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"title": "March Drought Update: A North-South Divide, and Where's the Snow?",
"headTitle": "March Drought Update: A North-South Divide, and Where’s the Snow? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27840\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/16484532037_8ab4219234_o-1024x683.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/16484532037_8ab4219234_o-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Lake McClure, on the Merced River downstream from Yosemite National Park, reached its lowest level ever in early February 2015 and is now at 8 percent of capacity. The reservoir is one of the 10 largest in California. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" class=\"size-large wp-image-27840\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lake McClure, on the Merced River downstream from Yosemite National Park, reached its lowest level ever in early February 2015 and is now at 8 percent of capacity. The reservoir is one of the 10 largest in California. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As others have written — notably Paul Rogers, managing editor of KQED’s Science unit and environmental writer for the San Jose Mercury News — one of the strong patterns that’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/drought/ci_27494057/california-drought-divide-emerging-northern-california-getting-much\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">emerged this winter\u003c/a> is an atypical divide between how much precipitation Northern California has gotten this “wet” season and how much is falling south of the latitude of, say, San Jose. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just to be clear, climatic records show that Northern California gets more rain than Southern California, period. But this winter, many locations in Northern California are at or even a little above their seasonal average for precipitation, thanks mostly to a very wet December, while to the south, many locations are lagging far behind seasonal rainfall. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, San Jose has gotten 11.74 inches of rain since Oct. 1, 104 percent of “normal.” Fresno, in the San Joaquin Valley, has gotten 4.58 inches, or 58 percent of normal. (Here’s a short list of these and other stations \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnrfc.noaa.gov/awipsProducts/RNOWRKCLI.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">from the California Nevada River Forecast Center\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One result of this general pattern is that there’s been a healthy increase in storage at big reservoirs in Northern California. \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryDaily?s=SHA&d=&span=1month\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Shasta Lake\u003c/a>, the state’s biggest reservoir, is at 78 percent of average for this date (though it’s just 58 percent full). \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryDaily?s=ORO&d=&span=1month\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lake Oroville\u003c/a>, the second-biggest storage facility, is at 70 percent of average and 49 percent full. Both are running far ahead of storage levels at this time last year. \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryDaily?s=FOL&d=&span=1month\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Folsom Lake\u003c/a> is actually above average, at 103 percent. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to the south, the bigger reservoirs are mostly in abysmal shape. \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryDaily?s=NML&d=&span=1month\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">New Melones\u003c/a>, on the Stanislaus River and the state’s fourth-biggest storage facility, is 25 percent full and 48 percent of average. \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryDaily?s=NML&d=&span=1month\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lake Don Pedro\u003c/a>, the No. 5 reservoir, is 43 percent full and 60 percent of normal. (See the Department of Water Resources \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/reservoirs/RES\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">daily summary of major reservoirs\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the state’s 10 biggest reservoirs, none is in as bad shape as \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryDaily?s=EXC&d=&span=1month\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lake McClure\u003c/a>, on the Merced River downstream from Yosemite. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A month ago, February 3, Lake McClure fell to its lowest level since it was filled in the 1960s. Per statistics from the state Department of Water Resources, its volume shrank to 63,489 acre-feet (remember, capacity is 1 million) and its surface was at 585.99 feet above sea level. That broke a record set during the six-year drought of 1986-1992, when the lake fell to 66,228 acre-feet, 588.48 surface elevation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lake McClure nadir during the terrible drought of 1976-77 — the drought that saw Shasta Lake and Lake Oroville, among others, fall to their record lows, was 72,200 acre-feet, 594 surface elevation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here’s an update to the update: The Department of Water Resources conducted its \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/news/newsreleases/2015/030315.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">third monthly snow survey\u003c/a> of the season earlier Tuesday. The measurement, taken in a meadow near Echo Summit on U.S. 50, high above Lake Tahoe, confirmed what the state’s network of electronic monitoring stations has been reporting on a daily basis: the Sierra snowpack remains shockingly thin. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the survey location itself, near Phillips Station, the water content of the snow is just 5 percent of its historical March 3 average. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DWR said its network of 103 stations have a composite average of 19 percent of the snow-water content typical for this time of year. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department notes that the only year in which snow was as scant as it is now was 1991. Then, the state’s water supply was saved by a “Miracle March” deluge that built up the snowpack and also dramatically increased the tiny volume of water stored in Lake McClure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To play forecast-watcher for a moment, NOAA’s Climate Prediction Center’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/predictions/610day/fxus06.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">six-to-10-day outlook\u003c/a> is showing a relatively high chance of above-median precipitation for most of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When might we see rain instead of just a forecast of rain? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Weather Service San Francisco Bay Area office in Monterey says models are pointing to \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/total_forecast/getprod.php?prod=XXXAFDMTR&wfo=MTR\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the possibility of a wet storm\u003c/a> arriving around the middle of next week. Between now and then, a familiar word: dry.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Uneven rainfall across the state has helped replenish Northern California reservoirs, while those to the south remain in mostly abysmal shape. Meantime, the latest snow report is in, and it's not good. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the state’s 10 biggest reservoirs, none is in as bad shape as \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryDaily?s=EXC&d=&span=1month\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lake McClure\u003c/a>, on the Merced River downstream from Yosemite. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A month ago, February 3, Lake McClure fell to its lowest level since it was filled in the 1960s. Per statistics from the state Department of Water Resources, its volume shrank to 63,489 acre-feet (remember, capacity is 1 million) and its surface was at 585.99 feet above sea level. That broke a record set during the six-year drought of 1986-1992, when the lake fell to 66,228 acre-feet, 588.48 surface elevation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lake McClure nadir during the terrible drought of 1976-77 — the drought that saw Shasta Lake and Lake Oroville, among others, fall to their record lows, was 72,200 acre-feet, 594 surface elevation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here’s an update to the update: The Department of Water Resources conducted its \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/news/newsreleases/2015/030315.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">third monthly snow survey\u003c/a> of the season earlier Tuesday. The measurement, taken in a meadow near Echo Summit on U.S. 50, high above Lake Tahoe, confirmed what the state’s network of electronic monitoring stations has been reporting on a daily basis: the Sierra snowpack remains shockingly thin. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the survey location itself, near Phillips Station, the water content of the snow is just 5 percent of its historical March 3 average. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DWR said its network of 103 stations have a composite average of 19 percent of the snow-water content typical for this time of year. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department notes that the only year in which snow was as scant as it is now was 1991. Then, the state’s water supply was saved by a “Miracle March” deluge that built up the snowpack and also dramatically increased the tiny volume of water stored in Lake McClure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To play forecast-watcher for a moment, NOAA’s Climate Prediction Center’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/predictions/610day/fxus06.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">six-to-10-day outlook\u003c/a> is showing a relatively high chance of above-median precipitation for most of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When might we see rain instead of just a forecast of rain? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Weather Service San Francisco Bay Area office in Monterey says models are pointing to \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/total_forecast/getprod.php?prod=XXXAFDMTR&wfo=MTR\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the possibility of a wet storm\u003c/a> arriving around the middle of next week. Between now and then, a familiar word: dry.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Greenhouse Effect Is Truly at Work, Observations Show",
"headTitle": "The Greenhouse Effect Is Truly at Work, Observations Show | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27644\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/CO2trends.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27644\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/CO2trends.png\" alt=\"Rising CO2 and rising greenhouse energy, 2000-2010\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graphs of energy trapped in the atmosphere due to extra CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>, as observed at the Southern Great Plains (SGP) and North Slope Alaska (NSA) sites. Red shows the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> effect, gray shows the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> concentrations and blue shows the trend of the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> effect. (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory/Nature)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Climate scientists have finally demonstrated that rising carbon dioxide in the air is trapping more of the sun’s heat. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature14240.html\">paper published Wednesday\u003c/a> has used a decade of painstaking measurements to confirm the basic greenhouse mechanism of global warming beyond a reasonable doubt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Physicists have foreseen greenhouse warming of the Earth since the 19th century, and the greenhouse effect is the foundation of climate-change science. This is accepted knowledge by now, but science is supposed to make really sure of things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The game of science is unusually precise. Since it’s spring training season, I’ll use an analogy from baseball. A ballplayer can hit a home run by batting the ball over the outfield fence—that’s when we all start cheering (or groaning)—but the run is not formally recorded until the umpires see the batter step on each base, in the right order, and set foot on home plate. The ballplayer has to go through all the motions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In climate science, it’s almost universally accepted that rising carbon dioxide (CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>) levels in the atmosphere are making the atmosphere warmer. That ball has been over the fence for many years now. But science has to go through all the motions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”oj2vZ9AgtEdUwds7jDURQccRXk5uNRoI”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greenhouse physics in the lab, many decades of weather observations and a wide range of computer models based on evidence from a million years of prehistory all support the scientific home run. But until now we haven’t gone through the motions for one question: Do we truly observe the mechanism for greenhouse warming on the ground, in the actual sunlight passing through the actual atmosphere?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This hasn’t been easy. Satellite observations show the top of the atmosphere, not the bottom where we live. Also, computer models are still models with many moving parts, and the measurements, whether from space or from the ground, are hard to make and subtle to interpret.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team of six scientists led by \u003ca href=\"http://esd.lbl.gov/about/staff/danielfeldman/\">Daniel Feldman\u003c/a>, of \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\">Lawrence Berkeley National Lab\u003c/a>, used 11 years of ground observations to demonstrate that the 6 percent rise in levels of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> since the year 2000 led to a 10 percent rise in CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>‘s share of the greenhouse effect, specifically the infrared energy kept within the blanket of the atmosphere. Their results were \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature14240.html\">published Wednesday\u003c/a> in the journal \u003ci>Nature\u003c/i>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data came from U.S. Department of Energy observation sites in \u003ca href=\"http://www.arm.gov/sites/sgp\">Oklahoma\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.arm.gov/sites/nsa\">Alaska\u003c/a> where \u003ca href=\"http://www.arm.gov/instruments/aeri\">exquisitely sensitive instruments\u003c/a> watch the skies at a wide range of wavelengths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The three most important greenhouse gases—water vapor, CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> and methane—absorb high-energy sunlight and re-emit it as long-wave infrared (heat) radiation, which is trapped underneath the atmosphere. Because each gas produces its own infrared “color” or blend of wavelengths, it’s possible to sort out their separate effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Feldman’s team used only data from clear skies, allowing them to ignore the weather. They made careful corrections for the temperature of the air and the instrument itself. And the length of the 11-year record allowed them to ignore seasonal ups and downs and extract a clean long-term trend at both sites, shown below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Statistics are always crucial in a study like this. Feldman’s results passed their statistical tests with flying colors. According to the standards that scientists follow, these results are real and robust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> effect is small, but it’s relentless and it adds up as surely as compound interest rewards an investor. And CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> isn’t the end of the story—because warmer air holds more water vapor, any warming due to rising CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> is amplified about three times. (This is another reason why a change in CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> of just a few parts per million is so significant.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The work of Feldman’s team also proves that direct, ground-based observations are now good enough to match the indirect, expensive satellite data we’ve relied on to understand global climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Baseball also has the informal tradition of the “neighborhood play,” in which an infielder rushing to touch a base ahead of an oncoming runner may only sort-of touch it in the interest of avoiding injury, but still have the umpire rule the runner out. Climate change debaters will no longer have that analogy when they argue that after all these years the umpires have never definitively, formally ruled on the greenhouse effect.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27644\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/CO2trends.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27644\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/CO2trends.png\" alt=\"Rising CO2 and rising greenhouse energy, 2000-2010\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graphs of energy trapped in the atmosphere due to extra CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>, as observed at the Southern Great Plains (SGP) and North Slope Alaska (NSA) sites. Red shows the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> effect, gray shows the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> concentrations and blue shows the trend of the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> effect. (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory/Nature)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Climate scientists have finally demonstrated that rising carbon dioxide in the air is trapping more of the sun’s heat. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature14240.html\">paper published Wednesday\u003c/a> has used a decade of painstaking measurements to confirm the basic greenhouse mechanism of global warming beyond a reasonable doubt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Physicists have foreseen greenhouse warming of the Earth since the 19th century, and the greenhouse effect is the foundation of climate-change science. This is accepted knowledge by now, but science is supposed to make really sure of things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The game of science is unusually precise. Since it’s spring training season, I’ll use an analogy from baseball. A ballplayer can hit a home run by batting the ball over the outfield fence—that’s when we all start cheering (or groaning)—but the run is not formally recorded until the umpires see the batter step on each base, in the right order, and set foot on home plate. The ballplayer has to go through all the motions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In climate science, it’s almost universally accepted that rising carbon dioxide (CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>) levels in the atmosphere are making the atmosphere warmer. That ball has been over the fence for many years now. But science has to go through all the motions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greenhouse physics in the lab, many decades of weather observations and a wide range of computer models based on evidence from a million years of prehistory all support the scientific home run. But until now we haven’t gone through the motions for one question: Do we truly observe the mechanism for greenhouse warming on the ground, in the actual sunlight passing through the actual atmosphere?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This hasn’t been easy. Satellite observations show the top of the atmosphere, not the bottom where we live. Also, computer models are still models with many moving parts, and the measurements, whether from space or from the ground, are hard to make and subtle to interpret.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team of six scientists led by \u003ca href=\"http://esd.lbl.gov/about/staff/danielfeldman/\">Daniel Feldman\u003c/a>, of \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\">Lawrence Berkeley National Lab\u003c/a>, used 11 years of ground observations to demonstrate that the 6 percent rise in levels of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> since the year 2000 led to a 10 percent rise in CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>‘s share of the greenhouse effect, specifically the infrared energy kept within the blanket of the atmosphere. Their results were \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature14240.html\">published Wednesday\u003c/a> in the journal \u003ci>Nature\u003c/i>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data came from U.S. Department of Energy observation sites in \u003ca href=\"http://www.arm.gov/sites/sgp\">Oklahoma\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.arm.gov/sites/nsa\">Alaska\u003c/a> where \u003ca href=\"http://www.arm.gov/instruments/aeri\">exquisitely sensitive instruments\u003c/a> watch the skies at a wide range of wavelengths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The three most important greenhouse gases—water vapor, CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> and methane—absorb high-energy sunlight and re-emit it as long-wave infrared (heat) radiation, which is trapped underneath the atmosphere. Because each gas produces its own infrared “color” or blend of wavelengths, it’s possible to sort out their separate effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Feldman’s team used only data from clear skies, allowing them to ignore the weather. They made careful corrections for the temperature of the air and the instrument itself. And the length of the 11-year record allowed them to ignore seasonal ups and downs and extract a clean long-term trend at both sites, shown below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Statistics are always crucial in a study like this. Feldman’s results passed their statistical tests with flying colors. According to the standards that scientists follow, these results are real and robust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> effect is small, but it’s relentless and it adds up as surely as compound interest rewards an investor. And CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> isn’t the end of the story—because warmer air holds more water vapor, any warming due to rising CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> is amplified about three times. (This is another reason why a change in CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> of just a few parts per million is so significant.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The work of Feldman’s team also proves that direct, ground-based observations are now good enough to match the indirect, expensive satellite data we’ve relied on to understand global climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Baseball also has the informal tradition of the “neighborhood play,” in which an infielder rushing to touch a base ahead of an oncoming runner may only sort-of touch it in the interest of avoiding injury, but still have the umpire rule the runner out. Climate change debaters will no longer have that analogy when they argue that after all these years the umpires have never definitively, formally ruled on the greenhouse effect.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Scientists Tackle a Dual Threat: More Acid, Less Oxygen in the Ocean",
"headTitle": "Scientists Tackle a Dual Threat: More Acid, Less Oxygen in the Ocean | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27418\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 593px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/HIOC-BML-photo-e1424466621114.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-27418\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/HIOC-BML-photo-e1424466621114.jpg\" alt=\"Marine scientists at work on Hog Island in Tomales Bay, California (Tessa Hill/UC Davis)\" width=\"593\" height=\"332\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Marine scientists at work on Hog Island in Tomales Bay, California. (Tessa Hill/UC Davis)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every summer for the past decade, fishermen and beachgoers along the Oregon coast have noticed dead crabs scattered along the shore, sometimes washed up in bunches. No one knows for sure why it’s happening, but scientists think “dead zones” formed by low oxygen levels in coastal waters could be the culprit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oceans absorb about a third of the carbon dioxide we pump into Earth’s atmosphere, which means that as we increase carbon dioxide in the air, we increase it in the ocean as well. The carbon dioxide reacts with water to create an acid, so that, over time, scientists with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration say, ocean acidity has risen by \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/What+is+Ocean+Acidification%3F\">about 30 percent\u003c/a> and oxygen levels have dropped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say the combined impacts of decreasing oxygen and increasing acidity could be disastrous for marine ecosystems and the humans who depend on them, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/oceans/acidification/state-vulnerability.asp\">not only in California and along the West Coast, but on the East and Gulf Coasts as well\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘It’s a big problem and we need people to work together to think integratively.’\u003ccite>— Tessa Hill, U.C. Davis\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Mollusks such as oysters and clams depend on minerals in the ocean to form their shells — specifically, calcium carbonate minerals. Increasingly acidic waters deplete the storehouse of calcium carbonate minerals, threatening the ability of shellfish to grow the structures in which they live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shellfish, and most other marine organisms, also need oxygen in the water to survive. When oxygen levels get to too low — a condition called hypoxia — it can kill them, which is what scientists think happened to the crabs on Oregon’s beaches. Canadian scientists in 2007 found that oxygen levels off the West Coast have already declined by 20 percent over the past 50 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Threat to Food and Fishing Economies\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/v5/n3/full/nclimate2508.html\">A study\u003c/a> published this week in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nclimate/index.html\">Nature Climate Change\u003c/a> found that oyster, clam, crab and other fisheries in the Pacific Northwest, Mid-Atlantic, New England and the Gulf of Mexico are \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/oceans/acidification-hotspots/default.asp\">among the most vulnerable\u003c/a> in the U.S. to the impacts of ocean acidification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2012 assessment conducted by the state of Washington estimated that ocean acidification has already cost the oyster industry in the Pacific Northwest more than $100 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a big problem and we need people to work together to think integratively,” says Tessa Hill, an oceanographer at U.C. Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why Hill and marine scientists from Canada, Washington, Oregon and California formed \u003ca href=\"http://westcoastoah.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The West Coast Ocean Acidification and Hypoxia Panel\u003c/a> last year. Working under the auspices of the \u003ca href=\"http://calost.org/\">California Ocean Science Trust\u003c/a>, the group aims to help governments plan for the future of a rapidly changing ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group released \u003ca href=\"http://westcoastoah.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/EnvisioningFutureSciLandscape-2015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">its first report\u003c/a> this month, outlining how scientific research can help policymakers craft smarter strategies for dealing with more acidic ocean waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Can Science Help?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nScientists need to know more about how the multiple effects of ocean acidification, warming waters, and other stressors affect marine life. The report recommends developing studies that use real-life time scales and large environments, outside the lab, to help make predictive modeling more accurate. For example, scientists are partnering with shellfish farmers to gather data on how shellfish are affected by the chemistry of the water they’re exposed to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report also recommends adding chemical and biological sensors to existing ocean buoys. That would cut the cost of installing the sensors and allow the network of ocean observers to share data more easily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another key idea is to share data between researchers and government to help policymakers evaluate programs already in place: marine protected areas, or water quality monitoring networks. Using feedback on how conservation programs are working, political leaders could, in theory, change policies as needed to be more effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists agree the long-term answer to ocean acidification is to decrease our fossil fuel emissions. Meanwhile, they hope to be able to foster resilience in marine ecosystems along West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are lots of groups coming together to try and address the problem in an innovative way,” Hill says.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27418\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 593px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/HIOC-BML-photo-e1424466621114.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-27418\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/HIOC-BML-photo-e1424466621114.jpg\" alt=\"Marine scientists at work on Hog Island in Tomales Bay, California (Tessa Hill/UC Davis)\" width=\"593\" height=\"332\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Marine scientists at work on Hog Island in Tomales Bay, California. (Tessa Hill/UC Davis)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every summer for the past decade, fishermen and beachgoers along the Oregon coast have noticed dead crabs scattered along the shore, sometimes washed up in bunches. No one knows for sure why it’s happening, but scientists think “dead zones” formed by low oxygen levels in coastal waters could be the culprit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oceans absorb about a third of the carbon dioxide we pump into Earth’s atmosphere, which means that as we increase carbon dioxide in the air, we increase it in the ocean as well. The carbon dioxide reacts with water to create an acid, so that, over time, scientists with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration say, ocean acidity has risen by \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/What+is+Ocean+Acidification%3F\">about 30 percent\u003c/a> and oxygen levels have dropped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say the combined impacts of decreasing oxygen and increasing acidity could be disastrous for marine ecosystems and the humans who depend on them, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/oceans/acidification/state-vulnerability.asp\">not only in California and along the West Coast, but on the East and Gulf Coasts as well\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘It’s a big problem and we need people to work together to think integratively.’\u003ccite>— Tessa Hill, U.C. Davis\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Mollusks such as oysters and clams depend on minerals in the ocean to form their shells — specifically, calcium carbonate minerals. Increasingly acidic waters deplete the storehouse of calcium carbonate minerals, threatening the ability of shellfish to grow the structures in which they live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shellfish, and most other marine organisms, also need oxygen in the water to survive. When oxygen levels get to too low — a condition called hypoxia — it can kill them, which is what scientists think happened to the crabs on Oregon’s beaches. Canadian scientists in 2007 found that oxygen levels off the West Coast have already declined by 20 percent over the past 50 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Threat to Food and Fishing Economies\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/v5/n3/full/nclimate2508.html\">A study\u003c/a> published this week in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nclimate/index.html\">Nature Climate Change\u003c/a> found that oyster, clam, crab and other fisheries in the Pacific Northwest, Mid-Atlantic, New England and the Gulf of Mexico are \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/oceans/acidification-hotspots/default.asp\">among the most vulnerable\u003c/a> in the U.S. to the impacts of ocean acidification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2012 assessment conducted by the state of Washington estimated that ocean acidification has already cost the oyster industry in the Pacific Northwest more than $100 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a big problem and we need people to work together to think integratively,” says Tessa Hill, an oceanographer at U.C. Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why Hill and marine scientists from Canada, Washington, Oregon and California formed \u003ca href=\"http://westcoastoah.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The West Coast Ocean Acidification and Hypoxia Panel\u003c/a> last year. Working under the auspices of the \u003ca href=\"http://calost.org/\">California Ocean Science Trust\u003c/a>, the group aims to help governments plan for the future of a rapidly changing ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group released \u003ca href=\"http://westcoastoah.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/EnvisioningFutureSciLandscape-2015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">its first report\u003c/a> this month, outlining how scientific research can help policymakers craft smarter strategies for dealing with more acidic ocean waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Can Science Help?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nScientists need to know more about how the multiple effects of ocean acidification, warming waters, and other stressors affect marine life. The report recommends developing studies that use real-life time scales and large environments, outside the lab, to help make predictive modeling more accurate. For example, scientists are partnering with shellfish farmers to gather data on how shellfish are affected by the chemistry of the water they’re exposed to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report also recommends adding chemical and biological sensors to existing ocean buoys. That would cut the cost of installing the sensors and allow the network of ocean observers to share data more easily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another key idea is to share data between researchers and government to help policymakers evaluate programs already in place: marine protected areas, or water quality monitoring networks. Using feedback on how conservation programs are working, political leaders could, in theory, change policies as needed to be more effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists agree the long-term answer to ocean acidification is to decrease our fossil fuel emissions. Meanwhile, they hope to be able to foster resilience in marine ecosystems along West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are lots of groups coming together to try and address the problem in an innovative way,” Hill says.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Obama Vetoes Keystone XL Pipeline Bill",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27556\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Keystone-XL-e1424815265118-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-27556\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Keystone-XL-e1424815265118-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Environmental activists inflate a long balloon to mock a pipeline during a demonstration in front of the White House in Washington, DC, on February 3, 2014 to protest against the Keystone pipeline project. (Jewel Samad /AFP/Getty Images)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Environmental activists inflate a long balloon to mock a pipeline during a demonstration in front of the White House in Washington, DC, on February 3, 2014 to protest against the Keystone pipeline project. (Jewel Samad /AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By Krishnadev Calamur\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2015/02/24/388738159/obama-to-veto-keystone-xl-pipeline-today-without-drama-or-fanfare-or-delay\">\u003cstrong>NPR\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The White House has notified the Senate that President Obama has, as promised, vetoed congressional legislation to fast-track approval of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/tags/140086821/keystone-xl-pipeline\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Keystone XL pipeline\u003c/a> project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Through this bill, the United States Congress attempts to circumvent longstanding and proven processes for determining whether or not building and operating a cross-border pipeline serves the national interest,” Obama said in the notification to the Senate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. State Department has been reviewing the pipeline for more than six years, working to determine whether it is in the national interest. Congressional Republicans want to circumvent that process and grant a permit immediately.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, R-Ky., said the Senate will vote no later than March 3 to override Obama’s veto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Republicans would need a two-thirds majority in each chamber to override Obama’s veto. They do not appear to have enough votes to do that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists both applauded the veto and urged further action. California financier and climate activist Tom Steyer urged Keystone opponents to press Obama to formally “reject TransCanada’s application to build the Keystone XL pipeline.” Today’s veto affects only the bill to force immediate approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2015/02/24/388738159/obama-to-veto-keystone-xl-pipeline-today-without-drama-or-fanfare-or-delay\">Read more\u003c/a> at NPR.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, R-Ky., said the Senate will vote no later than March 3 to override the veto. But Republicans do not appear to have enough votes to override the veto.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27556\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Keystone-XL-e1424815265118-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-27556\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Keystone-XL-e1424815265118-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Environmental activists inflate a long balloon to mock a pipeline during a demonstration in front of the White House in Washington, DC, on February 3, 2014 to protest against the Keystone pipeline project. (Jewel Samad /AFP/Getty Images)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Environmental activists inflate a long balloon to mock a pipeline during a demonstration in front of the White House in Washington, DC, on February 3, 2014 to protest against the Keystone pipeline project. (Jewel Samad /AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By Krishnadev Calamur\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2015/02/24/388738159/obama-to-veto-keystone-xl-pipeline-today-without-drama-or-fanfare-or-delay\">\u003cstrong>NPR\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The White House has notified the Senate that President Obama has, as promised, vetoed congressional legislation to fast-track approval of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/tags/140086821/keystone-xl-pipeline\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Keystone XL pipeline\u003c/a> project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Through this bill, the United States Congress attempts to circumvent longstanding and proven processes for determining whether or not building and operating a cross-border pipeline serves the national interest,” Obama said in the notification to the Senate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. State Department has been reviewing the pipeline for more than six years, working to determine whether it is in the national interest. Congressional Republicans want to circumvent that process and grant a permit immediately.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, R-Ky., said the Senate will vote no later than March 3 to override Obama’s veto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Republicans would need a two-thirds majority in each chamber to override Obama’s veto. They do not appear to have enough votes to do that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists both applauded the veto and urged further action. California financier and climate activist Tom Steyer urged Keystone opponents to press Obama to formally “reject TransCanada’s application to build the Keystone XL pipeline.” Today’s veto affects only the bill to force immediate approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2015/02/24/388738159/obama-to-veto-keystone-xl-pipeline-today-without-drama-or-fanfare-or-delay\">Read more\u003c/a> at NPR.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "2015 Picks Up Where 2014 Record Heat Left Off",
"headTitle": "2015 Picks Up Where 2014 Record Heat Left Off | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27417\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/drought-e1424450328699-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-27417\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/drought-e1424450328699-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Corn plants struggle to survive in a drought-stricken farm field near Oakton, Indiana. The corn and soybean belt in the middle of the nation is experiencing one of the worst droughts in more than five decades. (Scott Olson/Getty Images)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Corn plants struggle to survive in a drought-stricken farm field near Oakton, Indiana. The corn and soybean belt in the middle of the nation is experiencing one of the worst droughts in more than five decades.\u003cbr>(Scott Olson/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Andrea Thompson\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The warmth that led 2014 to become the hottest year on record has continued into 2015, with last month ranking as the second-hottest January on record globally, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/2015/1\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a> announced Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it is safe to say that the warmth so far in 2015 really is a continuation of the warmth in 2014,” NOAA climatologist Jake Crouch said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The past month was 1.39°F above the 20th century average of 53.6°F, second only to 2007 in the agency’s records, which go back to 1880. The Japan Meteorological Agency had January 2015 tied with both January 2002 and 2007, while \u003ca href=\"http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/tabledata_v3/GLB.Ts.txt\">NASA data\u003c/a> put the month in a tie for third with 2002, behind 2007 as the hottest and 2005 and 2013 as the second hottest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Different agencies handle global temperature data in slightly different ways, leading to small differences in monthly and yearly global temperature rankings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All three agencies \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/a-broken-record-2014-hottest-year-18546\">ranked 2014 as the warmest year\u003c/a> on record by a slim margin, driven by the accumulation of heat-trapping greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Nine of the 10 hottest years on record have all occurred in the 21st century, with the exception of the blockbuster El Nino year of 1998. There \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/2014-set-for-record-hot-record-cold-thing-of-the-past-18360\">hasn’t been a record cold year\u003c/a> set since 1911, while during the same period there have been 19 record-warm years, according to a Climate Central analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”yLG9ynkn9lCKKKkxlL4zBZteDo5NQJ9S”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2014 mark was largely driven by considerable heat in the world’s oceans, as illustrated in the above graphic of sea surface temperatures \u003ca href=\"http://www.nnvl.noaa.gov/MediaDetail2.php?MediaID=1673&MediaTypeID=1\">released by NOAA\u003c/a>. The map shows that parts of the Pacific were the second warmest on record and the Indian Ocean was the third hottest since 1982.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of warmth in the ocean,” NOAA climatologist Michelle L’Heureux said. Considering that the map shows such anomalous heat even compared to the past 30 or so years, when the signature of global warming had already emerged makes those rankings even more remarkable, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oceans on the whole were the third hottest on record for January 2015, according to NOAA. Record ocean warmth was seen off both coasts of North America; the hot waters off the West Coast has helped reinforce the unseasonably high temperatures and dry conditions in that part of the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other ocean areas were much warmer than normal, though there were some cool spots, most notably in the North Atlantic between Greenland and Europe where record-cold sea surface temperatures were recorded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How global temperatures shape up over the rest of the year remains to be seen, but the ocean tends to hang on to heat for much longer than land areas, which will keep temperatures elevated for awhile. And as \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/2015-begins-with-co2-above-400-ppm-mark-18534\">carbon dioxide\u003c/a> and other greenhouse gases continue to be emitted, the dice will be loaded to warmer and warmer years in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a> \u003cem>is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27417\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/drought-e1424450328699-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-27417\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/drought-e1424450328699-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Corn plants struggle to survive in a drought-stricken farm field near Oakton, Indiana. The corn and soybean belt in the middle of the nation is experiencing one of the worst droughts in more than five decades. (Scott Olson/Getty Images)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Corn plants struggle to survive in a drought-stricken farm field near Oakton, Indiana. The corn and soybean belt in the middle of the nation is experiencing one of the worst droughts in more than five decades.\u003cbr>(Scott Olson/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Andrea Thompson\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The warmth that led 2014 to become the hottest year on record has continued into 2015, with last month ranking as the second-hottest January on record globally, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/2015/1\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a> announced Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it is safe to say that the warmth so far in 2015 really is a continuation of the warmth in 2014,” NOAA climatologist Jake Crouch said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The past month was 1.39°F above the 20th century average of 53.6°F, second only to 2007 in the agency’s records, which go back to 1880. The Japan Meteorological Agency had January 2015 tied with both January 2002 and 2007, while \u003ca href=\"http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/tabledata_v3/GLB.Ts.txt\">NASA data\u003c/a> put the month in a tie for third with 2002, behind 2007 as the hottest and 2005 and 2013 as the second hottest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Different agencies handle global temperature data in slightly different ways, leading to small differences in monthly and yearly global temperature rankings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All three agencies \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/a-broken-record-2014-hottest-year-18546\">ranked 2014 as the warmest year\u003c/a> on record by a slim margin, driven by the accumulation of heat-trapping greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Nine of the 10 hottest years on record have all occurred in the 21st century, with the exception of the blockbuster El Nino year of 1998. There \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/2014-set-for-record-hot-record-cold-thing-of-the-past-18360\">hasn’t been a record cold year\u003c/a> set since 1911, while during the same period there have been 19 record-warm years, according to a Climate Central analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2014 mark was largely driven by considerable heat in the world’s oceans, as illustrated in the above graphic of sea surface temperatures \u003ca href=\"http://www.nnvl.noaa.gov/MediaDetail2.php?MediaID=1673&MediaTypeID=1\">released by NOAA\u003c/a>. The map shows that parts of the Pacific were the second warmest on record and the Indian Ocean was the third hottest since 1982.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of warmth in the ocean,” NOAA climatologist Michelle L’Heureux said. Considering that the map shows such anomalous heat even compared to the past 30 or so years, when the signature of global warming had already emerged makes those rankings even more remarkable, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oceans on the whole were the third hottest on record for January 2015, according to NOAA. Record ocean warmth was seen off both coasts of North America; the hot waters off the West Coast has helped reinforce the unseasonably high temperatures and dry conditions in that part of the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other ocean areas were much warmer than normal, though there were some cool spots, most notably in the North Atlantic between Greenland and Europe where record-cold sea surface temperatures were recorded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How global temperatures shape up over the rest of the year remains to be seen, but the ocean tends to hang on to heat for much longer than land areas, which will keep temperatures elevated for awhile. And as \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/2015-begins-with-co2-above-400-ppm-mark-18534\">carbon dioxide\u003c/a> and other greenhouse gases continue to be emitted, the dice will be loaded to warmer and warmer years in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a> \u003cem>is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "New Study: Global Warming Will Bring Megadroughts to the West",
"headTitle": "New Study: Global Warming Will Bring Megadroughts to the West | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27189\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Ten-century-drought.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27189\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Ten-century-drought.png\" alt=\"11 centuries of drought\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Drought conditions during the last thousand years (brown line), along with projected conditions for the rest of this century, point to unprecedented megadroughts. Details of this graph are shown below. (All images Cook/AAAS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists taking a hard look at America’s climate future foresee long-lasting droughts later in this century unlike any in the last thousand years. The primary blame belongs to global warming from human activities, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/1/1/e1400082\">study released today\u003c/a> in the new open-access journal \u003ci>Science Advances\u003c/i>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate forecasts for the whole globe are well established. The scientific community accepts that when you consider the planet as a single pixel, adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere inevitably makes the world hotter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, climate forecasts for smaller regions of the world– like individual continents– are more of a cutting-edge exercise. Models differ and uncertainties are important. But in this new study a team of three climate scientists—Benjamin Cook (NASA), Toby Ault (Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory) and Jason Smerdon (Cornell)—made regional forecasts that project intense drying in two large parts of the U.S.: the Central Plains and the Southwest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cook’s team started by taking a group of 17 leading computer climate models and running simulations of the climate from 1931 through 2099 that include rising average temperatures. They generated two alternative futures: 1) a “business-as-usual” simulation in which nothing much changes in our global greenhouse gas emissions; and 2) a more moderate scenario in which we make some progress in shrinking emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They asked the models specifically to predict the level of moisture in the soil in the Central Plains and the Southwest. They used three different measures, including the \u003ca href=\"http://www.drought.gov/drought/content/products-current-drought-and-monitoring-drought-indicators/palmer-drought-severity-index\">Palmer Drought Severity Index\u003c/a>. The PDSI is used by many agencies and is a common target in modeling studies. (After three years of scant rains, the Bay Area is sitting at \u003ca href=\"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/cmb/drought/recovery/current/curr-pmdi.gif\">a PDSI value below –4, or extreme drought\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cook’s team ran the models a thousand times and determined the statistically best results, the so-called Monte Carlo technique. The results are consistent: more heat and greater evaporation mean less water in the soil. For the second half of this century, the results point to a state of unrelenting severe drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27191\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/PDSI-NorthAmerica.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27191\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/PDSI-NorthAmerica.png\" alt=\"North American projected PDSI\" width=\"450\" height=\"278\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">PDSI levels for the whole period 2050 to 2099 under the business-as-usual scenario. Dashed lines outline the Central Plains and Southwest regions that were modeled for the \u003ci>Science Advances\u003c/i> study. Note that the Southwest region includes California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Their next step was to compare their 21st-century forecasts to the climate record of the past. For that they took the North American Drought Atlas (\u003ca href=\"http://iridl.ldeo.columbia.edu/SOURCES/.LDEO/.TRL/.NADA2004/.pdsi-atlas.html\">NADA\u003c/a>), a well-regarded record of summer droughts based on tree rings that goes back 2000 years and translates directly to PDSI numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are the results for the Southwest region since about 1750—approximately the historical record. The tree-ring record shows that the upcoming droughts would greatly exceed anything in the historical record. Note that California is part of this region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27190\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/southwest-droughtcurve.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27190\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/southwest-droughtcurve.png\" alt=\"Projected drought for the Southwest\" width=\"500\" height=\"426\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Forecasted drought in the Southwest in terms of PDSI (red) and two other measures of soil moisture (blue and green), compared with the NADA tree-ring record (brown) since 1750. The gray zone is the range of the 17 different climate models used.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The comparison for the Central Plains region is similar. Here it’s interesting to note that in the mid-1800s, just before settlement began, this part of the West was known as the “Great American Desert.” The study’s projections show the area is likely to return to that state and then get worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27192\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/midwest-droughtcurve.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27192\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/midwest-droughtcurve.png\" alt=\"Projected drought for the Central Plains\" width=\"500\" height=\"428\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Forecasted drought in the Central Plains region compared with the tree-ring record.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cook’s team looked farther back in time, and compared their 21st-century forecasts against the last thousand years of the tree-ring drought record. That record is our best gauge of natural variation, how much the climate swings back and forth on its own. The graph, at the top of this post, shows a future state of persistent drought exceeding everything in the last millennium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Severe “megadroughts” have happened in the past that lasted 10 years or longer. The authors fix the odds of one at about 12% during historical time. For the second half of this century, though, they put the chances of a megadrought at 80% or greater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our results,” they conclude, “point to a markedly drier future that falls far outside the contemporary experience of natural and human systems in Western North America.” Because we already pump more water out of the ground than the rains put back, the outlook is grim under business as usual and “nearly identical,” they say, under the more moderate scenario. It doesn’t take much thought to realize the changes that may be in store for the residents and ecosystems of these areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Look for \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/1/1/e1400082\">this paper, which is publicly readable\u003c/a>, to be discussed wherever climate change is debated. The beauty of open-access science like this is that it helps keep arguments focused and gives everyone the chance to consult the evidence for themselves.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27189\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Ten-century-drought.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27189\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Ten-century-drought.png\" alt=\"11 centuries of drought\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Drought conditions during the last thousand years (brown line), along with projected conditions for the rest of this century, point to unprecedented megadroughts. Details of this graph are shown below. (All images Cook/AAAS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists taking a hard look at America’s climate future foresee long-lasting droughts later in this century unlike any in the last thousand years. The primary blame belongs to global warming from human activities, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/1/1/e1400082\">study released today\u003c/a> in the new open-access journal \u003ci>Science Advances\u003c/i>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate forecasts for the whole globe are well established. The scientific community accepts that when you consider the planet as a single pixel, adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere inevitably makes the world hotter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, climate forecasts for smaller regions of the world– like individual continents– are more of a cutting-edge exercise. Models differ and uncertainties are important. But in this new study a team of three climate scientists—Benjamin Cook (NASA), Toby Ault (Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory) and Jason Smerdon (Cornell)—made regional forecasts that project intense drying in two large parts of the U.S.: the Central Plains and the Southwest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cook’s team started by taking a group of 17 leading computer climate models and running simulations of the climate from 1931 through 2099 that include rising average temperatures. They generated two alternative futures: 1) a “business-as-usual” simulation in which nothing much changes in our global greenhouse gas emissions; and 2) a more moderate scenario in which we make some progress in shrinking emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They asked the models specifically to predict the level of moisture in the soil in the Central Plains and the Southwest. They used three different measures, including the \u003ca href=\"http://www.drought.gov/drought/content/products-current-drought-and-monitoring-drought-indicators/palmer-drought-severity-index\">Palmer Drought Severity Index\u003c/a>. The PDSI is used by many agencies and is a common target in modeling studies. (After three years of scant rains, the Bay Area is sitting at \u003ca href=\"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/cmb/drought/recovery/current/curr-pmdi.gif\">a PDSI value below –4, or extreme drought\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cook’s team ran the models a thousand times and determined the statistically best results, the so-called Monte Carlo technique. The results are consistent: more heat and greater evaporation mean less water in the soil. For the second half of this century, the results point to a state of unrelenting severe drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27191\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/PDSI-NorthAmerica.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27191\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/PDSI-NorthAmerica.png\" alt=\"North American projected PDSI\" width=\"450\" height=\"278\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">PDSI levels for the whole period 2050 to 2099 under the business-as-usual scenario. Dashed lines outline the Central Plains and Southwest regions that were modeled for the \u003ci>Science Advances\u003c/i> study. Note that the Southwest region includes California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Their next step was to compare their 21st-century forecasts to the climate record of the past. For that they took the North American Drought Atlas (\u003ca href=\"http://iridl.ldeo.columbia.edu/SOURCES/.LDEO/.TRL/.NADA2004/.pdsi-atlas.html\">NADA\u003c/a>), a well-regarded record of summer droughts based on tree rings that goes back 2000 years and translates directly to PDSI numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are the results for the Southwest region since about 1750—approximately the historical record. The tree-ring record shows that the upcoming droughts would greatly exceed anything in the historical record. Note that California is part of this region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27190\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/southwest-droughtcurve.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27190\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/southwest-droughtcurve.png\" alt=\"Projected drought for the Southwest\" width=\"500\" height=\"426\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Forecasted drought in the Southwest in terms of PDSI (red) and two other measures of soil moisture (blue and green), compared with the NADA tree-ring record (brown) since 1750. The gray zone is the range of the 17 different climate models used.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The comparison for the Central Plains region is similar. Here it’s interesting to note that in the mid-1800s, just before settlement began, this part of the West was known as the “Great American Desert.” The study’s projections show the area is likely to return to that state and then get worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27192\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/midwest-droughtcurve.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27192\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/midwest-droughtcurve.png\" alt=\"Projected drought for the Central Plains\" width=\"500\" height=\"428\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Forecasted drought in the Central Plains region compared with the tree-ring record.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cook’s team looked farther back in time, and compared their 21st-century forecasts against the last thousand years of the tree-ring drought record. That record is our best gauge of natural variation, how much the climate swings back and forth on its own. The graph, at the top of this post, shows a future state of persistent drought exceeding everything in the last millennium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Severe “megadroughts” have happened in the past that lasted 10 years or longer. The authors fix the odds of one at about 12% during historical time. For the second half of this century, though, they put the chances of a megadrought at 80% or greater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our results,” they conclude, “point to a markedly drier future that falls far outside the contemporary experience of natural and human systems in Western North America.” Because we already pump more water out of the ground than the rains put back, the outlook is grim under business as usual and “nearly identical,” they say, under the more moderate scenario. It doesn’t take much thought to realize the changes that may be in store for the residents and ecosystems of these areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Look for \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/1/1/e1400082\">this paper, which is publicly readable\u003c/a>, to be discussed wherever climate change is debated. The beauty of open-access science like this is that it helps keep arguments focused and gives everyone the chance to consult the evidence for themselves.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Your Chance to Weigh In on the EPA's New Smog Proposal",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26786\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/RS8248_IMG_4424-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/RS8248_IMG_4424-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"Looking west across San Pablo Bay, a tanker crosses in front of Mount Tamalpais, showing the poor air quality in December, 2013. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26786\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Looking west across San Pablo Bay, a tanker crosses in front of Mount Tamalpais, showing the poor air quality in December, 2013. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The federal\u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/groundlevelozone/hearings.html\"> Environmental Protection Agency is holding a hearing\u003c/a> in Sacramento on Monday, Feb. 2, to hear public comment on new smog rules the Obama Administration says could prevent tens of thousands of asthma attacks and hundreds of premature deaths from air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hearing is one of just three across the nation where the EPA will listen to input on a \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/groundlevelozone/pdfs/20141125fs-overview.pdf\">new proposal\u003c/a> to reduce ozone from sources like diesel trucks, tractors, and oil refineries. The new standard would be 65-70 parts per billion (ppb), compared to today’s standard of 75 ppb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Certain areas of California register some of the worst ozone pollution in the nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Living in the Central Valley, it’s dangerous to your health. You take risks by living here,” says Rosanna Esparza, of Bakersfield, an environmental activist with \u003ca href=\"http://www.cleanwateraction.org/ca\">Clean Water Action\u003c/a>. “The standards as they are don’t protect us. Those are minimal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Joaquin Valley is still struggling to meet the current ozone standard, set in 2008, and an even older standard of 84 ppb from 1997. The San Joaquin Valley Air District \u003ca href=\"http://www.centralvalleybusinesstimes.com/stories/001/?ID=27419\">says it would take a miracle\u003c/a> to meet the new standard; they say it would mean people all over the valley would have to swap out their cars and diesel trucks for zero-emission vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lower ozone threshold would also mean some counties, like Alameda and Contra Costa, which don’t currently violate the ozone standard, would likely be out of compliance with federal air rules. (Check out a map \u003ca href=\"http://epa.maps.arcgis.com/apps/StorytellingSwipe/index.html?appid=a3c9f378699045749a85e9c04728fc79&webmap=3b3e0960060141c7828fc93b14e3d4d2\">here)\u003c/a>. Air quality flags warning of health risks would come out on more days of the year. Regions that don’t comply with the new standards risk fines and the loss of federal transportation money, among other consequences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oil and gas industry strongly \u003ca href=\"http://www.api.org/policy-and-issues/policy-items/environment/economic-impacts-of-ozone-regulations\">opposes the new smog rules\u003c/a>. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.cmta.net/page/legupdate-article.php?legupdate_id=921824\">California Manufacturers and Technology Association\u003c/a> says a lower ozone standard would cost businesses – and kill jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal law requires the EPA to base a decision on health science alone, not on the cost of achieving a standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you can’t make it to the hearing, you can \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/groundlevelozone/how-to-comment.html\">submit public comment \u003c/a>online through March 17th.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Regulators say the stricter new standard could save lives and reduce hospitalizations. Critics say it would be costly and would kill jobs. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26786\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/RS8248_IMG_4424-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/RS8248_IMG_4424-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"Looking west across San Pablo Bay, a tanker crosses in front of Mount Tamalpais, showing the poor air quality in December, 2013. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26786\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Looking west across San Pablo Bay, a tanker crosses in front of Mount Tamalpais, showing the poor air quality in December, 2013. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The federal\u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/groundlevelozone/hearings.html\"> Environmental Protection Agency is holding a hearing\u003c/a> in Sacramento on Monday, Feb. 2, to hear public comment on new smog rules the Obama Administration says could prevent tens of thousands of asthma attacks and hundreds of premature deaths from air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hearing is one of just three across the nation where the EPA will listen to input on a \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/groundlevelozone/pdfs/20141125fs-overview.pdf\">new proposal\u003c/a> to reduce ozone from sources like diesel trucks, tractors, and oil refineries. The new standard would be 65-70 parts per billion (ppb), compared to today’s standard of 75 ppb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Certain areas of California register some of the worst ozone pollution in the nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Living in the Central Valley, it’s dangerous to your health. You take risks by living here,” says Rosanna Esparza, of Bakersfield, an environmental activist with \u003ca href=\"http://www.cleanwateraction.org/ca\">Clean Water Action\u003c/a>. “The standards as they are don’t protect us. Those are minimal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Joaquin Valley is still struggling to meet the current ozone standard, set in 2008, and an even older standard of 84 ppb from 1997. The San Joaquin Valley Air District \u003ca href=\"http://www.centralvalleybusinesstimes.com/stories/001/?ID=27419\">says it would take a miracle\u003c/a> to meet the new standard; they say it would mean people all over the valley would have to swap out their cars and diesel trucks for zero-emission vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lower ozone threshold would also mean some counties, like Alameda and Contra Costa, which don’t currently violate the ozone standard, would likely be out of compliance with federal air rules. (Check out a map \u003ca href=\"http://epa.maps.arcgis.com/apps/StorytellingSwipe/index.html?appid=a3c9f378699045749a85e9c04728fc79&webmap=3b3e0960060141c7828fc93b14e3d4d2\">here)\u003c/a>. Air quality flags warning of health risks would come out on more days of the year. Regions that don’t comply with the new standards risk fines and the loss of federal transportation money, among other consequences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oil and gas industry strongly \u003ca href=\"http://www.api.org/policy-and-issues/policy-items/environment/economic-impacts-of-ozone-regulations\">opposes the new smog rules\u003c/a>. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.cmta.net/page/legupdate-article.php?legupdate_id=921824\">California Manufacturers and Technology Association\u003c/a> says a lower ozone standard would cost businesses – and kill jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal law requires the EPA to base a decision on health science alone, not on the cost of achieving a standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you can’t make it to the hearing, you can \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/groundlevelozone/how-to-comment.html\">submit public comment \u003c/a>online through March 17th.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Shrinking Sierra Snowpack Heightens Drought Worries",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26659\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/20150118094856_IMG_2760-1024x682.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-26659\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/20150118094856_IMG_2760-1024x682.jpeg\" alt=\"Barren shores at Fallen Leaf Lake in January. (Joanne Elgart-Jennings)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Barren shores remain in January at Fallen Leaf Lake, more than 6,000 feet above sea level in the northern Sierra. (Joanne Elgart-Jennings)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Manual surveys on Thursday confirmed concerns over the \u003ca title=\"CDEC - snowpack\" href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">withering mountain snowpack\u003c/a> — a critical source of water for millions of Californians. Statewide, water content in the Sierra’s accumulated snows is an anemic 25 percent of the average for this time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s despite a really soggy December in which some California cities got nearly three times their normal rainfall — and rainfall is the operative word. But those storms weren’t cold enough to deliver much snow to the middle elevations. 2014 went down as California’s warmest year on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The temperature side of things should not be neglected here, says climatologist Kelly Redmond, who has been tracking patterns in the Sierra for 25 years at the Western Regional Climate Center in Reno. “It has its own consequences that sort of stack on top of the precipitation deficits.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Lake Tahoe region, Redmond says the “\u003ca title=\"Wiki - freezing level\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezing_level\">freezing level\u003c/a>” — the elevation at which temperatures dip to freezing — has hovered at around 10,200 feet, or about 3,000 feet higher than the long-term average. That means less snow stored in the high peaks for use this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Follow that with what is now looking like a record-dry January for most of the state — and you’re left with a snowpack that is little more than a quarter of what’s normal for this date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news: we’re in better shape than we were last year at this time but still far, far behind the kind of winter that all the experts said we would need to even begin to reverse the drought. While, thanks to December’s deluge, many cities in the Central Valley remain slightly ahead of normal for the season so far a \u003ca title=\"CDEC - 8-station index\" href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/reports/PLOT_ESI\">closely-watched index\u003c/a> of eight gauges in the northern Sierra — a key indicator for some of the state’s biggest reservoirs — has slipped below its average for late January, with little indication of major storms on the horizon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So while might be tempting to say, “Hey, what’s the problem — we’re running just about average,” state water managers have said California would likely need upward of 150 percent of its average precipitation to start turning things around. And time is running out. The occasional “March miracle” notwithstanding, the rhythms of California’s Mediterranean climate are such that precipitation typically starts tapering off after February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This video from the state Department of Water Resources shows how patchy the snow cover is, even around 7,000 feet of elevation. The “12 percent of average” that surveyor Frank Gehrke mentions is the reading from the single snow course where the video was shot, not the statewide number.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F3qA3ysiHkM\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26659\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/20150118094856_IMG_2760-1024x682.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-26659\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/20150118094856_IMG_2760-1024x682.jpeg\" alt=\"Barren shores at Fallen Leaf Lake in January. (Joanne Elgart-Jennings)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Barren shores remain in January at Fallen Leaf Lake, more than 6,000 feet above sea level in the northern Sierra. (Joanne Elgart-Jennings)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Manual surveys on Thursday confirmed concerns over the \u003ca title=\"CDEC - snowpack\" href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">withering mountain snowpack\u003c/a> — a critical source of water for millions of Californians. Statewide, water content in the Sierra’s accumulated snows is an anemic 25 percent of the average for this time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s despite a really soggy December in which some California cities got nearly three times their normal rainfall — and rainfall is the operative word. But those storms weren’t cold enough to deliver much snow to the middle elevations. 2014 went down as California’s warmest year on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The temperature side of things should not be neglected here, says climatologist Kelly Redmond, who has been tracking patterns in the Sierra for 25 years at the Western Regional Climate Center in Reno. “It has its own consequences that sort of stack on top of the precipitation deficits.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Lake Tahoe region, Redmond says the “\u003ca title=\"Wiki - freezing level\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezing_level\">freezing level\u003c/a>” — the elevation at which temperatures dip to freezing — has hovered at around 10,200 feet, or about 3,000 feet higher than the long-term average. That means less snow stored in the high peaks for use this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Follow that with what is now looking like a record-dry January for most of the state — and you’re left with a snowpack that is little more than a quarter of what’s normal for this date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news: we’re in better shape than we were last year at this time but still far, far behind the kind of winter that all the experts said we would need to even begin to reverse the drought. While, thanks to December’s deluge, many cities in the Central Valley remain slightly ahead of normal for the season so far a \u003ca title=\"CDEC - 8-station index\" href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/reports/PLOT_ESI\">closely-watched index\u003c/a> of eight gauges in the northern Sierra — a key indicator for some of the state’s biggest reservoirs — has slipped below its average for late January, with little indication of major storms on the horizon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So while might be tempting to say, “Hey, what’s the problem — we’re running just about average,” state water managers have said California would likely need upward of 150 percent of its average precipitation to start turning things around. And time is running out. The occasional “March miracle” notwithstanding, the rhythms of California’s Mediterranean climate are such that precipitation typically starts tapering off after February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This video from the state Department of Water Resources shows how patchy the snow cover is, even around 7,000 feet of elevation. The “12 percent of average” that surveyor Frank Gehrke mentions is the reading from the single snow course where the video was shot, not the statewide number.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/F3qA3ysiHkM'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/F3qA3ysiHkM'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "NASA Satellite Could Help Weather Forecasts, Drought Management",
"headTitle": "NASA Satellite Could Help Weather Forecasts, Drought Management | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26631\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 620px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/SMAP.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26631\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/SMAP.png\" alt=\"NASA's SMAP satellite will capture microwave radiation from the Earth to measure soil moisture. (NASA)\" width=\"620\" height=\"300\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s SMAP satellite will capture microwave radiation from the Earth to measure soil moisture. (NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Thursday morning a rocket was scheduled to lift off from \u003ca href=\"http://www.vandenberg.af.mil/\">Vandenberg Air Force Base \u003c/a>on California’s Central Coast, tricked out with instruments that could provide better weather forecasts and more clues to where the drought is headed. (Update: NASA \u003ca title=\"Yahoo News - post\" href=\"http://news.yahoo.com/nasa-calls-off-satellite-launch-minutes-liftoff-due-151253584.html;_ylt=AwrTcc1wW8pUCW8AwGEnnIlQ\">rescheduled Thursday’s launch\u003c/a> for Saturday due to high winds and technical problems).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not one of NASA’s catchier names, but the \u003ca title=\"NASA - JPL - SMAP\" href=\"http://smap.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/description/\">satellite known as SMAP\u003c/a>, for “Soil Moisture Active Passive” is designed to provide — for the first time — highly precise maps of water stored in topsoil around the world. Scientists say that’s an important cog in the planet’s water cycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Much like when you perspire, your sweat evaporates and cools your body,” offers Kent Kellogg, the mission’s project director at the Jet Propulsion Lab in Pasadena.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As it evaporates it seeds the atmosphere with moisture, so that clouds can form, and then precipitation can occur.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From more than 400 miles up, SMAP will measure differences in natural microwave radiation coming off the Earth. Kellogg likens it to a big pair of night vision goggles in the sky, but measuring radiation on a much lower frequency (so, no, it doesn’t mean NASA can watch you skulking around at night). Wetter soil is cooler and drier soil warmer. From that, scientists can derive water content accurate down to about 6 square miles. Kellogg says that could improve local flood forecasting and drought management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you know how much water is in the soil, if you think of soil as a sponge and you know how full of water that soil or that sponge is, you can have a much better prediction of the likelihood for flooding to occur,” explains Kellogg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GCBBEbKVwm4\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently soil moisture is mapped using a relatively sparse network of individual ground-level probes. SMAP will constantly map soil conditions globally. Record high temperatures have \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/10/14/high-temps-intensified-california-drought/\">stoked evaporation from soils\u003c/a>, making California’s current drought even worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“SMAP will give us a much more accurate measurement of the rate of change of drought-prone areas,” says Kellogg. “Are they getting larger or getting smaller?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’ve been getting larger in California lately, given the \u003ca title=\"SFGate - post\" href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Destructive-extremes-California-s-dry-January-6041530.php\">historically dry January\u003c/a> that’s just winding down, with little precipitation on the horizon. Of course, it’s hard to see clearly more than about ten days out with current weather models. NASA expects SMAP to help with that as well, possibly adding days to the range of reliable regional forecasts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Understanding soil moisture conditions in regional areas can give us a lot of insight into the likelihood for rain to form and for the regional temperatures,” says Kellogg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But SMAP will have its limitations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do not expect to use SMAP data at this point,” says Roger Bales, a climate scientist at the University of California, Merced, “in part because we do not expect it to provide relevant soil moisture information for the areas where we work.” Bales has spent years developing a ground-based network of sensors to measure soil and other hydrologic conditions in the Sierra Nevada, much of which is heavily forested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“SMAP has some limitations on measurements of soil moisture when the soil is covered by canopy,” or snow in a wet year, Bales points out. “We also understand that SMAP will mainly measure moisture in a thin surface layer of soil, and our interest is more on the deeper soil profile.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with its 20 or so ground passes per day, Kellogg expects SMAP to provide useful data on more exposed ground, such as the millions of acres of irrigated land in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SMAP will be the fifth and final addition to a suite of recently launched earth science satellites that track attributes ranging from precipitation to the carbon cycle.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26631\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 620px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/SMAP.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26631\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/SMAP.png\" alt=\"NASA's SMAP satellite will capture microwave radiation from the Earth to measure soil moisture. (NASA)\" width=\"620\" height=\"300\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s SMAP satellite will capture microwave radiation from the Earth to measure soil moisture. (NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Thursday morning a rocket was scheduled to lift off from \u003ca href=\"http://www.vandenberg.af.mil/\">Vandenberg Air Force Base \u003c/a>on California’s Central Coast, tricked out with instruments that could provide better weather forecasts and more clues to where the drought is headed. (Update: NASA \u003ca title=\"Yahoo News - post\" href=\"http://news.yahoo.com/nasa-calls-off-satellite-launch-minutes-liftoff-due-151253584.html;_ylt=AwrTcc1wW8pUCW8AwGEnnIlQ\">rescheduled Thursday’s launch\u003c/a> for Saturday due to high winds and technical problems).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not one of NASA’s catchier names, but the \u003ca title=\"NASA - JPL - SMAP\" href=\"http://smap.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/description/\">satellite known as SMAP\u003c/a>, for “Soil Moisture Active Passive” is designed to provide — for the first time — highly precise maps of water stored in topsoil around the world. Scientists say that’s an important cog in the planet’s water cycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Much like when you perspire, your sweat evaporates and cools your body,” offers Kent Kellogg, the mission’s project director at the Jet Propulsion Lab in Pasadena.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As it evaporates it seeds the atmosphere with moisture, so that clouds can form, and then precipitation can occur.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From more than 400 miles up, SMAP will measure differences in natural microwave radiation coming off the Earth. Kellogg likens it to a big pair of night vision goggles in the sky, but measuring radiation on a much lower frequency (so, no, it doesn’t mean NASA can watch you skulking around at night). Wetter soil is cooler and drier soil warmer. From that, scientists can derive water content accurate down to about 6 square miles. Kellogg says that could improve local flood forecasting and drought management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you know how much water is in the soil, if you think of soil as a sponge and you know how full of water that soil or that sponge is, you can have a much better prediction of the likelihood for flooding to occur,” explains Kellogg.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/GCBBEbKVwm4'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/GCBBEbKVwm4'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Currently soil moisture is mapped using a relatively sparse network of individual ground-level probes. SMAP will constantly map soil conditions globally. Record high temperatures have \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/10/14/high-temps-intensified-california-drought/\">stoked evaporation from soils\u003c/a>, making California’s current drought even worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“SMAP will give us a much more accurate measurement of the rate of change of drought-prone areas,” says Kellogg. “Are they getting larger or getting smaller?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’ve been getting larger in California lately, given the \u003ca title=\"SFGate - post\" href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Destructive-extremes-California-s-dry-January-6041530.php\">historically dry January\u003c/a> that’s just winding down, with little precipitation on the horizon. Of course, it’s hard to see clearly more than about ten days out with current weather models. NASA expects SMAP to help with that as well, possibly adding days to the range of reliable regional forecasts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Understanding soil moisture conditions in regional areas can give us a lot of insight into the likelihood for rain to form and for the regional temperatures,” says Kellogg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But SMAP will have its limitations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do not expect to use SMAP data at this point,” says Roger Bales, a climate scientist at the University of California, Merced, “in part because we do not expect it to provide relevant soil moisture information for the areas where we work.” Bales has spent years developing a ground-based network of sensors to measure soil and other hydrologic conditions in the Sierra Nevada, much of which is heavily forested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“SMAP has some limitations on measurements of soil moisture when the soil is covered by canopy,” or snow in a wet year, Bales points out. “We also understand that SMAP will mainly measure moisture in a thin surface layer of soil, and our interest is more on the deeper soil profile.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with its 20 or so ground passes per day, Kellogg expects SMAP to provide useful data on more exposed ground, such as the millions of acres of irrigated land in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SMAP will be the fifth and final addition to a suite of recently launched earth science satellites that track attributes ranging from precipitation to the carbon cycle.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "'Ridiculous Ridge' May Be Back to Prolong California Drought",
"headTitle": "‘Ridiculous Ridge’ May Be Back to Prolong California Drought | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/01/20150123ScienceResilientRidge.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26562\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Ridge-image-e1422037269149-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26562 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Ridge-image-e1422037269149-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Clouds dissipate over San Pablo Bay after the season’s most intense storm on December 11. There’s been relatively little rain since. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Clouds dissipate over San Pablo Bay after the season’s most intense storm on December 11. There’s been relatively little rain since. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You might’ve noticed a conspicuous absence lately: rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, with a scant few days remaining in the month, much of Northern California is on track for a record-dry January. The winter storms that had us scrambling in December have largely dried up, raising the prospect of a fourth year of drought. We had two big bursts that qualify as \u003ca title=\"Q-NewsFix - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/12/09/our-next-storm-very-windy-and-very-wet\">atmospheric river storms\u003c/a> and then … crickets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If this sounds somewhat familiar, flash back to the beginning of 2013, when, after a similarly soggy December, almost in sync with the New Year’s ball dropping in Times Square, the tap suddenly shut off — and stayed off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turned out that a big, bloated bubble of high pressure had parked itself over the West Coast and did not move. It caught the eye of Daniel Swain, then a 23-year-old doctoral student in climate science at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was going on and on, well beyond that maximum that we normally see and persisting over months,” Swain recalls. “And not only over months but then recurring essentially over the course of two consecutive winter seasons.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He started writing about it on his \u003ca title=\"Weather West\" href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/1085\">California Weather blog\u003c/a> and decided to give it a name: the \u003ca title=\"CA Wx Blog - post\" href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/1085\">Ridiculously Resilient Ridge\u003c/a>. It stuck. In fact, the “Triple-R” as it’s now known in weather geek shorthand, has become enough of “a thing” that it has \u003ca title=\"Wiki - RRR\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridiculously_Resilient_Ridge\">its own Wikipedia page\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26565\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Ridiculously-Reilent-Ridge-graphic-e1422040126985-1024x629.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26565 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Ridiculously-Reilent-Ridge-graphic-e1422040126985-1024x629.jpg\" alt=\"Print\" width=\"1024\" height=\"629\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Storms headed for the California coast run into the Ridiculously Resilient Ridge, represented by the “H” in this graphic. (David Pierce/ KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Pockets of high and low pressure — meteorologists like to call them “ridges” and “troughs” — are a regular feature of California’s winter weather, moving through like waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These pressure patterns in the upper atmosphere define wind flow,” Swain explains, “and where the wind’s coming from defines the storm track and whether California receives its wintertime precipitation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or doesn’t. When we’re in a trough, the usual winter storm track in the Pacific is ushered right into California. But as Swain points out, “When it’s pushed farther north, as has been the case when we see these big ridges of high pressure occur, that storm track gets shifted well to the north, to British Columbia, to Alaska.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As weatherman Paul Deanno at San Francisco’s CBS-5 put it, “It’s like a bouncer in the sky. Nothing makes it here with the ridge right on top of us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swain offers another image: “They’re like boulders in a small stream of water that deflect the flow of the water to either side of the boulder.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this case, that stream is the jet stream, the high-level winds that are the conveyor belt for California’s rain and snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And it’s kind of literally true,” Swain says, “because these pressure patterns in the atmosphere are actually defining fluid flow, except in this case the fluid is air in the atmosphere rather than water in a stream.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26572\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 305px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Daniel-Swain-e1422041073843-782x1024.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26572 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Daniel-Swain-e1422041073843-782x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Stanford climate scientist Daniel Swain coined the “Ridiculously Resilient Ridge” moniker. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"305\" height=\"399\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stanford climate scientist Daniel Swain coined the “Ridiculously Resilient Ridge” moniker. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So now, here we are again, with an obstinate ridge parked over us. Does this mean the Triple-R has returned?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No,” California State Climatologist Mike Anderson told me at a recent drought briefing. “This is very different from the pattern that set up last year, where we had a ridge that extended up into Canada, and was reinforced and lasted six weeks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The pattern we’re in now is more of a transient pattern where you may see a ridge develop but it may just as easily break down,” Anderson continued. “In this case, the patterns that we see in the jet streams and the oceans are not all moving in the same direction to create such a ridge. The jet stream is in a position where it will push through and will have an easier time than it did last year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swain \u003ca title=\"CA Wx Blog - post\" href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/2853\">agrees that the jury is out\u003c/a>, though the current high-pressure pattern has remained in control for more than a month now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But this is a really critical time of year,” he adds. And if this high-pressure stays parked into February? “Then we have to start thinking about the potential that we’re looking at another dry year, despite the fact that we saw so much rainfall in early December,” Swain says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some other things we don’t know: whether this is some kind of “new normal” and if it is, whether human-induced climate change is to blame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What we do know is that winter doesn’t last all year. January is the middle leg of a three-month stretch in which California typically gets half its precipitation (in the Bay Area, December, January and February are virtually tied for the wettest months on average). And while there have been “March miracles,” at some point, time runs out.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26562\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Ridge-image-e1422037269149-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26562 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Ridge-image-e1422037269149-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Clouds dissipate over San Pablo Bay after the season’s most intense storm on December 11. There’s been relatively little rain since. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Clouds dissipate over San Pablo Bay after the season’s most intense storm on December 11. There’s been relatively little rain since. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You might’ve noticed a conspicuous absence lately: rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, with a scant few days remaining in the month, much of Northern California is on track for a record-dry January. The winter storms that had us scrambling in December have largely dried up, raising the prospect of a fourth year of drought. We had two big bursts that qualify as \u003ca title=\"Q-NewsFix - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/12/09/our-next-storm-very-windy-and-very-wet\">atmospheric river storms\u003c/a> and then … crickets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If this sounds somewhat familiar, flash back to the beginning of 2013, when, after a similarly soggy December, almost in sync with the New Year’s ball dropping in Times Square, the tap suddenly shut off — and stayed off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turned out that a big, bloated bubble of high pressure had parked itself over the West Coast and did not move. It caught the eye of Daniel Swain, then a 23-year-old doctoral student in climate science at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was going on and on, well beyond that maximum that we normally see and persisting over months,” Swain recalls. “And not only over months but then recurring essentially over the course of two consecutive winter seasons.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He started writing about it on his \u003ca title=\"Weather West\" href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/1085\">California Weather blog\u003c/a> and decided to give it a name: the \u003ca title=\"CA Wx Blog - post\" href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/1085\">Ridiculously Resilient Ridge\u003c/a>. It stuck. In fact, the “Triple-R” as it’s now known in weather geek shorthand, has become enough of “a thing” that it has \u003ca title=\"Wiki - RRR\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridiculously_Resilient_Ridge\">its own Wikipedia page\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26565\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Ridiculously-Reilent-Ridge-graphic-e1422040126985-1024x629.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26565 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Ridiculously-Reilent-Ridge-graphic-e1422040126985-1024x629.jpg\" alt=\"Print\" width=\"1024\" height=\"629\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Storms headed for the California coast run into the Ridiculously Resilient Ridge, represented by the “H” in this graphic. (David Pierce/ KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Pockets of high and low pressure — meteorologists like to call them “ridges” and “troughs” — are a regular feature of California’s winter weather, moving through like waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These pressure patterns in the upper atmosphere define wind flow,” Swain explains, “and where the wind’s coming from defines the storm track and whether California receives its wintertime precipitation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or doesn’t. When we’re in a trough, the usual winter storm track in the Pacific is ushered right into California. But as Swain points out, “When it’s pushed farther north, as has been the case when we see these big ridges of high pressure occur, that storm track gets shifted well to the north, to British Columbia, to Alaska.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As weatherman Paul Deanno at San Francisco’s CBS-5 put it, “It’s like a bouncer in the sky. Nothing makes it here with the ridge right on top of us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swain offers another image: “They’re like boulders in a small stream of water that deflect the flow of the water to either side of the boulder.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this case, that stream is the jet stream, the high-level winds that are the conveyor belt for California’s rain and snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And it’s kind of literally true,” Swain says, “because these pressure patterns in the atmosphere are actually defining fluid flow, except in this case the fluid is air in the atmosphere rather than water in a stream.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26572\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 305px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Daniel-Swain-e1422041073843-782x1024.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26572 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Daniel-Swain-e1422041073843-782x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Stanford climate scientist Daniel Swain coined the “Ridiculously Resilient Ridge” moniker. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"305\" height=\"399\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stanford climate scientist Daniel Swain coined the “Ridiculously Resilient Ridge” moniker. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So now, here we are again, with an obstinate ridge parked over us. Does this mean the Triple-R has returned?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No,” California State Climatologist Mike Anderson told me at a recent drought briefing. “This is very different from the pattern that set up last year, where we had a ridge that extended up into Canada, and was reinforced and lasted six weeks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The pattern we’re in now is more of a transient pattern where you may see a ridge develop but it may just as easily break down,” Anderson continued. “In this case, the patterns that we see in the jet streams and the oceans are not all moving in the same direction to create such a ridge. The jet stream is in a position where it will push through and will have an easier time than it did last year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swain \u003ca title=\"CA Wx Blog - post\" href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/2853\">agrees that the jury is out\u003c/a>, though the current high-pressure pattern has remained in control for more than a month now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But this is a really critical time of year,” he adds. And if this high-pressure stays parked into February? “Then we have to start thinking about the potential that we’re looking at another dry year, despite the fact that we saw so much rainfall in early December,” Swain says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some other things we don’t know: whether this is some kind of “new normal” and if it is, whether human-induced climate change is to blame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What we do know is that winter doesn’t last all year. January is the middle leg of a three-month stretch in which California typically gets half its precipitation (in the Bay Area, December, January and February are virtually tied for the wettest months on average). And while there have been “March miracles,” at some point, time runs out.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Sick Sea Lions Wash Up on California Beaches",
"headTitle": "Sick Sea Lions Wash Up on California Beaches | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26406\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/AA-Sea-lion-pups_Sarah-van-Schagen-e1421460550384-1024x578.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26406 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/AA-Sea-lion-pups_Sarah-van-Schagen-e1421460550384-1024x578.jpg\" alt=\"The Marine Mammal Center’s record-breaking patient load in 2014 included an influx of emaciated young sea lions. (Sarah van Schagen/The Marine Mammal Center) \" width=\"1024\" height=\"578\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Marine Mammal Center’s record-breaking patient load in 2014 included an influx of emaciated young sea lions. (Sarah van Schagen/The Marine Mammal Center)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last year a record number of sea lions washed up on Central and Northern California beaches, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/\">The Marine Mammal Center\u003c/a>, the organization that treats wounded wild marine animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Usually the center near Sausalito treats fewer than 20 sea lion pups a year, but in 2014 that spiked to 245. Older sea lions also stranded themselves in record numbers last year, 449 up from 176 in 2013. A neurotoxin found in algal blooms affected 34 percent of the adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sea lions were sighted all the way from San Luis Obispo to Mendocino. When rescuers responded to calls, said Shawn Johnson, Director of Veterinary Science, the emaciated pups looked extremely undernourished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very sad,” Johnson said. “Imagine starving to death and not eating for many weeks, where your skin is just hanging off you.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Do Pups Get Stranded?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Strandings happen when sea lion moms abandon their pups before they are ready to feed on their own. Scientists are unsure precisely what is causing these events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26410\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 335px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Blarney-McCresty-rehab-1024x682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26410 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Blarney-McCresty-rehab-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"Blarney McCresty, an adult male California sea lion, was treated for domoic acid toxicity during his rehabilitation at The Marine Mammal Center.\" width=\"335\" height=\"223\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blarney McCresty, an adult male California sea lion, was treated for domoic acid toxicity during his rehabilitation at The Marine Mammal Center. (The Marine Mammal Center)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One possibility is rising ocean temperatures. Fish live in specific temperature ranges and warmer water could change their habitat, which means sea lion moms swim father afield to find the same amount of nutrients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists do know that when the adults are unable to provide for the pups they abandon them. If the infants are younger than 10 months, they don’t know how to fend for themselves and wind up on beaches throughout the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each year the center is able to save about 50 percent of the pups that are rescued, by nourishing them back to health with a slurry of ground-up fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The center is working with biologists from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/nmml/\">National Marine Mammal Laboratory\u003c/a> to study the health of sea lion populations on the Channel Islands, where the animals breed. They’re hoping to help predict future strandings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re bracing for another very big year in 2015,” Johnson said. “The biologists observing sea lions at the Channel Islands say the pups are underweight so we’ll likely have another busy spring.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sea Lions Have Brain Damage, Experience Seizures\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26414\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 324px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Atlas-Orbit-Caelum_release__Conner-Jay-242x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-26414\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Atlas-Orbit-Caelum_release__Conner-Jay-242x162.jpg\" alt=\"California sea lions Atlas, Orbit and Caelum return to the ocean at Chimney Rock in Point Reyes after receiving care at The Marine Mammal Center. (Conner Jay/ The Marine Mammal Center)\" width=\"324\" height=\"217\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California sea lions Atlas, Orbit and Caelum return to the ocean at Chimney Rock in Point Reyes after receiving care at The Marine Mammal Center. (Conner Jay/ The Marine Mammal Center)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since 1998, scientists have discovered sea lions with a neurotoxin that causes memory loss and seizures. Domoic acid is created by certain types of algae and passed up the food chain from fish to the animals that eat them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once ingested, the toxin enters the bloodstream, traveling to the brain where it starts causing brain damage. Scientists performing memory tests on the animals also found that the animals lost memory function.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If treated immediately, some of the sea lions survive but once the toxin accumulates the animals often experience multiple seizures and die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, four sea lions have been admitted to The Marine Mammal Center that have domoic acid. Because these harmful algal blooms can be toxic to humans as well, the center alerts the health department when several animals are discovered with the toxin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it comes to domoic acid, they literally are the canaries in the ocean or coal mine,” Johnson said. “We do what we can but some of these sea lions might not have enough memory to survive out in the wild.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26406\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/AA-Sea-lion-pups_Sarah-van-Schagen-e1421460550384-1024x578.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26406 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/AA-Sea-lion-pups_Sarah-van-Schagen-e1421460550384-1024x578.jpg\" alt=\"The Marine Mammal Center’s record-breaking patient load in 2014 included an influx of emaciated young sea lions. (Sarah van Schagen/The Marine Mammal Center) \" width=\"1024\" height=\"578\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Marine Mammal Center’s record-breaking patient load in 2014 included an influx of emaciated young sea lions. (Sarah van Schagen/The Marine Mammal Center)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last year a record number of sea lions washed up on Central and Northern California beaches, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/\">The Marine Mammal Center\u003c/a>, the organization that treats wounded wild marine animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Usually the center near Sausalito treats fewer than 20 sea lion pups a year, but in 2014 that spiked to 245. Older sea lions also stranded themselves in record numbers last year, 449 up from 176 in 2013. A neurotoxin found in algal blooms affected 34 percent of the adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sea lions were sighted all the way from San Luis Obispo to Mendocino. When rescuers responded to calls, said Shawn Johnson, Director of Veterinary Science, the emaciated pups looked extremely undernourished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very sad,” Johnson said. “Imagine starving to death and not eating for many weeks, where your skin is just hanging off you.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Do Pups Get Stranded?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Strandings happen when sea lion moms abandon their pups before they are ready to feed on their own. Scientists are unsure precisely what is causing these events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26410\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 335px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Blarney-McCresty-rehab-1024x682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26410 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Blarney-McCresty-rehab-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"Blarney McCresty, an adult male California sea lion, was treated for domoic acid toxicity during his rehabilitation at The Marine Mammal Center.\" width=\"335\" height=\"223\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blarney McCresty, an adult male California sea lion, was treated for domoic acid toxicity during his rehabilitation at The Marine Mammal Center. (The Marine Mammal Center)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One possibility is rising ocean temperatures. Fish live in specific temperature ranges and warmer water could change their habitat, which means sea lion moms swim father afield to find the same amount of nutrients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists do know that when the adults are unable to provide for the pups they abandon them. If the infants are younger than 10 months, they don’t know how to fend for themselves and wind up on beaches throughout the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each year the center is able to save about 50 percent of the pups that are rescued, by nourishing them back to health with a slurry of ground-up fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The center is working with biologists from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/nmml/\">National Marine Mammal Laboratory\u003c/a> to study the health of sea lion populations on the Channel Islands, where the animals breed. They’re hoping to help predict future strandings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re bracing for another very big year in 2015,” Johnson said. “The biologists observing sea lions at the Channel Islands say the pups are underweight so we’ll likely have another busy spring.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sea Lions Have Brain Damage, Experience Seizures\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26414\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 324px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Atlas-Orbit-Caelum_release__Conner-Jay-242x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-26414\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Atlas-Orbit-Caelum_release__Conner-Jay-242x162.jpg\" alt=\"California sea lions Atlas, Orbit and Caelum return to the ocean at Chimney Rock in Point Reyes after receiving care at The Marine Mammal Center. (Conner Jay/ The Marine Mammal Center)\" width=\"324\" height=\"217\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California sea lions Atlas, Orbit and Caelum return to the ocean at Chimney Rock in Point Reyes after receiving care at The Marine Mammal Center. (Conner Jay/ The Marine Mammal Center)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since 1998, scientists have discovered sea lions with a neurotoxin that causes memory loss and seizures. Domoic acid is created by certain types of algae and passed up the food chain from fish to the animals that eat them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once ingested, the toxin enters the bloodstream, traveling to the brain where it starts causing brain damage. Scientists performing memory tests on the animals also found that the animals lost memory function.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If treated immediately, some of the sea lions survive but once the toxin accumulates the animals often experience multiple seizures and die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, four sea lions have been admitted to The Marine Mammal Center that have domoic acid. Because these harmful algal blooms can be toxic to humans as well, the center alerts the health department when several animals are discovered with the toxin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it comes to domoic acid, they literally are the canaries in the ocean or coal mine,” Johnson said. “We do what we can but some of these sea lions might not have enough memory to survive out in the wild.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "It's Official: 2014 Was The Hottest Year on Record, NOAA Says",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WtPkFBbJLMg\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>By \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/348764934/eyder-peralta\">Eyder Peralta\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong> NPR\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s official: 2014 was the hottest year on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s National Climatic Data Center crunched the numbers and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/2014/13\">came to this conclusion\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The year 2014 was the warmest year across global land and ocean surfaces since records began in 1880. The annually-averaged temperature was 0.69°C (1.24°F) above the 20th century average of 13.9°C (57.0°F), easily breaking the previous records of 2005 and 2010 by 0.04°C (0.07°F). This also marks the 38th consecutive year (since 1977) that the yearly global temperature was above average. Including 2014, 9 of the 10 warmest years in the 135-year period of record have occurred in the 21st century. 1998 currently ranks as the fourth warmest year on record.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/12/04/368533781/2014-to-be-warmest-year-on-record-u-n-weather-agency-says\">We’ve been expecting this news since December\u003c/a>, but NOAA has now made it official.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a good graphic that tells you how temperatures fared globally in relation to a 1981-2010 average:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/NOAA-image.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-26350 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/NOAA-image.gif\" alt=\"NOAA image\" width=\"800\" height=\"619\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: Federal climate scientists \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/01/08/2014-californias-warmest-year-on-record/\">confirmed last week\u003c/a> that 2014 was California’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/temp-and-precip/climatological-rankings/index.php?periods%5B%5D=ytd¶meter=tavg&state=4&div=0&month=12&year=2014#ranks-form\">warmest year on record\u003c/a>, clocking in at 4.1 degrees higher than the 20th century average. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among western states, Alaska, Arizona and Nevada also had their warmest year on record. Scientists say the warm weather made California’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/10/14/high-temps-intensified-california-drought/\">already withering drought even worse\u003c/a> through evaporation, transpiration (the water taken up by plants) and warm overnight lows that melted snow more quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year’s warm temperatures made air pollution worse in the San Joaquin Valley, where doctors saw more people with asthma and respiratory infections. The record temperatures also \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/parched-california-wildlife-suffers-in-drought/\">shrank wetlands and warmed streams\u003c/a> where salmon spawn. Fishermen expect many salmon eggs will die, as they need cold water (ideally 56 degrees or less) to survive.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The annually-averaged temperature was 1.24 degrees Fahrenheit over the 20th century average, and easily broke the records set in 2005 and 2010.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WtPkFBbJLMg\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>By \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/348764934/eyder-peralta\">Eyder Peralta\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong> NPR\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s official: 2014 was the hottest year on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s National Climatic Data Center crunched the numbers and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/2014/13\">came to this conclusion\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The year 2014 was the warmest year across global land and ocean surfaces since records began in 1880. The annually-averaged temperature was 0.69°C (1.24°F) above the 20th century average of 13.9°C (57.0°F), easily breaking the previous records of 2005 and 2010 by 0.04°C (0.07°F). This also marks the 38th consecutive year (since 1977) that the yearly global temperature was above average. Including 2014, 9 of the 10 warmest years in the 135-year period of record have occurred in the 21st century. 1998 currently ranks as the fourth warmest year on record.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/12/04/368533781/2014-to-be-warmest-year-on-record-u-n-weather-agency-says\">We’ve been expecting this news since December\u003c/a>, but NOAA has now made it official.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a good graphic that tells you how temperatures fared globally in relation to a 1981-2010 average:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/NOAA-image.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-26350 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/NOAA-image.gif\" alt=\"NOAA image\" width=\"800\" height=\"619\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: Federal climate scientists \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/01/08/2014-californias-warmest-year-on-record/\">confirmed last week\u003c/a> that 2014 was California’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/temp-and-precip/climatological-rankings/index.php?periods%5B%5D=ytd¶meter=tavg&state=4&div=0&month=12&year=2014#ranks-form\">warmest year on record\u003c/a>, clocking in at 4.1 degrees higher than the 20th century average. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among western states, Alaska, Arizona and Nevada also had their warmest year on record. Scientists say the warm weather made California’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/10/14/high-temps-intensified-california-drought/\">already withering drought even worse\u003c/a> through evaporation, transpiration (the water taken up by plants) and warm overnight lows that melted snow more quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year’s warm temperatures made air pollution worse in the San Joaquin Valley, where doctors saw more people with asthma and respiratory infections. The record temperatures also \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/parched-california-wildlife-suffers-in-drought/\">shrank wetlands and warmed streams\u003c/a> where salmon spawn. Fishermen expect many salmon eggs will die, as they need cold water (ideally 56 degrees or less) to survive.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"id": "baycurious",
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"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
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},
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},
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"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"order": 8
},
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"order": 1
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
},
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"order": 15
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
},
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
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