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"title": "New Residential Water Use Numbers Indicate Conservation Backslide",
"headTitle": "New Residential Water Use Numbers Indicate Conservation Backslide | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24447\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 850px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/waterlevel.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/waterlevel.jpg\" alt=\"Receding water levels can be seen around the San Gabriel Reservoir, or San Gabriel Dam, on July 29. The reservoir provides flood control, groundwater recharge flows and hydroelectricity for the heavily populated San Gabriel Valley in the Greater Los Angeles metropolitan area. (Frederic J. Brown/AFP/Getty Images)\" width=\"850\" height=\"537\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24447\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Receding water levels can be seen around the San Gabriel Reservoir, or San Gabriel Dam, on July 29. The reservoir provides flood control, groundwater recharge flows and hydroelectricity for the heavily populated San Gabriel Valley in the Greater Los Angeles metropolitan area. (Frederic J. Brown/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The latest year-over-year \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/conservation_reporting_info.shtml\">residential water use numbers\u003c/a> are out, offering a glimpse at how much of the wet stuff larger cities throughout California are using and how much they’re conserving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The broad view for October’s water conservation efforts isn’t good, but the gloomy news comes with warnings about comparing data 1) between cities that may have very different water needs and 2) across time when temperature could be factor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That said, October represents a significant backslide in water conservation statewide. Water use this October was down 6.7 percent compared to the same time last year. Sounds good, but that’s also a 3.6 percent decrease in water savings compared to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/11/04/new-numbers-highlight-contrasts-in-california-water-use/\">September\u003c/a>, 2014, which had a statewide conservation rate of 10.3 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re using less water, but they’re using less less water than they did last month,” State Water Board Chair Felicia Marcus said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marcus said the gallons per capita, per day average is a new measurement, and officials are still grappling with exactly what it means.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This set of reports has raised more questions than answers for us,” Marcus said, but she added that it could be useful in transferring a best practice from a city with conservation success to another similar community struggling to reduce usage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State and local water officials worry the drive to conserve will falter as winter storms start to hit the state. But it’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/drought/ci_26932356/california-drought-not-likely-end-this-winter-experts\">unlikely\u003c/a> that California will get enough rain this season to break the severe drought, now entering its fourth year.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘If folks don’t take action, we probably will have to.’\u003ccite>Felicia Marcus\u003cbr>State Water Board Chair\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“As we’ve seen over time, conservation wanes a bit when you get into fall and winter months,” said Lisa Lien-Mager, spokeswoman for the Association of California Water Agencies. “Even though we may be in a drought, people aren’t thinking about it as much as they did in the summer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lien-Mager noted that 2014 is on pace to be a record-setting warm year for California, which factors into water usage and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/10/14/high-temps-intensified-california-drought/\">the drought\u003c/a>. She said long-term efforts, like water districts offering \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/take-out-your-lawn-and-get-paid-for-it/\">cash rewards to residents who replace lawns\u003c/a> with drought-friendlier landscaping, have yet to impact usage, but they will.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They may not show the results immediately, but those things are happening, we know that,” she said. “Those programs are going through the roof all around the state. We have to show some patience.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report does indicate which larger cities and regions are continuing to conserve and which are falling off. The Bay Area “gets a gold star,” Marcus said, noting that San Francisco uses the fewest gallons per capita, per day of any major city in the state. San Franciscans used an average of 45 gallons per person each day in October, with an 8.73 percent reduction this year compared to the same time last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even bigger users in the Bay Area, like the city of Hillsborough down the peninsula, are maintaining conservation. The city guzzles 228 gallons per person, per day, but it has reduced usage by 21 percent, compared to last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not so in parts of Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really is Southern California bringing down the curve,” Marcus said. “In Northern California people have maintained their percentage year-over-year rates, and in Southern California it seemed to drop significantly with some communities actually using more water and others who had been saving 7 or 8 percent now saving 2 percent. And we’re not entirely sure why that is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State regulators are not currently considering harsher restrictions or fines for people who fail to conserve, Marcus said. Last summer, California became the first state in the country to institute statewide water conservation regulations, which she said are generally better handled by local water districts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We took the unusual step of doing what were relatively modest regulations to help kick [local] agencies into gear because it felt like they kept thinking it was just going to rain,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, regulators are opting for positive reinforcement and friendly reminders. The State Water Board is planning a Southern California water conservation workshop for Dec. 17 in the Los Angeles area. But that could change if next month’s conservation rate continues to fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It depends on what people do about these numbers,” Marcus said. “If it rains a lot, it’s hard to keep the messaging up, and it could go either way. If folks don’t take action, we probably will have to.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The year-over-year water-saving rate slid by more than a third in October, worrying officials calling on residents to reduce water usage during record drought.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24447\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 850px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/waterlevel.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/waterlevel.jpg\" alt=\"Receding water levels can be seen around the San Gabriel Reservoir, or San Gabriel Dam, on July 29. The reservoir provides flood control, groundwater recharge flows and hydroelectricity for the heavily populated San Gabriel Valley in the Greater Los Angeles metropolitan area. (Frederic J. Brown/AFP/Getty Images)\" width=\"850\" height=\"537\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24447\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Receding water levels can be seen around the San Gabriel Reservoir, or San Gabriel Dam, on July 29. The reservoir provides flood control, groundwater recharge flows and hydroelectricity for the heavily populated San Gabriel Valley in the Greater Los Angeles metropolitan area. (Frederic J. Brown/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The latest year-over-year \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/conservation_reporting_info.shtml\">residential water use numbers\u003c/a> are out, offering a glimpse at how much of the wet stuff larger cities throughout California are using and how much they’re conserving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The broad view for October’s water conservation efforts isn’t good, but the gloomy news comes with warnings about comparing data 1) between cities that may have very different water needs and 2) across time when temperature could be factor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That said, October represents a significant backslide in water conservation statewide. Water use this October was down 6.7 percent compared to the same time last year. Sounds good, but that’s also a 3.6 percent decrease in water savings compared to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/11/04/new-numbers-highlight-contrasts-in-california-water-use/\">September\u003c/a>, 2014, which had a statewide conservation rate of 10.3 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re using less water, but they’re using less less water than they did last month,” State Water Board Chair Felicia Marcus said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marcus said the gallons per capita, per day average is a new measurement, and officials are still grappling with exactly what it means.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This set of reports has raised more questions than answers for us,” Marcus said, but she added that it could be useful in transferring a best practice from a city with conservation success to another similar community struggling to reduce usage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State and local water officials worry the drive to conserve will falter as winter storms start to hit the state. But it’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/drought/ci_26932356/california-drought-not-likely-end-this-winter-experts\">unlikely\u003c/a> that California will get enough rain this season to break the severe drought, now entering its fourth year.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘If folks don’t take action, we probably will have to.’\u003ccite>Felicia Marcus\u003cbr>State Water Board Chair\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“As we’ve seen over time, conservation wanes a bit when you get into fall and winter months,” said Lisa Lien-Mager, spokeswoman for the Association of California Water Agencies. “Even though we may be in a drought, people aren’t thinking about it as much as they did in the summer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lien-Mager noted that 2014 is on pace to be a record-setting warm year for California, which factors into water usage and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/10/14/high-temps-intensified-california-drought/\">the drought\u003c/a>. She said long-term efforts, like water districts offering \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/take-out-your-lawn-and-get-paid-for-it/\">cash rewards to residents who replace lawns\u003c/a> with drought-friendlier landscaping, have yet to impact usage, but they will.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They may not show the results immediately, but those things are happening, we know that,” she said. “Those programs are going through the roof all around the state. We have to show some patience.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report does indicate which larger cities and regions are continuing to conserve and which are falling off. The Bay Area “gets a gold star,” Marcus said, noting that San Francisco uses the fewest gallons per capita, per day of any major city in the state. San Franciscans used an average of 45 gallons per person each day in October, with an 8.73 percent reduction this year compared to the same time last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even bigger users in the Bay Area, like the city of Hillsborough down the peninsula, are maintaining conservation. The city guzzles 228 gallons per person, per day, but it has reduced usage by 21 percent, compared to last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not so in parts of Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really is Southern California bringing down the curve,” Marcus said. “In Northern California people have maintained their percentage year-over-year rates, and in Southern California it seemed to drop significantly with some communities actually using more water and others who had been saving 7 or 8 percent now saving 2 percent. And we’re not entirely sure why that is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State regulators are not currently considering harsher restrictions or fines for people who fail to conserve, Marcus said. Last summer, California became the first state in the country to institute statewide water conservation regulations, which she said are generally better handled by local water districts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We took the unusual step of doing what were relatively modest regulations to help kick [local] agencies into gear because it felt like they kept thinking it was just going to rain,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, regulators are opting for positive reinforcement and friendly reminders. The State Water Board is planning a Southern California water conservation workshop for Dec. 17 in the Los Angeles area. But that could change if next month’s conservation rate continues to fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It depends on what people do about these numbers,” Marcus said. “If it rains a lot, it’s hard to keep the messaging up, and it could go either way. If folks don’t take action, we probably will have to.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]There’s something buried in the Arctic soil that could have a huge effect on the future of our planet’s climate. Scientists from \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a> have descended on Barrow, Alaska to study permafrost — soil that remains frozen throughout the seasons, often for thousands of years. They’re interested in permafrost because it has the potential to release an enormous amount of greenhouse gases in a short amount of time if rising temperatures cause the permafrost to thaw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24402\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Hubbard-and-Gusmeroli.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24402\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Hubbard-and-Gusmeroli.jpg\" alt=\"Susan Hubbard and Alessio Gusmeroli collecting ground penetrating radar data. \" width=\"720\" height=\"540\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Susan Hubbard driving and Alessio Gusmeroli (UA Fairbanks) collecting ground penetrating radar data. Photo: John Peterson/LBNL\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nearly one quarter of the land in the Earth’s Northern Hemisphere is permafrost, and the decaying plant matter within it contains about twice as much carbon as is presently in the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24409\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Susan-Hubard.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24409\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Susan-Hubard.jpg\" alt=\"Susan Hubbard exploring the different types of Arctic vegetation\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Susan Hubbard, LBNL’s representative on the NGEE-Arctic project exploring the different types of Arctic vegetation present at the Barrow, AK field site.\u003cbr>Photo: Roy Kaltschmidt/LBNL\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ngee-arctic.ornl.gov/\">The Next Generation Ecosystem Experiment – Arctic\u003c/a>, is a collaborative project between Lawrence Berkeley Lab and seven other institutions to study this ecosystem in incredible detail. The researchers began work in 2012, and plan to continue their research through 2022.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24404\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2499px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/XBD201307-03354-271.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24404\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/XBD201307-03354-271.jpg\" alt=\"Craig Ulrich collecting imagery of the land surface using sensors mounted on a kite.\" width=\"2499\" height=\"1668\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Craig Ulrich of LBNL collecting imagery of the land surface using sensors mounted on a kite. Photo: Roy Kaltschmidt/LBNL\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They aim to combine information from a wide range of techniques – from \u003ca href=\"http://www.earthsound.ie/electrical-resistivity-tomography.html\">Electrical Resistance Tomography\u003c/a> that measures the soil’s moisture, salinity and texture, to a kite outfitted with a camera that reveals the surface vegetation and topography. By bringing together a variety of techniques, they hope to learn all they can about this one specific location. The team plans to use the knowledge to create more accurate computer models of our planet’s climate, which will allow scientists to better understand how permafrost everywhere will react to changes in temperature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The combination of above and below ground geophysical imaging of the Arctic tundra has enabled us to, for the first time, ‘see’ complex interactions occurring between land surface, active layer, and permafrost processes that contribute to carbon cycling,” says Susan Hubbard, Director of the Earth Sciences Division at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to predict how large swaths of permafrost will react to changing conditions, the researchers must learn exactly what the soils are made of — down to the microscopic level. They need to know where the permafrost is and how deep it goes. They need to know what minerals it contains, including how much water and gas, and what tiny organisms live there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24411\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1836px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/20140423_125037.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24411\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/20140423_125037.jpg\" alt=\"Drilling permafrost cores in Barrow, AK. Photo: Craig Ulrich/LBNL\" width=\"1836\" height=\"3264\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Drilling permafrost cores in Barrow, AK. Photo: Craig Ulrich/LBNL\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One aspect of the project requires the researchers to drill down from the surface and extract long solid cylinders of frozen soil. They ship the frozen samples back to research labs for a battery of tests. At Lawrence Berkeley Lab, they’re using a CT scanner, similar to those found in hospitals, to measure and examine the makeup of the cores, because different substances react differently to changing temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24412\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3840px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Kneafsey-CT.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24412\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Kneafsey-CT.jpg\" alt=\"Tim Kneafsey loading a permafrost core onto a CT scanner at LBNL. Photo: Josh Cassidy/KQED\" width=\"3840\" height=\"2160\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tim Kneafsey loading a permafrost core onto a CT scanner at LBNL. Photo: Josh Cassidy/KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While the “active layer” near the soil’s surface can freeze each fall and thaw each summer, the permafrost layer further below may stay frozen for thousands of years. Within it lays the remnants of ancient plants and bacteria that have stayed dormant, trapped in the frozen soil. It also contains greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide and methane, which are the waste products created by bacteria as they break down the dead plant matter buried in the soil. If the soil thaws, the ancient bacteria will get to work decomposing the plant matter and releasing greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24403\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2499px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/XBD201307-03354-026.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24403\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/XBD201307-03354-026.jpg\" alt=\"Craig Ulrich of LBNL collecting Electrical Resistance Tomography data\" width=\"2499\" height=\"1668\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Craig Ulrich of LBNL collecting Electrical Resistance Tomography data using sensors buried in the Alaskan soil. Photo: Roy Kaltschmidt/LBNL\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The extra greenhouse gases could trap heat in the atmosphere, which would in turn thaw more permafrost. This could result in a catastrophic feedback loop that would accelerate the warming of the planet. Another possibility is that a warming climate might create longer growing seasons in the summer, which would allow more plants to grow at the surface. As the plants grow, they could trap more carbon out of the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to its vast size, the Arctic tundra is also extremely complex. The different geological features make it difficult to predict how the large swaths of land will react to warming, researchers say. Current models suggest that between 7 percent and 90 percent of permafrost may thaw by the year 2100. That wide range shows that scientists need to gain a more detailed understanding of the systems at play in order to achieve more precise predictions about the future.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>There’s something buried in the Arctic soil that could have a huge effect on the future of our planet’s climate. Scientists from \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a> have descended on Barrow, Alaska to study permafrost — soil that remains frozen throughout the seasons, often for thousands of years. They’re interested in permafrost because it has the potential to release an enormous amount of greenhouse gases in a short amount of time if rising temperatures cause the permafrost to thaw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24402\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Hubbard-and-Gusmeroli.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24402\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Hubbard-and-Gusmeroli.jpg\" alt=\"Susan Hubbard and Alessio Gusmeroli collecting ground penetrating radar data. \" width=\"720\" height=\"540\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Susan Hubbard driving and Alessio Gusmeroli (UA Fairbanks) collecting ground penetrating radar data. Photo: John Peterson/LBNL\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nearly one quarter of the land in the Earth’s Northern Hemisphere is permafrost, and the decaying plant matter within it contains about twice as much carbon as is presently in the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24409\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Susan-Hubard.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24409\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Susan-Hubard.jpg\" alt=\"Susan Hubbard exploring the different types of Arctic vegetation\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Susan Hubbard, LBNL’s representative on the NGEE-Arctic project exploring the different types of Arctic vegetation present at the Barrow, AK field site.\u003cbr>Photo: Roy Kaltschmidt/LBNL\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ngee-arctic.ornl.gov/\">The Next Generation Ecosystem Experiment – Arctic\u003c/a>, is a collaborative project between Lawrence Berkeley Lab and seven other institutions to study this ecosystem in incredible detail. The researchers began work in 2012, and plan to continue their research through 2022.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24404\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2499px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/XBD201307-03354-271.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24404\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/XBD201307-03354-271.jpg\" alt=\"Craig Ulrich collecting imagery of the land surface using sensors mounted on a kite.\" width=\"2499\" height=\"1668\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Craig Ulrich of LBNL collecting imagery of the land surface using sensors mounted on a kite. Photo: Roy Kaltschmidt/LBNL\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They aim to combine information from a wide range of techniques – from \u003ca href=\"http://www.earthsound.ie/electrical-resistivity-tomography.html\">Electrical Resistance Tomography\u003c/a> that measures the soil’s moisture, salinity and texture, to a kite outfitted with a camera that reveals the surface vegetation and topography. By bringing together a variety of techniques, they hope to learn all they can about this one specific location. The team plans to use the knowledge to create more accurate computer models of our planet’s climate, which will allow scientists to better understand how permafrost everywhere will react to changes in temperature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The combination of above and below ground geophysical imaging of the Arctic tundra has enabled us to, for the first time, ‘see’ complex interactions occurring between land surface, active layer, and permafrost processes that contribute to carbon cycling,” says Susan Hubbard, Director of the Earth Sciences Division at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to predict how large swaths of permafrost will react to changing conditions, the researchers must learn exactly what the soils are made of — down to the microscopic level. They need to know where the permafrost is and how deep it goes. They need to know what minerals it contains, including how much water and gas, and what tiny organisms live there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24411\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1836px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/20140423_125037.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24411\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/20140423_125037.jpg\" alt=\"Drilling permafrost cores in Barrow, AK. Photo: Craig Ulrich/LBNL\" width=\"1836\" height=\"3264\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Drilling permafrost cores in Barrow, AK. Photo: Craig Ulrich/LBNL\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One aspect of the project requires the researchers to drill down from the surface and extract long solid cylinders of frozen soil. They ship the frozen samples back to research labs for a battery of tests. At Lawrence Berkeley Lab, they’re using a CT scanner, similar to those found in hospitals, to measure and examine the makeup of the cores, because different substances react differently to changing temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24412\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3840px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Kneafsey-CT.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24412\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Kneafsey-CT.jpg\" alt=\"Tim Kneafsey loading a permafrost core onto a CT scanner at LBNL. Photo: Josh Cassidy/KQED\" width=\"3840\" height=\"2160\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tim Kneafsey loading a permafrost core onto a CT scanner at LBNL. Photo: Josh Cassidy/KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While the “active layer” near the soil’s surface can freeze each fall and thaw each summer, the permafrost layer further below may stay frozen for thousands of years. Within it lays the remnants of ancient plants and bacteria that have stayed dormant, trapped in the frozen soil. It also contains greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide and methane, which are the waste products created by bacteria as they break down the dead plant matter buried in the soil. If the soil thaws, the ancient bacteria will get to work decomposing the plant matter and releasing greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24403\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2499px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/XBD201307-03354-026.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24403\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/XBD201307-03354-026.jpg\" alt=\"Craig Ulrich of LBNL collecting Electrical Resistance Tomography data\" width=\"2499\" height=\"1668\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Craig Ulrich of LBNL collecting Electrical Resistance Tomography data using sensors buried in the Alaskan soil. Photo: Roy Kaltschmidt/LBNL\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The extra greenhouse gases could trap heat in the atmosphere, which would in turn thaw more permafrost. This could result in a catastrophic feedback loop that would accelerate the warming of the planet. Another possibility is that a warming climate might create longer growing seasons in the summer, which would allow more plants to grow at the surface. As the plants grow, they could trap more carbon out of the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to its vast size, the Arctic tundra is also extremely complex. The different geological features make it difficult to predict how the large swaths of land will react to warming, researchers say. Current models suggest that between 7 percent and 90 percent of permafrost may thaw by the year 2100. That wide range shows that scientists need to gain a more detailed understanding of the systems at play in order to achieve more precise predictions about the future.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, 10 a.m. Monday:\u003c/strong> Well, the rainy weekend is over and the sun has returned. Next up: a wetter and windier storm that should arrive the Bay Area Tuesday morning. \u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/FXC/wxstory.php?wfo=mtr\">The National Weather Service says\u003c/a> the storm could bring about an inch and a third of rain to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/11/28/San-Francisco-Bay-Area-Rain\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" class=\"rssmi_more\">…Read More\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/11/28/San-Francisco-Bay-Area-Rain\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Bay Area Gets a Day to Dry Out; and Then, Another Storm\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Newsfix – Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, 10 a.m. Monday:\u003c/strong> Well, the rainy weekend is over and the sun has returned. Next up: a wetter and windier storm that should arrive the Bay Area Tuesday morning. \u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/FXC/wxstory.php?wfo=mtr\">The National Weather Service says\u003c/a> the storm could bring about an inch and a third of rain to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/11/28/San-Francisco-Bay-Area-Rain\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" class=\"rssmi_more\">…Read More\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/11/28/San-Francisco-Bay-Area-Rain\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Bay Area Gets a Day to Dry Out; and Then, Another Storm\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Newsfix – Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Stalled Clean Power Alternative to PG&E Looms Large in New S.F. Electricity Law",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24284\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 850px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Hetch.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24284\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Hetch.jpg\" alt=\"Dated signage indicating electricity from Hetch Hetchy. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"850\" height=\"638\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A weathered wooden sign in Fremont boasts electricity from Hetch Hetchy. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a move that could generate tens of millions of dollars for the city, San Francisco’s Board of Supervisors passed legislation today that would give the city’s Public Utilities Commission a “right of first refusal” to sell electricity to private development projects in the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SFPUC’s Power Enterprise currently sells on the wholesale market electricity that’s left over after municipal uses like powering City Hall. But the city could make about four times as much money selling to private customers at retail rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This new arrangement would switch the default power provider for many larger construction projects, and the long-term electricity needs of whatever’s getting built in booming San Francisco, from Pacific Gas and Electric to the city. It would allow the SFPUC to sell electricity to projects on public lands, those developed with public funds and any private projects seeking city approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supervisors’ long-stalled effort to form \u003ca href=\"http://sfwater.org/index.aspx?page=577\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CleanPowerSF\u003c/a>, a city-run, clean-energy alternative to PG&E, looms large in the new law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have had a history of a monopoly in San Francisco, with PG&E, on electricity,” said the ordinance’s author, San Francisco Supervisor Scott Wiener.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He introduced an amendment Monday suggesting that the SFPUC prioritize selling electricity to CleanPowerSF if and when the program launches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A PG&E spokesman would not comment on the legislation, but provided KQED with a prepared statement that said the company looks forward to continuing to provide clean energy to San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We will continue to work with the city on this issue,” the statement said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CleanPowerSF was stalled by the SFPUC last year, when the commission refused to set rates for the greener, and thus more expensive, electricity that would be sold by the city but transmitted across PG&E’s network. The program was set up to automatically enroll residents, who would then have to opt out in order to revert to PG&E power. CleanPowerSF’s additional “generation charge,” which could run anywhere from $5.29 to near $10 per month to match a green alternative proposed by PG&E, would appear on customers’ PG&E bill. A final decision on the rate is pending.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco Chronicle \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/S-F-clean-energy-program-could-generate-8-100-5897392.php\">reported Monday\u003c/a> that Wiener called the “right of first refusal” legislation “complementary” to the CleanPowerSF effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24277\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 590px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Where-your-hetch-hetchy-power-comes-from.aspx_.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-24277 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Where-your-hetch-hetchy-power-comes-from.aspx_.jpg\" alt=\"Where your hetch hetchy power comes from.aspx\" width=\"590\" height=\"251\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The vast majority of the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission’s electricity is hydropower from Hetch Hetchy. (SFPUC)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Wiener says the Power Enterprise “has been starved of resources because it is not more of a retail provider.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SFPUC’s Power Enterprise currently takes in about $115 million each year from electricity sales, according to the program’s Assistant General Manager Barbara Hale. About 15 percent of that comes from selling excess energy on the wholesale market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do have available power to sell to additional retail customers,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More retail-rate customers could mean a $40 million increase in revenue for the SFPUC yearly, Wiener said, and should enlarge the local commission’s footprint in San Francisco’s electricity market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco Business Operators and Managers Association and Chamber of Commerce both oppose the legislation because it will force some private entities to purchase power from the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have some serious problems with this legislation, supervisor,” BOMA’s Ken Cleaveland told Wiener at a Land Use Committee meeting Monday. “If the city bids out many of its services, why don’t you allow PG&E and the SFPUC to bid contracts for these new developments?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city’s rates are equal to or lower than PG&E’s, Hale said, and the power is “100 percent greenhouse gas free.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24284\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 850px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Hetch.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24284\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Hetch.jpg\" alt=\"Dated signage indicating electricity from Hetch Hetchy. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"850\" height=\"638\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A weathered wooden sign in Fremont boasts electricity from Hetch Hetchy. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a move that could generate tens of millions of dollars for the city, San Francisco’s Board of Supervisors passed legislation today that would give the city’s Public Utilities Commission a “right of first refusal” to sell electricity to private development projects in the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SFPUC’s Power Enterprise currently sells on the wholesale market electricity that’s left over after municipal uses like powering City Hall. But the city could make about four times as much money selling to private customers at retail rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This new arrangement would switch the default power provider for many larger construction projects, and the long-term electricity needs of whatever’s getting built in booming San Francisco, from Pacific Gas and Electric to the city. It would allow the SFPUC to sell electricity to projects on public lands, those developed with public funds and any private projects seeking city approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supervisors’ long-stalled effort to form \u003ca href=\"http://sfwater.org/index.aspx?page=577\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CleanPowerSF\u003c/a>, a city-run, clean-energy alternative to PG&E, looms large in the new law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have had a history of a monopoly in San Francisco, with PG&E, on electricity,” said the ordinance’s author, San Francisco Supervisor Scott Wiener.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He introduced an amendment Monday suggesting that the SFPUC prioritize selling electricity to CleanPowerSF if and when the program launches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A PG&E spokesman would not comment on the legislation, but provided KQED with a prepared statement that said the company looks forward to continuing to provide clean energy to San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We will continue to work with the city on this issue,” the statement said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CleanPowerSF was stalled by the SFPUC last year, when the commission refused to set rates for the greener, and thus more expensive, electricity that would be sold by the city but transmitted across PG&E’s network. The program was set up to automatically enroll residents, who would then have to opt out in order to revert to PG&E power. CleanPowerSF’s additional “generation charge,” which could run anywhere from $5.29 to near $10 per month to match a green alternative proposed by PG&E, would appear on customers’ PG&E bill. A final decision on the rate is pending.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco Chronicle \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/S-F-clean-energy-program-could-generate-8-100-5897392.php\">reported Monday\u003c/a> that Wiener called the “right of first refusal” legislation “complementary” to the CleanPowerSF effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24277\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 590px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Where-your-hetch-hetchy-power-comes-from.aspx_.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-24277 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Where-your-hetch-hetchy-power-comes-from.aspx_.jpg\" alt=\"Where your hetch hetchy power comes from.aspx\" width=\"590\" height=\"251\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The vast majority of the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission’s electricity is hydropower from Hetch Hetchy. (SFPUC)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Wiener says the Power Enterprise “has been starved of resources because it is not more of a retail provider.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SFPUC’s Power Enterprise currently takes in about $115 million each year from electricity sales, according to the program’s Assistant General Manager Barbara Hale. About 15 percent of that comes from selling excess energy on the wholesale market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do have available power to sell to additional retail customers,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More retail-rate customers could mean a $40 million increase in revenue for the SFPUC yearly, Wiener said, and should enlarge the local commission’s footprint in San Francisco’s electricity market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco Business Operators and Managers Association and Chamber of Commerce both oppose the legislation because it will force some private entities to purchase power from the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have some serious problems with this legislation, supervisor,” BOMA’s Ken Cleaveland told Wiener at a Land Use Committee meeting Monday. “If the city bids out many of its services, why don’t you allow PG&E and the SFPUC to bid contracts for these new developments?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city’s rates are equal to or lower than PG&E’s, Hale said, and the power is “100 percent greenhouse gas free.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Utilities and Solar Companies Battle Over Electricity Prices",
"headTitle": "California Utilities and Solar Companies Battle Over Electricity Prices | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/11/20141124science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24195\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/solar.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/solar.jpg\" alt=\"Solar companies worry that newly proposed electricity rates from California utilities will make it less appealing for Californians to install solar panels. (Dennis Schroeder/Department of Energy)\" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24195\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Solar companies worry that newly proposed electricity rates from California utilities will make it less appealing for Californians to install solar panels.\u003cbr>(Dennis Schroeder/Department of Energy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Electricity bills could be going up for millions of Californians under a new proposal from the state’s major utilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pacific Gas and Electric is proposing an overhaul of the way customers are charged for electricity, which the utility says would be more fair for many customers. But solar companies see it as a direct attack, because the changes could make installing solar panels less appealing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The debate is just one more battle in a slow-simmering war between electric utilities and solar companies. The front lines are in the homes of average Californians – like Elmore Williams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s working great,” Williams says, looking up at the solar panels on his four-bedroom Vacaville home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just six months ago, Williams was a solid PG&E customer — his household used more electricity than average for its size. His bill would hit $300 during the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had the air conditioner running all thet time,” he says. With the panels, Williams pays a set amount for solar power and much less to PG&E.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I mean, my wife is just so happy!” He says she tells him, “‘Look how much we’re paying this time. Our PG&E bill is just sixteen dollars this time.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One customer may not be a big loss to PG&E, but solar is growing fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘There’s no question – the fixed charge is the worst nightmare of the solar installers.’\u003ccite>— Severin Borenstein\u003cbr>UC Berkeley\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“We have far and away the most customer solar,” says Jonathan Marshall, a spokesman for PG&E. One-quarter of all rooftop solar systems in the country are found in PG&E’s service area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marshall says PG&E isn’t \u003cem>against \u003c/em>solar. The problem, as he sees it, is that solar customers aren’t paying their share of keeping up the electric grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In fact, they use the grid more than almost anyone,” he says, “because they’re selling power back into it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Households with solar still use PG&E’s electricity after the sun goes down, but \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/could-rooftop-solar-kill-utilities-california-grapples-with-solars-success-2/\">they also make money back\u003c/a> by selling PG&E the extra solar power they generate during the day, giving them lower bills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Electricity Price Overhaul\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the newly proposed electric rates, solar customers, along with everyone else, would pay a fixed monthly charge: $10 per month, adding up to $120 a year. Customers with Southern California Edison and San Diego Gas and Electric would pay the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s to help share the cost of basic infrastructure that we all use and depend on – lines, poles, meters and so forth,” Marshall says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second change is to the price of electricity itself. Today, there are four electricity rates for PG&E customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cheapest rate is for “baseline” power use – a certain amount of electricity that PG&E allocates based on where you live. Currently, it costs 15 cents per kilowatt hour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But use electricity beyond that amount and the prices go up, all the way to 32 cents per kilowatt hour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24146\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/Electric-rates-11212014.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/Electric-rates-11212014.jpg\" alt=\"(David Pierce/KQED)\" width=\"2300\" height=\"1644\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24146\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(David Pierce/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Utilities call this \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/en/myhome/saveenergymoney/plans/tiers/index.page\">“tiered” pricing\u003c/a>. Since California’s electricity crisis hit in 2000, the two lower tiers have stayed basically fixed and the higher tiers have been raised. Marshall says the system penalizes heavy users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s as if going to the grocery store, they had to pay more per gallon of milk just because they have more mouths to feed at the table,” Marshall says. “That doesn’t make much sense. But it is how we today charge for electricity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the new system, PG&E would charge two prices for electricity. By 2018, 74 percent of customers would see their bills go up by an average of $12 a month compared to today. About a quarter of customers, the heaviest power users, would see their bills decrease by $31 a month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Harming Conservation?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some environmental groups say those changes will send an anti-conservation message to California consumers. High electricity prices are meant to be painful, they say, so the heaviest users are encouraged to conserve or invest in energy efficient appliances and home upgrades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But others say the tiered pricing system as it is today is too complicated for consumers to track.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If people were really aware of which tier they were on, you would get some conservation,” says Severin Borenstein, an economist at UC Berkeley. “But I think it’s unlikely that many people other than electricity nerds actually know what tier their consumption is on. Most people just think there’s some price for electricity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since PG&E customers with historically lower bills would have higher bills under the new rate structure, it could also encourage conservation among a new group of customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Solar Companies Cry Foul\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The changes in electricity rates would have a major impact on PG&E’s biggest competitor: the solar industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Investor-owned utilities across the country are fighting rooftop solar,” says Sanjay Ranchod of SolarCity, the largest solar company in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch5>How Would Electric Bills Change?\u003c/h5>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Five-Bill.jpg\" alt=\"Five Bill\" width=\"537\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-24183\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>It varies by region. Here’s a sample for customers in the East Bay in 2018:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>400 kilowatt hours per month: Your bill goes up by $17 — from $58 to $75.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>800 kilowatt hours per month: Your bill goes down by $16 — from $172 to $156.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>1,200 kilowatt hours per month: Your bill goes down by $66 — from $302 to $236.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Source: PG&E\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Ranchod says if utilities are changing electricity prices, there’s no need to add the $10 monthly charge on top of it. The only thing that does is make solar less attractive at a time when California’s trying to encourage renewable energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A higher and higher fixed charge that customers can’t escape,” he says, “is designed to undermine the value that solar customers can get from their investment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ranchod says it’s a sign that utilities like PG&E see solar as threat. “For a company that has depended on a monopoly, competition from SolarCity or any other solar company is scary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Death Spiral\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no question – the fixed charge is the worst nightmare of the solar installers,” says Severin Borenstein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the monthly fee will make it harder for solar companies to compete, though the cost of solar panels still falling. But in the bigger picture, Borenstein says, this debate is just one more sign that solar is a disruptive technology, somewhat like cell phones versus land lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Analysts even have a name for the way solar is cutting into the utility business model: the “\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/could-rooftop-solar-kill-utilities-california-grapples-with-solars-success-2/\">death spiral\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think there’s a big question in electricity industry right now about what will happen to utilities,” Borenstein says, “and what their business model will be 10 or 20 or 30 years from now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of being power companies, he says, utilities could become electric grid companies, “where they don’t actually bring electricity in, they just shuffle it around between one house and another.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With such a large solar market, California could be one of the first places this plays out. In the meantime, the California Public Utilities Commission is expected to decide on the new pricing structure in the spring. The rates could go into effect next summer.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Solar companies in California have long been able to tell homeowners they can save a lot of money on power bills by going solar. Now PG&E is proposing a rate change the company says will be more fair for everyone. But solar companies say it’s simply an attack on their industry.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24195\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/solar.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/solar.jpg\" alt=\"Solar companies worry that newly proposed electricity rates from California utilities will make it less appealing for Californians to install solar panels. (Dennis Schroeder/Department of Energy)\" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24195\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Solar companies worry that newly proposed electricity rates from California utilities will make it less appealing for Californians to install solar panels.\u003cbr>(Dennis Schroeder/Department of Energy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Electricity bills could be going up for millions of Californians under a new proposal from the state’s major utilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pacific Gas and Electric is proposing an overhaul of the way customers are charged for electricity, which the utility says would be more fair for many customers. But solar companies see it as a direct attack, because the changes could make installing solar panels less appealing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The debate is just one more battle in a slow-simmering war between electric utilities and solar companies. The front lines are in the homes of average Californians – like Elmore Williams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s working great,” Williams says, looking up at the solar panels on his four-bedroom Vacaville home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just six months ago, Williams was a solid PG&E customer — his household used more electricity than average for its size. His bill would hit $300 during the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had the air conditioner running all thet time,” he says. With the panels, Williams pays a set amount for solar power and much less to PG&E.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I mean, my wife is just so happy!” He says she tells him, “‘Look how much we’re paying this time. Our PG&E bill is just sixteen dollars this time.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One customer may not be a big loss to PG&E, but solar is growing fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘There’s no question – the fixed charge is the worst nightmare of the solar installers.’\u003ccite>— Severin Borenstein\u003cbr>UC Berkeley\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“We have far and away the most customer solar,” says Jonathan Marshall, a spokesman for PG&E. One-quarter of all rooftop solar systems in the country are found in PG&E’s service area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marshall says PG&E isn’t \u003cem>against \u003c/em>solar. The problem, as he sees it, is that solar customers aren’t paying their share of keeping up the electric grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In fact, they use the grid more than almost anyone,” he says, “because they’re selling power back into it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Households with solar still use PG&E’s electricity after the sun goes down, but \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/could-rooftop-solar-kill-utilities-california-grapples-with-solars-success-2/\">they also make money back\u003c/a> by selling PG&E the extra solar power they generate during the day, giving them lower bills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Electricity Price Overhaul\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the newly proposed electric rates, solar customers, along with everyone else, would pay a fixed monthly charge: $10 per month, adding up to $120 a year. Customers with Southern California Edison and San Diego Gas and Electric would pay the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s to help share the cost of basic infrastructure that we all use and depend on – lines, poles, meters and so forth,” Marshall says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second change is to the price of electricity itself. Today, there are four electricity rates for PG&E customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cheapest rate is for “baseline” power use – a certain amount of electricity that PG&E allocates based on where you live. Currently, it costs 15 cents per kilowatt hour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But use electricity beyond that amount and the prices go up, all the way to 32 cents per kilowatt hour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24146\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/Electric-rates-11212014.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/Electric-rates-11212014.jpg\" alt=\"(David Pierce/KQED)\" width=\"2300\" height=\"1644\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24146\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(David Pierce/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Utilities call this \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/en/myhome/saveenergymoney/plans/tiers/index.page\">“tiered” pricing\u003c/a>. Since California’s electricity crisis hit in 2000, the two lower tiers have stayed basically fixed and the higher tiers have been raised. Marshall says the system penalizes heavy users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s as if going to the grocery store, they had to pay more per gallon of milk just because they have more mouths to feed at the table,” Marshall says. “That doesn’t make much sense. But it is how we today charge for electricity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the new system, PG&E would charge two prices for electricity. By 2018, 74 percent of customers would see their bills go up by an average of $12 a month compared to today. About a quarter of customers, the heaviest power users, would see their bills decrease by $31 a month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Harming Conservation?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some environmental groups say those changes will send an anti-conservation message to California consumers. High electricity prices are meant to be painful, they say, so the heaviest users are encouraged to conserve or invest in energy efficient appliances and home upgrades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But others say the tiered pricing system as it is today is too complicated for consumers to track.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If people were really aware of which tier they were on, you would get some conservation,” says Severin Borenstein, an economist at UC Berkeley. “But I think it’s unlikely that many people other than electricity nerds actually know what tier their consumption is on. Most people just think there’s some price for electricity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since PG&E customers with historically lower bills would have higher bills under the new rate structure, it could also encourage conservation among a new group of customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Solar Companies Cry Foul\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The changes in electricity rates would have a major impact on PG&E’s biggest competitor: the solar industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Investor-owned utilities across the country are fighting rooftop solar,” says Sanjay Ranchod of SolarCity, the largest solar company in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch5>How Would Electric Bills Change?\u003c/h5>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Five-Bill.jpg\" alt=\"Five Bill\" width=\"537\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-24183\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>It varies by region. Here’s a sample for customers in the East Bay in 2018:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>400 kilowatt hours per month: Your bill goes up by $17 — from $58 to $75.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>800 kilowatt hours per month: Your bill goes down by $16 — from $172 to $156.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>1,200 kilowatt hours per month: Your bill goes down by $66 — from $302 to $236.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Source: PG&E\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Ranchod says if utilities are changing electricity prices, there’s no need to add the $10 monthly charge on top of it. The only thing that does is make solar less attractive at a time when California’s trying to encourage renewable energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A higher and higher fixed charge that customers can’t escape,” he says, “is designed to undermine the value that solar customers can get from their investment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ranchod says it’s a sign that utilities like PG&E see solar as threat. “For a company that has depended on a monopoly, competition from SolarCity or any other solar company is scary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Death Spiral\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no question – the fixed charge is the worst nightmare of the solar installers,” says Severin Borenstein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the monthly fee will make it harder for solar companies to compete, though the cost of solar panels still falling. But in the bigger picture, Borenstein says, this debate is just one more sign that solar is a disruptive technology, somewhat like cell phones versus land lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Analysts even have a name for the way solar is cutting into the utility business model: the “\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/could-rooftop-solar-kill-utilities-california-grapples-with-solars-success-2/\">death spiral\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think there’s a big question in electricity industry right now about what will happen to utilities,” Borenstein says, “and what their business model will be 10 or 20 or 30 years from now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of being power companies, he says, utilities could become electric grid companies, “where they don’t actually bring electricity in, they just shuffle it around between one house and another.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A controversial effort by California Sen. Dianne Feinstein to broker drought-driven water legislation is dead, for now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Feinstein said in a statement Thursday that, although efforts to negotiate a compromise with House Republicans have made progress, \"we will be unable to present an agreed-upon proposal before Congress adjourns this year.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"http://www.fresnobee.com/2014/11/20/4245563_feinstein-pushes-california-water.html\" target=\"_blank\">an interview with the Fresno Bee\u003c/a>, Feinstein said the effort would start again in January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’ve got to work with people to get something done,” she said. “I’m going to put together a first-day bill for the next Congress, and it can go through the regular order.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The veteran Democrat's negotiations had centered on working out differences with \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/02/03/brown-blasts-gop-drought-bill-as-divisive\" target=\"_blank\">HR3964\u003c/a>, passed by the House in February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legislation was put forward by San Joaquin Valley Republican Reps. David Valladao and Devin Nunes and other members of California's GOP delegation. The bill aims to secure more water for agriculture by suspending provisions of various federal and state water and endangered species laws and allowing more pumping from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. Many of the provisions existed in earlier versions of the legislation, sponsored by Nunes, that predated the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most Northern California Democrats and their environmental allies have fought the bill. Seven members of the delegation \u003ca href=\"http://mikethompson.house.gov/newsroom/press-releases/northern-california-reps-statement-on-senator-feinstein-pulling-deeply\" target=\"_blank\">issued a statement Thursday\u003c/a> applauding Feinstein \"for stepping away from this deeply flawed legislation.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The statement -- from Reps. Jared Huffman, Mike Thompson, Ami Bera, Jerry McNerney, George Miller, John Garamendi and Doris Matsui -- repeated criticism that Feinstein had conducted clandestine talks that excluded input from the public, environmental and fishing-industry advocates and members of her own party:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>As Members of Congress who represent districts that would be directly affected by this legislation, we have been raising serious objections to both the secretive process and the harmful content of this legislation. We will continue to demand next year that any water legislation responding to California’s severe drought be balanced and take into consideration the array of stakeholders in California.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>John McManus, executive director of the Golden Gate Salmon Association, expressed similar sentiments:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"Any federal legislation that seeks to shift the balance of water distribution has to consider the interests of salmon and fishing communities since they've been hurt the worst by past water allocation decisions. This legislative effort didn't do that. The next time legislators consider California water issues, the interests and views of salmon fishermen need to be included.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Feinstein pushed back against suggestions that she had been secretive or working on behalf of corporate agricultural interests that have supported her in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Claims that this has been some kind of secret process are false. In order to come up with a bill that is ready for public comment, back-and-forth negotiations and consultations are often necessary, including extensive technical assistance from federal and state agencies. That process is ongoing. ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>... It’s my hope that groups critical of this effort will strive to be productive rather than destructive. It’s clear that we need to get more water to our cities, businesses, farmers, households, fish and the Delta. And it’s equally important that we continue to protect wildlife and the environment. Only together will we stand a chance of agreeing on a bill that can help accomplish all of these goals.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A controversial effort by California Sen. Dianne Feinstein to broker drought-driven water legislation is dead, for now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Feinstein said in a statement Thursday that, although efforts to negotiate a compromise with House Republicans have made progress, \"we will be unable to present an agreed-upon proposal before Congress adjourns this year.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"http://www.fresnobee.com/2014/11/20/4245563_feinstein-pushes-california-water.html\" target=\"_blank\">an interview with the Fresno Bee\u003c/a>, Feinstein said the effort would start again in January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’ve got to work with people to get something done,” she said. “I’m going to put together a first-day bill for the next Congress, and it can go through the regular order.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The veteran Democrat's negotiations had centered on working out differences with \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/02/03/brown-blasts-gop-drought-bill-as-divisive\" target=\"_blank\">HR3964\u003c/a>, passed by the House in February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legislation was put forward by San Joaquin Valley Republican Reps. David Valladao and Devin Nunes and other members of California's GOP delegation. The bill aims to secure more water for agriculture by suspending provisions of various federal and state water and endangered species laws and allowing more pumping from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. Many of the provisions existed in earlier versions of the legislation, sponsored by Nunes, that predated the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most Northern California Democrats and their environmental allies have fought the bill. Seven members of the delegation \u003ca href=\"http://mikethompson.house.gov/newsroom/press-releases/northern-california-reps-statement-on-senator-feinstein-pulling-deeply\" target=\"_blank\">issued a statement Thursday\u003c/a> applauding Feinstein \"for stepping away from this deeply flawed legislation.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The statement -- from Reps. Jared Huffman, Mike Thompson, Ami Bera, Jerry McNerney, George Miller, John Garamendi and Doris Matsui -- repeated criticism that Feinstein had conducted clandestine talks that excluded input from the public, environmental and fishing-industry advocates and members of her own party:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>As Members of Congress who represent districts that would be directly affected by this legislation, we have been raising serious objections to both the secretive process and the harmful content of this legislation. We will continue to demand next year that any water legislation responding to California’s severe drought be balanced and take into consideration the array of stakeholders in California.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>John McManus, executive director of the Golden Gate Salmon Association, expressed similar sentiments:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"Any federal legislation that seeks to shift the balance of water distribution has to consider the interests of salmon and fishing communities since they've been hurt the worst by past water allocation decisions. This legislative effort didn't do that. The next time legislators consider California water issues, the interests and views of salmon fishermen need to be included.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Feinstein pushed back against suggestions that she had been secretive or working on behalf of corporate agricultural interests that have supported her in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Claims that this has been some kind of secret process are false. In order to come up with a bill that is ready for public comment, back-and-forth negotiations and consultations are often necessary, including extensive technical assistance from federal and state agencies. That process is ongoing. ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>... It’s my hope that groups critical of this effort will strive to be productive rather than destructive. It’s clear that we need to get more water to our cities, businesses, farmers, households, fish and the Delta. And it’s equally important that we continue to protect wildlife and the environment. Only together will we stand a chance of agreeing on a bill that can help accomplish all of these goals.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Drought: A Glimmer of Hope For Winter Rain And Snow",
"headTitle": "California Drought: A Glimmer of Hope For Winter Rain And Snow | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24120\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/RS8575_IMG_0263.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24120\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/RS8575_IMG_0263.jpg\" alt=\"A pedestrian with an umbrella walks in the rain in front of San Francsico's Embarcadero Center. (Mark Andrew Boyer / KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"853\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pedestrian with an umbrella walks in the rain in front of San Francsico’s Embarcadero Center. (Mark Andrew Boyer / KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Federal forecasters today proffered a 73 percent chance that, overall, California will see at least average precipitation this winter. However, the auspices favor the Southland more than Northern California, where most of the state’s largest reservoirs are located.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.climate.gov/news-features/blogs/enso/whats-store-united-states-winter\">outlook issued today\u003c/a> includes the months of December, January and February, when wetter storms, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/11/18/this-weeks-rain-unlikely-to-dent-drought/http://\">if they come, typically hit the state\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the first time since 2011 that the federal \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/\">Climate Prediction Center\u003c/a>‘s three-month outlook favored average or above-average precipitation for any portion of California. As a testament to the persistence of the current drought, the last time the CDC issued an outlook predicting average-or-better precipitation for the entire state was November of 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24117\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 605px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/DJFPrecipMap.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24117\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/DJFPrecipMap.jpg\" alt=\"The green areas on the map indicate odds on at least average precipitation over the next three months. (NOAA)\" width=\"605\" height=\"648\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The green areas on the map indicate odds on at least average precipitation over the next three months. Note that the optimism fades from south to north in California. (NOAA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists still have low expectations for the warm-water conditions in the Pacific known as El Niño, which might wring more rain and snow out of the atmosphere. They say there’s about a 60 percent chance of a winter El Niño — but it’s likely to be a weakling, not the rainmaker that is the stuff of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/drought-myth-busting-why-el-nino-wont-save-california/\">California legend\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Given such a severe California drought, normal precipitation would likely improve (not eliminate) the drought,” CPC meteorologist Dave Unger explained in an email. “So that is the reason for the optimistic drought outlook.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s state climatologist has said that the state would have to see at least half again its normal winter precipitation to begin to turn things around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forecasters are always quick to concede that such long-range outlooks are best taken with at least a grain of salt. Given the state of the science, this glimmer of hope could easily be a mirage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing of which they’re fairly certain: California is heading for its warmest year on record. In fact, said climatologist Jake Crouch, even record cold in December would not likely prevent that.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24120\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/RS8575_IMG_0263.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24120\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/RS8575_IMG_0263.jpg\" alt=\"A pedestrian with an umbrella walks in the rain in front of San Francsico's Embarcadero Center. (Mark Andrew Boyer / KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"853\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pedestrian with an umbrella walks in the rain in front of San Francsico’s Embarcadero Center. (Mark Andrew Boyer / KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Federal forecasters today proffered a 73 percent chance that, overall, California will see at least average precipitation this winter. However, the auspices favor the Southland more than Northern California, where most of the state’s largest reservoirs are located.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.climate.gov/news-features/blogs/enso/whats-store-united-states-winter\">outlook issued today\u003c/a> includes the months of December, January and February, when wetter storms, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/11/18/this-weeks-rain-unlikely-to-dent-drought/http://\">if they come, typically hit the state\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the first time since 2011 that the federal \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/\">Climate Prediction Center\u003c/a>‘s three-month outlook favored average or above-average precipitation for any portion of California. As a testament to the persistence of the current drought, the last time the CDC issued an outlook predicting average-or-better precipitation for the entire state was November of 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24117\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 605px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/DJFPrecipMap.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24117\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/DJFPrecipMap.jpg\" alt=\"The green areas on the map indicate odds on at least average precipitation over the next three months. (NOAA)\" width=\"605\" height=\"648\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The green areas on the map indicate odds on at least average precipitation over the next three months. Note that the optimism fades from south to north in California. (NOAA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists still have low expectations for the warm-water conditions in the Pacific known as El Niño, which might wring more rain and snow out of the atmosphere. They say there’s about a 60 percent chance of a winter El Niño — but it’s likely to be a weakling, not the rainmaker that is the stuff of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/drought-myth-busting-why-el-nino-wont-save-california/\">California legend\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Given such a severe California drought, normal precipitation would likely improve (not eliminate) the drought,” CPC meteorologist Dave Unger explained in an email. “So that is the reason for the optimistic drought outlook.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s state climatologist has said that the state would have to see at least half again its normal winter precipitation to begin to turn things around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forecasters are always quick to concede that such long-range outlooks are best taken with at least a grain of salt. Given the state of the science, this glimmer of hope could easily be a mirage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing of which they’re fairly certain: California is heading for its warmest year on record. In fact, said climatologist Jake Crouch, even record cold in December would not likely prevent that.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003ch3> Parched Produce\u003c/h3>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" title=\"\" href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/files/2014/03/Water_Agriculture_slice1.jpg\"> View as slideshow\u003c/a>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/2014/03/26/parched-produce/water_agriculture_slice3/\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/files/2014/03/Water_Agriculture_slice3-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/2014/03/26/parched-produce/water_agriculture_slice4/\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/files/2014/03/Water_Agriculture_slice4-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/2014/03/26/parched-produce/water_agriculture_slice5/\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/files/2014/03/Water_Agriculture_slice5-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/2014/03/26/parched-produce/water_agriculture_slice6_typocorrection/\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/files/2014/03/Water_Agriculture_slice6_typocorrection-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/2014/03/26/parched-produce/water_agriculture_slice7/\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/files/2014/03/Water_Agriculture_slice7-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/2014/03/26/parched-produce/water_agriculture_slice8/\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/files/2014/03/Water_Agriculture_slice8-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" title=\"\" src=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/files/2014/03/Water_Agriculture_typocorrection.jpg\" alt=\"Water_Agriculture_typocorrection\" width=\"620\" height=\"3418\">\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- end div.wp-tab-content -->\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3> \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/2014/11/20/dry-times-two-comics-explaining-californias-drought/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" class=\"rssmi_more\">…Read More\u003c/a> \n\u003c/h3>\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/2014/11/20/dry-times-two-comics-explaining-californias-drought/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Dry Times: Two Comics Explaining California’s Drought\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">The Lowdown – Green Space\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/div>\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "What a historic dry period means for food exported from the country's biggest farm state and how California's scarce water supply is being divided.",
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"title": "This Week's Rain Unlikely to Dent Drought",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24028\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/IMG_5282.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24028\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/IMG_5282.jpg\" alt=\"Rain falls in Vallejo in October. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"1080\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An October downpour in Vallejo. Despite such cloudbursts, early storms like this one failed to deliver much rain to most of the Bay Area. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rain storms expected to blow through the Bay Area this week will likely have little impact on the statewide drought, now entering its fourth year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Weather Service is \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/total_forecast/getprod.php?prod=XXXAFDMTR&wfo=MTR\">forecasting\u003c/a> only about a half-inch of precipitation to fall in most locations from three separate storm systems beginning mid-week and concluding sometime on Saturday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All three storms look to be on the weak side, said NWS forecaster Roger Gaas, with the possible exception of the last storm arriving on Friday — if it swings far enough south to douse the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But we can’t complain when we get three wet systems in a row, particularly within a few days,” says Gass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the region’s water scarcity can be traced to a persistent \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/1967\">high pressure ridge\u003c/a> that diverts Pacific storms to the north. Gass says the ridge has begun to shift eastward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This has allowed the storm systems to actually have an entrance into central California and bring us rainfall.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But experts are cautioning against too much optimism following just a little rain that, taking the long view, will have such scant impact on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/drought/ci_26932356/california-drought-not-likely-end-this-winter-experts\">state’s water shortage\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Thursday it’ll rain, and people will say, ‘Oh, I’m very excited,’ and Saturday it’ll rain, and ‘Oh, drought’s over.’ Not even close,” says Jeffrey Mount, a senior fellow with Public Policy Institute of California focused on water policy and management. “This has been three consecutive years of extreme dryness, and that extreme dryness translates to much lower groundwater levels, and very dry soils. It’s going to take a lot of rain to break this drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How much? Current estimates from the state Department of Water Resources say the state needs about 1.5 times the rainfall of an average year to break the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, even an average year would revive \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/parched-california-wildlife-suffers-in-drought/\">wetlands that support migrating wildlife\u003c/a>, boost river flows that are currently stressing aquatic life and begin to refill aquifers and reservoirs depleted over the dry years, Mount says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Mount sees it, the difference between a wet and a dry year in California is a razor’s edge, or about a week’s worth of storms scattered over the first two months of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s usually in that period between Christmas and mid-February — five to seven of those days — that decide whether we have a wet year or not,” Mount says. “And if we don’t get five to seven days worth of heavy rain, we have a dry year. We cut it that fine.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the time period that the West Coast storms can be carried by \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/atmospheric-river-may-help-put-a-dent-in-california-drought-17039\">atmospheric rivers\u003c/a>, which tend to dump a lot of moisture. But those storms, the kind that can turn a drought year into an above-average one for precipitation, don’t always come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t get any, or just get a few weak ones, we tend to be dry,” Mount explained in an email. “Indeed, 1997 and 1986 were major flood years that would have been labeled below average to dry if those prolonged atmospheric rivers (lasting days) had not occurred.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it’s much too early to tell whether the 2014-15 water year will be the fourth in a historic drought or the wet year that begins to turn things around. Long-term forecasts, which aren’t considered reliable, have begun to indicate more precipitation this winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s at least a ray of hope,” says Mount, “and when it comes to rainfall, hope is our strategy.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Rain systems so far this season have been on the wimpy side. This next series is likely to continue the trend.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24028\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/IMG_5282.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24028\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/IMG_5282.jpg\" alt=\"Rain falls in Vallejo in October. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"1080\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An October downpour in Vallejo. Despite such cloudbursts, early storms like this one failed to deliver much rain to most of the Bay Area. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rain storms expected to blow through the Bay Area this week will likely have little impact on the statewide drought, now entering its fourth year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Weather Service is \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/total_forecast/getprod.php?prod=XXXAFDMTR&wfo=MTR\">forecasting\u003c/a> only about a half-inch of precipitation to fall in most locations from three separate storm systems beginning mid-week and concluding sometime on Saturday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All three storms look to be on the weak side, said NWS forecaster Roger Gaas, with the possible exception of the last storm arriving on Friday — if it swings far enough south to douse the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But we can’t complain when we get three wet systems in a row, particularly within a few days,” says Gass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the region’s water scarcity can be traced to a persistent \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/1967\">high pressure ridge\u003c/a> that diverts Pacific storms to the north. Gass says the ridge has begun to shift eastward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This has allowed the storm systems to actually have an entrance into central California and bring us rainfall.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But experts are cautioning against too much optimism following just a little rain that, taking the long view, will have such scant impact on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/drought/ci_26932356/california-drought-not-likely-end-this-winter-experts\">state’s water shortage\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Thursday it’ll rain, and people will say, ‘Oh, I’m very excited,’ and Saturday it’ll rain, and ‘Oh, drought’s over.’ Not even close,” says Jeffrey Mount, a senior fellow with Public Policy Institute of California focused on water policy and management. “This has been three consecutive years of extreme dryness, and that extreme dryness translates to much lower groundwater levels, and very dry soils. It’s going to take a lot of rain to break this drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How much? Current estimates from the state Department of Water Resources say the state needs about 1.5 times the rainfall of an average year to break the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, even an average year would revive \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/parched-california-wildlife-suffers-in-drought/\">wetlands that support migrating wildlife\u003c/a>, boost river flows that are currently stressing aquatic life and begin to refill aquifers and reservoirs depleted over the dry years, Mount says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Mount sees it, the difference between a wet and a dry year in California is a razor’s edge, or about a week’s worth of storms scattered over the first two months of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s usually in that period between Christmas and mid-February — five to seven of those days — that decide whether we have a wet year or not,” Mount says. “And if we don’t get five to seven days worth of heavy rain, we have a dry year. We cut it that fine.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the time period that the West Coast storms can be carried by \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/atmospheric-river-may-help-put-a-dent-in-california-drought-17039\">atmospheric rivers\u003c/a>, which tend to dump a lot of moisture. But those storms, the kind that can turn a drought year into an above-average one for precipitation, don’t always come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t get any, or just get a few weak ones, we tend to be dry,” Mount explained in an email. “Indeed, 1997 and 1986 were major flood years that would have been labeled below average to dry if those prolonged atmospheric rivers (lasting days) had not occurred.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it’s much too early to tell whether the 2014-15 water year will be the fourth in a historic drought or the wet year that begins to turn things around. Long-term forecasts, which aren’t considered reliable, have begun to indicate more precipitation this winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s at least a ray of hope,” says Mount, “and when it comes to rainfall, hope is our strategy.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/11/20141118science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23886\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/boat3s-222.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-23886 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/boat3s-222.gif\" alt=\"boat3s-222\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">KQED Science reporter Amy Standen kayaks near the end of the L.A. River, where it sheds its concrete channel. (Amy Standen/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Let’s consider the possibility that this drought we’re in could last more than than just a few dry years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geologic history in California is marked by epic droughts — droughts lasting decades, even centuries. There’s no way of knowing whether we’re at the start of one of those, but scientists say it’s possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, most Californians live in cities designed, to a great extent, on the promise of nearly endless water, imported from wetter parts of the state via massive engineering projects like the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Water_Project\">California State Water Project\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not hard to imagine a collision looming between how we expect water to behave — piped, channelized, pumped according to our needs — and how it may increasingly behave in coming years — sporadic, unpredictable, sometimes too much, sometimes too little.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When water doesn’t do what we want it to anymore, how does that change the way we live?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Case-Study in Water Hubris\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To begin this story, I wanted to visit a place that could symbolize the near-complete domination of man over nature. And while there are plenty of options for this — \u003ca href=\"http://www.usbr.gov/lc/hooverdam/\">especially \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salton_Sea\">in \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">California\u003c/a> — the Los Angeles River stood out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, on a cloudless November afternoon, I found myself scrambling down a steep riprap embankment with a two-seater kayak, accompanied by a local artist and river guide named Steve Appleton.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘It just became one monolithic trapezoidal channel.’ \u003ccite>–Steve Appleton\u003cbr>\nL.A. Artist and River Guide\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Right away, it was clear how little of the L.A. River looks anything like a river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While efforts are underway to \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/07/140719-los-angeles-river-restoration-kayaking-greenway/\">restore some stretches\u003c/a> of the river to a more natural, riverlike state, many of the L.A. River’s 42-miles look like a concrete bathtub.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That includes a spot about a half mile upstream of the river’s terminus in Long Beach Harbor where getting wet requires something akin to rock-climbing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here, the industrial vibe was very much intact. On an overpass just north of us, a sign warned anyone who might be temped to do anything fun or outdoorsy:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Danger: No swimming, diving. Waterskiing, jet skiing, sailboarding or other water-contact sports prohibited.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet, once upon a time, this river was a river. People who lived here fished in it and drank from it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Los Angeles River, like all rivers, was unruly. After devastating floods in the 1930s, the Army Corps of Engineers paved it over and channelized it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23935\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/1200px-Bull_creek_north_from_victory-1024x732.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-23935\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/1200px-Bull_creek_north_from_victory-1024x732.jpg\" alt=\"Bull Creek, an L.A. River tributary, flows in the city's Lake Balboa neighborhood. (<a title="User:Junkyardsparkle" href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Junkyardsparkle">Junkyardsparkle</a>/<a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/">Wikimedia Commons</a>)\" width=\"640\" height=\"458\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bull Creek, an L.A. River tributary, flows in the city’s Lake Balboa neighborhood. (Junkyardsparkle/Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the city had begun getting its water from elsewhere. A massive aqueduct pulled in water from the Owens Valley, some 300 miles to the northeast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result of all this engineering, two things happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One: Water suddenly seemed endless. “There it is, take it,” city water director and self-taught engineer William Mulholland famously told the residents of Los Angeles when the aqueduct opened in 1913. Today almost 4 million people live in L.A., which is amazing when you consider that this place gets as much water as Casablanca, Morocco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two: The river? You could almost forget it existed. It was buried and channelized, blocked off by chain link fence as the city expanded up to its concrete banks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just became one monolithic trapezoidal channel,” says Appleton, laughing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Within Modern Plumbing, an Ancient Idea\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, we take it for granted that water can be engineered into submission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s an idea that comes from somewhere. And that somewhere is ancient Rome, according to David Sedlak, a professor of civil and environmental engineering at UC Berkeley and author of a new history of water, \u003ca href=\"http://www.water4point0.com/\">Water 4.0\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”9AAr94v6sIFrynk9CAwP4B25eLHWUGEN”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Romans gave us the idea of public baths, public toilets, fountains and the convenience of water coming directly into your neighborhood,” Sedlak says. “They were able to provide close to 100 gallons per person, per day, which is similar to what we use in some of our modern cities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ancient Romans did this in much the same way we do today, by importing water in giant aqueducts from distant places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To the Romans, too, water seemed endless. They staged mock naval battles in giant stadiums, floating actual ships in artificial lakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pride of ancient Rome, Sedlak says, was its hundreds of public fountains, which ran without stopping and served as focal points for civic life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Romans were the richest kids on the block in the ancient world, and as anyone who’s read Roman history knows, they were not hesitant to show the rest of the world how rich they were,” Sedlak says. “For the people who visited it, it must have been a marvel. They must have taken home with them this idea that the Romans were rich and technologically advanced.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To my ears, Sedlak is not just talking about Rome. He’s talking about California, too. California’s massive aqueducts, its vast networks of pumps and dams, allowed cities to bloom in our deserts and provided a foundation for an economy the size of Russia’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But water doesn’t play by those rules anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Designing for a New Water Order\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2013 was the driest year in history; 2014 is not far behind. Climate change is expected to exacerbate this scarcity by making flows from the Sierra snowpack unreliable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, cities are growing. There’s more competition between cities, farms and ecosystems for precious fresh water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23941\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/RS13030_Elmer_Ave_Before_After_4.jpg-alt_178.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-23941\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/RS13030_Elmer_Ave_Before_After_4.jpg-alt_178.jpg\" alt=\"A creek bed runs beside a sidewalk on Elmer Avenue in Los Angeles. (Courtesy of TreePeople)\" width=\"320\" height=\"427\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A “bioswale” running alongside a sidewalk on Elmer Avenue in Los Angeles soaks up rainwater and sends it to an underground storage chamber. (Courtesy of TreePeople)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This brings us to a prototype for the future city, which exists on a single block of Elmer Avenue, in a working-class neighborhood of East Los Angeles called Sun Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the day I visited, I knew I wanted to meet people who lived on this particular block. But everyone I stopped seemed to have come from somewhere else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rick Martin, for example, was here power-walking with a friend. Neither lives on Elmer Avenue, but they come here for walks. Martin says it’s the nicest block in the neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This wasn’t always the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until a few years ago, Elmer Avenue had a problem with floods. Heavy rains turned intersections into lakes, and turned sidewalks – such as they were – into muddy swamps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So in 2009, the city embarked on a plan to install new technologies on Elmer Avenue that would transform the way the block used water, including the rain that fell here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In many of the yards – though not all – the Kentucky bluegrass has been removed,” observed Hadley Arnold, my tour guide for the day and a co-director of the \u003ca href=\"http://aridlands.org/\">Arid Lands Institute\u003c/a> at Woodbury University in Burbank, which trains architects and designers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half of the residents here have replaced their lawns with drought-tolerant landscaping, such as California live oak, rosemary and sage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the bigger changes on Elmer Avenue are less obvious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Making Cities Permeable\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $2.7 million \u003ca href=\"https://lafoundation.org/research/landscape-performance-series/case-studies/case-study/381/\">overhaul\u003c/a> installed “bio-swales” at the foot of the curbs, to absorb rainwater into underground “galleries” that collect and store it. About half the homes added rain-collecting barrels, which provide water for irrigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, when it rains, rather than sending rain water into the sewer and treating it like garbage (as most streets do), or – in a real downpour – flooding the sidewalk, Elmer Avenue soaks water into the ground and stores it for later use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In an average rain year,” says Arnold, “this block puts enough water for approximately 30 families for a year into the ground.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, Elmer Avenue is permeable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[edge_animation id=”9″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you think about it, this is the opposite of ancient Rome, the opposite of California’s giant aqueducts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elmer Avenue uses what it gets naturally, rather than relying entirely on imported water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arnold says it’s a good start, but that more dramatic design changes should follow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Look at those peaked roofs,” she tells me. “It’s a useless vestige that has no authentic purpose in this place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the homes in this neighborhood have triangular roofs, modeled on homes in colder climates where roofs are designed to shed ice and snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roofs here in Los Angeles’ sunbaked neighborhoods should look different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Roofs that are like a wide mouth open to the sky,” Arnold says. “Roofs that are like a cup or a bowl, or an umbrella turned upside down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And cities should, where possible, be porous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arnold is part of a \u003ca href=\"http://aridlands.org/discover/events/divining-la\">collaborative effort\u003c/a> to map the parts of the city where underground aquifers could safely absorb rain water, and the parts that might be better suited for above-ground capture. She believes this tool could be useful for developers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cities, Arnold says, should be designed to \u003ca href=\"http://aridlands.org/project/where-it-lets-reuse-it\">work with\u003c/a> the water that appears there naturally, not throw it away, only to import more from distant places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Futuristic Structures\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco, “speculative” architects are turning their attention to how buildings might be redesigned to accommodate local water sources and a changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a bright and airy studio in San Francisco’s Dogpatch neighborhood, Nataly Gattegno, a co-founder of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.future-cities-lab.net/\">Future Cities Lab\u003c/a>, introduces me to Hydramax.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.future-cities-lab.net/hydramax/\">Hydramax\u003c/a> is a model of a theoretical structure (the word “building” doesn’t quite feel adequate; Gattegno calls it a “port machine”) designed for the San Francisco waterfront.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23877\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 750px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/Credit-Future-Cities-Lab-2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23877\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/Credit-Future-Cities-Lab-2.jpg\" alt='A rendering of the \"Hydramax,\" a futuristic building designed to capture water from the air, among other things. (Courtesy of Future Cities Lab) ' width=\"750\" height=\"606\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A rendering of the “Hydramax,” a futuristic building designed to capture water from the air, among other things. (Courtesy of Future Cities Lab)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“You have a shell,” explains Gattegno, “where all the occupation and habitation occurs. There are places to live in, places to shop. Then the next tier is [for] hydroponics, where food is grown.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydramax anticipates a future where sea-level rise causes tides that regularly drench the waterfront. The structure can function submerged or dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Covering the top of it are fabric structures, 90 feet long, that wave back and forth. They’re fog-harvesting “feathers” which can extract moisture from fog and channel it into the hydroponic farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It’s About Accommodating Water, Not Fighting It\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Gattegno whether she thought the Hydramax would ever get built. To me, it seemed unlikely; the structure seemed expensive, almost permanently futuristic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gattegno told me sure, she’d love to see the Hydramax and other far-out projects be built one day. But that’s not really the point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The point she wants to make (just like Hadley Arnold and David Sedlak) is that the old ways of building cities and supplying them with water — ideas we borrowed from the ancient Romans — may no longer make sense in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the past we’ve controlled water,” says Gattegno. “We’ve told it what to do, what pipes to move through, what aqueducts to be contained in, and in this case, we’re proposing a completely alternative model, a model where water maybe is slightly controlled — it’s still controlled in a certain way, or at least it has a kind of known set of properties that we can leverage — but at the same time, it’s also left to be part of the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of burying plumbing underneath the street or behind walls, water infrastructure is the Hydramax’s centerpiece.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s one example, she says, of how cities might be redesigned not to just survive the current drought, but be transformed by it, perhaps for the better.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Scientists say it’s possible California’s drought may last a lot longer than a few years. No one knows for sure, but we could all simply have to adjust to a drier climate. That could mean changing the way we build cities to make them more porous. The 'Hydramax,' a futuristic design pictured above, rises with the tide and captures water from the air.",
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"description": "Scientists say it’s possible California’s drought may last a lot longer than a few years. No one knows for sure, but we could all simply have to adjust to a drier climate. That could mean changing the way we build cities to make them more porous. The 'Hydramax,' a futuristic design pictured above, rises with the tide and captures water from the air.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23886\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/boat3s-222.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-23886 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/boat3s-222.gif\" alt=\"boat3s-222\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">KQED Science reporter Amy Standen kayaks near the end of the L.A. River, where it sheds its concrete channel. (Amy Standen/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Let’s consider the possibility that this drought we’re in could last more than than just a few dry years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geologic history in California is marked by epic droughts — droughts lasting decades, even centuries. There’s no way of knowing whether we’re at the start of one of those, but scientists say it’s possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, most Californians live in cities designed, to a great extent, on the promise of nearly endless water, imported from wetter parts of the state via massive engineering projects like the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Water_Project\">California State Water Project\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not hard to imagine a collision looming between how we expect water to behave — piped, channelized, pumped according to our needs — and how it may increasingly behave in coming years — sporadic, unpredictable, sometimes too much, sometimes too little.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When water doesn’t do what we want it to anymore, how does that change the way we live?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Case-Study in Water Hubris\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To begin this story, I wanted to visit a place that could symbolize the near-complete domination of man over nature. And while there are plenty of options for this — \u003ca href=\"http://www.usbr.gov/lc/hooverdam/\">especially \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salton_Sea\">in \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">California\u003c/a> — the Los Angeles River stood out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, on a cloudless November afternoon, I found myself scrambling down a steep riprap embankment with a two-seater kayak, accompanied by a local artist and river guide named Steve Appleton.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘It just became one monolithic trapezoidal channel.’ \u003ccite>–Steve Appleton\u003cbr>\nL.A. Artist and River Guide\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Right away, it was clear how little of the L.A. River looks anything like a river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While efforts are underway to \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/07/140719-los-angeles-river-restoration-kayaking-greenway/\">restore some stretches\u003c/a> of the river to a more natural, riverlike state, many of the L.A. River’s 42-miles look like a concrete bathtub.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That includes a spot about a half mile upstream of the river’s terminus in Long Beach Harbor where getting wet requires something akin to rock-climbing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here, the industrial vibe was very much intact. On an overpass just north of us, a sign warned anyone who might be temped to do anything fun or outdoorsy:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Danger: No swimming, diving. Waterskiing, jet skiing, sailboarding or other water-contact sports prohibited.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet, once upon a time, this river was a river. People who lived here fished in it and drank from it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Los Angeles River, like all rivers, was unruly. After devastating floods in the 1930s, the Army Corps of Engineers paved it over and channelized it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23935\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/1200px-Bull_creek_north_from_victory-1024x732.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-23935\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/1200px-Bull_creek_north_from_victory-1024x732.jpg\" alt=\"Bull Creek, an L.A. River tributary, flows in the city's Lake Balboa neighborhood. (<a title="User:Junkyardsparkle" href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Junkyardsparkle">Junkyardsparkle</a>/<a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/">Wikimedia Commons</a>)\" width=\"640\" height=\"458\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bull Creek, an L.A. River tributary, flows in the city’s Lake Balboa neighborhood. (Junkyardsparkle/Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the city had begun getting its water from elsewhere. A massive aqueduct pulled in water from the Owens Valley, some 300 miles to the northeast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result of all this engineering, two things happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One: Water suddenly seemed endless. “There it is, take it,” city water director and self-taught engineer William Mulholland famously told the residents of Los Angeles when the aqueduct opened in 1913. Today almost 4 million people live in L.A., which is amazing when you consider that this place gets as much water as Casablanca, Morocco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two: The river? You could almost forget it existed. It was buried and channelized, blocked off by chain link fence as the city expanded up to its concrete banks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just became one monolithic trapezoidal channel,” says Appleton, laughing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Within Modern Plumbing, an Ancient Idea\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, we take it for granted that water can be engineered into submission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s an idea that comes from somewhere. And that somewhere is ancient Rome, according to David Sedlak, a professor of civil and environmental engineering at UC Berkeley and author of a new history of water, \u003ca href=\"http://www.water4point0.com/\">Water 4.0\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Romans gave us the idea of public baths, public toilets, fountains and the convenience of water coming directly into your neighborhood,” Sedlak says. “They were able to provide close to 100 gallons per person, per day, which is similar to what we use in some of our modern cities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ancient Romans did this in much the same way we do today, by importing water in giant aqueducts from distant places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To the Romans, too, water seemed endless. They staged mock naval battles in giant stadiums, floating actual ships in artificial lakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pride of ancient Rome, Sedlak says, was its hundreds of public fountains, which ran without stopping and served as focal points for civic life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Romans were the richest kids on the block in the ancient world, and as anyone who’s read Roman history knows, they were not hesitant to show the rest of the world how rich they were,” Sedlak says. “For the people who visited it, it must have been a marvel. They must have taken home with them this idea that the Romans were rich and technologically advanced.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To my ears, Sedlak is not just talking about Rome. He’s talking about California, too. California’s massive aqueducts, its vast networks of pumps and dams, allowed cities to bloom in our deserts and provided a foundation for an economy the size of Russia’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But water doesn’t play by those rules anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Designing for a New Water Order\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2013 was the driest year in history; 2014 is not far behind. Climate change is expected to exacerbate this scarcity by making flows from the Sierra snowpack unreliable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, cities are growing. There’s more competition between cities, farms and ecosystems for precious fresh water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23941\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/RS13030_Elmer_Ave_Before_After_4.jpg-alt_178.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-23941\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/RS13030_Elmer_Ave_Before_After_4.jpg-alt_178.jpg\" alt=\"A creek bed runs beside a sidewalk on Elmer Avenue in Los Angeles. (Courtesy of TreePeople)\" width=\"320\" height=\"427\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A “bioswale” running alongside a sidewalk on Elmer Avenue in Los Angeles soaks up rainwater and sends it to an underground storage chamber. (Courtesy of TreePeople)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This brings us to a prototype for the future city, which exists on a single block of Elmer Avenue, in a working-class neighborhood of East Los Angeles called Sun Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the day I visited, I knew I wanted to meet people who lived on this particular block. But everyone I stopped seemed to have come from somewhere else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rick Martin, for example, was here power-walking with a friend. Neither lives on Elmer Avenue, but they come here for walks. Martin says it’s the nicest block in the neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This wasn’t always the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until a few years ago, Elmer Avenue had a problem with floods. Heavy rains turned intersections into lakes, and turned sidewalks – such as they were – into muddy swamps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So in 2009, the city embarked on a plan to install new technologies on Elmer Avenue that would transform the way the block used water, including the rain that fell here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In many of the yards – though not all – the Kentucky bluegrass has been removed,” observed Hadley Arnold, my tour guide for the day and a co-director of the \u003ca href=\"http://aridlands.org/\">Arid Lands Institute\u003c/a> at Woodbury University in Burbank, which trains architects and designers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half of the residents here have replaced their lawns with drought-tolerant landscaping, such as California live oak, rosemary and sage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the bigger changes on Elmer Avenue are less obvious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Making Cities Permeable\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $2.7 million \u003ca href=\"https://lafoundation.org/research/landscape-performance-series/case-studies/case-study/381/\">overhaul\u003c/a> installed “bio-swales” at the foot of the curbs, to absorb rainwater into underground “galleries” that collect and store it. About half the homes added rain-collecting barrels, which provide water for irrigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, when it rains, rather than sending rain water into the sewer and treating it like garbage (as most streets do), or – in a real downpour – flooding the sidewalk, Elmer Avenue soaks water into the ground and stores it for later use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In an average rain year,” says Arnold, “this block puts enough water for approximately 30 families for a year into the ground.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, Elmer Avenue is permeable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[edge_animation id=”9″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you think about it, this is the opposite of ancient Rome, the opposite of California’s giant aqueducts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elmer Avenue uses what it gets naturally, rather than relying entirely on imported water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arnold says it’s a good start, but that more dramatic design changes should follow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Look at those peaked roofs,” she tells me. “It’s a useless vestige that has no authentic purpose in this place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the homes in this neighborhood have triangular roofs, modeled on homes in colder climates where roofs are designed to shed ice and snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roofs here in Los Angeles’ sunbaked neighborhoods should look different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Roofs that are like a wide mouth open to the sky,” Arnold says. “Roofs that are like a cup or a bowl, or an umbrella turned upside down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And cities should, where possible, be porous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arnold is part of a \u003ca href=\"http://aridlands.org/discover/events/divining-la\">collaborative effort\u003c/a> to map the parts of the city where underground aquifers could safely absorb rain water, and the parts that might be better suited for above-ground capture. She believes this tool could be useful for developers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cities, Arnold says, should be designed to \u003ca href=\"http://aridlands.org/project/where-it-lets-reuse-it\">work with\u003c/a> the water that appears there naturally, not throw it away, only to import more from distant places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Futuristic Structures\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco, “speculative” architects are turning their attention to how buildings might be redesigned to accommodate local water sources and a changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a bright and airy studio in San Francisco’s Dogpatch neighborhood, Nataly Gattegno, a co-founder of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.future-cities-lab.net/\">Future Cities Lab\u003c/a>, introduces me to Hydramax.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.future-cities-lab.net/hydramax/\">Hydramax\u003c/a> is a model of a theoretical structure (the word “building” doesn’t quite feel adequate; Gattegno calls it a “port machine”) designed for the San Francisco waterfront.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23877\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 750px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/Credit-Future-Cities-Lab-2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23877\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/Credit-Future-Cities-Lab-2.jpg\" alt='A rendering of the \"Hydramax,\" a futuristic building designed to capture water from the air, among other things. (Courtesy of Future Cities Lab) ' width=\"750\" height=\"606\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A rendering of the “Hydramax,” a futuristic building designed to capture water from the air, among other things. (Courtesy of Future Cities Lab)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“You have a shell,” explains Gattegno, “where all the occupation and habitation occurs. There are places to live in, places to shop. Then the next tier is [for] hydroponics, where food is grown.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydramax anticipates a future where sea-level rise causes tides that regularly drench the waterfront. The structure can function submerged or dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Covering the top of it are fabric structures, 90 feet long, that wave back and forth. They’re fog-harvesting “feathers” which can extract moisture from fog and channel it into the hydroponic farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It’s About Accommodating Water, Not Fighting It\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Gattegno whether she thought the Hydramax would ever get built. To me, it seemed unlikely; the structure seemed expensive, almost permanently futuristic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gattegno told me sure, she’d love to see the Hydramax and other far-out projects be built one day. But that’s not really the point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The point she wants to make (just like Hadley Arnold and David Sedlak) is that the old ways of building cities and supplying them with water — ideas we borrowed from the ancient Romans — may no longer make sense in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the past we’ve controlled water,” says Gattegno. “We’ve told it what to do, what pipes to move through, what aqueducts to be contained in, and in this case, we’re proposing a completely alternative model, a model where water maybe is slightly controlled — it’s still controlled in a certain way, or at least it has a kind of known set of properties that we can leverage — but at the same time, it’s also left to be part of the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of burying plumbing underneath the street or behind walls, water infrastructure is the Hydramax’s centerpiece.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2014/11/20141104_CA_trd.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-14987 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2014/11/20141104_CA_trd-300x231.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"231\">\u003c/a>Despite a few recent downpours, California remains stuck in one of the most severe statewide droughts on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's far from just California's problem. The state produces a huge percentage of the nation's agriculture -- nearly half of all fruits, vegetables and nuts, by some estimates. And that requires a massive amount of water: farms here use about 80 percent of the state's developed water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much is riding on the upcoming rainy season. Because if not enough water remains valuable for farmers to adequately irrigate their land, the impact will likely be felt far beyond the state's borders.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this audio slideshow, part of a photo essay project in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/09/29/dry-land\" target=\"_blank\">New Yorker\u003c/a>, photographer Matt Black captures powerful images from the thirsty Central Valley, California's breadbasket, and the farmers struggling to keep their crops alive. The excellent infographics below that, by Alex Park and Julia Lurie of \u003ca href=\"http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2014/02/wheres-californias-water-going\" target=\"_blank\">Mother Jones\u003c/a> (and re-posted with permission), give a glimpse of just how much agriculture is produced here and the amount of water required to grow it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7hWpubxgkUk]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-14849 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2014/10/Final-Crop-Map_1.gif\" alt=\"Final-Crop-Map_1\" width=\"630\" height=\"981\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-14988\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2014/11/Final-gallons-per-food_2.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"630\" height=\"1204\">\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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