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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26318\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/SF-tide-gauges.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/SF-tide-gauges.jpg\" alt=\"San Francisco tide gauges\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26318\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tide gauges at the Brannan Steet Wharf, San Francisco. Sea level is the result of a complex set of forces and influences on land, on the seafloor and in the water between them. Estimating sea level rise from imperfect data is a scientific challenge that may progress through more sophisticated statistics. (\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/daver6/\">Dave R\u003c/a>/\u003ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/\">CC-BY-NC\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A reassessment of historical data suggests that compared to previous estimates, the world’s sea level rose more slowly during the 20th century—and is rising faster now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea level is one of those things that grows more complex with closer scrunity. \u003ca href=\"http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k92805\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jerry Mitrovica\u003c/a>, a researcher at Harvard, tells his audiences to step way back and think of sea level only as the distance between the seafloor and the sea surface. Both of those end points are known to move up or down (relative to the Earth’s center) for reasons that have little to do with the actual amount of water between them. Sea level science is the task of untangling all of those reasons and measuring their precise effects on where the water sits against a particular piece of shoreline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a partial list of the things known to affect sea level. The position of the seafloor may change, just like the land, because of erosion or deposition of sediment. The weight of ice caps pushes the Earth’s crust downward while the surrounding crust rises, like an air mattress in a swimming pool when a child climbs aboard it—and the reverse happens when the ice melts. The land near the sea may rise or fall with human-caused changes like groundwater pumping, or as sediments naturally compact. Finally, different parts of the Earth’s crust rise, fall and move sideways with the activities of plate tectonics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amount of water in the sea itself may increase or decrease as rivers (and reservoirs) rise and fall, and as ice caps grow and shrink. At the same time, the density of seawater changes with its temperature. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The surface of the sea itself is changeable. Persistent weather patterns and oceanic currents pile up water in some places and pull it down in others. The water surface is extremely sensitive to the gravity of everything around it—the moon and sun create its well-known tides, and the gravity of large ice caps adds a slight gathering force to the seas around them that disappears as the ice melts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In measuring all of this, we rely today on historical records from tide gauges in many coastal cities as well as contemporary, broad-scale data from satellites. The old tide records are a noisy, imperfect data set with limited coverage on the map and time gaps of missing measurements. Each point of data has various degrees of uncertainty, some of them poorly known. For instance, building a new harbor near an old tide gauge can change how the water acts around it. (Satellite orbits, and the system that tracks them, are prone to their own set of uncertainties.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-watching-the-tides/?embed=1\" height=\"359\" width=\"639\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Video: QUEST’s “\u003ca href=\"Watching%20the%20Tides\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Watching the Tides\u003c/a>” from its Science on the SPOT series. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The task of scientists is to zero in on these error sources and learn how to correct them, with a view toward approaching as closely as possible a clean clear truth. It’s a two-sided task. One side is getting better data, and the other side is making better mathematical models to fit against the data. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most widely accepted studies of tide-gauge records have said that 20th century sea levels rose, on average, between 1.6 and 1.9 millimeters per year. This is fine, except that it’s about one-third greater than the sum of its parts—the various factors I mentioned. The budget of causes and effects is not closed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature14093.html\">In the latest issue of \u003ci>Nature\u003c/i>\u003c/a>, three climate researchers from Rutgers University and Mitrovica took a new statistical approach to the tide-gauge data from the last century. Called Kalman filtering, it handles a noisy data record by giving more weight to the most trustworthy evidence. (Kalman filtering is spreading across Earth science, offering a new look at many old problems.) It uses the mathematical sea level models to help correct the tide-gauge data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team’s results put 20th century sea level rise at about 1.2 mm/yr, right where the models say it should be. This may or may not be a comforting coincidence, and other researchers will want to check the results themselves in their own ways. It bolsters what the big climate reports from the IPCC have been saying about rising sea level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, the \u003ci>Nature\u003c/i> analysis confirms that more recent sea level rise, as estimated from satellite data, is also correct—and since 1990, the sea has been rising much faster than the 20th century average. That is, the sea level curve, graphed through time, looks more like the “hockey stick” of global air temperature. If the Kalman approach is repeated and more widely accepted, the truth looks more inconvenient than ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>PS:\u003c/strong> Sea level researchers extend their work into the geologic past, too. The Pliocene Epoch, 3 million years ago, is the last time in Earth history that atmospheric CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> was as high as today, and in the \u003ca href=\"http://sealevelstudy.org/sea-change-science/whats-sea-change-science/pliomax-sites/southeast-u.s\">Pliomax project\u003c/a> Mitrovica is gathering evidence from the eastern U.S. about that ancient time.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In measuring all of this, we rely today on historical records from tide gauges in many coastal cities as well as contemporary, broad-scale data from satellites. The old tide records are a noisy, imperfect data set with limited coverage on the map and time gaps of missing measurements. Each point of data has various degrees of uncertainty, some of them poorly known. For instance, building a new harbor near an old tide gauge can change how the water acts around it. (Satellite orbits, and the system that tracks them, are prone to their own set of uncertainties.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-watching-the-tides/?embed=1\" height=\"359\" width=\"639\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Video: QUEST’s “\u003ca href=\"Watching%20the%20Tides\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Watching the Tides\u003c/a>” from its Science on the SPOT series. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The task of scientists is to zero in on these error sources and learn how to correct them, with a view toward approaching as closely as possible a clean clear truth. It’s a two-sided task. One side is getting better data, and the other side is making better mathematical models to fit against the data. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most widely accepted studies of tide-gauge records have said that 20th century sea levels rose, on average, between 1.6 and 1.9 millimeters per year. This is fine, except that it’s about one-third greater than the sum of its parts—the various factors I mentioned. The budget of causes and effects is not closed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature14093.html\">In the latest issue of \u003ci>Nature\u003c/i>\u003c/a>, three climate researchers from Rutgers University and Mitrovica took a new statistical approach to the tide-gauge data from the last century. Called Kalman filtering, it handles a noisy data record by giving more weight to the most trustworthy evidence. (Kalman filtering is spreading across Earth science, offering a new look at many old problems.) It uses the mathematical sea level models to help correct the tide-gauge data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team’s results put 20th century sea level rise at about 1.2 mm/yr, right where the models say it should be. This may or may not be a comforting coincidence, and other researchers will want to check the results themselves in their own ways. It bolsters what the big climate reports from the IPCC have been saying about rising sea level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, the \u003ci>Nature\u003c/i> analysis confirms that more recent sea level rise, as estimated from satellite data, is also correct—and since 1990, the sea has been rising much faster than the 20th century average. That is, the sea level curve, graphed through time, looks more like the “hockey stick” of global air temperature. If the Kalman approach is repeated and more widely accepted, the truth looks more inconvenient than ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>PS:\u003c/strong> Sea level researchers extend their work into the geologic past, too. The Pliocene Epoch, 3 million years ago, is the last time in Earth history that atmospheric CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> was as high as today, and in the \u003ca href=\"http://sealevelstudy.org/sea-change-science/whats-sea-change-science/pliomax-sites/southeast-u.s\">Pliomax project\u003c/a> Mitrovica is gathering evidence from the eastern U.S. about that ancient time.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26256\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Bobby_Magill_Methane.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26256 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Bobby_Magill_Methane.jpg\" alt=\"Flaring at oil and gas well sites releases methane into the atmosphere. (Faces of Fracking/flickr)\" width=\"720\" height=\"481\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Flaring at oil and gas well sites releases methane into the atmosphere. (\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/128012869@N08/15389783456/in/photolist-prWEs5-pyGcRM-ownkYj-oLQp19-7JxAwo-pQTwmP-oNS7dV-2AcN4t-oLQmgw-eLAmAc-pyJwvu-pR8Cte-pyD1MF-oUkc6V-8H7RPV-pF1Gu9-qmDJdT-pXm674-p1yC6o-e5tWge-pXtZs9-e5tWNH-e5tWzP-e5tWuR-e5zz7L-e5zzTd-e5tWka-q5h6jQ-t3i9a-qmDJaX-6Y7JxV-qnJNVB-q6c4hh-q6br55-e5tWSa-e5zzF3-e5tWnH-e5tWbn-e5tWE4-e5zyYQ-e5zyWN-e5zA31-e5tWHn-e5zz1L-e5zzJw-e5zziw-pRcPGL-oUh6tQ-eLAmqV-abvpUX\">Faces of Fracking\u003c/a>/flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Bobby Magill\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n \u003cbr>\nThe White House said Wednesday it wants to slash methane emissions from the crude oil and natural gas industry in the U.S. by up to 45 percent below 2012 levels as part of the Obama administration’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/obama-administration-plans-sweeping-climate-measures-16152\">Climate Action Plan\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement follows \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/fracking-methane-emissions-catastrophe-17439\">years of scientific studies\u003c/a> showing that oil and gas operations in the U.S. are leaking a large \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/scientists-call-for-more-fracking-data-transparency-16816\">but unquantified\u003c/a> amount of methane, helping to fuel global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, has enabled the U.S. to be the world’s leading crude oil and natural gas producer, and the EPA expects that methane emissions from the oil and gas industry could rise more than 25 percent by 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To prevent that from happening, the EPA will be proposing rules later this year that aim to slash oil and gas methane emissions 40 to 45 percent compared to 2012 emissions by 2025. The proposed rule, which is expected to be unveiled this summer and finalized in 2016, will regulate emissions exclusively from new crude oil and natural gas wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methane is up to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/huge-methane-leaks-add-doubt-on-natural-gas-as-a-bridge-fuel-17309\">35 times as potent\u003c/a> at trapping heat as carbon dioxide over a period of about a century, and the oil and gas sector is a major source of those emissions in the U.S. (Carbon dioxide is much more prevalent in the atmosphere and is still the major greenhouse gas.) About 10 percent of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions in 2012 was methane, about 30 percent of which came from the oil and gas industry, according to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency estimates. (Much of the rest comes from livestock, particularly cattle.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The methane rule comes after the EPA announced in December that it is planning to require energy companies to report more \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/epa-methane-emissions-fracking-18511\">greenhouse gas emissions\u003c/a>, including methane, from fracking operations, natural gas compressor stations and pipelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA is also considering requiring the use of remote sensing technology to measure methane emissions from oil and gas operations as a way to get a better count of the methane leaking from fracking, pipelines and other oil and gas-related machinery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are significant, highly cost-effective opportunities for reducing methane emissions from this sector,” Dan Utech, Obama’s climate and energy advisor, told the Associated Press. “We’re confident we can do this in a cost-effective way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a> \u003cem>is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "To combat global warming, the EPA seeks to cut methane emissions from the oil and gas industry and will propose regulations later this year.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26256\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Bobby_Magill_Methane.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26256 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Bobby_Magill_Methane.jpg\" alt=\"Flaring at oil and gas well sites releases methane into the atmosphere. (Faces of Fracking/flickr)\" width=\"720\" height=\"481\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Flaring at oil and gas well sites releases methane into the atmosphere. (\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/128012869@N08/15389783456/in/photolist-prWEs5-pyGcRM-ownkYj-oLQp19-7JxAwo-pQTwmP-oNS7dV-2AcN4t-oLQmgw-eLAmAc-pyJwvu-pR8Cte-pyD1MF-oUkc6V-8H7RPV-pF1Gu9-qmDJdT-pXm674-p1yC6o-e5tWge-pXtZs9-e5tWNH-e5tWzP-e5tWuR-e5zz7L-e5zzTd-e5tWka-q5h6jQ-t3i9a-qmDJaX-6Y7JxV-qnJNVB-q6c4hh-q6br55-e5tWSa-e5zzF3-e5tWnH-e5tWbn-e5tWE4-e5zyYQ-e5zyWN-e5zA31-e5tWHn-e5zz1L-e5zzJw-e5zziw-pRcPGL-oUh6tQ-eLAmqV-abvpUX\">Faces of Fracking\u003c/a>/flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Bobby Magill\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n \u003cbr>\nThe White House said Wednesday it wants to slash methane emissions from the crude oil and natural gas industry in the U.S. by up to 45 percent below 2012 levels as part of the Obama administration’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/obama-administration-plans-sweeping-climate-measures-16152\">Climate Action Plan\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement follows \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/fracking-methane-emissions-catastrophe-17439\">years of scientific studies\u003c/a> showing that oil and gas operations in the U.S. are leaking a large \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/scientists-call-for-more-fracking-data-transparency-16816\">but unquantified\u003c/a> amount of methane, helping to fuel global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, has enabled the U.S. to be the world’s leading crude oil and natural gas producer, and the EPA expects that methane emissions from the oil and gas industry could rise more than 25 percent by 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To prevent that from happening, the EPA will be proposing rules later this year that aim to slash oil and gas methane emissions 40 to 45 percent compared to 2012 emissions by 2025. The proposed rule, which is expected to be unveiled this summer and finalized in 2016, will regulate emissions exclusively from new crude oil and natural gas wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methane is up to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/huge-methane-leaks-add-doubt-on-natural-gas-as-a-bridge-fuel-17309\">35 times as potent\u003c/a> at trapping heat as carbon dioxide over a period of about a century, and the oil and gas sector is a major source of those emissions in the U.S. (Carbon dioxide is much more prevalent in the atmosphere and is still the major greenhouse gas.) About 10 percent of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions in 2012 was methane, about 30 percent of which came from the oil and gas industry, according to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency estimates. (Much of the rest comes from livestock, particularly cattle.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The methane rule comes after the EPA announced in December that it is planning to require energy companies to report more \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/epa-methane-emissions-fracking-18511\">greenhouse gas emissions\u003c/a>, including methane, from fracking operations, natural gas compressor stations and pipelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA is also considering requiring the use of remote sensing technology to measure methane emissions from oil and gas operations as a way to get a better count of the methane leaking from fracking, pipelines and other oil and gas-related machinery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are significant, highly cost-effective opportunities for reducing methane emissions from this sector,” Dan Utech, Obama’s climate and energy advisor, told the Associated Press. “We’re confident we can do this in a cost-effective way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a> \u003cem>is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "2014: California's Warmest Year on Record",
"headTitle": "2014: California’s Warmest Year on Record | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26019\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/RS1213_P1000565-lpr.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26019\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/RS1213_P1000565-lpr.jpg\" alt=\"2014 set temperature records throughout much of the West. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">2014 set temperature records throughout much of the West. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Federal climate scientists confirmed today that 2014 stands as \u003ca title=\"NOAA - summary - CA\" href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/temp-and-precip/climatological-rankings/index.php?periods%5B%5D=ytd¶meter=tavg&state=4&div=0&month=12&year=2014#ranks-form\">California’s warmest year\u003c/a> on record. The state’s average temperature for the year clocked in at 61.5 degrees Fahrenheit, 4.1 degrees higher than the 20th century average. Last year’s average bested the previous record, set in 1934, by nearly two degrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca title=\"NOAA - 2014 summary\" href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/summary-info/national/2014/12\">annual review\u003c/a> from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration says last year was warm throughout much of the West:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The West was warmer than average for much of 2014. Nine states had a top 10 warm year. Alaska, Arizona, California, and Nevada each had their warmest year on record. Most locations from the Rockies to the East Coast were cooler than average, with the exception of New England and Florida.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Consistent temperature records date back to 1894.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The warmer-than-usual weather had a wide array of effects on California. First and foremost, it \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/10/14/high-temps-intensified-california-drought/\">made an already withering drought even worse\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Indeed, temperature is one of the driving factors of drought,” says Jeff Mount, co-founder of the Center for Watershed Sciences at U.C. Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount says two-thirds of California’s precipitation is routinely lost to evaporation or transpiration, the water taken up by plants. When temperatures rise, evapo-transpiration rates rise, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just the process of evaporation alone out of the soils and then the associated transpiration that comes out of plants with the warmer temperatures, the increased length of the growing season — all of these are producing moisture deficits in the soil.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exactly how much worse the drought was made by record warmth is harder to pin down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In December, a study by scientists at NOAA and Columbia University concluded that climate change was not a major cause of California’s current drought. It \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/12/08/californias-drought-is-it-global-warming/\">drew immediate fire\u003c/a> from other scientists for not taking record-high temperatures into account. The authors said they were looking at causal factors, not intensifying forces, but would be interested in doing additional analysis on the influence of temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/185091766″ params=”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false” width=”100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true” /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount says most striking have been the warm overnight lows, which stretched out the growing season and shriveled the Sierra snowpack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you get those warm temps at night, where its not freezing at night anymore, you start melting your snow very, very quickly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Likewise, warm weather can keep the snowpack from building up in the first place. December’s persistent storms brought water content of Sierra snows to \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/12/30/warm-temps-mean-less-snow-for-the-sierra/\">just about half\u003c/a> of the average for this time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Down below, last year’s persistently high temperatures made the notoriously bad air quality even worse in places like the San Joaquin Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“2014 was one of our busiest years,” says A.M. Aminian, an allergist and respiratory specialist in Fresno, and chair of the Fresno-Madera Medical Society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This year we saw more people with asthma, respiratory problems, stuffy nose, and itching eyes, and also respiratory infections,” Aminian recalled. “We have been seeing more air pollution, the air was warmer, and it was very dry. That caused more particulate matter, dust in the air. Whenever there is heat and a lot of sunshine, the smog levels go up. This was one of the years we had more air pollution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Higher temperatures also \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/parched-california-wildlife-suffers-in-drought/\">exacerbated conditions for wildlife\u003c/a> already suffering from the drought. Low flows in rivers and streams heated up that much more, presenting a challenge especially to anadromous fish, like salmon and steelhead, for which water temperatures much above 60 can be fatal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All this compounding of drought conditions might seem hard to square with another statistic in NOAA’s review: that California had a near-average precipitation year in 2014, coming in just slightly drier than normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the nearly non-stop rain throughout December, the NOAA report concluded that “drought conditions improved across parts of Northern California” but, “Despite above-average precipitation in California, only modest drought improvements occurred due to long-term precipitation deficits.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED’s Central Valley Bureau Chief, \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/radio/about/staff/sasha-khokha.jsp\">Sasha Khokha\u003c/a>, contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26019\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/RS1213_P1000565-lpr.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26019\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/RS1213_P1000565-lpr.jpg\" alt=\"2014 set temperature records throughout much of the West. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">2014 set temperature records throughout much of the West. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Federal climate scientists confirmed today that 2014 stands as \u003ca title=\"NOAA - summary - CA\" href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/temp-and-precip/climatological-rankings/index.php?periods%5B%5D=ytd¶meter=tavg&state=4&div=0&month=12&year=2014#ranks-form\">California’s warmest year\u003c/a> on record. The state’s average temperature for the year clocked in at 61.5 degrees Fahrenheit, 4.1 degrees higher than the 20th century average. Last year’s average bested the previous record, set in 1934, by nearly two degrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca title=\"NOAA - 2014 summary\" href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/summary-info/national/2014/12\">annual review\u003c/a> from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration says last year was warm throughout much of the West:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The West was warmer than average for much of 2014. Nine states had a top 10 warm year. Alaska, Arizona, California, and Nevada each had their warmest year on record. Most locations from the Rockies to the East Coast were cooler than average, with the exception of New England and Florida.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Consistent temperature records date back to 1894.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The warmer-than-usual weather had a wide array of effects on California. First and foremost, it \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/10/14/high-temps-intensified-california-drought/\">made an already withering drought even worse\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Indeed, temperature is one of the driving factors of drought,” says Jeff Mount, co-founder of the Center for Watershed Sciences at U.C. Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount says two-thirds of California’s precipitation is routinely lost to evaporation or transpiration, the water taken up by plants. When temperatures rise, evapo-transpiration rates rise, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just the process of evaporation alone out of the soils and then the associated transpiration that comes out of plants with the warmer temperatures, the increased length of the growing season — all of these are producing moisture deficits in the soil.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exactly how much worse the drought was made by record warmth is harder to pin down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In December, a study by scientists at NOAA and Columbia University concluded that climate change was not a major cause of California’s current drought. It \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/12/08/californias-drought-is-it-global-warming/\">drew immediate fire\u003c/a> from other scientists for not taking record-high temperatures into account. The authors said they were looking at causal factors, not intensifying forces, but would be interested in doing additional analysis on the influence of temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”166″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/185091766″&visual=true&”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false”'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/185091766″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount says most striking have been the warm overnight lows, which stretched out the growing season and shriveled the Sierra snowpack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you get those warm temps at night, where its not freezing at night anymore, you start melting your snow very, very quickly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Likewise, warm weather can keep the snowpack from building up in the first place. December’s persistent storms brought water content of Sierra snows to \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/12/30/warm-temps-mean-less-snow-for-the-sierra/\">just about half\u003c/a> of the average for this time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Down below, last year’s persistently high temperatures made the notoriously bad air quality even worse in places like the San Joaquin Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“2014 was one of our busiest years,” says A.M. Aminian, an allergist and respiratory specialist in Fresno, and chair of the Fresno-Madera Medical Society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This year we saw more people with asthma, respiratory problems, stuffy nose, and itching eyes, and also respiratory infections,” Aminian recalled. “We have been seeing more air pollution, the air was warmer, and it was very dry. That caused more particulate matter, dust in the air. Whenever there is heat and a lot of sunshine, the smog levels go up. This was one of the years we had more air pollution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Higher temperatures also \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/parched-california-wildlife-suffers-in-drought/\">exacerbated conditions for wildlife\u003c/a> already suffering from the drought. Low flows in rivers and streams heated up that much more, presenting a challenge especially to anadromous fish, like salmon and steelhead, for which water temperatures much above 60 can be fatal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All this compounding of drought conditions might seem hard to square with another statistic in NOAA’s review: that California had a near-average precipitation year in 2014, coming in just slightly drier than normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the nearly non-stop rain throughout December, the NOAA report concluded that “drought conditions improved across parts of Northern California” but, “Despite above-average precipitation in California, only modest drought improvements occurred due to long-term precipitation deficits.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED’s Central Valley Bureau Chief, \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/radio/about/staff/sasha-khokha.jsp\">Sasha Khokha\u003c/a>, contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25978\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/plane-e1420656752266.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-25978\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/plane-e1420656752266.jpg\" alt=\"(wingsnstuff/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(wingsnstuff/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Brian Kahn\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You know those tube socks your grandmother air mails you on your birthday every year? Well, they could become another casualty of global warming. Or at least arrive a few days late.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hot weather is likely to increase the number of days with weight restrictions on cargo planes and even airliners, delaying gifts, air travel and slicing into airlines’ bottom lines according to research presented at the American Geophysical Union’s annual meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Temperature is a big factor in airplane performance and also one of our most confident (future) climate projections,” \u003ca href=\"http://ethancoffel.com/\">Ethan Coffel\u003c/a>, a Ph.D. candidate at \u003ca href=\"http://www.columbia.edu/\">Columbia University\u003c/a> and lead author of \u003ca href=\"http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/WCAS-D-14-00026.1?af=R&\">the new findings\u003c/a>, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coffel took a flyer on the research because of his aviation hobby and an interest in unearthing what he called the “hidden cost of climate change” found in the everyday things we take for granted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previous research has looked at how transatlantic flights could encounter more turbulence in a warming world. Outside of that study, the impacts of climate change on air travel have been left largely unexplored. But it’s a topic ripe for exploration, in part because it could affect so many people.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Temperature is a big factor in airplane performance and also one of our most confident (future) climate projections.’\u003ccite>— Ethan Coffel,Columbia University Scientist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>According to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.iata.org/Pages/default.aspx\">International Air Transport Association\u003c/a>, 3.1 billion people took to the skies in 2013. And that doesn’t even count the business side of things. UPS, for example, ships an average of 2.3 million packages a day by air in the U.S. alone (turns out you aren’t the only one getting tube socks from granny).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hot weather generally means the air is thinner, giving wings less of a lift. The easiest and safest way to work around that on a given day is taking a load off the plane; namely packages or people. Coffel said there’s already a noticeable trend in the number of weight-restricted days at airports in Denver, New York’s LaGuardia, Washington, D.C.’s Reagan, and to a lesser degree, Phoenix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those four airports form the core of Coffel’s study, which projected daytime highs from May-September — the time of year when the effects of warmer weather on air travel could be most pronounced — through 2070. Coffel also looked at takeoff restrictions for the the Boeing 737-800, one of the most common aircraft used in medium-range flights. According to the latest climate models, daytime highs could be up to 6°F higher at the four airports by 2070 if carbon emissions continue to rise at high levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rising temperatures translate to a large increase in the number of days when airplanes would have to reduce their weight by 15,000 lbs. — generally about 30 percent of their payload or 79 passengers — in order to take off at each of the airports, save for Phoenix. The percentage of weight-restricted days could rise by as much as 200 percent compared to today. Reagan could see nearly 80 days with major weight restrictions, the most of the four airports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coffel said those airports have already seen an increase in weight restrictions since 1980, the year data goes back to, lending further credibility to future increases as temperatures rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are ways around this mile-high conundrum but none are ideal. Airports could extend runways, giving planes more room to get up to higher speeds and successful liftoffs. That would be a challenge in urban locations with limited room like LaGuardia and Reagan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another option would be to push flight schedules around so that more leave in the evening or early morning when temperatures are generally cooler. Planes could also be designed to accelerate faster on current runways or be built with larger wings to create more lift, though that might reduce fuel efficiency when flying at high altitudes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless of their efficacy, all these solutions come with costs and would take many years to implement. Coffel said that although his study only looks at four airports, the findings apply to airports around the world and could have major implications for airlines and and tube sock senders alike.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a> \u003cem>is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25978\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/plane-e1420656752266.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-25978\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/plane-e1420656752266.jpg\" alt=\"(wingsnstuff/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(wingsnstuff/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Brian Kahn\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You know those tube socks your grandmother air mails you on your birthday every year? Well, they could become another casualty of global warming. Or at least arrive a few days late.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hot weather is likely to increase the number of days with weight restrictions on cargo planes and even airliners, delaying gifts, air travel and slicing into airlines’ bottom lines according to research presented at the American Geophysical Union’s annual meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Temperature is a big factor in airplane performance and also one of our most confident (future) climate projections,” \u003ca href=\"http://ethancoffel.com/\">Ethan Coffel\u003c/a>, a Ph.D. candidate at \u003ca href=\"http://www.columbia.edu/\">Columbia University\u003c/a> and lead author of \u003ca href=\"http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/WCAS-D-14-00026.1?af=R&\">the new findings\u003c/a>, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coffel took a flyer on the research because of his aviation hobby and an interest in unearthing what he called the “hidden cost of climate change” found in the everyday things we take for granted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previous research has looked at how transatlantic flights could encounter more turbulence in a warming world. Outside of that study, the impacts of climate change on air travel have been left largely unexplored. But it’s a topic ripe for exploration, in part because it could affect so many people.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Temperature is a big factor in airplane performance and also one of our most confident (future) climate projections.’\u003ccite>— Ethan Coffel,Columbia University Scientist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>According to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.iata.org/Pages/default.aspx\">International Air Transport Association\u003c/a>, 3.1 billion people took to the skies in 2013. And that doesn’t even count the business side of things. UPS, for example, ships an average of 2.3 million packages a day by air in the U.S. alone (turns out you aren’t the only one getting tube socks from granny).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hot weather generally means the air is thinner, giving wings less of a lift. The easiest and safest way to work around that on a given day is taking a load off the plane; namely packages or people. Coffel said there’s already a noticeable trend in the number of weight-restricted days at airports in Denver, New York’s LaGuardia, Washington, D.C.’s Reagan, and to a lesser degree, Phoenix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those four airports form the core of Coffel’s study, which projected daytime highs from May-September — the time of year when the effects of warmer weather on air travel could be most pronounced — through 2070. Coffel also looked at takeoff restrictions for the the Boeing 737-800, one of the most common aircraft used in medium-range flights. According to the latest climate models, daytime highs could be up to 6°F higher at the four airports by 2070 if carbon emissions continue to rise at high levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rising temperatures translate to a large increase in the number of days when airplanes would have to reduce their weight by 15,000 lbs. — generally about 30 percent of their payload or 79 passengers — in order to take off at each of the airports, save for Phoenix. The percentage of weight-restricted days could rise by as much as 200 percent compared to today. Reagan could see nearly 80 days with major weight restrictions, the most of the four airports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coffel said those airports have already seen an increase in weight restrictions since 1980, the year data goes back to, lending further credibility to future increases as temperatures rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are ways around this mile-high conundrum but none are ideal. Airports could extend runways, giving planes more room to get up to higher speeds and successful liftoffs. That would be a challenge in urban locations with limited room like LaGuardia and Reagan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another option would be to push flight schedules around so that more leave in the evening or early morning when temperatures are generally cooler. Planes could also be designed to accelerate faster on current runways or be built with larger wings to create more lift, though that might reduce fuel efficiency when flying at high altitudes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless of their efficacy, all these solutions come with costs and would take many years to implement. Coffel said that although his study only looks at four airports, the findings apply to airports around the world and could have major implications for airlines and and tube sock senders alike.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a> \u003cem>is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Governor Unveils Ambitious New Climate Goals",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25865\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 860px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/RS13894_IMG_2969-Edit-qut-e1420492587204-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-25865\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/RS13894_IMG_2969-Edit-qut-e1420492587204-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"During his inaugural address, Gov. Jerry Brown set new goals for California's renewable energy standards that are the most ambitious in the country. (Andrew Nixon/Capital Public Radio)\" width=\"860\" height=\"484\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gov. Jerry Brown spoke to a joint session of the Legislature in Sacramento during his inaugural address on Monday.\u003cbr>(Andrew Nixon/Capital Public Radio)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>During his fourth\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/01/05/an-annotated-guide-to-jerry-browns-state-of-the-state-address\"> inaugural address\u003c/a> in Sacramento Monday, Gov. Jerry Brown focused heavily on energy efficiency, calling for further cuts in consumption as a way to combat global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Taking significant amounts of carbon out of our economy without harming its vibrancy,” Brown said, “is exactly the sort of challenge at which California excels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘This is exciting, it is bold and it is absolutely necessary.’\u003ccite>— Gov. Jerry Brown\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The governor recommended three items including increasing renewable energy production, decreasing petroleum use and making buildings and heating fuels more efficient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is exciting,” Brown said, “it is bold and it is absolutely necessary if we are to have any chance of stopping potentially catastrophic changes to our climate system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s landmark greenhouse gas emissions bills mandated that 33 percent of the state’s energy must come from renewable sources like wind, solar, geothermal and hydropower by 2020. During his speech, Brown upped that goal to 50 percent by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, \u003ca href=\"http://www.energy.ca.gov/renewables/tracking_progress/documents/renewable.pdf\">about 20 percent \u003c/a>of California’s energy comes from renewables, and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.energy.ca.gov/renewables/tracking_progress/documents/renewable.pdf\">latest report\u003c/a> from the California Energy Commission says that number should reach 25 percent by 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is already 40 percent more energy-efficient than the rest of the nation, thanks to the work that, interestingly, Governor\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>Brown started when he was governor the first time,” said \u003ca href=\"http://seventhgenerationadvisors.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4:terry-tamminen&catid=2&Itemid=4\">Terry Tamminen\u003c/a>, former Secretary of California’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.calepa.ca.gov/\">Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/a>. “I think with the very rapid expansion of wind, solar and storage — which makes it possible to store intermittent resources like wind and solar — that it will be relatively easy to get there by his 2030 deadline.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the suggestions Brown offered to meet his aggressive goals: distributed power, expanded rooftop solar, micro-grids, an energy imbalance market, battery storage, and millions of electric and low-carbon vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He acknowledged the goals would be costly but are necessary since current measures alone “are not enough\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The challenge is to build for the future, not steal from it,” Brown said, “to live within our means and to keep California ever golden and creative.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25865\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 860px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/RS13894_IMG_2969-Edit-qut-e1420492587204-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-25865\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/RS13894_IMG_2969-Edit-qut-e1420492587204-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"During his inaugural address, Gov. Jerry Brown set new goals for California's renewable energy standards that are the most ambitious in the country. (Andrew Nixon/Capital Public Radio)\" width=\"860\" height=\"484\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gov. Jerry Brown spoke to a joint session of the Legislature in Sacramento during his inaugural address on Monday.\u003cbr>(Andrew Nixon/Capital Public Radio)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>During his fourth\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/01/05/an-annotated-guide-to-jerry-browns-state-of-the-state-address\"> inaugural address\u003c/a> in Sacramento Monday, Gov. Jerry Brown focused heavily on energy efficiency, calling for further cuts in consumption as a way to combat global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Taking significant amounts of carbon out of our economy without harming its vibrancy,” Brown said, “is exactly the sort of challenge at which California excels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘This is exciting, it is bold and it is absolutely necessary.’\u003ccite>— Gov. Jerry Brown\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The governor recommended three items including increasing renewable energy production, decreasing petroleum use and making buildings and heating fuels more efficient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is exciting,” Brown said, “it is bold and it is absolutely necessary if we are to have any chance of stopping potentially catastrophic changes to our climate system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s landmark greenhouse gas emissions bills mandated that 33 percent of the state’s energy must come from renewable sources like wind, solar, geothermal and hydropower by 2020. During his speech, Brown upped that goal to 50 percent by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, \u003ca href=\"http://www.energy.ca.gov/renewables/tracking_progress/documents/renewable.pdf\">about 20 percent \u003c/a>of California’s energy comes from renewables, and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.energy.ca.gov/renewables/tracking_progress/documents/renewable.pdf\">latest report\u003c/a> from the California Energy Commission says that number should reach 25 percent by 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is already 40 percent more energy-efficient than the rest of the nation, thanks to the work that, interestingly, Governor\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>Brown started when he was governor the first time,” said \u003ca href=\"http://seventhgenerationadvisors.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4:terry-tamminen&catid=2&Itemid=4\">Terry Tamminen\u003c/a>, former Secretary of California’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.calepa.ca.gov/\">Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/a>. “I think with the very rapid expansion of wind, solar and storage — which makes it possible to store intermittent resources like wind and solar — that it will be relatively easy to get there by his 2030 deadline.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the suggestions Brown offered to meet his aggressive goals: distributed power, expanded rooftop solar, micro-grids, an energy imbalance market, battery storage, and millions of electric and low-carbon vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He acknowledged the goals would be costly but are necessary since current measures alone “are not enough\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The challenge is to build for the future, not steal from it,” Brown said, “to live within our means and to keep California ever golden and creative.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Warm Temps Mean Less Snow for the Sierra",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25729\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Sierra-Nevada-snowpack-e1419916145918.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-25729 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Sierra-Nevada-snowpack-e1419916145918.jpg\" alt=\"Sierra Nevada snowpack\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In 2011, lower elevations in the Sierra Nevada sported a healthy snow cover. (Comrogues/flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, 1:30 p.m. Tuesday (Dec. 30): \u003c/strong>Today, officials announced this winter’s first manual snow survey, which shows snowpack in the Sierra is 50 percent of what is average for this time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>December’s storms boosted water levels in state reservoirs, but unusually warm temperatures meant rain instead of snow for parts of the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We still have a long ways to go,” says Roger Bales, Director of \u003ca href=\"http://snri.ucmerced.edu/\">U.C. Merced’s Sierra Nevada Research Institute\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need three to four more good storms in order for the snowpack to get up to average or above average levels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25715\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 264px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/field-station-682x1024.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-25715\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/field-station-682x1024.jpg\" alt=\"A solar-powered tower managed by Roger Bales and his research team measures trees' water uptake in the Sierra Nevada. (Roger Wynan)\" width=\"264\" height=\"397\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A solar-powered tower managed by Roger Bales and his research team measures trees’ water uptake in the Sierra Nevada. (Roger Wynan)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>State water officials have estimated that California would need more than 150 percent of “normal” winter precipitation to substantially reverse the drought, now in its fourth year. Snow in the Sierra Nevada provides about a third of the water that the state relies on for drinking, business and agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instruments that measure water content of the snowpack show that statewide, it’s at 51 percent of normal for late December. Most of the snow accumulates in January through March before it all starts to melt in April, says Bales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Historically the Sierra snowpack comes in four to six big storms each year and so far we’ve really only had one big storm this year,” he explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bales says those storms need to be cold so they produce snow instead of rain. This year will almost certainly go down as California’s warmest on record, making it harder for snow to stick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Two things happen when you have warmer, drier weather after the first snowfall,” says Bales. “First, some of it melts and second, some of that water gets used for growing plants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bales and his research group use ground-based measurement systems and satellite data to study water cycles in the Sierra Nevada’s forests, meadows and streams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, more of his weather stations are surrounded by water instead of snow, meaning the team must rely on fewer data points.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As the climate warms and snow is only at higher elevations, there’s more uncertainty, which will become more common as the climate changes.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25729\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Sierra-Nevada-snowpack-e1419916145918.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-25729 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Sierra-Nevada-snowpack-e1419916145918.jpg\" alt=\"Sierra Nevada snowpack\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In 2011, lower elevations in the Sierra Nevada sported a healthy snow cover. (Comrogues/flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, 1:30 p.m. Tuesday (Dec. 30): \u003c/strong>Today, officials announced this winter’s first manual snow survey, which shows snowpack in the Sierra is 50 percent of what is average for this time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>December’s storms boosted water levels in state reservoirs, but unusually warm temperatures meant rain instead of snow for parts of the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We still have a long ways to go,” says Roger Bales, Director of \u003ca href=\"http://snri.ucmerced.edu/\">U.C. Merced’s Sierra Nevada Research Institute\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need three to four more good storms in order for the snowpack to get up to average or above average levels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25715\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 264px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/field-station-682x1024.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-25715\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/field-station-682x1024.jpg\" alt=\"A solar-powered tower managed by Roger Bales and his research team measures trees' water uptake in the Sierra Nevada. (Roger Wynan)\" width=\"264\" height=\"397\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A solar-powered tower managed by Roger Bales and his research team measures trees’ water uptake in the Sierra Nevada. (Roger Wynan)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>State water officials have estimated that California would need more than 150 percent of “normal” winter precipitation to substantially reverse the drought, now in its fourth year. Snow in the Sierra Nevada provides about a third of the water that the state relies on for drinking, business and agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instruments that measure water content of the snowpack show that statewide, it’s at 51 percent of normal for late December. Most of the snow accumulates in January through March before it all starts to melt in April, says Bales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Historically the Sierra snowpack comes in four to six big storms each year and so far we’ve really only had one big storm this year,” he explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bales says those storms need to be cold so they produce snow instead of rain. This year will almost certainly go down as California’s warmest on record, making it harder for snow to stick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Two things happen when you have warmer, drier weather after the first snowfall,” says Bales. “First, some of it melts and second, some of that water gets used for growing plants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bales and his research group use ground-based measurement systems and satellite data to study water cycles in the Sierra Nevada’s forests, meadows and streams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, more of his weather stations are surrounded by water instead of snow, meaning the team must rely on fewer data points.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As the climate warms and snow is only at higher elevations, there’s more uncertainty, which will become more common as the climate changes.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Washington State Offers Ambitious Cap-and-Trade Plan",
"headTitle": "Washington State Offers Ambitious Cap-and-Trade Plan | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25687\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Washington-state-e1419883940895.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-25687 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Washington-state-e1419883940895.jpg\" alt=\"Washington state\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Washington State Department of Transportation/flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By John Upton\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Washington’s governor gets his legislative holiday wish, the Evergreen State in 18 months will launch one of the world’s most sophisticated and all-encompassing climate-pollution pricing programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Draft \u003ca href=\"http://www.governor.wa.gov/issues/climate/documents/CarbonPolutionAccountabilityAct2015_Z-0307.2.pdf\">legislation released last week\u003c/a> by the office of Gov. Jay Inslee (D) would — if sufficient support can be mustered from state lawmakers — raise an estimated $1 billion a year through a new levee on greenhouse gas pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program would cap statewide pollution rates at levels that decline over time, with polluters allowed to trade state-sold pollution allowances among themselves. It would affect as great a share of carbon as any similar program operating in the U.S., while avoiding pitfalls of other programs, such as giveaways for certain polluters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program was crafted to help Washington \u003ca href=\"http://governor.wa.gov/issues/economy/climateWorkgroup/documents/Leidos_ExecSum_20131011.pdf\">get on track\u003c/a> toward meeting its goals, established by the legislature in 2008, of producing no more greenhouse gases in 2020 than had been the case in 1990, with a further 50 percent reduction by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Windfall \u003ca href=\"http://www.governor.wa.gov/issues/climate/documents/carbon_market_revenue.pdf\">revenue under the cap-and-trade proposal would\u003c/a> ease entrenched shortfalls in transportation and education spending, reduce taxes and fund household energy efficiency improvements for poorer residents, and help meet the general costs of running the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘He talks about polluters; we talk about these individuals as employers throughout our state.’\u003ccite>–Brandon Houskeeper,\u003cbr>\nAssociation of Washington Business government affairs official\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The program would become the latest in a growing list of worldwide schemes that charge for the act of polluting the climate — with the dual goals of slowing climate change and, in many cases, providing funds to help tackle the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Congress unwilling to take action on global warming, efforts such as Washington’s are independently burbling up from American states and regions. Fusing together and promoting these “bottom up” approaches to climate action will be a heavy focus of the next international climate treaty, \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-accord-struck-in-lima-18443\">due a year from now\u003c/a>, following the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/whats-at-stake-in-lima-climate-talks-18388\">failures of the Kyoto Protocol\u003c/a> and other attempts to dictate climate policy to nations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts in the fast-growing universe of carbon markets lauded the Washington proposal’s technical prowess, which they characterized as best practice. “It’s about as good as you can design these things,” Environmental Defense Fund economist \u003ca href=\"http://www.edf.org/people/gernot-wagner\">Gernot Wagner\u003c/a> said. “It’s exactly what you ought to be doing to rein in emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The business body representing many of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ecy.wa.gov/climatechange/docs/ECYlistofEntitieswithMajorGHGEmissions12-18-14_F.pdf\">130 companies\u003c/a> that would directly pay the new $1 billion a year pollution tax, the costs of which would presumably be spread among customers — including, ultimately, households and motorists — is less enthusiastic. It worries about the economic impacts of the new fees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re concerned with how the governor is framing the debate,” Association of Washington Business government affairs official \u003ca href=\"http://www.awb.org/brandon-houskeeper/\">Brandon Houskeeper\u003c/a> said. “He talks about polluters; we talk about these individuals as employers throughout our state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Houskeeper said the association agrees that climate change is a problem that needs to be addressed. But he pointed to gradually declining greenhouse gas pollution rates in Washington in recent years as evidence that industry can improve its environmental performance without new regulations as it switches to more efficient energy technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25681\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 510px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Climate-Central-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-25681\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Climate-Central-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"(Gov. Jay Inslee's office)\" width=\"510\" height=\"287\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Washington Governor Jay Inslee’s office)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://governor.wa.gov/issues/economy/climateWorkgroup/documents/Leidos_ExecSum_20131011.pdf\">state analysis, however, concluded\u003c/a> that Washington is not on target to comply with the 2008 law regarding required reductions in greenhouse gas pollution. It found that the requirement of reducing yearly pollution levels back to 1990 levels in 2020 would “likely” be met if a new cap and trade policy is implemented. Further steps would be needed to meet more ambitious reductions required by 2035 and 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like other Washington experts interviewed, Houskeeper said he doesn’t know whether lawmakers will approve Inslee’s bill. A similar state bill failed in 2008. He acknowledged that a “unique budget problem in Washington” could help win lawmaker support for it. “We anticipate there will be a heavy push by the governor,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program would cover an estimated 85 percent of the climate pollution produced by Washington — the same proportion that California’s program will \u003ca href=\"http://www.ieta.org/assets/Reports/EmissionsTradingAroundTheWorld/edf_ieta_california_case_study_may_2013.pdf\">cover in the new year\u003c/a> after it expands to include transportation fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, a joint project of nine northeastern and Mid-Atlantic states plus regions of Canada, by contrast, affects electricity generation only, covering \u003ca href=\"http://nationalaglawcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/assets/crs/R41836.pdf\">22 percent of climate pollution\u003c/a>. The European Union’s trading scheme affects the electricity and manufacturing sectors, plus flights within Europe, \u003ca href=\"http://ec.europa.eu/clima/publications/docs/factsheet_ets_en.pdf\">covering 45 percent\u003c/a> of the union’s 28 countries’ carbon pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”E8D1SbObECXTSOEexLI92g1Lrhkt6scP”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inslee’s proposed program would affect pollution produced by factories, trucks and cars and power plants, including those that produce electricity in other states and import it across state lines. The program would lack the allowance giveaways for select polluters that reduce the potency of other programs, such as in Europe, where \u003ca href=\"http://www.rtcc.org/2014/10/29/poland-won-eu-2030-deal-does-the-climate-lose/\">Poland’s coal plants could get free passes\u003c/a> for decades to come. It could permit some allowances to be traded through other carbon markets operating in the U.S. and elsewhere — creating economic linkages that economists say can drive down the overall cost of climate action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite widespread opposition among members of Congress, carbon pricing and trading is being embraced by governments and industry worldwide — \u003ca href=\"http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2014/09/22/governments-businesses-support-carbon-pricing\">even by Royal Dutch Shell\u003c/a> — as an approach that can simultaneously curb greenhouse gas pollution while raising money needed to combat climate change. Many see it as logical to charge for pollution, instead of expecting society to bear its costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some cases, such as in Inslee’s proposal, such programs can help finance government spending following declines in revenue from other fees and taxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kristin Eberhard, a researcher at the Sightline Institute, a think tank focused on sustainability issues in the Pacific Northwest, recently \u003ca href=\"http://daily.sightline.org/2014/11/17/all-the-worlds-carbon-pricing-systems-in-one-animated-map/\">counted 39 carbon pricing programs\u003c/a> in place across the world, from the flagship trading scheme operated by the European Union to a \u003ca href=\"https://icapcarbonaction.com/index.php?option=com_etsmap&task=export&format=pdf&layout=list&systems%5B%5D=46\">2-year-old program in Kazakhstan\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She concluded that 12 percent of the globe’s carbon pollution now comes under the control of such programs — a figure that will rise to nearly a quarter after China begins a national program in 2016. “Sightline for many years has been saying we should price pollution,” Eberhard said. “So this is an exciting proposal for us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state senate is controlled by Republicans, and the Republican chair of the senate’s energy and environment committee, Doug Ericksen, also said it was too early to say what would happen to the bill if it reaches his chamber next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, the battle over the legislation could be fought largely on non-environmental grounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Washington’s \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.seattletimes.com/politicsnorthwest/2014/09/11/supreme-court-finds-legislature-in-contempt-on-education-funding/\">legislature is being held in contempt of court\u003c/a> by the state’s Supreme Court for failing to provide sufficient funds for public education. Sanctions have been threatened if the problem remains unfixed by the end of 2015, and Inslee has proposed that the carbon allowance fees would be used to provide hundreds of millions of dollars for education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s something that \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/washington/chris-davis-q-a.xml\">Chris Davis\u003c/a>, a carbon markets advisor to Inslee, said “shifts the balance politically” in the cap-and-trade proposal’s favor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a> \u003cem>is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25687\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Washington-state-e1419883940895.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-25687 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Washington-state-e1419883940895.jpg\" alt=\"Washington state\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Washington State Department of Transportation/flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By John Upton\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Washington’s governor gets his legislative holiday wish, the Evergreen State in 18 months will launch one of the world’s most sophisticated and all-encompassing climate-pollution pricing programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Draft \u003ca href=\"http://www.governor.wa.gov/issues/climate/documents/CarbonPolutionAccountabilityAct2015_Z-0307.2.pdf\">legislation released last week\u003c/a> by the office of Gov. Jay Inslee (D) would — if sufficient support can be mustered from state lawmakers — raise an estimated $1 billion a year through a new levee on greenhouse gas pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program would cap statewide pollution rates at levels that decline over time, with polluters allowed to trade state-sold pollution allowances among themselves. It would affect as great a share of carbon as any similar program operating in the U.S., while avoiding pitfalls of other programs, such as giveaways for certain polluters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program was crafted to help Washington \u003ca href=\"http://governor.wa.gov/issues/economy/climateWorkgroup/documents/Leidos_ExecSum_20131011.pdf\">get on track\u003c/a> toward meeting its goals, established by the legislature in 2008, of producing no more greenhouse gases in 2020 than had been the case in 1990, with a further 50 percent reduction by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Windfall \u003ca href=\"http://www.governor.wa.gov/issues/climate/documents/carbon_market_revenue.pdf\">revenue under the cap-and-trade proposal would\u003c/a> ease entrenched shortfalls in transportation and education spending, reduce taxes and fund household energy efficiency improvements for poorer residents, and help meet the general costs of running the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘He talks about polluters; we talk about these individuals as employers throughout our state.’\u003ccite>–Brandon Houskeeper,\u003cbr>\nAssociation of Washington Business government affairs official\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The program would become the latest in a growing list of worldwide schemes that charge for the act of polluting the climate — with the dual goals of slowing climate change and, in many cases, providing funds to help tackle the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Congress unwilling to take action on global warming, efforts such as Washington’s are independently burbling up from American states and regions. Fusing together and promoting these “bottom up” approaches to climate action will be a heavy focus of the next international climate treaty, \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-accord-struck-in-lima-18443\">due a year from now\u003c/a>, following the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/whats-at-stake-in-lima-climate-talks-18388\">failures of the Kyoto Protocol\u003c/a> and other attempts to dictate climate policy to nations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts in the fast-growing universe of carbon markets lauded the Washington proposal’s technical prowess, which they characterized as best practice. “It’s about as good as you can design these things,” Environmental Defense Fund economist \u003ca href=\"http://www.edf.org/people/gernot-wagner\">Gernot Wagner\u003c/a> said. “It’s exactly what you ought to be doing to rein in emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The business body representing many of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ecy.wa.gov/climatechange/docs/ECYlistofEntitieswithMajorGHGEmissions12-18-14_F.pdf\">130 companies\u003c/a> that would directly pay the new $1 billion a year pollution tax, the costs of which would presumably be spread among customers — including, ultimately, households and motorists — is less enthusiastic. It worries about the economic impacts of the new fees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re concerned with how the governor is framing the debate,” Association of Washington Business government affairs official \u003ca href=\"http://www.awb.org/brandon-houskeeper/\">Brandon Houskeeper\u003c/a> said. “He talks about polluters; we talk about these individuals as employers throughout our state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Houskeeper said the association agrees that climate change is a problem that needs to be addressed. But he pointed to gradually declining greenhouse gas pollution rates in Washington in recent years as evidence that industry can improve its environmental performance without new regulations as it switches to more efficient energy technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25681\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 510px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Climate-Central-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-25681\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Climate-Central-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"(Gov. Jay Inslee's office)\" width=\"510\" height=\"287\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Washington Governor Jay Inslee’s office)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://governor.wa.gov/issues/economy/climateWorkgroup/documents/Leidos_ExecSum_20131011.pdf\">state analysis, however, concluded\u003c/a> that Washington is not on target to comply with the 2008 law regarding required reductions in greenhouse gas pollution. It found that the requirement of reducing yearly pollution levels back to 1990 levels in 2020 would “likely” be met if a new cap and trade policy is implemented. Further steps would be needed to meet more ambitious reductions required by 2035 and 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like other Washington experts interviewed, Houskeeper said he doesn’t know whether lawmakers will approve Inslee’s bill. A similar state bill failed in 2008. He acknowledged that a “unique budget problem in Washington” could help win lawmaker support for it. “We anticipate there will be a heavy push by the governor,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program would cover an estimated 85 percent of the climate pollution produced by Washington — the same proportion that California’s program will \u003ca href=\"http://www.ieta.org/assets/Reports/EmissionsTradingAroundTheWorld/edf_ieta_california_case_study_may_2013.pdf\">cover in the new year\u003c/a> after it expands to include transportation fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, a joint project of nine northeastern and Mid-Atlantic states plus regions of Canada, by contrast, affects electricity generation only, covering \u003ca href=\"http://nationalaglawcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/assets/crs/R41836.pdf\">22 percent of climate pollution\u003c/a>. The European Union’s trading scheme affects the electricity and manufacturing sectors, plus flights within Europe, \u003ca href=\"http://ec.europa.eu/clima/publications/docs/factsheet_ets_en.pdf\">covering 45 percent\u003c/a> of the union’s 28 countries’ carbon pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inslee’s proposed program would affect pollution produced by factories, trucks and cars and power plants, including those that produce electricity in other states and import it across state lines. The program would lack the allowance giveaways for select polluters that reduce the potency of other programs, such as in Europe, where \u003ca href=\"http://www.rtcc.org/2014/10/29/poland-won-eu-2030-deal-does-the-climate-lose/\">Poland’s coal plants could get free passes\u003c/a> for decades to come. It could permit some allowances to be traded through other carbon markets operating in the U.S. and elsewhere — creating economic linkages that economists say can drive down the overall cost of climate action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite widespread opposition among members of Congress, carbon pricing and trading is being embraced by governments and industry worldwide — \u003ca href=\"http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2014/09/22/governments-businesses-support-carbon-pricing\">even by Royal Dutch Shell\u003c/a> — as an approach that can simultaneously curb greenhouse gas pollution while raising money needed to combat climate change. Many see it as logical to charge for pollution, instead of expecting society to bear its costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some cases, such as in Inslee’s proposal, such programs can help finance government spending following declines in revenue from other fees and taxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kristin Eberhard, a researcher at the Sightline Institute, a think tank focused on sustainability issues in the Pacific Northwest, recently \u003ca href=\"http://daily.sightline.org/2014/11/17/all-the-worlds-carbon-pricing-systems-in-one-animated-map/\">counted 39 carbon pricing programs\u003c/a> in place across the world, from the flagship trading scheme operated by the European Union to a \u003ca href=\"https://icapcarbonaction.com/index.php?option=com_etsmap&task=export&format=pdf&layout=list&systems%5B%5D=46\">2-year-old program in Kazakhstan\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She concluded that 12 percent of the globe’s carbon pollution now comes under the control of such programs — a figure that will rise to nearly a quarter after China begins a national program in 2016. “Sightline for many years has been saying we should price pollution,” Eberhard said. “So this is an exciting proposal for us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state senate is controlled by Republicans, and the Republican chair of the senate’s energy and environment committee, Doug Ericksen, also said it was too early to say what would happen to the bill if it reaches his chamber next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, the battle over the legislation could be fought largely on non-environmental grounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Washington’s \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.seattletimes.com/politicsnorthwest/2014/09/11/supreme-court-finds-legislature-in-contempt-on-education-funding/\">legislature is being held in contempt of court\u003c/a> by the state’s Supreme Court for failing to provide sufficient funds for public education. Sanctions have been threatened if the problem remains unfixed by the end of 2015, and Inslee has proposed that the carbon allowance fees would be used to provide hundreds of millions of dollars for education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s something that \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/washington/chris-davis-q-a.xml\">Chris Davis\u003c/a>, a carbon markets advisor to Inslee, said “shifts the balance politically” in the cap-and-trade proposal’s favor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a> \u003cem>is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Storms a Boon for Rainwater Harvesters",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25178\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 681px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/rainwater-collection-system.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-25178\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/rainwater-collection-system.jpeg\" alt=\"rainwater collection system\" width=\"681\" height=\"511\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Many Northern California counties now offer rebates for rain barrels purchased for residential use. (Water Cache)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Water didn’t just pour into city streets during last week’s storm, it was also stashed away by rain harvesting enthusiasts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s crazy we have all this wasted water that is flooding our cities and we could be capturing and using it,” says Claire Elliot, a home owner in Palo Alto. Elliot has six barrels in her back yard that she uses to water her plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though they hold a total of 300 gallons of water, she says all six filled up within a couple of hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was excited to see them fill up but the question is whether I can use all the water before the next storm event.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water is not potable but can be used as “graywater,” for outdoor irrigation, laundry and dish washing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25225\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 339px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Acterra_rain-barrel.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-25225\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Acterra_rain-barrel.jpg\" alt=\"Volunteers for Acterra, an environmental non-profit, install rain barrels at Arastradero nature preserve in Palo Alto. (Acterra)\" width=\"339\" height=\"227\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Volunteers for Acterra, an environmental non-profit, install rain barrels at Arastradero nature preserve in Palo Alto. (Acterra)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It hasn’t been universally embraced. In parts of the West, rainwater harvesting has been outlawed, seen as an infringement on those who have downstream water rights on rivers where that rain might end up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Californians have legally been able to collect household runoff \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201120120AB1750\">without a permit\u003c/a> since 2012. In fact, several counties and the \u003ca href=\"http://bawsca.org/conservation/rain-barrel-rebate-program/\">Bay Area Water Supply & Conservation Agency\u003c/a> provide up to $100 in rebates for barrels or cisterns purchased for rainwater harvesting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BAWSCA has issued 75 rebates since launching its program in October. “We were getting calls the first day after the program was announced,” says Water Resources Manager Michael Hurley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco will start a similar program by spring of next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most systems for corralling rainwater use a barrel, a mesh screen and a diverter. As rainfall collects in rooftop gutters, instead of gushing out of downspouts it takes a detour through the diverter and into storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the first rush of water often contains contaminants like leaves, insects and animal waste, many diverters will capture this debris and prevent it from flowing into the barrel, and the mesh discourages mosquitoes from using the collected water as a nursery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Australia, rainwater collection systems became standard accessories during the recent nine-year drought known as the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/drought-lessons-from-down-under/\">Big Dry\u003c/a>, but have been slower to catch on in California. During a previous four-year program, San Francisco issued fewer than 1,000 rebates for rain catchments within the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a tangible activity that people can do on their own to try and help address drought conditions,” said Hurley. “It won’t be the entire solution but it provides some benefit to home owners and the region.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rain barrels are available at most large hardware supply stores and hold between 50 and 200 gallons of water. A 100-gallon barrel costs about $200.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25178\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 681px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/rainwater-collection-system.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-25178\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/rainwater-collection-system.jpeg\" alt=\"rainwater collection system\" width=\"681\" height=\"511\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Many Northern California counties now offer rebates for rain barrels purchased for residential use. (Water Cache)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Water didn’t just pour into city streets during last week’s storm, it was also stashed away by rain harvesting enthusiasts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s crazy we have all this wasted water that is flooding our cities and we could be capturing and using it,” says Claire Elliot, a home owner in Palo Alto. Elliot has six barrels in her back yard that she uses to water her plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though they hold a total of 300 gallons of water, she says all six filled up within a couple of hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was excited to see them fill up but the question is whether I can use all the water before the next storm event.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water is not potable but can be used as “graywater,” for outdoor irrigation, laundry and dish washing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25225\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 339px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Acterra_rain-barrel.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-25225\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Acterra_rain-barrel.jpg\" alt=\"Volunteers for Acterra, an environmental non-profit, install rain barrels at Arastradero nature preserve in Palo Alto. (Acterra)\" width=\"339\" height=\"227\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Volunteers for Acterra, an environmental non-profit, install rain barrels at Arastradero nature preserve in Palo Alto. (Acterra)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It hasn’t been universally embraced. In parts of the West, rainwater harvesting has been outlawed, seen as an infringement on those who have downstream water rights on rivers where that rain might end up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Californians have legally been able to collect household runoff \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201120120AB1750\">without a permit\u003c/a> since 2012. In fact, several counties and the \u003ca href=\"http://bawsca.org/conservation/rain-barrel-rebate-program/\">Bay Area Water Supply & Conservation Agency\u003c/a> provide up to $100 in rebates for barrels or cisterns purchased for rainwater harvesting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BAWSCA has issued 75 rebates since launching its program in October. “We were getting calls the first day after the program was announced,” says Water Resources Manager Michael Hurley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco will start a similar program by spring of next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most systems for corralling rainwater use a barrel, a mesh screen and a diverter. As rainfall collects in rooftop gutters, instead of gushing out of downspouts it takes a detour through the diverter and into storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the first rush of water often contains contaminants like leaves, insects and animal waste, many diverters will capture this debris and prevent it from flowing into the barrel, and the mesh discourages mosquitoes from using the collected water as a nursery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Australia, rainwater collection systems became standard accessories during the recent nine-year drought known as the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/drought-lessons-from-down-under/\">Big Dry\u003c/a>, but have been slower to catch on in California. During a previous four-year program, San Francisco issued fewer than 1,000 rebates for rain catchments within the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a tangible activity that people can do on their own to try and help address drought conditions,” said Hurley. “It won’t be the entire solution but it provides some benefit to home owners and the region.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rain barrels are available at most large hardware supply stores and hold between 50 and 200 gallons of water. A 100-gallon barrel costs about $200.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24972\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 782px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/AA9Q7388-1024x682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-24972\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/AA9Q7388-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"A skier at Alpine Meadows Ski Resort on Friday after a Bay Area storm left more than a foot of snow in parts of the Sierra Nevada. (Jeff Engerbretson/Squaw Valley Alpine Meadows)\" width=\"782\" height=\"521\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A skier at Alpine Meadows on Friday after a Bay Area storm left more than a foot of snow in parts of the Sierra Nevada. (Jeff Engerbretson/Squaw Valley Alpine Meadows)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Strong winds and white-out conditions forced many Sierra Nevada ski resorts to close Thursday. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.weather.gov/\">National Weather Service\u003c/a> issued a blizzard warning and \u003ca href=\"http://www.dot.ca.gov/cgi-bin/roads.cgi\">Caltrans\u003c/a> urged travelers to use chains while traveling Highway 80 toward Tahoe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Friday, the roads cleared and many ski resorts opened after receiving almost two feet of snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.onthesnow.com/california/sugar-bowl-resort/ski-resort.html\">Sugar Bowl Resort\u003c/a>, near Donner Lake, got 22 inches and \u003ca href=\"http://www.onthesnow.com/california/alpine-meadows/ski-resort.html\">Alpine Meadows\u003c/a>, which opened for the first time this season, has 14 inches of new snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tegan Kopilenko, a spokeswoman for \u003ca href=\"http://squawalpine.com/\">Squaw Valley-Alpine Meadows\u003c/a>, said the storm improved ski trails near the base of the mountain, where the resort has been relying on man-made snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The lower parts don’t always get snow early,” Kopilenko said, “and this year they are, so it makes more of the mountain accessible to more people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra has had less snow this year in 2014, due partly to normal fluctuations temperature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Snow-pack-maps.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-24992\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Snow-pack-maps.png\" alt=\"Snow pack maps\" width=\"422\" height=\"383\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drought has played a minor role too, according to Greg Fall, a researcher at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nohrsc.noaa.gov/\">National Operational Hydrologic Remote Sensing Center\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because of the drought, we started off with almost no snow in the Sierra,” Fall said. “This storm has made a significant dent but it hasn’t turned it into a normal year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nohrsc.noaa.gov/nsa/index.html?region=Sierra_Nevada&year=2013&month=12&day=12&units=e\">75 percent\u003c/a> of the Sierra Nevada range was covered in snow; this year, it’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.nohrsc.noaa.gov/nsa/index.html?region=Sierra_Nevada&year=2014&month=12&day=12&units=e\">25 percent\u003c/a>, according to data from the Remote Sensing Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A storm the first week of December left little more than what Coop Cooper calls “snain” — a combination of snow and rain. Cooper is a public communications manager for \u003ca href=\"http://www.onthesnow.com/california/kirkwood/ski-resort.html\">Kirkwood Mountain Resort\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The rain came in really warm,” he said. Not this time, though. Kirkwood got 13 inches of snow in Thursday’s storm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Resorts can expect more snow next week as a new storm moves through the Bay Area Monday.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24972\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 782px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/AA9Q7388-1024x682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-24972\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/AA9Q7388-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"A skier at Alpine Meadows Ski Resort on Friday after a Bay Area storm left more than a foot of snow in parts of the Sierra Nevada. (Jeff Engerbretson/Squaw Valley Alpine Meadows)\" width=\"782\" height=\"521\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A skier at Alpine Meadows on Friday after a Bay Area storm left more than a foot of snow in parts of the Sierra Nevada. (Jeff Engerbretson/Squaw Valley Alpine Meadows)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Strong winds and white-out conditions forced many Sierra Nevada ski resorts to close Thursday. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.weather.gov/\">National Weather Service\u003c/a> issued a blizzard warning and \u003ca href=\"http://www.dot.ca.gov/cgi-bin/roads.cgi\">Caltrans\u003c/a> urged travelers to use chains while traveling Highway 80 toward Tahoe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Friday, the roads cleared and many ski resorts opened after receiving almost two feet of snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.onthesnow.com/california/sugar-bowl-resort/ski-resort.html\">Sugar Bowl Resort\u003c/a>, near Donner Lake, got 22 inches and \u003ca href=\"http://www.onthesnow.com/california/alpine-meadows/ski-resort.html\">Alpine Meadows\u003c/a>, which opened for the first time this season, has 14 inches of new snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tegan Kopilenko, a spokeswoman for \u003ca href=\"http://squawalpine.com/\">Squaw Valley-Alpine Meadows\u003c/a>, said the storm improved ski trails near the base of the mountain, where the resort has been relying on man-made snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The lower parts don’t always get snow early,” Kopilenko said, “and this year they are, so it makes more of the mountain accessible to more people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra has had less snow this year in 2014, due partly to normal fluctuations temperature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Snow-pack-maps.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-24992\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Snow-pack-maps.png\" alt=\"Snow pack maps\" width=\"422\" height=\"383\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drought has played a minor role too, according to Greg Fall, a researcher at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nohrsc.noaa.gov/\">National Operational Hydrologic Remote Sensing Center\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because of the drought, we started off with almost no snow in the Sierra,” Fall said. “This storm has made a significant dent but it hasn’t turned it into a normal year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nohrsc.noaa.gov/nsa/index.html?region=Sierra_Nevada&year=2013&month=12&day=12&units=e\">75 percent\u003c/a> of the Sierra Nevada range was covered in snow; this year, it’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.nohrsc.noaa.gov/nsa/index.html?region=Sierra_Nevada&year=2014&month=12&day=12&units=e\">25 percent\u003c/a>, according to data from the Remote Sensing Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A storm the first week of December left little more than what Coop Cooper calls “snain” — a combination of snow and rain. Cooper is a public communications manager for \u003ca href=\"http://www.onthesnow.com/california/kirkwood/ski-resort.html\">Kirkwood Mountain Resort\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The rain came in really warm,” he said. Not this time, though. Kirkwood got 13 inches of snow in Thursday’s storm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Resorts can expect more snow next week as a new storm moves through the Bay Area Monday.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "'Pineapple Express' Soaks Bay Area",
"headTitle": "‘Pineapple Express’ Soaks Bay Area | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24894\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Storm_GIF.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-24894 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Storm_GIF.gif\" alt=\"Storm_GIF\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A satellite image shows an atmospheric river, which brought rain and strong winds to the U.S. West Coast on Thursday. (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As city streets flood and power lines go down, don’t blame \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/drought-myth-busting-why-el-nino-wont-save-california/\">El Niño\u003c/a>. The epic storm that hit California early Thursday morning is caused by a water vapor filled low-pressure system called an atmospheric river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Long and narrow, it carries ten Mississippi Rivers’ worth of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Originating near Hawaii, this ‘Pineapple Express’ brings atmospheric moisture up to the West Coast. As it condenses, water vapor in the river falls as rain – or snow – at higher elevations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A handful of storms during California’s rainy season are atmospheric rivers that release large amounts of water in a short period of time. Although a megastorm can last more than a week, smaller atmospheric rivers usually last a few days. Annually, atmospheric rivers account for 30 to 50 percent of California’s precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”op29xT9KjaYGLxM5RebKoJBr5wxvJWJA”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These streams in the sky form near mid-latitudes. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/1188\">last large one\u003c/a> to hit the Bay Area was in February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With 80 percent of California in an extreme drought, the deluge could bring some areas back to their average annual rainfall totals, according to \u003ca href=\"http://scrippsscholars.ucsd.edu/mralph\">Marty Ralph\u003c/a>, a meteorologist with the \u003ca href=\"https://scripps.ucsd.edu/\">Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This will have a potentially useful impact on water supply during this drought,” said Ralph.”Some reservoirs will get a real benefit out of this,” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, some Bay Area counties are expected to receive more than a foot of water. Guerneville in Sonoma County has received nearly five inches of water in less than 24 hours. A blizzard warning is also in effect for the western slope of the northern Sierra Nevada, which could receive up to 3 feet of snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24844\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/NOAA.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-24844\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/NOAA.jpg\" alt=\"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) electronics engineer Tom Ayers conducting an atmospheric river observation at the Bodega Marine Laboratory in Bodega Bay, CA, on March 19, 2013.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) electronics engineer Tom Ayers conducting an atmospheric river observation at the Bodega Marine Laboratory in Bodega Bay on March 19, 2013. (California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After three years of little rain, some reservoirs like Uvas near Gilroy are at less than five percent of capacity. Fuller reservoirs may be one result of this storm, in addition to power outages, mudslides and blizzard conditions in the mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Expect “numerous trees down” due to gusts of wind measuring 50 miles per hour, said meteorologist Steve Anderson of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.weather.gov/\">National Weather Service\u003c/a>. “Most of the trees are in drought stress…so it won’t take much, if anything, to push them all over,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Damage from the storm, such as downed trees, power lines and mudslides, may extend from Mendocino to Monterey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For meteorologist Marty Ralph, who studies extreme atmospheric events, this storm is a chance to understand how the pressure system works, which could help prepare for future powerful storm events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the \u003ca href=\"http://bml.ucdavis.edu/\">UC Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory\u003c/a> in Bodega Bay, he measures soil moisture networks and uses rain gauges to track precipitation.”This is part of the beauty of science, we’re studying how this all works…in real time,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The storm is expected to clear tomorrow, as the atmospheric river of rain continues moving down the coast to San Diego, losing strength along the way.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The precipitation flooding many parts of the Bay Area is part of a low pressure system that is both common and uncommon during California's winter months.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24894\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Storm_GIF.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-24894 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Storm_GIF.gif\" alt=\"Storm_GIF\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A satellite image shows an atmospheric river, which brought rain and strong winds to the U.S. West Coast on Thursday. (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As city streets flood and power lines go down, don’t blame \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/drought-myth-busting-why-el-nino-wont-save-california/\">El Niño\u003c/a>. The epic storm that hit California early Thursday morning is caused by a water vapor filled low-pressure system called an atmospheric river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Long and narrow, it carries ten Mississippi Rivers’ worth of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Originating near Hawaii, this ‘Pineapple Express’ brings atmospheric moisture up to the West Coast. As it condenses, water vapor in the river falls as rain – or snow – at higher elevations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A handful of storms during California’s rainy season are atmospheric rivers that release large amounts of water in a short period of time. Although a megastorm can last more than a week, smaller atmospheric rivers usually last a few days. Annually, atmospheric rivers account for 30 to 50 percent of California’s precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These streams in the sky form near mid-latitudes. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/1188\">last large one\u003c/a> to hit the Bay Area was in February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With 80 percent of California in an extreme drought, the deluge could bring some areas back to their average annual rainfall totals, according to \u003ca href=\"http://scrippsscholars.ucsd.edu/mralph\">Marty Ralph\u003c/a>, a meteorologist with the \u003ca href=\"https://scripps.ucsd.edu/\">Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This will have a potentially useful impact on water supply during this drought,” said Ralph.”Some reservoirs will get a real benefit out of this,” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, some Bay Area counties are expected to receive more than a foot of water. Guerneville in Sonoma County has received nearly five inches of water in less than 24 hours. A blizzard warning is also in effect for the western slope of the northern Sierra Nevada, which could receive up to 3 feet of snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24844\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/NOAA.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-24844\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/NOAA.jpg\" alt=\"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) electronics engineer Tom Ayers conducting an atmospheric river observation at the Bodega Marine Laboratory in Bodega Bay, CA, on March 19, 2013.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) electronics engineer Tom Ayers conducting an atmospheric river observation at the Bodega Marine Laboratory in Bodega Bay on March 19, 2013. (California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After three years of little rain, some reservoirs like Uvas near Gilroy are at less than five percent of capacity. Fuller reservoirs may be one result of this storm, in addition to power outages, mudslides and blizzard conditions in the mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Expect “numerous trees down” due to gusts of wind measuring 50 miles per hour, said meteorologist Steve Anderson of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.weather.gov/\">National Weather Service\u003c/a>. “Most of the trees are in drought stress…so it won’t take much, if anything, to push them all over,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Damage from the storm, such as downed trees, power lines and mudslides, may extend from Mendocino to Monterey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For meteorologist Marty Ralph, who studies extreme atmospheric events, this storm is a chance to understand how the pressure system works, which could help prepare for future powerful storm events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the \u003ca href=\"http://bml.ucdavis.edu/\">UC Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory\u003c/a> in Bodega Bay, he measures soil moisture networks and uses rain gauges to track precipitation.”This is part of the beauty of science, we’re studying how this all works…in real time,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The storm is expected to clear tomorrow, as the atmospheric river of rain continues moving down the coast to San Diego, losing strength along the way.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"headTitle": "California’s Drought: Is it Global Warming? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24642\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/12290993595_30600f2df7_z-e1418080548549.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-24642\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/12290993595_30600f2df7_z-e1418080548549.jpg\" alt=\"12290993595_30600f2df7_z\" width=\"640\" height=\"359\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Uvas Reservoir north of Gilroy stood at less than four percent of its total capacity in early December. (Ian Abbott/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Federal climate scientists say that \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - Drought Watch\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/california-drought-watch/?=science_widget\">California’s drought\u003c/a>, now in its fourth year, is not likely the product of human-induced global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca title=\"NOAA - drought drivers report\" href=\"http://cpo.noaa.gov/ClimatePrograms/ModelingAnalysisPredictionsandProjections/MAPPTaskForces/DroughtTaskForce/CaliforniaDrought.aspx\">new report\u003c/a>, based on seven models that ran 160 “reenactments” of the last three years, concludes that “perhaps about two-thirds of the precipitation deficits” of the last three years have been the product of various convergent factors, including “a randomness of the atmosphere,” says Marty Hoerling, a climate scientist at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a>‘s Earth System Research Laboratory and one of the study’s co-authors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, it’s been mostly natural variability, which is science-speak for the random year-to-year fluctuations in precipitation that we would normally expect.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">The current California drought is ‘one of the most severe’ since 1895.\u003ccite>— Richard Seager,\u003cbr>\nColumbia University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Most climate models show that rising greenhouse gas emissions should produce more intense precipitation during California’s core mid-winter “rainy season” and less during the spring months, creating what lead author Richard Seager of Columbia University calls a “shorter, sharper rainy season.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That hasn’t been happening in recent years. Therefore, says Seager, “The events of the last three winters were primarily due to the natural variability of the atmosphere-ocean system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report has drawn fire from some scientists and commentators who say that it leaves out the effects of \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/01/15/heat-breaks-records-all-over-bay-area-weather\">record-high temperatures\u003c/a> in California this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brenda Ekwurzel, senior climate scientist at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsusa.org/\">Union of Concerned Scientists\u003c/a>, wrote in a response that, “The NOAA study points to natural variability, but it is important to note that these random variations are happening in the context of higher overall temperatures caused by climate change and warmer temperatures spell trouble for water in California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s well understood that \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/10/14/high-temps-intensified-california-drought/\">high temperatures tend to exacerbate drought\u003c/a> impacts, baking moisture out of the ground through increased evaporation and transpiration by plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”SJvxYJSRSSNAGhrem6PCh8609h1g5lSK”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, “Warmer temperatures are widening the gap between water supply and demand by contributing to earlier spring snow melt meaning less water is available when demands are the highest in mid-to-late summer,” said UCS climate scientist Juliet Christian-Smith in the same response. “As global warming continues, decreasing snowpack and earlier snowmelt — coupled with increasing demand for water — will likely exacerbate water shortages.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seager says the “main driver” of the drought has been lack of precipitation, which defied the predictive models amid rising carbon emissions, but he and Hoerling agree that it would be useful to “continue the analysis by looking at the land surface hydrology and working out what the role of increasing temperature was,” as Seager put it to reporters in a conference call.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydrologist Peter Gleick of the Oakland-based Pacific Institute says the NOAA report lends itself to misinterpretation because of the “fundamental difference between ’cause’ and ‘influence.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Asking whether climate changes ’caused’ the current drought is simply the wrong question,” Gleick wrote in an email to KQED. “While there remains plenty of interesting science to be done about how climate changes will cause extreme events in the future, we already see today a growing and clear influence of climate changes on storms and droughts around the world. The influence of human-caused climate change is already apparent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NOAA scientists acknowledge the historic nature of the drought itself. Seager describes it as “one of the most severe” since 1895, when the state began keeping precipitation records. Even with December coming down on the wet side so far, it’s impossible to say whether this winter will extend the drought or help bring an end to it, according to Seager and Hoerling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the last three years, California lost essentially one whole year’s worth of precipitation,” Seager notes.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Not really, says a new report from federal climate scientists. But others say that report doesn't show the whole picture.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24642\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/12290993595_30600f2df7_z-e1418080548549.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-24642\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/12290993595_30600f2df7_z-e1418080548549.jpg\" alt=\"12290993595_30600f2df7_z\" width=\"640\" height=\"359\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Uvas Reservoir north of Gilroy stood at less than four percent of its total capacity in early December. (Ian Abbott/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Federal climate scientists say that \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - Drought Watch\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/california-drought-watch/?=science_widget\">California’s drought\u003c/a>, now in its fourth year, is not likely the product of human-induced global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca title=\"NOAA - drought drivers report\" href=\"http://cpo.noaa.gov/ClimatePrograms/ModelingAnalysisPredictionsandProjections/MAPPTaskForces/DroughtTaskForce/CaliforniaDrought.aspx\">new report\u003c/a>, based on seven models that ran 160 “reenactments” of the last three years, concludes that “perhaps about two-thirds of the precipitation deficits” of the last three years have been the product of various convergent factors, including “a randomness of the atmosphere,” says Marty Hoerling, a climate scientist at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a>‘s Earth System Research Laboratory and one of the study’s co-authors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, it’s been mostly natural variability, which is science-speak for the random year-to-year fluctuations in precipitation that we would normally expect.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">The current California drought is ‘one of the most severe’ since 1895.\u003ccite>— Richard Seager,\u003cbr>\nColumbia University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Most climate models show that rising greenhouse gas emissions should produce more intense precipitation during California’s core mid-winter “rainy season” and less during the spring months, creating what lead author Richard Seager of Columbia University calls a “shorter, sharper rainy season.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That hasn’t been happening in recent years. Therefore, says Seager, “The events of the last three winters were primarily due to the natural variability of the atmosphere-ocean system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report has drawn fire from some scientists and commentators who say that it leaves out the effects of \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/01/15/heat-breaks-records-all-over-bay-area-weather\">record-high temperatures\u003c/a> in California this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brenda Ekwurzel, senior climate scientist at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsusa.org/\">Union of Concerned Scientists\u003c/a>, wrote in a response that, “The NOAA study points to natural variability, but it is important to note that these random variations are happening in the context of higher overall temperatures caused by climate change and warmer temperatures spell trouble for water in California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s well understood that \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/10/14/high-temps-intensified-california-drought/\">high temperatures tend to exacerbate drought\u003c/a> impacts, baking moisture out of the ground through increased evaporation and transpiration by plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, “Warmer temperatures are widening the gap between water supply and demand by contributing to earlier spring snow melt meaning less water is available when demands are the highest in mid-to-late summer,” said UCS climate scientist Juliet Christian-Smith in the same response. “As global warming continues, decreasing snowpack and earlier snowmelt — coupled with increasing demand for water — will likely exacerbate water shortages.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seager says the “main driver” of the drought has been lack of precipitation, which defied the predictive models amid rising carbon emissions, but he and Hoerling agree that it would be useful to “continue the analysis by looking at the land surface hydrology and working out what the role of increasing temperature was,” as Seager put it to reporters in a conference call.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydrologist Peter Gleick of the Oakland-based Pacific Institute says the NOAA report lends itself to misinterpretation because of the “fundamental difference between ’cause’ and ‘influence.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Asking whether climate changes ’caused’ the current drought is simply the wrong question,” Gleick wrote in an email to KQED. “While there remains plenty of interesting science to be done about how climate changes will cause extreme events in the future, we already see today a growing and clear influence of climate changes on storms and droughts around the world. The influence of human-caused climate change is already apparent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NOAA scientists acknowledge the historic nature of the drought itself. Seager describes it as “one of the most severe” since 1895, when the state began keeping precipitation records. Even with December coming down on the wet side so far, it’s impossible to say whether this winter will extend the drought or help bring an end to it, according to Seager and Hoerling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the last three years, California lost essentially one whole year’s worth of precipitation,” Seager notes.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Study: California Drought Most Severe Dry Spell in at least 1,200 Years",
"headTitle": "Study: California Drought Most Severe Dry Spell in at least 1,200 Years | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24540\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/droughtpic1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-24540 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/droughtpic1.jpg\" alt=\"A car sits in dried and cracked earth of what was the bottom of the Almaden Reservoir on January 28, 2014 in San Jose, California. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"430\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A car sits in dried and cracked earth of what was the bottom of the Almaden Reservoir south of San Jose on Jan. 28. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California’s current drought is pretty exceptional — like the driest in about a millennium — according to an article published today in the journal \u003cem>Geophysical Research Letters\u003c/em> by scientists with the University of Minnesota and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Massachusetts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how could they know that? There weren’t a lot of rain gauges in California in 800 A.D. — at least, not the plastic kind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So authors Daniel Griffin and Kevin Anchukaitis looked to tree-ring samples from California blue oaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24564\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/ring-core-ejon_ranch_DSC3975-243x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-24564\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/ring-core-ejon_ranch_DSC3975-243x162.jpg\" alt=\"Pencil-like tree-ring cores are collected non-destructively using a Swedish increment borer in May, 2014. (Daniel Griffin/University of Minnesota)\" width=\"320\" height=\"213\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pencil-like tree-ring cores are collected non-destructively using a Swedish increment borer in May, 2014. (Daniel Griffin/University of Minnesota)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“California’s old blue oaks are as close to nature’s rain gauges as we get,” said Griffin, a NOAA Climate and Global Change Fellow with Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. “They thrive in some of California’s driest environments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers collected their own blue oak tree-ring samples from south and central California, giving them a pretty good idea of yearly precipitation in the area back to 1293. They then augmented their samples with data from the \u003ca href=\"http://iridl.ldeo.columbia.edu/SOURCES/.LDEO/.TRL/.NADA2004/.pdsi-atlas.html\">North American Drought Atlas\u003c/a> and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Palmer Drought Severity Index.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The result: The study estimates that in the past 1,200 years, there have been 66 dry periods lasting three-to-nine years and 37 more-severe, three-year droughts. But not one of them has been as extreme as the one beginning in 2012, despite some years in the past seeing similarly low precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not only lack of rain that makes a drought, though. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/10/14/high-temps-intensified-california-drought/\">Record-high temperatures\u003c/a> added to California’s strife to make this dry spell the worst in more than 1,000 years, according to the study. The researchers estimate high temperatures have intensified the drought by about 36 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Berkeley geology professor and researcher Lynn Ingram said the study’s findings appear solid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The tree-ring records provide the highest resolution as they have annual growth layers,” she said, adding the study provides a “cautionary lesson” about how human-caused warming “may already be impacting climate and water in California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watch the California drought progress from the beginning of 2011 to the end of 2014 below. The NOAA U.S. Drought Monitor released the latest outlook today, up-to-date as of Dec. 2. More than half the state is now in “exceptional drought,” defined as “exceptional and widespread crop/pasture losses; shortages of water in reservoirs, streams, and wells creating water emergencies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://u.s.kqed.net/2014/12/04/DroughtMapOverTimeLargerupdateDecember.gif\" width=\"640\" height=\"710\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24592\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/drought-legend-1024x396.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-24592 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/drought-legend-1024x396.jpg\" alt=\"Click on the legend for a description of each drought category.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"396\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click on the legend for a description of each drought category.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This animation shows California’s drought through its development, from January, 2011 through early December 2014, as expressed by NOAA’s U.S. Drought Monitor.\u003c/em> (Olivia Hubert-Allen/KQED)\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24540\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/droughtpic1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-24540 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/droughtpic1.jpg\" alt=\"A car sits in dried and cracked earth of what was the bottom of the Almaden Reservoir on January 28, 2014 in San Jose, California. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"430\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A car sits in dried and cracked earth of what was the bottom of the Almaden Reservoir south of San Jose on Jan. 28. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California’s current drought is pretty exceptional — like the driest in about a millennium — according to an article published today in the journal \u003cem>Geophysical Research Letters\u003c/em> by scientists with the University of Minnesota and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Massachusetts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how could they know that? There weren’t a lot of rain gauges in California in 800 A.D. — at least, not the plastic kind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So authors Daniel Griffin and Kevin Anchukaitis looked to tree-ring samples from California blue oaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24564\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/ring-core-ejon_ranch_DSC3975-243x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-24564\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/ring-core-ejon_ranch_DSC3975-243x162.jpg\" alt=\"Pencil-like tree-ring cores are collected non-destructively using a Swedish increment borer in May, 2014. (Daniel Griffin/University of Minnesota)\" width=\"320\" height=\"213\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pencil-like tree-ring cores are collected non-destructively using a Swedish increment borer in May, 2014. (Daniel Griffin/University of Minnesota)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“California’s old blue oaks are as close to nature’s rain gauges as we get,” said Griffin, a NOAA Climate and Global Change Fellow with Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. “They thrive in some of California’s driest environments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers collected their own blue oak tree-ring samples from south and central California, giving them a pretty good idea of yearly precipitation in the area back to 1293. They then augmented their samples with data from the \u003ca href=\"http://iridl.ldeo.columbia.edu/SOURCES/.LDEO/.TRL/.NADA2004/.pdsi-atlas.html\">North American Drought Atlas\u003c/a> and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Palmer Drought Severity Index.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The result: The study estimates that in the past 1,200 years, there have been 66 dry periods lasting three-to-nine years and 37 more-severe, three-year droughts. But not one of them has been as extreme as the one beginning in 2012, despite some years in the past seeing similarly low precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not only lack of rain that makes a drought, though. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/10/14/high-temps-intensified-california-drought/\">Record-high temperatures\u003c/a> added to California’s strife to make this dry spell the worst in more than 1,000 years, according to the study. The researchers estimate high temperatures have intensified the drought by about 36 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Berkeley geology professor and researcher Lynn Ingram said the study’s findings appear solid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The tree-ring records provide the highest resolution as they have annual growth layers,” she said, adding the study provides a “cautionary lesson” about how human-caused warming “may already be impacting climate and water in California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watch the California drought progress from the beginning of 2011 to the end of 2014 below. The NOAA U.S. Drought Monitor released the latest outlook today, up-to-date as of Dec. 2. More than half the state is now in “exceptional drought,” defined as “exceptional and widespread crop/pasture losses; shortages of water in reservoirs, streams, and wells creating water emergencies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://u.s.kqed.net/2014/12/04/DroughtMapOverTimeLargerupdateDecember.gif\" width=\"640\" height=\"710\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24592\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/drought-legend-1024x396.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-24592 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/drought-legend-1024x396.jpg\" alt=\"Click on the legend for a description of each drought category.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"396\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click on the legend for a description of each drought category.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This animation shows California’s drought through its development, from January, 2011 through early December 2014, as expressed by NOAA’s U.S. Drought Monitor.\u003c/em> (Olivia Hubert-Allen/KQED)\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"soldout": {
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