result: The study estimates that in the past 1,200 years, there have been 66 dry periods lasting three-to-nine years and 37 more-severe, three-year droughts. But not one of them has been as extreme as the one beginning in 2012, despite some years in the past seeing similarly low precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not only lack of rain that makes a drought, though. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/10/14/high-temps-intensified-california-drought/\">Record-high temperatures\u003c/a> added to California’s strife to make this dry spell the worst in more than 1,000 years, according to the study. The researchers estimate high temperatures have intensified the drought by about 36 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Berkeley geology professor and researcher Lynn Ingram said the study’s findings appear solid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The tree-ring records provide the highest resolution as they have annual growth layers,” she said, adding the study provides a “cautionary lesson” about how human-caused warming “may already be impacting climate and water in California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watch the California drought progress from the beginning of 2011 to the end of 2014 below. The NOAA U.S. Drought Monitor released the latest outlook today, up-to-date as of Dec. 2. More than half the state is now in “exceptional drought,” defined as “exceptional and widespread crop/pasture losses; shortages of water in reservoirs, streams, and wells creating water emergencies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://u.s.kqed.net/2014/12/04/DroughtMapOverTimeLargerupdateDecember.gif\" width=\"640\" height=\"710\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24592\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/drought-legend-1024x396.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-24592 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/drought-legend-1024x396.jpg\" alt=\"Click on the legend for a description of each drought category.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"396\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click on the legend for a description of each drought category.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This animation shows California’s drought through its development, from January, 2011 through early December 2014, as expressed by NOAA’s U.S. Drought Monitor.\u003c/em> (Olivia Hubert-Allen/KQED)\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24540\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/droughtpic1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-24540 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/droughtpic1.jpg\" alt=\"A car sits in dried and cracked earth of what was the bottom of the Almaden Reservoir on January 28, 2014 in San Jose, California. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"430\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A car sits in dried and cracked earth of what was the bottom of the Almaden Reservoir south of San Jose on Jan. 28. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California’s current drought is pretty exceptional — like the driest in about a millennium — according to an article published today in the journal \u003cem>Geophysical Research Letters\u003c/em> by scientists with the University of Minnesota and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Massachusetts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how could they know that? There weren’t a lot of rain gauges in California in 800 A.D. — at least, not the plastic kind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So authors Daniel Griffin and Kevin Anchukaitis looked to tree-ring samples from California blue oaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24564\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/ring-core-ejon_ranch_DSC3975-243x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-24564\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/ring-core-ejon_ranch_DSC3975-243x162.jpg\" alt=\"Pencil-like tree-ring cores are collected non-destructively using a Swedish increment borer in May, 2014. (Daniel Griffin/University of Minnesota)\" width=\"320\" height=\"213\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pencil-like tree-ring cores are collected non-destructively using a Swedish increment borer in May, 2014. (Daniel Griffin/University of Minnesota)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“California’s old blue oaks are as close to nature’s rain gauges as we get,” said Griffin, a NOAA Climate and Global Change Fellow with Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. “They thrive in some of California’s driest environments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers collected their own blue oak tree-ring samples from south and central California, giving them a pretty good idea of yearly precipitation in the area back to 1293. They then augmented their samples with data from the \u003ca href=\"http://iridl.ldeo.columbia.edu/SOURCES/.LDEO/.TRL/.NADA2004/.pdsi-atlas.html\">North American Drought Atlas\u003c/a> and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Palmer Drought Severity Index.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The result: The study estimates that in the past 1,200 years, there have been 66 dry periods lasting three-to-nine years and 37 more-severe, three-year droughts. But not one of them has been as extreme as the one beginning in 2012, despite some years in the past seeing similarly low precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not only lack of rain that makes a drought, though. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/10/14/high-temps-intensified-california-drought/\">Record-high temperatures\u003c/a> added to California’s strife to make this dry spell the worst in more than 1,000 years, according to the study. The researchers estimate high temperatures have intensified the drought by about 36 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Berkeley geology professor and researcher Lynn Ingram said the study’s findings appear solid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The tree-ring records provide the highest resolution as they have annual growth layers,” she said, adding the study provides a “cautionary lesson” about how human-caused warming “may already be impacting climate and water in California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watch the California drought progress from the beginning of 2011 to the end of 2014 below. The NOAA U.S. Drought Monitor released the latest outlook today, up-to-date as of Dec. 2. More than half the state is now in “exceptional drought,” defined as “exceptional and widespread crop/pasture losses; shortages of water in reservoirs, streams, and wells creating water emergencies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://u.s.kqed.net/2014/12/04/DroughtMapOverTimeLargerupdateDecember.gif\" width=\"640\" height=\"710\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24592\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/drought-legend-1024x396.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-24592 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/drought-legend-1024x396.jpg\" alt=\"Click on the legend for a description of each drought category.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"396\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click on the legend for a description of each drought category.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This animation shows California’s drought through its development, from January, 2011 through early December 2014, as expressed by NOAA’s U.S. Drought Monitor.\u003c/em> (Olivia Hubert-Allen/KQED)\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "New Residential Water Use Numbers Indicate Conservation Backslide",
"headTitle": "New Residential Water Use Numbers Indicate Conservation Backslide | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24447\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 850px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/waterlevel.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/waterlevel.jpg\" alt=\"Receding water levels can be seen around the San Gabriel Reservoir, or San Gabriel Dam, on July 29. The reservoir provides flood control, groundwater recharge flows and hydroelectricity for the heavily populated San Gabriel Valley in the Greater Los Angeles metropolitan area. (Frederic J. Brown/AFP/Getty Images)\" width=\"850\" height=\"537\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24447\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Receding water levels can be seen around the San Gabriel Reservoir, or San Gabriel Dam, on July 29. The reservoir provides flood control, groundwater recharge flows and hydroelectricity for the heavily populated San Gabriel Valley in the Greater Los Angeles metropolitan area. (Frederic J. Brown/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The latest year-over-year \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/conservation_reporting_info.shtml\">residential water use numbers\u003c/a> are out, offering a glimpse at how much of the wet stuff larger cities throughout California are using and how much they’re conserving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The broad view for October’s water conservation efforts isn’t good, but the gloomy news comes with warnings about comparing data 1) between cities that may have very different water needs and 2) across time when temperature could be factor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That said, October represents a significant backslide in water conservation statewide. Water use this October was down 6.7 percent compared to the same time last year. Sounds good, but that’s also a 3.6 percent decrease in water savings compared to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/11/04/new-numbers-highlight-contrasts-in-california-water-use/\">September\u003c/a>, 2014, which had a statewide conservation rate of 10.3 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re using less water, but they’re using less less water than they did last month,” State Water Board Chair Felicia Marcus said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marcus said the gallons per capita, per day average is a new measurement, and officials are still grappling with exactly what it means.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This set of reports has raised more questions than answers for us,” Marcus said, but she added that it could be useful in transferring a best practice from a city with conservation success to another similar community struggling to reduce usage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State and local water officials worry the drive to conserve will falter as winter storms start to hit the state. But it’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/drought/ci_26932356/california-drought-not-likely-end-this-winter-experts\">unlikely\u003c/a> that California will get enough rain this season to break the severe drought, now entering its fourth year.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘If folks don’t take action, we probably will have to.’\u003ccite>Felicia Marcus\u003cbr>State Water Board Chair\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“As we’ve seen over time, conservation wanes a bit when you get into fall and winter months,” said Lisa Lien-Mager, spokeswoman for the Association of California Water Agencies. “Even though we may be in a drought, people aren’t thinking about it as much as they did in the summer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lien-Mager noted that 2014 is on pace to be a record-setting warm year for California, which factors into water usage and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/10/14/high-temps-intensified-california-drought/\">the drought\u003c/a>. She said long-term efforts, like water districts offering \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/take-out-your-lawn-and-get-paid-for-it/\">cash rewards to residents who replace lawns\u003c/a> with drought-friendlier landscaping, have yet to impact usage, but they will.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They may not show the results immediately, but those things are happening, we know that,” she said. “Those programs are going through the roof all around the state. We have to show some patience.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report does indicate which larger cities and regions are continuing to conserve and which are falling off. The Bay Area “gets a gold star,” Marcus said, noting that San Francisco uses the fewest gallons per capita, per day of any major city in the state. San Franciscans used an average of 45 gallons per person each day in October, with an 8.73 percent reduction this year compared to the same time last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even bigger users in the Bay Area, like the city of Hillsborough down the peninsula, are maintaining conservation. The city guzzles 228 gallons per person, per day, but it has reduced usage by 21 percent, compared to last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not so in parts of Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really is Southern California bringing down the curve,” Marcus said. “In Northern California people have maintained their percentage year-over-year rates, and in Southern California it seemed to drop significantly with some communities actually using more water and others who had been saving 7 or 8 percent now saving 2 percent. And we’re not entirely sure why that is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State regulators are not currently considering harsher restrictions or fines for people who fail to conserve, Marcus said. Last summer, California became the first state in the country to institute statewide water conservation regulations, which she said are generally better handled by local water districts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We took the unusual step of doing what were relatively modest regulations to help kick [local] agencies into gear because it felt like they kept thinking it was just going to rain,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, regulators are opting for positive reinforcement and friendly reminders. The State Water Board is planning a Southern California water conservation workshop for Dec. 17 in the Los Angeles area. But that could change if next month’s conservation rate continues to fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It depends on what people do about these numbers,” Marcus said. “If it rains a lot, it’s hard to keep the messaging up, and it could go either way. If folks don’t take action, we probably will have to.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24447\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 850px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/waterlevel.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/waterlevel.jpg\" alt=\"Receding water levels can be seen around the San Gabriel Reservoir, or San Gabriel Dam, on July 29. The reservoir provides flood control, groundwater recharge flows and hydroelectricity for the heavily populated San Gabriel Valley in the Greater Los Angeles metropolitan area. (Frederic J. Brown/AFP/Getty Images)\" width=\"850\" height=\"537\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24447\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Receding water levels can be seen around the San Gabriel Reservoir, or San Gabriel Dam, on July 29. The reservoir provides flood control, groundwater recharge flows and hydroelectricity for the heavily populated San Gabriel Valley in the Greater Los Angeles metropolitan area. (Frederic J. Brown/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The latest year-over-year \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/conservation_reporting_info.shtml\">residential water use numbers\u003c/a> are out, offering a glimpse at how much of the wet stuff larger cities throughout California are using and how much they’re conserving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The broad view for October’s water conservation efforts isn’t good, but the gloomy news comes with warnings about comparing data 1) between cities that may have very different water needs and 2) across time when temperature could be factor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That said, October represents a significant backslide in water conservation statewide. Water use this October was down 6.7 percent compared to the same time last year. Sounds good, but that’s also a 3.6 percent decrease in water savings compared to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/11/04/new-numbers-highlight-contrasts-in-california-water-use/\">September\u003c/a>, 2014, which had a statewide conservation rate of 10.3 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re using less water, but they’re using less less water than they did last month,” State Water Board Chair Felicia Marcus said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marcus said the gallons per capita, per day average is a new measurement, and officials are still grappling with exactly what it means.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This set of reports has raised more questions than answers for us,” Marcus said, but she added that it could be useful in transferring a best practice from a city with conservation success to another similar community struggling to reduce usage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State and local water officials worry the drive to conserve will falter as winter storms start to hit the state. But it’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/drought/ci_26932356/california-drought-not-likely-end-this-winter-experts\">unlikely\u003c/a> that California will get enough rain this season to break the severe drought, now entering its fourth year.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘If folks don’t take action, we probably will have to.’\u003ccite>Felicia Marcus\u003cbr>State Water Board Chair\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“As we’ve seen over time, conservation wanes a bit when you get into fall and winter months,” said Lisa Lien-Mager, spokeswoman for the Association of California Water Agencies. “Even though we may be in a drought, people aren’t thinking about it as much as they did in the summer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lien-Mager noted that 2014 is on pace to be a record-setting warm year for California, which factors into water usage and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/10/14/high-temps-intensified-california-drought/\">the drought\u003c/a>. She said long-term efforts, like water districts offering \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/take-out-your-lawn-and-get-paid-for-it/\">cash rewards to residents who replace lawns\u003c/a> with drought-friendlier landscaping, have yet to impact usage, but they will.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They may not show the results immediately, but those things are happening, we know that,” she said. “Those programs are going through the roof all around the state. We have to show some patience.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report does indicate which larger cities and regions are continuing to conserve and which are falling off. The Bay Area “gets a gold star,” Marcus said, noting that San Francisco uses the fewest gallons per capita, per day of any major city in the state. San Franciscans used an average of 45 gallons per person each day in October, with an 8.73 percent reduction this year compared to the same time last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even bigger users in the Bay Area, like the city of Hillsborough down the peninsula, are maintaining conservation. The city guzzles 228 gallons per person, per day, but it has reduced usage by 21 percent, compared to last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not so in parts of Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really is Southern California bringing down the curve,” Marcus said. “In Northern California people have maintained their percentage year-over-year rates, and in Southern California it seemed to drop significantly with some communities actually using more water and others who had been saving 7 or 8 percent now saving 2 percent. And we’re not entirely sure why that is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State regulators are not currently considering harsher restrictions or fines for people who fail to conserve, Marcus said. Last summer, California became the first state in the country to institute statewide water conservation regulations, which she said are generally better handled by local water districts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We took the unusual step of doing what were relatively modest regulations to help kick [local] agencies into gear because it felt like they kept thinking it was just going to rain,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, regulators are opting for positive reinforcement and friendly reminders. The State Water Board is planning a Southern California water conservation workshop for Dec. 17 in the Los Angeles area. But that could change if next month’s conservation rate continues to fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It depends on what people do about these numbers,” Marcus said. “If it rains a lot, it’s hard to keep the messaging up, and it could go either way. If folks don’t take action, we probably will have to.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]There’s something buried in the Arctic soil that could have a huge effect on the future of our planet’s climate. Scientists from \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a> have descended on Barrow, Alaska to study permafrost — soil that remains frozen throughout the seasons, often for thousands of years. They’re interested in permafrost because it has the potential to release an enormous amount of greenhouse gases in a short amount of time if rising temperatures cause the permafrost to thaw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24402\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Hubbard-and-Gusmeroli.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24402\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Hubbard-and-Gusmeroli.jpg\" alt=\"Susan Hubbard and Alessio Gusmeroli collecting ground penetrating radar data. \" width=\"720\" height=\"540\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Susan Hubbard driving and Alessio Gusmeroli (UA Fairbanks) collecting ground penetrating radar data. Photo: John Peterson/LBNL\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nearly one quarter of the land in the Earth’s Northern Hemisphere is permafrost, and the decaying plant matter within it contains about twice as much carbon as is presently in the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24409\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Susan-Hubard.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24409\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Susan-Hubard.jpg\" alt=\"Susan Hubbard exploring the different types of Arctic vegetation\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Susan Hubbard, LBNL’s representative on the NGEE-Arctic project exploring the different types of Arctic vegetation present at the Barrow, AK field site.\u003cbr>Photo: Roy Kaltschmidt/LBNL\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ngee-arctic.ornl.gov/\">The Next Generation Ecosystem Experiment – Arctic\u003c/a>, is a collaborative project between Lawrence Berkeley Lab and seven other institutions to study this ecosystem in incredible detail. The researchers began work in 2012, and plan to continue their research through 2022.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24404\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2499px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/XBD201307-03354-271.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24404\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/XBD201307-03354-271.jpg\" alt=\"Craig Ulrich collecting imagery of the land surface using sensors mounted on a kite.\" width=\"2499\" height=\"1668\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Craig Ulrich of LBNL collecting imagery of the land surface using sensors mounted on a kite. Photo: Roy Kaltschmidt/LBNL\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They aim to combine information from a wide range of techniques – from \u003ca href=\"http://www.earthsound.ie/electrical-resistivity-tomography.html\">Electrical Resistance Tomography\u003c/a> that measures the soil’s moisture, salinity and texture, to a kite outfitted with a camera that reveals the surface vegetation and topography. By bringing together a variety of techniques, they hope to learn all they can about this one specific location. The team plans to use the knowledge to create more accurate computer models of our planet’s climate, which will allow scientists to better understand how permafrost everywhere will react to changes in temperature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The combination of above and below ground geophysical imaging of the Arctic tundra has enabled us to, for the first time, ‘see’ complex interactions occurring between land surface, active layer, and permafrost processes that contribute to carbon cycling,” says Susan Hubbard, Director of the Earth Sciences Division at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to predict how large swaths of permafrost will react to changing conditions, the researchers must learn exactly what the soils are made of — down to the microscopic level. They need to know where the permafrost is and how deep it goes. They need to know what minerals it contains, including how much water and gas, and what tiny organisms live there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24411\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1836px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/20140423_125037.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24411\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/20140423_125037.jpg\" alt=\"Drilling permafrost cores in Barrow, AK. Photo: Craig Ulrich/LBNL\" width=\"1836\" height=\"3264\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Drilling permafrost cores in Barrow, AK. Photo: Craig Ulrich/LBNL\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One aspect of the project requires the researchers to drill down from the surface and extract long solid cylinders of frozen soil. They ship the frozen samples back to research labs for a battery of tests. At Lawrence Berkeley Lab, they’re using a CT scanner, similar to those found in hospitals, to measure and examine the makeup of the cores, because different substances react differently to changing temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24412\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3840px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Kneafsey-CT.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24412\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Kneafsey-CT.jpg\" alt=\"Tim Kneafsey loading a permafrost core onto a CT scanner at LBNL. Photo: Josh Cassidy/KQED\" width=\"3840\" height=\"2160\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tim Kneafsey loading a permafrost core onto a CT scanner at LBNL. Photo: Josh Cassidy/KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While the “active layer” near the soil’s surface can freeze each fall and thaw each summer, the permafrost layer further below may stay frozen for thousands of years. Within it lays the remnants of ancient plants and bacteria that have stayed dormant, trapped in the frozen soil. It also contains greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide and methane, which are the waste products created by bacteria as they break down the dead plant matter buried in the soil. If the soil thaws, the ancient bacteria will get to work decomposing the plant matter and releasing greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24403\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2499px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/XBD201307-03354-026.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24403\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/XBD201307-03354-026.jpg\" alt=\"Craig Ulrich of LBNL collecting Electrical Resistance Tomography data\" width=\"2499\" height=\"1668\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Craig Ulrich of LBNL collecting Electrical Resistance Tomography data using sensors buried in the Alaskan soil. Photo: Roy Kaltschmidt/LBNL\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The extra greenhouse gases could trap heat in the atmosphere, which would in turn thaw more permafrost. This could result in a catastrophic feedback loop that would accelerate the warming of the planet. Another possibility is that a warming climate might create longer growing seasons in the summer, which would allow more plants to grow at the surface. As the plants grow, they could trap more carbon out of the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to its vast size, the Arctic tundra is also extremely complex. The different geological features make it difficult to predict how the large swaths of land will react to warming, researchers say. Current models suggest that between 7 percent and 90 percent of permafrost may thaw by the year 2100. That wide range shows that scientists need to gain a more detailed understanding of the systems at play in order to achieve more precise predictions about the future.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>There’s something buried in the Arctic soil that could have a huge effect on the future of our planet’s climate. Scientists from \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a> have descended on Barrow, Alaska to study permafrost — soil that remains frozen throughout the seasons, often for thousands of years. They’re interested in permafrost because it has the potential to release an enormous amount of greenhouse gases in a short amount of time if rising temperatures cause the permafrost to thaw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24402\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Hubbard-and-Gusmeroli.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24402\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Hubbard-and-Gusmeroli.jpg\" alt=\"Susan Hubbard and Alessio Gusmeroli collecting ground penetrating radar data. \" width=\"720\" height=\"540\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Susan Hubbard driving and Alessio Gusmeroli (UA Fairbanks) collecting ground penetrating radar data. Photo: John Peterson/LBNL\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nearly one quarter of the land in the Earth’s Northern Hemisphere is permafrost, and the decaying plant matter within it contains about twice as much carbon as is presently in the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24409\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Susan-Hubard.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24409\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Susan-Hubard.jpg\" alt=\"Susan Hubbard exploring the different types of Arctic vegetation\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Susan Hubbard, LBNL’s representative on the NGEE-Arctic project exploring the different types of Arctic vegetation present at the Barrow, AK field site.\u003cbr>Photo: Roy Kaltschmidt/LBNL\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ngee-arctic.ornl.gov/\">The Next Generation Ecosystem Experiment – Arctic\u003c/a>, is a collaborative project between Lawrence Berkeley Lab and seven other institutions to study this ecosystem in incredible detail. The researchers began work in 2012, and plan to continue their research through 2022.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24404\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2499px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/XBD201307-03354-271.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24404\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/XBD201307-03354-271.jpg\" alt=\"Craig Ulrich collecting imagery of the land surface using sensors mounted on a kite.\" width=\"2499\" height=\"1668\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Craig Ulrich of LBNL collecting imagery of the land surface using sensors mounted on a kite. Photo: Roy Kaltschmidt/LBNL\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They aim to combine information from a wide range of techniques – from \u003ca href=\"http://www.earthsound.ie/electrical-resistivity-tomography.html\">Electrical Resistance Tomography\u003c/a> that measures the soil’s moisture, salinity and texture, to a kite outfitted with a camera that reveals the surface vegetation and topography. By bringing together a variety of techniques, they hope to learn all they can about this one specific location. The team plans to use the knowledge to create more accurate computer models of our planet’s climate, which will allow scientists to better understand how permafrost everywhere will react to changes in temperature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The combination of above and below ground geophysical imaging of the Arctic tundra has enabled us to, for the first time, ‘see’ complex interactions occurring between land surface, active layer, and permafrost processes that contribute to carbon cycling,” says Susan Hubbard, Director of the Earth Sciences Division at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to predict how large swaths of permafrost will react to changing conditions, the researchers must learn exactly what the soils are made of — down to the microscopic level. They need to know where the permafrost is and how deep it goes. They need to know what minerals it contains, including how much water and gas, and what tiny organisms live there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24411\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1836px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/20140423_125037.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24411\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/20140423_125037.jpg\" alt=\"Drilling permafrost cores in Barrow, AK. Photo: Craig Ulrich/LBNL\" width=\"1836\" height=\"3264\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Drilling permafrost cores in Barrow, AK. Photo: Craig Ulrich/LBNL\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One aspect of the project requires the researchers to drill down from the surface and extract long solid cylinders of frozen soil. They ship the frozen samples back to research labs for a battery of tests. At Lawrence Berkeley Lab, they’re using a CT scanner, similar to those found in hospitals, to measure and examine the makeup of the cores, because different substances react differently to changing temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24412\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3840px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Kneafsey-CT.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24412\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Kneafsey-CT.jpg\" alt=\"Tim Kneafsey loading a permafrost core onto a CT scanner at LBNL. Photo: Josh Cassidy/KQED\" width=\"3840\" height=\"2160\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tim Kneafsey loading a permafrost core onto a CT scanner at LBNL. Photo: Josh Cassidy/KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While the “active layer” near the soil’s surface can freeze each fall and thaw each summer, the permafrost layer further below may stay frozen for thousands of years. Within it lays the remnants of ancient plants and bacteria that have stayed dormant, trapped in the frozen soil. It also contains greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide and methane, which are the waste products created by bacteria as they break down the dead plant matter buried in the soil. If the soil thaws, the ancient bacteria will get to work decomposing the plant matter and releasing greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24403\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2499px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/XBD201307-03354-026.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24403\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/XBD201307-03354-026.jpg\" alt=\"Craig Ulrich of LBNL collecting Electrical Resistance Tomography data\" width=\"2499\" height=\"1668\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Craig Ulrich of LBNL collecting Electrical Resistance Tomography data using sensors buried in the Alaskan soil. Photo: Roy Kaltschmidt/LBNL\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The extra greenhouse gases could trap heat in the atmosphere, which would in turn thaw more permafrost. This could result in a catastrophic feedback loop that would accelerate the warming of the planet. Another possibility is that a warming climate might create longer growing seasons in the summer, which would allow more plants to grow at the surface. As the plants grow, they could trap more carbon out of the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to its vast size, the Arctic tundra is also extremely complex. The different geological features make it difficult to predict how the large swaths of land will react to warming, researchers say. Current models suggest that between 7 percent and 90 percent of permafrost may thaw by the year 2100. That wide range shows that scientists need to gain a more detailed understanding of the systems at play in order to achieve more precise predictions about the future.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, 10 a.m. Monday:\u003c/strong> Well, the rainy weekend is over and the sun has returned. Next up: a wetter and windier storm that should arrive the Bay Area Tuesday morning. \u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/FXC/wxstory.php?wfo=mtr\">The National Weather Service says\u003c/a> the storm could bring about an inch and a third of rain to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/11/28/San-Francisco-Bay-Area-Rain\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" class=\"rssmi_more\">…Read More\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/11/28/San-Francisco-Bay-Area-Rain\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Bay Area Gets a Day to Dry Out; and Then, Another Storm\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Newsfix – Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24284\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 850px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Hetch.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24284\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Hetch.jpg\" alt=\"Dated signage indicating electricity from Hetch Hetchy. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"850\" height=\"638\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A weathered wooden sign in Fremont boasts electricity from Hetch Hetchy. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a move that could generate tens of millions of dollars for the city, San Francisco’s Board of Supervisors passed legislation today that would give the city’s Public Utilities Commission a “right of first refusal” to sell electricity to private development projects in the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SFPUC’s Power Enterprise currently sells on the wholesale market electricity that’s left over after municipal uses like powering City Hall. But the city could make about four times as much money selling to private customers at retail rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This new arrangement would switch the default power provider for many larger construction projects, and the long-term electricity needs of whatever’s getting built in booming San Francisco, from Pacific Gas and Electric to the city. It would allow the SFPUC to sell electricity to projects on public lands, those developed with public funds and any private projects seeking city approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supervisors’ long-stalled effort to form \u003ca href=\"http://sfwater.org/index.aspx?page=577\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CleanPowerSF\u003c/a>, a city-run, clean-energy alternative to PG&E, looms large in the new law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have had a history of a monopoly in San Francisco, with PG&E, on electricity,” said the ordinance’s author, San Francisco Supervisor Scott Wiener.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He introduced an amendment Monday suggesting that the SFPUC prioritize selling electricity to CleanPowerSF if and when the program launches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A PG&E spokesman would not comment on the legislation, but provided KQED with a prepared statement that said the company looks forward to continuing to provide clean energy to San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We will continue to work with the city on this issue,” the statement said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CleanPowerSF was stalled by the SFPUC last year, when the commission refused to set rates for the greener, and thus more expensive, electricity that would be sold by the city but transmitted across PG&E’s network. The program was set up to automatically enroll residents, who would then have to opt out in order to revert to PG&E power. CleanPowerSF’s additional “generation charge,” which could run anywhere from $5.29 to near $10 per month to match a green alternative proposed by PG&E, would appear on customers’ PG&E bill. A final decision on the rate is pending.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco Chronicle \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/S-F-clean-energy-program-could-generate-8-100-5897392.php\">reported Monday\u003c/a> that Wiener called the “right of first refusal” legislation “complementary” to the CleanPowerSF effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24277\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 590px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Where-your-hetch-hetchy-power-comes-from.aspx_.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-24277 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Where-your-hetch-hetchy-power-comes-from.aspx_.jpg\" alt=\"Where your hetch hetchy power comes from.aspx\" width=\"590\" height=\"251\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The vast majority of the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission’s electricity is hydropower from Hetch Hetchy. (SFPUC)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Wiener says the Power Enterprise “has been starved of resources because it is not more of a retail provider.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SFPUC’s Power Enterprise currently takes in about $115 million each year from electricity sales, according to the program’s Assistant General Manager Barbara Hale. 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}
},
"baycurious": {
"id": "baycurious",
"title": "Bay Curious",
"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
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"order": 3
},
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},
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"info": "The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/bbc-world-service",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/",
"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
}
},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/26099305-72af-4542-9dde-ac1807fe36d5/kqed-s-the-california-report",
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}
},
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"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
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"id": "city-arts",
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/",
"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
"link": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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},
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
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