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"disqusTitle": "Drought Photos: See Lake Oroville Fall Near Historic Low Over 20 Months",
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"content": "\u003cp>At the beginning of this year, Gov. Jerry Brown \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/01/16/california-drought-update-governor-jerry-brown-declaring-drought-emergency\" target=\"_blank\">declared a drought emergency\u003c/a> throughout California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, during the \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/09/30/californias-water-year-ends-as-third-driest-on-record/\" target=\"_blank\">third-driest water year\u003c/a> on record, towns have started to \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/08/20/drought-stricken-california-town-struggles-to-keep-the-water-flowing/\" target=\"_blank\">run out of water\u003c/a>, agencies have \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/08/12/water-restrictions-meaning-of-mandatory-depends-on-where-you-live/\" target=\"_blank\">enacted mandatory conservation\u003c/a> and \"\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/07/11/drought-drives-hungry-bears-to-lake-tahoe/\" target=\"_blank\">drought bears\u003c/a>\" have even wandered into urban neighborhoods in search of food.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryDaily?ORO&d=13-Nov-2014+17:28&span=32days\" target=\"_blank\">Follow Lake Oroville reservoir level day by day\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>During this time, Lake Oroville, east of Chico in Butte County, has become a sort of drought poster child. It's the second-largest California reservoir after Lake Shasta, and the main reservoir for the State Water Project. Currently, the lake is \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryDaily?ORO&d=13-Nov-2014+17:28&span=32days\" target=\"_blank\">only 5 feet higher\u003c/a> than the record low recorded on Sept. 7, 1977 of 645 feet above sea level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED staff have visited the reservoir several times during the last 20 months. About 16 months ago, Lake Oroville was almost at 90 percent of capacity and the Department of Water Resources was freely releasing supplies. This year, \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/04/09/during-long-dry-summer-of-drought-nobody-wins/\" target=\"_blank\">managers cut deliveries\u003c/a> to virtually nothing, conserving as much of the reservoir supplies as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the three photos below, taken in March 2013 and April and November of this year, you can see just how low the lake's water level has dwindled to:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>March 27, 2013\u003c/strong>: Water surface elevation 860 feet above sea level; reservoir at 83 percent of capacity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10348505\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1440px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovillemarch2013.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-10348505 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovillemarch2013.jpg\" alt=\"orovillemarch2013\" width=\"1440\" height=\"853\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovillemarch2013.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovillemarch2013-400x236.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovillemarch2013-800x473.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1440px) 100vw, 1440px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Dan Brekke/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>April 5, 2014\u003c/strong>: Water surface elevation 759 feet above sea level; reservoir at 50 percent of capacity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10348504\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1440px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovilleapril2014.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-10348504\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovilleapril2014.jpg\" alt=\"(Dan Brekke/KQED)\" width=\"1440\" height=\"960\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovilleapril2014.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovilleapril2014-400x266.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovilleapril2014-800x533.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1440px) 100vw, 1440px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Dan Brekke/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>November 8, 2014\u003c/strong>: Water surface elevation 652 feet above sea level; resevoir at 26 percent of capacity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10348506\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1440px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovillenovember2014.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-10348506\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovillenovember2014.jpg\" alt=\"(Lisa Pickoff-White/KQED)\" width=\"1440\" height=\"960\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovillenovember2014.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovillenovember2014-400x266.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovillenovember2014-800x533.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1440px) 100vw, 1440px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Lisa Pickoff-White/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10348507\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/rappeling.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-10348507\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/rappeling-800x522.jpg\" alt=\"(Lisa Pickoff-White/KQED)\" width=\"800\" height=\"522\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/rappeling-800x522.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/rappeling-400x261.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/rappeling.jpg 1440w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Lisa Pickoff-White/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Currently the water levels are so low that people need to rappel down to their boats at Bidwell Marina. You can see the end of the normal dock above the parked cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lake will continue to drop until it rains. \u003ca href=\"http://www.chicoer.com/ci_26725954/lake-oroville-inches-closer-record-low?source=rss_viewed\" target=\"_blank\">Officials worry\u003c/a> that if water levels fall to 604 feet they may be unable to produce power from the lake.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>At the beginning of this year, Gov. Jerry Brown \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/01/16/california-drought-update-governor-jerry-brown-declaring-drought-emergency\" target=\"_blank\">declared a drought emergency\u003c/a> throughout California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, during the \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/09/30/californias-water-year-ends-as-third-driest-on-record/\" target=\"_blank\">third-driest water year\u003c/a> on record, towns have started to \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/08/20/drought-stricken-california-town-struggles-to-keep-the-water-flowing/\" target=\"_blank\">run out of water\u003c/a>, agencies have \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/08/12/water-restrictions-meaning-of-mandatory-depends-on-where-you-live/\" target=\"_blank\">enacted mandatory conservation\u003c/a> and \"\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/07/11/drought-drives-hungry-bears-to-lake-tahoe/\" target=\"_blank\">drought bears\u003c/a>\" have even wandered into urban neighborhoods in search of food.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryDaily?ORO&d=13-Nov-2014+17:28&span=32days\" target=\"_blank\">Follow Lake Oroville reservoir level day by day\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>During this time, Lake Oroville, east of Chico in Butte County, has become a sort of drought poster child. It's the second-largest California reservoir after Lake Shasta, and the main reservoir for the State Water Project. Currently, the lake is \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryDaily?ORO&d=13-Nov-2014+17:28&span=32days\" target=\"_blank\">only 5 feet higher\u003c/a> than the record low recorded on Sept. 7, 1977 of 645 feet above sea level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED staff have visited the reservoir several times during the last 20 months. About 16 months ago, Lake Oroville was almost at 90 percent of capacity and the Department of Water Resources was freely releasing supplies. This year, \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/04/09/during-long-dry-summer-of-drought-nobody-wins/\" target=\"_blank\">managers cut deliveries\u003c/a> to virtually nothing, conserving as much of the reservoir supplies as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the three photos below, taken in March 2013 and April and November of this year, you can see just how low the lake's water level has dwindled to:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>March 27, 2013\u003c/strong>: Water surface elevation 860 feet above sea level; reservoir at 83 percent of capacity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10348505\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1440px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovillemarch2013.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-10348505 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovillemarch2013.jpg\" alt=\"orovillemarch2013\" width=\"1440\" height=\"853\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovillemarch2013.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovillemarch2013-400x236.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovillemarch2013-800x473.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1440px) 100vw, 1440px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Dan Brekke/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>April 5, 2014\u003c/strong>: Water surface elevation 759 feet above sea level; reservoir at 50 percent of capacity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10348504\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1440px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovilleapril2014.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-10348504\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovilleapril2014.jpg\" alt=\"(Dan Brekke/KQED)\" width=\"1440\" height=\"960\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovilleapril2014.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovilleapril2014-400x266.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovilleapril2014-800x533.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1440px) 100vw, 1440px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Dan Brekke/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>November 8, 2014\u003c/strong>: Water surface elevation 652 feet above sea level; resevoir at 26 percent of capacity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10348506\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1440px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovillenovember2014.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-10348506\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovillenovember2014.jpg\" alt=\"(Lisa Pickoff-White/KQED)\" width=\"1440\" height=\"960\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovillenovember2014.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovillenovember2014-400x266.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/orovillenovember2014-800x533.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1440px) 100vw, 1440px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Lisa Pickoff-White/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10348507\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/rappeling.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-10348507\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/rappeling-800x522.jpg\" alt=\"(Lisa Pickoff-White/KQED)\" width=\"800\" height=\"522\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/rappeling-800x522.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/rappeling-400x261.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/rappeling.jpg 1440w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Lisa Pickoff-White/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Currently the water levels are so low that people need to rappel down to their boats at Bidwell Marina. You can see the end of the normal dock above the parked cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lake will continue to drop until it rains. \u003ca href=\"http://www.chicoer.com/ci_26725954/lake-oroville-inches-closer-record-low?source=rss_viewed\" target=\"_blank\">Officials worry\u003c/a> that if water levels fall to 604 feet they may be unable to produce power from the lake.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Study: Warming Climate Means More Lightning",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23751\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 850px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/RS6281_SanFranciscoLightning5-scr.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/RS6281_SanFranciscoLightning5-scr.jpg\" alt=\"Lightning strikes the San Francisco Bay Area in summer 2013. (Steve Byrne/Steve Byrne Photography)\" width=\"850\" height=\"554\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23751\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lightning strikes the San Francisco Bay Area in summer 2013. (Steve Byrne/Steve Byrne Photography)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California’s warming climate is likely to mean a surge in lightning strikes, a development that would not bode well for fire season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new study suggests that the number of lightning strikes nationwide could jump 50 percent during this century, driven by rising temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Warm air can hold more water vapor than cool air,” explains \u003ca title=\"UCB - Romps\" href=\"http://romps.berkeley.edu/\">David Romps\u003c/a>, an atmospheric scientist whose team at UC Berkeley came up with \u003ca title=\"UCB - post\" href=\"http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2014/11/13/lightning-expected-to-increase-by-50-percent-with-global-warming/\">the new projections\u003c/a>, published this week in the journal \u003cem>Science\u003c/em>. “And as we warm the planet, we tend to get more water vapor in the atmosphere, and water vapor is the fuel for thunderstorms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Romps says every rise of about 2.5 degrees Fahrenheit should produce an 11 percent increase in ground strikes. His team came up with the projections using two key ingredients for lightning: precipitation and convection, the rising air that causes storm clouds to quickly pile up to enormous heights. Assuming average temperatures rise by 7 degrees during this century, he says warmer air will increase both, setting the stage for more electrical storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our hypothesis was that that product of precipitation and storm energy would be a good predictor for lightning, and it turns out to work very well,” says Romps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”UVvNEARAmnuHxV4NwdvZPfhxIVv7QylS”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The initial projection applies to the continental U.S. as a whole. Romps says his team will attempt to fine-tune its models to be able to make regional projections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As we don’t yet know the distribution of this increase, it could be that regions of the country that get a lot of lightning strikes today will get even more in the future,” Romps says, “or it could be that regions that get very few today will get much more than they’re used to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or both, presumably. The answer will be important fodder for those who plan and budget for California’s fire season. While most wildfires are caused by human activity, lightning is the spark for many big fires in Northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s reasonable to speculate that with a 50 percent increase in lightning strikes, we would get an increase in wildfire frequency,” says Romps. “But we haven’t yet done the work to figure out where geographically this increase occurs and when in the season it occurs, and that would be important to know, to really nail down what the increase in wildfire frequency would be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far this year, lightning has been listed as the cause in 446 wildfires in Northern California that came under the primary jurisdiction of the U.S. Forest Service (which tends to handle the more remote fires). Those fires burned more than 276,000 acres combined. According to CalFire, a “lightning siege” comprising thousands of strikes in July and August were responsible for the season’s largest fire, the 130,000-acre \u003ca title=\"KPCC FireTracker - Happy Camp\" href=\"http://firetracker.scpr.org/happy-camp-complex/\">Happy Camp Complex\u003c/a> in the Klamath National Forest.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23751\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 850px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/RS6281_SanFranciscoLightning5-scr.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/RS6281_SanFranciscoLightning5-scr.jpg\" alt=\"Lightning strikes the San Francisco Bay Area in summer 2013. (Steve Byrne/Steve Byrne Photography)\" width=\"850\" height=\"554\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23751\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lightning strikes the San Francisco Bay Area in summer 2013. (Steve Byrne/Steve Byrne Photography)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California’s warming climate is likely to mean a surge in lightning strikes, a development that would not bode well for fire season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new study suggests that the number of lightning strikes nationwide could jump 50 percent during this century, driven by rising temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Warm air can hold more water vapor than cool air,” explains \u003ca title=\"UCB - Romps\" href=\"http://romps.berkeley.edu/\">David Romps\u003c/a>, an atmospheric scientist whose team at UC Berkeley came up with \u003ca title=\"UCB - post\" href=\"http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2014/11/13/lightning-expected-to-increase-by-50-percent-with-global-warming/\">the new projections\u003c/a>, published this week in the journal \u003cem>Science\u003c/em>. “And as we warm the planet, we tend to get more water vapor in the atmosphere, and water vapor is the fuel for thunderstorms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Romps says every rise of about 2.5 degrees Fahrenheit should produce an 11 percent increase in ground strikes. His team came up with the projections using two key ingredients for lightning: precipitation and convection, the rising air that causes storm clouds to quickly pile up to enormous heights. Assuming average temperatures rise by 7 degrees during this century, he says warmer air will increase both, setting the stage for more electrical storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our hypothesis was that that product of precipitation and storm energy would be a good predictor for lightning, and it turns out to work very well,” says Romps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The initial projection applies to the continental U.S. as a whole. Romps says his team will attempt to fine-tune its models to be able to make regional projections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As we don’t yet know the distribution of this increase, it could be that regions of the country that get a lot of lightning strikes today will get even more in the future,” Romps says, “or it could be that regions that get very few today will get much more than they’re used to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or both, presumably. The answer will be important fodder for those who plan and budget for California’s fire season. While most wildfires are caused by human activity, lightning is the spark for many big fires in Northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s reasonable to speculate that with a 50 percent increase in lightning strikes, we would get an increase in wildfire frequency,” says Romps. “But we haven’t yet done the work to figure out where geographically this increase occurs and when in the season it occurs, and that would be important to know, to really nail down what the increase in wildfire frequency would be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far this year, lightning has been listed as the cause in 446 wildfires in Northern California that came under the primary jurisdiction of the U.S. Forest Service (which tends to handle the more remote fires). Those fires burned more than 276,000 acres combined. According to CalFire, a “lightning siege” comprising thousands of strikes in July and August were responsible for the season’s largest fire, the 130,000-acre \u003ca title=\"KPCC FireTracker - Happy Camp\" href=\"http://firetracker.scpr.org/happy-camp-complex/\">Happy Camp Complex\u003c/a> in the Klamath National Forest.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "U.S. and China Greenhouse Gas Deal: Landmark Move or More Hot Air?",
"headTitle": "U.S. and China Greenhouse Gas Deal: Landmark Move or More Hot Air? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23674\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/Obama-Jinping.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/Obama-Jinping.jpg\" alt=\"U.S. President Barack Obama looks on as Chinese President Xi Jinping speaks during a joint press conference in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on November 12, 2014. Obama began a one-day state visit after the closing of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit. (Greg Baker/AFP/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"837\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23674\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">U.S. President Barack Obama looks on as Chinese President Xi Jinping speaks during a joint press conference in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on November 12, 2014. Obama began a one-day state visit after the closing of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit. (Greg Baker/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The world woke up to excited buzz Wednesday announcing a tentative emission-cutting deal between the U.S. and China, the world’s worst two polluters that together account for almost half of all greenhouse gas emissions on the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The White House trumpteted the agreement that by 2025 would cut U.S. CO2 emissions by 26 to 28 percent from 2005 levels. For its part, China agreed to cap its growth in emissions by 2030 or earlier, and to increase the share of renewable fuels to 20 percent by 2030. The rest of the world today began wondering how, exactly, the non-binding pact would be realized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are at cross-purposes,” said former U.S. Security Official Jamie Metzl, speaking on KQED’s \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/radio/programs/forum/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Forum\u003c/a>\u003c/em> today. “President Obama and Xi Jinping are today saying that this climate pre-agreement — because nothing has been put down on paper — shows what’s possible when we work together. But at the same time, both countries are very aggressively working to advance their position relative to the other.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, Metzl said, the U.S. is moving forward with the Trans-Pacific Partnership, a trade agreement that doesn’t currently include China. And China is pursuing its own free trade agreements in the region, while building up its military presence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s scaring the bejesus, if that’s a San Francisco word, out of its neighbors — Japan, others in the South China Sea,” Metzl said. “And the U.S. is having its so-called pivot to Asia, where we’re talking about trade but also increasing our military presence in the region. So there’s a huge amount of competition and potential room for conflict, and there’s this other story of trying to find a means of cooperation. So climate change — this is certainly very positive, but it doesn’t erase the overall framework, which is one that’s quite concerning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The brinksmanship is also playing out domestically, with Republican leaders in the House and Senate decrying the climate deal as a “continuation of the president’s job-crushing policies” and an “unrealistic plan the president would dump on his successor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their ire is directed at the pace of emission reductions that would be required to reach the goal. The U.S. is currently aiming for a 17 percent reduction by 2020, a goal that will have taken 15 years. The deal with China calls for an additional reduction of 10 percent in five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From 2020 to 2025, for the United States to achieve the goals that the President put forward, we would need to double the pace of the reductions to greenhouse gas emissions that we’re currently on track to do,” L.A. Times reporter Neela Banerjee said on \u003cem>Forum\u003c/em>. “There’s going to be a political backlash, and it’ll probably take the form of legislation that will be introduced, lawsuits, and — like anything else that’s put forward by this administration — it’s somewhat of a gamble. Will it survive those challenges?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Banerjee said it’s not just Republicans who may try to stall the deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a lot of Democrats from fossil fuel states who may accept that climate change is happening,” she said. “They just don’t want to act on it anytime soon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the effort to reduce greenhouse gases also has allies, and Banerjee some may be found in big business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are more and more companies, including major Fortune 500 multinationals, that are seeing their bottom lines affected by climate change and by threats that are expected from climate change,” she said. “So they might find support in unexpected quarters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also a bit a of damper buried in the announcement for anyone celebrating the news as landmark international environmental progress on a subject that’s been intractable. That is, what will replace the coal plants currently generating energy, and pollution, in the two global powers?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In this ‘agreement,’ when [China] talks about going to 20 percent renewables by 2030, the only way they’re going to do that, it’s not by composting, it’s by nuclear,” Metzl said. “We’re also moving, shifting our energy use away from coal a little bit, and towards natural gas – fracking [hydraulic fracturing]. In China, nuclear’s a big part of this story. In the United States, fracking is a part of this story.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Listen to the \u003cem>Forum\u003c/em> segment below:\u003cbr>\n[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/176622110″ params=”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false” width=”100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true” /]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23674\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/Obama-Jinping.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/Obama-Jinping.jpg\" alt=\"U.S. President Barack Obama looks on as Chinese President Xi Jinping speaks during a joint press conference in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on November 12, 2014. Obama began a one-day state visit after the closing of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit. (Greg Baker/AFP/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"837\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23674\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">U.S. President Barack Obama looks on as Chinese President Xi Jinping speaks during a joint press conference in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on November 12, 2014. Obama began a one-day state visit after the closing of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit. (Greg Baker/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The world woke up to excited buzz Wednesday announcing a tentative emission-cutting deal between the U.S. and China, the world’s worst two polluters that together account for almost half of all greenhouse gas emissions on the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The White House trumpteted the agreement that by 2025 would cut U.S. CO2 emissions by 26 to 28 percent from 2005 levels. For its part, China agreed to cap its growth in emissions by 2030 or earlier, and to increase the share of renewable fuels to 20 percent by 2030. The rest of the world today began wondering how, exactly, the non-binding pact would be realized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are at cross-purposes,” said former U.S. Security Official Jamie Metzl, speaking on KQED’s \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/radio/programs/forum/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Forum\u003c/a>\u003c/em> today. “President Obama and Xi Jinping are today saying that this climate pre-agreement — because nothing has been put down on paper — shows what’s possible when we work together. But at the same time, both countries are very aggressively working to advance their position relative to the other.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, Metzl said, the U.S. is moving forward with the Trans-Pacific Partnership, a trade agreement that doesn’t currently include China. And China is pursuing its own free trade agreements in the region, while building up its military presence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s scaring the bejesus, if that’s a San Francisco word, out of its neighbors — Japan, others in the South China Sea,” Metzl said. “And the U.S. is having its so-called pivot to Asia, where we’re talking about trade but also increasing our military presence in the region. So there’s a huge amount of competition and potential room for conflict, and there’s this other story of trying to find a means of cooperation. So climate change — this is certainly very positive, but it doesn’t erase the overall framework, which is one that’s quite concerning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The brinksmanship is also playing out domestically, with Republican leaders in the House and Senate decrying the climate deal as a “continuation of the president’s job-crushing policies” and an “unrealistic plan the president would dump on his successor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their ire is directed at the pace of emission reductions that would be required to reach the goal. The U.S. is currently aiming for a 17 percent reduction by 2020, a goal that will have taken 15 years. The deal with China calls for an additional reduction of 10 percent in five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From 2020 to 2025, for the United States to achieve the goals that the President put forward, we would need to double the pace of the reductions to greenhouse gas emissions that we’re currently on track to do,” L.A. Times reporter Neela Banerjee said on \u003cem>Forum\u003c/em>. “There’s going to be a political backlash, and it’ll probably take the form of legislation that will be introduced, lawsuits, and — like anything else that’s put forward by this administration — it’s somewhat of a gamble. Will it survive those challenges?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Banerjee said it’s not just Republicans who may try to stall the deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a lot of Democrats from fossil fuel states who may accept that climate change is happening,” she said. “They just don’t want to act on it anytime soon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the effort to reduce greenhouse gases also has allies, and Banerjee some may be found in big business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are more and more companies, including major Fortune 500 multinationals, that are seeing their bottom lines affected by climate change and by threats that are expected from climate change,” she said. “So they might find support in unexpected quarters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also a bit a of damper buried in the announcement for anyone celebrating the news as landmark international environmental progress on a subject that’s been intractable. That is, what will replace the coal plants currently generating energy, and pollution, in the two global powers?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In this ‘agreement,’ when [China] talks about going to 20 percent renewables by 2030, the only way they’re going to do that, it’s not by composting, it’s by nuclear,” Metzl said. “We’re also moving, shifting our energy use away from coal a little bit, and towards natural gas – fracking [hydraulic fracturing]. In China, nuclear’s a big part of this story. In the United States, fracking is a part of this story.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Listen to the \u003cem>Forum\u003c/em> segment below:\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”166″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/176622110″&visual=true&”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false”'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/176622110″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Parched: California Wildlife Suffers in Drought",
"headTitle": "Parched: California Wildlife Suffers in Drought | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/11/20141110science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Daniel Potter\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23543\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2240px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/1-Giant-Garter-Snake.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23543\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/1-Giant-Garter-Snake.jpg\" alt=\"The giant garter snake is listed as a threatened species at the state and federal levels. It depends on water both to find meals and avoid becoming one. (Eric C. Hansen/CA Department of Fish and Wildlife)\" width=\"2240\" height=\"1680\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The giant garter snake is listed as a threatened species at the state and federal levels. It depends on water both to find meals and avoid becoming one. (Eric C. Hansen/CA Department of Fish and Wildlife)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As Californians look to the sky, fingers crossed for a wet winter, three brutally dry years are harming millions of animals that depend on rivers, streams and wetlands for survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They range from salmon and snakes, to birds that migrate from as far away as the Arctic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For untold millions of migrating ducks and geese, California wetlands serve as a crucial rest stop along a kind of freeway known as the \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/the-great-migration/\">Pacific Flyway\u003c/a>. Dave Shuford, senior biologist for \u003ca href=\"http://www.pointblue.org/\">Point Blue Conservation Science\u003c/a>, says irrigated farmlands are also crucial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve lost 90 percent of all the wetlands in California,” Shuford says, “and these birds used to depend on that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In places like the Sacramento Valley, rice farmers would normally \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/during-drought-pop-up-wetlands-give-birds-a-break/\">flood their fields\u003c/a> after the harvest to break down leftover stalks. But this year, both farmers and birds have been forced to deal with less.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We expect we’ll see fewer salmon out in the ocean in a few years.’\u003ccite>— John McManus, Golden Gate Salmon Association\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“They’re going to be concentrated in much smaller spaces, more likely to have disease transmission,” Shuford says, “and there’s also just less food resources for them for them to overwinter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already, an outbreak of \u003ca href=\"http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/10/1/the-battle-in-californiatosavewaterfowlfromendingupasdeadducks.html\">botulism\u003c/a> that officials say was exacerbated by drought has \u003ca href=\"http://www.oregonlive.com/environment/index.ssf/2014/08/botulism_kills_thousands_of_du.html\">killed thousands of ducks\u003c/a>, mostly mallards, near the Oregon border. A meager winter could also leave many birds frail as they head into next year’s breeding season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in the rivers and streams that lace the flyway, the drought could leave a dent in populations of salmon, according to John McManus, who heads the \u003ca href=\"http://goldengatesalmonassociation.com/\">Golden Gate Salmon Association\u003c/a>. That’s a coalition of fishermen, restaurants, businesses and tribes that rely on salmon for sustenance. McManus says more than 10,000 jobs in the state depend on salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He paints a dire picture: salmon eggs need cold water, ideally 56 degrees or less. But the lower flows coming down the streams this year have been heated by the sun to near-fatal temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many of the eggs that are laid in river gravels this year are not expected to survive,” McManus says. “We expect we’ll see fewer salmon out in the ocean in a few years, when these fish would be adults.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23545\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 260px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/2-Dave-Shuford-e1415403844985.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-23545\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/2-Dave-Shuford-e1415403844985.jpg\" alt=\"Dave Shuford, senior biologist at Point Blue Conservation Science, surveys migratory bird habitats along the Sacramento River. He says he sees a lot fewer birds because the drought has shrunk their habitat and food supply and made them more vulnerable to disease. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\" width=\"260\" height=\"347\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dave Shuford, senior biologist at Point Blue Conservation Science, surveys migratory bird habitats along the Sacramento River. He says he sees a lot fewer birds because the drought has shrunk their habitat and food supply and made them more vulnerable to disease. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Trickling streams have also been unusually clear and slow-moving this year. McManus says that’s a deadly combination for baby salmon trying to dodge predators en route to the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t have high flows that are moving them rapidly,” he says. “We have very slow flows that are clear as a bell and make these salmon targets of predatory fish.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental scientist Eric Kleinfelter, of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/\">California Department of Fish and Wildlife\u003c/a>, saw a die-off of other fish in a small pond at the Cosumnes River Preserve, south of Sacramento. Hiking through tall, bristly grass near the edge of a marsh, Kleinfelter says as water levels dropped, the pond “obviously had issues with low dissolved oxygen,” essentially suffocating the carp there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was pretty dramatic. I remember looking over at that dead tree in the distance there,” he says, pointing. “There were at least 25 vultures sitting in that tree, waiting for their morning meal of carp.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The preserve is also home to the giant garter snake, which is listed as a threatened species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At five feet long, it’s no anaconda, but it’s plenty big as garter snakes go. And it needs water — to find fish and frogs to eat, to hide from predators like coyotes and bobcats, and to help thermoregulate its cold-blooded body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re definitely dependent on water, which is what made this project so urgent,” Kleinfelter says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In late summer, to help protect the rare snake, state wildlife crews actually piped in water from a nearby well. Other animals also appreciated the $72,000 delivery service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There were birds that were using the water there,” Kleinfelter says. “You could see animal tracks coming up to the ditch and drinking out of the ditch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/daily/droughtwildlifeslider.html\" width=\"670\" height=\"300\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Before and after shots of the snake marsh at Cosumnes River Preserve, south of Sacramento, where water was pumped in from a nearby well to help protect the giant garter snake. (Eric Kleinfelter/CA Department of Fish and Wildlife)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stresses of the drought also extend to Point Reyes, where ranchers say \u003ca href=\"http://www.oregonlive.com/environment/index.ssf/2014/08/botulism_kills_thousands_of_du.html\">tule elk\u003c/a> are \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/science/article/Reintroduced-tule-elk-compete-with-cattle-on-5816969.php\">competing with their cattle\u003c/a> for the same rye grasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in some places, you can actually hear the drought. \u003ca href=\"http://www.wildsanctuary.com/\">Bioacoustician Bernie Krause\u003c/a> records animals in nature. For years, he’s taken audio snapshots at Sugarloaf Ridge State Park in Sonoma County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up until recently, Krause’s recordings featured dense layers of birdsong: white-crowned sparrows, juncos, towhees and woodpeckers, all with the steady hiss of a nearby creek underneath. But in his \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/10/16/listen-as-a-california-forest-grows-quiet-over-time/\">recording from this year\u003c/a>, the creek is absent, an uneasy silence punctuated by a few lonely chirps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In 2014, not only did the stream drop off,” Krause says, “but the bird density and diversity is way, way down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a stark decline, but the number and variety of birds were already dwindling, so Krause is reluctant to pin that solely on the dry weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers are still gathering data in the effort to assess the impact of the drought on wildlife — so far.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Birds, salmon and snakes depend on marshes and rivers for survival and migration, and to propagate the species. But many wildlife species are unable to find the water they need as the drought shrinks rivers and dries up wetlands.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Daniel Potter\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23543\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2240px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/1-Giant-Garter-Snake.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23543\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/1-Giant-Garter-Snake.jpg\" alt=\"The giant garter snake is listed as a threatened species at the state and federal levels. It depends on water both to find meals and avoid becoming one. (Eric C. Hansen/CA Department of Fish and Wildlife)\" width=\"2240\" height=\"1680\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The giant garter snake is listed as a threatened species at the state and federal levels. It depends on water both to find meals and avoid becoming one. (Eric C. Hansen/CA Department of Fish and Wildlife)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As Californians look to the sky, fingers crossed for a wet winter, three brutally dry years are harming millions of animals that depend on rivers, streams and wetlands for survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They range from salmon and snakes, to birds that migrate from as far away as the Arctic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For untold millions of migrating ducks and geese, California wetlands serve as a crucial rest stop along a kind of freeway known as the \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/the-great-migration/\">Pacific Flyway\u003c/a>. Dave Shuford, senior biologist for \u003ca href=\"http://www.pointblue.org/\">Point Blue Conservation Science\u003c/a>, says irrigated farmlands are also crucial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve lost 90 percent of all the wetlands in California,” Shuford says, “and these birds used to depend on that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In places like the Sacramento Valley, rice farmers would normally \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/during-drought-pop-up-wetlands-give-birds-a-break/\">flood their fields\u003c/a> after the harvest to break down leftover stalks. But this year, both farmers and birds have been forced to deal with less.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We expect we’ll see fewer salmon out in the ocean in a few years.’\u003ccite>— John McManus, Golden Gate Salmon Association\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“They’re going to be concentrated in much smaller spaces, more likely to have disease transmission,” Shuford says, “and there’s also just less food resources for them for them to overwinter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already, an outbreak of \u003ca href=\"http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/10/1/the-battle-in-californiatosavewaterfowlfromendingupasdeadducks.html\">botulism\u003c/a> that officials say was exacerbated by drought has \u003ca href=\"http://www.oregonlive.com/environment/index.ssf/2014/08/botulism_kills_thousands_of_du.html\">killed thousands of ducks\u003c/a>, mostly mallards, near the Oregon border. A meager winter could also leave many birds frail as they head into next year’s breeding season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in the rivers and streams that lace the flyway, the drought could leave a dent in populations of salmon, according to John McManus, who heads the \u003ca href=\"http://goldengatesalmonassociation.com/\">Golden Gate Salmon Association\u003c/a>. That’s a coalition of fishermen, restaurants, businesses and tribes that rely on salmon for sustenance. McManus says more than 10,000 jobs in the state depend on salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He paints a dire picture: salmon eggs need cold water, ideally 56 degrees or less. But the lower flows coming down the streams this year have been heated by the sun to near-fatal temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many of the eggs that are laid in river gravels this year are not expected to survive,” McManus says. “We expect we’ll see fewer salmon out in the ocean in a few years, when these fish would be adults.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23545\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 260px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/2-Dave-Shuford-e1415403844985.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-23545\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/2-Dave-Shuford-e1415403844985.jpg\" alt=\"Dave Shuford, senior biologist at Point Blue Conservation Science, surveys migratory bird habitats along the Sacramento River. He says he sees a lot fewer birds because the drought has shrunk their habitat and food supply and made them more vulnerable to disease. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\" width=\"260\" height=\"347\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dave Shuford, senior biologist at Point Blue Conservation Science, surveys migratory bird habitats along the Sacramento River. He says he sees a lot fewer birds because the drought has shrunk their habitat and food supply and made them more vulnerable to disease. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Trickling streams have also been unusually clear and slow-moving this year. McManus says that’s a deadly combination for baby salmon trying to dodge predators en route to the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t have high flows that are moving them rapidly,” he says. “We have very slow flows that are clear as a bell and make these salmon targets of predatory fish.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental scientist Eric Kleinfelter, of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/\">California Department of Fish and Wildlife\u003c/a>, saw a die-off of other fish in a small pond at the Cosumnes River Preserve, south of Sacramento. Hiking through tall, bristly grass near the edge of a marsh, Kleinfelter says as water levels dropped, the pond “obviously had issues with low dissolved oxygen,” essentially suffocating the carp there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was pretty dramatic. I remember looking over at that dead tree in the distance there,” he says, pointing. “There were at least 25 vultures sitting in that tree, waiting for their morning meal of carp.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The preserve is also home to the giant garter snake, which is listed as a threatened species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At five feet long, it’s no anaconda, but it’s plenty big as garter snakes go. And it needs water — to find fish and frogs to eat, to hide from predators like coyotes and bobcats, and to help thermoregulate its cold-blooded body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re definitely dependent on water, which is what made this project so urgent,” Kleinfelter says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In late summer, to help protect the rare snake, state wildlife crews actually piped in water from a nearby well. Other animals also appreciated the $72,000 delivery service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There were birds that were using the water there,” Kleinfelter says. “You could see animal tracks coming up to the ditch and drinking out of the ditch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/daily/droughtwildlifeslider.html\" width=\"670\" height=\"300\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Before and after shots of the snake marsh at Cosumnes River Preserve, south of Sacramento, where water was pumped in from a nearby well to help protect the giant garter snake. (Eric Kleinfelter/CA Department of Fish and Wildlife)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stresses of the drought also extend to Point Reyes, where ranchers say \u003ca href=\"http://www.oregonlive.com/environment/index.ssf/2014/08/botulism_kills_thousands_of_du.html\">tule elk\u003c/a> are \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/science/article/Reintroduced-tule-elk-compete-with-cattle-on-5816969.php\">competing with their cattle\u003c/a> for the same rye grasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in some places, you can actually hear the drought. \u003ca href=\"http://www.wildsanctuary.com/\">Bioacoustician Bernie Krause\u003c/a> records animals in nature. For years, he’s taken audio snapshots at Sugarloaf Ridge State Park in Sonoma County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up until recently, Krause’s recordings featured dense layers of birdsong: white-crowned sparrows, juncos, towhees and woodpeckers, all with the steady hiss of a nearby creek underneath. But in his \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/10/16/listen-as-a-california-forest-grows-quiet-over-time/\">recording from this year\u003c/a>, the creek is absent, an uneasy silence punctuated by a few lonely chirps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In 2014, not only did the stream drop off,” Krause says, “but the bird density and diversity is way, way down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a stark decline, but the number and variety of birds were already dwindling, so Krause is reluctant to pin that solely on the dry weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers are still gathering data in the effort to assess the impact of the drought on wildlife — so far.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Bay Area's Coal Mining History at the Black Diamond Mines Regional Preserve",
"headTitle": "Bay Area’s Coal Mining History at the Black Diamond Mines Regional Preserve | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23432\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/photo-11-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-23432\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/photo-11-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"A chunk of petrified wood shows evidence of transformation into coal at Black Diamond Mines Regional Preserve. (Sharol Nelson-Embry)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A chunk of petrified wood shows evidence of transformation into coal at Black Diamond Mines Regional Preserve. (Sharol Nelson-Embry)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last week, the United Nations released a sobering \u003ca title=\"United Nations Global Climate Change Report, New York Times Article\" href=\"http://mobile.nytimes.com/2014/11/03/world/europe/global-warming-un-intergovernmental-panel-on-climate-change.html?_r=0&referrer=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report on global climate change\u003c/a>, warning that the continuing buildup of greenhouse gases poses “severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems.” I considered this as I visited the site of one of the Bay Area’s last coal mines that has been closed since 1906. \u003ca title=\"Black Diamond Mines Regional Preserve, EBRPD\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/black_diamond\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Black Diamond Mines Regional Preserve\u003c/a> features a landscape of steep sandstone hills, chaparral and grassland, with remnants of old coal and sandstone mines pocketing its surface, though all known entrances are sealed or monitored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23433\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 121px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/photo-21-121x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-23433\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/photo-21-121x162.jpg\" alt=\"Our tour group pauses on the way into the sandstone mine to tour the underground workings. (Sharol Nelson-Embry)\" width=\"121\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Our tour group pauses on the way into the sandstone mine to tour the underground workings. (Sharol Nelson-Embry)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Coal was the fuel that powered the Industrial Revolution. Formed from plants primarily in swamps and bogs, where the plants die and then are altered into coal in the pressurized environment beneath the Earth’s surface. In the tour of Black Diamond, we found petrified wood with coal pockets on some of its surfaces, caught partway through the transformation process. The coal fields around Mount Diablo were discovered in 1855. During its heyday, the area had 12 mines that supported thousands of miners and their families from around the world in five town sites. Four million tons of sub-bituminous and lignite coal was extracted from the Mount Diablo coal fields until the quantity, price and quality was overtaken by a larger operation with higher-quality anthracite coal from Washington State. The townsites were abandoned and houses moved when the mines closed around 1906. The only remnants are the old cemetery on the hillside, non-native trees brought by the miners and grey piles of mine tailings. There were other coal mines in California around the same time, in \u003ca title=\"Tesla Coal Mines\" href=\"http://www.teslacoalmines.org/Tesla.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tesla\u003c/a> near Livermore, and in \u003ca title=\"Ione Coal Mines\" href=\"http://amadorgold.net/tours/mines/ionecoal/ionecoal.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ione\u003c/a> (Amador County).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23434\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 216px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/photo-216x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-23434\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/photo-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"The old coalmine intersects the sandstone mine evidenced by the black seams with some redwood timbers embedded in the six inch tall ribbon of coal. Coal mines were small, oftentimes only about 3 feet tall and oftentimes worked by young children before labor laws mandated against such practices. (Sharol Nelson-Embry)\" width=\"216\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The old coalmine intersects the sandstone mine, evidenced by the black seams with some redwood timbers embedded in the six inch tall ribbon of coal. Coal mines were small, oftentimes only about 3 feet tall and oftentimes worked by young children before labor laws mandated against such practices. (Sharol Nelson-Embry)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Worldwide, coal accounts for a growing percentage of global energy needs, about 30%, especially in developing countries. The United States ranks number two behind China in coal usage, primarily for electricity production. In comparison to the rest of the U.S., California has only about ten coal production plants, which accounts for less than 1% of the states energy usage. Strict regulations for air quality standards and more plentiful natural gas, hydro power and alternative sources help to meet California’s energy needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can visit Black Diamond Mines through November to get an underground mine tour, otherwise you’ll have to wait until February when the tours resume for the season. More information about the weekend public tours is available on the \u003ca title=\"Black Diamond Mines, EBRPD\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/black_diamond\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">East Bay Regional Parks website\u003c/a>. The guided tour takes you through the workings of a sandstone mine that operated from 1920-45. The coal mines, collapsed when they were abandoned, can be seen underground where they intersect with the newer sandstone mine. Within the park, visitors can also explore the Prospect Tunnel for 200 feet on their own – bring a flashlight. Though California is one of the most energy efficient states –- 40% less electricity use than the average American according to \u003ca title=\"Sourcewatch.org website\" href=\"http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=California_and_coal%20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sourcewatch\u003c/a> — you can also consider what else you can do to help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and help halt climate change. Check the \u003ca title=\"EPA Climate Change website\" href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Protection Agency’s website\u003c/a> to find additional actions you can take to help the planet and ourselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "One-third of the world's energy use relies on the greenhouse gas-producing coal, and the United Nations released a sobering report last week about its ongoing impact on global climate change. Find out about the Bay Area's own legacy with this fuel source.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23432\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/photo-11-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-23432\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/photo-11-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"A chunk of petrified wood shows evidence of transformation into coal at Black Diamond Mines Regional Preserve. (Sharol Nelson-Embry)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A chunk of petrified wood shows evidence of transformation into coal at Black Diamond Mines Regional Preserve. (Sharol Nelson-Embry)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last week, the United Nations released a sobering \u003ca title=\"United Nations Global Climate Change Report, New York Times Article\" href=\"http://mobile.nytimes.com/2014/11/03/world/europe/global-warming-un-intergovernmental-panel-on-climate-change.html?_r=0&referrer=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report on global climate change\u003c/a>, warning that the continuing buildup of greenhouse gases poses “severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems.” I considered this as I visited the site of one of the Bay Area’s last coal mines that has been closed since 1906. \u003ca title=\"Black Diamond Mines Regional Preserve, EBRPD\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/black_diamond\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Black Diamond Mines Regional Preserve\u003c/a> features a landscape of steep sandstone hills, chaparral and grassland, with remnants of old coal and sandstone mines pocketing its surface, though all known entrances are sealed or monitored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23433\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 121px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/photo-21-121x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-23433\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/photo-21-121x162.jpg\" alt=\"Our tour group pauses on the way into the sandstone mine to tour the underground workings. (Sharol Nelson-Embry)\" width=\"121\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Our tour group pauses on the way into the sandstone mine to tour the underground workings. (Sharol Nelson-Embry)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Coal was the fuel that powered the Industrial Revolution. Formed from plants primarily in swamps and bogs, where the plants die and then are altered into coal in the pressurized environment beneath the Earth’s surface. In the tour of Black Diamond, we found petrified wood with coal pockets on some of its surfaces, caught partway through the transformation process. The coal fields around Mount Diablo were discovered in 1855. During its heyday, the area had 12 mines that supported thousands of miners and their families from around the world in five town sites. Four million tons of sub-bituminous and lignite coal was extracted from the Mount Diablo coal fields until the quantity, price and quality was overtaken by a larger operation with higher-quality anthracite coal from Washington State. The townsites were abandoned and houses moved when the mines closed around 1906. The only remnants are the old cemetery on the hillside, non-native trees brought by the miners and grey piles of mine tailings. There were other coal mines in California around the same time, in \u003ca title=\"Tesla Coal Mines\" href=\"http://www.teslacoalmines.org/Tesla.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tesla\u003c/a> near Livermore, and in \u003ca title=\"Ione Coal Mines\" href=\"http://amadorgold.net/tours/mines/ionecoal/ionecoal.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ione\u003c/a> (Amador County).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23434\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 216px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/photo-216x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-23434\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/photo-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"The old coalmine intersects the sandstone mine evidenced by the black seams with some redwood timbers embedded in the six inch tall ribbon of coal. Coal mines were small, oftentimes only about 3 feet tall and oftentimes worked by young children before labor laws mandated against such practices. (Sharol Nelson-Embry)\" width=\"216\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The old coalmine intersects the sandstone mine, evidenced by the black seams with some redwood timbers embedded in the six inch tall ribbon of coal. Coal mines were small, oftentimes only about 3 feet tall and oftentimes worked by young children before labor laws mandated against such practices. (Sharol Nelson-Embry)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Worldwide, coal accounts for a growing percentage of global energy needs, about 30%, especially in developing countries. The United States ranks number two behind China in coal usage, primarily for electricity production. In comparison to the rest of the U.S., California has only about ten coal production plants, which accounts for less than 1% of the states energy usage. Strict regulations for air quality standards and more plentiful natural gas, hydro power and alternative sources help to meet California’s energy needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can visit Black Diamond Mines through November to get an underground mine tour, otherwise you’ll have to wait until February when the tours resume for the season. More information about the weekend public tours is available on the \u003ca title=\"Black Diamond Mines, EBRPD\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/black_diamond\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">East Bay Regional Parks website\u003c/a>. The guided tour takes you through the workings of a sandstone mine that operated from 1920-45. The coal mines, collapsed when they were abandoned, can be seen underground where they intersect with the newer sandstone mine. Within the park, visitors can also explore the Prospect Tunnel for 200 feet on their own – bring a flashlight. Though California is one of the most energy efficient states –- 40% less electricity use than the average American according to \u003ca title=\"Sourcewatch.org website\" href=\"http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=California_and_coal%20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sourcewatch\u003c/a> — you can also consider what else you can do to help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and help halt climate change. Check the \u003ca title=\"EPA Climate Change website\" href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Protection Agency’s website\u003c/a> to find additional actions you can take to help the planet and ourselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Life Aboard a 'Polar Roller': America's Last Heavy Icebreaker",
"headTitle": "Life Aboard a ‘Polar Roller’: America’s Last Heavy Icebreaker | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Captain Matt Walker took command of the Coast Guard cutter Polar Star, the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/aging-u-s-icebreaker-fleet-may-imperil-polar-science/\">only remaining active icebreaker\u003c/a> in the U.S. fleet that’s capable of clearing a channel for ships that supply McMurdo Station, a major hub for Antarctic research. This is Walker’s second deployment on this icebreaker, which was commissioned in 1976 with a planned 30-year working life. I spoke with him aboard the ship as it was undergoing\u003cem> three months of extensive work in a Mare Island dry dock.\u003c/em>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23101\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/CaptWalker_bridge.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23101\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/CaptWalker_bridge.jpg\" alt=\"Captain Matt Walker on the bridge of the USCGC Polar Star, the only active heavy-duty icebreaker in the U.S. fleet (Adam Grossberg/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"960\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Capt. Matt Walker on the bridge of the USCGC Polar Star, the only active heavy-duty icebreaker in the U.S. fleet (Adam Grossberg/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>So tell me about the Antarctica part. \u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Polar Star’s primary mission is to provide a channel for the logistics ships to resupply \u003ca title=\"NSF - McMurdo\" href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/geo/plr/support/mcmurdo.jsp\">McMurdo Station\u003c/a>, which really is a hub for all of the science stations in Antarctica. They take a fuel tanker down there and also a container ship. And McMurdo is kind of the port you might say – the logistics port – for all of Antarctica. It supplies the South Pole. But they do a tremendous amount of science support out of McMurdo and that’s really what we do – is support science through our own means. We also have the capability to conduct science on-board. However, now that we’re the only heavy icebreaker that can go to Antarctica for the U.S. the science is curtailed tremendously because we’re too busy breaking in the channel to get the logistics ships into McMurdo.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We might just be rescuing mankind by supporting the science that’s being conducted in Antarctica…you never know.’\u003ccite>— Capt. Matt Walker, USCG\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But as you can imagine, Antarctica is a pretty fascinating place with ice that’s a million years old. They have opportunity to collect data from a million years ago. I tell the crew, when I took command, the Coast Guard does a lot of exciting missions — law enforcement, search and rescue — and there very good domestic opportunities for them and they have an impact domestically. But what we do on Polar Star, we might just be rescuing mankind by supporting the science that’s being conducted in Antarctica that might just save the human race — you never know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>It’s a long way and a hard way in. Give me a sense of what it’s like to be on board. \u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, to get to the ice we have to cross the Southern Ocean which is probably the most severe ocean on [sic] the world because there’s no land mass to stop [high winds] and it has a series of low-pressure systems, so you get routinely knocked around pretty good. Ten years ago when I came down there we took green water, which is heavy water, up over the bridge and knocked out three bridge windows. The bridge windows are approximately 60 feet above the water line so you can imagine how big the seas were. Once we get down across the Southern Ocean, and we enter into the ice ring, then that’s pretty light going. And it’s not until we reach the fast ice, which means the ice is connected to shore, and then we have to turn that ice into ice cubes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So we’re fairly large. When people ask, “How big is the Polar Star?” We tell them, “399 feet long,” and then they think of that Navy destroyer that’s 520 feet long. But in reality we’re twice as large as a Navy destroyer by weight. We’re close to 14,000 tons [fully loaded] and that enables us when we break ice to ride up on top of the ice and crush it. And that’s how we break ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s a very violent experience. If you can imagine the earthquake we had recently and experiencing that on every minute for a few hours as we crush through the ice, it’s pretty violent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[edge_animation id=”7″ left=”auto”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>It sounds like it feels like an earthquake.\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is, exactly. And you can’t watch television. You can’t read or anything, once the ship impacts the ice. Then we back down and then it’s all smooth again. And then we ram back in and it gets very violent again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>…except our earthquakes last twenty seconds.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Correct. The break-in might take a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s nobody more dependable than us to get there and make sure that we can get through the channel and get those supply ships in there. Because if they don’t get that fuel ship and container ship, they really will have to shut down the science mission in Antarctica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23471\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/CGCPolarStar_gray_sm.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23471\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/CGCPolarStar_gray_sm.jpg\" alt=\"The Polar Star in sea ice off Antarctica. (U.S. Coast Guard)\" width=\"1500\" height=\"1136\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Polar Star in sea ice off Antarctica. (Courtesy of U.S. Coast Guard)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>You talked about the mission possibly saving mankind. What did you mean by that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Antarctica really is a giant laboratory for science in the world. And it really is — I’ll say — sterile, as far as man’s influence on it, meaning we haven’t corrupted and contaminated that data that’s available down there for them to collect. I’m not a scientist but I know that they bore down into the ice one, two miles, collect data that’s close to a million years old and we haven’t yet contaminated that, with the treaty that preserves that. So by us going down there, I like to think that we are allowing those scientists to conduct that work and that research that just might save the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>And you’ve got sea lanes opening up where there weren’t sea lanes before in the North Polar Seas.\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Correct, yes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”jH4VZZJRkUCCvdnGL4A5Zl5XikHxAmg2″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Here again, I would assume, we need a couple of icebreakers for that\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, we do have the Healy up north which is a medium icebreaker. She is inadequate to go to Antarctica but she’s adequate for the north because in the Arctic, the ice is only 6 years old at the oldest because it flows in a circular pattern and exits between Greenland and Iceland and through those channels out there so we don’t need as heavy [of an] icebreaker but we do need the ability to put U.S. presence up there. From a Coast Guard standpoint, we’re looking at it from maritime preservation, security, and for search and rescue. If somebody — God forbid — needs rescuing up there, who’s going to go rescue them if we don’t have icebreakers that can do that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think the Healy’s done a couple of search and rescue missions up there and just recently. And they also had to break into Nome to save Nome, Alaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So we do need icebreakers. But people, you know, the United States — other than Alaska and maybe the Great Lakes — they don’t see it. But we do have a presence there and we do have a responsibility to our maritime community to provide a safe and secure transit through the north and also up there we need to be able to fly the flag.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Why is it, do you think, that you can’t get the funding to give us the ships that we need in these parts of the world?\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ice is pretty but it doesn’t spend a lot of time on television and it doesn’t capture the American audience’s interest. We have a lot of things going on in the country, there’s a lot of fiscal restraint, there’s a lot of troubles in the world that are more on the forefront of the plate, of the burner than the Arctic and the Antarctic. Unfortunately those little hot spots come and go throughout history, but the Arctic and the Antarctic don’t. They’re always there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>What did you say the sticker price would be on a new state-of-the-art heavy breaker?\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From what I have heard: a billion dollars. Now I could easily say, “Hey, the Air Force could not build one of their new fighter jets and we could have two or three of them!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>But you wouldn’t say that.\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, I wouldn’t, absolutely! But you know, it’s all in perspective. The Coast Guard is a very small service. Arguably, we’re smaller than the New York City Police Department. Our budget probably wouldn’t buy the toilet paper for the Department of Defense, which is unfortunate and obviously I’m biased and would like to have more money for our humane mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>This is hazardous duty.\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, it is. Unfortunately, in the late 90s we had a young sailor that was standing on the port side of the bridge and we took a 35 degree roll. He slipped, fell and went sliding across the deck to the starboard side and was killed when he hit that stanchion there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong> A ship that is built optimized for breaking ice can’t be the best in heavy seas.\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, it is not, no. Yes, she does roll. [Which is why, Walker says, they refer to icebreakers as “polar rollers.”] I’ve often slept on the deck because it’s hard to stay in my rack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>So you keep a supply of Dramamine topped up?\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, this is proven. I’ve read this: One earplug in one ear — you can tell this to all your listeners — is more effective than all those other drugs. I read a study by one of the universities in the U.K., tested all these seasick medications and inadvertently discovered that the most effective one was one earplug in one ear. It doesn’t matter which ear. Just one ear plug. I’ve seen it work. It worked on my wife. My wife — if she looks at water she gets seasick — went out a friend’s yacht and she didn’t get seasick at all. And on our way down here I was telling the crew members and several of them that are prone to seasickness tried it and it was effective. That’s from somebody with 20 years of sea service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED’s Marissa Ortega-Welch looked into the “earplug” strategy and found some \u003ca title=\"JTM - post\" href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1708-8305.1995.tb00649.x/pdf\">references to it\u003c/a>. Contrary to Walker’s method, some sources specify which ear (left ear if you’re right-handed and vice versa). While there appears to be no established scientific rationale for it, many say it works. We’ll be conducting “field tests” of our own.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "And a trick to prevent seasickness that the skipper swears by (other than staying ashore).",
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"description": "And a trick to prevent seasickness that the skipper swears by (other than staying ashore).",
"title": "Life Aboard a 'Polar Roller': America's Last Heavy Icebreaker | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Captain Matt Walker took command of the Coast Guard cutter Polar Star, the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/aging-u-s-icebreaker-fleet-may-imperil-polar-science/\">only remaining active icebreaker\u003c/a> in the U.S. fleet that’s capable of clearing a channel for ships that supply McMurdo Station, a major hub for Antarctic research. This is Walker’s second deployment on this icebreaker, which was commissioned in 1976 with a planned 30-year working life. I spoke with him aboard the ship as it was undergoing\u003cem> three months of extensive work in a Mare Island dry dock.\u003c/em>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23101\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/CaptWalker_bridge.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23101\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/CaptWalker_bridge.jpg\" alt=\"Captain Matt Walker on the bridge of the USCGC Polar Star, the only active heavy-duty icebreaker in the U.S. fleet (Adam Grossberg/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"960\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Capt. Matt Walker on the bridge of the USCGC Polar Star, the only active heavy-duty icebreaker in the U.S. fleet (Adam Grossberg/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>So tell me about the Antarctica part. \u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Polar Star’s primary mission is to provide a channel for the logistics ships to resupply \u003ca title=\"NSF - McMurdo\" href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/geo/plr/support/mcmurdo.jsp\">McMurdo Station\u003c/a>, which really is a hub for all of the science stations in Antarctica. They take a fuel tanker down there and also a container ship. And McMurdo is kind of the port you might say – the logistics port – for all of Antarctica. It supplies the South Pole. But they do a tremendous amount of science support out of McMurdo and that’s really what we do – is support science through our own means. We also have the capability to conduct science on-board. However, now that we’re the only heavy icebreaker that can go to Antarctica for the U.S. the science is curtailed tremendously because we’re too busy breaking in the channel to get the logistics ships into McMurdo.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We might just be rescuing mankind by supporting the science that’s being conducted in Antarctica…you never know.’\u003ccite>— Capt. Matt Walker, USCG\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But as you can imagine, Antarctica is a pretty fascinating place with ice that’s a million years old. They have opportunity to collect data from a million years ago. I tell the crew, when I took command, the Coast Guard does a lot of exciting missions — law enforcement, search and rescue — and there very good domestic opportunities for them and they have an impact domestically. But what we do on Polar Star, we might just be rescuing mankind by supporting the science that’s being conducted in Antarctica that might just save the human race — you never know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>It’s a long way and a hard way in. Give me a sense of what it’s like to be on board. \u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, to get to the ice we have to cross the Southern Ocean which is probably the most severe ocean on [sic] the world because there’s no land mass to stop [high winds] and it has a series of low-pressure systems, so you get routinely knocked around pretty good. Ten years ago when I came down there we took green water, which is heavy water, up over the bridge and knocked out three bridge windows. The bridge windows are approximately 60 feet above the water line so you can imagine how big the seas were. Once we get down across the Southern Ocean, and we enter into the ice ring, then that’s pretty light going. And it’s not until we reach the fast ice, which means the ice is connected to shore, and then we have to turn that ice into ice cubes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So we’re fairly large. When people ask, “How big is the Polar Star?” We tell them, “399 feet long,” and then they think of that Navy destroyer that’s 520 feet long. But in reality we’re twice as large as a Navy destroyer by weight. We’re close to 14,000 tons [fully loaded] and that enables us when we break ice to ride up on top of the ice and crush it. And that’s how we break ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s a very violent experience. If you can imagine the earthquake we had recently and experiencing that on every minute for a few hours as we crush through the ice, it’s pretty violent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[edge_animation id=”7″ left=”auto”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>It sounds like it feels like an earthquake.\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is, exactly. And you can’t watch television. You can’t read or anything, once the ship impacts the ice. Then we back down and then it’s all smooth again. And then we ram back in and it gets very violent again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>…except our earthquakes last twenty seconds.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Correct. The break-in might take a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s nobody more dependable than us to get there and make sure that we can get through the channel and get those supply ships in there. Because if they don’t get that fuel ship and container ship, they really will have to shut down the science mission in Antarctica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23471\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/CGCPolarStar_gray_sm.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23471\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/CGCPolarStar_gray_sm.jpg\" alt=\"The Polar Star in sea ice off Antarctica. (U.S. Coast Guard)\" width=\"1500\" height=\"1136\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Polar Star in sea ice off Antarctica. (Courtesy of U.S. Coast Guard)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>You talked about the mission possibly saving mankind. What did you mean by that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Antarctica really is a giant laboratory for science in the world. And it really is — I’ll say — sterile, as far as man’s influence on it, meaning we haven’t corrupted and contaminated that data that’s available down there for them to collect. I’m not a scientist but I know that they bore down into the ice one, two miles, collect data that’s close to a million years old and we haven’t yet contaminated that, with the treaty that preserves that. So by us going down there, I like to think that we are allowing those scientists to conduct that work and that research that just might save the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>And you’ve got sea lanes opening up where there weren’t sea lanes before in the North Polar Seas.\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Correct, yes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Here again, I would assume, we need a couple of icebreakers for that\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, we do have the Healy up north which is a medium icebreaker. She is inadequate to go to Antarctica but she’s adequate for the north because in the Arctic, the ice is only 6 years old at the oldest because it flows in a circular pattern and exits between Greenland and Iceland and through those channels out there so we don’t need as heavy [of an] icebreaker but we do need the ability to put U.S. presence up there. From a Coast Guard standpoint, we’re looking at it from maritime preservation, security, and for search and rescue. If somebody — God forbid — needs rescuing up there, who’s going to go rescue them if we don’t have icebreakers that can do that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think the Healy’s done a couple of search and rescue missions up there and just recently. And they also had to break into Nome to save Nome, Alaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So we do need icebreakers. But people, you know, the United States — other than Alaska and maybe the Great Lakes — they don’t see it. But we do have a presence there and we do have a responsibility to our maritime community to provide a safe and secure transit through the north and also up there we need to be able to fly the flag.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Why is it, do you think, that you can’t get the funding to give us the ships that we need in these parts of the world?\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ice is pretty but it doesn’t spend a lot of time on television and it doesn’t capture the American audience’s interest. We have a lot of things going on in the country, there’s a lot of fiscal restraint, there’s a lot of troubles in the world that are more on the forefront of the plate, of the burner than the Arctic and the Antarctic. Unfortunately those little hot spots come and go throughout history, but the Arctic and the Antarctic don’t. They’re always there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>What did you say the sticker price would be on a new state-of-the-art heavy breaker?\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From what I have heard: a billion dollars. Now I could easily say, “Hey, the Air Force could not build one of their new fighter jets and we could have two or three of them!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>But you wouldn’t say that.\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, I wouldn’t, absolutely! But you know, it’s all in perspective. The Coast Guard is a very small service. Arguably, we’re smaller than the New York City Police Department. Our budget probably wouldn’t buy the toilet paper for the Department of Defense, which is unfortunate and obviously I’m biased and would like to have more money for our humane mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>This is hazardous duty.\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, it is. Unfortunately, in the late 90s we had a young sailor that was standing on the port side of the bridge and we took a 35 degree roll. He slipped, fell and went sliding across the deck to the starboard side and was killed when he hit that stanchion there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong> A ship that is built optimized for breaking ice can’t be the best in heavy seas.\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, it is not, no. Yes, she does roll. [Which is why, Walker says, they refer to icebreakers as “polar rollers.”] I’ve often slept on the deck because it’s hard to stay in my rack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>So you keep a supply of Dramamine topped up?\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, this is proven. I’ve read this: One earplug in one ear — you can tell this to all your listeners — is more effective than all those other drugs. I read a study by one of the universities in the U.K., tested all these seasick medications and inadvertently discovered that the most effective one was one earplug in one ear. It doesn’t matter which ear. Just one ear plug. I’ve seen it work. It worked on my wife. My wife — if she looks at water she gets seasick — went out a friend’s yacht and she didn’t get seasick at all. And on our way down here I was telling the crew members and several of them that are prone to seasickness tried it and it was effective. That’s from somebody with 20 years of sea service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED’s Marissa Ortega-Welch looked into the “earplug” strategy and found some \u003ca title=\"JTM - post\" href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1708-8305.1995.tb00649.x/pdf\">references to it\u003c/a>. Contrary to Walker’s method, some sources specify which ear (left ear if you’re right-handed and vice versa). While there appears to be no established scientific rationale for it, many say it works. We’ll be conducting “field tests” of our own.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23419\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1792px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/iStock_000022187403_Medium.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23419\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/iStock_000022187403_Medium.jpg\" alt=\"Water officials say people often forget to turn off lawn sprinklers when it starts raining. (iStock/Getty Images)\" width=\"1792\" height=\"1071\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water officials say people often forget to turn off lawn sprinklers when it starts raining. (iStock/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>New statewide numbers will help reveal where California’s biggest water savings are — and where they aren’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The State Water Resources Control Board offered up the latest urban conservation numbers for cities around the state, which reveal water savings have plateaued after consistent gains through the summer months. According to the Board’s monthly survey of water agencies, consumers statewide averaged water savings of 10.3 percent in September, compared to a year earlier. That represents some slippage from the 11.6 percent savings logged in August.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘The drought’s not over just because it rained.’\u003ccite>— Felicia Marcus, State Water Board\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Regulators hope to gain more insight from new monthly reports that break down \u003ca title=\"SWB - GPCD\" href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/conservation_reporting_info.shtml\">water use on a per capita basis\u003c/a>, i.e. how much water each of us is using on a daily basis, on average, in various parts of the state. The numbers reflect residential water use, indoors and out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In September, the first month for which the gallons-per-capita-per-day, or GPCD, figures are available, the Bay Area is near the low end of the scale, averaging 85.2 for the region. Daly City, Hayward hovered in the stingy 60-GPCD range. Near the upper end were such diverse places as Bakersfield (277.5), and Beverly Hills (285.6).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials are clearly jittery, however, about putting these comparative numbers out there, and they caution that making direct comparisons can be misleading. Hotter and more affluent areas with large, landscaped residential properties tend to show the biggest consumption per capita. But the figures are subject to lots of other variables, all of which are \u003ca title=\"SWB - GPCD\" href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/conservation_reporting_info.shtml\">painstakingly highlighted\u003c/a> on the Water Board’s official website. What matters most is how these numbers change over time. Santa Cruz, with its aggressive conservation program, is shown as moving from the low 60s a year ago to less than 50 GPCD as this summer wound down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all districts are in compliance with the new monthly reporting requirements. Max Gomberg, a senior scientist with the Water Board, says that four months into the program, his office is starting “compliance outreach” for laggard districts. Water regulators studiously avoid using the term “enforcement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying for the carrot, not the stick,” says Gomberg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the upside, officials called out for kudos Santa Clara County, which is in the process of pulling up 1.5 million square feet of lawn as part of its voluntary incentive program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But board chair Felicia Marcus warned that,”The drought’s not over just because it rained. I think we have to plan for the worst and hope for the best, but every drop counts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her staff intends to set up a statewide hotline for water-waste whistleblowers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effort is still in the planning stages but according to staffers at the State Water Board, it will be modeled on California’s 1-800-EXHAUST program, in which drivers can report vehicles spewing clouds of pollution from their tailpipes. Many local water agencies already have such hotlines. During a discussion of how to market the new statewide number, one board member offered up “1-800-WATERHOG.” It might be hard to top that, even though it’s one digit too long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly 9-in-10 urban water agencies now have “mandatory” restrictions on outdoor watering, though the definition of “mandatory” varies from place-to-place.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Who's using the most -- and the least water? The numbers are in -- but officials warn that they can be misleading.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23419\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1792px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/iStock_000022187403_Medium.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23419\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/iStock_000022187403_Medium.jpg\" alt=\"Water officials say people often forget to turn off lawn sprinklers when it starts raining. (iStock/Getty Images)\" width=\"1792\" height=\"1071\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water officials say people often forget to turn off lawn sprinklers when it starts raining. (iStock/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>New statewide numbers will help reveal where California’s biggest water savings are — and where they aren’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The State Water Resources Control Board offered up the latest urban conservation numbers for cities around the state, which reveal water savings have plateaued after consistent gains through the summer months. According to the Board’s monthly survey of water agencies, consumers statewide averaged water savings of 10.3 percent in September, compared to a year earlier. That represents some slippage from the 11.6 percent savings logged in August.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘The drought’s not over just because it rained.’\u003ccite>— Felicia Marcus, State Water Board\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Regulators hope to gain more insight from new monthly reports that break down \u003ca title=\"SWB - GPCD\" href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/conservation_reporting_info.shtml\">water use on a per capita basis\u003c/a>, i.e. how much water each of us is using on a daily basis, on average, in various parts of the state. The numbers reflect residential water use, indoors and out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In September, the first month for which the gallons-per-capita-per-day, or GPCD, figures are available, the Bay Area is near the low end of the scale, averaging 85.2 for the region. Daly City, Hayward hovered in the stingy 60-GPCD range. Near the upper end were such diverse places as Bakersfield (277.5), and Beverly Hills (285.6).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials are clearly jittery, however, about putting these comparative numbers out there, and they caution that making direct comparisons can be misleading. Hotter and more affluent areas with large, landscaped residential properties tend to show the biggest consumption per capita. But the figures are subject to lots of other variables, all of which are \u003ca title=\"SWB - GPCD\" href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/conservation_reporting_info.shtml\">painstakingly highlighted\u003c/a> on the Water Board’s official website. What matters most is how these numbers change over time. Santa Cruz, with its aggressive conservation program, is shown as moving from the low 60s a year ago to less than 50 GPCD as this summer wound down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all districts are in compliance with the new monthly reporting requirements. Max Gomberg, a senior scientist with the Water Board, says that four months into the program, his office is starting “compliance outreach” for laggard districts. Water regulators studiously avoid using the term “enforcement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying for the carrot, not the stick,” says Gomberg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the upside, officials called out for kudos Santa Clara County, which is in the process of pulling up 1.5 million square feet of lawn as part of its voluntary incentive program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But board chair Felicia Marcus warned that,”The drought’s not over just because it rained. I think we have to plan for the worst and hope for the best, but every drop counts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her staff intends to set up a statewide hotline for water-waste whistleblowers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effort is still in the planning stages but according to staffers at the State Water Board, it will be modeled on California’s 1-800-EXHAUST program, in which drivers can report vehicles spewing clouds of pollution from their tailpipes. Many local water agencies already have such hotlines. During a discussion of how to market the new statewide number, one board member offered up “1-800-WATERHOG.” It might be hard to top that, even though it’s one digit too long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly 9-in-10 urban water agencies now have “mandatory” restrictions on outdoor watering, though the definition of “mandatory” varies from place-to-place.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Aging U.S. Icebreaker Fleet May Imperil Polar Science",
"headTitle": "Aging U.S. Icebreaker Fleet May Imperil Polar Science | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/10/20141103science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Audio of the Antarctic ice-breaking was provided by the National Science Foundation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23264\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1019px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Polar_Star_2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23264\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Polar_Star_2.jpg\" alt=\"Built in the 1970s, USCGC Polar Star is the Coast Guard's only remaining heavy-duty icebreaker. (USCG)\" width=\"1019\" height=\"555\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Built in the 1970s, the USCGC Polar Star is the Coast Guard’s only remaining heavy-duty icebreaker. (U.S. Coast Guard)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This week, workers at Mare Island, near Vallejo, plan to put the nation’s most capable icebreaker back into service after months of refurbishing. That’s the good news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bad news is that the Coast Guard is struggling to maintain an aging — and shrinking — U.S. icebreaker fleet at a time when polar science is more important than ever. Without capable icebreakers, getting into the field to do polar science is a dicey proposition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently the USCGC Polar Star is the only U.S. ship with enough brawn to lead the annual “break-in” to \u003ca title=\"NSF - McMurdo\" href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/geo/plr/support/mcmurdo.jsp\">McMurdo Station\u003c/a>, the American-operated research hub of Antarctica. It can take a week to break through the pack ice but the annual resupply mission is crucial to keeping the remote facility going.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”uHXHQXLo8x4u0tCeEFfmmULY41SdhSJC”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you can imagine the earthquake we had recently, and experiencing that every minute for a few hours as we crush through the ice, it’s pretty violent,” says Captain Matt Walker, who took command of the Polar Star in July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Standing on the floor of the Mare Island dry dock, gazing up at 10,000 tons of hull, it’s easy to see why this ship gets the call for McMurdo duty. Her engines can deliver 25,000 horsepower to each of three enormous propellers, 18 feet in diameter. It’s like having a daisy chain of diesel locomotives on board. Polar Star can break through ice six feet thick without stopping and can safely “back and ram” through ice as much as 21 feet thick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But paradoxically, those attributes have put a crimp in her science mission. The ship is designed to accommodate a team of more than 20 scientists but the onboard laboratory is essentially a storeroom these days.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘I like to think that we are allowing those scientists to conduct that work and that research that just might save the planet.’\u003ccite>— Captain Matt WalkerUSCGC Polar Star\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Now that we’re the only heavy icebreaker that can go to Antarctica for the U.S., the science has curtailed tremendously,” Walker laments, “because we are too busy breaking in the channel to let the logistics ships into McMurdo.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Coast Guard has one lighter-duty icebreaker that patrols Arctic waters, and the National Science Foundation has a \u003ca title=\"NSF - NB Palmer\" href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/geo/plr/support/nathpalm.jsp\">smaller research icebreaker\u003c/a>. That’s it. And Polar Star is showing her age. Commissioned in 1976, the ship was designed for 30 years of service. Her sister ship, Polar Sea, has been deactivated since 2010, and some of her vital parts cannibalized to keep Polar Star going. Recent refurbishing is calculated to add only about seven years to the Polar Star’s working life. Few in maritime or polar science circles think that will suffice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the answer clearly is, ‘No,’” says Ted Scambos, lead scientist at the \u003ca title=\"NSIDC - main\" href=\"http://nsidc.org/\">National Snow and Ice Data Center\u003c/a> in Boulder, Colorado. He’s logged months aboard icebreakers, doing research. Global warming, he says, means we need icebreakers more than ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Both poles are areas of the world that are changing rapidly,” he says. “They’re responding a lot to global warming and that has lots of effects with ocean circulation and air circulation and weather and climate — and biology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/daily/slideshows/icebreakerslideshow.html\" width=\"640\" height=\"470\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Icebreakers are also vital for search-and-rescue missions and to support shipping and other U.S. interests at the literal ends of the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need a new heavy-duty icebreaker and we need it now,” says Congressman John Garamendi, the ranking Democrat on a House subcommittee that oversees the Coast Guard and maritime affairs. He says there’s a strategic component to this, that’s being ignored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now Russia is way, way ahead of us in dealing with the Arctic,” Garamendi says. “In fact, if we need an icebreaker in the Arctic, we often have to rent a Russian icebreaker.” According to a count compiled for a congressional report, Russia has 40 icebreakers of all types, including six nuclear-powered ships operational as of July, with nearly a dozen more planned or under construction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last January, Polar Star was \u003ca title=\"Daily Telegraph - post\" href=\"http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/antarctica/10546587/US-icebreaker-en-route-to-help-ships-stuck-in-Antarctic-Ice.html\">dispatched to rescue\u003c/a> Russian and Chinese ships, both stuck in heavy ice off Antarctica. (Both ships were later freed by changing weather conditions.) But Congress has \u003ca title=\"Bristol Bay Times - post\" href=\"http://www.thebristolbaytimes.com/article/1431lawmakers_skeptical_of_coast_guard_request_to\">refused to provide funding\u003c/a> for even one new icebreaker, which would cost a billion dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’ll take a couple of years, maybe 3-4-5 years to build this thing,” says Garamendi. “It may take even longer for Congress to wake up and realize that you cannot run the biggest, most important economy in the world on the cheap.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garamendi says money may have to be corralled from several budgets: the Coast Guard, Navy and National Science Foundation, all of which would benefit from a new icebreaker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[edge_animation id=”7″ left=”auto”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back aboard Polar Star, Captain Walker says there’s another wake-up call coming: That the science supported by these ships might be the biggest strategic issue of all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By us going down there,” he says, “I like to think that we are allowing those scientists to conduct that work and that research that just might save the planet.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The last of the Coast Guard's big icebreakers departs San Francisco Bay this week, a rare sight on the Bay and a reminder that the U.S. is falling behind in the race for polar dominance -- and knowledge.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Audio of the Antarctic ice-breaking was provided by the National Science Foundation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23264\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1019px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Polar_Star_2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23264\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Polar_Star_2.jpg\" alt=\"Built in the 1970s, USCGC Polar Star is the Coast Guard's only remaining heavy-duty icebreaker. (USCG)\" width=\"1019\" height=\"555\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Built in the 1970s, the USCGC Polar Star is the Coast Guard’s only remaining heavy-duty icebreaker. (U.S. Coast Guard)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This week, workers at Mare Island, near Vallejo, plan to put the nation’s most capable icebreaker back into service after months of refurbishing. That’s the good news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bad news is that the Coast Guard is struggling to maintain an aging — and shrinking — U.S. icebreaker fleet at a time when polar science is more important than ever. Without capable icebreakers, getting into the field to do polar science is a dicey proposition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently the USCGC Polar Star is the only U.S. ship with enough brawn to lead the annual “break-in” to \u003ca title=\"NSF - McMurdo\" href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/geo/plr/support/mcmurdo.jsp\">McMurdo Station\u003c/a>, the American-operated research hub of Antarctica. It can take a week to break through the pack ice but the annual resupply mission is crucial to keeping the remote facility going.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you can imagine the earthquake we had recently, and experiencing that every minute for a few hours as we crush through the ice, it’s pretty violent,” says Captain Matt Walker, who took command of the Polar Star in July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Standing on the floor of the Mare Island dry dock, gazing up at 10,000 tons of hull, it’s easy to see why this ship gets the call for McMurdo duty. Her engines can deliver 25,000 horsepower to each of three enormous propellers, 18 feet in diameter. It’s like having a daisy chain of diesel locomotives on board. Polar Star can break through ice six feet thick without stopping and can safely “back and ram” through ice as much as 21 feet thick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But paradoxically, those attributes have put a crimp in her science mission. The ship is designed to accommodate a team of more than 20 scientists but the onboard laboratory is essentially a storeroom these days.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘I like to think that we are allowing those scientists to conduct that work and that research that just might save the planet.’\u003ccite>— Captain Matt WalkerUSCGC Polar Star\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Now that we’re the only heavy icebreaker that can go to Antarctica for the U.S., the science has curtailed tremendously,” Walker laments, “because we are too busy breaking in the channel to let the logistics ships into McMurdo.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Coast Guard has one lighter-duty icebreaker that patrols Arctic waters, and the National Science Foundation has a \u003ca title=\"NSF - NB Palmer\" href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/geo/plr/support/nathpalm.jsp\">smaller research icebreaker\u003c/a>. That’s it. And Polar Star is showing her age. Commissioned in 1976, the ship was designed for 30 years of service. Her sister ship, Polar Sea, has been deactivated since 2010, and some of her vital parts cannibalized to keep Polar Star going. Recent refurbishing is calculated to add only about seven years to the Polar Star’s working life. Few in maritime or polar science circles think that will suffice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the answer clearly is, ‘No,’” says Ted Scambos, lead scientist at the \u003ca title=\"NSIDC - main\" href=\"http://nsidc.org/\">National Snow and Ice Data Center\u003c/a> in Boulder, Colorado. He’s logged months aboard icebreakers, doing research. Global warming, he says, means we need icebreakers more than ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Both poles are areas of the world that are changing rapidly,” he says. “They’re responding a lot to global warming and that has lots of effects with ocean circulation and air circulation and weather and climate — and biology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/daily/slideshows/icebreakerslideshow.html\" width=\"640\" height=\"470\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Icebreakers are also vital for search-and-rescue missions and to support shipping and other U.S. interests at the literal ends of the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need a new heavy-duty icebreaker and we need it now,” says Congressman John Garamendi, the ranking Democrat on a House subcommittee that oversees the Coast Guard and maritime affairs. He says there’s a strategic component to this, that’s being ignored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now Russia is way, way ahead of us in dealing with the Arctic,” Garamendi says. “In fact, if we need an icebreaker in the Arctic, we often have to rent a Russian icebreaker.” According to a count compiled for a congressional report, Russia has 40 icebreakers of all types, including six nuclear-powered ships operational as of July, with nearly a dozen more planned or under construction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last January, Polar Star was \u003ca title=\"Daily Telegraph - post\" href=\"http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/antarctica/10546587/US-icebreaker-en-route-to-help-ships-stuck-in-Antarctic-Ice.html\">dispatched to rescue\u003c/a> Russian and Chinese ships, both stuck in heavy ice off Antarctica. (Both ships were later freed by changing weather conditions.) But Congress has \u003ca title=\"Bristol Bay Times - post\" href=\"http://www.thebristolbaytimes.com/article/1431lawmakers_skeptical_of_coast_guard_request_to\">refused to provide funding\u003c/a> for even one new icebreaker, which would cost a billion dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’ll take a couple of years, maybe 3-4-5 years to build this thing,” says Garamendi. “It may take even longer for Congress to wake up and realize that you cannot run the biggest, most important economy in the world on the cheap.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garamendi says money may have to be corralled from several budgets: the Coast Guard, Navy and National Science Foundation, all of which would benefit from a new icebreaker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[edge_animation id=”7″ left=”auto”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back aboard Polar Star, Captain Walker says there’s another wake-up call coming: That the science supported by these ships might be the biggest strategic issue of all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By us going down there,” he says, “I like to think that we are allowing those scientists to conduct that work and that research that just might save the planet.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Save the Redwood League's Fern Watch Program Helps Monitor Climate Change",
"headTitle": "Save the Redwood League’s Fern Watch Program Helps Monitor Climate Change | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22964\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/photo-3-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-22964\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/photo-3-1024x768.jpg\" alt='East Bay Regional Parks naturalists practice measuring swordfern fronds for the \"Fern Watch\" Project.' width=\"1024\" height=\"768\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">East Bay Regional Parks naturalists practice measuring swordfern fronds for the “Fern Watch” Project. (Sharol Nelson-Embry)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first rainfall of autumn has already soaked in or evaporated, leaving our forests and grasslands thirsty for more. My thoughts turn to the mighty redwoods gracing our East Bay hills. Oftentimes, as we lead children on field studies in these forests, I’ll have them “shake hands” with a sword fern and thank it for the petroleum products we use today. With over 200 million years of history on our planet, the ferns and redwoods were large contributors to the planet’s reserves of gas and oil. Ironically, those same petroleum products are large contributors to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22962\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 121px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/photo-1-121x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-22962\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/photo-1-121x162.jpg\" alt='Deborah Ziertan, Education Manager with Save the Redwoods League, instructs naturalists about redwood ecology and the \"Fern Watch\" in the East Bay redwoods.' width=\"121\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deborah Zierten, Education Manager with Save the Redwoods League, instructs naturalists about redwood ecology and the “Fern Watch” in the East Bay redwoods. (Sharol Nelson-Embry)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Recently, the East Bay Regional Park naturalist team participated in a citizen science training with the Save the Redwoods League (SRL). The \u003ca title=\"Fern Watch Project, Save the Redwoods League\" href=\"http://www.savetheredwoods.org/our-work/study/understanding-climate-change/citizen-science/fern-watch/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Fern Watch” study\u003c/a> has sites set up throughout Northern California to monitor how climate change may be impacting the redwood forest. One of the study sites is in \u003ca title=\"Redwood, EBRPD\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/redwood\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Redwood Regional Park\u003c/a> in the Oakland Hills. You can find a map of these study site locations on \u003ca title=\"Fern Watch, SRL\" href=\"http://www.savetheredwoods.org/our-work/study/understanding-climate-change/citizen-science/fern-watch/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SRL’s website.\u003c/a> The naturalists learned how sword fern fronds are longer where there is higher rainfall and fog drip in forests farther north, and shorter in our area where there is comparatively less rainfall and fog. The idea for the new Fern Watch study is to capture baseline data, collected by citizen science teams, to monitor how and where fern frond lengths change over time as rainfall and fog events change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sword ferns, along with eight other redwood ecosystem species, are especially adept at absorbing moisture — fog as well as rain — through their leaves as well as their roots. Emily (Limm) Burns, Director of Science for SRL studied this foliar uptake phenomenon in 2004 and reported her findings in \u003ca title=\"Foliar Uptake study, Save the Redwoods League\" href=\"http://www.savetheredwoods.org/grant/fog-and-redwood-forest-plants/%20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Understanding the Physiological Consequences of Fog for Redwood Forest Plants.”\u003c/a> The study may provide important information to scientists to predict how the redwood ecosystem will react to less moisture from fog events as well as rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22963\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 216px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/photo-2-216x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-22963\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/photo-2-216x162.jpg\" alt='Under the redwood canopy, naturalists hear the background about the \"Fern Watch\" project.' width=\"216\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Under the redwood canopy, naturalists hear the background about the “Fern Watch” project. (Sharol Nelson-Embry)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you’d like to participate in this citizen science initiative, go to the \u003ca title=\"Fern Watch, Save the Redwoods League\" href=\"http://www.savetheredwoods.org/our-work/study/understanding-climate-change/citizen-science/fern-watch/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Fern Watch”\u003c/a> page on the SRL website. It can turn an outing in the woods into a science safari and you might just help out our forest, too. You can also check the \u003ca title=\"EBRPD activities\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/activities\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">East Bay Regional Parks website\u003c/a> to find a naturalist program where you can participate in a study with our staff or just join us for a walk in the woods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "How will climate change affect the redwood ecosystem, which is so dependent on summer fog and plentiful winter rain? Learn about Save the Redwoods' ongoing \"Fern Watch\" study from Sharol Nelson-Embry of the East Bay Regional Park District.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22964\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/photo-3-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-22964\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/photo-3-1024x768.jpg\" alt='East Bay Regional Parks naturalists practice measuring swordfern fronds for the \"Fern Watch\" Project.' width=\"1024\" height=\"768\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">East Bay Regional Parks naturalists practice measuring swordfern fronds for the “Fern Watch” Project. (Sharol Nelson-Embry)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first rainfall of autumn has already soaked in or evaporated, leaving our forests and grasslands thirsty for more. My thoughts turn to the mighty redwoods gracing our East Bay hills. Oftentimes, as we lead children on field studies in these forests, I’ll have them “shake hands” with a sword fern and thank it for the petroleum products we use today. With over 200 million years of history on our planet, the ferns and redwoods were large contributors to the planet’s reserves of gas and oil. Ironically, those same petroleum products are large contributors to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22962\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 121px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/photo-1-121x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-22962\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/photo-1-121x162.jpg\" alt='Deborah Ziertan, Education Manager with Save the Redwoods League, instructs naturalists about redwood ecology and the \"Fern Watch\" in the East Bay redwoods.' width=\"121\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deborah Zierten, Education Manager with Save the Redwoods League, instructs naturalists about redwood ecology and the “Fern Watch” in the East Bay redwoods. (Sharol Nelson-Embry)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Recently, the East Bay Regional Park naturalist team participated in a citizen science training with the Save the Redwoods League (SRL). The \u003ca title=\"Fern Watch Project, Save the Redwoods League\" href=\"http://www.savetheredwoods.org/our-work/study/understanding-climate-change/citizen-science/fern-watch/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Fern Watch” study\u003c/a> has sites set up throughout Northern California to monitor how climate change may be impacting the redwood forest. One of the study sites is in \u003ca title=\"Redwood, EBRPD\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/redwood\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Redwood Regional Park\u003c/a> in the Oakland Hills. You can find a map of these study site locations on \u003ca title=\"Fern Watch, SRL\" href=\"http://www.savetheredwoods.org/our-work/study/understanding-climate-change/citizen-science/fern-watch/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SRL’s website.\u003c/a> The naturalists learned how sword fern fronds are longer where there is higher rainfall and fog drip in forests farther north, and shorter in our area where there is comparatively less rainfall and fog. The idea for the new Fern Watch study is to capture baseline data, collected by citizen science teams, to monitor how and where fern frond lengths change over time as rainfall and fog events change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sword ferns, along with eight other redwood ecosystem species, are especially adept at absorbing moisture — fog as well as rain — through their leaves as well as their roots. Emily (Limm) Burns, Director of Science for SRL studied this foliar uptake phenomenon in 2004 and reported her findings in \u003ca title=\"Foliar Uptake study, Save the Redwoods League\" href=\"http://www.savetheredwoods.org/grant/fog-and-redwood-forest-plants/%20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Understanding the Physiological Consequences of Fog for Redwood Forest Plants.”\u003c/a> The study may provide important information to scientists to predict how the redwood ecosystem will react to less moisture from fog events as well as rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22963\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 216px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/photo-2-216x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-22963\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/photo-2-216x162.jpg\" alt='Under the redwood canopy, naturalists hear the background about the \"Fern Watch\" project.' width=\"216\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Under the redwood canopy, naturalists hear the background about the “Fern Watch” project. (Sharol Nelson-Embry)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you’d like to participate in this citizen science initiative, go to the \u003ca title=\"Fern Watch, Save the Redwoods League\" href=\"http://www.savetheredwoods.org/our-work/study/understanding-climate-change/citizen-science/fern-watch/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Fern Watch”\u003c/a> page on the SRL website. It can turn an outing in the woods into a science safari and you might just help out our forest, too. You can also check the \u003ca title=\"EBRPD activities\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/activities\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">East Bay Regional Parks website\u003c/a> to find a naturalist program where you can participate in a study with our staff or just join us for a walk in the woods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "A First: Drought Tops List of Californians' Worries",
"headTitle": "A First: Drought Tops List of Californians’ Worries | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22926\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1698px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/iStock_000006541724_Medium.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22926\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/iStock_000006541724_Medium.jpg\" alt=\"(iStock/Getty Images)\" width=\"1698\" height=\"1131\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(iStock/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The drought has moved to the top of Californians’ worry list. And that’s a first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked to name the “most important issue” facing the state, 26 percent of respondents to a statewide survey earlier this month said “water” and “drought.” That’s a statistical tie with those who said “jobs” and “the economy” (29 percent), the first time that’s happened since 1998, when the \u003ca title=\"PPIC - main\" href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/home.asp\">Public Policy Institute of California\u003c/a> started asking the question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s an incredible number,” says Mark Baldassare, who directs the poll. And he says he thinks it’s more than a fleeting response to the crisis of the moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘I think there’s a fundamental shift going on.”\u003ccite>— Mark Baldassare, PPIC\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It’s been the duration of this [three-year] drought and the fact that it’s affected every corner of the state, that’s made people realize that it’s not a short-term issue; it’s a long-term issue,” he says. “I think there’s a fundamental shift going on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Baldassare says the water issue had been “nowhere” on residents’ radar in most previous polls. Just 7 percent of respondents mentioned it as recently as January of this year, before creeping up to 24 percent in September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason the spike surprised Baldassare was that optimism about the economy hasn’t improved that much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not as if people feel that one problem has been resolved and they’ve replaced it with something else,” he observed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another bit of perspective: fully half of those polled say they’re following news of the drought “very closely.” Baldassare says that’s far more than are closely tracking the upcoming election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The heightened angst over the drought and water supplies is also likely driving support for \u003ca title=\"Ballotpedia - Prop 1\" href=\"http://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_1,_Water_Bond_%282014%29\">Proposition 1\u003c/a>, the $7 billion bond measure \u003ca title=\"CWF - water bond\" href=\"http://waterforthelonghaul.com/local-impact-interest/\">to fund water projects\u003c/a> around the state. In the latest PPIC poll, 56 percent of likely voters said they were inclined to vote “yes” on the measure. Perhaps more significantly, only 32 percent said they would vote “no.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An “overwhelming majority” of 72 percent saw the state’s water supply as a “big problem.” Both coastal and inland residents were equally concerned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a state issue, it’s a regional issue, it’s a local issue,” says Baldasare.” It’s an in-your-house and in-your backyard issue for Californians, too.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The PPIC poll has a margin of error of plus-or-minus 3.5 percentage points, which makes it a statistical tie between “drought, water” and “jobs, economy” in the survey. Here’s how the main question was posed and how the answers have changed in less than a year’s time:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>First, thinking about the state as a whole, what do you think is the most important issue facing people in California today?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">October 2014\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n29% jobs, economy\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>26% water, drought\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n6% education, schools, teachers\u003cbr>\n4% crime, gangs, drugs\u003cbr>\n4% health care, health reform, Obamacare\u003cbr>\n4% immigration, illegal immigration\u003cbr>\n4% state budget, deficit, taxes\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">January 2014\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n26% jobs, economy\u003cbr>\n13% education, schools, teachers\u003cbr>\n10% state budget, deficit, taxes\u003cbr>\n9% immigration, illegal immigration\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong> 7% water, drought\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22926\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1698px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/iStock_000006541724_Medium.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22926\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/iStock_000006541724_Medium.jpg\" alt=\"(iStock/Getty Images)\" width=\"1698\" height=\"1131\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(iStock/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The drought has moved to the top of Californians’ worry list. And that’s a first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked to name the “most important issue” facing the state, 26 percent of respondents to a statewide survey earlier this month said “water” and “drought.” That’s a statistical tie with those who said “jobs” and “the economy” (29 percent), the first time that’s happened since 1998, when the \u003ca title=\"PPIC - main\" href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/home.asp\">Public Policy Institute of California\u003c/a> started asking the question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s an incredible number,” says Mark Baldassare, who directs the poll. And he says he thinks it’s more than a fleeting response to the crisis of the moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘I think there’s a fundamental shift going on.”\u003ccite>— Mark Baldassare, PPIC\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It’s been the duration of this [three-year] drought and the fact that it’s affected every corner of the state, that’s made people realize that it’s not a short-term issue; it’s a long-term issue,” he says. “I think there’s a fundamental shift going on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Baldassare says the water issue had been “nowhere” on residents’ radar in most previous polls. Just 7 percent of respondents mentioned it as recently as January of this year, before creeping up to 24 percent in September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason the spike surprised Baldassare was that optimism about the economy hasn’t improved that much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not as if people feel that one problem has been resolved and they’ve replaced it with something else,” he observed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another bit of perspective: fully half of those polled say they’re following news of the drought “very closely.” Baldassare says that’s far more than are closely tracking the upcoming election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The heightened angst over the drought and water supplies is also likely driving support for \u003ca title=\"Ballotpedia - Prop 1\" href=\"http://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_1,_Water_Bond_%282014%29\">Proposition 1\u003c/a>, the $7 billion bond measure \u003ca title=\"CWF - water bond\" href=\"http://waterforthelonghaul.com/local-impact-interest/\">to fund water projects\u003c/a> around the state. In the latest PPIC poll, 56 percent of likely voters said they were inclined to vote “yes” on the measure. Perhaps more significantly, only 32 percent said they would vote “no.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An “overwhelming majority” of 72 percent saw the state’s water supply as a “big problem.” Both coastal and inland residents were equally concerned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a state issue, it’s a regional issue, it’s a local issue,” says Baldasare.” It’s an in-your-house and in-your backyard issue for Californians, too.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The PPIC poll has a margin of error of plus-or-minus 3.5 percentage points, which makes it a statistical tie between “drought, water” and “jobs, economy” in the survey. Here’s how the main question was posed and how the answers have changed in less than a year’s time:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>First, thinking about the state as a whole, what do you think is the most important issue facing people in California today?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">October 2014\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n29% jobs, economy\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>26% water, drought\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n6% education, schools, teachers\u003cbr>\n4% crime, gangs, drugs\u003cbr>\n4% health care, health reform, Obamacare\u003cbr>\n4% immigration, illegal immigration\u003cbr>\n4% state budget, deficit, taxes\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">January 2014\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n26% jobs, economy\u003cbr>\n13% education, schools, teachers\u003cbr>\n10% state budget, deficit, taxes\u003cbr>\n9% immigration, illegal immigration\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong> 7% water, drought\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv>Copyright 2014 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">http://www.npr.org/\u003c/a>.\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2014/10/19/145747/dod_climate_change_is_a_volatile_factor_in_international?source=npr&category=science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" class=\"rssmi_more\">…Read More\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2014/10/19/145747/dod_climate_change_is_a_volatile_factor_in_international?source=npr&category=science\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"DOD: Climate Change Is A Volatile Factor In International Security\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">NPR Science – ingested into KQED\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"title": "High Temps Intensified California Drought",
"headTitle": "High Temps Intensified California Drought | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22524\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/AnzaBorrego_BillGracy_flickr_o.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22524\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/AnzaBorrego_BillGracy_flickr_o.jpg\" alt=\"Sun and wind bear down on a spot near Borrego Springs. (Bill Gracey/flickr)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"748\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sun and wind bear down on a spot near Borrego Springs. (Bill Gracey/flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The showers and cooler temperatures in the forecast this week won’t be a drought buster — but they may help take the edge off conditions that have been been making the drought even worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal climate trackers said on Tuesday that the the January-September period was the \u003ca title=\"NOAA - summary\" href=\"http://1.usa.gov/ZCjI8R\">warmest on record\u003c/a> in California, besting the previous record by 1.3 degrees Fahrenheit. The announcement comes two weeks after the state’s 2014 “water year,” went into the books on September 30 as the third driest on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While the amount of water year precipitation is an important measure — the standard, in fact — temperature plays an important part in how dry things are,” says Jeff Mount, a geologist and senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water year 2013-14 wasn’t just dry, it was hot; “a near-record warm year, with all-time highs during the winter,” says Mount.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every dry, warm day certainly exacerbates the drought that we’re in,” says meteorologist Jan Null at Golden Gate Weather Services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Null, who tracks temperature trends for the Bay Area and beyond, \u003ca title=\"GG Wx - Sep 2014\" href=\"http://ggweather.com/calif/sep2014.htm\">summed up the month of September\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“Most of California ended the month with above normal temperatures, with average maxima (highs) ranging from 1.4 above normal at Sacramento to 5.1 above normal in San Diego (one of their warmest on record).”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>“When we start seeing warm weather at the end of the season, everything has been drying out now for four months,” says Null. And that means that more moisture was \u003ca title=\"Drought.gov - soil moisture\" href=\"http://www.drought.gov/drought/content/products-current-drought-and-monitoring-drought-indicators/soil-moisture\">baked out of the soil\u003c/a> as high-temperature records continued to fall into October. Low soil moisture tends to heighten the fire danger and make the ground less receptive to soaking up any rain that does come along.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Losses of soil moisture due to evapotranspiration (the combination of evaporation and the water taken up by plants) increase dramatically during warm years,” says Mount, who also co-founded the Center for Watershed Sciences at U.C. Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount points to, among other indicators, the \u003ca title=\"PDSI\" href=\"http://www.drought.gov/drought/content/products-current-drought-and-monitoring-drought-indicators/palmer-drought-severity-index\">Palmer Drought Severity Index\u003c/a>. While the PDSI wasn’t designed with the California climate in mind, it does take into account soil moisture as well as precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/daily/gifs/droughtmapprogress.html\" width=\"640\" height=\"710\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This animation tracks California’s drought through its development, from January, 2011 through early October of this year, as expressed by NOAA’s U.S. Drought Monitor. The darkest red color represents “exceptional drought.” Nearly 60 percent of the state was in this category in early October, with more than 80 percent classified as “extreme drought.” Open the controls at bottom right to vary the speed and direction. (Animation by Olivia Hubert-Allen/KQED)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Spring started early and, due to low moisture content of soils, ended early, giving California a long, very dry summer,” says Mount. ” This is why although we ended the water year third driest, our drought index is at an all-time record. Had it been a cool-dry year we would have had a different result.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount calls it, “unprecedented dryness, particularly in the south coast where they got no relief from those recent rains.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some places did, however. Null says both Eureka and Redding logged more then 500 percent of their normal precipitation for September (which isn’t a lot). He says it looks like the general warm-dry pattern is about to shift, though water officials told state regulators this month that California would need 150 percent of its average precipitation for this winter to be a drought buster. And though no one knows what we’ll get at this point, that much rain and snow is far below current expectations and would likely trigger local flooding and landslides.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Heat and drought often go hand-in-hand, creating a vicious cycle that looks a lot like California these days.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Null, who tracks temperature trends for the Bay Area and beyond, \u003ca title=\"GG Wx - Sep 2014\" href=\"http://ggweather.com/calif/sep2014.htm\">summed up the month of September\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“Most of California ended the month with above normal temperatures, with average maxima (highs) ranging from 1.4 above normal at Sacramento to 5.1 above normal in San Diego (one of their warmest on record).”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>“When we start seeing warm weather at the end of the season, everything has been drying out now for four months,” says Null. And that means that more moisture was \u003ca title=\"Drought.gov - soil moisture\" href=\"http://www.drought.gov/drought/content/products-current-drought-and-monitoring-drought-indicators/soil-moisture\">baked out of the soil\u003c/a> as high-temperature records continued to fall into October. Low soil moisture tends to heighten the fire danger and make the ground less receptive to soaking up any rain that does come along.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Losses of soil moisture due to evapotranspiration (the combination of evaporation and the water taken up by plants) increase dramatically during warm years,” says Mount, who also co-founded the Center for Watershed Sciences at U.C. Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount points to, among other indicators, the \u003ca title=\"PDSI\" href=\"http://www.drought.gov/drought/content/products-current-drought-and-monitoring-drought-indicators/palmer-drought-severity-index\">Palmer Drought Severity Index\u003c/a>. While the PDSI wasn’t designed with the California climate in mind, it does take into account soil moisture as well as precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/daily/gifs/droughtmapprogress.html\" width=\"640\" height=\"710\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This animation tracks California’s drought through its development, from January, 2011 through early October of this year, as expressed by NOAA’s U.S. Drought Monitor. The darkest red color represents “exceptional drought.” Nearly 60 percent of the state was in this category in early October, with more than 80 percent classified as “extreme drought.” Open the controls at bottom right to vary the speed and direction. (Animation by Olivia Hubert-Allen/KQED)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Spring started early and, due to low moisture content of soils, ended early, giving California a long, very dry summer,” says Mount. ” This is why although we ended the water year third driest, our drought index is at an all-time record. Had it been a cool-dry year we would have had a different result.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount calls it, “unprecedented dryness, particularly in the south coast where they got no relief from those recent rains.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some places did, however. Null says both Eureka and Redding logged more then 500 percent of their normal precipitation for September (which isn’t a lot). He says it looks like the general warm-dry pattern is about to shift, though water officials told state regulators this month that California would need 150 percent of its average precipitation for this winter to be a drought buster. And though no one knows what we’ll get at this point, that much rain and snow is far below current expectations and would likely trigger local flooding and landslides.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"tagline": "The flip side of gentrification, told through one town",
"info": "Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?",
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},
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"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
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},
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"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"order": 8
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"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"order": 1
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
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"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
},
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
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"source": "NPR"
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"hyphenacion": {
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"jerrybrown": {
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"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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