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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29060\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/RS14773_468383616-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29060\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/RS14773_468383616-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Lawn sprinklers in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park, in April. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1293\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lawn sprinklers in San Francisco’s Golden Gate Park, in April. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown’s decision to put his foot down was well timed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reports from local water agencies around the state show that on average in February, Californians did their poorest job at conserving water since the state began tracking water use last summer. Urban water savings in February were 2.8 percent, compared to the baseline year of 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservation efforts peaked in December at just over 22 percent savings, but December’s weather skewed the results, as property owners cut back on watering amid persistent rains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a per-capita basis, the State Water Resources Control Board reported that Californians’ use of water actually rose in February, from 73 gallons per person, per day, to 77 gallons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”tJbLQZarX9yB8gq9JUMWI1Byekpp3PaA”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The averages conceal the progress that many communities have made. Livermore, Tracy, Stockton and Roseville, inland cities with relatively warm temperatures and abundant lawns, all made regulators’ honor roll of towns that cut water use more than 15 percent and reduced the closely watched per capita use to under 60 gallons per day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, water board \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/a-candid-conversation-with-californias-water-czar/\">chair Felicia Marcus\u003c/a> says she finds the broad numbers “sobering and disheartening.” Recent statewide polling indicates that Californians are ready to roll up their sleeves to save water. A \u003ca title=\"PPIC - survey\" href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/publication.asp?i=1143\">March survey\u003c/a> by the Public Policy Institute of California found that water and drought remain at the top of Californians’ concerns, tied with jobs and the economy, and that fully two-thirds say they don’t think enough is being done in response to the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Against this backdrop, officials face the task of figuring out how to implement the governor’s \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/03/31/record-low-sierra-snowpack-will-drive-home-drought-impacts/\">31-point conservation mandate\u003c/a>, announced on April 1. Marcus said the governor was aware that the February numbers would be “bad” before he unveiled his new program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a very tight timeline for trying to implement this order from the governor,” says Max Gomberg, a senior scientist at the water board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aspects of the mandate remain murky, such as the proscriptions on \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/04/07/confusion-over-drought-rules-on-lawns-for-new-homes/\">landscaping for new homes\u003c/a>. By mid-May, regulators hope to have specific regulations in place to achieve Brown’s goal of 25 percent water savings across the board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the plan, the state will assign localities specific reduction targets based on how they’re already doing in terms of per-capita daily water consumption. Under a \u003ca title=\"SWRCB - proposal\" href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/docs/emergency_regulations/urban_water_supplier_tiers.pdf\">proposed framework\u003c/a> for the regulation, targets would range from 10 percent for the most efficient areas, such as San Francisco and Santa Cruz to 35 percent for persistently heavy users such as Hillsborough and West Sacramento. Much of Southern California is at the high end, though officials cited San Diego as a standout water saver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All told, officials say that Californians have saved 148 billion gallons of water since conservation efforts began in earnest last summer. Gomberg says that’s a year’s worth of water for two million people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To see how your city stacks up, \u003ca title=\"SWRCB - proposal\" href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/docs/emergency_regulations/urban_water_supplier_tiers.pdf\">view the full list\u003c/a> of proposed mandatory conservation targets.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29028\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Lawn-e1428434193116-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-29028 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Lawn-e1428434193116-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Making sense of the governor's 31-point drought plan in relation to home lawns hasn't been easy. (Mariusz Blach)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The governor’s 31-point drought plan says 50 million square feet of lawns and ornamental turf need to be replaced with drought tolerant landscapes. (Mariusz Blach)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You may have seen those \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/05/us/california-drought-tests-history-of-endless-growth.html?_r=0\">startling aeriel photographs\u003c/a> in the New York Times of new California housing tracts with emerald-green lawns edged up against swaths of dry desert. The governor’s drought order will change that picture. It’s just not exactly clear how.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the less talked-about new rules in his \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/docs/4.1.15_Executive_Order.pdf\">31-point drought plan \u003c/a>will ban watering outside newly constructed homes and buildings – unless it’s with recycled water, or using drip or microspray systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The landscaping definitely will change in terms of its look,” says Mike Prandini, of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.biafm.org/\">Building Industry Association\u003c/a> of Fresno and Madera Counties, “which means grass, because grass takes an awful lot of water to keep it alive, to keep it green.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says many builders are already putting in drought-efficient plants, sometimes astroturf. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Now is definitely the time for California to start thinking about water-neutral growth.’ \u003ccite>— Tracy Quinn, NRDC\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> “We think those are responsible approaches and are pleased to see that the Governor’s not calling for any kind of a moratorium on new building,” says former State Sen. \u003ca href=\"http://www.cbia.org/go/about-cbia/cbia-2015-leadership-team/president-ceo-dave-cogdill/\">Dave Codgill\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s now president of the \u003ca href=\"cbia.org\">California Building Industry Association\u003c/a>, which issued a \u003ca href=\"//www.mychf.org/go/linkservid/19A16F2E-C561-47B7-9EC0618A43897B42/showMeta/0/\">recent report \u003c/a>showing that new homes, with required low-flow showers and toilets, use about half the water compared to homes built before 1980.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re\u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/opinion/op-ed/soapbox/article2921148.html\"> really not the problem\u003c/a>, says Cogdill. “We feel like that the governor has basically acknowledged that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While strides have been made inside, the landscaping requirements in the governor’s executive order are aimed at outdoor watering, which amounts to 44 percent of total urban water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Developers still have a lot of questions about what exactly the new rules will look like. Does “new construction” mean homes that are currently being built, or developments that have yet to break ground? What about common spaces in developments, like parks? Can you hand-water grass or use alternative grasses that are less thirsty than conventional turf? They’re hoping for some answers by mid-April when the State Water Resources Control Board is expected to release more details for public comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anti-sprawl crusaders say this may be a good wake-up call for developers to mind their water footprints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now is definitely the time for California to start thinking about \u003ca title=\"LAO - op ed\" href=\"http://www.laobserved.com/intell/2015/03/time_to_ratchet_down_on_water.php\">water-neutral growth\u003c/a>,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/about/staff/tracy-quinn\">Tracy Quinn\u003c/a>, a water policy analyst with the \u003ca href=\"nrdc.org\">Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/a>. “A lot of our growth is projected to grow in the hotter, drier areas, so we need to do that in a way that doesn’t extend our limited resources.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s sort of a learning moment for all of us,” says Kathryn Phillips, director of \u003ca href=\"https://california2.sierraclub.org/about/meetthestaff#.VSQUaDvF8bQ\">Sierra Club California\u003c/a>. “More and more people want to move away from having to spend weekends mowing lawns. I think this actually opens an opportunity for housing developers to shift away from the old ‘tried and true’ and move to things that are less water intensive, and less labor intensive, from the homeowners’ perspective.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new rules are not likely to be the death knell for lawns entirely. Some emerging technologies allow you to water grass with drip irrigation, by burying the drip line underneath the sod.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29028\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Lawn-e1428434193116-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-29028 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Lawn-e1428434193116-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Making sense of the governor's 31-point drought plan in relation to home lawns hasn't been easy. (Mariusz Blach)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The governor’s 31-point drought plan says 50 million square feet of lawns and ornamental turf need to be replaced with drought tolerant landscapes. (Mariusz Blach)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You may have seen those \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/05/us/california-drought-tests-history-of-endless-growth.html?_r=0\">startling aeriel photographs\u003c/a> in the New York Times of new California housing tracts with emerald-green lawns edged up against swaths of dry desert. The governor’s drought order will change that picture. It’s just not exactly clear how.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the less talked-about new rules in his \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/docs/4.1.15_Executive_Order.pdf\">31-point drought plan \u003c/a>will ban watering outside newly constructed homes and buildings – unless it’s with recycled water, or using drip or microspray systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The landscaping definitely will change in terms of its look,” says Mike Prandini, of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.biafm.org/\">Building Industry Association\u003c/a> of Fresno and Madera Counties, “which means grass, because grass takes an awful lot of water to keep it alive, to keep it green.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says many builders are already putting in drought-efficient plants, sometimes astroturf. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Now is definitely the time for California to start thinking about water-neutral growth.’ \u003ccite>— Tracy Quinn, NRDC\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> “We think those are responsible approaches and are pleased to see that the Governor’s not calling for any kind of a moratorium on new building,” says former State Sen. \u003ca href=\"http://www.cbia.org/go/about-cbia/cbia-2015-leadership-team/president-ceo-dave-cogdill/\">Dave Codgill\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s now president of the \u003ca href=\"cbia.org\">California Building Industry Association\u003c/a>, which issued a \u003ca href=\"//www.mychf.org/go/linkservid/19A16F2E-C561-47B7-9EC0618A43897B42/showMeta/0/\">recent report \u003c/a>showing that new homes, with required low-flow showers and toilets, use about half the water compared to homes built before 1980.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re\u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/opinion/op-ed/soapbox/article2921148.html\"> really not the problem\u003c/a>, says Cogdill. “We feel like that the governor has basically acknowledged that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While strides have been made inside, the landscaping requirements in the governor’s executive order are aimed at outdoor watering, which amounts to 44 percent of total urban water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Developers still have a lot of questions about what exactly the new rules will look like. Does “new construction” mean homes that are currently being built, or developments that have yet to break ground? What about common spaces in developments, like parks? Can you hand-water grass or use alternative grasses that are less thirsty than conventional turf? They’re hoping for some answers by mid-April when the State Water Resources Control Board is expected to release more details for public comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anti-sprawl crusaders say this may be a good wake-up call for developers to mind their water footprints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now is definitely the time for California to start thinking about \u003ca title=\"LAO - op ed\" href=\"http://www.laobserved.com/intell/2015/03/time_to_ratchet_down_on_water.php\">water-neutral growth\u003c/a>,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/about/staff/tracy-quinn\">Tracy Quinn\u003c/a>, a water policy analyst with the \u003ca href=\"nrdc.org\">Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/a>. “A lot of our growth is projected to grow in the hotter, drier areas, so we need to do that in a way that doesn’t extend our limited resources.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s sort of a learning moment for all of us,” says Kathryn Phillips, director of \u003ca href=\"https://california2.sierraclub.org/about/meetthestaff#.VSQUaDvF8bQ\">Sierra Club California\u003c/a>. “More and more people want to move away from having to spend weekends mowing lawns. I think this actually opens an opportunity for housing developers to shift away from the old ‘tried and true’ and move to things that are less water intensive, and less labor intensive, from the homeowners’ perspective.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new rules are not likely to be the death knell for lawns entirely. Some emerging technologies allow you to water grass with drip irrigation, by burying the drip line underneath the sod.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Warm Winter Wrought Havoc for Coastal Wildlife",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28950\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Seals-SophieWebb-1024x640.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-28950\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Seals-SophieWebb-1024x640.jpg\" alt=\"On the Farallones, the warm air and warm ocean this winter proved harsh for wildlife like these weaned elephant seal pups. (Sophie Webb/Point Blue)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"640\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">On the Farallones, the warm air and warm ocean this winter proved harsh for wildlife like these weaned elephant seal pups. (Sophie Webb/Point Blue)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Warm ocean waters and the recent lack of cool weather coalesced into a rough winter for wildlife on the islands known as “\u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/the-farallon-islands-californias-galapagos/\">California’s Galapagos.\u003c/a>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About thirty miles out from the Golden Gate, the federally protected Farallones are breeding grounds visited by hundreds of thousands of seabirds – many of which use the islands as a winter way station — but not this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gerry McChesney, manager of the site for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/\">U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service\u003c/a>, says that’s a bad sign not just for the Farallon Islands but also for wildlife more broadly along California’s coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was also hardship for breeding marine mammals. Dozens of pregnant sea lions proved too weak to carry their pups to term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”MfJmpy5dydzjjZP5TvjbfFNpvjkhihqw”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s such a bizarre thing,” McChesney says. “We were seeing multiple aborted fetuses every day,” 94 in total – or nearly half the number of sea lions born there in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nor was the warm winter kind to elephant seal pups. Russ Bradley, Farallon program manager for \u003ca href=\"http://www.pointblue.org/\">Point Blue Conservation Science\u003c/a>, says elephant seal mothers, trying to cool off amid the unusual heat, led their pups up to a cliff that, while breezy, proved perilous – “and actually had a fair amount of pups fall into this sea channel, because they’re pups and they’re clumsy and they got too close to the edge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is pretty brutal for the biologists out here that had to watch it,” McChesney says. “It was pretty tough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the conspicuously absent birds was a type called Cassin’s Auklet, which feeds on krill. All along the Pacific coast, McChesney says, these birds have been suffering “a huge, unprecedented die-off like we’ve never seen” for want of food. That’s also bad news for other species that eat krill, he says, from salmon to blue whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, the warm winter and warm water may have made the islands more inviting for other species, like brown boobies – a bird much more familiar to Central America and Mexico. Pointing to records from 1968 to 1999, “We had 11 observations of this species total in 30 years,” McChesney says. “A week ago, I saw 12 at the same time on the island.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Warm air and warm ocean waters together proved bad news this winter for wildlife on the Farallon Islands and along the nothern California coast.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28950\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Seals-SophieWebb-1024x640.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-28950\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Seals-SophieWebb-1024x640.jpg\" alt=\"On the Farallones, the warm air and warm ocean this winter proved harsh for wildlife like these weaned elephant seal pups. (Sophie Webb/Point Blue)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"640\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">On the Farallones, the warm air and warm ocean this winter proved harsh for wildlife like these weaned elephant seal pups. (Sophie Webb/Point Blue)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Warm ocean waters and the recent lack of cool weather coalesced into a rough winter for wildlife on the islands known as “\u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/the-farallon-islands-californias-galapagos/\">California’s Galapagos.\u003c/a>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About thirty miles out from the Golden Gate, the federally protected Farallones are breeding grounds visited by hundreds of thousands of seabirds – many of which use the islands as a winter way station — but not this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gerry McChesney, manager of the site for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/\">U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service\u003c/a>, says that’s a bad sign not just for the Farallon Islands but also for wildlife more broadly along California’s coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was also hardship for breeding marine mammals. Dozens of pregnant sea lions proved too weak to carry their pups to term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s such a bizarre thing,” McChesney says. “We were seeing multiple aborted fetuses every day,” 94 in total – or nearly half the number of sea lions born there in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nor was the warm winter kind to elephant seal pups. Russ Bradley, Farallon program manager for \u003ca href=\"http://www.pointblue.org/\">Point Blue Conservation Science\u003c/a>, says elephant seal mothers, trying to cool off amid the unusual heat, led their pups up to a cliff that, while breezy, proved perilous – “and actually had a fair amount of pups fall into this sea channel, because they’re pups and they’re clumsy and they got too close to the edge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is pretty brutal for the biologists out here that had to watch it,” McChesney says. “It was pretty tough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the conspicuously absent birds was a type called Cassin’s Auklet, which feeds on krill. All along the Pacific coast, McChesney says, these birds have been suffering “a huge, unprecedented die-off like we’ve never seen” for want of food. That’s also bad news for other species that eat krill, he says, from salmon to blue whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, the warm winter and warm water may have made the islands more inviting for other species, like brown boobies – a bird much more familiar to Central America and Mexico. Pointing to records from 1968 to 1999, “We had 11 observations of this species total in 30 years,” McChesney says. “A week ago, I saw 12 at the same time on the island.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Governor Orders Water Cuts Amid Record Low Snowpack",
"headTitle": "Governor Orders Water Cuts Amid Record Low Snowpack | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28843\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DonnerLk_JEJ_20150226.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28843\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DonnerLk_JEJ_20150226.jpeg\" alt=\"Barren mountainsides around Donner Lake in late February. (Joanne Elgart Jennings)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"854\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Barren mountainsides around Donner Lake in late February. (Joanne Elgart Jennings)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We are officially in uncharted territory — in more ways than one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra Nevada snowpack, which typically supplies nearly a third of California’s water, is showing the \u003ca title=\"CDEC - snowpack\" href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">lowest water content on record\u003c/a>: 6 percent of the long-term average for April 1. That doesn’t just set a new record, it shatters the old low-water mark of 25 percent, which happens to have been last year’s reading (tied with 1977).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Things are so bad that Governor Jerry Brown decided to slog into the field for the manual snow survey on Wednesday morning. He didn’t need snowshoes but he did bring along a first-ever executive order mandating statewide water reductions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in a historic drought and that demands unprecedented action,” he told reporters who made it to the Sierra survey site off of Highway 50.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca title=\"Gov. Jerry Brown - EO\" href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/docs/4.1.15_Executive_Order.pdf\">31-point program\u003c/a> is wide-ranging, though direct actions are focused on urban water consumption, aiming for a “mandatory” 25 percent reduction compared to 2013 levels. It will be up to the State Water Resources Control Board and more than 400 local water agencies to work out how to implement and enforce the mandates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The initiative also includes new incentives for replacing lawns with drought-friendly landscaping, consumer rebates for water-saving appliances, and special assistance for residents whose wells have run dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the state’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/\">Department of Water Resources\u003c/a> does monthly snow surveys during the winter season, the April 1 survey is the benchmark for assessing the season as a whole. That’s when snowfall is reckoned to have peaked and the runoff season gets underway. Six percent on April 1 is essentially saying there’s next-to-nothing to show for an entire winter’s snow accumulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Snow-Pack_UPDATED.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-large wp-image-28981\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Snow-Pack_UPDATED-1024x511.jpg\" alt=\"Print\" width=\"1024\" height=\"511\">\u003c/a>The snowpack has now seen four years of steady decline. 2013 was California’s driest year on record. 2014 was dry too, but also \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/01/16/its-official-2014-was-the-hottest-year-on-record-noaa-says/\">the warmest on record\u003c/a>, which combined for a one-two punch to California’s water supply. In March, for example, both Sacramento and Redding logged average temperatures more than 10 degrees above normal, according to consulting meteorologist Jan Null of Golden Gate Weather Services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There will be consequences,” says Mark Cowin, who heads DWR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 400,000 acres of farmland were fallowed last year because of scarce water. Credible sources have estimated that figure could double this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“More impacts to farms where supplies will be shorted,” predicts Cowin, “more local communities where wells will run dry, and we’ll have to help assist them in some sort of emergency response, and more impacts to fish & wildlife, which is of course, very important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groundwater resources will be stressed even more, as water-constrained farmers \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/06/02/drought-drives-drilling-frenzy-for-groundwater-in-california/\">turn up the pumps\u003c/a> to offset cuts in allocations from state and federal water projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Cowin hastens to add that “the vast majority of our citizens will not run out of water,” some already have, mostly in rural areas where wells have gone dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I hope that this will continue to be a wake-up call for people that things are different,” says Lester Snow, a former DWR chief who now heads the non-partisan California Water Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And not only is it gonna be bad this year but let’s not pretend that next year’s gonna be a lot better,” he added. “This drought has revealed fundamental weaknesses in our drought management system, and we need to start addressing those weaknesses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other impacts from the paltry snowpack will be more subtle, such as the \u003ca title=\"SacBee - post\" href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/local/environment/article16494344.html\">loss of hydroelectric power\u003c/a>. Less runoff coming down the hill, turning hydropower turbines means that utilities have to replace the electricity, which they usually do with natural gas-fired power plants. That wields a bigger carbon footprint and adds to Californians’ electric bills — $1.4 billion since 2012, by one estimate.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Governor Jerry Brown orders the state Water Resources Control Board to implement mandatory reductions to cut water use by 25 percent. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28843\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DonnerLk_JEJ_20150226.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28843\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DonnerLk_JEJ_20150226.jpeg\" alt=\"Barren mountainsides around Donner Lake in late February. (Joanne Elgart Jennings)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"854\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Barren mountainsides around Donner Lake in late February. (Joanne Elgart Jennings)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We are officially in uncharted territory — in more ways than one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra Nevada snowpack, which typically supplies nearly a third of California’s water, is showing the \u003ca title=\"CDEC - snowpack\" href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">lowest water content on record\u003c/a>: 6 percent of the long-term average for April 1. That doesn’t just set a new record, it shatters the old low-water mark of 25 percent, which happens to have been last year’s reading (tied with 1977).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Things are so bad that Governor Jerry Brown decided to slog into the field for the manual snow survey on Wednesday morning. He didn’t need snowshoes but he did bring along a first-ever executive order mandating statewide water reductions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in a historic drought and that demands unprecedented action,” he told reporters who made it to the Sierra survey site off of Highway 50.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca title=\"Gov. Jerry Brown - EO\" href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/docs/4.1.15_Executive_Order.pdf\">31-point program\u003c/a> is wide-ranging, though direct actions are focused on urban water consumption, aiming for a “mandatory” 25 percent reduction compared to 2013 levels. It will be up to the State Water Resources Control Board and more than 400 local water agencies to work out how to implement and enforce the mandates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The initiative also includes new incentives for replacing lawns with drought-friendly landscaping, consumer rebates for water-saving appliances, and special assistance for residents whose wells have run dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the state’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/\">Department of Water Resources\u003c/a> does monthly snow surveys during the winter season, the April 1 survey is the benchmark for assessing the season as a whole. That’s when snowfall is reckoned to have peaked and the runoff season gets underway. Six percent on April 1 is essentially saying there’s next-to-nothing to show for an entire winter’s snow accumulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Snow-Pack_UPDATED.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-large wp-image-28981\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Snow-Pack_UPDATED-1024x511.jpg\" alt=\"Print\" width=\"1024\" height=\"511\">\u003c/a>The snowpack has now seen four years of steady decline. 2013 was California’s driest year on record. 2014 was dry too, but also \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/01/16/its-official-2014-was-the-hottest-year-on-record-noaa-says/\">the warmest on record\u003c/a>, which combined for a one-two punch to California’s water supply. In March, for example, both Sacramento and Redding logged average temperatures more than 10 degrees above normal, according to consulting meteorologist Jan Null of Golden Gate Weather Services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There will be consequences,” says Mark Cowin, who heads DWR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 400,000 acres of farmland were fallowed last year because of scarce water. Credible sources have estimated that figure could double this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“More impacts to farms where supplies will be shorted,” predicts Cowin, “more local communities where wells will run dry, and we’ll have to help assist them in some sort of emergency response, and more impacts to fish & wildlife, which is of course, very important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groundwater resources will be stressed even more, as water-constrained farmers \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/06/02/drought-drives-drilling-frenzy-for-groundwater-in-california/\">turn up the pumps\u003c/a> to offset cuts in allocations from state and federal water projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Cowin hastens to add that “the vast majority of our citizens will not run out of water,” some already have, mostly in rural areas where wells have gone dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I hope that this will continue to be a wake-up call for people that things are different,” says Lester Snow, a former DWR chief who now heads the non-partisan California Water Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And not only is it gonna be bad this year but let’s not pretend that next year’s gonna be a lot better,” he added. “This drought has revealed fundamental weaknesses in our drought management system, and we need to start addressing those weaknesses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other impacts from the paltry snowpack will be more subtle, such as the \u003ca title=\"SacBee - post\" href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/local/environment/article16494344.html\">loss of hydroelectric power\u003c/a>. Less runoff coming down the hill, turning hydropower turbines means that utilities have to replace the electricity, which they usually do with natural gas-fired power plants. That wields a bigger carbon footprint and adds to Californians’ electric bills — $1.4 billion since 2012, by one estimate.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "A Candid Conversation With California's 'Water Czar'",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/03/20150320ScienceFeliciaMarcus.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>There will be no “March miracle” this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a record-dry January, California is on track for a March that is also in record-dry territory.\u003cbr>\nAnd the state Department of Water Resources says we may be looking at the \u003ca title=\"CDEC - snowpack\" href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">skimpiest Sierra snowpack\u003c/a> on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28502\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 274px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Marcus-11-e1426897208682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28502 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Marcus-11-e1426897208682.jpg\" alt=\"Marcus-1\" width=\"274\" height=\"357\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Felicia Marcus chairs the powerful State Water Resources Control Board. (Families Protecting the Valley)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>None of this has been lost on Felicia Marcus, who chairs the \u003ca title=\"SWRCB - members\" href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/about_us/board_members/\">State Water Resources Control Board\u003c/a>. When water supplies are tight, as they are now, her board is where the buck stops in arguments over who gets what.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I sat down with her to find out where we go from here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Craig Miller:\u003c/strong> Your senior scientist at the Water Board has said that it’s “hard to overstate the severity of this drought.” How would you characterize it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Felicia Marcus:\u003c/strong> It’s the worst thing that any of us have dealt with — probably worse than anything our grandparents ever dealt with, for a number of reasons. The precipitation levels have, of course, been terrible. Our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/03/03/march-drought-update-a-north-south-divide-and-wheres-the-snow/\">reservoirs are low\u003c/a> and you can see that graphically. Our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/01/29/shrinking-sierra-snowpack-heightens-drought-worries/\">snowpack is even worse\u003c/a>. And so the dislocation caused by multiple years of low precipitation — particularly the fact that it’s been so warm and we don’t have snowpack — is like a double whammy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People will quibble about precipitation levels and look at 1924 and 1977 as technically having less precipitation than now. That is nothing to have a party about because there are millions more people than there were relying on that water. So we have \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/drought-stressed-town-tries-controversial-new-water-plan/\">communities running out of water\u003c/a>, we have hundreds of thousands of acres of fields that have been fallowed, we’ve got thousands of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/07/15/californias-drought-is-hurting-farmers-more-than-food-consumers/\">people out of work\u003c/a> and we’ve got \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/parched-california-wildlife-suffers-in-drought/\">fish and wildlife suffering\u003c/a> as never before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM:\u003c/strong> We started to see \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/07/15/california-regulators-approve-fines-for-wasting-water/\">water restrictions last year\u003c/a>. How will this year be different?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FM:\u003c/strong> Let me start with my most fervent hope, which is that local water agencies will begin to act as if we might have \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/drought-lessons-from-down-under/\">a “millennial drought,” like Australia\u003c/a>. I think people were hoping for rain, which is not a strategy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/WaterRules2014.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-28433\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/WaterRules2014-575x1024.jpeg\" alt=\"Print\" width=\"265\" height=\"472\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/WaterRules2015.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-28434\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/WaterRules2015-676x1024.jpeg\" alt=\"Print\" width=\"315\" height=\"476\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">Marcus says local water agencies were “dithering” over what to do, so last summer, her board stepped in with a first-ever set of \u003ca title=\"SWRCB - resolution\" href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/board_info/agendas/2015/mar/031715_7_with_draft_resolution.pdf\">statewide minimum rules\u003c/a> for water use. Beginning in May, they’ll \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/03/17/calif-water-regulators-tighten-the-screws-just-a-little/\">tighten the screws\u003c/a> a little bit more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That will mean, among other things, people will have to ask for water at restaurants, and local water agencies will have to limit days in which lawn and landscape watering are allowed — in some cases to two days a week. It’ll be up to local water officials to adapt and enforce the rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM:\u003c/strong> It’s the first time that the state has set a sort of minimum bar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FM:\u003c/strong> First time any state has actually stepped in and set minimum conservation levels, but we felt we had to — not to control and tell everybody what to do, in fact they were quite modest — but to ring the bell and give some permission to the local agencies. And what I said was, “If you’re worried that your customers are gonna be mad at you, blame me. You know, I don’t mind if they’re mad at me.” It’s better if we act now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>[contextly_sidebar id=”ohFYS8FlqbMmI8VKdSuW9ftUMb6KCMHa”]\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: There also seems to be a gap between the rules and enforcement part of that. Much was made a year ago about $500 fines. To your knowledge, has anybody been fined $500?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FM:\u003c/strong> You know, I’ve heard anecdotally that there have been $500 fines. We weren’t intending to say, “Thou shalt fine.” We were actually enabling locals who maybe didn’t have the authority — we were giving them the authority to go up to $500. Some go to a thousand, some shut off your water. Again, this is something that localities do in different ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM:\u003c/strong> Here we are in Year 4 and we’re just talking about saying to restaurants, “No, you can’t automatically bring a glass of water to every table.” Honestly, isn’t that something we should’ve done in Year 1?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FM:\u003c/strong> Well, absolutely, I mean there are communities all over the state that have been doing it for years and they’ve never undone it — and that is the right thing to do. Again — what’s appropriate for the state to do and what’s appropriate for the locals — and we’re trying to tread somewhat lightly. Our goal isn’t a statewide takeover of every urban water agency. But in a time of crisis, we need something that’s more visible. It sends a recurrent message that we’re in a drought because part of our challenge is, it rained a lot in December, so people may have thought the drought was over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You can hear a longer version of our interview with Felicia Marcus by clicking on the audio player at the top of this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>There will be no “March miracle” this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a record-dry January, California is on track for a March that is also in record-dry territory.\u003cbr>\nAnd the state Department of Water Resources says we may be looking at the \u003ca title=\"CDEC - snowpack\" href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">skimpiest Sierra snowpack\u003c/a> on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28502\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 274px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Marcus-11-e1426897208682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28502 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Marcus-11-e1426897208682.jpg\" alt=\"Marcus-1\" width=\"274\" height=\"357\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Felicia Marcus chairs the powerful State Water Resources Control Board. (Families Protecting the Valley)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>None of this has been lost on Felicia Marcus, who chairs the \u003ca title=\"SWRCB - members\" href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/about_us/board_members/\">State Water Resources Control Board\u003c/a>. When water supplies are tight, as they are now, her board is where the buck stops in arguments over who gets what.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I sat down with her to find out where we go from here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Craig Miller:\u003c/strong> Your senior scientist at the Water Board has said that it’s “hard to overstate the severity of this drought.” How would you characterize it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Felicia Marcus:\u003c/strong> It’s the worst thing that any of us have dealt with — probably worse than anything our grandparents ever dealt with, for a number of reasons. The precipitation levels have, of course, been terrible. Our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/03/03/march-drought-update-a-north-south-divide-and-wheres-the-snow/\">reservoirs are low\u003c/a> and you can see that graphically. Our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/01/29/shrinking-sierra-snowpack-heightens-drought-worries/\">snowpack is even worse\u003c/a>. And so the dislocation caused by multiple years of low precipitation — particularly the fact that it’s been so warm and we don’t have snowpack — is like a double whammy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People will quibble about precipitation levels and look at 1924 and 1977 as technically having less precipitation than now. That is nothing to have a party about because there are millions more people than there were relying on that water. So we have \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/drought-stressed-town-tries-controversial-new-water-plan/\">communities running out of water\u003c/a>, we have hundreds of thousands of acres of fields that have been fallowed, we’ve got thousands of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/07/15/californias-drought-is-hurting-farmers-more-than-food-consumers/\">people out of work\u003c/a> and we’ve got \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/parched-california-wildlife-suffers-in-drought/\">fish and wildlife suffering\u003c/a> as never before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM:\u003c/strong> We started to see \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/07/15/california-regulators-approve-fines-for-wasting-water/\">water restrictions last year\u003c/a>. How will this year be different?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FM:\u003c/strong> Let me start with my most fervent hope, which is that local water agencies will begin to act as if we might have \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/drought-lessons-from-down-under/\">a “millennial drought,” like Australia\u003c/a>. I think people were hoping for rain, which is not a strategy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/WaterRules2014.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-28433\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/WaterRules2014-575x1024.jpeg\" alt=\"Print\" width=\"265\" height=\"472\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/WaterRules2015.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-28434\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/WaterRules2015-676x1024.jpeg\" alt=\"Print\" width=\"315\" height=\"476\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">Marcus says local water agencies were “dithering” over what to do, so last summer, her board stepped in with a first-ever set of \u003ca title=\"SWRCB - resolution\" href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/board_info/agendas/2015/mar/031715_7_with_draft_resolution.pdf\">statewide minimum rules\u003c/a> for water use. Beginning in May, they’ll \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/03/17/calif-water-regulators-tighten-the-screws-just-a-little/\">tighten the screws\u003c/a> a little bit more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That will mean, among other things, people will have to ask for water at restaurants, and local water agencies will have to limit days in which lawn and landscape watering are allowed — in some cases to two days a week. It’ll be up to local water officials to adapt and enforce the rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM:\u003c/strong> It’s the first time that the state has set a sort of minimum bar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FM:\u003c/strong> First time any state has actually stepped in and set minimum conservation levels, but we felt we had to — not to control and tell everybody what to do, in fact they were quite modest — but to ring the bell and give some permission to the local agencies. And what I said was, “If you’re worried that your customers are gonna be mad at you, blame me. You know, I don’t mind if they’re mad at me.” It’s better if we act now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: There also seems to be a gap between the rules and enforcement part of that. Much was made a year ago about $500 fines. To your knowledge, has anybody been fined $500?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FM:\u003c/strong> You know, I’ve heard anecdotally that there have been $500 fines. We weren’t intending to say, “Thou shalt fine.” We were actually enabling locals who maybe didn’t have the authority — we were giving them the authority to go up to $500. Some go to a thousand, some shut off your water. Again, this is something that localities do in different ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM:\u003c/strong> Here we are in Year 4 and we’re just talking about saying to restaurants, “No, you can’t automatically bring a glass of water to every table.” Honestly, isn’t that something we should’ve done in Year 1?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FM:\u003c/strong> Well, absolutely, I mean there are communities all over the state that have been doing it for years and they’ve never undone it — and that is the right thing to do. Again — what’s appropriate for the state to do and what’s appropriate for the locals — and we’re trying to tread somewhat lightly. Our goal isn’t a statewide takeover of every urban water agency. But in a time of crisis, we need something that’s more visible. It sends a recurrent message that we’re in a drought because part of our challenge is, it rained a lot in December, so people may have thought the drought was over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You can hear a longer version of our interview with Felicia Marcus by clicking on the audio player at the top of this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Calif. Water Regulators Tighten the Screws -- But Just a Little",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28302\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/IMG_2869.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28302\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/IMG_2869.jpg\" alt='Some eateries had already implemented a \"water-only-on-demand\" policy before it was made mandatory --but many had not. (Craig Miller/KQED)' width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some eateries had already implemented an “only-on-demand” water policy before it was made mandatory –but many had not. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The nozzle just got tightened a bit on water use in California — but only a bit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regulators today added new restrictions to those put in place last summer. Urban water customers will have a few more “don’ts” added to \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/publications_forms/publications/factsheets/docs/fs072914manwaterreg.pdf\">the list that came out last July\u003c/a>, which includes prohibitions on things like washing your car without a shutoff nozzle and hosing down “hardscapes” like sidewalks and driveways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca title=\"SWRCB - resolution\" href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/board_info/agendas/2015/mar/031715_7_with_draft_resolution.pdf\">new measures\u003c/a>, approved by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/\">State Water Resources Control Board\u003c/a>, are a set of minimum standards for local water agencies, which have broad latitude to set and enforce conservation measures. Under the new rules:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Restaurants may only serve water if customers ask for it\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>No outdoor watering within 48 hours after any rain\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>2 day-per-week cap on watering lawns and landscaping\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Local agencies will have 45 days to comply. Outside watering is a prime target as it makes up 44 percent of total urban water use. Local agencies have some flexibility with the two-day rule if they already have similar restrictions in place to achieve the same ends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are also new reporting standards for local water agencies on restrictions they’ve put in place and agencies are required to notify customers with known water leaks on their properties.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘In this fourth year of drought, we’re going to have to move to a little more aggressive — or maybe a lot more aggressive responses.’\u003ccite> Peter Gleick, Pacific Institute scientist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>All of the measures seem tame compared to recent \u003ca title=\"LAT - op-ed\" href=\"http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-famiglietti-drought-california-20150313-story.html\">calls for statewide rationing\u003c/a>, such as the one by NASA earth scientist Jay Famiglietti recently in the Los Angeles Times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those things, frankly, are going to have very minor impacts on total water demand but they raise awareness,” added Peter Gleick, who heads the Oakland-based \u003ca href=\"http://pacinst.org/\">Pacific Institute\u003c/a>, a water policy think tank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In this fourth year of drought, we’re going to have to move to a little more aggressive — or maybe a lot more aggressive responses,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201503170900\">Gleick told KQED’s Forum\u003c/a> program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been trying to take modest measures to sort of light a fire under local agencies,” says Felicia Marcus, who chairs the Board, essentially the state’s final arbiter of most water matters. “My hope is that in this fourth year they will act.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much was made last summer of new fines of up to $500 that could be slapped on egregious water wasters, but it’s unclear from talking to regulators if even one such fine has been assessed — hence the new requirement that local agencies report such actions to the state. Marcus says her board was never beating the drum for big fines, but she adds, “I think local communities should be taking much more dramatic action.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The staff report prepared for the board members said that “additional benefits will be realized” from the latest round of measures, but staffers conceded that it’s not possible to “finely calculate” the savings, partly because of the lack of data available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new actions come as the state’s primary trade group for local water agencies \u003ca title=\"ACWA - poll\" href=\"http://www.acwa.com/sites/default/files/post/2015/03/summary-key-findings-ca-water-conservation-survey.pdf\">released a poll\u003c/a> on Californians’ attitudes toward water conservation. According to the survey commissioned by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.acwa.com/\">Association of California Water Agencies\u003c/a>, 80 percent of those surveyed say the drought has already caused them to reduce water use, and two thirds say there is more they could do.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28302\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/IMG_2869.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28302\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/IMG_2869.jpg\" alt='Some eateries had already implemented a \"water-only-on-demand\" policy before it was made mandatory --but many had not. (Craig Miller/KQED)' width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some eateries had already implemented an “only-on-demand” water policy before it was made mandatory –but many had not. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The nozzle just got tightened a bit on water use in California — but only a bit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regulators today added new restrictions to those put in place last summer. Urban water customers will have a few more “don’ts” added to \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/publications_forms/publications/factsheets/docs/fs072914manwaterreg.pdf\">the list that came out last July\u003c/a>, which includes prohibitions on things like washing your car without a shutoff nozzle and hosing down “hardscapes” like sidewalks and driveways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca title=\"SWRCB - resolution\" href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/board_info/agendas/2015/mar/031715_7_with_draft_resolution.pdf\">new measures\u003c/a>, approved by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/\">State Water Resources Control Board\u003c/a>, are a set of minimum standards for local water agencies, which have broad latitude to set and enforce conservation measures. Under the new rules:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Restaurants may only serve water if customers ask for it\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>No outdoor watering within 48 hours after any rain\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>2 day-per-week cap on watering lawns and landscaping\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Local agencies will have 45 days to comply. Outside watering is a prime target as it makes up 44 percent of total urban water use. Local agencies have some flexibility with the two-day rule if they already have similar restrictions in place to achieve the same ends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are also new reporting standards for local water agencies on restrictions they’ve put in place and agencies are required to notify customers with known water leaks on their properties.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘In this fourth year of drought, we’re going to have to move to a little more aggressive — or maybe a lot more aggressive responses.’\u003ccite> Peter Gleick, Pacific Institute scientist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>All of the measures seem tame compared to recent \u003ca title=\"LAT - op-ed\" href=\"http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-famiglietti-drought-california-20150313-story.html\">calls for statewide rationing\u003c/a>, such as the one by NASA earth scientist Jay Famiglietti recently in the Los Angeles Times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those things, frankly, are going to have very minor impacts on total water demand but they raise awareness,” added Peter Gleick, who heads the Oakland-based \u003ca href=\"http://pacinst.org/\">Pacific Institute\u003c/a>, a water policy think tank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In this fourth year of drought, we’re going to have to move to a little more aggressive — or maybe a lot more aggressive responses,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201503170900\">Gleick told KQED’s Forum\u003c/a> program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been trying to take modest measures to sort of light a fire under local agencies,” says Felicia Marcus, who chairs the Board, essentially the state’s final arbiter of most water matters. “My hope is that in this fourth year they will act.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much was made last summer of new fines of up to $500 that could be slapped on egregious water wasters, but it’s unclear from talking to regulators if even one such fine has been assessed — hence the new requirement that local agencies report such actions to the state. Marcus says her board was never beating the drum for big fines, but she adds, “I think local communities should be taking much more dramatic action.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The staff report prepared for the board members said that “additional benefits will be realized” from the latest round of measures, but staffers conceded that it’s not possible to “finely calculate” the savings, partly because of the lack of data available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new actions come as the state’s primary trade group for local water agencies \u003ca title=\"ACWA - poll\" href=\"http://www.acwa.com/sites/default/files/post/2015/03/summary-key-findings-ca-water-conservation-survey.pdf\">released a poll\u003c/a> on Californians’ attitudes toward water conservation. According to the survey commissioned by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.acwa.com/\">Association of California Water Agencies\u003c/a>, 80 percent of those surveyed say the drought has already caused them to reduce water use, and two thirds say there is more they could do.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Los Angeles Willing to Pay Its Highest Price Ever for Water",
"headTitle": "Los Angeles Willing to Pay Its Highest Price Ever for Water | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28293\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Crowley.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28293\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Crowley.jpg\" alt=\"Flooded rice fields at the Cosumnes River Preserve near Elk Grove. Growing an acre of rice requires three acre feet of water or more; an acre foot is about 326,000 gallons. (Photo: Nancy Crowley/The Nature Conservancy)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Flooded rice fields at the Cosumnes River Preserve near Elk Grove. Growing an acre of rice requires three acre-feet of water or more. An acre-foot is roughly enough water for two Los Angeles-area households for a year. (Photo: Nancy Crowley/The Nature Conservancy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles is offering rice farmers in the Sacramento Valley more money than the city has ever paid for water — $700 per acre-foot. At this price, rice farmers could make more money selling water than they can make on their crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That makes it easy to say “yes,” says Lance Tennis, whose family has about 900 acres near Chico, an hour north of Sacramento. He says rice farmers in the Sacramento Valley feel compelled to help their parched neighbors to the south, but they wouldn’t want to make a habit of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re rice growers, not water marketers,” Tennis says. “It’s something you would never want to commit to on an ongoing permanent basis because these water rights are very precious, very valuable to us — they’re the only thing that makes this land up here worth what it is — the ability to grow rice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assuming the drought doesn’t curtail his local water district’s own supply, farmers like Tennis could get about $2,100 this year for every acre they agree to fallow. That’s because it takes more than three acre-feet of water to grow one acre of rice. By contrast, selling the rice nets a profit of between $1,000 to $1,500.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following a brief “wet” season marked by California’s \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/2015/02/05/after-driest-january-on-record-how-low-are-californias-reservoirs-visualization/\">driest January\u003c/a> on record, Metropolitan Water District in \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/state/california/water-and-drought/article13908632.html\">L.A. is offering\u003c/a> to buy more than $70 million worth of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One upside to giving some land the year off, Tennis says, is that it’s easier with rice than certain other crops, like citrus, and doing so helps with weed control and affords a chance to level the land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tennis is among the rice farmers who depend on the Western Canal Water District, which is coordinating sales to Metropolitan. General manager Ted Trimble says he wouldn’t allow farmers to fallow more than 20 percent of the land district-wide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But depending on the weather in the next couple weeks, all bets could be off, Trimble says — the deals are “contingent on the district getting its full supply of water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water district depends on the Feather River, which flows into Lake Oroville, and Trimble says the likelihood of getting the full allotment of water has been growing slimmer by the day.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28293\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Crowley.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28293\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Crowley.jpg\" alt=\"Flooded rice fields at the Cosumnes River Preserve near Elk Grove. Growing an acre of rice requires three acre feet of water or more; an acre foot is about 326,000 gallons. (Photo: Nancy Crowley/The Nature Conservancy)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Flooded rice fields at the Cosumnes River Preserve near Elk Grove. Growing an acre of rice requires three acre-feet of water or more. An acre-foot is roughly enough water for two Los Angeles-area households for a year. (Photo: Nancy Crowley/The Nature Conservancy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles is offering rice farmers in the Sacramento Valley more money than the city has ever paid for water — $700 per acre-foot. At this price, rice farmers could make more money selling water than they can make on their crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That makes it easy to say “yes,” says Lance Tennis, whose family has about 900 acres near Chico, an hour north of Sacramento. He says rice farmers in the Sacramento Valley feel compelled to help their parched neighbors to the south, but they wouldn’t want to make a habit of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re rice growers, not water marketers,” Tennis says. “It’s something you would never want to commit to on an ongoing permanent basis because these water rights are very precious, very valuable to us — they’re the only thing that makes this land up here worth what it is — the ability to grow rice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assuming the drought doesn’t curtail his local water district’s own supply, farmers like Tennis could get about $2,100 this year for every acre they agree to fallow. That’s because it takes more than three acre-feet of water to grow one acre of rice. By contrast, selling the rice nets a profit of between $1,000 to $1,500.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following a brief “wet” season marked by California’s \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/2015/02/05/after-driest-january-on-record-how-low-are-californias-reservoirs-visualization/\">driest January\u003c/a> on record, Metropolitan Water District in \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/state/california/water-and-drought/article13908632.html\">L.A. is offering\u003c/a> to buy more than $70 million worth of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One upside to giving some land the year off, Tennis says, is that it’s easier with rice than certain other crops, like citrus, and doing so helps with weed control and affords a chance to level the land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tennis is among the rice farmers who depend on the Western Canal Water District, which is coordinating sales to Metropolitan. General manager Ted Trimble says he wouldn’t allow farmers to fallow more than 20 percent of the land district-wide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But depending on the weather in the next couple weeks, all bets could be off, Trimble says — the deals are “contingent on the district getting its full supply of water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water district depends on the Feather River, which flows into Lake Oroville, and Trimble says the likelihood of getting the full allotment of water has been growing slimmer by the day.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "South American Peaks Contain 2000-Year Record of Lead in the Air",
"headTitle": "South American Peaks Contain 2000-Year Record of Lead in the Air | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28105\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Illimani_La_Paz_April_2014.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28105\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Illimani_La_Paz_April_2014.jpg\" alt=\"Nevado Illimani, Bolivia\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nevado Illimani, in Bolivia, contains ancient ice that records the state of the atmosphere since Ice Age times. (Hernan Payrumani/Wikimedia)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>New data from the ancient ice of a Bolivian glacier show that this region’s worst exposure to airborne lead in the last 2000 years came not from metal smelting by the Incas or the Spaniards, but from leaded gasoline just 50 years ago. Our ill-fated experiment putting lead in gasoline appears to have tainted Earth with the toxic metal far more than any other source. Thus the 20th-century political battle over leaded gas, which put America generations behind in lowering greenhouse gases, left its mark across the whole world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate scientists are interested in glaciers because every year they trap samples of water, dust and gases in layers of snow and ice. Some glaciers preserve these samples for many thousands of years. The great ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland have the longest records. They yield information on volcanic eruptions near and far, ancient air temperatures and the human output over recent centuries of industrial wastes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ice records from outside the polar regions are precious and endangered, especially in the tropics. One of these records is preserved in glaciers on the 21,000-foot peak of Nevado Illimani, in Bolivia. \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/1/2/e1400196\">An open-access paper just published in the journal Science Advances\u003c/a> reports on 2000 years of atmospheric lead, in an ice core that was collected in 1999. The data shed light on the history of technology before and after Columbus opened the New World to Europe around 1500.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bolivia has always been an exceptional producer of metals—at first, silver, and later other metals like copper and nickel. Most metal ores contain lead as an impurity, so smelting releases lead-bearing dust into the air. Tiny lead-bearing particles are preserved not only in Illimani’s ice, but also in lake-bottom sediments around the region. The top 127.5 meters of Illimani ice is a record of 20 centuries of metallurgical history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28106\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Illimani-lead-graph.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28106\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Illimani-lead-graph.png\" alt=\"2000 years of lead deposition on Nevado Illimani\" width=\"500\" height=\"380\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">2000-year record of lead levels in the Illimani ice core. Lead concentration is expressed as an emission factor (EF Pb), where 1 signifies the level of natural emissions. Note that EF’s between 14 and 20 are cut out to save space. The change in emissions around 1600 resulted when the Spaniards replaced the Inca smelters, called \u003ci>huayras\u003c/i>, with mercury-based techniques. (\u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/1/2/e1400196\">Science Advances\u003c/a>/CC BY-NC)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>First came the wealthy Tiwanaku and Wari cultures, which smelted silver between the years 450 and 950. Lead levels rose to double the natural average at this time. A three-century-long drought replaced these empires with “decentralized polities,” and lead levels fell until the Incas took up silver mining again, starting around 1450. When the Spanish conquistadors toppled the Incas in 1532, Bolivia became the Saudi Arabia of silver, with lead emissions rising to four times background.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The long silver boom ended with the 1700s. Then came the tin boom of the 1900s, when Bolivia was consistently among the top three producers of that important metal. Tin ores, like silver ores, contain lead as a contaminant, and the ice bore witness to lead pollution as much as six times background, well above any previous extreme since the year zero.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As tin faded, copper and nickel mining kept lead levels well above background in the Illimani ice record. But lead pollution rose three times over even these unprecedented levels when lead was deliberately added to gasoline, peaking in the 1960s and finally ending in the early 2000s. Excess lead is recorded in the Greenland and Antarctic ice caps too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You could argue that mining of tin, copper and nickel helps civilization far more than the harm it may cause from lead emissions. But how did we come to think it was a good idea to spray poisonous lead out of every tailpipe in the world?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.environmentalhistory.org/billkovarik/about-bk/research/henry-ford-charles-kettering-and-the-fuel-of-the-future/\">A meticulous history of leaded fuel\u003c/a> by Professor Bill Kovarik, of Unity College, shows that in a pitched battle between American oil drillers and grain farmers in the 1920s, tetra-ethyl lead (“ethyl”) was a key weapon. Gasoline engines were prone to “knock” and the fuel supply came increasingly from foreign oil wells. Ethanol had domestic sources and was immune to knock. But ethyl enabled gasoline engines to avoid knock, if you didn’t mind putting toxic lead in the exhaust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kovaric shows that major actors like General Motors and the American Petroleum Institute won the day in the lobbies of Congress and federal agencies. Under attack from lobbyists and Congress, agencies suppressed scientific research on ethyl’s toxicity and ethanol’s performance. The contest between gasoline and ethanol was not a fair one. “In essence,” Kovarik concluded, “political conditions shaped the marketplace and the new competition [ethanol] faced a difficult economic playing field heavily tilted toward established industries.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ethanol lost out to oil in the 1930s. Today it’s mounting a comeback aided by a new political factor, greenhouse gas emissions. \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es5052588\">A recent study in the journal \u003ci>Environmental Science and Technology\u003c/i>\u003c/a> compared three ethanol-producing crops—cornstalks, switchgrass and \u003ca href=\"http://www.extension.org/pages/26625/miscanthus-miscanthus-x-giganteus-for-biofuel-production\">a hybrid form of miscanthus grass\u003c/a>—and found that miscanthus, a relative of sugarcane, offers as much as three times the climate benefit of corn. This kind of analysis can influence climate policy—but only if it can win a place at the policymaking table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The battle for the transportation fuel market goes on. Ethanol remains handicapped by eight decades of opposition, but at least toxic lead is out of the picture.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28105\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Illimani_La_Paz_April_2014.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28105\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Illimani_La_Paz_April_2014.jpg\" alt=\"Nevado Illimani, Bolivia\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nevado Illimani, in Bolivia, contains ancient ice that records the state of the atmosphere since Ice Age times. (Hernan Payrumani/Wikimedia)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>New data from the ancient ice of a Bolivian glacier show that this region’s worst exposure to airborne lead in the last 2000 years came not from metal smelting by the Incas or the Spaniards, but from leaded gasoline just 50 years ago. Our ill-fated experiment putting lead in gasoline appears to have tainted Earth with the toxic metal far more than any other source. Thus the 20th-century political battle over leaded gas, which put America generations behind in lowering greenhouse gases, left its mark across the whole world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate scientists are interested in glaciers because every year they trap samples of water, dust and gases in layers of snow and ice. Some glaciers preserve these samples for many thousands of years. The great ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland have the longest records. They yield information on volcanic eruptions near and far, ancient air temperatures and the human output over recent centuries of industrial wastes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ice records from outside the polar regions are precious and endangered, especially in the tropics. One of these records is preserved in glaciers on the 21,000-foot peak of Nevado Illimani, in Bolivia. \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/1/2/e1400196\">An open-access paper just published in the journal Science Advances\u003c/a> reports on 2000 years of atmospheric lead, in an ice core that was collected in 1999. The data shed light on the history of technology before and after Columbus opened the New World to Europe around 1500.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bolivia has always been an exceptional producer of metals—at first, silver, and later other metals like copper and nickel. Most metal ores contain lead as an impurity, so smelting releases lead-bearing dust into the air. Tiny lead-bearing particles are preserved not only in Illimani’s ice, but also in lake-bottom sediments around the region. The top 127.5 meters of Illimani ice is a record of 20 centuries of metallurgical history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28106\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Illimani-lead-graph.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28106\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Illimani-lead-graph.png\" alt=\"2000 years of lead deposition on Nevado Illimani\" width=\"500\" height=\"380\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">2000-year record of lead levels in the Illimani ice core. Lead concentration is expressed as an emission factor (EF Pb), where 1 signifies the level of natural emissions. Note that EF’s between 14 and 20 are cut out to save space. The change in emissions around 1600 resulted when the Spaniards replaced the Inca smelters, called \u003ci>huayras\u003c/i>, with mercury-based techniques. (\u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/1/2/e1400196\">Science Advances\u003c/a>/CC BY-NC)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>First came the wealthy Tiwanaku and Wari cultures, which smelted silver between the years 450 and 950. Lead levels rose to double the natural average at this time. A three-century-long drought replaced these empires with “decentralized polities,” and lead levels fell until the Incas took up silver mining again, starting around 1450. When the Spanish conquistadors toppled the Incas in 1532, Bolivia became the Saudi Arabia of silver, with lead emissions rising to four times background.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The long silver boom ended with the 1700s. Then came the tin boom of the 1900s, when Bolivia was consistently among the top three producers of that important metal. Tin ores, like silver ores, contain lead as a contaminant, and the ice bore witness to lead pollution as much as six times background, well above any previous extreme since the year zero.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As tin faded, copper and nickel mining kept lead levels well above background in the Illimani ice record. But lead pollution rose three times over even these unprecedented levels when lead was deliberately added to gasoline, peaking in the 1960s and finally ending in the early 2000s. Excess lead is recorded in the Greenland and Antarctic ice caps too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You could argue that mining of tin, copper and nickel helps civilization far more than the harm it may cause from lead emissions. But how did we come to think it was a good idea to spray poisonous lead out of every tailpipe in the world?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.environmentalhistory.org/billkovarik/about-bk/research/henry-ford-charles-kettering-and-the-fuel-of-the-future/\">A meticulous history of leaded fuel\u003c/a> by Professor Bill Kovarik, of Unity College, shows that in a pitched battle between American oil drillers and grain farmers in the 1920s, tetra-ethyl lead (“ethyl”) was a key weapon. Gasoline engines were prone to “knock” and the fuel supply came increasingly from foreign oil wells. Ethanol had domestic sources and was immune to knock. But ethyl enabled gasoline engines to avoid knock, if you didn’t mind putting toxic lead in the exhaust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kovaric shows that major actors like General Motors and the American Petroleum Institute won the day in the lobbies of Congress and federal agencies. Under attack from lobbyists and Congress, agencies suppressed scientific research on ethyl’s toxicity and ethanol’s performance. The contest between gasoline and ethanol was not a fair one. “In essence,” Kovarik concluded, “political conditions shaped the marketplace and the new competition [ethanol] faced a difficult economic playing field heavily tilted toward established industries.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ethanol lost out to oil in the 1930s. Today it’s mounting a comeback aided by a new political factor, greenhouse gas emissions. \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es5052588\">A recent study in the journal \u003ci>Environmental Science and Technology\u003c/i>\u003c/a> compared three ethanol-producing crops—cornstalks, switchgrass and \u003ca href=\"http://www.extension.org/pages/26625/miscanthus-miscanthus-x-giganteus-for-biofuel-production\">a hybrid form of miscanthus grass\u003c/a>—and found that miscanthus, a relative of sugarcane, offers as much as three times the climate benefit of corn. This kind of analysis can influence climate policy—but only if it can win a place at the policymaking table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The battle for the transportation fuel market goes on. Ethanol remains handicapped by eight decades of opposition, but at least toxic lead is out of the picture.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "March Drought Update: A North-South Divide, and Where's the Snow?",
"headTitle": "March Drought Update: A North-South Divide, and Where’s the Snow? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27840\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/16484532037_8ab4219234_o-1024x683.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/16484532037_8ab4219234_o-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Lake McClure, on the Merced River downstream from Yosemite National Park, reached its lowest level ever in early February 2015 and is now at 8 percent of capacity. The reservoir is one of the 10 largest in California. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" class=\"size-large wp-image-27840\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lake McClure, on the Merced River downstream from Yosemite National Park, reached its lowest level ever in early February 2015 and is now at 8 percent of capacity. The reservoir is one of the 10 largest in California. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As others have written — notably Paul Rogers, managing editor of KQED’s Science unit and environmental writer for the San Jose Mercury News — one of the strong patterns that’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/drought/ci_27494057/california-drought-divide-emerging-northern-california-getting-much\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">emerged this winter\u003c/a> is an atypical divide between how much precipitation Northern California has gotten this “wet” season and how much is falling south of the latitude of, say, San Jose. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just to be clear, climatic records show that Northern California gets more rain than Southern California, period. But this winter, many locations in Northern California are at or even a little above their seasonal average for precipitation, thanks mostly to a very wet December, while to the south, many locations are lagging far behind seasonal rainfall. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, San Jose has gotten 11.74 inches of rain since Oct. 1, 104 percent of “normal.” Fresno, in the San Joaquin Valley, has gotten 4.58 inches, or 58 percent of normal. (Here’s a short list of these and other stations \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnrfc.noaa.gov/awipsProducts/RNOWRKCLI.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">from the California Nevada River Forecast Center\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One result of this general pattern is that there’s been a healthy increase in storage at big reservoirs in Northern California. \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryDaily?s=SHA&d=&span=1month\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Shasta Lake\u003c/a>, the state’s biggest reservoir, is at 78 percent of average for this date (though it’s just 58 percent full). \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryDaily?s=ORO&d=&span=1month\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lake Oroville\u003c/a>, the second-biggest storage facility, is at 70 percent of average and 49 percent full. Both are running far ahead of storage levels at this time last year. \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryDaily?s=FOL&d=&span=1month\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Folsom Lake\u003c/a> is actually above average, at 103 percent. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to the south, the bigger reservoirs are mostly in abysmal shape. \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryDaily?s=NML&d=&span=1month\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">New Melones\u003c/a>, on the Stanislaus River and the state’s fourth-biggest storage facility, is 25 percent full and 48 percent of average. \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryDaily?s=NML&d=&span=1month\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lake Don Pedro\u003c/a>, the No. 5 reservoir, is 43 percent full and 60 percent of normal. (See the Department of Water Resources \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/reservoirs/RES\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">daily summary of major reservoirs\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the state’s 10 biggest reservoirs, none is in as bad shape as \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryDaily?s=EXC&d=&span=1month\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lake McClure\u003c/a>, on the Merced River downstream from Yosemite. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A month ago, February 3, Lake McClure fell to its lowest level since it was filled in the 1960s. Per statistics from the state Department of Water Resources, its volume shrank to 63,489 acre-feet (remember, capacity is 1 million) and its surface was at 585.99 feet above sea level. That broke a record set during the six-year drought of 1986-1992, when the lake fell to 66,228 acre-feet, 588.48 surface elevation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lake McClure nadir during the terrible drought of 1976-77 — the drought that saw Shasta Lake and Lake Oroville, among others, fall to their record lows, was 72,200 acre-feet, 594 surface elevation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here’s an update to the update: The Department of Water Resources conducted its \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/news/newsreleases/2015/030315.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">third monthly snow survey\u003c/a> of the season earlier Tuesday. The measurement, taken in a meadow near Echo Summit on U.S. 50, high above Lake Tahoe, confirmed what the state’s network of electronic monitoring stations has been reporting on a daily basis: the Sierra snowpack remains shockingly thin. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the survey location itself, near Phillips Station, the water content of the snow is just 5 percent of its historical March 3 average. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DWR said its network of 103 stations have a composite average of 19 percent of the snow-water content typical for this time of year. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department notes that the only year in which snow was as scant as it is now was 1991. Then, the state’s water supply was saved by a “Miracle March” deluge that built up the snowpack and also dramatically increased the tiny volume of water stored in Lake McClure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To play forecast-watcher for a moment, NOAA’s Climate Prediction Center’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/predictions/610day/fxus06.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">six-to-10-day outlook\u003c/a> is showing a relatively high chance of above-median precipitation for most of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When might we see rain instead of just a forecast of rain? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Weather Service San Francisco Bay Area office in Monterey says models are pointing to \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/total_forecast/getprod.php?prod=XXXAFDMTR&wfo=MTR\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the possibility of a wet storm\u003c/a> arriving around the middle of next week. Between now and then, a familiar word: dry.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Uneven rainfall across the state has helped replenish Northern California reservoirs, while those to the south remain in mostly abysmal shape. Meantime, the latest snow report is in, and it's not good. ",
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"description": "Uneven rainfall across the state has helped replenish Northern California reservoirs, while those to the south remain in mostly abysmal shape. Meantime, the latest snow report is in, and it's not good. ",
"title": "March Drought Update: A North-South Divide, and Where's the Snow? | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27840\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/16484532037_8ab4219234_o-1024x683.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/16484532037_8ab4219234_o-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Lake McClure, on the Merced River downstream from Yosemite National Park, reached its lowest level ever in early February 2015 and is now at 8 percent of capacity. The reservoir is one of the 10 largest in California. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" class=\"size-large wp-image-27840\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lake McClure, on the Merced River downstream from Yosemite National Park, reached its lowest level ever in early February 2015 and is now at 8 percent of capacity. The reservoir is one of the 10 largest in California. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As others have written — notably Paul Rogers, managing editor of KQED’s Science unit and environmental writer for the San Jose Mercury News — one of the strong patterns that’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/drought/ci_27494057/california-drought-divide-emerging-northern-california-getting-much\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">emerged this winter\u003c/a> is an atypical divide between how much precipitation Northern California has gotten this “wet” season and how much is falling south of the latitude of, say, San Jose. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just to be clear, climatic records show that Northern California gets more rain than Southern California, period. But this winter, many locations in Northern California are at or even a little above their seasonal average for precipitation, thanks mostly to a very wet December, while to the south, many locations are lagging far behind seasonal rainfall. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, San Jose has gotten 11.74 inches of rain since Oct. 1, 104 percent of “normal.” Fresno, in the San Joaquin Valley, has gotten 4.58 inches, or 58 percent of normal. (Here’s a short list of these and other stations \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnrfc.noaa.gov/awipsProducts/RNOWRKCLI.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">from the California Nevada River Forecast Center\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One result of this general pattern is that there’s been a healthy increase in storage at big reservoirs in Northern California. \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryDaily?s=SHA&d=&span=1month\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Shasta Lake\u003c/a>, the state’s biggest reservoir, is at 78 percent of average for this date (though it’s just 58 percent full). \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryDaily?s=ORO&d=&span=1month\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lake Oroville\u003c/a>, the second-biggest storage facility, is at 70 percent of average and 49 percent full. Both are running far ahead of storage levels at this time last year. \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryDaily?s=FOL&d=&span=1month\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Folsom Lake\u003c/a> is actually above average, at 103 percent. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to the south, the bigger reservoirs are mostly in abysmal shape. \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryDaily?s=NML&d=&span=1month\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">New Melones\u003c/a>, on the Stanislaus River and the state’s fourth-biggest storage facility, is 25 percent full and 48 percent of average. \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryDaily?s=NML&d=&span=1month\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lake Don Pedro\u003c/a>, the No. 5 reservoir, is 43 percent full and 60 percent of normal. (See the Department of Water Resources \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/reservoirs/RES\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">daily summary of major reservoirs\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the state’s 10 biggest reservoirs, none is in as bad shape as \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryDaily?s=EXC&d=&span=1month\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lake McClure\u003c/a>, on the Merced River downstream from Yosemite. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A month ago, February 3, Lake McClure fell to its lowest level since it was filled in the 1960s. Per statistics from the state Department of Water Resources, its volume shrank to 63,489 acre-feet (remember, capacity is 1 million) and its surface was at 585.99 feet above sea level. That broke a record set during the six-year drought of 1986-1992, when the lake fell to 66,228 acre-feet, 588.48 surface elevation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lake McClure nadir during the terrible drought of 1976-77 — the drought that saw Shasta Lake and Lake Oroville, among others, fall to their record lows, was 72,200 acre-feet, 594 surface elevation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here’s an update to the update: The Department of Water Resources conducted its \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/news/newsreleases/2015/030315.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">third monthly snow survey\u003c/a> of the season earlier Tuesday. The measurement, taken in a meadow near Echo Summit on U.S. 50, high above Lake Tahoe, confirmed what the state’s network of electronic monitoring stations has been reporting on a daily basis: the Sierra snowpack remains shockingly thin. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the survey location itself, near Phillips Station, the water content of the snow is just 5 percent of its historical March 3 average. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DWR said its network of 103 stations have a composite average of 19 percent of the snow-water content typical for this time of year. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department notes that the only year in which snow was as scant as it is now was 1991. Then, the state’s water supply was saved by a “Miracle March” deluge that built up the snowpack and also dramatically increased the tiny volume of water stored in Lake McClure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To play forecast-watcher for a moment, NOAA’s Climate Prediction Center’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/predictions/610day/fxus06.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">six-to-10-day outlook\u003c/a> is showing a relatively high chance of above-median precipitation for most of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When might we see rain instead of just a forecast of rain? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Weather Service San Francisco Bay Area office in Monterey says models are pointing to \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/total_forecast/getprod.php?prod=XXXAFDMTR&wfo=MTR\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the possibility of a wet storm\u003c/a> arriving around the middle of next week. Between now and then, a familiar word: dry.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Greenhouse Effect Is Truly at Work, Observations Show",
"headTitle": "The Greenhouse Effect Is Truly at Work, Observations Show | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27644\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/CO2trends.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27644\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/CO2trends.png\" alt=\"Rising CO2 and rising greenhouse energy, 2000-2010\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graphs of energy trapped in the atmosphere due to extra CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>, as observed at the Southern Great Plains (SGP) and North Slope Alaska (NSA) sites. Red shows the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> effect, gray shows the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> concentrations and blue shows the trend of the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> effect. (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory/Nature)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Climate scientists have finally demonstrated that rising carbon dioxide in the air is trapping more of the sun’s heat. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature14240.html\">paper published Wednesday\u003c/a> has used a decade of painstaking measurements to confirm the basic greenhouse mechanism of global warming beyond a reasonable doubt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Physicists have foreseen greenhouse warming of the Earth since the 19th century, and the greenhouse effect is the foundation of climate-change science. This is accepted knowledge by now, but science is supposed to make really sure of things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The game of science is unusually precise. Since it’s spring training season, I’ll use an analogy from baseball. A ballplayer can hit a home run by batting the ball over the outfield fence—that’s when we all start cheering (or groaning)—but the run is not formally recorded until the umpires see the batter step on each base, in the right order, and set foot on home plate. The ballplayer has to go through all the motions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In climate science, it’s almost universally accepted that rising carbon dioxide (CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>) levels in the atmosphere are making the atmosphere warmer. That ball has been over the fence for many years now. But science has to go through all the motions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”oj2vZ9AgtEdUwds7jDURQccRXk5uNRoI”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greenhouse physics in the lab, many decades of weather observations and a wide range of computer models based on evidence from a million years of prehistory all support the scientific home run. But until now we haven’t gone through the motions for one question: Do we truly observe the mechanism for greenhouse warming on the ground, in the actual sunlight passing through the actual atmosphere?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This hasn’t been easy. Satellite observations show the top of the atmosphere, not the bottom where we live. Also, computer models are still models with many moving parts, and the measurements, whether from space or from the ground, are hard to make and subtle to interpret.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team of six scientists led by \u003ca href=\"http://esd.lbl.gov/about/staff/danielfeldman/\">Daniel Feldman\u003c/a>, of \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\">Lawrence Berkeley National Lab\u003c/a>, used 11 years of ground observations to demonstrate that the 6 percent rise in levels of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> since the year 2000 led to a 10 percent rise in CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>‘s share of the greenhouse effect, specifically the infrared energy kept within the blanket of the atmosphere. Their results were \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature14240.html\">published Wednesday\u003c/a> in the journal \u003ci>Nature\u003c/i>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data came from U.S. Department of Energy observation sites in \u003ca href=\"http://www.arm.gov/sites/sgp\">Oklahoma\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.arm.gov/sites/nsa\">Alaska\u003c/a> where \u003ca href=\"http://www.arm.gov/instruments/aeri\">exquisitely sensitive instruments\u003c/a> watch the skies at a wide range of wavelengths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The three most important greenhouse gases—water vapor, CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> and methane—absorb high-energy sunlight and re-emit it as long-wave infrared (heat) radiation, which is trapped underneath the atmosphere. Because each gas produces its own infrared “color” or blend of wavelengths, it’s possible to sort out their separate effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Feldman’s team used only data from clear skies, allowing them to ignore the weather. They made careful corrections for the temperature of the air and the instrument itself. And the length of the 11-year record allowed them to ignore seasonal ups and downs and extract a clean long-term trend at both sites, shown below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Statistics are always crucial in a study like this. Feldman’s results passed their statistical tests with flying colors. According to the standards that scientists follow, these results are real and robust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> effect is small, but it’s relentless and it adds up as surely as compound interest rewards an investor. And CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> isn’t the end of the story—because warmer air holds more water vapor, any warming due to rising CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> is amplified about three times. (This is another reason why a change in CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> of just a few parts per million is so significant.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The work of Feldman’s team also proves that direct, ground-based observations are now good enough to match the indirect, expensive satellite data we’ve relied on to understand global climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Baseball also has the informal tradition of the “neighborhood play,” in which an infielder rushing to touch a base ahead of an oncoming runner may only sort-of touch it in the interest of avoiding injury, but still have the umpire rule the runner out. Climate change debaters will no longer have that analogy when they argue that after all these years the umpires have never definitively, formally ruled on the greenhouse effect.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A long record of atmospheric observations has put an \"official\" stamp on the foundation of climate-change science: the greenhouse effect really works the way we've always said it does.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27644\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/CO2trends.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27644\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/CO2trends.png\" alt=\"Rising CO2 and rising greenhouse energy, 2000-2010\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graphs of energy trapped in the atmosphere due to extra CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>, as observed at the Southern Great Plains (SGP) and North Slope Alaska (NSA) sites. Red shows the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> effect, gray shows the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> concentrations and blue shows the trend of the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> effect. (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory/Nature)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Climate scientists have finally demonstrated that rising carbon dioxide in the air is trapping more of the sun’s heat. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature14240.html\">paper published Wednesday\u003c/a> has used a decade of painstaking measurements to confirm the basic greenhouse mechanism of global warming beyond a reasonable doubt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Physicists have foreseen greenhouse warming of the Earth since the 19th century, and the greenhouse effect is the foundation of climate-change science. This is accepted knowledge by now, but science is supposed to make really sure of things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The game of science is unusually precise. Since it’s spring training season, I’ll use an analogy from baseball. A ballplayer can hit a home run by batting the ball over the outfield fence—that’s when we all start cheering (or groaning)—but the run is not formally recorded until the umpires see the batter step on each base, in the right order, and set foot on home plate. The ballplayer has to go through all the motions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In climate science, it’s almost universally accepted that rising carbon dioxide (CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>) levels in the atmosphere are making the atmosphere warmer. That ball has been over the fence for many years now. But science has to go through all the motions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greenhouse physics in the lab, many decades of weather observations and a wide range of computer models based on evidence from a million years of prehistory all support the scientific home run. But until now we haven’t gone through the motions for one question: Do we truly observe the mechanism for greenhouse warming on the ground, in the actual sunlight passing through the actual atmosphere?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This hasn’t been easy. Satellite observations show the top of the atmosphere, not the bottom where we live. Also, computer models are still models with many moving parts, and the measurements, whether from space or from the ground, are hard to make and subtle to interpret.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team of six scientists led by \u003ca href=\"http://esd.lbl.gov/about/staff/danielfeldman/\">Daniel Feldman\u003c/a>, of \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\">Lawrence Berkeley National Lab\u003c/a>, used 11 years of ground observations to demonstrate that the 6 percent rise in levels of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> since the year 2000 led to a 10 percent rise in CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>‘s share of the greenhouse effect, specifically the infrared energy kept within the blanket of the atmosphere. Their results were \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature14240.html\">published Wednesday\u003c/a> in the journal \u003ci>Nature\u003c/i>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data came from U.S. Department of Energy observation sites in \u003ca href=\"http://www.arm.gov/sites/sgp\">Oklahoma\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.arm.gov/sites/nsa\">Alaska\u003c/a> where \u003ca href=\"http://www.arm.gov/instruments/aeri\">exquisitely sensitive instruments\u003c/a> watch the skies at a wide range of wavelengths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The three most important greenhouse gases—water vapor, CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> and methane—absorb high-energy sunlight and re-emit it as long-wave infrared (heat) radiation, which is trapped underneath the atmosphere. Because each gas produces its own infrared “color” or blend of wavelengths, it’s possible to sort out their separate effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Feldman’s team used only data from clear skies, allowing them to ignore the weather. They made careful corrections for the temperature of the air and the instrument itself. And the length of the 11-year record allowed them to ignore seasonal ups and downs and extract a clean long-term trend at both sites, shown below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Statistics are always crucial in a study like this. Feldman’s results passed their statistical tests with flying colors. According to the standards that scientists follow, these results are real and robust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> effect is small, but it’s relentless and it adds up as surely as compound interest rewards an investor. And CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> isn’t the end of the story—because warmer air holds more water vapor, any warming due to rising CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> is amplified about three times. (This is another reason why a change in CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> of just a few parts per million is so significant.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The work of Feldman’s team also proves that direct, ground-based observations are now good enough to match the indirect, expensive satellite data we’ve relied on to understand global climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Baseball also has the informal tradition of the “neighborhood play,” in which an infielder rushing to touch a base ahead of an oncoming runner may only sort-of touch it in the interest of avoiding injury, but still have the umpire rule the runner out. Climate change debaters will no longer have that analogy when they argue that after all these years the umpires have never definitively, formally ruled on the greenhouse effect.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Scientists Tackle a Dual Threat: More Acid, Less Oxygen in the Ocean",
"headTitle": "Scientists Tackle a Dual Threat: More Acid, Less Oxygen in the Ocean | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27418\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 593px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/HIOC-BML-photo-e1424466621114.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-27418\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/HIOC-BML-photo-e1424466621114.jpg\" alt=\"Marine scientists at work on Hog Island in Tomales Bay, California (Tessa Hill/UC Davis)\" width=\"593\" height=\"332\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Marine scientists at work on Hog Island in Tomales Bay, California. (Tessa Hill/UC Davis)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every summer for the past decade, fishermen and beachgoers along the Oregon coast have noticed dead crabs scattered along the shore, sometimes washed up in bunches. No one knows for sure why it’s happening, but scientists think “dead zones” formed by low oxygen levels in coastal waters could be the culprit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oceans absorb about a third of the carbon dioxide we pump into Earth’s atmosphere, which means that as we increase carbon dioxide in the air, we increase it in the ocean as well. The carbon dioxide reacts with water to create an acid, so that, over time, scientists with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration say, ocean acidity has risen by \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/What+is+Ocean+Acidification%3F\">about 30 percent\u003c/a> and oxygen levels have dropped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say the combined impacts of decreasing oxygen and increasing acidity could be disastrous for marine ecosystems and the humans who depend on them, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/oceans/acidification/state-vulnerability.asp\">not only in California and along the West Coast, but on the East and Gulf Coasts as well\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘It’s a big problem and we need people to work together to think integratively.’\u003ccite>— Tessa Hill, U.C. Davis\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Mollusks such as oysters and clams depend on minerals in the ocean to form their shells — specifically, calcium carbonate minerals. Increasingly acidic waters deplete the storehouse of calcium carbonate minerals, threatening the ability of shellfish to grow the structures in which they live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shellfish, and most other marine organisms, also need oxygen in the water to survive. When oxygen levels get to too low — a condition called hypoxia — it can kill them, which is what scientists think happened to the crabs on Oregon’s beaches. Canadian scientists in 2007 found that oxygen levels off the West Coast have already declined by 20 percent over the past 50 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Threat to Food and Fishing Economies\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/v5/n3/full/nclimate2508.html\">A study\u003c/a> published this week in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nclimate/index.html\">Nature Climate Change\u003c/a> found that oyster, clam, crab and other fisheries in the Pacific Northwest, Mid-Atlantic, New England and the Gulf of Mexico are \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/oceans/acidification-hotspots/default.asp\">among the most vulnerable\u003c/a> in the U.S. to the impacts of ocean acidification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2012 assessment conducted by the state of Washington estimated that ocean acidification has already cost the oyster industry in the Pacific Northwest more than $100 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a big problem and we need people to work together to think integratively,” says Tessa Hill, an oceanographer at U.C. Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why Hill and marine scientists from Canada, Washington, Oregon and California formed \u003ca href=\"http://westcoastoah.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The West Coast Ocean Acidification and Hypoxia Panel\u003c/a> last year. Working under the auspices of the \u003ca href=\"http://calost.org/\">California Ocean Science Trust\u003c/a>, the group aims to help governments plan for the future of a rapidly changing ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group released \u003ca href=\"http://westcoastoah.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/EnvisioningFutureSciLandscape-2015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">its first report\u003c/a> this month, outlining how scientific research can help policymakers craft smarter strategies for dealing with more acidic ocean waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Can Science Help?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nScientists need to know more about how the multiple effects of ocean acidification, warming waters, and other stressors affect marine life. The report recommends developing studies that use real-life time scales and large environments, outside the lab, to help make predictive modeling more accurate. For example, scientists are partnering with shellfish farmers to gather data on how shellfish are affected by the chemistry of the water they’re exposed to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report also recommends adding chemical and biological sensors to existing ocean buoys. That would cut the cost of installing the sensors and allow the network of ocean observers to share data more easily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another key idea is to share data between researchers and government to help policymakers evaluate programs already in place: marine protected areas, or water quality monitoring networks. Using feedback on how conservation programs are working, political leaders could, in theory, change policies as needed to be more effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists agree the long-term answer to ocean acidification is to decrease our fossil fuel emissions. Meanwhile, they hope to be able to foster resilience in marine ecosystems along West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are lots of groups coming together to try and address the problem in an innovative way,” Hill says.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27418\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 593px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/HIOC-BML-photo-e1424466621114.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-27418\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/HIOC-BML-photo-e1424466621114.jpg\" alt=\"Marine scientists at work on Hog Island in Tomales Bay, California (Tessa Hill/UC Davis)\" width=\"593\" height=\"332\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Marine scientists at work on Hog Island in Tomales Bay, California. (Tessa Hill/UC Davis)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every summer for the past decade, fishermen and beachgoers along the Oregon coast have noticed dead crabs scattered along the shore, sometimes washed up in bunches. No one knows for sure why it’s happening, but scientists think “dead zones” formed by low oxygen levels in coastal waters could be the culprit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oceans absorb about a third of the carbon dioxide we pump into Earth’s atmosphere, which means that as we increase carbon dioxide in the air, we increase it in the ocean as well. The carbon dioxide reacts with water to create an acid, so that, over time, scientists with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration say, ocean acidity has risen by \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/What+is+Ocean+Acidification%3F\">about 30 percent\u003c/a> and oxygen levels have dropped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say the combined impacts of decreasing oxygen and increasing acidity could be disastrous for marine ecosystems and the humans who depend on them, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/oceans/acidification/state-vulnerability.asp\">not only in California and along the West Coast, but on the East and Gulf Coasts as well\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘It’s a big problem and we need people to work together to think integratively.’\u003ccite>— Tessa Hill, U.C. Davis\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Mollusks such as oysters and clams depend on minerals in the ocean to form their shells — specifically, calcium carbonate minerals. Increasingly acidic waters deplete the storehouse of calcium carbonate minerals, threatening the ability of shellfish to grow the structures in which they live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shellfish, and most other marine organisms, also need oxygen in the water to survive. When oxygen levels get to too low — a condition called hypoxia — it can kill them, which is what scientists think happened to the crabs on Oregon’s beaches. Canadian scientists in 2007 found that oxygen levels off the West Coast have already declined by 20 percent over the past 50 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Threat to Food and Fishing Economies\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/v5/n3/full/nclimate2508.html\">A study\u003c/a> published this week in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nclimate/index.html\">Nature Climate Change\u003c/a> found that oyster, clam, crab and other fisheries in the Pacific Northwest, Mid-Atlantic, New England and the Gulf of Mexico are \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/oceans/acidification-hotspots/default.asp\">among the most vulnerable\u003c/a> in the U.S. to the impacts of ocean acidification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2012 assessment conducted by the state of Washington estimated that ocean acidification has already cost the oyster industry in the Pacific Northwest more than $100 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a big problem and we need people to work together to think integratively,” says Tessa Hill, an oceanographer at U.C. Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why Hill and marine scientists from Canada, Washington, Oregon and California formed \u003ca href=\"http://westcoastoah.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The West Coast Ocean Acidification and Hypoxia Panel\u003c/a> last year. Working under the auspices of the \u003ca href=\"http://calost.org/\">California Ocean Science Trust\u003c/a>, the group aims to help governments plan for the future of a rapidly changing ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group released \u003ca href=\"http://westcoastoah.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/EnvisioningFutureSciLandscape-2015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">its first report\u003c/a> this month, outlining how scientific research can help policymakers craft smarter strategies for dealing with more acidic ocean waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Can Science Help?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nScientists need to know more about how the multiple effects of ocean acidification, warming waters, and other stressors affect marine life. The report recommends developing studies that use real-life time scales and large environments, outside the lab, to help make predictive modeling more accurate. For example, scientists are partnering with shellfish farmers to gather data on how shellfish are affected by the chemistry of the water they’re exposed to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report also recommends adding chemical and biological sensors to existing ocean buoys. That would cut the cost of installing the sensors and allow the network of ocean observers to share data more easily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another key idea is to share data between researchers and government to help policymakers evaluate programs already in place: marine protected areas, or water quality monitoring networks. Using feedback on how conservation programs are working, political leaders could, in theory, change policies as needed to be more effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists agree the long-term answer to ocean acidification is to decrease our fossil fuel emissions. Meanwhile, they hope to be able to foster resilience in marine ecosystems along West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are lots of groups coming together to try and address the problem in an innovative way,” Hill says.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Obama Vetoes Keystone XL Pipeline Bill",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27556\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Keystone-XL-e1424815265118-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-27556\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Keystone-XL-e1424815265118-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Environmental activists inflate a long balloon to mock a pipeline during a demonstration in front of the White House in Washington, DC, on February 3, 2014 to protest against the Keystone pipeline project. (Jewel Samad /AFP/Getty Images)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Environmental activists inflate a long balloon to mock a pipeline during a demonstration in front of the White House in Washington, DC, on February 3, 2014 to protest against the Keystone pipeline project. (Jewel Samad /AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By Krishnadev Calamur\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2015/02/24/388738159/obama-to-veto-keystone-xl-pipeline-today-without-drama-or-fanfare-or-delay\">\u003cstrong>NPR\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The White House has notified the Senate that President Obama has, as promised, vetoed congressional legislation to fast-track approval of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/tags/140086821/keystone-xl-pipeline\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Keystone XL pipeline\u003c/a> project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Through this bill, the United States Congress attempts to circumvent longstanding and proven processes for determining whether or not building and operating a cross-border pipeline serves the national interest,” Obama said in the notification to the Senate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. State Department has been reviewing the pipeline for more than six years, working to determine whether it is in the national interest. Congressional Republicans want to circumvent that process and grant a permit immediately.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, R-Ky., said the Senate will vote no later than March 3 to override Obama’s veto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Republicans would need a two-thirds majority in each chamber to override Obama’s veto. They do not appear to have enough votes to do that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists both applauded the veto and urged further action. California financier and climate activist Tom Steyer urged Keystone opponents to press Obama to formally “reject TransCanada’s application to build the Keystone XL pipeline.” Today’s veto affects only the bill to force immediate approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2015/02/24/388738159/obama-to-veto-keystone-xl-pipeline-today-without-drama-or-fanfare-or-delay\">Read more\u003c/a> at NPR.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, R-Ky., said the Senate will vote no later than March 3 to override the veto. But Republicans do not appear to have enough votes to override the veto.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27556\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Keystone-XL-e1424815265118-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-27556\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Keystone-XL-e1424815265118-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Environmental activists inflate a long balloon to mock a pipeline during a demonstration in front of the White House in Washington, DC, on February 3, 2014 to protest against the Keystone pipeline project. (Jewel Samad /AFP/Getty Images)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Environmental activists inflate a long balloon to mock a pipeline during a demonstration in front of the White House in Washington, DC, on February 3, 2014 to protest against the Keystone pipeline project. (Jewel Samad /AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By Krishnadev Calamur\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2015/02/24/388738159/obama-to-veto-keystone-xl-pipeline-today-without-drama-or-fanfare-or-delay\">\u003cstrong>NPR\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The White House has notified the Senate that President Obama has, as promised, vetoed congressional legislation to fast-track approval of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/tags/140086821/keystone-xl-pipeline\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Keystone XL pipeline\u003c/a> project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Through this bill, the United States Congress attempts to circumvent longstanding and proven processes for determining whether or not building and operating a cross-border pipeline serves the national interest,” Obama said in the notification to the Senate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. State Department has been reviewing the pipeline for more than six years, working to determine whether it is in the national interest. Congressional Republicans want to circumvent that process and grant a permit immediately.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, R-Ky., said the Senate will vote no later than March 3 to override Obama’s veto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Republicans would need a two-thirds majority in each chamber to override Obama’s veto. They do not appear to have enough votes to do that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists both applauded the veto and urged further action. California financier and climate activist Tom Steyer urged Keystone opponents to press Obama to formally “reject TransCanada’s application to build the Keystone XL pipeline.” Today’s veto affects only the bill to force immediate approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2015/02/24/388738159/obama-to-veto-keystone-xl-pipeline-today-without-drama-or-fanfare-or-delay\">Read more\u003c/a> at NPR.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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