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"content": "\u003cp>Now that California officials have ordered water cutbacks for some of the oldest and most protected water rights holders in the state, we’re about to see if those orders will stick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a historic move, more than 100 “senior” water rights holders have been notified that they must stop pumping water from streams and rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“This is our water.”\u003ccite> Steve Knell, Oakdale Irrigation Dist.\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The orders are expected to launch a flurry of lawsuits, with water right holders challenging the state’s fundamental authority to cut off senior rights. Court rulings could dramatically alter how water rights are handled in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is our water,” says Steve Knell, general manager of Oakdale Irrigation District, an agricultural district that had its water rights curtailed. “We believe firmly in that fact and we are very vested in protecting that right.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Pecking Order\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water is doled out in California based on \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/05/11/how-californias-water-rights-make-it-tough-to-manage-drought/\">how long ago it was claimed\u003c/a>, with the earliest rights going back to the Gold Rush. In the pecking order, newer “junior” water rights are the first to be cut back when water supplies get low, so senior rights holders can continue to get water deliveries. Almost 9,000 junior water rights holders have already been ordered to stop using water this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/03/31/record-low-sierra-snowpack-will-drive-home-drought-impacts/\">record-low snowpack\u003c/a> and worsening drought conditions, the State Water Resources Control Board is now cutting back older rights, going back to 1903. “We’re now at a point that the demand in our key river systems is outstripping supply,” says Caren Trgovcich, State Water Board Chief Deputy Director.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The order affects \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/docs/jun12pre14maillist.pdf\">276 rights\u003c/a> held by individuals and several agricultural water districts, amounting to 1.2 million acre-feet of water. Violators could face fines of $1,000 a day and $2,500 for each unauthorized acre-foot of water they draw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are some that have no alternative supplies and will have to stop irrigating crops,” says Tom Howard, executive director of the State Water Resources Control Board. “There are others that have stored water or have wells that they can fall back on. It’s going to be a different story for each one and a struggle for all of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Major Legal Question\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Senior water rights have largely been considered untouchable in California. They’ve only been cut off once before, during the 1976-77 drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you have a very senior right, you could very reasonably conclude that you don’t have to worry too much about droughts because you’re so senior that you’re not going to get cut off,” says water rights attorney David Aladjem. “And this is the exception that proves the rule.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California created the water board to oversee water rights in 1913 and began issuing permits for water claims. There’s even a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/05/11/how-californias-water-rights-make-it-tough-to-manage-drought/\">large bank safe\u003c/a> in Sacramento that holds all the permits. Earlier claims, going back to the Gold Rush, are considered “pre-1914 rights” and don’t have permits from the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those rights holders plan to challenge the state’s authority to regulate them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”rdEZZ7IRNBZqzB5PozbyCipGIYMtuTUV”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water right holders were here before the state exerted any authority over water,” says Oakdale Irrigation District’s Knell. “Most of our water rights go back to the mid-1800s. So the state having authority over something that we developed long before the state got into this business is the legal question we will be asking a judge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five water districts, including Oakdale, Merced and Modesto Irrigation Districts are filing for a stay to halt the curtailment orders. Others within the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta are also expected to bring legal action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It would be a very important case in water law,” says Aladjem. “The question here is: what is the authority of the water board to enforce that priority system as opposed to the authority of the courts to enforce it? We don’t have a definitive decision from the courts as to the authority.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a hearing in May, the state water board \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/workshops.shtml\">heard testimony from several water attorneys\u003c/a> who warned lawsuits would follow in quick order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not equitable, it’s not legal and it will be challenged,” said attorney Jeanne Zolezzi, representing several water districts on the San Joaquin River. Cutting off some senior water rights to protect even older water rights wouldn’t be valid, she said, because senior water rights are only claims and haven’t been proven out by permits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a bulldozer when a scalpel is needed,” says Knell. “There are so many filings for water rights that have no validity. And the state hasn’t done their homework and gone through all these rights and validated them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cities, Not Just Farms\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water officials say cities and communities aren’t exempt from water rights cutbacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It does mean we would lose the entire supply,” says Ed Pattison, general manager of Mountain House Community Services District, which serves a community of about 15,000 people near Tracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“It’s not equitable, it’s not legal and it will be challenged.”\u003ccite> Jeanne Zolezzi, attorney \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The community gets water from Byron Bethany Irrigation District, which had its senior rights curtailed. “The visionary people that brought Mountain House into being felt that the pre-1914 was a reliable water supply,” says Pattison. “And obviously it’s looking like it’s not as reliable as once planned and expected.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For now, we’re looking for emergency water supplies to fill the gap,” he says. “It was not budgeted, so this is going to be impacting the general fund significantly. I can’t predict if it will be successful, and if it’s not, it’ll be catastrophic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Future Cutbacks\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the state facing a long, dry summer, officials warned that these may not be the last cutbacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Curtailment notices for other watersheds and for more senior rights holders in these watersheds may be imminent,” warned the water board’s Trgovcich.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could even affect San Francisco. The city’s Public Utilities Commission has rights dating back to 1901, after the city’s mayor famously claimed water in the Tuolumne River by nailing a sheet of paper to a tree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city could be facing the same fate as other senior rights holders. “As we continue this process, we anticipate that they will be,” says the water board’s Howard.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Now that California officials have ordered water cutbacks for some of the oldest and most protected water rights holders in the state, we’re about to see if those orders will stick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a historic move, more than 100 “senior” water rights holders have been notified that they must stop pumping water from streams and rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“This is our water.”\u003ccite> Steve Knell, Oakdale Irrigation Dist.\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The orders are expected to launch a flurry of lawsuits, with water right holders challenging the state’s fundamental authority to cut off senior rights. Court rulings could dramatically alter how water rights are handled in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is our water,” says Steve Knell, general manager of Oakdale Irrigation District, an agricultural district that had its water rights curtailed. “We believe firmly in that fact and we are very vested in protecting that right.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Pecking Order\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water is doled out in California based on \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/05/11/how-californias-water-rights-make-it-tough-to-manage-drought/\">how long ago it was claimed\u003c/a>, with the earliest rights going back to the Gold Rush. In the pecking order, newer “junior” water rights are the first to be cut back when water supplies get low, so senior rights holders can continue to get water deliveries. Almost 9,000 junior water rights holders have already been ordered to stop using water this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/03/31/record-low-sierra-snowpack-will-drive-home-drought-impacts/\">record-low snowpack\u003c/a> and worsening drought conditions, the State Water Resources Control Board is now cutting back older rights, going back to 1903. “We’re now at a point that the demand in our key river systems is outstripping supply,” says Caren Trgovcich, State Water Board Chief Deputy Director.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The order affects \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/docs/jun12pre14maillist.pdf\">276 rights\u003c/a> held by individuals and several agricultural water districts, amounting to 1.2 million acre-feet of water. Violators could face fines of $1,000 a day and $2,500 for each unauthorized acre-foot of water they draw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are some that have no alternative supplies and will have to stop irrigating crops,” says Tom Howard, executive director of the State Water Resources Control Board. “There are others that have stored water or have wells that they can fall back on. It’s going to be a different story for each one and a struggle for all of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Major Legal Question\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Senior water rights have largely been considered untouchable in California. They’ve only been cut off once before, during the 1976-77 drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you have a very senior right, you could very reasonably conclude that you don’t have to worry too much about droughts because you’re so senior that you’re not going to get cut off,” says water rights attorney David Aladjem. “And this is the exception that proves the rule.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California created the water board to oversee water rights in 1913 and began issuing permits for water claims. There’s even a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/05/11/how-californias-water-rights-make-it-tough-to-manage-drought/\">large bank safe\u003c/a> in Sacramento that holds all the permits. Earlier claims, going back to the Gold Rush, are considered “pre-1914 rights” and don’t have permits from the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those rights holders plan to challenge the state’s authority to regulate them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water right holders were here before the state exerted any authority over water,” says Oakdale Irrigation District’s Knell. “Most of our water rights go back to the mid-1800s. So the state having authority over something that we developed long before the state got into this business is the legal question we will be asking a judge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five water districts, including Oakdale, Merced and Modesto Irrigation Districts are filing for a stay to halt the curtailment orders. Others within the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta are also expected to bring legal action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It would be a very important case in water law,” says Aladjem. “The question here is: what is the authority of the water board to enforce that priority system as opposed to the authority of the courts to enforce it? We don’t have a definitive decision from the courts as to the authority.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a hearing in May, the state water board \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/workshops.shtml\">heard testimony from several water attorneys\u003c/a> who warned lawsuits would follow in quick order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not equitable, it’s not legal and it will be challenged,” said attorney Jeanne Zolezzi, representing several water districts on the San Joaquin River. Cutting off some senior water rights to protect even older water rights wouldn’t be valid, she said, because senior water rights are only claims and haven’t been proven out by permits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a bulldozer when a scalpel is needed,” says Knell. “There are so many filings for water rights that have no validity. And the state hasn’t done their homework and gone through all these rights and validated them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cities, Not Just Farms\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water officials say cities and communities aren’t exempt from water rights cutbacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It does mean we would lose the entire supply,” says Ed Pattison, general manager of Mountain House Community Services District, which serves a community of about 15,000 people near Tracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“It’s not equitable, it’s not legal and it will be challenged.”\u003ccite> Jeanne Zolezzi, attorney \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The community gets water from Byron Bethany Irrigation District, which had its senior rights curtailed. “The visionary people that brought Mountain House into being felt that the pre-1914 was a reliable water supply,” says Pattison. “And obviously it’s looking like it’s not as reliable as once planned and expected.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For now, we’re looking for emergency water supplies to fill the gap,” he says. “It was not budgeted, so this is going to be impacting the general fund significantly. I can’t predict if it will be successful, and if it’s not, it’ll be catastrophic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Future Cutbacks\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the state facing a long, dry summer, officials warned that these may not be the last cutbacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Curtailment notices for other watersheds and for more senior rights holders in these watersheds may be imminent,” warned the water board’s Trgovcich.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could even affect San Francisco. The city’s Public Utilities Commission has rights dating back to 1901, after the city’s mayor famously claimed water in the Tuolumne River by nailing a sheet of paper to a tree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city could be facing the same fate as other senior rights holders. “As we continue this process, we anticipate that they will be,” says the water board’s Howard.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Burn After Reading: Big El Niño Building, Could Be Major Rainmaker This Fall",
"headTitle": "Burn After Reading: Big El Niño Building, Could Be Major Rainmaker This Fall | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Though it’s still early in the game, forecasters say all the elements are in place for a whopper El Niño that could bring substantial rain and snow to California this fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal forecasters say there is now a 90 percent chance that the warm-water ocean conditions will prevail into the fall, and an 85 percent chance that they’ll endure throughout the coming winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s quite well established now in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean and it appears to be strengthening,” says Stanford climate scientist Daniel Swain, author of the popular \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/\">California Weather Blog\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now forget that you read this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of California’s top water regulators recently complained that El Niño hype last spring threw a monkey wrench into efforts to promote water conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This killed us at the beginning of 2014,” Felicia Marcus told reporters in a May conference call. Marcus heads the State Water Resources Control Board, which has been charged with implementing Governor Jerry Brown’s statewide water restrictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everybody wrote the story that El Niño might save us, so people didn’t start conserving when they should have.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it happened, last year’s El Niño, eventually dubbed “El Wimpo” by weather wags, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/08/07/el-nino-fizzle-no-relief-likely-for-california-drought/\">remained too weak\u003c/a> to overcome the prevailing drought conditions; the hoped-for rains never arrived.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can hope for it but you certainly can’t plan for it,” said Marcus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44389\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 628px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/ElNino_150603.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-44389\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/ElNino_150603.jpg\" alt=\"NOAA graphic shows the warm plume of water running east-west near the equator, the classic signature of El Nino.\" width=\"628\" height=\"401\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/ElNino_150603.jpg 628w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/ElNino_150603-400x255.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 628px) 100vw, 628px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NOAA graphic shows the warm plume of water running east-west near the equator, the classic signature of El Nino. \u003ccite>(NOAA Climate Prediction Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But scientists say this year looks more like the real deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything is certainly in place for this event to continue,” says Mike Halpert, deputy director of NOAA’s Climate Prediction Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now the indications are that it will continue to strengthen and that this will be in place, in fact, next winter,” agrees Swain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that question of strength is crucial. As we’ve reported here before, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/09/01/drought-myth-busting-why-el-nino-wont-save-california/\">only the stronger El Niños\u003c/a> translate to wet winters in California. Strength is measured according to how much ocean temperatures deviate from the norm. The difference between one degree and two degrees Celsius above average can be enormous in the “teleconnections,” the term scientists use to describe distant weather effects from El Niño. Right now this one appears to be building strength.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It still doesn’t mean that it’s a slam dunk strong El Niño forecast,” says Swain, “but it does mean that this year we have higher confidence than we did last year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of that confidence is driven by the atmospheric effects of the current El Niño, a connection that never quite took hold last year. What’s happening in the ocean now is encouraging — but it has to keep happening for several months to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halpert says there’s a slightly better-than-even chance that we’ll see a strong event take shape. But while it’s tricky enough to forecast the staying power of an El Niño, handicapping its strength several months hence is even harder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it takes more than just having the pieces,” he cautions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it almost takes some level of — I hate to use the word luck — but that somehow everything just falls together and that’s just not something that we’re able to forecast.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The warm ocean conditions often associated with rain in California are building -- and scientists say there's a 90 percent chance that they'll hang in there until fall or longer. Now forget that you read this.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Though it’s still early in the game, forecasters say all the elements are in place for a whopper El Niño that could bring substantial rain and snow to California this fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal forecasters say there is now a 90 percent chance that the warm-water ocean conditions will prevail into the fall, and an 85 percent chance that they’ll endure throughout the coming winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s quite well established now in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean and it appears to be strengthening,” says Stanford climate scientist Daniel Swain, author of the popular \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/\">California Weather Blog\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now forget that you read this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of California’s top water regulators recently complained that El Niño hype last spring threw a monkey wrench into efforts to promote water conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This killed us at the beginning of 2014,” Felicia Marcus told reporters in a May conference call. Marcus heads the State Water Resources Control Board, which has been charged with implementing Governor Jerry Brown’s statewide water restrictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everybody wrote the story that El Niño might save us, so people didn’t start conserving when they should have.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it happened, last year’s El Niño, eventually dubbed “El Wimpo” by weather wags, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/08/07/el-nino-fizzle-no-relief-likely-for-california-drought/\">remained too weak\u003c/a> to overcome the prevailing drought conditions; the hoped-for rains never arrived.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can hope for it but you certainly can’t plan for it,” said Marcus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44389\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 628px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/ElNino_150603.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-44389\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/ElNino_150603.jpg\" alt=\"NOAA graphic shows the warm plume of water running east-west near the equator, the classic signature of El Nino.\" width=\"628\" height=\"401\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/ElNino_150603.jpg 628w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/ElNino_150603-400x255.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 628px) 100vw, 628px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NOAA graphic shows the warm plume of water running east-west near the equator, the classic signature of El Nino. \u003ccite>(NOAA Climate Prediction Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But scientists say this year looks more like the real deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything is certainly in place for this event to continue,” says Mike Halpert, deputy director of NOAA’s Climate Prediction Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now the indications are that it will continue to strengthen and that this will be in place, in fact, next winter,” agrees Swain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that question of strength is crucial. As we’ve reported here before, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/09/01/drought-myth-busting-why-el-nino-wont-save-california/\">only the stronger El Niños\u003c/a> translate to wet winters in California. Strength is measured according to how much ocean temperatures deviate from the norm. The difference between one degree and two degrees Celsius above average can be enormous in the “teleconnections,” the term scientists use to describe distant weather effects from El Niño. Right now this one appears to be building strength.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It still doesn’t mean that it’s a slam dunk strong El Niño forecast,” says Swain, “but it does mean that this year we have higher confidence than we did last year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of that confidence is driven by the atmospheric effects of the current El Niño, a connection that never quite took hold last year. What’s happening in the ocean now is encouraging — but it has to keep happening for several months to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halpert says there’s a slightly better-than-even chance that we’ll see a strong event take shape. But while it’s tricky enough to forecast the staying power of an El Niño, handicapping its strength several months hence is even harder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it takes more than just having the pieces,” he cautions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it almost takes some level of — I hate to use the word luck — but that somehow everything just falls together and that’s just not something that we’re able to forecast.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California's Vanishing Clouds Could Intensify Drought",
"headTitle": "California’s Vanishing Clouds Could Intensify Drought | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Fog season is with us once again. And whether it’s the ground-level “pea soup” of legend or the looming overcast known as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/ocean/marine.htm\">marine layer\u003c/a>, there’s a reason it’s called \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2015/06/08/making-sense-of-san-franciscos-bone-chilling-summertime-fog/\">California’s natural air-conditioning\u003c/a>: fog and clouds are vital cogs in keeping the coastal thermostat turned down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that advantage could be disappearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED Science Editor Craig Miller talks with climate scientist \u003ca href=\"http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/user/williams\">Park Williams\u003c/a> about his recently \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015GL063266/abstract\">published work\u003c/a> on California’s vanishing clouds. Williams is an assistant research professor at Columbia University’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/\">Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory\u003c/a> in New York, but the gray mantle of the California’s summer coastline keeps drawing him back here — and it’s not just the romance of it. It turns out that fog — any kind of cloud, actually — is a great regulator not just of heat, but of drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/06/20150608ScienceFog.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Park Williams:\u003c/strong> Yeah, fog regulates drought. It does it in a couple of ways. In ecosystems, fog drops water directly on plants. And when the water collects on the plants, it then drops into the soil and is available for the plants to use. Fog, and clouds that are higher than fog, also shade the sun, and that allows plants more time to use the water they’ve collected from the fog. In cities, fog and clouds that are higher than fog — overcast clouds — are important as well, because they regulate surface temps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Craig Miller:\u003c/strong> And it seems like cities are where the problem is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>PW:\u003c/strong> We looked at Southern California and found that in large cities — L.A. and San Diego — the heights of low clouds during summertime have been increasing; they’ve been rising away from the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM:\u003c/strong> Why would that be?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>PW:\u003c/strong> Cities have been warming, and essentially you need to go higher into the atmosphere before you finally get to where it’s cool enough to have water droplets condense and clouds can form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM:\u003c/strong> This is sounding like the “urban heat island” effect at work here. Is there a smoking gun for that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32640\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/1024px-San_francisco_in_fog_with_rays.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-32640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/1024px-San_francisco_in_fog_with_rays-800x859.jpg\" alt=\"Fog settles over San Francisco Bay, with the Golden Gate Bridge, Coit Tower and Bay Bridge visible in the distance. (Brocken Inaglory/Wikimedia Commons)\" width=\"800\" height=\"859\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/1024px-San_francisco_in_fog_with_rays-800x859.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/1024px-San_francisco_in_fog_with_rays-400x430.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/1024px-San_francisco_in_fog_with_rays-960x1031.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/1024px-San_francisco_in_fog_with_rays.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fog settles over San Francisco Bay, with the Golden Gate Bridge, Coit Tower and Bay Bridge visible in the distance. (Brocken Inaglory/Wikimedia Commons) \u003ccite>(Brocken Inaglory/Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>PW:\u003c/strong> The minimum temperature at night has been rising rapidly. During the daytime we’ve seen slow warming, but not nearly at the pace that nighttime warming is. That’s the fingerprint of the urban heat island that we expect. The urban heat island effect really is a nighttime phenomenon because cement takes a long time to get rid of its heat, and that causes nighttime temperatures to rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM:\u003c/strong> And where urbanization reaches inland, like, say, the Inland Empire region east of L.A., this phenomenon seems to follow. For example, looking at readings from airports, you found there’s 87 percent less fog in Ontario since 1950, and that overall cloud cover — technically the “frequency” of clouds — has been reduced by about half. That’s stunning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>PW:\u003c/strong> That means Ontario is getting a lot more sunlight in the morning hours, which is then feeding back to heat up Ontario and make clouds less likely in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM:\u003c/strong> You’re describing a kind of vicious cycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>PW:\u003c/strong> Clouds will become thinner over Los Angeles. That allows more sunlight to be absorbed by the ground, which causes more surface heat, which causes clouds to have to form higher up, which causes clouds to be thinner, which perpetuates this process of more sunlight, higher clouds — and eventually more sunlight, no clouds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM:\u003c/strong> But you don’t foresee fog and overcast vanishing everywhere along the coast, only in the most urbanized areas?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>PW:\u003c/strong> It depends on where you are. Since these fog and low marine clouds during the summer are regulators of drought, and since global warming is projected to enhance drought in much of California, these clouds could be very nice moderators of the global warming process and increased drought in coastal California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM:\u003c/strong> But in the cities …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>PW:\u003c/strong> Then we see basically the moderating effect of these clouds probably getting canceled out, and rapid increases of drought in the mountain ecosystems surrounding the cities of Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=19c09UgIB-4&feature=youtu.be\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM:\u003c/strong> It sounds like when you get north into the coast redwoods, which are so dependent on the fog, the prognosis isn’t so bad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>PW:\u003c/strong> I think it’s not so bad. We’ll have to wait and see. Certainly these clouds are complicated and there are aspects to them we still don’t understand so well. We’ve had a tough time getting computers to actually model the behavior of these clouds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM:\u003c/strong> It makes you wonder if we might come to miss the June Gloom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>PW:\u003c/strong> I think the ways it’ll be missed are — energy bills rise because everything’s warmer, heat waves will be warmer and that’ll have some public health implications. But there’ll be benefits, too. People like going to beach when it’s sunny and not cloudy, so June Gloom gets in the way of family vacations. It’ll be nice to have better beach weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM:\u003c/strong> I’d call that a silver lining except I think you need a cloud for that.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Fog season is with us once again. And whether it’s the ground-level “pea soup” of legend or the looming overcast known as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/ocean/marine.htm\">marine layer\u003c/a>, there’s a reason it’s called \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2015/06/08/making-sense-of-san-franciscos-bone-chilling-summertime-fog/\">California’s natural air-conditioning\u003c/a>: fog and clouds are vital cogs in keeping the coastal thermostat turned down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that advantage could be disappearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED Science Editor Craig Miller talks with climate scientist \u003ca href=\"http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/user/williams\">Park Williams\u003c/a> about his recently \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015GL063266/abstract\">published work\u003c/a> on California’s vanishing clouds. Williams is an assistant research professor at Columbia University’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/\">Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory\u003c/a> in New York, but the gray mantle of the California’s summer coastline keeps drawing him back here — and it’s not just the romance of it. It turns out that fog — any kind of cloud, actually — is a great regulator not just of heat, but of drought.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Park Williams:\u003c/strong> Yeah, fog regulates drought. It does it in a couple of ways. In ecosystems, fog drops water directly on plants. And when the water collects on the plants, it then drops into the soil and is available for the plants to use. Fog, and clouds that are higher than fog, also shade the sun, and that allows plants more time to use the water they’ve collected from the fog. In cities, fog and clouds that are higher than fog — overcast clouds — are important as well, because they regulate surface temps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Craig Miller:\u003c/strong> And it seems like cities are where the problem is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>PW:\u003c/strong> We looked at Southern California and found that in large cities — L.A. and San Diego — the heights of low clouds during summertime have been increasing; they’ve been rising away from the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM:\u003c/strong> Why would that be?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>PW:\u003c/strong> Cities have been warming, and essentially you need to go higher into the atmosphere before you finally get to where it’s cool enough to have water droplets condense and clouds can form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM:\u003c/strong> This is sounding like the “urban heat island” effect at work here. Is there a smoking gun for that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32640\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/1024px-San_francisco_in_fog_with_rays.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-32640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/1024px-San_francisco_in_fog_with_rays-800x859.jpg\" alt=\"Fog settles over San Francisco Bay, with the Golden Gate Bridge, Coit Tower and Bay Bridge visible in the distance. (Brocken Inaglory/Wikimedia Commons)\" width=\"800\" height=\"859\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/1024px-San_francisco_in_fog_with_rays-800x859.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/1024px-San_francisco_in_fog_with_rays-400x430.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/1024px-San_francisco_in_fog_with_rays-960x1031.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/1024px-San_francisco_in_fog_with_rays.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fog settles over San Francisco Bay, with the Golden Gate Bridge, Coit Tower and Bay Bridge visible in the distance. (Brocken Inaglory/Wikimedia Commons) \u003ccite>(Brocken Inaglory/Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>PW:\u003c/strong> The minimum temperature at night has been rising rapidly. During the daytime we’ve seen slow warming, but not nearly at the pace that nighttime warming is. That’s the fingerprint of the urban heat island that we expect. The urban heat island effect really is a nighttime phenomenon because cement takes a long time to get rid of its heat, and that causes nighttime temperatures to rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM:\u003c/strong> And where urbanization reaches inland, like, say, the Inland Empire region east of L.A., this phenomenon seems to follow. For example, looking at readings from airports, you found there’s 87 percent less fog in Ontario since 1950, and that overall cloud cover — technically the “frequency” of clouds — has been reduced by about half. That’s stunning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>PW:\u003c/strong> That means Ontario is getting a lot more sunlight in the morning hours, which is then feeding back to heat up Ontario and make clouds less likely in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM:\u003c/strong> You’re describing a kind of vicious cycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>PW:\u003c/strong> Clouds will become thinner over Los Angeles. That allows more sunlight to be absorbed by the ground, which causes more surface heat, which causes clouds to have to form higher up, which causes clouds to be thinner, which perpetuates this process of more sunlight, higher clouds — and eventually more sunlight, no clouds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM:\u003c/strong> But you don’t foresee fog and overcast vanishing everywhere along the coast, only in the most urbanized areas?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>PW:\u003c/strong> It depends on where you are. Since these fog and low marine clouds during the summer are regulators of drought, and since global warming is projected to enhance drought in much of California, these clouds could be very nice moderators of the global warming process and increased drought in coastal California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM:\u003c/strong> But in the cities …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>PW:\u003c/strong> Then we see basically the moderating effect of these clouds probably getting canceled out, and rapid increases of drought in the mountain ecosystems surrounding the cities of Southern California.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/19c09UgIB-4'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/19c09UgIB-4'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM:\u003c/strong> It sounds like when you get north into the coast redwoods, which are so dependent on the fog, the prognosis isn’t so bad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>PW:\u003c/strong> I think it’s not so bad. We’ll have to wait and see. Certainly these clouds are complicated and there are aspects to them we still don’t understand so well. We’ve had a tough time getting computers to actually model the behavior of these clouds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM:\u003c/strong> It makes you wonder if we might come to miss the June Gloom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>PW:\u003c/strong> I think the ways it’ll be missed are — energy bills rise because everything’s warmer, heat waves will be warmer and that’ll have some public health implications. But there’ll be benefits, too. People like going to beach when it’s sunny and not cloudy, so June Gloom gets in the way of family vacations. It’ll be nice to have better beach weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM:\u003c/strong> I’d call that a silver lining except I think you need a cloud for that.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30406\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/climate.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30406\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/climate.jpg\" alt=\"Moon Rise behind the San Gorgonio Pass Wind Farm, 2009. (Chuck Coker/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Moon rise behind the San Gorgonio Pass wind farm, 2009. Promoting renewable energy sources like wind and solar is part of the climate pact signed by Governor Jerry Brown and about a dozen other subnational governments. (Chuck Coker/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California is adding to its roster of allies in the climate change counteroffensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups are hailing \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=18964\">an agreement signed Tuesday\u003c/a> by Governor Jerry Brown and an assortment of states, provinces and other “subnational” governments to ratchet up their own climate strategies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Billed as the “Under 2 MOU,” the memorandum of understanding is a pledge to advance policies aimed at arresting global warming at the U.N.’s critical \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2015/04/24/opinions/sutter-questions-two-degrees-climate/\">threshold of 2 degrees\u003c/a> Celsius. That’s the level beyond which some scientists say the most catastrophic effects of climate change would kick in and hence, has been widely adopted as a kind of holy grail of climate policy outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even assuming that all parties deliver on their pledges, actually holding the line at 2 degrees would, of course, require serious, sweeping transnational commitments from major emitters like the U.S., China and India, something that negotiators have yet to achieve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Tara Siler spoke with Dan Kammen, who heads the Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory at UC Berkeley, about the deal and how much difference this kind of subnational agreement can really make in moving the climate needle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/206295637″ params=”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false” width=”100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true” /]\u003cbr>\n \u003cbr>\nOne tenet of the agreement is the establishment of mid-term emissions targets “to support long-term reduction goals.” Brown set out a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/01/05/governor-unveils-ambitious-new-climate-goals/\">series of ambitious climate goals\u003c/a> in his January inaugural message, and more recently set a target to cut greenhouse gas emissions to 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030. The state had already adopted a 2050 goal to cut warming emissions by 80 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joining Brown in signing on to the MOU are representatives of provincial governments in Canada, Brazil, Germany, Mexico, Spain and the United Kingdom, as well as state officials from Oregon, Washington and Vermont. Previously Brown had cobbled together a West Coast climate action collaborative with Oregon, Washington and British Columbia. Provincial officials in France were expected to sign on as well.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30406\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/climate.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30406\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/climate.jpg\" alt=\"Moon Rise behind the San Gorgonio Pass Wind Farm, 2009. (Chuck Coker/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Moon rise behind the San Gorgonio Pass wind farm, 2009. Promoting renewable energy sources like wind and solar is part of the climate pact signed by Governor Jerry Brown and about a dozen other subnational governments. (Chuck Coker/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California is adding to its roster of allies in the climate change counteroffensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups are hailing \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=18964\">an agreement signed Tuesday\u003c/a> by Governor Jerry Brown and an assortment of states, provinces and other “subnational” governments to ratchet up their own climate strategies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Billed as the “Under 2 MOU,” the memorandum of understanding is a pledge to advance policies aimed at arresting global warming at the U.N.’s critical \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2015/04/24/opinions/sutter-questions-two-degrees-climate/\">threshold of 2 degrees\u003c/a> Celsius. That’s the level beyond which some scientists say the most catastrophic effects of climate change would kick in and hence, has been widely adopted as a kind of holy grail of climate policy outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even assuming that all parties deliver on their pledges, actually holding the line at 2 degrees would, of course, require serious, sweeping transnational commitments from major emitters like the U.S., China and India, something that negotiators have yet to achieve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Tara Siler spoke with Dan Kammen, who heads the Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory at UC Berkeley, about the deal and how much difference this kind of subnational agreement can really make in moving the climate needle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/05/20150518Sciencewomeninscience.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30322\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/Mukhopadhyay-Biofuels-FULLQUALITY.mov.01_01_17_03.Still002-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-30322 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/Mukhopadhyay-Biofuels-FULLQUALITY.mov.01_01_17_03.Still002-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Aindrila Mukhopadhyay (right) is a staff scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and leads a biofuels and systems biology team that is 70 percent female, an unusual occurrence in her field. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Staff scientist Aindrila Mukhopadhyay (right) leads a biofuels research and systems biology team, which includes many female postdoctoral researchers from diverse backgrounds. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thousands of college students across California are graduating this month with science degrees. Some dream of careers as researchers and professors, like the people who taught them. But women working toward doctoral degrees in science face gender barriers that can derail their progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/sed/2013/digest/theme1.cfm\">Data from\u003c/a> the National Science Foundation show the number of women earning Ph.D.s in all branches of science has trended up over the last two decades. By 2013, women made up half the doctorates awarded in life sciences. That’s the good news. The bad news is having a doctorate in any branch of science doesn’t eliminate gender bias, and the percentages of women with Ph.D.s in the physical sciences and engineering remain stubbornly low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even early in college, those fields attract relatively few women. For instance, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/2015/nsf15311/tables/pdf/tab2-8.pdf\">an NSF table shows \u003c/a>in 2012, 3.9 percent of female freshmen declared an intention to major in engineering, compared to 18.3 percent of males. That pattern holds at the high end of the academic food-chain as well: \u003ca href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/2015/nsf15311/tables/pdf/tab9-5.pdf\">data show\u003c/a> 20,000 women with doctorates are employed in the physical sciences, compared to 85,000 men with doctorates.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘What’s going on here is that the ideal worker is being defined as someone with a stay-at-home wife.’\u003ccite>\u003cbr>\n— Joan Williams,\u003cbr>\nUC Hastings law professor\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This complex, multifarious problem for women making their way into science professions has a beguilingly simple name: “the leaky pipeline.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Not An Issue Of Personal Choice\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>University of Michigan earth sciences professor Ingrid Hendy says there’s a common argument that women in their 30s, wanting to be both moms and professors, are making choices to drop out for a bit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m rolling my eyes at this point,” Hendy says. “It’s a lot more complex than that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, says Joan Williams, law professor at UC Hastings and director of the \u003ca href=\"http://worklifelaw.org/\">Center for WorkLife Law\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I also think it’s misleading to talk about this in terms of women making hard choices about their families,” Williams says. “That’s not what’s going on here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says scientists want to hire someone who can be hunched over their laptop working at 2 a.m. – not, say, caring for a sick kid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s going on here is that the ideal worker is being defined as someone with a stay-at-home wife,” says Williams. “I call that sex discrimination, not women’s choices.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while it’s true that in certain branches of science, relatively few women ever start the path to a Ph.D., Williams says the problem of gender bias is pervasive across the field. Lots of female scientists report gender bias, and studies have demonstrated it — like one from researchers at Yale University in 2012 called “\u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/109/41/16474.full.pdf\">Science faculty’s subtle gender biases favor male students\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers sent more than a hundred faculty members identical resumes – half with a male applicant’s name, half with a female name – and asked, “Would you hire this person to run your lab?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/All-PHDs-by-sex.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-large wp-image-30295\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/All-PHDs-by-sex-1024x480.jpg\" alt=\"Print\" width=\"1024\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though it was the exact same resume, both male and female faculty members viewed the male applicant as more competent. Not only that, they offered the female applicant fewer mentorship opportunities and lower starting pay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams says there are ways to make a dent in this problem. For instance, just \u003ca href=\"https://hbr.org/2014/10/hacking-techs-diversity-problem\">put the words “salary negotiable”\u003c/a> on a job posting. While women are less likely to negotiate their salaries than men, a study showed those two words can disrupt this pattern, and markedly narrow the pay gap between men and women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a good example of a bias interrupter,” Williams says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Engineering Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s also just one small point along the pipeline from school to research and faculty positions. The pipeline is long, and its attendant leaks start long before graduate school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a huge drop-off after high school education,” says Lina Nilsson, at Berkeley’s \u003ca href=\"http://blumcenter.berkeley.edu/\">Blum Center for Developing Economies\u003c/a>. Nilsson recently wrote an \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/27/opinion/how-to-attract-female-engineers.html\">op-ed in the New York Times\u003c/a> titled “How to Attract Female Engineers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Engineering tends to rank on the very low end for female participation, with barely one in four doctorates awarded to women in 2013. Nilsson’s program, though, is drawing women in droves. The class has roughly equal numbers of women and men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Without even at any point explicitly planning to target women,” Nilsson says, “we’re seeing these massive increases.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key, she says, seems to be connecting engineering to social impact – issues like poverty and inequality. Nilsson’s specialty is development engineering: helping countries get clean water, diagnose disease and so on. She says women are filling up similar classes across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30280\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/marie-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-30280\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/marie-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Marie Champagne loads samples into a centrifuge at UC Berkeley. Champagne studies paleo-climate, but says until just a few years ago, being a scientist wasn't at all on her radar. (Daniel Potter / KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Marie Champagne loads samples into a centrifuge at UC Berkeley. Champagne says she didn’t know she loved science until nearly the end of community college. (Daniel Potter / KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘I Would’ve Had No Idea’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a lab one building over at Berkeley, Marie Champagne uses a powerful acid to prepare lake-bottom samples, which she spins in a centrifuge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These samples are a window to what the climate was like thousands of years ago, Champagne says, based on clues like bits of pollen visible under a microscope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Growing up, I would’ve had no idea what paleo-climate was, let alone that I wanted to go into it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Champagne grew up near a small town in Mendocino County. She says there weren’t a lot of scientists in her life. She gravitated toward English as she entered community college. There, she had a teacher who was pivotal in identifying and developing her interests in earth science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I used to be a little bit more frightened of taking like a physics class,” Champagne says. “I didn’t take physics until I was a senior — and I loved it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Champagne starts her Ph.D. this fall at UC Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30322\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/Mukhopadhyay-Biofuels-FULLQUALITY.mov.01_01_17_03.Still002-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-30322 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/Mukhopadhyay-Biofuels-FULLQUALITY.mov.01_01_17_03.Still002-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Aindrila Mukhopadhyay (right) is a staff scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and leads a biofuels and systems biology team that is 70 percent female, an unusual occurrence in her field. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Staff scientist Aindrila Mukhopadhyay (right) leads a biofuels research and systems biology team, which includes many female postdoctoral researchers from diverse backgrounds. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thousands of college students across California are graduating this month with science degrees. Some dream of careers as researchers and professors, like the people who taught them. But women working toward doctoral degrees in science face gender barriers that can derail their progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/sed/2013/digest/theme1.cfm\">Data from\u003c/a> the National Science Foundation show the number of women earning Ph.D.s in all branches of science has trended up over the last two decades. By 2013, women made up half the doctorates awarded in life sciences. That’s the good news. The bad news is having a doctorate in any branch of science doesn’t eliminate gender bias, and the percentages of women with Ph.D.s in the physical sciences and engineering remain stubbornly low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even early in college, those fields attract relatively few women. For instance, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/2015/nsf15311/tables/pdf/tab2-8.pdf\">an NSF table shows \u003c/a>in 2012, 3.9 percent of female freshmen declared an intention to major in engineering, compared to 18.3 percent of males. That pattern holds at the high end of the academic food-chain as well: \u003ca href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/2015/nsf15311/tables/pdf/tab9-5.pdf\">data show\u003c/a> 20,000 women with doctorates are employed in the physical sciences, compared to 85,000 men with doctorates.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘What’s going on here is that the ideal worker is being defined as someone with a stay-at-home wife.’\u003ccite>\u003cbr>\n— Joan Williams,\u003cbr>\nUC Hastings law professor\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This complex, multifarious problem for women making their way into science professions has a beguilingly simple name: “the leaky pipeline.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Not An Issue Of Personal Choice\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>University of Michigan earth sciences professor Ingrid Hendy says there’s a common argument that women in their 30s, wanting to be both moms and professors, are making choices to drop out for a bit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m rolling my eyes at this point,” Hendy says. “It’s a lot more complex than that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, says Joan Williams, law professor at UC Hastings and director of the \u003ca href=\"http://worklifelaw.org/\">Center for WorkLife Law\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I also think it’s misleading to talk about this in terms of women making hard choices about their families,” Williams says. “That’s not what’s going on here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says scientists want to hire someone who can be hunched over their laptop working at 2 a.m. – not, say, caring for a sick kid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s going on here is that the ideal worker is being defined as someone with a stay-at-home wife,” says Williams. “I call that sex discrimination, not women’s choices.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while it’s true that in certain branches of science, relatively few women ever start the path to a Ph.D., Williams says the problem of gender bias is pervasive across the field. Lots of female scientists report gender bias, and studies have demonstrated it — like one from researchers at Yale University in 2012 called “\u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/109/41/16474.full.pdf\">Science faculty’s subtle gender biases favor male students\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers sent more than a hundred faculty members identical resumes – half with a male applicant’s name, half with a female name – and asked, “Would you hire this person to run your lab?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/All-PHDs-by-sex.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-large wp-image-30295\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/All-PHDs-by-sex-1024x480.jpg\" alt=\"Print\" width=\"1024\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though it was the exact same resume, both male and female faculty members viewed the male applicant as more competent. Not only that, they offered the female applicant fewer mentorship opportunities and lower starting pay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams says there are ways to make a dent in this problem. For instance, just \u003ca href=\"https://hbr.org/2014/10/hacking-techs-diversity-problem\">put the words “salary negotiable”\u003c/a> on a job posting. While women are less likely to negotiate their salaries than men, a study showed those two words can disrupt this pattern, and markedly narrow the pay gap between men and women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a good example of a bias interrupter,” Williams says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Engineering Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s also just one small point along the pipeline from school to research and faculty positions. The pipeline is long, and its attendant leaks start long before graduate school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a huge drop-off after high school education,” says Lina Nilsson, at Berkeley’s \u003ca href=\"http://blumcenter.berkeley.edu/\">Blum Center for Developing Economies\u003c/a>. Nilsson recently wrote an \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/27/opinion/how-to-attract-female-engineers.html\">op-ed in the New York Times\u003c/a> titled “How to Attract Female Engineers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Engineering tends to rank on the very low end for female participation, with barely one in four doctorates awarded to women in 2013. Nilsson’s program, though, is drawing women in droves. The class has roughly equal numbers of women and men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Without even at any point explicitly planning to target women,” Nilsson says, “we’re seeing these massive increases.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key, she says, seems to be connecting engineering to social impact – issues like poverty and inequality. Nilsson’s specialty is development engineering: helping countries get clean water, diagnose disease and so on. She says women are filling up similar classes across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30280\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/marie-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-30280\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/marie-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Marie Champagne loads samples into a centrifuge at UC Berkeley. Champagne studies paleo-climate, but says until just a few years ago, being a scientist wasn't at all on her radar. (Daniel Potter / KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Marie Champagne loads samples into a centrifuge at UC Berkeley. Champagne says she didn’t know she loved science until nearly the end of community college. (Daniel Potter / KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘I Would’ve Had No Idea’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a lab one building over at Berkeley, Marie Champagne uses a powerful acid to prepare lake-bottom samples, which she spins in a centrifuge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These samples are a window to what the climate was like thousands of years ago, Champagne says, based on clues like bits of pollen visible under a microscope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Growing up, I would’ve had no idea what paleo-climate was, let alone that I wanted to go into it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Champagne grew up near a small town in Mendocino County. She says there weren’t a lot of scientists in her life. She gravitated toward English as she entered community college. There, she had a teacher who was pivotal in identifying and developing her interests in earth science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I used to be a little bit more frightened of taking like a physics class,” Champagne says. “I didn’t take physics until I was a senior — and I loved it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Champagne starts her Ph.D. this fall at UC Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Biggest Waves in the World Yield Their Secrets",
"headTitle": "The Biggest Waves in the World Yield Their Secrets | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30234\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/luzon-waves.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/luzon-waves.jpg\" alt=\"Internal waves in the South China Sea\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30234\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Powerful waves below the ocean’s surface, made visible as curving silver traces by their effects on surface roughness, spread westward into the South China Sea through Luzon Strait, the 200-mile-wide waterway between the southern tip of Taiwan (top right) and the northern tip of the Philippines (bottom right). At left is Dongsha Atoll, a Taiwan national park. (NASA/Global Ocean Associates)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Slow, enormous waves that move beneath the ocean surface have intrigued researchers for a century. These “internal waves” affect the world’s deep seas in many ways, but they’re hard to observe. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Internal waves play a major role in mixing the ocean’s water. Global climate models need to account for this mixing because it warms the deep sea and cools the ocean surface. Internal waves also move seafloor sediment and nutrients, affecting fisheries and coral reefs. And underwater operations, from oil drilling to submarine missions, need data on the deep-sea “weather” of turbulence and disturbances that internal waves produce. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new paper giving the first “cradle-to-grave” explanation of the world’s strongest internal waves was \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v521/n7550/full/nature14399.html\">published this week\u003c/a> in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/index.html\">Nature\u003c/a>. It’s a major step forward in ocean science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Physics explains how ordinary waves, known as gravity waves, behave in water. The same physics permits gravity waves to form \u003ci>inside\u003c/i> the sea wherever two layers of different water density meet. To see an everyday example, take a bottle of salad dressing, with oil on top and vinegar underneath. Instead of shaking the bottle, tilt it gently and watch the internal waves between the oil and vinegar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ocean has many places where internal waves happen. All that’s needed is two layers of water with different density. For instance, where rivers pour fresh water on top of denser seawater, internal waves can form on the hidden surface of the seawater. In the Arctic Ocean, melting ice can spread a calm layer of fresh water as the salty sea continues to roil beneath it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world’s strongest internal waves are found in the South China Sea. There, the daily motion of the tides through Luzon Strait creates internal waves hundreds of meters high within the dense layer of cold deep water under the warmer surface water. As the tides wash over a pair of large underwater ridges in Luzon Strait and slosh between them, the activity sends huge, slow-motion internal waves westward into the South China Sea. They’re so slow that they barely disturb the sea surface, but satellites can observe their effects. The video below (from MIT) shows the basic mechanism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WYmRnSRsS7Y\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2013GL058064/abstract\">One study last year\u003c/a> created a miniature model of Luzon Strait in a large tank at a lab in Switzerland. Ocean currents and internal waves were reproduced in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.legi.grenoble-inp.fr/web/spip.php?rubrique10&lang=en\">Coriolis Platform\u003c/a>, a round pool four feet deep and 40 feet across, mounted on the world’s largest turntable. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new paper in Nature added to that information with hard-won data collected in the South China Sea in 2010 and 2011. The IWISE project (Internal Waves in Straits Experiment) used research ships, subsea instrument stations and underwater gliders to collect data under challenging conditions of strong currents and treacherous seas. Instruments recorded levels of turbulence in Luzon Strait more than 10,000 times stronger than the oceanic average. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This data yielded a detailed picture of how the internal waves are generated, why they only move west from Luzon Strait instead of both ways, and how they break upon the undersea slopes of the South China Sea. The researchers also learned how the internal waves interact with the powerful \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/np/pages/subregions/kroy.html\">Kuroshio ocean current\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists can make good use of this new analysis. Internal waves form all over the ocean — particularly in island chains like Hawaii — just as strong winds create internal waves in the atmosphere near mountain ranges like the Sierra Nevada. And these subsurface waves break along shorelines that have wide, shallow offshore shelves, like the U.S. east coast. NASA Visible Earth collection has \u003ca href=\"http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/search.php?hq=&q=internal+waves&sa=search\">many examples of atmospheric and oceanic internal waves\u003c/a> seen from space. \u003ca href=\"http://www.tos.org/oceanography/archive/25-2_st_laurent.pdf\">A brief tutorial\u003c/a> in the journal Oceanography gives more detail for those who’ve studied introductory physics. And a site called \u003ca href=\"http://www.internalwaveatlas.com/\">Internal Wave Atlas\u003c/a> presents 86 case studies from around the world.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Intensive research has laid bare the workings of gigantic \"internal waves\" that roil the deep seas. The results will advance climate models and make a wide range of marine activities more reliable.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30234\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/luzon-waves.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/luzon-waves.jpg\" alt=\"Internal waves in the South China Sea\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30234\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Powerful waves below the ocean’s surface, made visible as curving silver traces by their effects on surface roughness, spread westward into the South China Sea through Luzon Strait, the 200-mile-wide waterway between the southern tip of Taiwan (top right) and the northern tip of the Philippines (bottom right). At left is Dongsha Atoll, a Taiwan national park. (NASA/Global Ocean Associates)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Slow, enormous waves that move beneath the ocean surface have intrigued researchers for a century. These “internal waves” affect the world’s deep seas in many ways, but they’re hard to observe. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Internal waves play a major role in mixing the ocean’s water. Global climate models need to account for this mixing because it warms the deep sea and cools the ocean surface. Internal waves also move seafloor sediment and nutrients, affecting fisheries and coral reefs. And underwater operations, from oil drilling to submarine missions, need data on the deep-sea “weather” of turbulence and disturbances that internal waves produce. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new paper giving the first “cradle-to-grave” explanation of the world’s strongest internal waves was \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v521/n7550/full/nature14399.html\">published this week\u003c/a> in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/index.html\">Nature\u003c/a>. It’s a major step forward in ocean science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Physics explains how ordinary waves, known as gravity waves, behave in water. The same physics permits gravity waves to form \u003ci>inside\u003c/i> the sea wherever two layers of different water density meet. To see an everyday example, take a bottle of salad dressing, with oil on top and vinegar underneath. Instead of shaking the bottle, tilt it gently and watch the internal waves between the oil and vinegar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ocean has many places where internal waves happen. All that’s needed is two layers of water with different density. For instance, where rivers pour fresh water on top of denser seawater, internal waves can form on the hidden surface of the seawater. In the Arctic Ocean, melting ice can spread a calm layer of fresh water as the salty sea continues to roil beneath it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world’s strongest internal waves are found in the South China Sea. There, the daily motion of the tides through Luzon Strait creates internal waves hundreds of meters high within the dense layer of cold deep water under the warmer surface water. As the tides wash over a pair of large underwater ridges in Luzon Strait and slosh between them, the activity sends huge, slow-motion internal waves westward into the South China Sea. They’re so slow that they barely disturb the sea surface, but satellites can observe their effects. The video below (from MIT) shows the basic mechanism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WYmRnSRsS7Y\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2013GL058064/abstract\">One study last year\u003c/a> created a miniature model of Luzon Strait in a large tank at a lab in Switzerland. Ocean currents and internal waves were reproduced in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.legi.grenoble-inp.fr/web/spip.php?rubrique10&lang=en\">Coriolis Platform\u003c/a>, a round pool four feet deep and 40 feet across, mounted on the world’s largest turntable. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new paper in Nature added to that information with hard-won data collected in the South China Sea in 2010 and 2011. The IWISE project (Internal Waves in Straits Experiment) used research ships, subsea instrument stations and underwater gliders to collect data under challenging conditions of strong currents and treacherous seas. Instruments recorded levels of turbulence in Luzon Strait more than 10,000 times stronger than the oceanic average. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This data yielded a detailed picture of how the internal waves are generated, why they only move west from Luzon Strait instead of both ways, and how they break upon the undersea slopes of the South China Sea. The researchers also learned how the internal waves interact with the powerful \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/np/pages/subregions/kroy.html\">Kuroshio ocean current\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists can make good use of this new analysis. Internal waves form all over the ocean — particularly in island chains like Hawaii — just as strong winds create internal waves in the atmosphere near mountain ranges like the Sierra Nevada. And these subsurface waves break along shorelines that have wide, shallow offshore shelves, like the U.S. east coast. NASA Visible Earth collection has \u003ca href=\"http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/search.php?hq=&q=internal+waves&sa=search\">many examples of atmospheric and oceanic internal waves\u003c/a> seen from space. \u003ca href=\"http://www.tos.org/oceanography/archive/25-2_st_laurent.pdf\">A brief tutorial\u003c/a> in the journal Oceanography gives more detail for those who’ve studied introductory physics. And a site called \u003ca href=\"http://www.internalwaveatlas.com/\">Internal Wave Atlas\u003c/a> presents 86 case studies from around the world.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Will California Drought Force Changes In Historic Water Rights?",
"headTitle": "Will California Drought Force Changes In Historic Water Rights? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/05/20150511science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, May 11, 2015:\u003c/strong> Once again this year, state officials have ordered thousands of junior water-rights holders to stop pumping water due to the drought. They’ve also warned that senior water-rights holders could be limited sometime later this year, if the limits on junior rights holders aren’t enough. In April, Governor Brown said if the dry conditions continue, the state’s entire water rights system could be up for examination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original post (Dec. 8, 2014):\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After three years of historically dry and hot weather, the images of California’s drought have become familiar: empty fields, brown lawns, dry stream beds. But for every one of those scenes, there are other parts of the state where water has been flowing freely and the effects of drought are hard to see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s all tied to California’s system of water rights — the complex hierarchy that governs who gets water during a drought and who doesn’t. After unprecedented cutbacks this year that left many farmers scrambling for water, some critics say the hierarchy is a historical relic that makes it harder for the state to deal with drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The system is largely invisible, buried in legal contracts, court decisions and stacks of century-old papers. To get a sense of what it all means, there is a place you can go to actually see water rights in action: east of Interstate 5, near Los Banos, in the Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Haves and the Have Nots\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is probably the most catastrophic water year we’ve ever had,” says Lon Martin, assistant manager at the San Luis Water District. He gave me a tour of the district at the height of the summer growing season this year, but there wasn’t much to see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Very brown, desolate agriculture,” he says, eyeing the unplanted fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘It doesn’t necessarily amount to a fair system or an efficient system.’\u003ccite>— Buzz Thompson,\u003cbr>\nStanford University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Farmers in the area rely on water from the federal Central Valley Project, but with the extreme drought, they didn’t get a single drop of their usual supply. Some laid off workers and ripped out almond orchards while others tried to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/some-california-farmers-fallow-fields-others-sell-water-for-big-profits/\">buy more expensive water\u003c/a> on the open market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, as we sped down the road, the fields suddenly were green. There were rows of tomatoes and alfalfa, almost as if we’d crossed an invisible line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out, we had – into a different water district.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s an obvious dividing line,” Martin says. “They have much more senior rights.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers in the Central California Irrigation District were getting the majority of the water they normally do. The difference is water rights — the pecking order of who gets water first in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Senior vs. Junior\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California has one of the most complicated water rights systems in the United States, if not the world,” says Buzz Thompson, professor of law at Stanford University. Thompson is one of the few people in California who can actually explain the intricacies of this pecking order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first in line for water in California are people who own land next to a river or stream. They have “riparian” water rights, as they’re known.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the vast majority of Californians don’t live on a waterway. So for most everyone, including cities and the majority of agricultural areas, it all depends on when they claimed water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whoever gets to a river first gets the senior right to take water out of that river or stream,” Thompson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24581\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/almond.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-24581\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/almond.jpg\" alt=\"almond\" width=\"640\" height=\"373\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This ripped-up almond orchard is in the San Luis Water District, which is supplied by junior water rights. (Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Early in California’s history, water claims could be made by nailing a piece of paper to a tree, as the \u003ca href=\"http://books.google.com/books?id=SQ0OAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA96&lpg=PA96&dq=san+francisco+mayor+water+rights+notice+phelan+oak+tree&source=bl&ots=Cc6Fo6irel&sig=UU1JMay60Vogrzu7M2LyoE8F3ng&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NM98VMT_CMzooATJkoC4DQ&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=san%20francisco%20mayor%20water%20rights%20notice%20phelan%20oak%20tree&f=false\">mayor of San Francisco famously did\u003c/a> to claim Tuolumne River water in 1901.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People who got in early have senior rights. Everyone who made claims later has secondary or “junior” rights – and they only get water once the senior rights holders get the water they’ve claimed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s as if, to get a cup of coffee at work, you had to line up with all your coworkers in order of how long you’ve all worked there. Sometimes, the coffee pot runs dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In a period of drought, it means some people, the junior people, don’t get any water at all,” Thompson says. “And the more senior appropriators may get all of the water they’re entitled to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While San Francisco has very old water claims, latecomers like the Santa Clara Valley Water District, which serves Silicon Valley, legally have to wait for their turn to take water, after other cities and farming districts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Although that’s our legal system, it doesn’t necessarily amount to a fair system or an efficient system,” Thompson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This pecking order kicked in this year in a widespread way for only the second time in California’s history. State regulators ordered thousands of junior-rights holders not to use water from streams and rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It might make more sense in a drought, Thompson says, for everyone to pitch in and cut back equally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS13428_Water-allocation-copy-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-24529\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS13428_Water-allocation-copy-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"RS13428_Water allocation copy-hpf\" width=\"426\" height=\"530\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in California — where \u003ca href=\"http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2011/01/28/107647/twains-whiskeywater-quote-appears.html\">whiskey’s for drinking and water’s for fighting\u003c/a> — it’s not a popular suggestion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You get a lot of people who rise up in arms,” Thompson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Wenger, president of the California Farm Bureau Federation, agrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re going to fight,” he says. “It’s just not going to be with clubs and pitchforks. It’s going to be with attorneys and engineers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wenger says water rights are the backbone of the state’s multibillion dollar agricultural industry. The value of land is based on water rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is part of your property right,” he says. “When you go buy an acre of ground, it’s going to be reflective of how solid are your water rights, how senior are your water rights.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This all adds up to mean that any idea of changing the system is a political non-starter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I consider that to be thermonuclear in California,” says the state’s Secretary for Natural Resources John Laird. “We’ve had the water rights system for over 100 years. It’s determined. Everybody lives by it. It’s 38 million people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So where does that leave California, with droughts inevitable and climate change only expected to make things worse? There may be two things the state could do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sorting Out the Rights\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s water claims are filed inside an old bank safe, in a back room of the Division of Water Rights in Sacramento. Records custodian Matthew Jay turns the combination lock and cranks open the door. The safe is filled with thousands of pieces of yellowing paper, each with a gold seal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The further you go back in time, the more brittle they get,” Jay says. “It’s all the water rights of the entire state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Actually, only to a point, he says. The oldest one, signed in 1915, isn’t technically the oldest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water claims were made early in the state’s history, even before the Gold Rush, but it wasn’t until 100 years ago that California started keeping track by requiring licenses and permits for water rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People would think you have it all massively nailed down,” says Felicia Marcus, chair of the State Water Resources Control Board, the agency that oversees water rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what’s on paper often doesn’t reflect what’s happening in the real world. According to a \u003ca href=\"http://news.ucdavis.edu/search/news_detail.lasso?id=10999\">study\u003c/a> from UC Davis this year, the state has handed out rights for five times more water than there is in an average year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Senior water-rights holders, with rights dating before 1914, \u003ca href=\"http://bigstory.ap.org/article/californias-flawed-water-system-cant-track-usage\">aren’t required to have permits\u003c/a> with the state and only started reporting their water use officially in 2009, after the state legislature passed a bill requiring it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24576\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/waterright.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-24576\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/waterright.jpg\" alt=\"waterright\" width=\"640\" height=\"400\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The first water right was licensed in California in 1915, but there are thousands of senior water-rights holders that have earlier claims. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A few other Western states have actually gone through and verified all their water rights – a process known as “adjudication.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They haven’t changed the rights,” Marcus says, “but they’ve spelled it out more so there’s less uncertainty.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That process took \u003ca href=\"http://bigstory.ap.org/article/justice-scalia-speaks-idaho-water-conference\">30 years in Idaho\u003c/a> and is taking 50 years in Montana. Sorting out the rights in California’s Central Valley alone could cost an estimated $100 million, according to Richard Roos-Collins, an attorney with the Water and Power Law Group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it would make the water rights system more accurate when cutbacks kick in, it wouldn’t change anything about how the system operates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are many years where there’s more than enough water to meet all of the water rights out there,” says Marcus. “Does that mean the water rights system couldn’t be tuned up and operated more efficiently? Of course, we could improve it and we would love the resources to be able to improve it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if California’s drought drags on, some say the state may need to address how water is used, not just who uses it. It turns out, the authority to do that already exists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Unreasonable Water Use\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we are looking for is Article 10,” says Buzz Thompson of Stanford Law, flipping through the California Constitution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California has a constitutional provision specifically to avoid the problem of people wasting water when other people needed it,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The provision says, “The waste or unreasonable use or unreasonable method of use of water is prohibited.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is powerful language, Thompson says. During a drought, regulators could say that certain water uses are unreasonable and can’t be done, like growing crops that use a lot of water or overwatering our yards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Politically, that would be a bombshell. State officials say they’d continue with water conservation measures, both voluntary and mandatory, first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The idea of picking a particular crop or particular use and saying it’s not reasonable -– that’s something people should only do after a tremendous amount of thought,” says Felicia Marcus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in a future of more extreme drought, grappling with water rights may be unavoidable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we have a really very severe drought that, say, lasted another five years,” Thompson says, “I would be surprised if State Water Resources Control Board and the Governor did not seriously think about adopting a new way of allocating water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[edge_animation id=”12″]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Here’s the thing: Water rights in California are based on who got there first. It’s as if you had to line up with all your coworkers to get a cup of coffee at work, and maybe the pot’s empty when the new guy gets to the front. Some are asking, in a drought like the one we’ve been having, is that really fair?",
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"description": "Here’s the thing: Water rights in California are based on who got there first. It’s as if you had to line up with all your coworkers to get a cup of coffee at work, and maybe the pot’s empty when the new guy gets to the front. Some are asking, in a drought like the one we’ve been having, is that really fair?",
"title": "Will California Drought Force Changes In Historic Water Rights? | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, May 11, 2015:\u003c/strong> Once again this year, state officials have ordered thousands of junior water-rights holders to stop pumping water due to the drought. They’ve also warned that senior water-rights holders could be limited sometime later this year, if the limits on junior rights holders aren’t enough. In April, Governor Brown said if the dry conditions continue, the state’s entire water rights system could be up for examination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original post (Dec. 8, 2014):\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After three years of historically dry and hot weather, the images of California’s drought have become familiar: empty fields, brown lawns, dry stream beds. But for every one of those scenes, there are other parts of the state where water has been flowing freely and the effects of drought are hard to see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s all tied to California’s system of water rights — the complex hierarchy that governs who gets water during a drought and who doesn’t. After unprecedented cutbacks this year that left many farmers scrambling for water, some critics say the hierarchy is a historical relic that makes it harder for the state to deal with drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The system is largely invisible, buried in legal contracts, court decisions and stacks of century-old papers. To get a sense of what it all means, there is a place you can go to actually see water rights in action: east of Interstate 5, near Los Banos, in the Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Haves and the Have Nots\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is probably the most catastrophic water year we’ve ever had,” says Lon Martin, assistant manager at the San Luis Water District. He gave me a tour of the district at the height of the summer growing season this year, but there wasn’t much to see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Very brown, desolate agriculture,” he says, eyeing the unplanted fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘It doesn’t necessarily amount to a fair system or an efficient system.’\u003ccite>— Buzz Thompson,\u003cbr>\nStanford University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Farmers in the area rely on water from the federal Central Valley Project, but with the extreme drought, they didn’t get a single drop of their usual supply. Some laid off workers and ripped out almond orchards while others tried to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/some-california-farmers-fallow-fields-others-sell-water-for-big-profits/\">buy more expensive water\u003c/a> on the open market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, as we sped down the road, the fields suddenly were green. There were rows of tomatoes and alfalfa, almost as if we’d crossed an invisible line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out, we had – into a different water district.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s an obvious dividing line,” Martin says. “They have much more senior rights.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers in the Central California Irrigation District were getting the majority of the water they normally do. The difference is water rights — the pecking order of who gets water first in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Senior vs. Junior\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California has one of the most complicated water rights systems in the United States, if not the world,” says Buzz Thompson, professor of law at Stanford University. Thompson is one of the few people in California who can actually explain the intricacies of this pecking order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first in line for water in California are people who own land next to a river or stream. They have “riparian” water rights, as they’re known.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the vast majority of Californians don’t live on a waterway. So for most everyone, including cities and the majority of agricultural areas, it all depends on when they claimed water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whoever gets to a river first gets the senior right to take water out of that river or stream,” Thompson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24581\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/almond.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-24581\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/almond.jpg\" alt=\"almond\" width=\"640\" height=\"373\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This ripped-up almond orchard is in the San Luis Water District, which is supplied by junior water rights. (Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Early in California’s history, water claims could be made by nailing a piece of paper to a tree, as the \u003ca href=\"http://books.google.com/books?id=SQ0OAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA96&lpg=PA96&dq=san+francisco+mayor+water+rights+notice+phelan+oak+tree&source=bl&ots=Cc6Fo6irel&sig=UU1JMay60Vogrzu7M2LyoE8F3ng&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NM98VMT_CMzooATJkoC4DQ&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=san%20francisco%20mayor%20water%20rights%20notice%20phelan%20oak%20tree&f=false\">mayor of San Francisco famously did\u003c/a> to claim Tuolumne River water in 1901.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People who got in early have senior rights. Everyone who made claims later has secondary or “junior” rights – and they only get water once the senior rights holders get the water they’ve claimed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s as if, to get a cup of coffee at work, you had to line up with all your coworkers in order of how long you’ve all worked there. Sometimes, the coffee pot runs dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In a period of drought, it means some people, the junior people, don’t get any water at all,” Thompson says. “And the more senior appropriators may get all of the water they’re entitled to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While San Francisco has very old water claims, latecomers like the Santa Clara Valley Water District, which serves Silicon Valley, legally have to wait for their turn to take water, after other cities and farming districts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Although that’s our legal system, it doesn’t necessarily amount to a fair system or an efficient system,” Thompson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This pecking order kicked in this year in a widespread way for only the second time in California’s history. State regulators ordered thousands of junior-rights holders not to use water from streams and rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It might make more sense in a drought, Thompson says, for everyone to pitch in and cut back equally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS13428_Water-allocation-copy-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-24529\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS13428_Water-allocation-copy-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"RS13428_Water allocation copy-hpf\" width=\"426\" height=\"530\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in California — where \u003ca href=\"http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2011/01/28/107647/twains-whiskeywater-quote-appears.html\">whiskey’s for drinking and water’s for fighting\u003c/a> — it’s not a popular suggestion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You get a lot of people who rise up in arms,” Thompson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Wenger, president of the California Farm Bureau Federation, agrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re going to fight,” he says. “It’s just not going to be with clubs and pitchforks. It’s going to be with attorneys and engineers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wenger says water rights are the backbone of the state’s multibillion dollar agricultural industry. The value of land is based on water rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is part of your property right,” he says. “When you go buy an acre of ground, it’s going to be reflective of how solid are your water rights, how senior are your water rights.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This all adds up to mean that any idea of changing the system is a political non-starter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I consider that to be thermonuclear in California,” says the state’s Secretary for Natural Resources John Laird. “We’ve had the water rights system for over 100 years. It’s determined. Everybody lives by it. It’s 38 million people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So where does that leave California, with droughts inevitable and climate change only expected to make things worse? There may be two things the state could do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sorting Out the Rights\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s water claims are filed inside an old bank safe, in a back room of the Division of Water Rights in Sacramento. Records custodian Matthew Jay turns the combination lock and cranks open the door. The safe is filled with thousands of pieces of yellowing paper, each with a gold seal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The further you go back in time, the more brittle they get,” Jay says. “It’s all the water rights of the entire state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Actually, only to a point, he says. The oldest one, signed in 1915, isn’t technically the oldest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water claims were made early in the state’s history, even before the Gold Rush, but it wasn’t until 100 years ago that California started keeping track by requiring licenses and permits for water rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People would think you have it all massively nailed down,” says Felicia Marcus, chair of the State Water Resources Control Board, the agency that oversees water rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what’s on paper often doesn’t reflect what’s happening in the real world. According to a \u003ca href=\"http://news.ucdavis.edu/search/news_detail.lasso?id=10999\">study\u003c/a> from UC Davis this year, the state has handed out rights for five times more water than there is in an average year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Senior water-rights holders, with rights dating before 1914, \u003ca href=\"http://bigstory.ap.org/article/californias-flawed-water-system-cant-track-usage\">aren’t required to have permits\u003c/a> with the state and only started reporting their water use officially in 2009, after the state legislature passed a bill requiring it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24576\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/waterright.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-24576\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/waterright.jpg\" alt=\"waterright\" width=\"640\" height=\"400\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The first water right was licensed in California in 1915, but there are thousands of senior water-rights holders that have earlier claims. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A few other Western states have actually gone through and verified all their water rights – a process known as “adjudication.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They haven’t changed the rights,” Marcus says, “but they’ve spelled it out more so there’s less uncertainty.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That process took \u003ca href=\"http://bigstory.ap.org/article/justice-scalia-speaks-idaho-water-conference\">30 years in Idaho\u003c/a> and is taking 50 years in Montana. Sorting out the rights in California’s Central Valley alone could cost an estimated $100 million, according to Richard Roos-Collins, an attorney with the Water and Power Law Group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it would make the water rights system more accurate when cutbacks kick in, it wouldn’t change anything about how the system operates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are many years where there’s more than enough water to meet all of the water rights out there,” says Marcus. “Does that mean the water rights system couldn’t be tuned up and operated more efficiently? Of course, we could improve it and we would love the resources to be able to improve it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if California’s drought drags on, some say the state may need to address how water is used, not just who uses it. It turns out, the authority to do that already exists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Unreasonable Water Use\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we are looking for is Article 10,” says Buzz Thompson of Stanford Law, flipping through the California Constitution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California has a constitutional provision specifically to avoid the problem of people wasting water when other people needed it,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The provision says, “The waste or unreasonable use or unreasonable method of use of water is prohibited.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is powerful language, Thompson says. During a drought, regulators could say that certain water uses are unreasonable and can’t be done, like growing crops that use a lot of water or overwatering our yards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Politically, that would be a bombshell. State officials say they’d continue with water conservation measures, both voluntary and mandatory, first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The idea of picking a particular crop or particular use and saying it’s not reasonable -– that’s something people should only do after a tremendous amount of thought,” says Felicia Marcus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in a future of more extreme drought, grappling with water rights may be unavoidable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we have a really very severe drought that, say, lasted another five years,” Thompson says, “I would be surprised if State Water Resources Control Board and the Governor did not seriously think about adopting a new way of allocating water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Pollen Grains Have Newfound Role: Seeding Rain Clouds",
"headTitle": "Pollen Grains Have Newfound Role: Seeding Rain Clouds | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30052\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/Misc_pollen.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30052\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/Misc_pollen.gif\" alt=\"Mixed pollen grains\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pollen grains under the electron microscope reveal intricate shapes. A new study shows that when each of these grains disintegrates into hundreds of smaller pieces, the fragments can capture water droplets and seed clouds. This entire field of view is about half a millimeter across. (Dartmouth College Electron Microscope Facility/Wikipedia)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Allison Steiner, a researcher at the University of Michigan, was sweeping her porch one day and pondering the abundance of dusty pollen. What does this fine-grained material do during the time it’s in the air, she wondered, as any atmospheric scientist would. That train of thought led her to discover that pollen has an unexpected role in seeding clouds and possibly affecting the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clouds are centers of energetic activity, all kinds of it—lightning, precipitation and winds—powered by the exchange of heat between air and water. Melting ice and evaporating water absorb heat energy while condensation and freezing of water release it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clouds also reflect sunlight back into space to keep the ground cool, while at the same time blanketing the ground to keep it warm. In all their energetic, contradictory complexity, clouds are central actors in the world’s climate. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But computer models of global climate stumble when they handle clouds. One problem is calculating how water droplets form in humid air. Water will condense out of air that is saturated in water vapor, but outside the laboratory, real droplets grow on seed particles of some sort. The droplets are extremely tiny, about 20 microns across, or 50 to a millimeter. Seed particles, called cloud condensation nuclei (CCNs), are a hundred times smaller, or 200 nanometers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pollen grains, being larger than that, always seemed like poor CCN candidates. But they’re very common in the environment, as anyone with hay fever can tell you. Seed-bearing plant species, from the tiniest grasses to the tallest trees, release pollen from male plants to fertilize female plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pollen grains are about the same size as cloud droplets. They do attract water and act as CCNs, but atmospheric scientists never thought pollen was important for clouds because it settles out of the air in a matter of minutes to hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking deeper into the subject, Steiner learned that in water, or even humid air, pollen grains shatter into hundreds, or even thousands, of pieces. To see whether these “subpollen particles” are significant CCNs, she and five Texas A&M researchers soaked fresh pollen in water for an hour. They used pollen from several common tree species (including birch trees from Palo Alto), plus ragweed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team found that this treatment makes subpollen particles of the right size to be effective CCNs. Moreover, the protein, starch and carbohydrates of the subpollen particles are a rough match for the organic materials found in cloud droplets. (Rainwater is not especially pure, being \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroplankton\">full of living organisms from viruses to insects\u003c/a>, not just pollen.) The \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015GL064060/abstract\">results were published\u003c/a> in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/agu/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1944-8007/\">Geophysical Research Letters\u003c/a> this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steiner is not yet sure exactly how important pollen pieces are for the world’s clouds, but her paper notes that in forested regions like much of the United States, pollen could account for millions of CCNs in each cubic meter of air. Whatever the exact number is, Steiner says pollen is part of “a new pathway for a coupled vegetation-climate feedback” — one climate models will have to incorporate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper used pollen data from midwestern and eastern U.S. locations with abundant forests and grasslands. In the Bay area, our air comes fresh off the ocean, and the haze and fog of the familiar marine layer is affected by aerosols like sea-salt nanoparticles. As the sea breeze rises up our forested hills, tree pollen might be the trigger causing clouds to form on the ridge tops. And as the pollen breaks down in that moist setting, it may affect cloud formation farther downwind all the way to the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Maybe that old song ought to say that April flowers bring May showers. A new study shows that pollen grains break up into huge numbers of tiny pieces that are active in triggering cloud formation.",
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"description": "Maybe that old song ought to say that April flowers bring May showers. A new study shows that pollen grains break up into huge numbers of tiny pieces that are active in triggering cloud formation.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30052\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/Misc_pollen.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30052\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/Misc_pollen.gif\" alt=\"Mixed pollen grains\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pollen grains under the electron microscope reveal intricate shapes. A new study shows that when each of these grains disintegrates into hundreds of smaller pieces, the fragments can capture water droplets and seed clouds. This entire field of view is about half a millimeter across. (Dartmouth College Electron Microscope Facility/Wikipedia)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Allison Steiner, a researcher at the University of Michigan, was sweeping her porch one day and pondering the abundance of dusty pollen. What does this fine-grained material do during the time it’s in the air, she wondered, as any atmospheric scientist would. That train of thought led her to discover that pollen has an unexpected role in seeding clouds and possibly affecting the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clouds are centers of energetic activity, all kinds of it—lightning, precipitation and winds—powered by the exchange of heat between air and water. Melting ice and evaporating water absorb heat energy while condensation and freezing of water release it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clouds also reflect sunlight back into space to keep the ground cool, while at the same time blanketing the ground to keep it warm. In all their energetic, contradictory complexity, clouds are central actors in the world’s climate. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But computer models of global climate stumble when they handle clouds. One problem is calculating how water droplets form in humid air. Water will condense out of air that is saturated in water vapor, but outside the laboratory, real droplets grow on seed particles of some sort. The droplets are extremely tiny, about 20 microns across, or 50 to a millimeter. Seed particles, called cloud condensation nuclei (CCNs), are a hundred times smaller, or 200 nanometers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pollen grains, being larger than that, always seemed like poor CCN candidates. But they’re very common in the environment, as anyone with hay fever can tell you. Seed-bearing plant species, from the tiniest grasses to the tallest trees, release pollen from male plants to fertilize female plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pollen grains are about the same size as cloud droplets. They do attract water and act as CCNs, but atmospheric scientists never thought pollen was important for clouds because it settles out of the air in a matter of minutes to hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking deeper into the subject, Steiner learned that in water, or even humid air, pollen grains shatter into hundreds, or even thousands, of pieces. To see whether these “subpollen particles” are significant CCNs, she and five Texas A&M researchers soaked fresh pollen in water for an hour. They used pollen from several common tree species (including birch trees from Palo Alto), plus ragweed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team found that this treatment makes subpollen particles of the right size to be effective CCNs. Moreover, the protein, starch and carbohydrates of the subpollen particles are a rough match for the organic materials found in cloud droplets. (Rainwater is not especially pure, being \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroplankton\">full of living organisms from viruses to insects\u003c/a>, not just pollen.) The \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015GL064060/abstract\">results were published\u003c/a> in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/agu/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1944-8007/\">Geophysical Research Letters\u003c/a> this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steiner is not yet sure exactly how important pollen pieces are for the world’s clouds, but her paper notes that in forested regions like much of the United States, pollen could account for millions of CCNs in each cubic meter of air. Whatever the exact number is, Steiner says pollen is part of “a new pathway for a coupled vegetation-climate feedback” — one climate models will have to incorporate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper used pollen data from midwestern and eastern U.S. locations with abundant forests and grasslands. In the Bay area, our air comes fresh off the ocean, and the haze and fog of the familiar marine layer is affected by aerosols like sea-salt nanoparticles. As the sea breeze rises up our forested hills, tree pollen might be the trigger causing clouds to form on the ridge tops. And as the pollen breaks down in that moist setting, it may affect cloud formation farther downwind all the way to the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "'Aggressive' New Drought Rules for California: Now Comes the Hard Part",
"headTitle": "‘Aggressive’ New Drought Rules for California: Now Comes the Hard Part | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30065\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3264px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/IMG_2956.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30065\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/IMG_2956.jpg\" alt='\"Brown is the new green\" is the rallying cry for fighting the current drought. But will Californians take up the cause? (Craig Miller/KQED)' width=\"3264\" height=\"2448\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">“Brown is the new green” is the rallying cry for fighting the current drought. But will Californians take up the cause? (Craig Miller/KQED) \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The clock is ticking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After state regulators approved California’s \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/state-passes-historic-water-conservation-rules/\">first-ever statewide water restrictions\u003c/a> on Tuesday, it’s now up to nearly 3,000 local water agencies, big and small, to make it work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water agencies throughout California bear the burden of \u003ca title=\"Lowdown - water\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2015/04/03/how-much-water-do-californians-use-and-what-would-a-25-percent-reduction-look-like/\">achieving the 25 percent reduction\u003c/a> in water use ordered by Governor Jerry Brown on April 1. The state will start keeping score officially on June 1, when cities and water districts need to start carving between eight and 36 percent off their 2013 water use, and keep it up on a month-to-month basis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re on the front lines, you know that,” Brown told a gathering of water managers at the Association of California Water Agencies in Sacramento. “And we’re here to back you up.” Brown, however, as much as admitted that it was easy for him to say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We just kind of launch the missile, and then you particularize and talk to your neighbors, and get ’em to do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or not. When it comes to the hard choices such as tearing out lawns, replacing water-gulping toilets and appliances, it remains to be seen how Californians will respond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What worries me most is that I think a lot of Californians are not yet quite ready to do that,” says Dave Bolland, who manages special projects for ACWA, “to embrace that \u003ca title=\"ACWA - Save Our Water\" href=\"http://saveourwater.com/\">new water use ethic\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30063\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 855px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/WaterConservation_1503.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30063\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/WaterConservation_1503.jpeg\" alt=\"State figures indicate that another 25 percent water savings could be a tall order for California consumers. (State Water Resources Control Board)\" width=\"855\" height=\"629\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">State figures indicate that another 25 percent water savings could be a tall order for California consumers. (State Water Resources Control Board)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Recent conservation trends would seem to bear him out. According to figures gathered by the state water board, water savings averaged only 3.6 percent in March, compared to 2013 levels of water consumption. That’s far below the 20 percent voluntary cutbacks that Brown asked for a year ago, and even more dismal compared to \u003ca title=\"SWRCB - tiers\" href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/docs/emergency_regulations/supplier_tiers_20150428.pdf\">new targets\u003c/a> that individual communities will now be required to attain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are some very aggressive targets in this mandate,” notes Bolland. More than 80 local agencies have been assigned the highest, 36 percent, savings quota.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many cities have gotten a head start and some, like San Francisco and Santa Barbara, are already ahead of the quotas assigned to them by the state. But others are still worried about the impact on their local communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Going down to one day a week watering, we’ll be seeing brown lawns, we’ll be seeing a lot of vegetation dying,” Jennifer Hanson told the state water board in a last-ditch appeal on Tuesday. Hanson heads public services for the city of Lincoln, northeast of Sacramento, which has been assigned to the highest “tier” of required conservation. She says even cutting outdoor watering to one day per week might not be enough to meet her local mandate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Trying to go down to zero days a week watering to try to meet our 36 percent on average throughout the year, may even require more stringent measures for outdoor water use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cutting 36 percent of deliveries will also strike a major blow to revenues, even as water agencies are expected to promote and enforce conservation, which will mean selling less water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a lot of agencies that, you know, that’s a third of their resources in terms of their water revenues, so there are substantial fiscal impacts,” says Bolland. “So there are some significant challenges that these water agencies face.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But business-as-usual isn’t an option, says Brown. “We’ve got to change,” he told the ACWA gathering. “And how we use water is not exempt from that.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "State officials officially hand the ball to local water agencies to squeeze 25 percent more water savings out of their customers. And ultimately, it is up to those customers to respond -- or not.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30065\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3264px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/IMG_2956.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30065\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/IMG_2956.jpg\" alt='\"Brown is the new green\" is the rallying cry for fighting the current drought. But will Californians take up the cause? (Craig Miller/KQED)' width=\"3264\" height=\"2448\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">“Brown is the new green” is the rallying cry for fighting the current drought. But will Californians take up the cause? (Craig Miller/KQED) \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The clock is ticking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After state regulators approved California’s \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/state-passes-historic-water-conservation-rules/\">first-ever statewide water restrictions\u003c/a> on Tuesday, it’s now up to nearly 3,000 local water agencies, big and small, to make it work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water agencies throughout California bear the burden of \u003ca title=\"Lowdown - water\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2015/04/03/how-much-water-do-californians-use-and-what-would-a-25-percent-reduction-look-like/\">achieving the 25 percent reduction\u003c/a> in water use ordered by Governor Jerry Brown on April 1. The state will start keeping score officially on June 1, when cities and water districts need to start carving between eight and 36 percent off their 2013 water use, and keep it up on a month-to-month basis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re on the front lines, you know that,” Brown told a gathering of water managers at the Association of California Water Agencies in Sacramento. “And we’re here to back you up.” Brown, however, as much as admitted that it was easy for him to say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We just kind of launch the missile, and then you particularize and talk to your neighbors, and get ’em to do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or not. When it comes to the hard choices such as tearing out lawns, replacing water-gulping toilets and appliances, it remains to be seen how Californians will respond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What worries me most is that I think a lot of Californians are not yet quite ready to do that,” says Dave Bolland, who manages special projects for ACWA, “to embrace that \u003ca title=\"ACWA - Save Our Water\" href=\"http://saveourwater.com/\">new water use ethic\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30063\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 855px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/WaterConservation_1503.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30063\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/WaterConservation_1503.jpeg\" alt=\"State figures indicate that another 25 percent water savings could be a tall order for California consumers. (State Water Resources Control Board)\" width=\"855\" height=\"629\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">State figures indicate that another 25 percent water savings could be a tall order for California consumers. (State Water Resources Control Board)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Recent conservation trends would seem to bear him out. According to figures gathered by the state water board, water savings averaged only 3.6 percent in March, compared to 2013 levels of water consumption. That’s far below the 20 percent voluntary cutbacks that Brown asked for a year ago, and even more dismal compared to \u003ca title=\"SWRCB - tiers\" href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/docs/emergency_regulations/supplier_tiers_20150428.pdf\">new targets\u003c/a> that individual communities will now be required to attain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are some very aggressive targets in this mandate,” notes Bolland. More than 80 local agencies have been assigned the highest, 36 percent, savings quota.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many cities have gotten a head start and some, like San Francisco and Santa Barbara, are already ahead of the quotas assigned to them by the state. But others are still worried about the impact on their local communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Going down to one day a week watering, we’ll be seeing brown lawns, we’ll be seeing a lot of vegetation dying,” Jennifer Hanson told the state water board in a last-ditch appeal on Tuesday. Hanson heads public services for the city of Lincoln, northeast of Sacramento, which has been assigned to the highest “tier” of required conservation. She says even cutting outdoor watering to one day per week might not be enough to meet her local mandate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Trying to go down to zero days a week watering to try to meet our 36 percent on average throughout the year, may even require more stringent measures for outdoor water use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cutting 36 percent of deliveries will also strike a major blow to revenues, even as water agencies are expected to promote and enforce conservation, which will mean selling less water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a lot of agencies that, you know, that’s a third of their resources in terms of their water revenues, so there are substantial fiscal impacts,” says Bolland. “So there are some significant challenges that these water agencies face.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But business-as-usual isn’t an option, says Brown. “We’ve got to change,” he told the ACWA gathering. “And how we use water is not exempt from that.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Two-hundred Years of Cuban Coral Arrives in Santa Cruz",
"headTitle": "Two-hundred Years of Cuban Coral Arrives in Santa Cruz | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>A rare and valuable shipment arrived from Cuba today. But it’s not hand-rolled cigars or fine rum. It’s a coral core: A 48 inch column of pure coral, about as long and wide as a baseball bat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27719\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/27718-thumb.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-27719\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/27718-thumb.jpg\" alt=\"Thumbnail for 27718\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shoal of tropical fish over a coral reef in the Caribbean Sea. (photo courtesy of iStockphoto)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The core was collected off the coast of southern Cuba and it’s the first intact, long core ever drilled from a Cuban reef. It contains historical information that could help solve a mystery: Why are Cuban coral reefs so healthy and will they be able to stay that way as the climate changes?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cuba remains remarkably unspoiled compared to other Caribbean tropical coastal areas,” says Daria Siciliano, a coral reef ecologist at UC Santa Cruz and a lead scientist on the project. “Our hypothesis is that the unique socio-political history of Cuba, together with the country’s progressive stance in marine conservation, are responsible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coral growth is affected by seawater conditions like temperature, acidity levels and available nutrients. This makes coral cores ideal “archives” of local environmental change, says Siciliano, because scientists can read past water conditions by analyzing the chemical marks they left on the coral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30017\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/Cuba-coral-1024x512.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-30017\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/Cuba-coral-1024x512.jpg\" alt=\"The coral cores were collected in February of this year off the southern coast of Cuba.\" width=\"800\" height=\"400\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The corals were collected in February of this year off the southern coast of Cuba.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This particular core is about four feet in length, which is impressive, but size only matters to Siciliano in terms of time—four feet in length means the core could have coral that’s over two hundred years old. With this data, she and her team will be able to reconstruct the reef environment from the early 1800s to today, and see how the coral’s growth responded to environmental change over that time period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Siciliano, her Cuban counterpart, Patricia Gonzales of the Center for Marine Research at the University of Havana, and Konrad Hughen of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, hope to use this data to determine what historical factors have made the Cuban reefs more robust than other reefs in the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29774\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Daria_Konrad_core-216x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-29774\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Daria_Konrad_core-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"Daria Siciliano (UCSC) and Konrad Hughen, (WHOI) in Cuba with the core (Fernando Bretos/Cuba Marine Research and Conservation Foundation)\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Daria Siciliano (UCSC) and Konrad Hughen, (WHOI) in Cuba with the core (Fernando Bretos/Cuba Marine Research and Conservation Foundation)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They’re especially interested in how the corals responded to changes in runoff from agriculture. When the U.S.S.R collapsed, Cuban farmers were cut off from synthetic nitrogen fertilizers and the Cuban government decided to transition the nation to organic farming methods, which still dominate today. This meant a reduction in the amount of synthetic nitrogen chemicals washing from farms to the reef.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corals are animals so they need nitrogen, an essential nutrient, to survive. But too much can disturb the reef’s natural balance, speeding up growth of algae that compete with coral for space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Does organic farming mean healthier reefs?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Siciliano and Gonzalez believe Cuban organic farming practices generate less harmful runoff, and this has translated into healthy reefs. Chemical analysis of the coral core will reveal the truth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These new insights will help scientists and farmers understand the effects of land management, in particular the transition from industrial fertilizers to organic agriculture, on Cuban coral reef waters, Siciliano says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They will also use the two hundred years of environmental data to reconstruct how local and regional climate change has affected coral growth. That information will help them understand not just how Cuban corals fared in the past, but how they might survive in a warmer, more acidic, ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere affects reefs and other marine communities in two ways: it traps heat in the air, which heats up the water, and it reacts with seawater to create an acid, lowering the water’s pH.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warmer waters are stressful for corals, and if the temperature stays too high for too long, corals will “bleach”: expel the tiny, photosynthetic algae that normally live in corals and are responsible for their brilliant colors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bleached reefs appear white and barren, and in the case of hard or “stony” corals what’s left behind is their calcium carbonate structure. Calcium carbonate is the same hard mineral that clam shells and chalk are made of and it’s vulnerable to the second effect of carbon dioxide: ocean acidification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hard corals, like the \u003cem>Siderastrea\u003c/em> the Cuban core was drilled from, need calcium and carbonate ions in the waters around them to build their structures. When the ocean absorbs carbon dioxide, the gas reacts in seawater to make carbonate ions less available. It’s harder for corals to grow and it creates acidic conditions that can dissolve calcium carbonate corals have already built.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coral reef scientists like Siciliano know this double-whammy of warmer and more acidic waters could be disastrous for the world’s coral. But individual reefs, like those in Cuba, have weathered local changes in temperature and acidity before.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘The pace of climate change today is unprecedented. Corals in other parts of the world that aren’t as healthy just can’t keep up.’\u003ccite>– Daria Siciliano, Coral Reef Ecologist, UC Santa Cruz \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The core will tell them how Cuban corals responded to this past climate change, and how “sturdy” they could be in the face of today’s rapidly changing climate, Siciliano says. “The pace of climate change today is unprecedented,” she says. “Corals in other parts of the world that aren’t as healthy, they just can’t keep up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Siciliano thinks Cuban corals might be strong enough to have a good shot at surviving these rapid environmental changes and looking to what happened in the past will test this hypothesis. What happened to the corals when waters got warmer and more acidic before? Did their growth rate change? Was the strength of their calcium carbonate structure compromised?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answers to these questions, and the story of this coral’s past, will provide clues to the future of reefs not just in Cuba, but around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Taking Siderastrea siderea core at Jardines de la Reina, Cuba\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/BqrSzDGG0d0?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A rare and valuable shipment arrived from Cuba today. But it’s not hand-rolled cigars or fine rum. It’s a coral core: A 48 inch column of pure coral, about as long and wide as a baseball bat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27719\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/27718-thumb.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-27719\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/27718-thumb.jpg\" alt=\"Thumbnail for 27718\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shoal of tropical fish over a coral reef in the Caribbean Sea. (photo courtesy of iStockphoto)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The core was collected off the coast of southern Cuba and it’s the first intact, long core ever drilled from a Cuban reef. It contains historical information that could help solve a mystery: Why are Cuban coral reefs so healthy and will they be able to stay that way as the climate changes?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cuba remains remarkably unspoiled compared to other Caribbean tropical coastal areas,” says Daria Siciliano, a coral reef ecologist at UC Santa Cruz and a lead scientist on the project. “Our hypothesis is that the unique socio-political history of Cuba, together with the country’s progressive stance in marine conservation, are responsible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coral growth is affected by seawater conditions like temperature, acidity levels and available nutrients. This makes coral cores ideal “archives” of local environmental change, says Siciliano, because scientists can read past water conditions by analyzing the chemical marks they left on the coral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30017\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/Cuba-coral-1024x512.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-30017\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/Cuba-coral-1024x512.jpg\" alt=\"The coral cores were collected in February of this year off the southern coast of Cuba.\" width=\"800\" height=\"400\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The corals were collected in February of this year off the southern coast of Cuba.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This particular core is about four feet in length, which is impressive, but size only matters to Siciliano in terms of time—four feet in length means the core could have coral that’s over two hundred years old. With this data, she and her team will be able to reconstruct the reef environment from the early 1800s to today, and see how the coral’s growth responded to environmental change over that time period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Siciliano, her Cuban counterpart, Patricia Gonzales of the Center for Marine Research at the University of Havana, and Konrad Hughen of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, hope to use this data to determine what historical factors have made the Cuban reefs more robust than other reefs in the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29774\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Daria_Konrad_core-216x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-29774\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Daria_Konrad_core-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"Daria Siciliano (UCSC) and Konrad Hughen, (WHOI) in Cuba with the core (Fernando Bretos/Cuba Marine Research and Conservation Foundation)\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Daria Siciliano (UCSC) and Konrad Hughen, (WHOI) in Cuba with the core (Fernando Bretos/Cuba Marine Research and Conservation Foundation)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They’re especially interested in how the corals responded to changes in runoff from agriculture. When the U.S.S.R collapsed, Cuban farmers were cut off from synthetic nitrogen fertilizers and the Cuban government decided to transition the nation to organic farming methods, which still dominate today. This meant a reduction in the amount of synthetic nitrogen chemicals washing from farms to the reef.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corals are animals so they need nitrogen, an essential nutrient, to survive. But too much can disturb the reef’s natural balance, speeding up growth of algae that compete with coral for space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Does organic farming mean healthier reefs?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Siciliano and Gonzalez believe Cuban organic farming practices generate less harmful runoff, and this has translated into healthy reefs. Chemical analysis of the coral core will reveal the truth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These new insights will help scientists and farmers understand the effects of land management, in particular the transition from industrial fertilizers to organic agriculture, on Cuban coral reef waters, Siciliano says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They will also use the two hundred years of environmental data to reconstruct how local and regional climate change has affected coral growth. That information will help them understand not just how Cuban corals fared in the past, but how they might survive in a warmer, more acidic, ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere affects reefs and other marine communities in two ways: it traps heat in the air, which heats up the water, and it reacts with seawater to create an acid, lowering the water’s pH.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warmer waters are stressful for corals, and if the temperature stays too high for too long, corals will “bleach”: expel the tiny, photosynthetic algae that normally live in corals and are responsible for their brilliant colors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bleached reefs appear white and barren, and in the case of hard or “stony” corals what’s left behind is their calcium carbonate structure. Calcium carbonate is the same hard mineral that clam shells and chalk are made of and it’s vulnerable to the second effect of carbon dioxide: ocean acidification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hard corals, like the \u003cem>Siderastrea\u003c/em> the Cuban core was drilled from, need calcium and carbonate ions in the waters around them to build their structures. When the ocean absorbs carbon dioxide, the gas reacts in seawater to make carbonate ions less available. It’s harder for corals to grow and it creates acidic conditions that can dissolve calcium carbonate corals have already built.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coral reef scientists like Siciliano know this double-whammy of warmer and more acidic waters could be disastrous for the world’s coral. But individual reefs, like those in Cuba, have weathered local changes in temperature and acidity before.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘The pace of climate change today is unprecedented. Corals in other parts of the world that aren’t as healthy just can’t keep up.’\u003ccite>– Daria Siciliano, Coral Reef Ecologist, UC Santa Cruz \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The core will tell them how Cuban corals responded to this past climate change, and how “sturdy” they could be in the face of today’s rapidly changing climate, Siciliano says. “The pace of climate change today is unprecedented,” she says. “Corals in other parts of the world that aren’t as healthy, they just can’t keep up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Siciliano thinks Cuban corals might be strong enough to have a good shot at surviving these rapid environmental changes and looking to what happened in the past will test this hypothesis. What happened to the corals when waters got warmer and more acidic before? Did their growth rate change? Was the strength of their calcium carbonate structure compromised?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answers to these questions, and the story of this coral’s past, will provide clues to the future of reefs not just in Cuba, but around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Taking Siderastrea siderea core at Jardines de la Reina, Cuba\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/BqrSzDGG0d0?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "State Passes Historic Water Conservation Rules",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/05/20150504science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29943\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3264px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/IMG_2962.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29943\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/IMG_2962.jpg\" alt=\"A lush lawn may be part of the American Dream--and the new California nightmare. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"3264\" height=\"2448\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A lush lawn may be part of the American Dream–and the new California nightmare. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>UPDATE: After an extended session on Tuesday, the State Water Resources Control Board approved final rules to bring about the 25 percent reduction in water use ordered by Governor Jerry Brown in early April. The \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/04/28/state-mostly-standing-its-ground-on-tough-new-water-rules/\">statewide water restrictions\u003c/a> go into effect on June 1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know we’re not asking people to do things that are easy,” said board chair Felicia Marcus right before the unanimous vote.\u003cbr>\n“But this is the moment to rise to the occasion.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local water agencies are racing to get programs in place to cut urban water use anywhere from eight to 36 percent, depending on how much water their residents have been using on a per-capita basis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the actual savings that cities will have to achieve vary much more widely than that range of \u003ca title=\"SWRCB - tiers\" href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/docs/emergency_regulations/supplier_tiers_20150428.pdf\">state-assigned “tiers”\u003c/a> would suggest. Just as important are the savings achieved over roughly the past year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Silicon Valley city of Mountain View, for example, has been assigned a savings “tier” of 16 percent; that’s the reduction that local water officials will have to attain on on month-by-month basis, starting in June. But since Mountain View has already managed to cut water use by 15 percent, residents there will, in effect, only have to squeeze out another one percent savings to comply with the governor’s mandate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few locales — like Santa Rosa, Livermore, and Santa Cruz, have already exceeded their assigned levels and could theoretically use more water this summer and still comply with the drought mandate — not that anybody’s openly encouraging that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other cities have their work cut out for them. Water consumption in Lodi, for example, actually rose by one percent, so the city will have to cut back by slightly more than its assigned 36 percent target, which is the highest tier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/California-Water-Restrictions-map-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-29971\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/California-Water-Restrictions-map-1-850x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Water Cuts\" width=\"350\" height=\"422\">\u003c/a>Last week, Governor Brown \u003ca title=\"Gov. Jerry Brown - release\" href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=18936\">rolled out legislation\u003c/a> that could help cities attain their assigned goals, ratcheting up maximum fines that local officials are allowed to assess for unrepentant water wasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will be at least mid-July before there are indications of whether the new conservation measures are taking hold — just as the peak outdoor watering season is hitting its stride.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And that’s when we really need to see significant reductions in outdoor water use,” warns Max Gomberg, a senior scientist at the State Water Resources Control Board. “If we don’t get those reductions during the summer, we’re simply not gonna make the overall reduction target.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The governor’s April 1 list of mandates is designed to cut statewide water use by 25 percent, on average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You might think of this as just another installment on a long enterprise to live with the changing climate and with a drought of uncertain duration,” Brown told reporters after a meeting with California mayors last week. That last point is crucial; no one can say at this point whether we’re in the last year of a four-year drought, or year four of a ten-year “Big Dry,” \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/drought-lessons-from-down-under/\">such as Australians endured\u003c/a> at the start of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People face different environmental challenges,” Brown said, “and out of this very complex state we’re gonna do everything we can to save water and to get it done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting it done will now be largely in the hands of local water officials and consumers. The state has weighed in; now it’s on us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>See the \u003ca title=\"SWRCB - tiers\" href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/docs/emergency_regulations/supplier_tiers_20150428.pdf\">complete list\u003c/a> of cities and their assigned water conservation targets.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29943\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3264px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/IMG_2962.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29943\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/IMG_2962.jpg\" alt=\"A lush lawn may be part of the American Dream--and the new California nightmare. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"3264\" height=\"2448\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A lush lawn may be part of the American Dream–and the new California nightmare. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>UPDATE: After an extended session on Tuesday, the State Water Resources Control Board approved final rules to bring about the 25 percent reduction in water use ordered by Governor Jerry Brown in early April. The \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/04/28/state-mostly-standing-its-ground-on-tough-new-water-rules/\">statewide water restrictions\u003c/a> go into effect on June 1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know we’re not asking people to do things that are easy,” said board chair Felicia Marcus right before the unanimous vote.\u003cbr>\n“But this is the moment to rise to the occasion.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local water agencies are racing to get programs in place to cut urban water use anywhere from eight to 36 percent, depending on how much water their residents have been using on a per-capita basis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the actual savings that cities will have to achieve vary much more widely than that range of \u003ca title=\"SWRCB - tiers\" href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/docs/emergency_regulations/supplier_tiers_20150428.pdf\">state-assigned “tiers”\u003c/a> would suggest. Just as important are the savings achieved over roughly the past year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Silicon Valley city of Mountain View, for example, has been assigned a savings “tier” of 16 percent; that’s the reduction that local water officials will have to attain on on month-by-month basis, starting in June. But since Mountain View has already managed to cut water use by 15 percent, residents there will, in effect, only have to squeeze out another one percent savings to comply with the governor’s mandate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few locales — like Santa Rosa, Livermore, and Santa Cruz, have already exceeded their assigned levels and could theoretically use more water this summer and still comply with the drought mandate — not that anybody’s openly encouraging that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other cities have their work cut out for them. Water consumption in Lodi, for example, actually rose by one percent, so the city will have to cut back by slightly more than its assigned 36 percent target, which is the highest tier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/California-Water-Restrictions-map-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-29971\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/California-Water-Restrictions-map-1-850x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Water Cuts\" width=\"350\" height=\"422\">\u003c/a>Last week, Governor Brown \u003ca title=\"Gov. Jerry Brown - release\" href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=18936\">rolled out legislation\u003c/a> that could help cities attain their assigned goals, ratcheting up maximum fines that local officials are allowed to assess for unrepentant water wasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will be at least mid-July before there are indications of whether the new conservation measures are taking hold — just as the peak outdoor watering season is hitting its stride.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And that’s when we really need to see significant reductions in outdoor water use,” warns Max Gomberg, a senior scientist at the State Water Resources Control Board. “If we don’t get those reductions during the summer, we’re simply not gonna make the overall reduction target.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The governor’s April 1 list of mandates is designed to cut statewide water use by 25 percent, on average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You might think of this as just another installment on a long enterprise to live with the changing climate and with a drought of uncertain duration,” Brown told reporters after a meeting with California mayors last week. That last point is crucial; no one can say at this point whether we’re in the last year of a four-year drought, or year four of a ten-year “Big Dry,” \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/drought-lessons-from-down-under/\">such as Australians endured\u003c/a> at the start of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People face different environmental challenges,” Brown said, “and out of this very complex state we’re gonna do everything we can to save water and to get it done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting it done will now be largely in the hands of local water officials and consumers. The state has weighed in; now it’s on us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>See the \u003ca title=\"SWRCB - tiers\" href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/docs/emergency_regulations/supplier_tiers_20150428.pdf\">complete list\u003c/a> of cities and their assigned water conservation targets.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Governor Brown's New Climate Offensive in Five Jerryesque Quotes",
"headTitle": "Governor Brown’s New Climate Offensive in Five Jerryesque Quotes | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29879\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Brown_MilkenInst.edit_-1024x723.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-29879\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Brown_MilkenInst.edit_-1024x723.jpg\" alt=\"Governor Brown discussing his new greenhouse gas targets in Los Angeles. (Credit: Milken Inst.)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"723\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Governor Brown discussing his new greenhouse gas targets in Los Angeles. (Credit: Milken Inst.)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown is pursuing a new set of targets for reducing the amount of greenhouse gas released in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s the Associated Press \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/04/29/brown-orders-ambitious-new-cuts-in-greenhouse-gases\">write-up\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/political/la-me-pc-jerry-brown-orders-emission-targets-for-climate-change-20150429-story.html\">this\u003c/a> from the Los Angeles Times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in a nutshell:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown’s plan is an extension of the state’s original “\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/?s=AB32\">AB 32\u003c/a>” goals – passed into law when Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor – that called for the state to return to its 1990 levels of carbon pollution by 2020. A follow-up Schwarzenegger plan tightened the screws even further, calling for an eighty-percent reduction by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“When Hitler was marching on Germany, we didn’t have any airplane factories…we transformed the whole economy.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://documents.latimes.com/gov-jerry-browns-executive-order-greenhouse-gas-emissions/\">Yesterday’s executive order\u003c/a> sets a concrete “intermediate target” between those two goals. By 2030, Brown wants California – “the state of imagination” as he put it — to be putting out 40 percent less greenhouse gas than we did in 1990.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.milkeninstitute.org/events/conferences/global-conference/global-conference-2015/panel-detail/5462\">Speaking \u003c/a>at the Milken Institute in Los Angeles, Brown compared the fight against climate change to World War II, railed against climate change deniers in Washington, and suggested Californians might need to open their minds to the idea of drinking recycled toilet water, among other things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some highlights:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Expressing contempt for lawmakers in Washington who still debate whether climate change is real or driven by human activity:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cem>“In California, there is something called global warming. We’re four degrees warmer than we were historically. Our forest fire season is months longer. It’s almost year-round. This is real stuff.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The new plan is ambitious, sure, he said. But we’ve done it before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cem>“When Hitler was marching on Germany [sic], we didn’t have any airplane factories going and tank factories. But with Roosevelt leading, we transformed the whole economy. Dealing with the threat of climate change is going to require an analogous mobilization.” \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Meeting the new goals and responding to California’s epic drought will require cleaner cars, greater energy efficiency, and coming to terms with new \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/toilet-to-tap/\">sources of drinking water\u003c/a> that may make some Californians squeamish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cem>“They don’t like to think of toilet to tap. You know, like drinking your toilet water. But you can make it as clean as the water on that table! You have to confidence in this filtration system!”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Comparing the slow crisis of climate change to headline news like the recent events in Baltimore:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cem>“\u003c/em>\u003cem>You’ve got the problems in the Middle East, Iranian nuclear deal and all that…we’ve got violence in Baltimore. Those are hot and they’re immediate. But we’ve got a slow, rolling crisis that if we don’t deal with it, before we know it we will have passed a tipping point, an irreversible tendency that will be melting the Antarctic ice cap in Greenland, raising sea level, causing temperature rises. I don’t want to go through all the parade of horribles. But it’s serious, it’s catastrophic and it’s longer term.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>And finally, whether he, a self-described “old fogey,” can appreciate the kind of radical innovation it will take for Californians to find solutions for its drought woes and other environmental crises:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cem>“I’m very optimistic on California because we’re not bound by the obvious. We’re not hampered by so many old-fogey ideas. And even though I’m kind of an old fogey, I’m still a radical thinker when it comes to California and what we can do.” \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown has not specified how to achieve his new emissions target. His 2030 target adds to an \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/01/05/governor-unveils-ambitious-new-climate-goals/\">ambitious list of climate goals\u003c/a> that he outlined in his State of the State address in January.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "In promoting his new greenhouse gas reduction targets, the governor invokes World War II, climate-change deniers in Washington, and the recycled toilet water in our future.",
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"description": "In promoting his new greenhouse gas reduction targets, the governor invokes World War II, climate-change deniers in Washington, and the recycled toilet water in our future.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29879\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Brown_MilkenInst.edit_-1024x723.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-29879\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Brown_MilkenInst.edit_-1024x723.jpg\" alt=\"Governor Brown discussing his new greenhouse gas targets in Los Angeles. (Credit: Milken Inst.)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"723\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Governor Brown discussing his new greenhouse gas targets in Los Angeles. (Credit: Milken Inst.)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown is pursuing a new set of targets for reducing the amount of greenhouse gas released in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s the Associated Press \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/04/29/brown-orders-ambitious-new-cuts-in-greenhouse-gases\">write-up\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/political/la-me-pc-jerry-brown-orders-emission-targets-for-climate-change-20150429-story.html\">this\u003c/a> from the Los Angeles Times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in a nutshell:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown’s plan is an extension of the state’s original “\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/?s=AB32\">AB 32\u003c/a>” goals – passed into law when Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor – that called for the state to return to its 1990 levels of carbon pollution by 2020. A follow-up Schwarzenegger plan tightened the screws even further, calling for an eighty-percent reduction by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“When Hitler was marching on Germany, we didn’t have any airplane factories…we transformed the whole economy.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://documents.latimes.com/gov-jerry-browns-executive-order-greenhouse-gas-emissions/\">Yesterday’s executive order\u003c/a> sets a concrete “intermediate target” between those two goals. By 2030, Brown wants California – “the state of imagination” as he put it — to be putting out 40 percent less greenhouse gas than we did in 1990.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.milkeninstitute.org/events/conferences/global-conference/global-conference-2015/panel-detail/5462\">Speaking \u003c/a>at the Milken Institute in Los Angeles, Brown compared the fight against climate change to World War II, railed against climate change deniers in Washington, and suggested Californians might need to open their minds to the idea of drinking recycled toilet water, among other things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some highlights:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Expressing contempt for lawmakers in Washington who still debate whether climate change is real or driven by human activity:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cem>“In California, there is something called global warming. We’re four degrees warmer than we were historically. Our forest fire season is months longer. It’s almost year-round. This is real stuff.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The new plan is ambitious, sure, he said. But we’ve done it before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cem>“When Hitler was marching on Germany [sic], we didn’t have any airplane factories going and tank factories. But with Roosevelt leading, we transformed the whole economy. Dealing with the threat of climate change is going to require an analogous mobilization.” \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Meeting the new goals and responding to California’s epic drought will require cleaner cars, greater energy efficiency, and coming to terms with new \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/toilet-to-tap/\">sources of drinking water\u003c/a> that may make some Californians squeamish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cem>“They don’t like to think of toilet to tap. You know, like drinking your toilet water. But you can make it as clean as the water on that table! You have to confidence in this filtration system!”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Comparing the slow crisis of climate change to headline news like the recent events in Baltimore:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cem>“\u003c/em>\u003cem>You’ve got the problems in the Middle East, Iranian nuclear deal and all that…we’ve got violence in Baltimore. Those are hot and they’re immediate. But we’ve got a slow, rolling crisis that if we don’t deal with it, before we know it we will have passed a tipping point, an irreversible tendency that will be melting the Antarctic ice cap in Greenland, raising sea level, causing temperature rises. I don’t want to go through all the parade of horribles. But it’s serious, it’s catastrophic and it’s longer term.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>And finally, whether he, a self-described “old fogey,” can appreciate the kind of radical innovation it will take for Californians to find solutions for its drought woes and other environmental crises:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cem>“I’m very optimistic on California because we’re not bound by the obvious. We’re not hampered by so many old-fogey ideas. And even though I’m kind of an old fogey, I’m still a radical thinker when it comes to California and what we can do.” \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown has not specified how to achieve his new emissions target. His 2030 target adds to an \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/01/05/governor-unveils-ambitious-new-climate-goals/\">ambitious list of climate goals\u003c/a> that he outlined in his State of the State address in January.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"order": 9
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"order": 15
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"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 18
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"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
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"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
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"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
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"meta": {
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"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 11
},
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"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
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"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
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},
"perspectives": {
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"order": 14
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"planet-money": {
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
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},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
"subscribe": {
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
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