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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/11/20141124science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24195\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/solar.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/solar.jpg\" alt=\"Solar companies worry that newly proposed electricity rates from California utilities will make it less appealing for Californians to install solar panels. (Dennis Schroeder/Department of Energy)\" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24195\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Solar companies worry that newly proposed electricity rates from California utilities will make it less appealing for Californians to install solar panels.\u003cbr>(Dennis Schroeder/Department of Energy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Electricity bills could be going up for millions of Californians under a new proposal from the state’s major utilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pacific Gas and Electric is proposing an overhaul of the way customers are charged for electricity, which the utility says would be more fair for many customers. But solar companies see it as a direct attack, because the changes could make installing solar panels less appealing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The debate is just one more battle in a slow-simmering war between electric utilities and solar companies. The front lines are in the homes of average Californians – like Elmore Williams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s working great,” Williams says, looking up at the solar panels on his four-bedroom Vacaville home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just six months ago, Williams was a solid PG&E customer — his household used more electricity than average for its size. His bill would hit $300 during the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had the air conditioner running all thet time,” he says. With the panels, Williams pays a set amount for solar power and much less to PG&E.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I mean, my wife is just so happy!” He says she tells him, “‘Look how much we’re paying this time. Our PG&E bill is just sixteen dollars this time.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One customer may not be a big loss to PG&E, but solar is growing fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘There’s no question – the fixed charge is the worst nightmare of the solar installers.’\u003ccite>— Severin Borenstein\u003cbr>UC Berkeley\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“We have far and away the most customer solar,” says Jonathan Marshall, a spokesman for PG&E. One-quarter of all rooftop solar systems in the country are found in PG&E’s service area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marshall says PG&E isn’t \u003cem>against \u003c/em>solar. The problem, as he sees it, is that solar customers aren’t paying their share of keeping up the electric grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In fact, they use the grid more than almost anyone,” he says, “because they’re selling power back into it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Households with solar still use PG&E’s electricity after the sun goes down, but \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/could-rooftop-solar-kill-utilities-california-grapples-with-solars-success-2/\">they also make money back\u003c/a> by selling PG&E the extra solar power they generate during the day, giving them lower bills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Electricity Price Overhaul\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the newly proposed electric rates, solar customers, along with everyone else, would pay a fixed monthly charge: $10 per month, adding up to $120 a year. Customers with Southern California Edison and San Diego Gas and Electric would pay the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s to help share the cost of basic infrastructure that we all use and depend on – lines, poles, meters and so forth,” Marshall says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second change is to the price of electricity itself. Today, there are four electricity rates for PG&E customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cheapest rate is for “baseline” power use – a certain amount of electricity that PG&E allocates based on where you live. Currently, it costs 15 cents per kilowatt hour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But use electricity beyond that amount and the prices go up, all the way to 32 cents per kilowatt hour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24146\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/Electric-rates-11212014.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/Electric-rates-11212014.jpg\" alt=\"(David Pierce/KQED)\" width=\"2300\" height=\"1644\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24146\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(David Pierce/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Utilities call this \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/en/myhome/saveenergymoney/plans/tiers/index.page\">“tiered” pricing\u003c/a>. Since California’s electricity crisis hit in 2000, the two lower tiers have stayed basically fixed and the higher tiers have been raised. Marshall says the system penalizes heavy users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s as if going to the grocery store, they had to pay more per gallon of milk just because they have more mouths to feed at the table,” Marshall says. “That doesn’t make much sense. But it is how we today charge for electricity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the new system, PG&E would charge two prices for electricity. By 2018, 74 percent of customers would see their bills go up by an average of $12 a month compared to today. About a quarter of customers, the heaviest power users, would see their bills decrease by $31 a month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Harming Conservation?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some environmental groups say those changes will send an anti-conservation message to California consumers. High electricity prices are meant to be painful, they say, so the heaviest users are encouraged to conserve or invest in energy efficient appliances and home upgrades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But others say the tiered pricing system as it is today is too complicated for consumers to track.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If people were really aware of which tier they were on, you would get some conservation,” says Severin Borenstein, an economist at UC Berkeley. “But I think it’s unlikely that many people other than electricity nerds actually know what tier their consumption is on. Most people just think there’s some price for electricity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since PG&E customers with historically lower bills would have higher bills under the new rate structure, it could also encourage conservation among a new group of customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Solar Companies Cry Foul\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The changes in electricity rates would have a major impact on PG&E’s biggest competitor: the solar industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Investor-owned utilities across the country are fighting rooftop solar,” says Sanjay Ranchod of SolarCity, the largest solar company in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch5>How Would Electric Bills Change?\u003c/h5>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Five-Bill.jpg\" alt=\"Five Bill\" width=\"537\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-24183\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>It varies by region. Here’s a sample for customers in the East Bay in 2018:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>400 kilowatt hours per month: Your bill goes up by $17 — from $58 to $75.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>800 kilowatt hours per month: Your bill goes down by $16 — from $172 to $156.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>1,200 kilowatt hours per month: Your bill goes down by $66 — from $302 to $236.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Source: PG&E\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Ranchod says if utilities are changing electricity prices, there’s no need to add the $10 monthly charge on top of it. The only thing that does is make solar less attractive at a time when California’s trying to encourage renewable energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A higher and higher fixed charge that customers can’t escape,” he says, “is designed to undermine the value that solar customers can get from their investment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ranchod says it’s a sign that utilities like PG&E see solar as threat. “For a company that has depended on a monopoly, competition from SolarCity or any other solar company is scary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Death Spiral\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no question – the fixed charge is the worst nightmare of the solar installers,” says Severin Borenstein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the monthly fee will make it harder for solar companies to compete, though the cost of solar panels still falling. But in the bigger picture, Borenstein says, this debate is just one more sign that solar is a disruptive technology, somewhat like cell phones versus land lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Analysts even have a name for the way solar is cutting into the utility business model: the “\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/could-rooftop-solar-kill-utilities-california-grapples-with-solars-success-2/\">death spiral\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think there’s a big question in electricity industry right now about what will happen to utilities,” Borenstein says, “and what their business model will be 10 or 20 or 30 years from now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of being power companies, he says, utilities could become electric grid companies, “where they don’t actually bring electricity in, they just shuffle it around between one house and another.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With such a large solar market, California could be one of the first places this plays out. In the meantime, the California Public Utilities Commission is expected to decide on the new pricing structure in the spring. The rates could go into effect next summer.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Solar companies in California have long been able to tell homeowners they can save a lot of money on power bills by going solar. Now PG&E is proposing a rate change the company says will be more fair for everyone. But solar companies say it’s simply an attack on their industry.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24195\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/solar.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/solar.jpg\" alt=\"Solar companies worry that newly proposed electricity rates from California utilities will make it less appealing for Californians to install solar panels. (Dennis Schroeder/Department of Energy)\" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24195\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Solar companies worry that newly proposed electricity rates from California utilities will make it less appealing for Californians to install solar panels.\u003cbr>(Dennis Schroeder/Department of Energy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Electricity bills could be going up for millions of Californians under a new proposal from the state’s major utilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pacific Gas and Electric is proposing an overhaul of the way customers are charged for electricity, which the utility says would be more fair for many customers. But solar companies see it as a direct attack, because the changes could make installing solar panels less appealing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The debate is just one more battle in a slow-simmering war between electric utilities and solar companies. The front lines are in the homes of average Californians – like Elmore Williams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s working great,” Williams says, looking up at the solar panels on his four-bedroom Vacaville home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just six months ago, Williams was a solid PG&E customer — his household used more electricity than average for its size. His bill would hit $300 during the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had the air conditioner running all thet time,” he says. With the panels, Williams pays a set amount for solar power and much less to PG&E.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I mean, my wife is just so happy!” He says she tells him, “‘Look how much we’re paying this time. Our PG&E bill is just sixteen dollars this time.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One customer may not be a big loss to PG&E, but solar is growing fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘There’s no question – the fixed charge is the worst nightmare of the solar installers.’\u003ccite>— Severin Borenstein\u003cbr>UC Berkeley\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“We have far and away the most customer solar,” says Jonathan Marshall, a spokesman for PG&E. One-quarter of all rooftop solar systems in the country are found in PG&E’s service area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marshall says PG&E isn’t \u003cem>against \u003c/em>solar. The problem, as he sees it, is that solar customers aren’t paying their share of keeping up the electric grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In fact, they use the grid more than almost anyone,” he says, “because they’re selling power back into it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Households with solar still use PG&E’s electricity after the sun goes down, but \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/could-rooftop-solar-kill-utilities-california-grapples-with-solars-success-2/\">they also make money back\u003c/a> by selling PG&E the extra solar power they generate during the day, giving them lower bills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Electricity Price Overhaul\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the newly proposed electric rates, solar customers, along with everyone else, would pay a fixed monthly charge: $10 per month, adding up to $120 a year. Customers with Southern California Edison and San Diego Gas and Electric would pay the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s to help share the cost of basic infrastructure that we all use and depend on – lines, poles, meters and so forth,” Marshall says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second change is to the price of electricity itself. Today, there are four electricity rates for PG&E customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cheapest rate is for “baseline” power use – a certain amount of electricity that PG&E allocates based on where you live. Currently, it costs 15 cents per kilowatt hour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But use electricity beyond that amount and the prices go up, all the way to 32 cents per kilowatt hour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24146\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/Electric-rates-11212014.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/Electric-rates-11212014.jpg\" alt=\"(David Pierce/KQED)\" width=\"2300\" height=\"1644\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24146\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(David Pierce/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Utilities call this \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/en/myhome/saveenergymoney/plans/tiers/index.page\">“tiered” pricing\u003c/a>. Since California’s electricity crisis hit in 2000, the two lower tiers have stayed basically fixed and the higher tiers have been raised. Marshall says the system penalizes heavy users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s as if going to the grocery store, they had to pay more per gallon of milk just because they have more mouths to feed at the table,” Marshall says. “That doesn’t make much sense. But it is how we today charge for electricity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the new system, PG&E would charge two prices for electricity. By 2018, 74 percent of customers would see their bills go up by an average of $12 a month compared to today. About a quarter of customers, the heaviest power users, would see their bills decrease by $31 a month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Harming Conservation?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some environmental groups say those changes will send an anti-conservation message to California consumers. High electricity prices are meant to be painful, they say, so the heaviest users are encouraged to conserve or invest in energy efficient appliances and home upgrades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But others say the tiered pricing system as it is today is too complicated for consumers to track.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If people were really aware of which tier they were on, you would get some conservation,” says Severin Borenstein, an economist at UC Berkeley. “But I think it’s unlikely that many people other than electricity nerds actually know what tier their consumption is on. Most people just think there’s some price for electricity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since PG&E customers with historically lower bills would have higher bills under the new rate structure, it could also encourage conservation among a new group of customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Solar Companies Cry Foul\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The changes in electricity rates would have a major impact on PG&E’s biggest competitor: the solar industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Investor-owned utilities across the country are fighting rooftop solar,” says Sanjay Ranchod of SolarCity, the largest solar company in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch5>How Would Electric Bills Change?\u003c/h5>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Five-Bill.jpg\" alt=\"Five Bill\" width=\"537\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-24183\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>It varies by region. Here’s a sample for customers in the East Bay in 2018:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>400 kilowatt hours per month: Your bill goes up by $17 — from $58 to $75.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>800 kilowatt hours per month: Your bill goes down by $16 — from $172 to $156.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>1,200 kilowatt hours per month: Your bill goes down by $66 — from $302 to $236.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Source: PG&E\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Ranchod says if utilities are changing electricity prices, there’s no need to add the $10 monthly charge on top of it. The only thing that does is make solar less attractive at a time when California’s trying to encourage renewable energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A higher and higher fixed charge that customers can’t escape,” he says, “is designed to undermine the value that solar customers can get from their investment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ranchod says it’s a sign that utilities like PG&E see solar as threat. “For a company that has depended on a monopoly, competition from SolarCity or any other solar company is scary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Death Spiral\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no question – the fixed charge is the worst nightmare of the solar installers,” says Severin Borenstein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the monthly fee will make it harder for solar companies to compete, though the cost of solar panels still falling. But in the bigger picture, Borenstein says, this debate is just one more sign that solar is a disruptive technology, somewhat like cell phones versus land lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Analysts even have a name for the way solar is cutting into the utility business model: the “\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/could-rooftop-solar-kill-utilities-california-grapples-with-solars-success-2/\">death spiral\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think there’s a big question in electricity industry right now about what will happen to utilities,” Borenstein says, “and what their business model will be 10 or 20 or 30 years from now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of being power companies, he says, utilities could become electric grid companies, “where they don’t actually bring electricity in, they just shuffle it around between one house and another.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With such a large solar market, California could be one of the first places this plays out. In the meantime, the California Public Utilities Commission is expected to decide on the new pricing structure in the spring. The rates could go into effect next summer.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Feinstein Promises to Try Again on California Water Bill ",
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"content": "\u003cp>A controversial effort by California Sen. Dianne Feinstein to broker drought-driven water legislation is dead, for now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Feinstein said in a statement Thursday that, although efforts to negotiate a compromise with House Republicans have made progress, \"we will be unable to present an agreed-upon proposal before Congress adjourns this year.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"http://www.fresnobee.com/2014/11/20/4245563_feinstein-pushes-california-water.html\" target=\"_blank\">an interview with the Fresno Bee\u003c/a>, Feinstein said the effort would start again in January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’ve got to work with people to get something done,” she said. “I’m going to put together a first-day bill for the next Congress, and it can go through the regular order.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The veteran Democrat's negotiations had centered on working out differences with \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/02/03/brown-blasts-gop-drought-bill-as-divisive\" target=\"_blank\">HR3964\u003c/a>, passed by the House in February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legislation was put forward by San Joaquin Valley Republican Reps. David Valladao and Devin Nunes and other members of California's GOP delegation. The bill aims to secure more water for agriculture by suspending provisions of various federal and state water and endangered species laws and allowing more pumping from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. Many of the provisions existed in earlier versions of the legislation, sponsored by Nunes, that predated the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most Northern California Democrats and their environmental allies have fought the bill. Seven members of the delegation \u003ca href=\"http://mikethompson.house.gov/newsroom/press-releases/northern-california-reps-statement-on-senator-feinstein-pulling-deeply\" target=\"_blank\">issued a statement Thursday\u003c/a> applauding Feinstein \"for stepping away from this deeply flawed legislation.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The statement -- from Reps. Jared Huffman, Mike Thompson, Ami Bera, Jerry McNerney, George Miller, John Garamendi and Doris Matsui -- repeated criticism that Feinstein had conducted clandestine talks that excluded input from the public, environmental and fishing-industry advocates and members of her own party:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>As Members of Congress who represent districts that would be directly affected by this legislation, we have been raising serious objections to both the secretive process and the harmful content of this legislation. We will continue to demand next year that any water legislation responding to California’s severe drought be balanced and take into consideration the array of stakeholders in California.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>John McManus, executive director of the Golden Gate Salmon Association, expressed similar sentiments:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"Any federal legislation that seeks to shift the balance of water distribution has to consider the interests of salmon and fishing communities since they've been hurt the worst by past water allocation decisions. This legislative effort didn't do that. The next time legislators consider California water issues, the interests and views of salmon fishermen need to be included.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Feinstein pushed back against suggestions that she had been secretive or working on behalf of corporate agricultural interests that have supported her in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Claims that this has been some kind of secret process are false. In order to come up with a bill that is ready for public comment, back-and-forth negotiations and consultations are often necessary, including extensive technical assistance from federal and state agencies. That process is ongoing. ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>... It’s my hope that groups critical of this effort will strive to be productive rather than destructive. It’s clear that we need to get more water to our cities, businesses, farmers, households, fish and the Delta. And it’s equally important that we continue to protect wildlife and the environment. Only together will we stand a chance of agreeing on a bill that can help accomplish all of these goals.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A controversial effort by California Sen. Dianne Feinstein to broker drought-driven water legislation is dead, for now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Feinstein said in a statement Thursday that, although efforts to negotiate a compromise with House Republicans have made progress, \"we will be unable to present an agreed-upon proposal before Congress adjourns this year.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"http://www.fresnobee.com/2014/11/20/4245563_feinstein-pushes-california-water.html\" target=\"_blank\">an interview with the Fresno Bee\u003c/a>, Feinstein said the effort would start again in January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’ve got to work with people to get something done,” she said. “I’m going to put together a first-day bill for the next Congress, and it can go through the regular order.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The veteran Democrat's negotiations had centered on working out differences with \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/02/03/brown-blasts-gop-drought-bill-as-divisive\" target=\"_blank\">HR3964\u003c/a>, passed by the House in February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legislation was put forward by San Joaquin Valley Republican Reps. David Valladao and Devin Nunes and other members of California's GOP delegation. The bill aims to secure more water for agriculture by suspending provisions of various federal and state water and endangered species laws and allowing more pumping from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. Many of the provisions existed in earlier versions of the legislation, sponsored by Nunes, that predated the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most Northern California Democrats and their environmental allies have fought the bill. Seven members of the delegation \u003ca href=\"http://mikethompson.house.gov/newsroom/press-releases/northern-california-reps-statement-on-senator-feinstein-pulling-deeply\" target=\"_blank\">issued a statement Thursday\u003c/a> applauding Feinstein \"for stepping away from this deeply flawed legislation.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The statement -- from Reps. Jared Huffman, Mike Thompson, Ami Bera, Jerry McNerney, George Miller, John Garamendi and Doris Matsui -- repeated criticism that Feinstein had conducted clandestine talks that excluded input from the public, environmental and fishing-industry advocates and members of her own party:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>As Members of Congress who represent districts that would be directly affected by this legislation, we have been raising serious objections to both the secretive process and the harmful content of this legislation. We will continue to demand next year that any water legislation responding to California’s severe drought be balanced and take into consideration the array of stakeholders in California.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>John McManus, executive director of the Golden Gate Salmon Association, expressed similar sentiments:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"Any federal legislation that seeks to shift the balance of water distribution has to consider the interests of salmon and fishing communities since they've been hurt the worst by past water allocation decisions. This legislative effort didn't do that. The next time legislators consider California water issues, the interests and views of salmon fishermen need to be included.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Feinstein pushed back against suggestions that she had been secretive or working on behalf of corporate agricultural interests that have supported her in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Claims that this has been some kind of secret process are false. In order to come up with a bill that is ready for public comment, back-and-forth negotiations and consultations are often necessary, including extensive technical assistance from federal and state agencies. That process is ongoing. ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>... It’s my hope that groups critical of this effort will strive to be productive rather than destructive. It’s clear that we need to get more water to our cities, businesses, farmers, households, fish and the Delta. And it’s equally important that we continue to protect wildlife and the environment. Only together will we stand a chance of agreeing on a bill that can help accomplish all of these goals.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Drought: A Glimmer of Hope For Winter Rain And Snow",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24120\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/RS8575_IMG_0263.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24120\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/RS8575_IMG_0263.jpg\" alt=\"A pedestrian with an umbrella walks in the rain in front of San Francsico's Embarcadero Center. (Mark Andrew Boyer / KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"853\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pedestrian with an umbrella walks in the rain in front of San Francsico’s Embarcadero Center. (Mark Andrew Boyer / KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Federal forecasters today proffered a 73 percent chance that, overall, California will see at least average precipitation this winter. However, the auspices favor the Southland more than Northern California, where most of the state’s largest reservoirs are located.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.climate.gov/news-features/blogs/enso/whats-store-united-states-winter\">outlook issued today\u003c/a> includes the months of December, January and February, when wetter storms, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/11/18/this-weeks-rain-unlikely-to-dent-drought/http://\">if they come, typically hit the state\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the first time since 2011 that the federal \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/\">Climate Prediction Center\u003c/a>‘s three-month outlook favored average or above-average precipitation for any portion of California. As a testament to the persistence of the current drought, the last time the CDC issued an outlook predicting average-or-better precipitation for the entire state was November of 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24117\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 605px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/DJFPrecipMap.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24117\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/DJFPrecipMap.jpg\" alt=\"The green areas on the map indicate odds on at least average precipitation over the next three months. (NOAA)\" width=\"605\" height=\"648\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The green areas on the map indicate odds on at least average precipitation over the next three months. Note that the optimism fades from south to north in California. (NOAA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists still have low expectations for the warm-water conditions in the Pacific known as El Niño, which might wring more rain and snow out of the atmosphere. They say there’s about a 60 percent chance of a winter El Niño — but it’s likely to be a weakling, not the rainmaker that is the stuff of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/drought-myth-busting-why-el-nino-wont-save-california/\">California legend\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Given such a severe California drought, normal precipitation would likely improve (not eliminate) the drought,” CPC meteorologist Dave Unger explained in an email. “So that is the reason for the optimistic drought outlook.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s state climatologist has said that the state would have to see at least half again its normal winter precipitation to begin to turn things around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forecasters are always quick to concede that such long-range outlooks are best taken with at least a grain of salt. Given the state of the science, this glimmer of hope could easily be a mirage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing of which they’re fairly certain: California is heading for its warmest year on record. In fact, said climatologist Jake Crouch, even record cold in December would not likely prevent that.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24120\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/RS8575_IMG_0263.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24120\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/RS8575_IMG_0263.jpg\" alt=\"A pedestrian with an umbrella walks in the rain in front of San Francsico's Embarcadero Center. (Mark Andrew Boyer / KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"853\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pedestrian with an umbrella walks in the rain in front of San Francsico’s Embarcadero Center. (Mark Andrew Boyer / KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Federal forecasters today proffered a 73 percent chance that, overall, California will see at least average precipitation this winter. However, the auspices favor the Southland more than Northern California, where most of the state’s largest reservoirs are located.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.climate.gov/news-features/blogs/enso/whats-store-united-states-winter\">outlook issued today\u003c/a> includes the months of December, January and February, when wetter storms, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/11/18/this-weeks-rain-unlikely-to-dent-drought/http://\">if they come, typically hit the state\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the first time since 2011 that the federal \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/\">Climate Prediction Center\u003c/a>‘s three-month outlook favored average or above-average precipitation for any portion of California. As a testament to the persistence of the current drought, the last time the CDC issued an outlook predicting average-or-better precipitation for the entire state was November of 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24117\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 605px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/DJFPrecipMap.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24117\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/DJFPrecipMap.jpg\" alt=\"The green areas on the map indicate odds on at least average precipitation over the next three months. (NOAA)\" width=\"605\" height=\"648\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The green areas on the map indicate odds on at least average precipitation over the next three months. Note that the optimism fades from south to north in California. (NOAA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists still have low expectations for the warm-water conditions in the Pacific known as El Niño, which might wring more rain and snow out of the atmosphere. They say there’s about a 60 percent chance of a winter El Niño — but it’s likely to be a weakling, not the rainmaker that is the stuff of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/drought-myth-busting-why-el-nino-wont-save-california/\">California legend\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Given such a severe California drought, normal precipitation would likely improve (not eliminate) the drought,” CPC meteorologist Dave Unger explained in an email. “So that is the reason for the optimistic drought outlook.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s state climatologist has said that the state would have to see at least half again its normal winter precipitation to begin to turn things around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forecasters are always quick to concede that such long-range outlooks are best taken with at least a grain of salt. Given the state of the science, this glimmer of hope could easily be a mirage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing of which they’re fairly certain: California is heading for its warmest year on record. In fact, said climatologist Jake Crouch, even record cold in December would not likely prevent that.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003ch3> Parched Produce\u003c/h3>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" title=\"\" href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/files/2014/03/Water_Agriculture_slice1.jpg\"> View as slideshow\u003c/a>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/2014/03/26/parched-produce/water_agriculture_slice3/\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/files/2014/03/Water_Agriculture_slice3-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/2014/03/26/parched-produce/water_agriculture_slice4/\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/files/2014/03/Water_Agriculture_slice4-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/2014/03/26/parched-produce/water_agriculture_slice5/\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/files/2014/03/Water_Agriculture_slice5-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/2014/03/26/parched-produce/water_agriculture_slice6_typocorrection/\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/files/2014/03/Water_Agriculture_slice6_typocorrection-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/2014/03/26/parched-produce/water_agriculture_slice7/\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/files/2014/03/Water_Agriculture_slice7-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/2014/03/26/parched-produce/water_agriculture_slice8/\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/files/2014/03/Water_Agriculture_slice8-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" title=\"\" src=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/files/2014/03/Water_Agriculture_typocorrection.jpg\" alt=\"Water_Agriculture_typocorrection\" width=\"620\" height=\"3418\">\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- end div.wp-tab-content -->\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3> \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/2014/11/20/dry-times-two-comics-explaining-californias-drought/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" class=\"rssmi_more\">…Read More\u003c/a> \n\u003c/h3>\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/2014/11/20/dry-times-two-comics-explaining-californias-drought/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Dry Times: Two Comics Explaining California’s Drought\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">The Lowdown – Green Space\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/div>\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "What a historic dry period means for food exported from the country's biggest farm state and how California's scarce water supply is being divided.",
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"title": "This Week's Rain Unlikely to Dent Drought",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24028\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/IMG_5282.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24028\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/IMG_5282.jpg\" alt=\"Rain falls in Vallejo in October. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"1080\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An October downpour in Vallejo. Despite such cloudbursts, early storms like this one failed to deliver much rain to most of the Bay Area. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rain storms expected to blow through the Bay Area this week will likely have little impact on the statewide drought, now entering its fourth year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Weather Service is \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/total_forecast/getprod.php?prod=XXXAFDMTR&wfo=MTR\">forecasting\u003c/a> only about a half-inch of precipitation to fall in most locations from three separate storm systems beginning mid-week and concluding sometime on Saturday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All three storms look to be on the weak side, said NWS forecaster Roger Gaas, with the possible exception of the last storm arriving on Friday — if it swings far enough south to douse the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But we can’t complain when we get three wet systems in a row, particularly within a few days,” says Gass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the region’s water scarcity can be traced to a persistent \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/1967\">high pressure ridge\u003c/a> that diverts Pacific storms to the north. Gass says the ridge has begun to shift eastward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This has allowed the storm systems to actually have an entrance into central California and bring us rainfall.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But experts are cautioning against too much optimism following just a little rain that, taking the long view, will have such scant impact on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/drought/ci_26932356/california-drought-not-likely-end-this-winter-experts\">state’s water shortage\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Thursday it’ll rain, and people will say, ‘Oh, I’m very excited,’ and Saturday it’ll rain, and ‘Oh, drought’s over.’ Not even close,” says Jeffrey Mount, a senior fellow with Public Policy Institute of California focused on water policy and management. “This has been three consecutive years of extreme dryness, and that extreme dryness translates to much lower groundwater levels, and very dry soils. It’s going to take a lot of rain to break this drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How much? Current estimates from the state Department of Water Resources say the state needs about 1.5 times the rainfall of an average year to break the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, even an average year would revive \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/parched-california-wildlife-suffers-in-drought/\">wetlands that support migrating wildlife\u003c/a>, boost river flows that are currently stressing aquatic life and begin to refill aquifers and reservoirs depleted over the dry years, Mount says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Mount sees it, the difference between a wet and a dry year in California is a razor’s edge, or about a week’s worth of storms scattered over the first two months of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s usually in that period between Christmas and mid-February — five to seven of those days — that decide whether we have a wet year or not,” Mount says. “And if we don’t get five to seven days worth of heavy rain, we have a dry year. We cut it that fine.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the time period that the West Coast storms can be carried by \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/atmospheric-river-may-help-put-a-dent-in-california-drought-17039\">atmospheric rivers\u003c/a>, which tend to dump a lot of moisture. But those storms, the kind that can turn a drought year into an above-average one for precipitation, don’t always come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t get any, or just get a few weak ones, we tend to be dry,” Mount explained in an email. “Indeed, 1997 and 1986 were major flood years that would have been labeled below average to dry if those prolonged atmospheric rivers (lasting days) had not occurred.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it’s much too early to tell whether the 2014-15 water year will be the fourth in a historic drought or the wet year that begins to turn things around. Long-term forecasts, which aren’t considered reliable, have begun to indicate more precipitation this winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s at least a ray of hope,” says Mount, “and when it comes to rainfall, hope is our strategy.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Rain systems so far this season have been on the wimpy side. This next series is likely to continue the trend.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24028\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/IMG_5282.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24028\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/IMG_5282.jpg\" alt=\"Rain falls in Vallejo in October. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"1080\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An October downpour in Vallejo. Despite such cloudbursts, early storms like this one failed to deliver much rain to most of the Bay Area. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rain storms expected to blow through the Bay Area this week will likely have little impact on the statewide drought, now entering its fourth year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Weather Service is \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/total_forecast/getprod.php?prod=XXXAFDMTR&wfo=MTR\">forecasting\u003c/a> only about a half-inch of precipitation to fall in most locations from three separate storm systems beginning mid-week and concluding sometime on Saturday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All three storms look to be on the weak side, said NWS forecaster Roger Gaas, with the possible exception of the last storm arriving on Friday — if it swings far enough south to douse the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But we can’t complain when we get three wet systems in a row, particularly within a few days,” says Gass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the region’s water scarcity can be traced to a persistent \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/1967\">high pressure ridge\u003c/a> that diverts Pacific storms to the north. Gass says the ridge has begun to shift eastward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This has allowed the storm systems to actually have an entrance into central California and bring us rainfall.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But experts are cautioning against too much optimism following just a little rain that, taking the long view, will have such scant impact on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/drought/ci_26932356/california-drought-not-likely-end-this-winter-experts\">state’s water shortage\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Thursday it’ll rain, and people will say, ‘Oh, I’m very excited,’ and Saturday it’ll rain, and ‘Oh, drought’s over.’ Not even close,” says Jeffrey Mount, a senior fellow with Public Policy Institute of California focused on water policy and management. “This has been three consecutive years of extreme dryness, and that extreme dryness translates to much lower groundwater levels, and very dry soils. It’s going to take a lot of rain to break this drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How much? Current estimates from the state Department of Water Resources say the state needs about 1.5 times the rainfall of an average year to break the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, even an average year would revive \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/parched-california-wildlife-suffers-in-drought/\">wetlands that support migrating wildlife\u003c/a>, boost river flows that are currently stressing aquatic life and begin to refill aquifers and reservoirs depleted over the dry years, Mount says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Mount sees it, the difference between a wet and a dry year in California is a razor’s edge, or about a week’s worth of storms scattered over the first two months of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s usually in that period between Christmas and mid-February — five to seven of those days — that decide whether we have a wet year or not,” Mount says. “And if we don’t get five to seven days worth of heavy rain, we have a dry year. We cut it that fine.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the time period that the West Coast storms can be carried by \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/atmospheric-river-may-help-put-a-dent-in-california-drought-17039\">atmospheric rivers\u003c/a>, which tend to dump a lot of moisture. But those storms, the kind that can turn a drought year into an above-average one for precipitation, don’t always come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t get any, or just get a few weak ones, we tend to be dry,” Mount explained in an email. “Indeed, 1997 and 1986 were major flood years that would have been labeled below average to dry if those prolonged atmospheric rivers (lasting days) had not occurred.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it’s much too early to tell whether the 2014-15 water year will be the fourth in a historic drought or the wet year that begins to turn things around. Long-term forecasts, which aren’t considered reliable, have begun to indicate more precipitation this winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s at least a ray of hope,” says Mount, “and when it comes to rainfall, hope is our strategy.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/11/20141118science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23886\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/boat3s-222.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-23886 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/boat3s-222.gif\" alt=\"boat3s-222\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">KQED Science reporter Amy Standen kayaks near the end of the L.A. River, where it sheds its concrete channel. (Amy Standen/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Let’s consider the possibility that this drought we’re in could last more than than just a few dry years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geologic history in California is marked by epic droughts — droughts lasting decades, even centuries. There’s no way of knowing whether we’re at the start of one of those, but scientists say it’s possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, most Californians live in cities designed, to a great extent, on the promise of nearly endless water, imported from wetter parts of the state via massive engineering projects like the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Water_Project\">California State Water Project\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not hard to imagine a collision looming between how we expect water to behave — piped, channelized, pumped according to our needs — and how it may increasingly behave in coming years — sporadic, unpredictable, sometimes too much, sometimes too little.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When water doesn’t do what we want it to anymore, how does that change the way we live?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Case-Study in Water Hubris\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To begin this story, I wanted to visit a place that could symbolize the near-complete domination of man over nature. And while there are plenty of options for this — \u003ca href=\"http://www.usbr.gov/lc/hooverdam/\">especially \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salton_Sea\">in \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">California\u003c/a> — the Los Angeles River stood out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, on a cloudless November afternoon, I found myself scrambling down a steep riprap embankment with a two-seater kayak, accompanied by a local artist and river guide named Steve Appleton.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘It just became one monolithic trapezoidal channel.’ \u003ccite>–Steve Appleton\u003cbr>\nL.A. Artist and River Guide\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Right away, it was clear how little of the L.A. River looks anything like a river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While efforts are underway to \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/07/140719-los-angeles-river-restoration-kayaking-greenway/\">restore some stretches\u003c/a> of the river to a more natural, riverlike state, many of the L.A. River’s 42-miles look like a concrete bathtub.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That includes a spot about a half mile upstream of the river’s terminus in Long Beach Harbor where getting wet requires something akin to rock-climbing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here, the industrial vibe was very much intact. On an overpass just north of us, a sign warned anyone who might be temped to do anything fun or outdoorsy:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Danger: No swimming, diving. Waterskiing, jet skiing, sailboarding or other water-contact sports prohibited.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet, once upon a time, this river was a river. People who lived here fished in it and drank from it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Los Angeles River, like all rivers, was unruly. After devastating floods in the 1930s, the Army Corps of Engineers paved it over and channelized it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23935\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/1200px-Bull_creek_north_from_victory-1024x732.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-23935\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/1200px-Bull_creek_north_from_victory-1024x732.jpg\" alt=\"Bull Creek, an L.A. River tributary, flows in the city's Lake Balboa neighborhood. (<a title="User:Junkyardsparkle" href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Junkyardsparkle">Junkyardsparkle</a>/<a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/">Wikimedia Commons</a>)\" width=\"640\" height=\"458\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bull Creek, an L.A. River tributary, flows in the city’s Lake Balboa neighborhood. (Junkyardsparkle/Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the city had begun getting its water from elsewhere. A massive aqueduct pulled in water from the Owens Valley, some 300 miles to the northeast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result of all this engineering, two things happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One: Water suddenly seemed endless. “There it is, take it,” city water director and self-taught engineer William Mulholland famously told the residents of Los Angeles when the aqueduct opened in 1913. Today almost 4 million people live in L.A., which is amazing when you consider that this place gets as much water as Casablanca, Morocco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two: The river? You could almost forget it existed. It was buried and channelized, blocked off by chain link fence as the city expanded up to its concrete banks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just became one monolithic trapezoidal channel,” says Appleton, laughing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Within Modern Plumbing, an Ancient Idea\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, we take it for granted that water can be engineered into submission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s an idea that comes from somewhere. And that somewhere is ancient Rome, according to David Sedlak, a professor of civil and environmental engineering at UC Berkeley and author of a new history of water, \u003ca href=\"http://www.water4point0.com/\">Water 4.0\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”9AAr94v6sIFrynk9CAwP4B25eLHWUGEN”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Romans gave us the idea of public baths, public toilets, fountains and the convenience of water coming directly into your neighborhood,” Sedlak says. “They were able to provide close to 100 gallons per person, per day, which is similar to what we use in some of our modern cities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ancient Romans did this in much the same way we do today, by importing water in giant aqueducts from distant places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To the Romans, too, water seemed endless. They staged mock naval battles in giant stadiums, floating actual ships in artificial lakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pride of ancient Rome, Sedlak says, was its hundreds of public fountains, which ran without stopping and served as focal points for civic life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Romans were the richest kids on the block in the ancient world, and as anyone who’s read Roman history knows, they were not hesitant to show the rest of the world how rich they were,” Sedlak says. “For the people who visited it, it must have been a marvel. They must have taken home with them this idea that the Romans were rich and technologically advanced.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To my ears, Sedlak is not just talking about Rome. He’s talking about California, too. California’s massive aqueducts, its vast networks of pumps and dams, allowed cities to bloom in our deserts and provided a foundation for an economy the size of Russia’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But water doesn’t play by those rules anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Designing for a New Water Order\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2013 was the driest year in history; 2014 is not far behind. Climate change is expected to exacerbate this scarcity by making flows from the Sierra snowpack unreliable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, cities are growing. There’s more competition between cities, farms and ecosystems for precious fresh water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23941\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/RS13030_Elmer_Ave_Before_After_4.jpg-alt_178.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-23941\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/RS13030_Elmer_Ave_Before_After_4.jpg-alt_178.jpg\" alt=\"A creek bed runs beside a sidewalk on Elmer Avenue in Los Angeles. (Courtesy of TreePeople)\" width=\"320\" height=\"427\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A “bioswale” running alongside a sidewalk on Elmer Avenue in Los Angeles soaks up rainwater and sends it to an underground storage chamber. (Courtesy of TreePeople)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This brings us to a prototype for the future city, which exists on a single block of Elmer Avenue, in a working-class neighborhood of East Los Angeles called Sun Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the day I visited, I knew I wanted to meet people who lived on this particular block. But everyone I stopped seemed to have come from somewhere else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rick Martin, for example, was here power-walking with a friend. Neither lives on Elmer Avenue, but they come here for walks. Martin says it’s the nicest block in the neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This wasn’t always the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until a few years ago, Elmer Avenue had a problem with floods. Heavy rains turned intersections into lakes, and turned sidewalks – such as they were – into muddy swamps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So in 2009, the city embarked on a plan to install new technologies on Elmer Avenue that would transform the way the block used water, including the rain that fell here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In many of the yards – though not all – the Kentucky bluegrass has been removed,” observed Hadley Arnold, my tour guide for the day and a co-director of the \u003ca href=\"http://aridlands.org/\">Arid Lands Institute\u003c/a> at Woodbury University in Burbank, which trains architects and designers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half of the residents here have replaced their lawns with drought-tolerant landscaping, such as California live oak, rosemary and sage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the bigger changes on Elmer Avenue are less obvious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Making Cities Permeable\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $2.7 million \u003ca href=\"https://lafoundation.org/research/landscape-performance-series/case-studies/case-study/381/\">overhaul\u003c/a> installed “bio-swales” at the foot of the curbs, to absorb rainwater into underground “galleries” that collect and store it. About half the homes added rain-collecting barrels, which provide water for irrigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, when it rains, rather than sending rain water into the sewer and treating it like garbage (as most streets do), or – in a real downpour – flooding the sidewalk, Elmer Avenue soaks water into the ground and stores it for later use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In an average rain year,” says Arnold, “this block puts enough water for approximately 30 families for a year into the ground.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, Elmer Avenue is permeable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[edge_animation id=”9″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you think about it, this is the opposite of ancient Rome, the opposite of California’s giant aqueducts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elmer Avenue uses what it gets naturally, rather than relying entirely on imported water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arnold says it’s a good start, but that more dramatic design changes should follow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Look at those peaked roofs,” she tells me. “It’s a useless vestige that has no authentic purpose in this place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the homes in this neighborhood have triangular roofs, modeled on homes in colder climates where roofs are designed to shed ice and snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roofs here in Los Angeles’ sunbaked neighborhoods should look different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Roofs that are like a wide mouth open to the sky,” Arnold says. “Roofs that are like a cup or a bowl, or an umbrella turned upside down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And cities should, where possible, be porous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arnold is part of a \u003ca href=\"http://aridlands.org/discover/events/divining-la\">collaborative effort\u003c/a> to map the parts of the city where underground aquifers could safely absorb rain water, and the parts that might be better suited for above-ground capture. She believes this tool could be useful for developers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cities, Arnold says, should be designed to \u003ca href=\"http://aridlands.org/project/where-it-lets-reuse-it\">work with\u003c/a> the water that appears there naturally, not throw it away, only to import more from distant places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Futuristic Structures\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco, “speculative” architects are turning their attention to how buildings might be redesigned to accommodate local water sources and a changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a bright and airy studio in San Francisco’s Dogpatch neighborhood, Nataly Gattegno, a co-founder of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.future-cities-lab.net/\">Future Cities Lab\u003c/a>, introduces me to Hydramax.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.future-cities-lab.net/hydramax/\">Hydramax\u003c/a> is a model of a theoretical structure (the word “building” doesn’t quite feel adequate; Gattegno calls it a “port machine”) designed for the San Francisco waterfront.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23877\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 750px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/Credit-Future-Cities-Lab-2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23877\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/Credit-Future-Cities-Lab-2.jpg\" alt='A rendering of the \"Hydramax,\" a futuristic building designed to capture water from the air, among other things. (Courtesy of Future Cities Lab) ' width=\"750\" height=\"606\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A rendering of the “Hydramax,” a futuristic building designed to capture water from the air, among other things. (Courtesy of Future Cities Lab)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“You have a shell,” explains Gattegno, “where all the occupation and habitation occurs. There are places to live in, places to shop. Then the next tier is [for] hydroponics, where food is grown.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydramax anticipates a future where sea-level rise causes tides that regularly drench the waterfront. The structure can function submerged or dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Covering the top of it are fabric structures, 90 feet long, that wave back and forth. They’re fog-harvesting “feathers” which can extract moisture from fog and channel it into the hydroponic farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It’s About Accommodating Water, Not Fighting It\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Gattegno whether she thought the Hydramax would ever get built. To me, it seemed unlikely; the structure seemed expensive, almost permanently futuristic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gattegno told me sure, she’d love to see the Hydramax and other far-out projects be built one day. But that’s not really the point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The point she wants to make (just like Hadley Arnold and David Sedlak) is that the old ways of building cities and supplying them with water — ideas we borrowed from the ancient Romans — may no longer make sense in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the past we’ve controlled water,” says Gattegno. “We’ve told it what to do, what pipes to move through, what aqueducts to be contained in, and in this case, we’re proposing a completely alternative model, a model where water maybe is slightly controlled — it’s still controlled in a certain way, or at least it has a kind of known set of properties that we can leverage — but at the same time, it’s also left to be part of the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of burying plumbing underneath the street or behind walls, water infrastructure is the Hydramax’s centerpiece.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s one example, she says, of how cities might be redesigned not to just survive the current drought, but be transformed by it, perhaps for the better.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Scientists say it’s possible California’s drought may last a lot longer than a few years. No one knows for sure, but we could all simply have to adjust to a drier climate. That could mean changing the way we build cities to make them more porous. The 'Hydramax,' a futuristic design pictured above, rises with the tide and captures water from the air.",
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"description": "Scientists say it’s possible California’s drought may last a lot longer than a few years. No one knows for sure, but we could all simply have to adjust to a drier climate. That could mean changing the way we build cities to make them more porous. The 'Hydramax,' a futuristic design pictured above, rises with the tide and captures water from the air.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23886\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/boat3s-222.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-23886 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/boat3s-222.gif\" alt=\"boat3s-222\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">KQED Science reporter Amy Standen kayaks near the end of the L.A. River, where it sheds its concrete channel. (Amy Standen/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Let’s consider the possibility that this drought we’re in could last more than than just a few dry years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geologic history in California is marked by epic droughts — droughts lasting decades, even centuries. There’s no way of knowing whether we’re at the start of one of those, but scientists say it’s possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, most Californians live in cities designed, to a great extent, on the promise of nearly endless water, imported from wetter parts of the state via massive engineering projects like the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Water_Project\">California State Water Project\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not hard to imagine a collision looming between how we expect water to behave — piped, channelized, pumped according to our needs — and how it may increasingly behave in coming years — sporadic, unpredictable, sometimes too much, sometimes too little.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When water doesn’t do what we want it to anymore, how does that change the way we live?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Case-Study in Water Hubris\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To begin this story, I wanted to visit a place that could symbolize the near-complete domination of man over nature. And while there are plenty of options for this — \u003ca href=\"http://www.usbr.gov/lc/hooverdam/\">especially \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salton_Sea\">in \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">California\u003c/a> — the Los Angeles River stood out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, on a cloudless November afternoon, I found myself scrambling down a steep riprap embankment with a two-seater kayak, accompanied by a local artist and river guide named Steve Appleton.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘It just became one monolithic trapezoidal channel.’ \u003ccite>–Steve Appleton\u003cbr>\nL.A. Artist and River Guide\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Right away, it was clear how little of the L.A. River looks anything like a river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While efforts are underway to \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/07/140719-los-angeles-river-restoration-kayaking-greenway/\">restore some stretches\u003c/a> of the river to a more natural, riverlike state, many of the L.A. River’s 42-miles look like a concrete bathtub.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That includes a spot about a half mile upstream of the river’s terminus in Long Beach Harbor where getting wet requires something akin to rock-climbing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here, the industrial vibe was very much intact. On an overpass just north of us, a sign warned anyone who might be temped to do anything fun or outdoorsy:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Danger: No swimming, diving. Waterskiing, jet skiing, sailboarding or other water-contact sports prohibited.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet, once upon a time, this river was a river. People who lived here fished in it and drank from it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Los Angeles River, like all rivers, was unruly. After devastating floods in the 1930s, the Army Corps of Engineers paved it over and channelized it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23935\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/1200px-Bull_creek_north_from_victory-1024x732.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-23935\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/1200px-Bull_creek_north_from_victory-1024x732.jpg\" alt=\"Bull Creek, an L.A. River tributary, flows in the city's Lake Balboa neighborhood. (<a title="User:Junkyardsparkle" href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Junkyardsparkle">Junkyardsparkle</a>/<a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/">Wikimedia Commons</a>)\" width=\"640\" height=\"458\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bull Creek, an L.A. River tributary, flows in the city’s Lake Balboa neighborhood. (Junkyardsparkle/Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the city had begun getting its water from elsewhere. A massive aqueduct pulled in water from the Owens Valley, some 300 miles to the northeast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result of all this engineering, two things happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One: Water suddenly seemed endless. “There it is, take it,” city water director and self-taught engineer William Mulholland famously told the residents of Los Angeles when the aqueduct opened in 1913. Today almost 4 million people live in L.A., which is amazing when you consider that this place gets as much water as Casablanca, Morocco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two: The river? You could almost forget it existed. It was buried and channelized, blocked off by chain link fence as the city expanded up to its concrete banks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just became one monolithic trapezoidal channel,” says Appleton, laughing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Within Modern Plumbing, an Ancient Idea\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, we take it for granted that water can be engineered into submission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s an idea that comes from somewhere. And that somewhere is ancient Rome, according to David Sedlak, a professor of civil and environmental engineering at UC Berkeley and author of a new history of water, \u003ca href=\"http://www.water4point0.com/\">Water 4.0\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Romans gave us the idea of public baths, public toilets, fountains and the convenience of water coming directly into your neighborhood,” Sedlak says. “They were able to provide close to 100 gallons per person, per day, which is similar to what we use in some of our modern cities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ancient Romans did this in much the same way we do today, by importing water in giant aqueducts from distant places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To the Romans, too, water seemed endless. They staged mock naval battles in giant stadiums, floating actual ships in artificial lakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pride of ancient Rome, Sedlak says, was its hundreds of public fountains, which ran without stopping and served as focal points for civic life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Romans were the richest kids on the block in the ancient world, and as anyone who’s read Roman history knows, they were not hesitant to show the rest of the world how rich they were,” Sedlak says. “For the people who visited it, it must have been a marvel. They must have taken home with them this idea that the Romans were rich and technologically advanced.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To my ears, Sedlak is not just talking about Rome. He’s talking about California, too. California’s massive aqueducts, its vast networks of pumps and dams, allowed cities to bloom in our deserts and provided a foundation for an economy the size of Russia’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But water doesn’t play by those rules anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Designing for a New Water Order\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2013 was the driest year in history; 2014 is not far behind. Climate change is expected to exacerbate this scarcity by making flows from the Sierra snowpack unreliable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, cities are growing. There’s more competition between cities, farms and ecosystems for precious fresh water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23941\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/RS13030_Elmer_Ave_Before_After_4.jpg-alt_178.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-23941\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/RS13030_Elmer_Ave_Before_After_4.jpg-alt_178.jpg\" alt=\"A creek bed runs beside a sidewalk on Elmer Avenue in Los Angeles. (Courtesy of TreePeople)\" width=\"320\" height=\"427\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A “bioswale” running alongside a sidewalk on Elmer Avenue in Los Angeles soaks up rainwater and sends it to an underground storage chamber. (Courtesy of TreePeople)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This brings us to a prototype for the future city, which exists on a single block of Elmer Avenue, in a working-class neighborhood of East Los Angeles called Sun Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the day I visited, I knew I wanted to meet people who lived on this particular block. But everyone I stopped seemed to have come from somewhere else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rick Martin, for example, was here power-walking with a friend. Neither lives on Elmer Avenue, but they come here for walks. Martin says it’s the nicest block in the neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This wasn’t always the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until a few years ago, Elmer Avenue had a problem with floods. Heavy rains turned intersections into lakes, and turned sidewalks – such as they were – into muddy swamps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So in 2009, the city embarked on a plan to install new technologies on Elmer Avenue that would transform the way the block used water, including the rain that fell here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In many of the yards – though not all – the Kentucky bluegrass has been removed,” observed Hadley Arnold, my tour guide for the day and a co-director of the \u003ca href=\"http://aridlands.org/\">Arid Lands Institute\u003c/a> at Woodbury University in Burbank, which trains architects and designers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half of the residents here have replaced their lawns with drought-tolerant landscaping, such as California live oak, rosemary and sage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the bigger changes on Elmer Avenue are less obvious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Making Cities Permeable\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $2.7 million \u003ca href=\"https://lafoundation.org/research/landscape-performance-series/case-studies/case-study/381/\">overhaul\u003c/a> installed “bio-swales” at the foot of the curbs, to absorb rainwater into underground “galleries” that collect and store it. About half the homes added rain-collecting barrels, which provide water for irrigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, when it rains, rather than sending rain water into the sewer and treating it like garbage (as most streets do), or – in a real downpour – flooding the sidewalk, Elmer Avenue soaks water into the ground and stores it for later use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In an average rain year,” says Arnold, “this block puts enough water for approximately 30 families for a year into the ground.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, Elmer Avenue is permeable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[edge_animation id=”9″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you think about it, this is the opposite of ancient Rome, the opposite of California’s giant aqueducts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elmer Avenue uses what it gets naturally, rather than relying entirely on imported water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arnold says it’s a good start, but that more dramatic design changes should follow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Look at those peaked roofs,” she tells me. “It’s a useless vestige that has no authentic purpose in this place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the homes in this neighborhood have triangular roofs, modeled on homes in colder climates where roofs are designed to shed ice and snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roofs here in Los Angeles’ sunbaked neighborhoods should look different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Roofs that are like a wide mouth open to the sky,” Arnold says. “Roofs that are like a cup or a bowl, or an umbrella turned upside down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And cities should, where possible, be porous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arnold is part of a \u003ca href=\"http://aridlands.org/discover/events/divining-la\">collaborative effort\u003c/a> to map the parts of the city where underground aquifers could safely absorb rain water, and the parts that might be better suited for above-ground capture. She believes this tool could be useful for developers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cities, Arnold says, should be designed to \u003ca href=\"http://aridlands.org/project/where-it-lets-reuse-it\">work with\u003c/a> the water that appears there naturally, not throw it away, only to import more from distant places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Futuristic Structures\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco, “speculative” architects are turning their attention to how buildings might be redesigned to accommodate local water sources and a changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a bright and airy studio in San Francisco’s Dogpatch neighborhood, Nataly Gattegno, a co-founder of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.future-cities-lab.net/\">Future Cities Lab\u003c/a>, introduces me to Hydramax.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.future-cities-lab.net/hydramax/\">Hydramax\u003c/a> is a model of a theoretical structure (the word “building” doesn’t quite feel adequate; Gattegno calls it a “port machine”) designed for the San Francisco waterfront.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23877\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 750px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/Credit-Future-Cities-Lab-2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23877\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/Credit-Future-Cities-Lab-2.jpg\" alt='A rendering of the \"Hydramax,\" a futuristic building designed to capture water from the air, among other things. (Courtesy of Future Cities Lab) ' width=\"750\" height=\"606\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A rendering of the “Hydramax,” a futuristic building designed to capture water from the air, among other things. (Courtesy of Future Cities Lab)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“You have a shell,” explains Gattegno, “where all the occupation and habitation occurs. There are places to live in, places to shop. Then the next tier is [for] hydroponics, where food is grown.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydramax anticipates a future where sea-level rise causes tides that regularly drench the waterfront. The structure can function submerged or dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Covering the top of it are fabric structures, 90 feet long, that wave back and forth. They’re fog-harvesting “feathers” which can extract moisture from fog and channel it into the hydroponic farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It’s About Accommodating Water, Not Fighting It\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Gattegno whether she thought the Hydramax would ever get built. To me, it seemed unlikely; the structure seemed expensive, almost permanently futuristic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gattegno told me sure, she’d love to see the Hydramax and other far-out projects be built one day. But that’s not really the point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The point she wants to make (just like Hadley Arnold and David Sedlak) is that the old ways of building cities and supplying them with water — ideas we borrowed from the ancient Romans — may no longer make sense in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the past we’ve controlled water,” says Gattegno. “We’ve told it what to do, what pipes to move through, what aqueducts to be contained in, and in this case, we’re proposing a completely alternative model, a model where water maybe is slightly controlled — it’s still controlled in a certain way, or at least it has a kind of known set of properties that we can leverage — but at the same time, it’s also left to be part of the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of burying plumbing underneath the street or behind walls, water infrastructure is the Hydramax’s centerpiece.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2014/11/20141104_CA_trd.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-14987 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2014/11/20141104_CA_trd-300x231.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"231\">\u003c/a>Despite a few recent downpours, California remains stuck in one of the most severe statewide droughts on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's far from just California's problem. The state produces a huge percentage of the nation's agriculture -- nearly half of all fruits, vegetables and nuts, by some estimates. And that requires a massive amount of water: farms here use about 80 percent of the state's developed water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much is riding on the upcoming rainy season. Because if not enough water remains valuable for farmers to adequately irrigate their land, the impact will likely be felt far beyond the state's borders.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this audio slideshow, part of a photo essay project in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/09/29/dry-land\" target=\"_blank\">New Yorker\u003c/a>, photographer Matt Black captures powerful images from the thirsty Central Valley, California's breadbasket, and the farmers struggling to keep their crops alive. The excellent infographics below that, by Alex Park and Julia Lurie of \u003ca href=\"http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2014/02/wheres-californias-water-going\" target=\"_blank\">Mother Jones\u003c/a> (and re-posted with permission), give a glimpse of just how much agriculture is produced here and the amount of water required to grow it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7hWpubxgkUk]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-14849 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2014/10/Final-Crop-Map_1.gif\" alt=\"Final-Crop-Map_1\" width=\"630\" height=\"981\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-14988\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2014/11/Final-gallons-per-food_2.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"630\" height=\"1204\">\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"disqusTitle": "Drought Photos: See Lake Oroville Fall Near Historic Low Over 20 Months",
"title": "Drought Photos: See Lake Oroville Fall Near Historic Low Over 20 Months",
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"content": "\u003cp>At the beginning of this year, Gov. Jerry Brown \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/01/16/california-drought-update-governor-jerry-brown-declaring-drought-emergency\" target=\"_blank\">declared a drought emergency\u003c/a> throughout California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, during the \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/09/30/californias-water-year-ends-as-third-driest-on-record/\" target=\"_blank\">third-driest water year\u003c/a> on record, towns have started to \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/08/20/drought-stricken-california-town-struggles-to-keep-the-water-flowing/\" target=\"_blank\">run out of water\u003c/a>, agencies have \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/08/12/water-restrictions-meaning-of-mandatory-depends-on-where-you-live/\" target=\"_blank\">enacted mandatory conservation\u003c/a> and \"\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/07/11/drought-drives-hungry-bears-to-lake-tahoe/\" target=\"_blank\">drought bears\u003c/a>\" have even wandered into urban neighborhoods in search of food.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryDaily?ORO&d=13-Nov-2014+17:28&span=32days\" target=\"_blank\">Follow Lake Oroville reservoir level day by day\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>During this time, Lake Oroville, east of Chico in Butte County, has become a sort of drought poster child. It's the second-largest California reservoir after Lake Shasta, and the main reservoir for the State Water Project. Currently, the lake is \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryDaily?ORO&d=13-Nov-2014+17:28&span=32days\" target=\"_blank\">only 5 feet higher\u003c/a> than the record low recorded on Sept. 7, 1977 of 645 feet above sea level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED staff have visited the reservoir several times during the last 20 months. About 16 months ago, Lake Oroville was almost at 90 percent of capacity and the Department of Water Resources was freely releasing supplies. This year, \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/04/09/during-long-dry-summer-of-drought-nobody-wins/\" target=\"_blank\">managers cut deliveries\u003c/a> to virtually nothing, conserving as much of the reservoir supplies as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the three photos below, taken in March 2013 and April and November of this year, you can see just how low the lake's water level has dwindled to:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>March 27, 2013\u003c/strong>: Water surface elevation 860 feet above sea level; reservoir at 83 percent of capacity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10348505\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1440px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovillemarch2013.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-10348505 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovillemarch2013.jpg\" alt=\"orovillemarch2013\" width=\"1440\" height=\"853\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovillemarch2013.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovillemarch2013-400x236.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovillemarch2013-800x473.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1440px) 100vw, 1440px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Dan Brekke/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>April 5, 2014\u003c/strong>: Water surface elevation 759 feet above sea level; reservoir at 50 percent of capacity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10348504\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1440px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovilleapril2014.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-10348504\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovilleapril2014.jpg\" alt=\"(Dan Brekke/KQED)\" width=\"1440\" height=\"960\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovilleapril2014.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovilleapril2014-400x266.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovilleapril2014-800x533.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1440px) 100vw, 1440px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Dan Brekke/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>November 8, 2014\u003c/strong>: Water surface elevation 652 feet above sea level; resevoir at 26 percent of capacity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10348506\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1440px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovillenovember2014.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-10348506\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovillenovember2014.jpg\" alt=\"(Lisa Pickoff-White/KQED)\" width=\"1440\" height=\"960\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovillenovember2014.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovillenovember2014-400x266.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovillenovember2014-800x533.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1440px) 100vw, 1440px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Lisa Pickoff-White/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10348507\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/rappeling.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-10348507\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/rappeling-800x522.jpg\" alt=\"(Lisa Pickoff-White/KQED)\" width=\"800\" height=\"522\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/rappeling-800x522.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/rappeling-400x261.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/rappeling.jpg 1440w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Lisa Pickoff-White/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Currently the water levels are so low that people need to rappel down to their boats at Bidwell Marina. You can see the end of the normal dock above the parked cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lake will continue to drop until it rains. \u003ca href=\"http://www.chicoer.com/ci_26725954/lake-oroville-inches-closer-record-low?source=rss_viewed\" target=\"_blank\">Officials worry\u003c/a> that if water levels fall to 604 feet they may be unable to produce power from the lake.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Lake Oroville is only 5 feet away from its historic low in 1977.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>At the beginning of this year, Gov. Jerry Brown \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/01/16/california-drought-update-governor-jerry-brown-declaring-drought-emergency\" target=\"_blank\">declared a drought emergency\u003c/a> throughout California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, during the \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/09/30/californias-water-year-ends-as-third-driest-on-record/\" target=\"_blank\">third-driest water year\u003c/a> on record, towns have started to \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/08/20/drought-stricken-california-town-struggles-to-keep-the-water-flowing/\" target=\"_blank\">run out of water\u003c/a>, agencies have \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/08/12/water-restrictions-meaning-of-mandatory-depends-on-where-you-live/\" target=\"_blank\">enacted mandatory conservation\u003c/a> and \"\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/07/11/drought-drives-hungry-bears-to-lake-tahoe/\" target=\"_blank\">drought bears\u003c/a>\" have even wandered into urban neighborhoods in search of food.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryDaily?ORO&d=13-Nov-2014+17:28&span=32days\" target=\"_blank\">Follow Lake Oroville reservoir level day by day\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>During this time, Lake Oroville, east of Chico in Butte County, has become a sort of drought poster child. It's the second-largest California reservoir after Lake Shasta, and the main reservoir for the State Water Project. Currently, the lake is \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryDaily?ORO&d=13-Nov-2014+17:28&span=32days\" target=\"_blank\">only 5 feet higher\u003c/a> than the record low recorded on Sept. 7, 1977 of 645 feet above sea level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED staff have visited the reservoir several times during the last 20 months. About 16 months ago, Lake Oroville was almost at 90 percent of capacity and the Department of Water Resources was freely releasing supplies. This year, \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/04/09/during-long-dry-summer-of-drought-nobody-wins/\" target=\"_blank\">managers cut deliveries\u003c/a> to virtually nothing, conserving as much of the reservoir supplies as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the three photos below, taken in March 2013 and April and November of this year, you can see just how low the lake's water level has dwindled to:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>March 27, 2013\u003c/strong>: Water surface elevation 860 feet above sea level; reservoir at 83 percent of capacity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10348505\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1440px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovillemarch2013.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-10348505 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovillemarch2013.jpg\" alt=\"orovillemarch2013\" width=\"1440\" height=\"853\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovillemarch2013.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovillemarch2013-400x236.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovillemarch2013-800x473.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1440px) 100vw, 1440px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Dan Brekke/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>April 5, 2014\u003c/strong>: Water surface elevation 759 feet above sea level; reservoir at 50 percent of capacity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10348504\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1440px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovilleapril2014.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-10348504\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovilleapril2014.jpg\" alt=\"(Dan Brekke/KQED)\" width=\"1440\" height=\"960\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovilleapril2014.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovilleapril2014-400x266.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovilleapril2014-800x533.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1440px) 100vw, 1440px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Dan Brekke/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>November 8, 2014\u003c/strong>: Water surface elevation 652 feet above sea level; resevoir at 26 percent of capacity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10348506\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1440px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovillenovember2014.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-10348506\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovillenovember2014.jpg\" alt=\"(Lisa Pickoff-White/KQED)\" width=\"1440\" height=\"960\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovillenovember2014.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovillenovember2014-400x266.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovillenovember2014-800x533.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1440px) 100vw, 1440px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Lisa Pickoff-White/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10348507\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/rappeling.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-10348507\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/rappeling-800x522.jpg\" alt=\"(Lisa Pickoff-White/KQED)\" width=\"800\" height=\"522\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/rappeling-800x522.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/rappeling-400x261.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/rappeling.jpg 1440w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Lisa Pickoff-White/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Currently the water levels are so low that people need to rappel down to their boats at Bidwell Marina. You can see the end of the normal dock above the parked cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lake will continue to drop until it rains. \u003ca href=\"http://www.chicoer.com/ci_26725954/lake-oroville-inches-closer-record-low?source=rss_viewed\" target=\"_blank\">Officials worry\u003c/a> that if water levels fall to 604 feet they may be unable to produce power from the lake.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Study: Warming Climate Means More Lightning",
"headTitle": "Study: Warming Climate Means More Lightning | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23751\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 850px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/RS6281_SanFranciscoLightning5-scr.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/RS6281_SanFranciscoLightning5-scr.jpg\" alt=\"Lightning strikes the San Francisco Bay Area in summer 2013. (Steve Byrne/Steve Byrne Photography)\" width=\"850\" height=\"554\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23751\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lightning strikes the San Francisco Bay Area in summer 2013. (Steve Byrne/Steve Byrne Photography)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California’s warming climate is likely to mean a surge in lightning strikes, a development that would not bode well for fire season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new study suggests that the number of lightning strikes nationwide could jump 50 percent during this century, driven by rising temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Warm air can hold more water vapor than cool air,” explains \u003ca title=\"UCB - Romps\" href=\"http://romps.berkeley.edu/\">David Romps\u003c/a>, an atmospheric scientist whose team at UC Berkeley came up with \u003ca title=\"UCB - post\" href=\"http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2014/11/13/lightning-expected-to-increase-by-50-percent-with-global-warming/\">the new projections\u003c/a>, published this week in the journal \u003cem>Science\u003c/em>. “And as we warm the planet, we tend to get more water vapor in the atmosphere, and water vapor is the fuel for thunderstorms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Romps says every rise of about 2.5 degrees Fahrenheit should produce an 11 percent increase in ground strikes. His team came up with the projections using two key ingredients for lightning: precipitation and convection, the rising air that causes storm clouds to quickly pile up to enormous heights. Assuming average temperatures rise by 7 degrees during this century, he says warmer air will increase both, setting the stage for more electrical storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our hypothesis was that that product of precipitation and storm energy would be a good predictor for lightning, and it turns out to work very well,” says Romps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”UVvNEARAmnuHxV4NwdvZPfhxIVv7QylS”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The initial projection applies to the continental U.S. as a whole. Romps says his team will attempt to fine-tune its models to be able to make regional projections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As we don’t yet know the distribution of this increase, it could be that regions of the country that get a lot of lightning strikes today will get even more in the future,” Romps says, “or it could be that regions that get very few today will get much more than they’re used to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or both, presumably. The answer will be important fodder for those who plan and budget for California’s fire season. While most wildfires are caused by human activity, lightning is the spark for many big fires in Northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s reasonable to speculate that with a 50 percent increase in lightning strikes, we would get an increase in wildfire frequency,” says Romps. “But we haven’t yet done the work to figure out where geographically this increase occurs and when in the season it occurs, and that would be important to know, to really nail down what the increase in wildfire frequency would be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far this year, lightning has been listed as the cause in 446 wildfires in Northern California that came under the primary jurisdiction of the U.S. Forest Service (which tends to handle the more remote fires). Those fires burned more than 276,000 acres combined. According to CalFire, a “lightning siege” comprising thousands of strikes in July and August were responsible for the season’s largest fire, the 130,000-acre \u003ca title=\"KPCC FireTracker - Happy Camp\" href=\"http://firetracker.scpr.org/happy-camp-complex/\">Happy Camp Complex\u003c/a> in the Klamath National Forest.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Memo to firefighters: Modeling by Berkeley researchers suggests a 50 percent spike in ground strikes this century, like the strikes that started last season's largest wildfire in California.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23751\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 850px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/RS6281_SanFranciscoLightning5-scr.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/RS6281_SanFranciscoLightning5-scr.jpg\" alt=\"Lightning strikes the San Francisco Bay Area in summer 2013. (Steve Byrne/Steve Byrne Photography)\" width=\"850\" height=\"554\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23751\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lightning strikes the San Francisco Bay Area in summer 2013. (Steve Byrne/Steve Byrne Photography)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California’s warming climate is likely to mean a surge in lightning strikes, a development that would not bode well for fire season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new study suggests that the number of lightning strikes nationwide could jump 50 percent during this century, driven by rising temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Warm air can hold more water vapor than cool air,” explains \u003ca title=\"UCB - Romps\" href=\"http://romps.berkeley.edu/\">David Romps\u003c/a>, an atmospheric scientist whose team at UC Berkeley came up with \u003ca title=\"UCB - post\" href=\"http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2014/11/13/lightning-expected-to-increase-by-50-percent-with-global-warming/\">the new projections\u003c/a>, published this week in the journal \u003cem>Science\u003c/em>. “And as we warm the planet, we tend to get more water vapor in the atmosphere, and water vapor is the fuel for thunderstorms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Romps says every rise of about 2.5 degrees Fahrenheit should produce an 11 percent increase in ground strikes. His team came up with the projections using two key ingredients for lightning: precipitation and convection, the rising air that causes storm clouds to quickly pile up to enormous heights. Assuming average temperatures rise by 7 degrees during this century, he says warmer air will increase both, setting the stage for more electrical storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our hypothesis was that that product of precipitation and storm energy would be a good predictor for lightning, and it turns out to work very well,” says Romps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The initial projection applies to the continental U.S. as a whole. Romps says his team will attempt to fine-tune its models to be able to make regional projections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As we don’t yet know the distribution of this increase, it could be that regions of the country that get a lot of lightning strikes today will get even more in the future,” Romps says, “or it could be that regions that get very few today will get much more than they’re used to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or both, presumably. The answer will be important fodder for those who plan and budget for California’s fire season. While most wildfires are caused by human activity, lightning is the spark for many big fires in Northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s reasonable to speculate that with a 50 percent increase in lightning strikes, we would get an increase in wildfire frequency,” says Romps. “But we haven’t yet done the work to figure out where geographically this increase occurs and when in the season it occurs, and that would be important to know, to really nail down what the increase in wildfire frequency would be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far this year, lightning has been listed as the cause in 446 wildfires in Northern California that came under the primary jurisdiction of the U.S. Forest Service (which tends to handle the more remote fires). Those fires burned more than 276,000 acres combined. According to CalFire, a “lightning siege” comprising thousands of strikes in July and August were responsible for the season’s largest fire, the 130,000-acre \u003ca title=\"KPCC FireTracker - Happy Camp\" href=\"http://firetracker.scpr.org/happy-camp-complex/\">Happy Camp Complex\u003c/a> in the Klamath National Forest.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "U.S. and China Greenhouse Gas Deal: Landmark Move or More Hot Air?",
"headTitle": "U.S. and China Greenhouse Gas Deal: Landmark Move or More Hot Air? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23674\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/Obama-Jinping.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/Obama-Jinping.jpg\" alt=\"U.S. President Barack Obama looks on as Chinese President Xi Jinping speaks during a joint press conference in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on November 12, 2014. Obama began a one-day state visit after the closing of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit. (Greg Baker/AFP/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"837\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23674\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">U.S. President Barack Obama looks on as Chinese President Xi Jinping speaks during a joint press conference in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on November 12, 2014. Obama began a one-day state visit after the closing of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit. (Greg Baker/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The world woke up to excited buzz Wednesday announcing a tentative emission-cutting deal between the U.S. and China, the world’s worst two polluters that together account for almost half of all greenhouse gas emissions on the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The White House trumpteted the agreement that by 2025 would cut U.S. CO2 emissions by 26 to 28 percent from 2005 levels. For its part, China agreed to cap its growth in emissions by 2030 or earlier, and to increase the share of renewable fuels to 20 percent by 2030. The rest of the world today began wondering how, exactly, the non-binding pact would be realized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are at cross-purposes,” said former U.S. Security Official Jamie Metzl, speaking on KQED’s \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/radio/programs/forum/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Forum\u003c/a>\u003c/em> today. “President Obama and Xi Jinping are today saying that this climate pre-agreement — because nothing has been put down on paper — shows what’s possible when we work together. But at the same time, both countries are very aggressively working to advance their position relative to the other.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, Metzl said, the U.S. is moving forward with the Trans-Pacific Partnership, a trade agreement that doesn’t currently include China. And China is pursuing its own free trade agreements in the region, while building up its military presence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s scaring the bejesus, if that’s a San Francisco word, out of its neighbors — Japan, others in the South China Sea,” Metzl said. “And the U.S. is having its so-called pivot to Asia, where we’re talking about trade but also increasing our military presence in the region. So there’s a huge amount of competition and potential room for conflict, and there’s this other story of trying to find a means of cooperation. So climate change — this is certainly very positive, but it doesn’t erase the overall framework, which is one that’s quite concerning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The brinksmanship is also playing out domestically, with Republican leaders in the House and Senate decrying the climate deal as a “continuation of the president’s job-crushing policies” and an “unrealistic plan the president would dump on his successor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their ire is directed at the pace of emission reductions that would be required to reach the goal. The U.S. is currently aiming for a 17 percent reduction by 2020, a goal that will have taken 15 years. The deal with China calls for an additional reduction of 10 percent in five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From 2020 to 2025, for the United States to achieve the goals that the President put forward, we would need to double the pace of the reductions to greenhouse gas emissions that we’re currently on track to do,” L.A. Times reporter Neela Banerjee said on \u003cem>Forum\u003c/em>. “There’s going to be a political backlash, and it’ll probably take the form of legislation that will be introduced, lawsuits, and — like anything else that’s put forward by this administration — it’s somewhat of a gamble. Will it survive those challenges?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Banerjee said it’s not just Republicans who may try to stall the deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a lot of Democrats from fossil fuel states who may accept that climate change is happening,” she said. “They just don’t want to act on it anytime soon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the effort to reduce greenhouse gases also has allies, and Banerjee some may be found in big business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are more and more companies, including major Fortune 500 multinationals, that are seeing their bottom lines affected by climate change and by threats that are expected from climate change,” she said. “So they might find support in unexpected quarters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also a bit a of damper buried in the announcement for anyone celebrating the news as landmark international environmental progress on a subject that’s been intractable. That is, what will replace the coal plants currently generating energy, and pollution, in the two global powers?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In this ‘agreement,’ when [China] talks about going to 20 percent renewables by 2030, the only way they’re going to do that, it’s not by composting, it’s by nuclear,” Metzl said. “We’re also moving, shifting our energy use away from coal a little bit, and towards natural gas – fracking [hydraulic fracturing]. In China, nuclear’s a big part of this story. In the United States, fracking is a part of this story.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Listen to the \u003cem>Forum\u003c/em> segment below:\u003cbr>\n[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/176622110″ params=”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false” width=”100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true” /]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23674\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/Obama-Jinping.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/Obama-Jinping.jpg\" alt=\"U.S. President Barack Obama looks on as Chinese President Xi Jinping speaks during a joint press conference in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on November 12, 2014. Obama began a one-day state visit after the closing of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit. (Greg Baker/AFP/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"837\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23674\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">U.S. President Barack Obama looks on as Chinese President Xi Jinping speaks during a joint press conference in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on November 12, 2014. Obama began a one-day state visit after the closing of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit. (Greg Baker/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The world woke up to excited buzz Wednesday announcing a tentative emission-cutting deal between the U.S. and China, the world’s worst two polluters that together account for almost half of all greenhouse gas emissions on the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The White House trumpteted the agreement that by 2025 would cut U.S. CO2 emissions by 26 to 28 percent from 2005 levels. For its part, China agreed to cap its growth in emissions by 2030 or earlier, and to increase the share of renewable fuels to 20 percent by 2030. The rest of the world today began wondering how, exactly, the non-binding pact would be realized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are at cross-purposes,” said former U.S. Security Official Jamie Metzl, speaking on KQED’s \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/radio/programs/forum/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Forum\u003c/a>\u003c/em> today. “President Obama and Xi Jinping are today saying that this climate pre-agreement — because nothing has been put down on paper — shows what’s possible when we work together. But at the same time, both countries are very aggressively working to advance their position relative to the other.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, Metzl said, the U.S. is moving forward with the Trans-Pacific Partnership, a trade agreement that doesn’t currently include China. And China is pursuing its own free trade agreements in the region, while building up its military presence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s scaring the bejesus, if that’s a San Francisco word, out of its neighbors — Japan, others in the South China Sea,” Metzl said. “And the U.S. is having its so-called pivot to Asia, where we’re talking about trade but also increasing our military presence in the region. So there’s a huge amount of competition and potential room for conflict, and there’s this other story of trying to find a means of cooperation. So climate change — this is certainly very positive, but it doesn’t erase the overall framework, which is one that’s quite concerning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The brinksmanship is also playing out domestically, with Republican leaders in the House and Senate decrying the climate deal as a “continuation of the president’s job-crushing policies” and an “unrealistic plan the president would dump on his successor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their ire is directed at the pace of emission reductions that would be required to reach the goal. The U.S. is currently aiming for a 17 percent reduction by 2020, a goal that will have taken 15 years. The deal with China calls for an additional reduction of 10 percent in five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From 2020 to 2025, for the United States to achieve the goals that the President put forward, we would need to double the pace of the reductions to greenhouse gas emissions that we’re currently on track to do,” L.A. Times reporter Neela Banerjee said on \u003cem>Forum\u003c/em>. “There’s going to be a political backlash, and it’ll probably take the form of legislation that will be introduced, lawsuits, and — like anything else that’s put forward by this administration — it’s somewhat of a gamble. Will it survive those challenges?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Banerjee said it’s not just Republicans who may try to stall the deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a lot of Democrats from fossil fuel states who may accept that climate change is happening,” she said. “They just don’t want to act on it anytime soon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the effort to reduce greenhouse gases also has allies, and Banerjee some may be found in big business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are more and more companies, including major Fortune 500 multinationals, that are seeing their bottom lines affected by climate change and by threats that are expected from climate change,” she said. “So they might find support in unexpected quarters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also a bit a of damper buried in the announcement for anyone celebrating the news as landmark international environmental progress on a subject that’s been intractable. That is, what will replace the coal plants currently generating energy, and pollution, in the two global powers?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In this ‘agreement,’ when [China] talks about going to 20 percent renewables by 2030, the only way they’re going to do that, it’s not by composting, it’s by nuclear,” Metzl said. “We’re also moving, shifting our energy use away from coal a little bit, and towards natural gas – fracking [hydraulic fracturing]. In China, nuclear’s a big part of this story. In the United States, fracking is a part of this story.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Listen to the \u003cem>Forum\u003c/em> segment below:\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”166″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/176622110″&visual=true&”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false”'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/176622110″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Parched: California Wildlife Suffers in Drought",
"headTitle": "Parched: California Wildlife Suffers in Drought | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/11/20141110science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Daniel Potter\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23543\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2240px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/1-Giant-Garter-Snake.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23543\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/1-Giant-Garter-Snake.jpg\" alt=\"The giant garter snake is listed as a threatened species at the state and federal levels. It depends on water both to find meals and avoid becoming one. (Eric C. Hansen/CA Department of Fish and Wildlife)\" width=\"2240\" height=\"1680\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The giant garter snake is listed as a threatened species at the state and federal levels. It depends on water both to find meals and avoid becoming one. (Eric C. Hansen/CA Department of Fish and Wildlife)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As Californians look to the sky, fingers crossed for a wet winter, three brutally dry years are harming millions of animals that depend on rivers, streams and wetlands for survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They range from salmon and snakes, to birds that migrate from as far away as the Arctic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For untold millions of migrating ducks and geese, California wetlands serve as a crucial rest stop along a kind of freeway known as the \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/the-great-migration/\">Pacific Flyway\u003c/a>. Dave Shuford, senior biologist for \u003ca href=\"http://www.pointblue.org/\">Point Blue Conservation Science\u003c/a>, says irrigated farmlands are also crucial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve lost 90 percent of all the wetlands in California,” Shuford says, “and these birds used to depend on that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In places like the Sacramento Valley, rice farmers would normally \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/during-drought-pop-up-wetlands-give-birds-a-break/\">flood their fields\u003c/a> after the harvest to break down leftover stalks. But this year, both farmers and birds have been forced to deal with less.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We expect we’ll see fewer salmon out in the ocean in a few years.’\u003ccite>— John McManus, Golden Gate Salmon Association\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“They’re going to be concentrated in much smaller spaces, more likely to have disease transmission,” Shuford says, “and there’s also just less food resources for them for them to overwinter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already, an outbreak of \u003ca href=\"http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/10/1/the-battle-in-californiatosavewaterfowlfromendingupasdeadducks.html\">botulism\u003c/a> that officials say was exacerbated by drought has \u003ca href=\"http://www.oregonlive.com/environment/index.ssf/2014/08/botulism_kills_thousands_of_du.html\">killed thousands of ducks\u003c/a>, mostly mallards, near the Oregon border. A meager winter could also leave many birds frail as they head into next year’s breeding season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in the rivers and streams that lace the flyway, the drought could leave a dent in populations of salmon, according to John McManus, who heads the \u003ca href=\"http://goldengatesalmonassociation.com/\">Golden Gate Salmon Association\u003c/a>. That’s a coalition of fishermen, restaurants, businesses and tribes that rely on salmon for sustenance. McManus says more than 10,000 jobs in the state depend on salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He paints a dire picture: salmon eggs need cold water, ideally 56 degrees or less. But the lower flows coming down the streams this year have been heated by the sun to near-fatal temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many of the eggs that are laid in river gravels this year are not expected to survive,” McManus says. “We expect we’ll see fewer salmon out in the ocean in a few years, when these fish would be adults.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23545\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 260px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/2-Dave-Shuford-e1415403844985.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-23545\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/2-Dave-Shuford-e1415403844985.jpg\" alt=\"Dave Shuford, senior biologist at Point Blue Conservation Science, surveys migratory bird habitats along the Sacramento River. He says he sees a lot fewer birds because the drought has shrunk their habitat and food supply and made them more vulnerable to disease. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\" width=\"260\" height=\"347\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dave Shuford, senior biologist at Point Blue Conservation Science, surveys migratory bird habitats along the Sacramento River. He says he sees a lot fewer birds because the drought has shrunk their habitat and food supply and made them more vulnerable to disease. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Trickling streams have also been unusually clear and slow-moving this year. McManus says that’s a deadly combination for baby salmon trying to dodge predators en route to the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t have high flows that are moving them rapidly,” he says. “We have very slow flows that are clear as a bell and make these salmon targets of predatory fish.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental scientist Eric Kleinfelter, of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/\">California Department of Fish and Wildlife\u003c/a>, saw a die-off of other fish in a small pond at the Cosumnes River Preserve, south of Sacramento. Hiking through tall, bristly grass near the edge of a marsh, Kleinfelter says as water levels dropped, the pond “obviously had issues with low dissolved oxygen,” essentially suffocating the carp there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was pretty dramatic. I remember looking over at that dead tree in the distance there,” he says, pointing. “There were at least 25 vultures sitting in that tree, waiting for their morning meal of carp.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The preserve is also home to the giant garter snake, which is listed as a threatened species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At five feet long, it’s no anaconda, but it’s plenty big as garter snakes go. And it needs water — to find fish and frogs to eat, to hide from predators like coyotes and bobcats, and to help thermoregulate its cold-blooded body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re definitely dependent on water, which is what made this project so urgent,” Kleinfelter says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In late summer, to help protect the rare snake, state wildlife crews actually piped in water from a nearby well. Other animals also appreciated the $72,000 delivery service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There were birds that were using the water there,” Kleinfelter says. “You could see animal tracks coming up to the ditch and drinking out of the ditch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/daily/droughtwildlifeslider.html\" width=\"670\" height=\"300\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Before and after shots of the snake marsh at Cosumnes River Preserve, south of Sacramento, where water was pumped in from a nearby well to help protect the giant garter snake. (Eric Kleinfelter/CA Department of Fish and Wildlife)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stresses of the drought also extend to Point Reyes, where ranchers say \u003ca href=\"http://www.oregonlive.com/environment/index.ssf/2014/08/botulism_kills_thousands_of_du.html\">tule elk\u003c/a> are \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/science/article/Reintroduced-tule-elk-compete-with-cattle-on-5816969.php\">competing with their cattle\u003c/a> for the same rye grasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in some places, you can actually hear the drought. \u003ca href=\"http://www.wildsanctuary.com/\">Bioacoustician Bernie Krause\u003c/a> records animals in nature. For years, he’s taken audio snapshots at Sugarloaf Ridge State Park in Sonoma County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up until recently, Krause’s recordings featured dense layers of birdsong: white-crowned sparrows, juncos, towhees and woodpeckers, all with the steady hiss of a nearby creek underneath. But in his \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/10/16/listen-as-a-california-forest-grows-quiet-over-time/\">recording from this year\u003c/a>, the creek is absent, an uneasy silence punctuated by a few lonely chirps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In 2014, not only did the stream drop off,” Krause says, “but the bird density and diversity is way, way down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a stark decline, but the number and variety of birds were already dwindling, so Krause is reluctant to pin that solely on the dry weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers are still gathering data in the effort to assess the impact of the drought on wildlife — so far.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Birds, salmon and snakes depend on marshes and rivers for survival and migration, and to propagate the species. But many wildlife species are unable to find the water they need as the drought shrinks rivers and dries up wetlands.",
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"description": "Birds, salmon and snakes depend on marshes and rivers for survival and migration, and to propagate the species. But many wildlife species are unable to find the water they need as the drought shrinks rivers and dries up wetlands.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Daniel Potter\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23543\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2240px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/1-Giant-Garter-Snake.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23543\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/1-Giant-Garter-Snake.jpg\" alt=\"The giant garter snake is listed as a threatened species at the state and federal levels. It depends on water both to find meals and avoid becoming one. (Eric C. Hansen/CA Department of Fish and Wildlife)\" width=\"2240\" height=\"1680\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The giant garter snake is listed as a threatened species at the state and federal levels. It depends on water both to find meals and avoid becoming one. (Eric C. Hansen/CA Department of Fish and Wildlife)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As Californians look to the sky, fingers crossed for a wet winter, three brutally dry years are harming millions of animals that depend on rivers, streams and wetlands for survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They range from salmon and snakes, to birds that migrate from as far away as the Arctic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For untold millions of migrating ducks and geese, California wetlands serve as a crucial rest stop along a kind of freeway known as the \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/the-great-migration/\">Pacific Flyway\u003c/a>. Dave Shuford, senior biologist for \u003ca href=\"http://www.pointblue.org/\">Point Blue Conservation Science\u003c/a>, says irrigated farmlands are also crucial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve lost 90 percent of all the wetlands in California,” Shuford says, “and these birds used to depend on that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In places like the Sacramento Valley, rice farmers would normally \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/during-drought-pop-up-wetlands-give-birds-a-break/\">flood their fields\u003c/a> after the harvest to break down leftover stalks. But this year, both farmers and birds have been forced to deal with less.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We expect we’ll see fewer salmon out in the ocean in a few years.’\u003ccite>— John McManus, Golden Gate Salmon Association\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“They’re going to be concentrated in much smaller spaces, more likely to have disease transmission,” Shuford says, “and there’s also just less food resources for them for them to overwinter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already, an outbreak of \u003ca href=\"http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/10/1/the-battle-in-californiatosavewaterfowlfromendingupasdeadducks.html\">botulism\u003c/a> that officials say was exacerbated by drought has \u003ca href=\"http://www.oregonlive.com/environment/index.ssf/2014/08/botulism_kills_thousands_of_du.html\">killed thousands of ducks\u003c/a>, mostly mallards, near the Oregon border. A meager winter could also leave many birds frail as they head into next year’s breeding season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in the rivers and streams that lace the flyway, the drought could leave a dent in populations of salmon, according to John McManus, who heads the \u003ca href=\"http://goldengatesalmonassociation.com/\">Golden Gate Salmon Association\u003c/a>. That’s a coalition of fishermen, restaurants, businesses and tribes that rely on salmon for sustenance. McManus says more than 10,000 jobs in the state depend on salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He paints a dire picture: salmon eggs need cold water, ideally 56 degrees or less. But the lower flows coming down the streams this year have been heated by the sun to near-fatal temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many of the eggs that are laid in river gravels this year are not expected to survive,” McManus says. “We expect we’ll see fewer salmon out in the ocean in a few years, when these fish would be adults.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23545\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 260px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/2-Dave-Shuford-e1415403844985.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-23545\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/2-Dave-Shuford-e1415403844985.jpg\" alt=\"Dave Shuford, senior biologist at Point Blue Conservation Science, surveys migratory bird habitats along the Sacramento River. He says he sees a lot fewer birds because the drought has shrunk their habitat and food supply and made them more vulnerable to disease. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\" width=\"260\" height=\"347\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dave Shuford, senior biologist at Point Blue Conservation Science, surveys migratory bird habitats along the Sacramento River. He says he sees a lot fewer birds because the drought has shrunk their habitat and food supply and made them more vulnerable to disease. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Trickling streams have also been unusually clear and slow-moving this year. McManus says that’s a deadly combination for baby salmon trying to dodge predators en route to the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t have high flows that are moving them rapidly,” he says. “We have very slow flows that are clear as a bell and make these salmon targets of predatory fish.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental scientist Eric Kleinfelter, of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/\">California Department of Fish and Wildlife\u003c/a>, saw a die-off of other fish in a small pond at the Cosumnes River Preserve, south of Sacramento. Hiking through tall, bristly grass near the edge of a marsh, Kleinfelter says as water levels dropped, the pond “obviously had issues with low dissolved oxygen,” essentially suffocating the carp there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was pretty dramatic. I remember looking over at that dead tree in the distance there,” he says, pointing. “There were at least 25 vultures sitting in that tree, waiting for their morning meal of carp.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The preserve is also home to the giant garter snake, which is listed as a threatened species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At five feet long, it’s no anaconda, but it’s plenty big as garter snakes go. And it needs water — to find fish and frogs to eat, to hide from predators like coyotes and bobcats, and to help thermoregulate its cold-blooded body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re definitely dependent on water, which is what made this project so urgent,” Kleinfelter says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In late summer, to help protect the rare snake, state wildlife crews actually piped in water from a nearby well. Other animals also appreciated the $72,000 delivery service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There were birds that were using the water there,” Kleinfelter says. “You could see animal tracks coming up to the ditch and drinking out of the ditch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/daily/droughtwildlifeslider.html\" width=\"670\" height=\"300\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Before and after shots of the snake marsh at Cosumnes River Preserve, south of Sacramento, where water was pumped in from a nearby well to help protect the giant garter snake. (Eric Kleinfelter/CA Department of Fish and Wildlife)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stresses of the drought also extend to Point Reyes, where ranchers say \u003ca href=\"http://www.oregonlive.com/environment/index.ssf/2014/08/botulism_kills_thousands_of_du.html\">tule elk\u003c/a> are \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/science/article/Reintroduced-tule-elk-compete-with-cattle-on-5816969.php\">competing with their cattle\u003c/a> for the same rye grasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in some places, you can actually hear the drought. \u003ca href=\"http://www.wildsanctuary.com/\">Bioacoustician Bernie Krause\u003c/a> records animals in nature. For years, he’s taken audio snapshots at Sugarloaf Ridge State Park in Sonoma County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up until recently, Krause’s recordings featured dense layers of birdsong: white-crowned sparrows, juncos, towhees and woodpeckers, all with the steady hiss of a nearby creek underneath. But in his \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/10/16/listen-as-a-california-forest-grows-quiet-over-time/\">recording from this year\u003c/a>, the creek is absent, an uneasy silence punctuated by a few lonely chirps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In 2014, not only did the stream drop off,” Krause says, “but the bird density and diversity is way, way down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a stark decline, but the number and variety of birds were already dwindling, so Krause is reluctant to pin that solely on the dry weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers are still gathering data in the effort to assess the impact of the drought on wildlife — so far.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"meta": {
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
},
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},
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"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"meta": {
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
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},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
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"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
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"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
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"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
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},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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