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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29783\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1491px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/RS14985_IMG_2941.JPG.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29783\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/RS14985_IMG_2941.JPG.jpg\" alt=\"Gov. Jerry Brown holds a news conference at the state Capitol on Apr. 28, 2015 after meeting with California mayors about new efforts to help local drought relief programs. (John Myers/KQED)\" width=\"1491\" height=\"1030\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gov. Jerry Brown holds a news conference at the state Capitol after meeting with California mayors about new efforts to help local drought relief programs. (John Myers/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>State regulators have come up with a “final” version of their gameplan to implement Governor Jerry Brown’s \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/04/18/regulators-float-new-drought-rules-after-feedback-frenzy/\">sweeping April 1 mandate\u003c/a> to save water. This is the version that the State Water Resources Control Board will likely vote to approve during it’s two-day meeting next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 31-point plan is aimed at cutting statewide water use by 25 percent on average, versus 2013 levels. It assigns local water agencies mandatory conservation targets based on how much water they’ve been using on a per-capita basis. The current range runs from a low of eight percent to a high of 36 percent monthly savings, starting this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Individual cities and water districts have been lobbying for easier thresholds, touting their ongoing efforts to save water. But the \u003ca title=\"SWRCB - tiers\" href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/docs/emergency_regulations/supplier_tiers_20150428.pdf\">newest revision\u003c/a> of proposed state regulations appears to hold firm for the most part, on quotas that local water suppliers will have to attain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One change allows local agencies to report total water use by commercial and industrial consumers, as opposed to breaking out the data by customer. Officials say they might revisit that once local agencies refine their data collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just hours before the proposed regulation’s third iteration was unveiled, Brown emerged from a meeting with mayors from around the state with \u003ca title=\"Gov. Jerry Brown - release\" href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=18936\">new legislation\u003c/a> in hand that could help cities in their efforts to save water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot to be done,” Brown told reporters, in California’s quest for drought resilience. The governor called this latest step, “another installment on a long enterprise to live with the changing climate and a drought of uncertain duration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposed legislation would add some “teeth” to local enforcement of new water conservation rules, including:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>A new penalty of up to $10,000 per violation, up from the $500 per day maximum established last year\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Broader authority to issue local fines without specific court approval\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Latitude for local agencies to deputize “water cops” to enforce conservation rules\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The legislation would also allow cities to fast-track environmental reviews for water-saving projects — but it did not appear that Brown was offering any easing of the new conservation quotas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regarding the steep jump in the maximum fine for water hogs, Brown said, “You can be sure that only the worst offender will be getting that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fines are a tool,” added Felicia Marcus, who chairs the water board. “And they’re the last tool you use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marcus’ board will continue to take comments on the new drought regulations right up until the final vote, during a two-day meeting scheduled for May 5-6.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29783\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1491px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/RS14985_IMG_2941.JPG.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29783\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/RS14985_IMG_2941.JPG.jpg\" alt=\"Gov. Jerry Brown holds a news conference at the state Capitol on Apr. 28, 2015 after meeting with California mayors about new efforts to help local drought relief programs. (John Myers/KQED)\" width=\"1491\" height=\"1030\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gov. Jerry Brown holds a news conference at the state Capitol after meeting with California mayors about new efforts to help local drought relief programs. (John Myers/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>State regulators have come up with a “final” version of their gameplan to implement Governor Jerry Brown’s \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/04/18/regulators-float-new-drought-rules-after-feedback-frenzy/\">sweeping April 1 mandate\u003c/a> to save water. This is the version that the State Water Resources Control Board will likely vote to approve during it’s two-day meeting next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 31-point plan is aimed at cutting statewide water use by 25 percent on average, versus 2013 levels. It assigns local water agencies mandatory conservation targets based on how much water they’ve been using on a per-capita basis. The current range runs from a low of eight percent to a high of 36 percent monthly savings, starting this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Individual cities and water districts have been lobbying for easier thresholds, touting their ongoing efforts to save water. But the \u003ca title=\"SWRCB - tiers\" href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/docs/emergency_regulations/supplier_tiers_20150428.pdf\">newest revision\u003c/a> of proposed state regulations appears to hold firm for the most part, on quotas that local water suppliers will have to attain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One change allows local agencies to report total water use by commercial and industrial consumers, as opposed to breaking out the data by customer. Officials say they might revisit that once local agencies refine their data collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just hours before the proposed regulation’s third iteration was unveiled, Brown emerged from a meeting with mayors from around the state with \u003ca title=\"Gov. Jerry Brown - release\" href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=18936\">new legislation\u003c/a> in hand that could help cities in their efforts to save water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot to be done,” Brown told reporters, in California’s quest for drought resilience. The governor called this latest step, “another installment on a long enterprise to live with the changing climate and a drought of uncertain duration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposed legislation would add some “teeth” to local enforcement of new water conservation rules, including:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>A new penalty of up to $10,000 per violation, up from the $500 per day maximum established last year\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Broader authority to issue local fines without specific court approval\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Latitude for local agencies to deputize “water cops” to enforce conservation rules\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The legislation would also allow cities to fast-track environmental reviews for water-saving projects — but it did not appear that Brown was offering any easing of the new conservation quotas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regarding the steep jump in the maximum fine for water hogs, Brown said, “You can be sure that only the worst offender will be getting that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fines are a tool,” added Felicia Marcus, who chairs the water board. “And they’re the last tool you use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marcus’ board will continue to take comments on the new drought regulations right up until the final vote, during a two-day meeting scheduled for May 5-6.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Amid California’s Drought, Should Cemeteries Stay Green?",
"headTitle": "Amid California’s Drought, Should Cemeteries Stay Green? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/04/20150427ScienceCemeteries.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29621\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1457px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/CypressLawn.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29621\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/CypressLawn.jpg\" alt=\"A worker sprays down part of Cypress Lawn Memorial Park in Colma. Officials hope to cut back water-use there, but not so much the grass goes brown. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\" width=\"1457\" height=\"1080\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A worker sprays down part of Cypress Lawn Memorial Park in Colma. Officials hope to cut back water-use there, but not so much the grass goes brown. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Across California, the people who take care of cemeteries are stuck. The state’s new drought mandate is forcing them to cut back on sprinkling, and many expect their grass to go brown this summer. It’s a wrenching call: the concern is that visiting family members who see parched grass on their loved ones’ graves may feel insult on top of loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/emergency_mandatory_regulations.shtml\">new restrictions\u003c/a> haven’t come in yet, we’re just anticipating them,” says Tyler Cassity, head caretaker at Fernwood in Marin County. He currently waters the grounds for about ten minutes, twice a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re probably going to tick that schedule down by 25 percent,” Cassity says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s already warning people that by summer, the green grass could be gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People bought land and were buried with an expectation that their graves would be maintained in a style much like their yards are,” Cassity says. “If it’s not maintained, some people see that as an insult or an umbrage to the dead — not taking care of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29620\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 284px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/TylerCassity.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-29620\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/TylerCassity.jpg\" alt=\"Tyler Cassity sees after both Fernwood in Marin County and Hollywood Forever. He says the drought mandate means cemeteries can't postpone water-saving projects. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\" width=\"284\" height=\"291\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tyler Cassity sees after both Fernwood in Marin County and Hollywood Forever in Los Angeles. He says the drought mandate means cemeteries can’t postpone water-saving projects. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While Fernwood includes a traditional cemetery with sprinklers and grass, parts of the cemetery aren’t irrigated at all. Its steep, wooded hills are for people who prefer simple burials; some with a shroud instead of a casket.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassity says Fernwood’s hills are a stark contrast to a Los Angeles cemetery called \u003ca href=\"http://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/174/birthdays-anniversaries-and-milestones?act=2#play\">Hollywood Forever\u003c/a>, where he’s also head caretaker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a green, manicured landscape lawn in the middle of basically an arid desert region,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now he’s looking into sea grasses, which could get by on brackish water he hopes can be pumped from a hundred feet below the graveyard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, from dialing back sprinkling and adding drought-tolerant flowers to using reclaimed water and new kinds of turf, California’s cemeteries are looking for ways to get by with less water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Worthy Shrines\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s two thousand graveyards include \u003ca href=\"http://www.cem.va.gov/cems/state.asp?State=CA\">nine national cemeteries\u003c/a> for veterans. They’re among California’s most steadfastly kempt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a mandate to maintain our cemeteries as national shrines,” says Brad Phillips, regional director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cem.va.gov/\">National Cemeteries Administration\u003c/a>, which is part of the Veterans Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He told me he loses sleep over the prospect of the grass dying. His office gets letters and phone calls about it too, from veterans and their families. “They get very unhappy when the turf starts to go brown,” Phillips says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s historic drought began four years ago, and Phillips says national cemeteries in California have already cut back water use, some by more than a third. Two in Southern California — Riverside and Miramar — use recycled water. A relatively new national cemetery in Bakersfield doesn’t bother with grass at all; it was designed to be part of the area’s dry native landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29622\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1420px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/GoldenGate.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29622\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/GoldenGate.jpg\" alt=\"Tens of thousands of veterans, along with their spouses and children, are buried at Golden Gate National Cemetery in San Bruno. Veterans Administration officials say they get phone calls and letters if a site doesn't look cared for. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\" width=\"1420\" height=\"1080\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tens of thousands of veterans, along with their spouses and children, are buried at Golden Gate National Cemetery in San Bruno. Veterans Administration officials say they get phone calls and letters if a site doesn’t look cared for. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One national cemetery in San Diego has some artificial turf, albeit not atop anyone’s grave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Gaussa, a plant and soil specialist who works with Phillips says he wonders if there shouldn’t be different rules than, say, a suburban yard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would drive down a neighborhood first,” Gaussa says, “and question why people are keeping green lawns with no purpose in front of their homes. We have a real purpose and a mission here at the cemeteries to create a place that’s worthy of the people that rest here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>For the Living\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way to read the state’s move to crimp cemeteries’ water use is as if to say, “Right now we need the water for the living.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I tested this idea on the head of the California Cemeteries and Mortuaries Association, Darin Drabing. “Cemeteries \u003cem>are\u003c/em> for the living,” he replies, saying that people go to cemeteries to jog, to ride bikes to spend quiet time and to pay tribute to loved ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many cemeteries are park-like settings in the middle of urban areas. In many areas, cemeteries are the green spaces that the public has,” Drabing says. “So I would take umbrage to someone who thinks cemeteries are for the dead — they’re actually for the living.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One example of this kind of space is Mountain View Cemetery in Oakland. The place boasts 150 years of history, the same designer as New York’s Central Park, several fountains, and a panoramic view from the top of a hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a Saturday afternoon there I saw dog-walkers, picnickers, and a guy who said he was looking for a golf ball. From the spigots along the graveyard’s labyrinthine tangle of roads hang faded red tags, warning, “Reclaimed water. Do not drink.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We have a real purpose and a mission here at the cemeteries to create a place that’s worthy of the people that rest here.’ \u003ccite>— Michael Gaussa,Plant and soil specialist \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Visitors Mylene Vandenberg and Brian Anderson say they’re glad the cemetery recycles water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If they weren’t recycling though,” says Vandenberg, “I would say they have to do it. I don’t think anybody has a choice anymore, I really don’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the seven people I struck up conversations with at Mountain View that afternoon, none seemed shocked at the thought of cemeteries going brown this summer. More than one told me if the drought drags on much longer, it’s not the grass they’ll be worried about, but the trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“We’ll Manage This”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The town of Colma was founded a century ago as a necropolis — a place for San Francisco to bury its dead. It has a thousand dead residents for every living one, and all types of graveyards — even a pet cemetery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The day I visited Cypress Lawn Memorial Park in Colma, a man with a hose was spraying flowers arranged to spell “Cypress Lawn” on the grassy hillside. While the state water board won’t vote on the final restrictions until the beginning of May, Cypress Lawn president Ken Varner told me he doesn’t think Colma will go brown. Cypress Lawn has its own well, although the drought rules might limit sprinkling to two days a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Big picture, in terms of California’s water use, Varner says he figures graveyards are small potatoes next to agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those are the guys I feel for. I mean, we’re going to be able to manage this. The cemeteries here in Colma, the cemeteries in the state, we’ll manage this,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll be able to make it out of this drought. Because one thing I’m sure is it’s going to rain here in San Francisco. It always does.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "New drought restrictions are prompting cemetery managers to look at the water they use to keep lawns green. Some worry that for family members who visit this summer, parched grass might feel like insult on top of loss.",
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"description": "New drought restrictions are prompting cemetery managers to look at the water they use to keep lawns green. Some worry that for family members who visit this summer, parched grass might feel like insult on top of loss.",
"title": "Amid California’s Drought, Should Cemeteries Stay Green? | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29621\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1457px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/CypressLawn.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29621\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/CypressLawn.jpg\" alt=\"A worker sprays down part of Cypress Lawn Memorial Park in Colma. Officials hope to cut back water-use there, but not so much the grass goes brown. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\" width=\"1457\" height=\"1080\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A worker sprays down part of Cypress Lawn Memorial Park in Colma. Officials hope to cut back water-use there, but not so much the grass goes brown. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Across California, the people who take care of cemeteries are stuck. The state’s new drought mandate is forcing them to cut back on sprinkling, and many expect their grass to go brown this summer. It’s a wrenching call: the concern is that visiting family members who see parched grass on their loved ones’ graves may feel insult on top of loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/emergency_mandatory_regulations.shtml\">new restrictions\u003c/a> haven’t come in yet, we’re just anticipating them,” says Tyler Cassity, head caretaker at Fernwood in Marin County. He currently waters the grounds for about ten minutes, twice a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re probably going to tick that schedule down by 25 percent,” Cassity says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s already warning people that by summer, the green grass could be gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People bought land and were buried with an expectation that their graves would be maintained in a style much like their yards are,” Cassity says. “If it’s not maintained, some people see that as an insult or an umbrage to the dead — not taking care of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29620\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 284px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/TylerCassity.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-29620\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/TylerCassity.jpg\" alt=\"Tyler Cassity sees after both Fernwood in Marin County and Hollywood Forever. He says the drought mandate means cemeteries can't postpone water-saving projects. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\" width=\"284\" height=\"291\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tyler Cassity sees after both Fernwood in Marin County and Hollywood Forever in Los Angeles. He says the drought mandate means cemeteries can’t postpone water-saving projects. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While Fernwood includes a traditional cemetery with sprinklers and grass, parts of the cemetery aren’t irrigated at all. Its steep, wooded hills are for people who prefer simple burials; some with a shroud instead of a casket.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassity says Fernwood’s hills are a stark contrast to a Los Angeles cemetery called \u003ca href=\"http://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/174/birthdays-anniversaries-and-milestones?act=2#play\">Hollywood Forever\u003c/a>, where he’s also head caretaker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a green, manicured landscape lawn in the middle of basically an arid desert region,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now he’s looking into sea grasses, which could get by on brackish water he hopes can be pumped from a hundred feet below the graveyard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, from dialing back sprinkling and adding drought-tolerant flowers to using reclaimed water and new kinds of turf, California’s cemeteries are looking for ways to get by with less water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Worthy Shrines\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s two thousand graveyards include \u003ca href=\"http://www.cem.va.gov/cems/state.asp?State=CA\">nine national cemeteries\u003c/a> for veterans. They’re among California’s most steadfastly kempt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a mandate to maintain our cemeteries as national shrines,” says Brad Phillips, regional director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cem.va.gov/\">National Cemeteries Administration\u003c/a>, which is part of the Veterans Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He told me he loses sleep over the prospect of the grass dying. His office gets letters and phone calls about it too, from veterans and their families. “They get very unhappy when the turf starts to go brown,” Phillips says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s historic drought began four years ago, and Phillips says national cemeteries in California have already cut back water use, some by more than a third. Two in Southern California — Riverside and Miramar — use recycled water. A relatively new national cemetery in Bakersfield doesn’t bother with grass at all; it was designed to be part of the area’s dry native landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29622\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1420px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/GoldenGate.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29622\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/GoldenGate.jpg\" alt=\"Tens of thousands of veterans, along with their spouses and children, are buried at Golden Gate National Cemetery in San Bruno. Veterans Administration officials say they get phone calls and letters if a site doesn't look cared for. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\" width=\"1420\" height=\"1080\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tens of thousands of veterans, along with their spouses and children, are buried at Golden Gate National Cemetery in San Bruno. Veterans Administration officials say they get phone calls and letters if a site doesn’t look cared for. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One national cemetery in San Diego has some artificial turf, albeit not atop anyone’s grave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Gaussa, a plant and soil specialist who works with Phillips says he wonders if there shouldn’t be different rules than, say, a suburban yard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would drive down a neighborhood first,” Gaussa says, “and question why people are keeping green lawns with no purpose in front of their homes. We have a real purpose and a mission here at the cemeteries to create a place that’s worthy of the people that rest here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>For the Living\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way to read the state’s move to crimp cemeteries’ water use is as if to say, “Right now we need the water for the living.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I tested this idea on the head of the California Cemeteries and Mortuaries Association, Darin Drabing. “Cemeteries \u003cem>are\u003c/em> for the living,” he replies, saying that people go to cemeteries to jog, to ride bikes to spend quiet time and to pay tribute to loved ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many cemeteries are park-like settings in the middle of urban areas. In many areas, cemeteries are the green spaces that the public has,” Drabing says. “So I would take umbrage to someone who thinks cemeteries are for the dead — they’re actually for the living.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One example of this kind of space is Mountain View Cemetery in Oakland. The place boasts 150 years of history, the same designer as New York’s Central Park, several fountains, and a panoramic view from the top of a hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a Saturday afternoon there I saw dog-walkers, picnickers, and a guy who said he was looking for a golf ball. From the spigots along the graveyard’s labyrinthine tangle of roads hang faded red tags, warning, “Reclaimed water. Do not drink.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We have a real purpose and a mission here at the cemeteries to create a place that’s worthy of the people that rest here.’ \u003ccite>— Michael Gaussa,Plant and soil specialist \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Visitors Mylene Vandenberg and Brian Anderson say they’re glad the cemetery recycles water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If they weren’t recycling though,” says Vandenberg, “I would say they have to do it. I don’t think anybody has a choice anymore, I really don’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the seven people I struck up conversations with at Mountain View that afternoon, none seemed shocked at the thought of cemeteries going brown this summer. More than one told me if the drought drags on much longer, it’s not the grass they’ll be worried about, but the trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“We’ll Manage This”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The town of Colma was founded a century ago as a necropolis — a place for San Francisco to bury its dead. It has a thousand dead residents for every living one, and all types of graveyards — even a pet cemetery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The day I visited Cypress Lawn Memorial Park in Colma, a man with a hose was spraying flowers arranged to spell “Cypress Lawn” on the grassy hillside. While the state water board won’t vote on the final restrictions until the beginning of May, Cypress Lawn president Ken Varner told me he doesn’t think Colma will go brown. Cypress Lawn has its own well, although the drought rules might limit sprinkling to two days a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Big picture, in terms of California’s water use, Varner says he figures graveyards are small potatoes next to agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those are the guys I feel for. I mean, we’re going to be able to manage this. The cemeteries here in Colma, the cemeteries in the state, we’ll manage this,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll be able to make it out of this drought. Because one thing I’m sure is it’s going to rain here in San Francisco. It always does.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Bay Area: Ground Zero for Earth Day?",
"headTitle": "The Bay Area: Ground Zero for Earth Day? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29508\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/11100354_906310292767595_495524832380603643_n.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-29508 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/11100354_906310292767595_495524832380603643_n.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Saturday’s Earth Day celebration at The David Brower Center in Berkeley (Gael McKeon/The David Brower Center)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gaylord Nelson, the Wisconsin senator who created \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/earth-day-tv-special-where-weve-been-where-were-headed/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Earth Day\u003c/a>, never envisioned it as an annual event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1970 he proposed a national teach-in, a day for universities across the country to hold “soul-searching” discussions about environmental issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the day was such a hit—35,000 speakers and 20 million participants attended over 12,000 events across the country—that he thought it should be an annual event. And the nation agreed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This April 22 is the nation’s 46th Earth Day, the world’s most celebrated secular holiday, according to the Earth Day Network. But the ramifications of the first Earth Day’s success were much larger than the holiday itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There really wasn’t an environmental movement before Earth Day,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.history.udel.edu/adamrome/fac-bio/adam-rome/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Adam Rome\u003c/a>, a professor of environmental history at the University of Delaware, and author of \u003cem>The Genius of Earth Day\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘There really wasn’t an environmental movement before Earth Day.’\u003ccite>– Adam Rome,Environmental historian\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Most of the major environmental regulations and organizations we have today, including the Environmental Protection Agency, the Clean Air and Clean Water Acts, the Environmental Defense Fund, and the National Resources Defense Council, grew out of that one day in April 1970.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People were already concerned with specific local problems, like polluted water and air, Rome says, but Earth Day was the first time these concerns coalesced into “environmental issues.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bringing people together to talk about the environment as a whole and how it could be protected had a powerful impact on nearly everyone involved, including U.S. lawmakers. On the original Earth Day, Congress shut down and two-thirds of its members spoke at Earth Day events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nixon formed the Environmental Protection Agency nine months after the event. The Clean Air Act was passed within the year, and the Clean Water Act put into place just two years later. Meanwhile, in the Bay Area, environmentalism was already a few steps ahead of the rest of the nation, but the energy from Earth Day gave the movement momentum that’s still carrying it forward today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Earth Day in the Bay Area: A Green Hub\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29507\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 281px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/BrowerEarthDay.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-29507 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/BrowerEarthDay.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"281\" height=\"422\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The David Brower Center in Berkeley had its first Earth Day celebration on Saturday. Street art and flowers were part of the fun (Gael McKeon/The David Brower Center)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Part of what’s amazing about Earth Day in the Bay Area is in many ways this is where the environmental movement in the U.S was born,” says Jackie Hasa of the David Brower Center in Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Long before Nelson had his environmental awakening in Santa Barbara, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/04/16/celebrate-earth-day-at-john-muir-family-home/\">John Muir\u003c/a> in Martinez dreamt up the idea for the National Parks Service. Frederick Law Olmsted in San Francisco proposed Golden Gate Park and Caroline Livermore in Marin successfully campaigned to preserve green space on Angel Island.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This conservationist, activist spirit of the Bay Area may have been part of Nelson’s inspiration. He and the student he selected to coordinate the first Earth Day, Denis Hayes, both spent some of their formative years in the Bay Area—Nelson went to college at San Jose State University and Hayes went to Stanford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Students at Nelson’s alma mater were so excited about Earth Day, they celebrated a few months ahead of the rest of the nation: they started drumming up support for environmental causes in February 1970 by purchasing a new Ford Maverick and then burying it in the campus lawn to protest, “ecologically insane behavior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This event, and the area’s long history of conservationism, put the Bay Area on the map as a center of environmental action before the first Earth Day and it has remained that way ever since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Earth Day 1970 injected new energy and enthusiasm–the Sierra Club, started by John Muir in San Francisco, tripled in size, and, led by David Brower (a Berkeley native) became an overtly environmentalist organization. A group of green-minded San Francisco lawyers, inspired by all of the Earth Day action, formed Earthjustice in 1971.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, 45 years later, Bay Area cities consistently \u003ca href=\"http://www.popsci.com/environment/article/2008-02/americas-50-greenest-cities?image=2%22\">rank among the greenest in the nation\u003c/a>. But cities and individuals can always do more, and Hasa and Rome agree the most important function of Earth Day is to provide a day of reflection, to “think about the issues we are still facing today, like climate change,” Hasa says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rome says this is what Nelson had in mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What was so great about the first Earth Day was it forced people to ask themselves, ‘Why does this matter? What’s at stake? What can I do?’,” he says. “Nelson trusted that if people just got together and talked about environmental issues, they would realize they cared more than they thought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hasa hopes that this Earth Day, Bay Area residents will take this opportunity to “both celebrate nature, and think about how we can be even better stewards of nature in the future.” Today, the Bay Area still is “a hub for the movement, both for the nation and the state, ” she says. “So the ripple effects of what happens here have a big impact.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Area residents have a host of Earth Day celebrations to choose from, if they are so inclined:\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>San Francisco\u003c/div>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://sfpl.org/index.php?pg=1018934201\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Earth Day Film Series\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://sfpl.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Crafty Friday: Earth Day\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.parksconservancy.org/events/volunteer-events/special-events/mt-tam-earth-day-service.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mt. Tamalpais Earth Day\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pacificabeachcoalition.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pacifica Beach Coalition Earth Day of Action and EcoFest\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://myearthdaymarin.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">My Earth Day Marin\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>Alameda\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://alamedaca.gov/recreation/earth-day-festival\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alameda Earth Day Festival\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>Berkeley\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://serc.berkeley.edu/earthweek/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UC Berkeley Earth Week\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>San Jose\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ercsjsu.org/earth-day.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Earth Day San Jose\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or find Earth Day events across the country at \u003ca href=\"http://www.earthday.org/greencities/events/#United%20States\">Earth Day Network.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The first Earth Day started a movement, rocked the government and created a generation of environmental leaders. In the Bay Area, it injected new energy into an environmental tradition that began with John Muir.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29508\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/11100354_906310292767595_495524832380603643_n.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-29508 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/11100354_906310292767595_495524832380603643_n.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Saturday’s Earth Day celebration at The David Brower Center in Berkeley (Gael McKeon/The David Brower Center)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gaylord Nelson, the Wisconsin senator who created \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/earth-day-tv-special-where-weve-been-where-were-headed/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Earth Day\u003c/a>, never envisioned it as an annual event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1970 he proposed a national teach-in, a day for universities across the country to hold “soul-searching” discussions about environmental issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the day was such a hit—35,000 speakers and 20 million participants attended over 12,000 events across the country—that he thought it should be an annual event. And the nation agreed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This April 22 is the nation’s 46th Earth Day, the world’s most celebrated secular holiday, according to the Earth Day Network. But the ramifications of the first Earth Day’s success were much larger than the holiday itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There really wasn’t an environmental movement before Earth Day,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.history.udel.edu/adamrome/fac-bio/adam-rome/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Adam Rome\u003c/a>, a professor of environmental history at the University of Delaware, and author of \u003cem>The Genius of Earth Day\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘There really wasn’t an environmental movement before Earth Day.’\u003ccite>– Adam Rome,Environmental historian\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Most of the major environmental regulations and organizations we have today, including the Environmental Protection Agency, the Clean Air and Clean Water Acts, the Environmental Defense Fund, and the National Resources Defense Council, grew out of that one day in April 1970.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People were already concerned with specific local problems, like polluted water and air, Rome says, but Earth Day was the first time these concerns coalesced into “environmental issues.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bringing people together to talk about the environment as a whole and how it could be protected had a powerful impact on nearly everyone involved, including U.S. lawmakers. On the original Earth Day, Congress shut down and two-thirds of its members spoke at Earth Day events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nixon formed the Environmental Protection Agency nine months after the event. The Clean Air Act was passed within the year, and the Clean Water Act put into place just two years later. Meanwhile, in the Bay Area, environmentalism was already a few steps ahead of the rest of the nation, but the energy from Earth Day gave the movement momentum that’s still carrying it forward today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Earth Day in the Bay Area: A Green Hub\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29507\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 281px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/BrowerEarthDay.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-29507 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/BrowerEarthDay.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"281\" height=\"422\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The David Brower Center in Berkeley had its first Earth Day celebration on Saturday. Street art and flowers were part of the fun (Gael McKeon/The David Brower Center)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Part of what’s amazing about Earth Day in the Bay Area is in many ways this is where the environmental movement in the U.S was born,” says Jackie Hasa of the David Brower Center in Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Long before Nelson had his environmental awakening in Santa Barbara, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/04/16/celebrate-earth-day-at-john-muir-family-home/\">John Muir\u003c/a> in Martinez dreamt up the idea for the National Parks Service. Frederick Law Olmsted in San Francisco proposed Golden Gate Park and Caroline Livermore in Marin successfully campaigned to preserve green space on Angel Island.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This conservationist, activist spirit of the Bay Area may have been part of Nelson’s inspiration. He and the student he selected to coordinate the first Earth Day, Denis Hayes, both spent some of their formative years in the Bay Area—Nelson went to college at San Jose State University and Hayes went to Stanford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Students at Nelson’s alma mater were so excited about Earth Day, they celebrated a few months ahead of the rest of the nation: they started drumming up support for environmental causes in February 1970 by purchasing a new Ford Maverick and then burying it in the campus lawn to protest, “ecologically insane behavior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This event, and the area’s long history of conservationism, put the Bay Area on the map as a center of environmental action before the first Earth Day and it has remained that way ever since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Earth Day 1970 injected new energy and enthusiasm–the Sierra Club, started by John Muir in San Francisco, tripled in size, and, led by David Brower (a Berkeley native) became an overtly environmentalist organization. A group of green-minded San Francisco lawyers, inspired by all of the Earth Day action, formed Earthjustice in 1971.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, 45 years later, Bay Area cities consistently \u003ca href=\"http://www.popsci.com/environment/article/2008-02/americas-50-greenest-cities?image=2%22\">rank among the greenest in the nation\u003c/a>. But cities and individuals can always do more, and Hasa and Rome agree the most important function of Earth Day is to provide a day of reflection, to “think about the issues we are still facing today, like climate change,” Hasa says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rome says this is what Nelson had in mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What was so great about the first Earth Day was it forced people to ask themselves, ‘Why does this matter? What’s at stake? What can I do?’,” he says. “Nelson trusted that if people just got together and talked about environmental issues, they would realize they cared more than they thought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hasa hopes that this Earth Day, Bay Area residents will take this opportunity to “both celebrate nature, and think about how we can be even better stewards of nature in the future.” Today, the Bay Area still is “a hub for the movement, both for the nation and the state, ” she says. “So the ripple effects of what happens here have a big impact.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Area residents have a host of Earth Day celebrations to choose from, if they are so inclined:\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>San Francisco\u003c/div>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://sfpl.org/index.php?pg=1018934201\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Earth Day Film Series\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://sfpl.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Crafty Friday: Earth Day\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.parksconservancy.org/events/volunteer-events/special-events/mt-tam-earth-day-service.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mt. Tamalpais Earth Day\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pacificabeachcoalition.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pacifica Beach Coalition Earth Day of Action and EcoFest\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://myearthdaymarin.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">My Earth Day Marin\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>Alameda\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://alamedaca.gov/recreation/earth-day-festival\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alameda Earth Day Festival\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>Berkeley\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://serc.berkeley.edu/earthweek/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UC Berkeley Earth Week\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>San Jose\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ercsjsu.org/earth-day.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Earth Day San Jose\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or find Earth Day events across the country at \u003ca href=\"http://www.earthday.org/greencities/events/#United%20States\">Earth Day Network.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "When City Codes Clash With State Water Rules, Confusion Reigns",
"headTitle": "When City Codes Clash With State Water Rules, Confusion Reigns | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29487\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/RS14889_photo-5.JPG-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29487\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/RS14889_photo-5.JPG-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Tim Atkinson is tearing up his lawn in Hanford, which will save water but violate local landscape codes. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tim Atkinson is tearing up his lawn in Hanford, which will save water but violate local landscape codes. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In some California cities, brown is not quite the new green. In fact, it’s downright illegal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take the Kings County city of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.hanford.ca.us/\">Hanford\u003c/a>, where we found Tim Atkinson taking a pickaxe to his lawn, sweating and huffing as he hacked away at a stubborn root. He was pulling out some grass and putting in a rock planter to help save water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Inside, we’re going to put blue rock,” says Atkinson, a retired paint store owner. “It’ll be decorative.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem is that in Hanford, it’s against the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The current code requires that you plant your front yard in primarily living materials, which include turf, shrubbery and trees,” explains Darlene Mata, Hanford’s community development director. She oversees code enforcement for this city of about 56,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mata and city manager Darrel Pyle drive me through town and stop in front of a house where the homeowners have clearly decided to turn off the sprinklers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The way the ordinance is currently written,” says Pyle, “this lawn would be deemed to be unmaintained, but he’s not using any water to irrigate, so right now, we’re looking at what is the lesser of two evils?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Predicament for Cities\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mata points to a neighboring house with a rock garden like the one Tim Atkinson wants to put in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”ghbGXbuN5D5jKbPuvSIB2L2AZnIJWUQ7″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The problem we have now, people are requesting to put concrete, rock fronts with minimal shrubbery or put artificial turf. All of those are non-living materials,” he says. “Currently we can’t approve that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People who do put in fake grass or rock gardens run the risk of having to pull them out if the city catches them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The current ordinance requires that we tell people no, but we realize some of the things [homeowners] are asking us to do would be beneficial to the community and to the state as a whole,” says Mata.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So when our code is no longer logical, that’s the predicament we’re in,” adds Pyle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city’s stopped sending warning letters to homeowners violating the “living landscape” ordinance and is no longer issuing $500 a day citations either. Instead, local officials are working on changing their ordinance. Hanford’s anticipating a \u003ca href=\"//www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/docs/emergency_regulations/draft_usage_tiers.pdfor\">state mandate\u003c/a> to cut water use by 32 percent or face penalties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, Atkinson’s hoping city officials look the other way when it comes to his rock garden. From a water conservation perspective, he and his wife Edna are model citizens. They collect water while they’re waiting for the kitchen sink and shower to heat up and use it to hand-water their plants. According to his calculations, they’ve reduced their personal water consumption nearly 40 percent over the last two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Atkinson remembers how lush California seemed when he arrived as a child in the 1940s. He recalls going to an older brother’s house and marveling at his lawn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The water was running, and sprinklers and this and that,” he recalls. He also remembers his brother’s response. “He said, ‘No problem, $2 a month, use all you want,'” says Atkinson, who retains his Oklahoma twang.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Back when water was $2 a month, use all you want, ordinances of grass and no rock probably made sense for beauty. Doesn’t make any sense today, does it?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29489\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1889px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/RS14888_photo-4.JPG-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29489\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/RS14888_photo-4.JPG-qut.jpg\" alt='In cities that require \"living landscapes,\" rockscapes like this one in Hanford violate local ordinances. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)' width=\"1889\" height=\"1231\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In cities that require “living landscapes,” rockscapes like this one in Hanford violate local ordinances. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Change in the Wind\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear just how many California cities will have to change their local ordinances under the governor’s new drought mandate. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/wateruseefficiency/docs/ab_1881_bill.pdf\">bill\u003c/a> (mostly aimed at new developments) passed nearly a decade ago requiring cities and counties to adopt water-efficient landscape rules by 2010. But when \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/wateruseefficiency/docs/DirectorLetterAdoption.pdf\">asked to send their plans\u003c/a> to the state Department of Water Resources, more than 150 cities \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/wateruseefficiency/docs/LandscapOrdinanceReport_to_Leg-4-22-2011.pdf\">didn’t even respond\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just down the road from Hanford, in the town of \u003ca href=\"http://www.cityofcorcoran.com/\">Corcoran\u003c/a>, people come to pay their water bill at city hall. Many of them are farmworkers who pay in cash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the lobby, framed yellowed newspapers on the walls tell the history of this cotton town, built on top of what was once the \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/1997-02-13/news/mn-28291_1_tulare-lake\">largest freshwater lake\u003c/a> in the West. One headline reads: “Farmers Fear Floods.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re used to having water come in abundance, and sometimes having too much water,” says Kindon Meik, city manager just down the road in Corcoran. “In fact, much of the western portion of the city is set up in the 100-year flood plain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a long time, Corcoran residents have pretty much been able to water whenever they wanted. City parks and schools are still exempt from all watering restrictions, but as of this month, residents are \u003ca href=\"http://www.cityofcorcoran.com/news/displaynews.asp?NewsID=128&TargetID=1\">limited to three days a week\u003c/a>. The city can’t cut back watering days any further, under city code.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very archaic,” says Meik of the code. “It’s set up on the idea that there’s going to be abundant water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now, Corcoran — which is entirely reliant on groundwater — is drilling a new, deeper well to serve its 26,000 residents, half of whom are inmates at the state prison located there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state water board says Corcoran will likely need to cut water use by 36 percent — so Meik and the city council are scrambling to change the code before state-imposed drought rules kick in this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then he’s got to find money to help with local enforcement. Right now, four people staff the water department. They’re mostly focused on water treatment and delivery, not knocking on doors to catch water wasters.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29487\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/RS14889_photo-5.JPG-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29487\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/RS14889_photo-5.JPG-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Tim Atkinson is tearing up his lawn in Hanford, which will save water but violate local landscape codes. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tim Atkinson is tearing up his lawn in Hanford, which will save water but violate local landscape codes. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In some California cities, brown is not quite the new green. In fact, it’s downright illegal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take the Kings County city of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.hanford.ca.us/\">Hanford\u003c/a>, where we found Tim Atkinson taking a pickaxe to his lawn, sweating and huffing as he hacked away at a stubborn root. He was pulling out some grass and putting in a rock planter to help save water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Inside, we’re going to put blue rock,” says Atkinson, a retired paint store owner. “It’ll be decorative.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem is that in Hanford, it’s against the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The current code requires that you plant your front yard in primarily living materials, which include turf, shrubbery and trees,” explains Darlene Mata, Hanford’s community development director. She oversees code enforcement for this city of about 56,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mata and city manager Darrel Pyle drive me through town and stop in front of a house where the homeowners have clearly decided to turn off the sprinklers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The way the ordinance is currently written,” says Pyle, “this lawn would be deemed to be unmaintained, but he’s not using any water to irrigate, so right now, we’re looking at what is the lesser of two evils?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Predicament for Cities\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mata points to a neighboring house with a rock garden like the one Tim Atkinson wants to put in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The problem we have now, people are requesting to put concrete, rock fronts with minimal shrubbery or put artificial turf. All of those are non-living materials,” he says. “Currently we can’t approve that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People who do put in fake grass or rock gardens run the risk of having to pull them out if the city catches them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The current ordinance requires that we tell people no, but we realize some of the things [homeowners] are asking us to do would be beneficial to the community and to the state as a whole,” says Mata.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So when our code is no longer logical, that’s the predicament we’re in,” adds Pyle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city’s stopped sending warning letters to homeowners violating the “living landscape” ordinance and is no longer issuing $500 a day citations either. Instead, local officials are working on changing their ordinance. Hanford’s anticipating a \u003ca href=\"//www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/docs/emergency_regulations/draft_usage_tiers.pdfor\">state mandate\u003c/a> to cut water use by 32 percent or face penalties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, Atkinson’s hoping city officials look the other way when it comes to his rock garden. From a water conservation perspective, he and his wife Edna are model citizens. They collect water while they’re waiting for the kitchen sink and shower to heat up and use it to hand-water their plants. According to his calculations, they’ve reduced their personal water consumption nearly 40 percent over the last two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Atkinson remembers how lush California seemed when he arrived as a child in the 1940s. He recalls going to an older brother’s house and marveling at his lawn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The water was running, and sprinklers and this and that,” he recalls. He also remembers his brother’s response. “He said, ‘No problem, $2 a month, use all you want,'” says Atkinson, who retains his Oklahoma twang.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Back when water was $2 a month, use all you want, ordinances of grass and no rock probably made sense for beauty. Doesn’t make any sense today, does it?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29489\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1889px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/RS14888_photo-4.JPG-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29489\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/RS14888_photo-4.JPG-qut.jpg\" alt='In cities that require \"living landscapes,\" rockscapes like this one in Hanford violate local ordinances. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)' width=\"1889\" height=\"1231\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In cities that require “living landscapes,” rockscapes like this one in Hanford violate local ordinances. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Change in the Wind\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear just how many California cities will have to change their local ordinances under the governor’s new drought mandate. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/wateruseefficiency/docs/ab_1881_bill.pdf\">bill\u003c/a> (mostly aimed at new developments) passed nearly a decade ago requiring cities and counties to adopt water-efficient landscape rules by 2010. But when \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/wateruseefficiency/docs/DirectorLetterAdoption.pdf\">asked to send their plans\u003c/a> to the state Department of Water Resources, more than 150 cities \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/wateruseefficiency/docs/LandscapOrdinanceReport_to_Leg-4-22-2011.pdf\">didn’t even respond\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just down the road from Hanford, in the town of \u003ca href=\"http://www.cityofcorcoran.com/\">Corcoran\u003c/a>, people come to pay their water bill at city hall. Many of them are farmworkers who pay in cash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the lobby, framed yellowed newspapers on the walls tell the history of this cotton town, built on top of what was once the \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/1997-02-13/news/mn-28291_1_tulare-lake\">largest freshwater lake\u003c/a> in the West. One headline reads: “Farmers Fear Floods.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re used to having water come in abundance, and sometimes having too much water,” says Kindon Meik, city manager just down the road in Corcoran. “In fact, much of the western portion of the city is set up in the 100-year flood plain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a long time, Corcoran residents have pretty much been able to water whenever they wanted. City parks and schools are still exempt from all watering restrictions, but as of this month, residents are \u003ca href=\"http://www.cityofcorcoran.com/news/displaynews.asp?NewsID=128&TargetID=1\">limited to three days a week\u003c/a>. The city can’t cut back watering days any further, under city code.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very archaic,” says Meik of the code. “It’s set up on the idea that there’s going to be abundant water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now, Corcoran — which is entirely reliant on groundwater — is drilling a new, deeper well to serve its 26,000 residents, half of whom are inmates at the state prison located there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state water board says Corcoran will likely need to cut water use by 36 percent — so Meik and the city council are scrambling to change the code before state-imposed drought rules kick in this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then he’s got to find money to help with local enforcement. Right now, four people staff the water department. They’re mostly focused on water treatment and delivery, not knocking on doors to catch water wasters.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Water Conservation Ebbs as Governor Calls for Greater Effort",
"headTitle": "Water Conservation Ebbs as Governor Calls for Greater Effort | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29060\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/RS14773_468383616-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29060\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/RS14773_468383616-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Lawn sprinklers in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park, in April. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1293\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lawn sprinklers in San Francisco’s Golden Gate Park, in April. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown’s decision to put his foot down was well timed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reports from local water agencies around the state show that on average in February, Californians did their poorest job at conserving water since the state began tracking water use last summer. Urban water savings in February were 2.8 percent, compared to the baseline year of 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservation efforts peaked in December at just over 22 percent savings, but December’s weather skewed the results, as property owners cut back on watering amid persistent rains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a per-capita basis, the State Water Resources Control Board reported that Californians’ use of water actually rose in February, from 73 gallons per person, per day, to 77 gallons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”tJbLQZarX9yB8gq9JUMWI1Byekpp3PaA”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The averages conceal the progress that many communities have made. Livermore, Tracy, Stockton and Roseville, inland cities with relatively warm temperatures and abundant lawns, all made regulators’ honor roll of towns that cut water use more than 15 percent and reduced the closely watched per capita use to under 60 gallons per day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, water board \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/a-candid-conversation-with-californias-water-czar/\">chair Felicia Marcus\u003c/a> says she finds the broad numbers “sobering and disheartening.” Recent statewide polling indicates that Californians are ready to roll up their sleeves to save water. A \u003ca title=\"PPIC - survey\" href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/publication.asp?i=1143\">March survey\u003c/a> by the Public Policy Institute of California found that water and drought remain at the top of Californians’ concerns, tied with jobs and the economy, and that fully two-thirds say they don’t think enough is being done in response to the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Against this backdrop, officials face the task of figuring out how to implement the governor’s \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/03/31/record-low-sierra-snowpack-will-drive-home-drought-impacts/\">31-point conservation mandate\u003c/a>, announced on April 1. Marcus said the governor was aware that the February numbers would be “bad” before he unveiled his new program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a very tight timeline for trying to implement this order from the governor,” says Max Gomberg, a senior scientist at the water board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aspects of the mandate remain murky, such as the proscriptions on \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/04/07/confusion-over-drought-rules-on-lawns-for-new-homes/\">landscaping for new homes\u003c/a>. By mid-May, regulators hope to have specific regulations in place to achieve Brown’s goal of 25 percent water savings across the board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the plan, the state will assign localities specific reduction targets based on how they’re already doing in terms of per-capita daily water consumption. Under a \u003ca title=\"SWRCB - proposal\" href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/docs/emergency_regulations/urban_water_supplier_tiers.pdf\">proposed framework\u003c/a> for the regulation, targets would range from 10 percent for the most efficient areas, such as San Francisco and Santa Cruz to 35 percent for persistently heavy users such as Hillsborough and West Sacramento. Much of Southern California is at the high end, though officials cited San Diego as a standout water saver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All told, officials say that Californians have saved 148 billion gallons of water since conservation efforts began in earnest last summer. Gomberg says that’s a year’s worth of water for two million people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To see how your city stacks up, \u003ca title=\"SWRCB - proposal\" href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/docs/emergency_regulations/urban_water_supplier_tiers.pdf\">view the full list\u003c/a> of proposed mandatory conservation targets.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The latest figures on water conservation in California would seem to bear out the need for more strict, mandatory measures, such as the governor recently announced.",
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"description": "The latest figures on water conservation in California would seem to bear out the need for more strict, mandatory measures, such as the governor recently announced.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29060\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/RS14773_468383616-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29060\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/RS14773_468383616-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Lawn sprinklers in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park, in April. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1293\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lawn sprinklers in San Francisco’s Golden Gate Park, in April. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown’s decision to put his foot down was well timed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reports from local water agencies around the state show that on average in February, Californians did their poorest job at conserving water since the state began tracking water use last summer. Urban water savings in February were 2.8 percent, compared to the baseline year of 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservation efforts peaked in December at just over 22 percent savings, but December’s weather skewed the results, as property owners cut back on watering amid persistent rains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a per-capita basis, the State Water Resources Control Board reported that Californians’ use of water actually rose in February, from 73 gallons per person, per day, to 77 gallons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The averages conceal the progress that many communities have made. Livermore, Tracy, Stockton and Roseville, inland cities with relatively warm temperatures and abundant lawns, all made regulators’ honor roll of towns that cut water use more than 15 percent and reduced the closely watched per capita use to under 60 gallons per day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, water board \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/a-candid-conversation-with-californias-water-czar/\">chair Felicia Marcus\u003c/a> says she finds the broad numbers “sobering and disheartening.” Recent statewide polling indicates that Californians are ready to roll up their sleeves to save water. A \u003ca title=\"PPIC - survey\" href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/publication.asp?i=1143\">March survey\u003c/a> by the Public Policy Institute of California found that water and drought remain at the top of Californians’ concerns, tied with jobs and the economy, and that fully two-thirds say they don’t think enough is being done in response to the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Against this backdrop, officials face the task of figuring out how to implement the governor’s \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/03/31/record-low-sierra-snowpack-will-drive-home-drought-impacts/\">31-point conservation mandate\u003c/a>, announced on April 1. Marcus said the governor was aware that the February numbers would be “bad” before he unveiled his new program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a very tight timeline for trying to implement this order from the governor,” says Max Gomberg, a senior scientist at the water board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aspects of the mandate remain murky, such as the proscriptions on \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/04/07/confusion-over-drought-rules-on-lawns-for-new-homes/\">landscaping for new homes\u003c/a>. By mid-May, regulators hope to have specific regulations in place to achieve Brown’s goal of 25 percent water savings across the board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the plan, the state will assign localities specific reduction targets based on how they’re already doing in terms of per-capita daily water consumption. Under a \u003ca title=\"SWRCB - proposal\" href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/docs/emergency_regulations/urban_water_supplier_tiers.pdf\">proposed framework\u003c/a> for the regulation, targets would range from 10 percent for the most efficient areas, such as San Francisco and Santa Cruz to 35 percent for persistently heavy users such as Hillsborough and West Sacramento. Much of Southern California is at the high end, though officials cited San Diego as a standout water saver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All told, officials say that Californians have saved 148 billion gallons of water since conservation efforts began in earnest last summer. Gomberg says that’s a year’s worth of water for two million people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To see how your city stacks up, \u003ca title=\"SWRCB - proposal\" href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/docs/emergency_regulations/urban_water_supplier_tiers.pdf\">view the full list\u003c/a> of proposed mandatory conservation targets.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Confusion Over Drought Rules on Lawns for New Homes",
"headTitle": "Confusion Over Drought Rules on Lawns for New Homes | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29028\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Lawn-e1428434193116-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-29028 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Lawn-e1428434193116-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Making sense of the governor's 31-point drought plan in relation to home lawns hasn't been easy. (Mariusz Blach)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The governor’s 31-point drought plan says 50 million square feet of lawns and ornamental turf need to be replaced with drought tolerant landscapes. (Mariusz Blach)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You may have seen those \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/05/us/california-drought-tests-history-of-endless-growth.html?_r=0\">startling aeriel photographs\u003c/a> in the New York Times of new California housing tracts with emerald-green lawns edged up against swaths of dry desert. The governor’s drought order will change that picture. It’s just not exactly clear how.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the less talked-about new rules in his \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/docs/4.1.15_Executive_Order.pdf\">31-point drought plan \u003c/a>will ban watering outside newly constructed homes and buildings – unless it’s with recycled water, or using drip or microspray systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The landscaping definitely will change in terms of its look,” says Mike Prandini, of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.biafm.org/\">Building Industry Association\u003c/a> of Fresno and Madera Counties, “which means grass, because grass takes an awful lot of water to keep it alive, to keep it green.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says many builders are already putting in drought-efficient plants, sometimes astroturf. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Now is definitely the time for California to start thinking about water-neutral growth.’ \u003ccite>— Tracy Quinn, NRDC\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> “We think those are responsible approaches and are pleased to see that the Governor’s not calling for any kind of a moratorium on new building,” says former State Sen. \u003ca href=\"http://www.cbia.org/go/about-cbia/cbia-2015-leadership-team/president-ceo-dave-cogdill/\">Dave Codgill\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s now president of the \u003ca href=\"cbia.org\">California Building Industry Association\u003c/a>, which issued a \u003ca href=\"//www.mychf.org/go/linkservid/19A16F2E-C561-47B7-9EC0618A43897B42/showMeta/0/\">recent report \u003c/a>showing that new homes, with required low-flow showers and toilets, use about half the water compared to homes built before 1980.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re\u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/opinion/op-ed/soapbox/article2921148.html\"> really not the problem\u003c/a>, says Cogdill. “We feel like that the governor has basically acknowledged that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While strides have been made inside, the landscaping requirements in the governor’s executive order are aimed at outdoor watering, which amounts to 44 percent of total urban water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Developers still have a lot of questions about what exactly the new rules will look like. Does “new construction” mean homes that are currently being built, or developments that have yet to break ground? What about common spaces in developments, like parks? Can you hand-water grass or use alternative grasses that are less thirsty than conventional turf? They’re hoping for some answers by mid-April when the State Water Resources Control Board is expected to release more details for public comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anti-sprawl crusaders say this may be a good wake-up call for developers to mind their water footprints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now is definitely the time for California to start thinking about \u003ca title=\"LAO - op ed\" href=\"http://www.laobserved.com/intell/2015/03/time_to_ratchet_down_on_water.php\">water-neutral growth\u003c/a>,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/about/staff/tracy-quinn\">Tracy Quinn\u003c/a>, a water policy analyst with the \u003ca href=\"nrdc.org\">Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/a>. “A lot of our growth is projected to grow in the hotter, drier areas, so we need to do that in a way that doesn’t extend our limited resources.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s sort of a learning moment for all of us,” says Kathryn Phillips, director of \u003ca href=\"https://california2.sierraclub.org/about/meetthestaff#.VSQUaDvF8bQ\">Sierra Club California\u003c/a>. “More and more people want to move away from having to spend weekends mowing lawns. I think this actually opens an opportunity for housing developers to shift away from the old ‘tried and true’ and move to things that are less water intensive, and less labor intensive, from the homeowners’ perspective.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new rules are not likely to be the death knell for lawns entirely. Some emerging technologies allow you to water grass with drip irrigation, by burying the drip line underneath the sod.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29028\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Lawn-e1428434193116-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-29028 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Lawn-e1428434193116-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Making sense of the governor's 31-point drought plan in relation to home lawns hasn't been easy. (Mariusz Blach)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The governor’s 31-point drought plan says 50 million square feet of lawns and ornamental turf need to be replaced with drought tolerant landscapes. (Mariusz Blach)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You may have seen those \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/05/us/california-drought-tests-history-of-endless-growth.html?_r=0\">startling aeriel photographs\u003c/a> in the New York Times of new California housing tracts with emerald-green lawns edged up against swaths of dry desert. The governor’s drought order will change that picture. It’s just not exactly clear how.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the less talked-about new rules in his \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/docs/4.1.15_Executive_Order.pdf\">31-point drought plan \u003c/a>will ban watering outside newly constructed homes and buildings – unless it’s with recycled water, or using drip or microspray systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The landscaping definitely will change in terms of its look,” says Mike Prandini, of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.biafm.org/\">Building Industry Association\u003c/a> of Fresno and Madera Counties, “which means grass, because grass takes an awful lot of water to keep it alive, to keep it green.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says many builders are already putting in drought-efficient plants, sometimes astroturf. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Now is definitely the time for California to start thinking about water-neutral growth.’ \u003ccite>— Tracy Quinn, NRDC\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> “We think those are responsible approaches and are pleased to see that the Governor’s not calling for any kind of a moratorium on new building,” says former State Sen. \u003ca href=\"http://www.cbia.org/go/about-cbia/cbia-2015-leadership-team/president-ceo-dave-cogdill/\">Dave Codgill\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s now president of the \u003ca href=\"cbia.org\">California Building Industry Association\u003c/a>, which issued a \u003ca href=\"//www.mychf.org/go/linkservid/19A16F2E-C561-47B7-9EC0618A43897B42/showMeta/0/\">recent report \u003c/a>showing that new homes, with required low-flow showers and toilets, use about half the water compared to homes built before 1980.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re\u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/opinion/op-ed/soapbox/article2921148.html\"> really not the problem\u003c/a>, says Cogdill. “We feel like that the governor has basically acknowledged that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While strides have been made inside, the landscaping requirements in the governor’s executive order are aimed at outdoor watering, which amounts to 44 percent of total urban water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Developers still have a lot of questions about what exactly the new rules will look like. Does “new construction” mean homes that are currently being built, or developments that have yet to break ground? What about common spaces in developments, like parks? Can you hand-water grass or use alternative grasses that are less thirsty than conventional turf? They’re hoping for some answers by mid-April when the State Water Resources Control Board is expected to release more details for public comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anti-sprawl crusaders say this may be a good wake-up call for developers to mind their water footprints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now is definitely the time for California to start thinking about \u003ca title=\"LAO - op ed\" href=\"http://www.laobserved.com/intell/2015/03/time_to_ratchet_down_on_water.php\">water-neutral growth\u003c/a>,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/about/staff/tracy-quinn\">Tracy Quinn\u003c/a>, a water policy analyst with the \u003ca href=\"nrdc.org\">Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/a>. “A lot of our growth is projected to grow in the hotter, drier areas, so we need to do that in a way that doesn’t extend our limited resources.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s sort of a learning moment for all of us,” says Kathryn Phillips, director of \u003ca href=\"https://california2.sierraclub.org/about/meetthestaff#.VSQUaDvF8bQ\">Sierra Club California\u003c/a>. “More and more people want to move away from having to spend weekends mowing lawns. I think this actually opens an opportunity for housing developers to shift away from the old ‘tried and true’ and move to things that are less water intensive, and less labor intensive, from the homeowners’ perspective.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new rules are not likely to be the death knell for lawns entirely. Some emerging technologies allow you to water grass with drip irrigation, by burying the drip line underneath the sod.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Warm Winter Wrought Havoc for Coastal Wildlife",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28950\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Seals-SophieWebb-1024x640.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-28950\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Seals-SophieWebb-1024x640.jpg\" alt=\"On the Farallones, the warm air and warm ocean this winter proved harsh for wildlife like these weaned elephant seal pups. (Sophie Webb/Point Blue)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"640\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">On the Farallones, the warm air and warm ocean this winter proved harsh for wildlife like these weaned elephant seal pups. (Sophie Webb/Point Blue)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Warm ocean waters and the recent lack of cool weather coalesced into a rough winter for wildlife on the islands known as “\u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/the-farallon-islands-californias-galapagos/\">California’s Galapagos.\u003c/a>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About thirty miles out from the Golden Gate, the federally protected Farallones are breeding grounds visited by hundreds of thousands of seabirds – many of which use the islands as a winter way station — but not this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gerry McChesney, manager of the site for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/\">U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service\u003c/a>, says that’s a bad sign not just for the Farallon Islands but also for wildlife more broadly along California’s coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was also hardship for breeding marine mammals. Dozens of pregnant sea lions proved too weak to carry their pups to term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”MfJmpy5dydzjjZP5TvjbfFNpvjkhihqw”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s such a bizarre thing,” McChesney says. “We were seeing multiple aborted fetuses every day,” 94 in total – or nearly half the number of sea lions born there in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nor was the warm winter kind to elephant seal pups. Russ Bradley, Farallon program manager for \u003ca href=\"http://www.pointblue.org/\">Point Blue Conservation Science\u003c/a>, says elephant seal mothers, trying to cool off amid the unusual heat, led their pups up to a cliff that, while breezy, proved perilous – “and actually had a fair amount of pups fall into this sea channel, because they’re pups and they’re clumsy and they got too close to the edge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is pretty brutal for the biologists out here that had to watch it,” McChesney says. “It was pretty tough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the conspicuously absent birds was a type called Cassin’s Auklet, which feeds on krill. All along the Pacific coast, McChesney says, these birds have been suffering “a huge, unprecedented die-off like we’ve never seen” for want of food. That’s also bad news for other species that eat krill, he says, from salmon to blue whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, the warm winter and warm water may have made the islands more inviting for other species, like brown boobies – a bird much more familiar to Central America and Mexico. Pointing to records from 1968 to 1999, “We had 11 observations of this species total in 30 years,” McChesney says. “A week ago, I saw 12 at the same time on the island.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Warm air and warm ocean waters together proved bad news this winter for wildlife on the Farallon Islands and along the nothern California coast.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28950\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Seals-SophieWebb-1024x640.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-28950\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Seals-SophieWebb-1024x640.jpg\" alt=\"On the Farallones, the warm air and warm ocean this winter proved harsh for wildlife like these weaned elephant seal pups. (Sophie Webb/Point Blue)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"640\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">On the Farallones, the warm air and warm ocean this winter proved harsh for wildlife like these weaned elephant seal pups. (Sophie Webb/Point Blue)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Warm ocean waters and the recent lack of cool weather coalesced into a rough winter for wildlife on the islands known as “\u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/the-farallon-islands-californias-galapagos/\">California’s Galapagos.\u003c/a>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About thirty miles out from the Golden Gate, the federally protected Farallones are breeding grounds visited by hundreds of thousands of seabirds – many of which use the islands as a winter way station — but not this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gerry McChesney, manager of the site for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/\">U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service\u003c/a>, says that’s a bad sign not just for the Farallon Islands but also for wildlife more broadly along California’s coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was also hardship for breeding marine mammals. Dozens of pregnant sea lions proved too weak to carry their pups to term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s such a bizarre thing,” McChesney says. “We were seeing multiple aborted fetuses every day,” 94 in total – or nearly half the number of sea lions born there in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nor was the warm winter kind to elephant seal pups. Russ Bradley, Farallon program manager for \u003ca href=\"http://www.pointblue.org/\">Point Blue Conservation Science\u003c/a>, says elephant seal mothers, trying to cool off amid the unusual heat, led their pups up to a cliff that, while breezy, proved perilous – “and actually had a fair amount of pups fall into this sea channel, because they’re pups and they’re clumsy and they got too close to the edge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is pretty brutal for the biologists out here that had to watch it,” McChesney says. “It was pretty tough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the conspicuously absent birds was a type called Cassin’s Auklet, which feeds on krill. All along the Pacific coast, McChesney says, these birds have been suffering “a huge, unprecedented die-off like we’ve never seen” for want of food. That’s also bad news for other species that eat krill, he says, from salmon to blue whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, the warm winter and warm water may have made the islands more inviting for other species, like brown boobies – a bird much more familiar to Central America and Mexico. Pointing to records from 1968 to 1999, “We had 11 observations of this species total in 30 years,” McChesney says. “A week ago, I saw 12 at the same time on the island.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Governor Orders Water Cuts Amid Record Low Snowpack",
"headTitle": "Governor Orders Water Cuts Amid Record Low Snowpack | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28843\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DonnerLk_JEJ_20150226.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28843\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DonnerLk_JEJ_20150226.jpeg\" alt=\"Barren mountainsides around Donner Lake in late February. (Joanne Elgart Jennings)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"854\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Barren mountainsides around Donner Lake in late February. (Joanne Elgart Jennings)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We are officially in uncharted territory — in more ways than one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra Nevada snowpack, which typically supplies nearly a third of California’s water, is showing the \u003ca title=\"CDEC - snowpack\" href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">lowest water content on record\u003c/a>: 6 percent of the long-term average for April 1. That doesn’t just set a new record, it shatters the old low-water mark of 25 percent, which happens to have been last year’s reading (tied with 1977).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Things are so bad that Governor Jerry Brown decided to slog into the field for the manual snow survey on Wednesday morning. He didn’t need snowshoes but he did bring along a first-ever executive order mandating statewide water reductions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in a historic drought and that demands unprecedented action,” he told reporters who made it to the Sierra survey site off of Highway 50.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca title=\"Gov. Jerry Brown - EO\" href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/docs/4.1.15_Executive_Order.pdf\">31-point program\u003c/a> is wide-ranging, though direct actions are focused on urban water consumption, aiming for a “mandatory” 25 percent reduction compared to 2013 levels. It will be up to the State Water Resources Control Board and more than 400 local water agencies to work out how to implement and enforce the mandates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The initiative also includes new incentives for replacing lawns with drought-friendly landscaping, consumer rebates for water-saving appliances, and special assistance for residents whose wells have run dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the state’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/\">Department of Water Resources\u003c/a> does monthly snow surveys during the winter season, the April 1 survey is the benchmark for assessing the season as a whole. That’s when snowfall is reckoned to have peaked and the runoff season gets underway. Six percent on April 1 is essentially saying there’s next-to-nothing to show for an entire winter’s snow accumulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Snow-Pack_UPDATED.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-large wp-image-28981\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Snow-Pack_UPDATED-1024x511.jpg\" alt=\"Print\" width=\"1024\" height=\"511\">\u003c/a>The snowpack has now seen four years of steady decline. 2013 was California’s driest year on record. 2014 was dry too, but also \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/01/16/its-official-2014-was-the-hottest-year-on-record-noaa-says/\">the warmest on record\u003c/a>, which combined for a one-two punch to California’s water supply. In March, for example, both Sacramento and Redding logged average temperatures more than 10 degrees above normal, according to consulting meteorologist Jan Null of Golden Gate Weather Services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There will be consequences,” says Mark Cowin, who heads DWR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 400,000 acres of farmland were fallowed last year because of scarce water. Credible sources have estimated that figure could double this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“More impacts to farms where supplies will be shorted,” predicts Cowin, “more local communities where wells will run dry, and we’ll have to help assist them in some sort of emergency response, and more impacts to fish & wildlife, which is of course, very important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groundwater resources will be stressed even more, as water-constrained farmers \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/06/02/drought-drives-drilling-frenzy-for-groundwater-in-california/\">turn up the pumps\u003c/a> to offset cuts in allocations from state and federal water projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Cowin hastens to add that “the vast majority of our citizens will not run out of water,” some already have, mostly in rural areas where wells have gone dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I hope that this will continue to be a wake-up call for people that things are different,” says Lester Snow, a former DWR chief who now heads the non-partisan California Water Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And not only is it gonna be bad this year but let’s not pretend that next year’s gonna be a lot better,” he added. “This drought has revealed fundamental weaknesses in our drought management system, and we need to start addressing those weaknesses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other impacts from the paltry snowpack will be more subtle, such as the \u003ca title=\"SacBee - post\" href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/local/environment/article16494344.html\">loss of hydroelectric power\u003c/a>. Less runoff coming down the hill, turning hydropower turbines means that utilities have to replace the electricity, which they usually do with natural gas-fired power plants. That wields a bigger carbon footprint and adds to Californians’ electric bills — $1.4 billion since 2012, by one estimate.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Governor Jerry Brown orders the state Water Resources Control Board to implement mandatory reductions to cut water use by 25 percent. ",
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"title": "Governor Orders Water Cuts Amid Record Low Snowpack | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28843\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DonnerLk_JEJ_20150226.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28843\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DonnerLk_JEJ_20150226.jpeg\" alt=\"Barren mountainsides around Donner Lake in late February. (Joanne Elgart Jennings)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"854\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Barren mountainsides around Donner Lake in late February. (Joanne Elgart Jennings)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We are officially in uncharted territory — in more ways than one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra Nevada snowpack, which typically supplies nearly a third of California’s water, is showing the \u003ca title=\"CDEC - snowpack\" href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">lowest water content on record\u003c/a>: 6 percent of the long-term average for April 1. That doesn’t just set a new record, it shatters the old low-water mark of 25 percent, which happens to have been last year’s reading (tied with 1977).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Things are so bad that Governor Jerry Brown decided to slog into the field for the manual snow survey on Wednesday morning. He didn’t need snowshoes but he did bring along a first-ever executive order mandating statewide water reductions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in a historic drought and that demands unprecedented action,” he told reporters who made it to the Sierra survey site off of Highway 50.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca title=\"Gov. Jerry Brown - EO\" href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/docs/4.1.15_Executive_Order.pdf\">31-point program\u003c/a> is wide-ranging, though direct actions are focused on urban water consumption, aiming for a “mandatory” 25 percent reduction compared to 2013 levels. It will be up to the State Water Resources Control Board and more than 400 local water agencies to work out how to implement and enforce the mandates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The initiative also includes new incentives for replacing lawns with drought-friendly landscaping, consumer rebates for water-saving appliances, and special assistance for residents whose wells have run dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the state’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/\">Department of Water Resources\u003c/a> does monthly snow surveys during the winter season, the April 1 survey is the benchmark for assessing the season as a whole. That’s when snowfall is reckoned to have peaked and the runoff season gets underway. Six percent on April 1 is essentially saying there’s next-to-nothing to show for an entire winter’s snow accumulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Snow-Pack_UPDATED.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-large wp-image-28981\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Snow-Pack_UPDATED-1024x511.jpg\" alt=\"Print\" width=\"1024\" height=\"511\">\u003c/a>The snowpack has now seen four years of steady decline. 2013 was California’s driest year on record. 2014 was dry too, but also \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/01/16/its-official-2014-was-the-hottest-year-on-record-noaa-says/\">the warmest on record\u003c/a>, which combined for a one-two punch to California’s water supply. In March, for example, both Sacramento and Redding logged average temperatures more than 10 degrees above normal, according to consulting meteorologist Jan Null of Golden Gate Weather Services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There will be consequences,” says Mark Cowin, who heads DWR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 400,000 acres of farmland were fallowed last year because of scarce water. Credible sources have estimated that figure could double this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“More impacts to farms where supplies will be shorted,” predicts Cowin, “more local communities where wells will run dry, and we’ll have to help assist them in some sort of emergency response, and more impacts to fish & wildlife, which is of course, very important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groundwater resources will be stressed even more, as water-constrained farmers \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/06/02/drought-drives-drilling-frenzy-for-groundwater-in-california/\">turn up the pumps\u003c/a> to offset cuts in allocations from state and federal water projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Cowin hastens to add that “the vast majority of our citizens will not run out of water,” some already have, mostly in rural areas where wells have gone dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I hope that this will continue to be a wake-up call for people that things are different,” says Lester Snow, a former DWR chief who now heads the non-partisan California Water Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And not only is it gonna be bad this year but let’s not pretend that next year’s gonna be a lot better,” he added. “This drought has revealed fundamental weaknesses in our drought management system, and we need to start addressing those weaknesses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other impacts from the paltry snowpack will be more subtle, such as the \u003ca title=\"SacBee - post\" href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/local/environment/article16494344.html\">loss of hydroelectric power\u003c/a>. Less runoff coming down the hill, turning hydropower turbines means that utilities have to replace the electricity, which they usually do with natural gas-fired power plants. That wields a bigger carbon footprint and adds to Californians’ electric bills — $1.4 billion since 2012, by one estimate.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "A Candid Conversation With California's 'Water Czar'",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/03/20150320ScienceFeliciaMarcus.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>There will be no “March miracle” this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a record-dry January, California is on track for a March that is also in record-dry territory.\u003cbr>\nAnd the state Department of Water Resources says we may be looking at the \u003ca title=\"CDEC - snowpack\" href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">skimpiest Sierra snowpack\u003c/a> on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28502\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 274px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Marcus-11-e1426897208682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28502 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Marcus-11-e1426897208682.jpg\" alt=\"Marcus-1\" width=\"274\" height=\"357\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Felicia Marcus chairs the powerful State Water Resources Control Board. (Families Protecting the Valley)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>None of this has been lost on Felicia Marcus, who chairs the \u003ca title=\"SWRCB - members\" href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/about_us/board_members/\">State Water Resources Control Board\u003c/a>. When water supplies are tight, as they are now, her board is where the buck stops in arguments over who gets what.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I sat down with her to find out where we go from here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Craig Miller:\u003c/strong> Your senior scientist at the Water Board has said that it’s “hard to overstate the severity of this drought.” How would you characterize it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Felicia Marcus:\u003c/strong> It’s the worst thing that any of us have dealt with — probably worse than anything our grandparents ever dealt with, for a number of reasons. The precipitation levels have, of course, been terrible. Our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/03/03/march-drought-update-a-north-south-divide-and-wheres-the-snow/\">reservoirs are low\u003c/a> and you can see that graphically. Our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/01/29/shrinking-sierra-snowpack-heightens-drought-worries/\">snowpack is even worse\u003c/a>. And so the dislocation caused by multiple years of low precipitation — particularly the fact that it’s been so warm and we don’t have snowpack — is like a double whammy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People will quibble about precipitation levels and look at 1924 and 1977 as technically having less precipitation than now. That is nothing to have a party about because there are millions more people than there were relying on that water. So we have \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/drought-stressed-town-tries-controversial-new-water-plan/\">communities running out of water\u003c/a>, we have hundreds of thousands of acres of fields that have been fallowed, we’ve got thousands of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/07/15/californias-drought-is-hurting-farmers-more-than-food-consumers/\">people out of work\u003c/a> and we’ve got \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/parched-california-wildlife-suffers-in-drought/\">fish and wildlife suffering\u003c/a> as never before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM:\u003c/strong> We started to see \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/07/15/california-regulators-approve-fines-for-wasting-water/\">water restrictions last year\u003c/a>. How will this year be different?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FM:\u003c/strong> Let me start with my most fervent hope, which is that local water agencies will begin to act as if we might have \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/drought-lessons-from-down-under/\">a “millennial drought,” like Australia\u003c/a>. I think people were hoping for rain, which is not a strategy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/WaterRules2014.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-28433\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/WaterRules2014-575x1024.jpeg\" alt=\"Print\" width=\"265\" height=\"472\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/WaterRules2015.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-28434\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/WaterRules2015-676x1024.jpeg\" alt=\"Print\" width=\"315\" height=\"476\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">Marcus says local water agencies were “dithering” over what to do, so last summer, her board stepped in with a first-ever set of \u003ca title=\"SWRCB - resolution\" href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/board_info/agendas/2015/mar/031715_7_with_draft_resolution.pdf\">statewide minimum rules\u003c/a> for water use. Beginning in May, they’ll \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/03/17/calif-water-regulators-tighten-the-screws-just-a-little/\">tighten the screws\u003c/a> a little bit more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That will mean, among other things, people will have to ask for water at restaurants, and local water agencies will have to limit days in which lawn and landscape watering are allowed — in some cases to two days a week. It’ll be up to local water officials to adapt and enforce the rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM:\u003c/strong> It’s the first time that the state has set a sort of minimum bar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FM:\u003c/strong> First time any state has actually stepped in and set minimum conservation levels, but we felt we had to — not to control and tell everybody what to do, in fact they were quite modest — but to ring the bell and give some permission to the local agencies. And what I said was, “If you’re worried that your customers are gonna be mad at you, blame me. You know, I don’t mind if they’re mad at me.” It’s better if we act now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>[contextly_sidebar id=”ohFYS8FlqbMmI8VKdSuW9ftUMb6KCMHa”]\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: There also seems to be a gap between the rules and enforcement part of that. Much was made a year ago about $500 fines. To your knowledge, has anybody been fined $500?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FM:\u003c/strong> You know, I’ve heard anecdotally that there have been $500 fines. We weren’t intending to say, “Thou shalt fine.” We were actually enabling locals who maybe didn’t have the authority — we were giving them the authority to go up to $500. Some go to a thousand, some shut off your water. Again, this is something that localities do in different ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM:\u003c/strong> Here we are in Year 4 and we’re just talking about saying to restaurants, “No, you can’t automatically bring a glass of water to every table.” Honestly, isn’t that something we should’ve done in Year 1?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FM:\u003c/strong> Well, absolutely, I mean there are communities all over the state that have been doing it for years and they’ve never undone it — and that is the right thing to do. Again — what’s appropriate for the state to do and what’s appropriate for the locals — and we’re trying to tread somewhat lightly. Our goal isn’t a statewide takeover of every urban water agency. But in a time of crisis, we need something that’s more visible. It sends a recurrent message that we’re in a drought because part of our challenge is, it rained a lot in December, so people may have thought the drought was over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You can hear a longer version of our interview with Felicia Marcus by clicking on the audio player at the top of this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>There will be no “March miracle” this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a record-dry January, California is on track for a March that is also in record-dry territory.\u003cbr>\nAnd the state Department of Water Resources says we may be looking at the \u003ca title=\"CDEC - snowpack\" href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">skimpiest Sierra snowpack\u003c/a> on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28502\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 274px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Marcus-11-e1426897208682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28502 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Marcus-11-e1426897208682.jpg\" alt=\"Marcus-1\" width=\"274\" height=\"357\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Felicia Marcus chairs the powerful State Water Resources Control Board. (Families Protecting the Valley)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>None of this has been lost on Felicia Marcus, who chairs the \u003ca title=\"SWRCB - members\" href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/about_us/board_members/\">State Water Resources Control Board\u003c/a>. When water supplies are tight, as they are now, her board is where the buck stops in arguments over who gets what.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I sat down with her to find out where we go from here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Craig Miller:\u003c/strong> Your senior scientist at the Water Board has said that it’s “hard to overstate the severity of this drought.” How would you characterize it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Felicia Marcus:\u003c/strong> It’s the worst thing that any of us have dealt with — probably worse than anything our grandparents ever dealt with, for a number of reasons. The precipitation levels have, of course, been terrible. Our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/03/03/march-drought-update-a-north-south-divide-and-wheres-the-snow/\">reservoirs are low\u003c/a> and you can see that graphically. Our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/01/29/shrinking-sierra-snowpack-heightens-drought-worries/\">snowpack is even worse\u003c/a>. And so the dislocation caused by multiple years of low precipitation — particularly the fact that it’s been so warm and we don’t have snowpack — is like a double whammy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People will quibble about precipitation levels and look at 1924 and 1977 as technically having less precipitation than now. That is nothing to have a party about because there are millions more people than there were relying on that water. So we have \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/drought-stressed-town-tries-controversial-new-water-plan/\">communities running out of water\u003c/a>, we have hundreds of thousands of acres of fields that have been fallowed, we’ve got thousands of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/07/15/californias-drought-is-hurting-farmers-more-than-food-consumers/\">people out of work\u003c/a> and we’ve got \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/parched-california-wildlife-suffers-in-drought/\">fish and wildlife suffering\u003c/a> as never before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM:\u003c/strong> We started to see \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/07/15/california-regulators-approve-fines-for-wasting-water/\">water restrictions last year\u003c/a>. How will this year be different?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FM:\u003c/strong> Let me start with my most fervent hope, which is that local water agencies will begin to act as if we might have \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/drought-lessons-from-down-under/\">a “millennial drought,” like Australia\u003c/a>. I think people were hoping for rain, which is not a strategy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/WaterRules2014.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-28433\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/WaterRules2014-575x1024.jpeg\" alt=\"Print\" width=\"265\" height=\"472\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/WaterRules2015.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-28434\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/WaterRules2015-676x1024.jpeg\" alt=\"Print\" width=\"315\" height=\"476\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">Marcus says local water agencies were “dithering” over what to do, so last summer, her board stepped in with a first-ever set of \u003ca title=\"SWRCB - resolution\" href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/board_info/agendas/2015/mar/031715_7_with_draft_resolution.pdf\">statewide minimum rules\u003c/a> for water use. Beginning in May, they’ll \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/03/17/calif-water-regulators-tighten-the-screws-just-a-little/\">tighten the screws\u003c/a> a little bit more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That will mean, among other things, people will have to ask for water at restaurants, and local water agencies will have to limit days in which lawn and landscape watering are allowed — in some cases to two days a week. It’ll be up to local water officials to adapt and enforce the rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM:\u003c/strong> It’s the first time that the state has set a sort of minimum bar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FM:\u003c/strong> First time any state has actually stepped in and set minimum conservation levels, but we felt we had to — not to control and tell everybody what to do, in fact they were quite modest — but to ring the bell and give some permission to the local agencies. And what I said was, “If you’re worried that your customers are gonna be mad at you, blame me. You know, I don’t mind if they’re mad at me.” It’s better if we act now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: There also seems to be a gap between the rules and enforcement part of that. Much was made a year ago about $500 fines. To your knowledge, has anybody been fined $500?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FM:\u003c/strong> You know, I’ve heard anecdotally that there have been $500 fines. We weren’t intending to say, “Thou shalt fine.” We were actually enabling locals who maybe didn’t have the authority — we were giving them the authority to go up to $500. Some go to a thousand, some shut off your water. Again, this is something that localities do in different ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM:\u003c/strong> Here we are in Year 4 and we’re just talking about saying to restaurants, “No, you can’t automatically bring a glass of water to every table.” Honestly, isn’t that something we should’ve done in Year 1?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FM:\u003c/strong> Well, absolutely, I mean there are communities all over the state that have been doing it for years and they’ve never undone it — and that is the right thing to do. Again — what’s appropriate for the state to do and what’s appropriate for the locals — and we’re trying to tread somewhat lightly. Our goal isn’t a statewide takeover of every urban water agency. But in a time of crisis, we need something that’s more visible. It sends a recurrent message that we’re in a drought because part of our challenge is, it rained a lot in December, so people may have thought the drought was over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You can hear a longer version of our interview with Felicia Marcus by clicking on the audio player at the top of this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Calif. Water Regulators Tighten the Screws -- But Just a Little",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28302\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/IMG_2869.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28302\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/IMG_2869.jpg\" alt='Some eateries had already implemented a \"water-only-on-demand\" policy before it was made mandatory --but many had not. (Craig Miller/KQED)' width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some eateries had already implemented an “only-on-demand” water policy before it was made mandatory –but many had not. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The nozzle just got tightened a bit on water use in California — but only a bit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regulators today added new restrictions to those put in place last summer. Urban water customers will have a few more “don’ts” added to \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/publications_forms/publications/factsheets/docs/fs072914manwaterreg.pdf\">the list that came out last July\u003c/a>, which includes prohibitions on things like washing your car without a shutoff nozzle and hosing down “hardscapes” like sidewalks and driveways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca title=\"SWRCB - resolution\" href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/board_info/agendas/2015/mar/031715_7_with_draft_resolution.pdf\">new measures\u003c/a>, approved by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/\">State Water Resources Control Board\u003c/a>, are a set of minimum standards for local water agencies, which have broad latitude to set and enforce conservation measures. Under the new rules:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Restaurants may only serve water if customers ask for it\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>No outdoor watering within 48 hours after any rain\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>2 day-per-week cap on watering lawns and landscaping\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Local agencies will have 45 days to comply. Outside watering is a prime target as it makes up 44 percent of total urban water use. Local agencies have some flexibility with the two-day rule if they already have similar restrictions in place to achieve the same ends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are also new reporting standards for local water agencies on restrictions they’ve put in place and agencies are required to notify customers with known water leaks on their properties.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘In this fourth year of drought, we’re going to have to move to a little more aggressive — or maybe a lot more aggressive responses.’\u003ccite> Peter Gleick, Pacific Institute scientist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>All of the measures seem tame compared to recent \u003ca title=\"LAT - op-ed\" href=\"http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-famiglietti-drought-california-20150313-story.html\">calls for statewide rationing\u003c/a>, such as the one by NASA earth scientist Jay Famiglietti recently in the Los Angeles Times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those things, frankly, are going to have very minor impacts on total water demand but they raise awareness,” added Peter Gleick, who heads the Oakland-based \u003ca href=\"http://pacinst.org/\">Pacific Institute\u003c/a>, a water policy think tank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In this fourth year of drought, we’re going to have to move to a little more aggressive — or maybe a lot more aggressive responses,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201503170900\">Gleick told KQED’s Forum\u003c/a> program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been trying to take modest measures to sort of light a fire under local agencies,” says Felicia Marcus, who chairs the Board, essentially the state’s final arbiter of most water matters. “My hope is that in this fourth year they will act.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much was made last summer of new fines of up to $500 that could be slapped on egregious water wasters, but it’s unclear from talking to regulators if even one such fine has been assessed — hence the new requirement that local agencies report such actions to the state. Marcus says her board was never beating the drum for big fines, but she adds, “I think local communities should be taking much more dramatic action.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The staff report prepared for the board members said that “additional benefits will be realized” from the latest round of measures, but staffers conceded that it’s not possible to “finely calculate” the savings, partly because of the lack of data available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new actions come as the state’s primary trade group for local water agencies \u003ca title=\"ACWA - poll\" href=\"http://www.acwa.com/sites/default/files/post/2015/03/summary-key-findings-ca-water-conservation-survey.pdf\">released a poll\u003c/a> on Californians’ attitudes toward water conservation. According to the survey commissioned by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.acwa.com/\">Association of California Water Agencies\u003c/a>, 80 percent of those surveyed say the drought has already caused them to reduce water use, and two thirds say there is more they could do.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28302\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/IMG_2869.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28302\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/IMG_2869.jpg\" alt='Some eateries had already implemented a \"water-only-on-demand\" policy before it was made mandatory --but many had not. (Craig Miller/KQED)' width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some eateries had already implemented an “only-on-demand” water policy before it was made mandatory –but many had not. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The nozzle just got tightened a bit on water use in California — but only a bit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regulators today added new restrictions to those put in place last summer. Urban water customers will have a few more “don’ts” added to \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/publications_forms/publications/factsheets/docs/fs072914manwaterreg.pdf\">the list that came out last July\u003c/a>, which includes prohibitions on things like washing your car without a shutoff nozzle and hosing down “hardscapes” like sidewalks and driveways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca title=\"SWRCB - resolution\" href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/board_info/agendas/2015/mar/031715_7_with_draft_resolution.pdf\">new measures\u003c/a>, approved by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/\">State Water Resources Control Board\u003c/a>, are a set of minimum standards for local water agencies, which have broad latitude to set and enforce conservation measures. Under the new rules:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Restaurants may only serve water if customers ask for it\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>No outdoor watering within 48 hours after any rain\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>2 day-per-week cap on watering lawns and landscaping\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Local agencies will have 45 days to comply. Outside watering is a prime target as it makes up 44 percent of total urban water use. Local agencies have some flexibility with the two-day rule if they already have similar restrictions in place to achieve the same ends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are also new reporting standards for local water agencies on restrictions they’ve put in place and agencies are required to notify customers with known water leaks on their properties.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘In this fourth year of drought, we’re going to have to move to a little more aggressive — or maybe a lot more aggressive responses.’\u003ccite> Peter Gleick, Pacific Institute scientist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>All of the measures seem tame compared to recent \u003ca title=\"LAT - op-ed\" href=\"http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-famiglietti-drought-california-20150313-story.html\">calls for statewide rationing\u003c/a>, such as the one by NASA earth scientist Jay Famiglietti recently in the Los Angeles Times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those things, frankly, are going to have very minor impacts on total water demand but they raise awareness,” added Peter Gleick, who heads the Oakland-based \u003ca href=\"http://pacinst.org/\">Pacific Institute\u003c/a>, a water policy think tank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In this fourth year of drought, we’re going to have to move to a little more aggressive — or maybe a lot more aggressive responses,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201503170900\">Gleick told KQED’s Forum\u003c/a> program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been trying to take modest measures to sort of light a fire under local agencies,” says Felicia Marcus, who chairs the Board, essentially the state’s final arbiter of most water matters. “My hope is that in this fourth year they will act.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much was made last summer of new fines of up to $500 that could be slapped on egregious water wasters, but it’s unclear from talking to regulators if even one such fine has been assessed — hence the new requirement that local agencies report such actions to the state. Marcus says her board was never beating the drum for big fines, but she adds, “I think local communities should be taking much more dramatic action.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The staff report prepared for the board members said that “additional benefits will be realized” from the latest round of measures, but staffers conceded that it’s not possible to “finely calculate” the savings, partly because of the lack of data available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new actions come as the state’s primary trade group for local water agencies \u003ca title=\"ACWA - poll\" href=\"http://www.acwa.com/sites/default/files/post/2015/03/summary-key-findings-ca-water-conservation-survey.pdf\">released a poll\u003c/a> on Californians’ attitudes toward water conservation. According to the survey commissioned by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.acwa.com/\">Association of California Water Agencies\u003c/a>, 80 percent of those surveyed say the drought has already caused them to reduce water use, and two thirds say there is more they could do.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Los Angeles Willing to Pay Its Highest Price Ever for Water",
"headTitle": "Los Angeles Willing to Pay Its Highest Price Ever for Water | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28293\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Crowley.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28293\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Crowley.jpg\" alt=\"Flooded rice fields at the Cosumnes River Preserve near Elk Grove. Growing an acre of rice requires three acre feet of water or more; an acre foot is about 326,000 gallons. (Photo: Nancy Crowley/The Nature Conservancy)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Flooded rice fields at the Cosumnes River Preserve near Elk Grove. Growing an acre of rice requires three acre-feet of water or more. An acre-foot is roughly enough water for two Los Angeles-area households for a year. (Photo: Nancy Crowley/The Nature Conservancy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles is offering rice farmers in the Sacramento Valley more money than the city has ever paid for water — $700 per acre-foot. At this price, rice farmers could make more money selling water than they can make on their crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That makes it easy to say “yes,” says Lance Tennis, whose family has about 900 acres near Chico, an hour north of Sacramento. He says rice farmers in the Sacramento Valley feel compelled to help their parched neighbors to the south, but they wouldn’t want to make a habit of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re rice growers, not water marketers,” Tennis says. “It’s something you would never want to commit to on an ongoing permanent basis because these water rights are very precious, very valuable to us — they’re the only thing that makes this land up here worth what it is — the ability to grow rice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assuming the drought doesn’t curtail his local water district’s own supply, farmers like Tennis could get about $2,100 this year for every acre they agree to fallow. That’s because it takes more than three acre-feet of water to grow one acre of rice. By contrast, selling the rice nets a profit of between $1,000 to $1,500.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following a brief “wet” season marked by California’s \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/2015/02/05/after-driest-january-on-record-how-low-are-californias-reservoirs-visualization/\">driest January\u003c/a> on record, Metropolitan Water District in \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/state/california/water-and-drought/article13908632.html\">L.A. is offering\u003c/a> to buy more than $70 million worth of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One upside to giving some land the year off, Tennis says, is that it’s easier with rice than certain other crops, like citrus, and doing so helps with weed control and affords a chance to level the land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tennis is among the rice farmers who depend on the Western Canal Water District, which is coordinating sales to Metropolitan. General manager Ted Trimble says he wouldn’t allow farmers to fallow more than 20 percent of the land district-wide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But depending on the weather in the next couple weeks, all bets could be off, Trimble says — the deals are “contingent on the district getting its full supply of water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water district depends on the Feather River, which flows into Lake Oroville, and Trimble says the likelihood of getting the full allotment of water has been growing slimmer by the day.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28293\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Crowley.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28293\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Crowley.jpg\" alt=\"Flooded rice fields at the Cosumnes River Preserve near Elk Grove. Growing an acre of rice requires three acre feet of water or more; an acre foot is about 326,000 gallons. (Photo: Nancy Crowley/The Nature Conservancy)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Flooded rice fields at the Cosumnes River Preserve near Elk Grove. Growing an acre of rice requires three acre-feet of water or more. An acre-foot is roughly enough water for two Los Angeles-area households for a year. (Photo: Nancy Crowley/The Nature Conservancy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles is offering rice farmers in the Sacramento Valley more money than the city has ever paid for water — $700 per acre-foot. At this price, rice farmers could make more money selling water than they can make on their crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That makes it easy to say “yes,” says Lance Tennis, whose family has about 900 acres near Chico, an hour north of Sacramento. He says rice farmers in the Sacramento Valley feel compelled to help their parched neighbors to the south, but they wouldn’t want to make a habit of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re rice growers, not water marketers,” Tennis says. “It’s something you would never want to commit to on an ongoing permanent basis because these water rights are very precious, very valuable to us — they’re the only thing that makes this land up here worth what it is — the ability to grow rice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assuming the drought doesn’t curtail his local water district’s own supply, farmers like Tennis could get about $2,100 this year for every acre they agree to fallow. That’s because it takes more than three acre-feet of water to grow one acre of rice. By contrast, selling the rice nets a profit of between $1,000 to $1,500.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following a brief “wet” season marked by California’s \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/2015/02/05/after-driest-january-on-record-how-low-are-californias-reservoirs-visualization/\">driest January\u003c/a> on record, Metropolitan Water District in \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/state/california/water-and-drought/article13908632.html\">L.A. is offering\u003c/a> to buy more than $70 million worth of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One upside to giving some land the year off, Tennis says, is that it’s easier with rice than certain other crops, like citrus, and doing so helps with weed control and affords a chance to level the land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tennis is among the rice farmers who depend on the Western Canal Water District, which is coordinating sales to Metropolitan. General manager Ted Trimble says he wouldn’t allow farmers to fallow more than 20 percent of the land district-wide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But depending on the weather in the next couple weeks, all bets could be off, Trimble says — the deals are “contingent on the district getting its full supply of water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water district depends on the Feather River, which flows into Lake Oroville, and Trimble says the likelihood of getting the full allotment of water has been growing slimmer by the day.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "South American Peaks Contain 2000-Year Record of Lead in the Air",
"headTitle": "South American Peaks Contain 2000-Year Record of Lead in the Air | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28105\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Illimani_La_Paz_April_2014.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28105\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Illimani_La_Paz_April_2014.jpg\" alt=\"Nevado Illimani, Bolivia\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nevado Illimani, in Bolivia, contains ancient ice that records the state of the atmosphere since Ice Age times. (Hernan Payrumani/Wikimedia)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>New data from the ancient ice of a Bolivian glacier show that this region’s worst exposure to airborne lead in the last 2000 years came not from metal smelting by the Incas or the Spaniards, but from leaded gasoline just 50 years ago. Our ill-fated experiment putting lead in gasoline appears to have tainted Earth with the toxic metal far more than any other source. Thus the 20th-century political battle over leaded gas, which put America generations behind in lowering greenhouse gases, left its mark across the whole world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate scientists are interested in glaciers because every year they trap samples of water, dust and gases in layers of snow and ice. Some glaciers preserve these samples for many thousands of years. The great ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland have the longest records. They yield information on volcanic eruptions near and far, ancient air temperatures and the human output over recent centuries of industrial wastes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ice records from outside the polar regions are precious and endangered, especially in the tropics. One of these records is preserved in glaciers on the 21,000-foot peak of Nevado Illimani, in Bolivia. \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/1/2/e1400196\">An open-access paper just published in the journal Science Advances\u003c/a> reports on 2000 years of atmospheric lead, in an ice core that was collected in 1999. The data shed light on the history of technology before and after Columbus opened the New World to Europe around 1500.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bolivia has always been an exceptional producer of metals—at first, silver, and later other metals like copper and nickel. Most metal ores contain lead as an impurity, so smelting releases lead-bearing dust into the air. Tiny lead-bearing particles are preserved not only in Illimani’s ice, but also in lake-bottom sediments around the region. The top 127.5 meters of Illimani ice is a record of 20 centuries of metallurgical history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28106\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Illimani-lead-graph.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28106\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Illimani-lead-graph.png\" alt=\"2000 years of lead deposition on Nevado Illimani\" width=\"500\" height=\"380\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">2000-year record of lead levels in the Illimani ice core. Lead concentration is expressed as an emission factor (EF Pb), where 1 signifies the level of natural emissions. Note that EF’s between 14 and 20 are cut out to save space. The change in emissions around 1600 resulted when the Spaniards replaced the Inca smelters, called \u003ci>huayras\u003c/i>, with mercury-based techniques. (\u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/1/2/e1400196\">Science Advances\u003c/a>/CC BY-NC)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>First came the wealthy Tiwanaku and Wari cultures, which smelted silver between the years 450 and 950. Lead levels rose to double the natural average at this time. A three-century-long drought replaced these empires with “decentralized polities,” and lead levels fell until the Incas took up silver mining again, starting around 1450. When the Spanish conquistadors toppled the Incas in 1532, Bolivia became the Saudi Arabia of silver, with lead emissions rising to four times background.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The long silver boom ended with the 1700s. Then came the tin boom of the 1900s, when Bolivia was consistently among the top three producers of that important metal. Tin ores, like silver ores, contain lead as a contaminant, and the ice bore witness to lead pollution as much as six times background, well above any previous extreme since the year zero.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As tin faded, copper and nickel mining kept lead levels well above background in the Illimani ice record. But lead pollution rose three times over even these unprecedented levels when lead was deliberately added to gasoline, peaking in the 1960s and finally ending in the early 2000s. Excess lead is recorded in the Greenland and Antarctic ice caps too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You could argue that mining of tin, copper and nickel helps civilization far more than the harm it may cause from lead emissions. But how did we come to think it was a good idea to spray poisonous lead out of every tailpipe in the world?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.environmentalhistory.org/billkovarik/about-bk/research/henry-ford-charles-kettering-and-the-fuel-of-the-future/\">A meticulous history of leaded fuel\u003c/a> by Professor Bill Kovarik, of Unity College, shows that in a pitched battle between American oil drillers and grain farmers in the 1920s, tetra-ethyl lead (“ethyl”) was a key weapon. Gasoline engines were prone to “knock” and the fuel supply came increasingly from foreign oil wells. Ethanol had domestic sources and was immune to knock. But ethyl enabled gasoline engines to avoid knock, if you didn’t mind putting toxic lead in the exhaust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kovaric shows that major actors like General Motors and the American Petroleum Institute won the day in the lobbies of Congress and federal agencies. Under attack from lobbyists and Congress, agencies suppressed scientific research on ethyl’s toxicity and ethanol’s performance. The contest between gasoline and ethanol was not a fair one. “In essence,” Kovarik concluded, “political conditions shaped the marketplace and the new competition [ethanol] faced a difficult economic playing field heavily tilted toward established industries.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ethanol lost out to oil in the 1930s. Today it’s mounting a comeback aided by a new political factor, greenhouse gas emissions. \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es5052588\">A recent study in the journal \u003ci>Environmental Science and Technology\u003c/i>\u003c/a> compared three ethanol-producing crops—cornstalks, switchgrass and \u003ca href=\"http://www.extension.org/pages/26625/miscanthus-miscanthus-x-giganteus-for-biofuel-production\">a hybrid form of miscanthus grass\u003c/a>—and found that miscanthus, a relative of sugarcane, offers as much as three times the climate benefit of corn. This kind of analysis can influence climate policy—but only if it can win a place at the policymaking table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The battle for the transportation fuel market goes on. Ethanol remains handicapped by eight decades of opposition, but at least toxic lead is out of the picture.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28105\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Illimani_La_Paz_April_2014.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28105\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Illimani_La_Paz_April_2014.jpg\" alt=\"Nevado Illimani, Bolivia\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nevado Illimani, in Bolivia, contains ancient ice that records the state of the atmosphere since Ice Age times. (Hernan Payrumani/Wikimedia)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>New data from the ancient ice of a Bolivian glacier show that this region’s worst exposure to airborne lead in the last 2000 years came not from metal smelting by the Incas or the Spaniards, but from leaded gasoline just 50 years ago. Our ill-fated experiment putting lead in gasoline appears to have tainted Earth with the toxic metal far more than any other source. Thus the 20th-century political battle over leaded gas, which put America generations behind in lowering greenhouse gases, left its mark across the whole world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate scientists are interested in glaciers because every year they trap samples of water, dust and gases in layers of snow and ice. Some glaciers preserve these samples for many thousands of years. The great ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland have the longest records. They yield information on volcanic eruptions near and far, ancient air temperatures and the human output over recent centuries of industrial wastes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ice records from outside the polar regions are precious and endangered, especially in the tropics. One of these records is preserved in glaciers on the 21,000-foot peak of Nevado Illimani, in Bolivia. \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/1/2/e1400196\">An open-access paper just published in the journal Science Advances\u003c/a> reports on 2000 years of atmospheric lead, in an ice core that was collected in 1999. The data shed light on the history of technology before and after Columbus opened the New World to Europe around 1500.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bolivia has always been an exceptional producer of metals—at first, silver, and later other metals like copper and nickel. Most metal ores contain lead as an impurity, so smelting releases lead-bearing dust into the air. Tiny lead-bearing particles are preserved not only in Illimani’s ice, but also in lake-bottom sediments around the region. The top 127.5 meters of Illimani ice is a record of 20 centuries of metallurgical history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28106\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Illimani-lead-graph.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28106\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Illimani-lead-graph.png\" alt=\"2000 years of lead deposition on Nevado Illimani\" width=\"500\" height=\"380\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">2000-year record of lead levels in the Illimani ice core. Lead concentration is expressed as an emission factor (EF Pb), where 1 signifies the level of natural emissions. Note that EF’s between 14 and 20 are cut out to save space. The change in emissions around 1600 resulted when the Spaniards replaced the Inca smelters, called \u003ci>huayras\u003c/i>, with mercury-based techniques. (\u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/1/2/e1400196\">Science Advances\u003c/a>/CC BY-NC)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>First came the wealthy Tiwanaku and Wari cultures, which smelted silver between the years 450 and 950. Lead levels rose to double the natural average at this time. A three-century-long drought replaced these empires with “decentralized polities,” and lead levels fell until the Incas took up silver mining again, starting around 1450. When the Spanish conquistadors toppled the Incas in 1532, Bolivia became the Saudi Arabia of silver, with lead emissions rising to four times background.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The California Report",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/26099305-72af-4542-9dde-ac1807fe36d5/kqed-s-the-california-report",
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"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/tcram/feed/podcast"
}
},
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"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Magazine-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/tcrmag/feed/podcast"
}
},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
"title": "Close All Tabs",
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/CAT_2_Tile-scaled.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
"link": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"code-switch-life-kit": {
"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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}
},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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},
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"here-and-now": {
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/hiddenbrain.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510308/podcast.xml"
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/6c3dd23c-93fb-4aab-97ba-1725fa6315f1/hyphenaci%C3%B3n",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
}
},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
"meta": {
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-Our-Watch-p1436229/",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
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