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"bio": "QUEST, an Emmy Award-winning multimedia science series, has a new focus on the science of sustainability.The half-hour magazine style episodes are produced by a collaboration of six public broadcasters around the country and explore a wide variety of sustainability issues related to food, energy, water, climate and biodiversity. The story segments featured in each show are introduced by on-camera host, environmental journalist \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/pssethi/\">Simran Sethi\u003c/a>. The series also includes half-hour specials that focus on a single topic.\r\n \r\nAll 2013-2014 television programs can be viewed online in their entirety or as individual segments by clicking on the titles and images listed below. The programs are also broadcast in each of our six PBS partner regions including \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/north-carolina/\">North Carolina\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/ohio/\">Ohio\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/nebraska/\">Nebraska\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/northern-california/\">Northern California\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/northwest/\">Pacific Northwest\u003c/a>. Check local listings for broadcast dates and times.",
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"title": "Bay Area's Coal Mining History at the Black Diamond Mines Regional Preserve",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23432\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/photo-11-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-23432\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/photo-11-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"A chunk of petrified wood shows evidence of transformation into coal at Black Diamond Mines Regional Preserve. (Sharol Nelson-Embry)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A chunk of petrified wood shows evidence of transformation into coal at Black Diamond Mines Regional Preserve. (Sharol Nelson-Embry)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last week, the United Nations released a sobering \u003ca title=\"United Nations Global Climate Change Report, New York Times Article\" href=\"http://mobile.nytimes.com/2014/11/03/world/europe/global-warming-un-intergovernmental-panel-on-climate-change.html?_r=0&referrer=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report on global climate change\u003c/a>, warning that the continuing buildup of greenhouse gases poses “severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems.” I considered this as I visited the site of one of the Bay Area’s last coal mines that has been closed since 1906. \u003ca title=\"Black Diamond Mines Regional Preserve, EBRPD\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/black_diamond\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Black Diamond Mines Regional Preserve\u003c/a> features a landscape of steep sandstone hills, chaparral and grassland, with remnants of old coal and sandstone mines pocketing its surface, though all known entrances are sealed or monitored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23433\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 121px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/photo-21-121x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-23433\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/photo-21-121x162.jpg\" alt=\"Our tour group pauses on the way into the sandstone mine to tour the underground workings. (Sharol Nelson-Embry)\" width=\"121\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Our tour group pauses on the way into the sandstone mine to tour the underground workings. (Sharol Nelson-Embry)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Coal was the fuel that powered the Industrial Revolution. Formed from plants primarily in swamps and bogs, where the plants die and then are altered into coal in the pressurized environment beneath the Earth’s surface. In the tour of Black Diamond, we found petrified wood with coal pockets on some of its surfaces, caught partway through the transformation process. The coal fields around Mount Diablo were discovered in 1855. During its heyday, the area had 12 mines that supported thousands of miners and their families from around the world in five town sites. Four million tons of sub-bituminous and lignite coal was extracted from the Mount Diablo coal fields until the quantity, price and quality was overtaken by a larger operation with higher-quality anthracite coal from Washington State. The townsites were abandoned and houses moved when the mines closed around 1906. The only remnants are the old cemetery on the hillside, non-native trees brought by the miners and grey piles of mine tailings. There were other coal mines in California around the same time, in \u003ca title=\"Tesla Coal Mines\" href=\"http://www.teslacoalmines.org/Tesla.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tesla\u003c/a> near Livermore, and in \u003ca title=\"Ione Coal Mines\" href=\"http://amadorgold.net/tours/mines/ionecoal/ionecoal.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ione\u003c/a> (Amador County).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23434\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 216px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/photo-216x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-23434\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/photo-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"The old coalmine intersects the sandstone mine evidenced by the black seams with some redwood timbers embedded in the six inch tall ribbon of coal. Coal mines were small, oftentimes only about 3 feet tall and oftentimes worked by young children before labor laws mandated against such practices. (Sharol Nelson-Embry)\" width=\"216\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The old coalmine intersects the sandstone mine, evidenced by the black seams with some redwood timbers embedded in the six inch tall ribbon of coal. Coal mines were small, oftentimes only about 3 feet tall and oftentimes worked by young children before labor laws mandated against such practices. (Sharol Nelson-Embry)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Worldwide, coal accounts for a growing percentage of global energy needs, about 30%, especially in developing countries. The United States ranks number two behind China in coal usage, primarily for electricity production. In comparison to the rest of the U.S., California has only about ten coal production plants, which accounts for less than 1% of the states energy usage. Strict regulations for air quality standards and more plentiful natural gas, hydro power and alternative sources help to meet California’s energy needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can visit Black Diamond Mines through November to get an underground mine tour, otherwise you’ll have to wait until February when the tours resume for the season. More information about the weekend public tours is available on the \u003ca title=\"Black Diamond Mines, EBRPD\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/black_diamond\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">East Bay Regional Parks website\u003c/a>. The guided tour takes you through the workings of a sandstone mine that operated from 1920-45. The coal mines, collapsed when they were abandoned, can be seen underground where they intersect with the newer sandstone mine. Within the park, visitors can also explore the Prospect Tunnel for 200 feet on their own – bring a flashlight. Though California is one of the most energy efficient states –- 40% less electricity use than the average American according to \u003ca title=\"Sourcewatch.org website\" href=\"http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=California_and_coal%20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sourcewatch\u003c/a> — you can also consider what else you can do to help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and help halt climate change. Check the \u003ca title=\"EPA Climate Change website\" href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Protection Agency’s website\u003c/a> to find additional actions you can take to help the planet and ourselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "One-third of the world's energy use relies on the greenhouse gas-producing coal, and the United Nations released a sobering report last week about its ongoing impact on global climate change. Find out about the Bay Area's own legacy with this fuel source.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23432\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/photo-11-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-23432\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/photo-11-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"A chunk of petrified wood shows evidence of transformation into coal at Black Diamond Mines Regional Preserve. (Sharol Nelson-Embry)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A chunk of petrified wood shows evidence of transformation into coal at Black Diamond Mines Regional Preserve. (Sharol Nelson-Embry)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last week, the United Nations released a sobering \u003ca title=\"United Nations Global Climate Change Report, New York Times Article\" href=\"http://mobile.nytimes.com/2014/11/03/world/europe/global-warming-un-intergovernmental-panel-on-climate-change.html?_r=0&referrer=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report on global climate change\u003c/a>, warning that the continuing buildup of greenhouse gases poses “severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems.” I considered this as I visited the site of one of the Bay Area’s last coal mines that has been closed since 1906. \u003ca title=\"Black Diamond Mines Regional Preserve, EBRPD\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/black_diamond\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Black Diamond Mines Regional Preserve\u003c/a> features a landscape of steep sandstone hills, chaparral and grassland, with remnants of old coal and sandstone mines pocketing its surface, though all known entrances are sealed or monitored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23433\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 121px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/photo-21-121x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-23433\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/photo-21-121x162.jpg\" alt=\"Our tour group pauses on the way into the sandstone mine to tour the underground workings. (Sharol Nelson-Embry)\" width=\"121\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Our tour group pauses on the way into the sandstone mine to tour the underground workings. (Sharol Nelson-Embry)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Coal was the fuel that powered the Industrial Revolution. Formed from plants primarily in swamps and bogs, where the plants die and then are altered into coal in the pressurized environment beneath the Earth’s surface. In the tour of Black Diamond, we found petrified wood with coal pockets on some of its surfaces, caught partway through the transformation process. The coal fields around Mount Diablo were discovered in 1855. During its heyday, the area had 12 mines that supported thousands of miners and their families from around the world in five town sites. Four million tons of sub-bituminous and lignite coal was extracted from the Mount Diablo coal fields until the quantity, price and quality was overtaken by a larger operation with higher-quality anthracite coal from Washington State. The townsites were abandoned and houses moved when the mines closed around 1906. The only remnants are the old cemetery on the hillside, non-native trees brought by the miners and grey piles of mine tailings. There were other coal mines in California around the same time, in \u003ca title=\"Tesla Coal Mines\" href=\"http://www.teslacoalmines.org/Tesla.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tesla\u003c/a> near Livermore, and in \u003ca title=\"Ione Coal Mines\" href=\"http://amadorgold.net/tours/mines/ionecoal/ionecoal.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ione\u003c/a> (Amador County).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23434\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 216px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/photo-216x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-23434\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/photo-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"The old coalmine intersects the sandstone mine evidenced by the black seams with some redwood timbers embedded in the six inch tall ribbon of coal. Coal mines were small, oftentimes only about 3 feet tall and oftentimes worked by young children before labor laws mandated against such practices. (Sharol Nelson-Embry)\" width=\"216\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The old coalmine intersects the sandstone mine, evidenced by the black seams with some redwood timbers embedded in the six inch tall ribbon of coal. Coal mines were small, oftentimes only about 3 feet tall and oftentimes worked by young children before labor laws mandated against such practices. (Sharol Nelson-Embry)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Worldwide, coal accounts for a growing percentage of global energy needs, about 30%, especially in developing countries. The United States ranks number two behind China in coal usage, primarily for electricity production. In comparison to the rest of the U.S., California has only about ten coal production plants, which accounts for less than 1% of the states energy usage. Strict regulations for air quality standards and more plentiful natural gas, hydro power and alternative sources help to meet California’s energy needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can visit Black Diamond Mines through November to get an underground mine tour, otherwise you’ll have to wait until February when the tours resume for the season. More information about the weekend public tours is available on the \u003ca title=\"Black Diamond Mines, EBRPD\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/black_diamond\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">East Bay Regional Parks website\u003c/a>. The guided tour takes you through the workings of a sandstone mine that operated from 1920-45. The coal mines, collapsed when they were abandoned, can be seen underground where they intersect with the newer sandstone mine. Within the park, visitors can also explore the Prospect Tunnel for 200 feet on their own – bring a flashlight. Though California is one of the most energy efficient states –- 40% less electricity use than the average American according to \u003ca title=\"Sourcewatch.org website\" href=\"http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=California_and_coal%20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sourcewatch\u003c/a> — you can also consider what else you can do to help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and help halt climate change. Check the \u003ca title=\"EPA Climate Change website\" href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Protection Agency’s website\u003c/a> to find additional actions you can take to help the planet and ourselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Life Aboard a 'Polar Roller': America's Last Heavy Icebreaker",
"headTitle": "Life Aboard a ‘Polar Roller’: America’s Last Heavy Icebreaker | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Captain Matt Walker took command of the Coast Guard cutter Polar Star, the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/aging-u-s-icebreaker-fleet-may-imperil-polar-science/\">only remaining active icebreaker\u003c/a> in the U.S. fleet that’s capable of clearing a channel for ships that supply McMurdo Station, a major hub for Antarctic research. This is Walker’s second deployment on this icebreaker, which was commissioned in 1976 with a planned 30-year working life. I spoke with him aboard the ship as it was undergoing\u003cem> three months of extensive work in a Mare Island dry dock.\u003c/em>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23101\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/CaptWalker_bridge.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23101\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/CaptWalker_bridge.jpg\" alt=\"Captain Matt Walker on the bridge of the USCGC Polar Star, the only active heavy-duty icebreaker in the U.S. fleet (Adam Grossberg/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"960\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Capt. Matt Walker on the bridge of the USCGC Polar Star, the only active heavy-duty icebreaker in the U.S. fleet (Adam Grossberg/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>So tell me about the Antarctica part. \u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Polar Star’s primary mission is to provide a channel for the logistics ships to resupply \u003ca title=\"NSF - McMurdo\" href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/geo/plr/support/mcmurdo.jsp\">McMurdo Station\u003c/a>, which really is a hub for all of the science stations in Antarctica. They take a fuel tanker down there and also a container ship. And McMurdo is kind of the port you might say – the logistics port – for all of Antarctica. It supplies the South Pole. But they do a tremendous amount of science support out of McMurdo and that’s really what we do – is support science through our own means. We also have the capability to conduct science on-board. However, now that we’re the only heavy icebreaker that can go to Antarctica for the U.S. the science is curtailed tremendously because we’re too busy breaking in the channel to get the logistics ships into McMurdo.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We might just be rescuing mankind by supporting the science that’s being conducted in Antarctica…you never know.’\u003ccite>— Capt. Matt Walker, USCG\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But as you can imagine, Antarctica is a pretty fascinating place with ice that’s a million years old. They have opportunity to collect data from a million years ago. I tell the crew, when I took command, the Coast Guard does a lot of exciting missions — law enforcement, search and rescue — and there very good domestic opportunities for them and they have an impact domestically. But what we do on Polar Star, we might just be rescuing mankind by supporting the science that’s being conducted in Antarctica that might just save the human race — you never know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>It’s a long way and a hard way in. Give me a sense of what it’s like to be on board. \u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, to get to the ice we have to cross the Southern Ocean which is probably the most severe ocean on [sic] the world because there’s no land mass to stop [high winds] and it has a series of low-pressure systems, so you get routinely knocked around pretty good. Ten years ago when I came down there we took green water, which is heavy water, up over the bridge and knocked out three bridge windows. The bridge windows are approximately 60 feet above the water line so you can imagine how big the seas were. Once we get down across the Southern Ocean, and we enter into the ice ring, then that’s pretty light going. And it’s not until we reach the fast ice, which means the ice is connected to shore, and then we have to turn that ice into ice cubes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So we’re fairly large. When people ask, “How big is the Polar Star?” We tell them, “399 feet long,” and then they think of that Navy destroyer that’s 520 feet long. But in reality we’re twice as large as a Navy destroyer by weight. We’re close to 14,000 tons [fully loaded] and that enables us when we break ice to ride up on top of the ice and crush it. And that’s how we break ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s a very violent experience. If you can imagine the earthquake we had recently and experiencing that on every minute for a few hours as we crush through the ice, it’s pretty violent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[edge_animation id=”7″ left=”auto”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>It sounds like it feels like an earthquake.\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is, exactly. And you can’t watch television. You can’t read or anything, once the ship impacts the ice. Then we back down and then it’s all smooth again. And then we ram back in and it gets very violent again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>…except our earthquakes last twenty seconds.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Correct. The break-in might take a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s nobody more dependable than us to get there and make sure that we can get through the channel and get those supply ships in there. Because if they don’t get that fuel ship and container ship, they really will have to shut down the science mission in Antarctica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23471\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/CGCPolarStar_gray_sm.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23471\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/CGCPolarStar_gray_sm.jpg\" alt=\"The Polar Star in sea ice off Antarctica. (U.S. Coast Guard)\" width=\"1500\" height=\"1136\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Polar Star in sea ice off Antarctica. (Courtesy of U.S. Coast Guard)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>You talked about the mission possibly saving mankind. What did you mean by that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Antarctica really is a giant laboratory for science in the world. And it really is — I’ll say — sterile, as far as man’s influence on it, meaning we haven’t corrupted and contaminated that data that’s available down there for them to collect. I’m not a scientist but I know that they bore down into the ice one, two miles, collect data that’s close to a million years old and we haven’t yet contaminated that, with the treaty that preserves that. So by us going down there, I like to think that we are allowing those scientists to conduct that work and that research that just might save the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>And you’ve got sea lanes opening up where there weren’t sea lanes before in the North Polar Seas.\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Correct, yes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”jH4VZZJRkUCCvdnGL4A5Zl5XikHxAmg2″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Here again, I would assume, we need a couple of icebreakers for that\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, we do have the Healy up north which is a medium icebreaker. She is inadequate to go to Antarctica but she’s adequate for the north because in the Arctic, the ice is only 6 years old at the oldest because it flows in a circular pattern and exits between Greenland and Iceland and through those channels out there so we don’t need as heavy [of an] icebreaker but we do need the ability to put U.S. presence up there. From a Coast Guard standpoint, we’re looking at it from maritime preservation, security, and for search and rescue. If somebody — God forbid — needs rescuing up there, who’s going to go rescue them if we don’t have icebreakers that can do that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think the Healy’s done a couple of search and rescue missions up there and just recently. And they also had to break into Nome to save Nome, Alaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So we do need icebreakers. But people, you know, the United States — other than Alaska and maybe the Great Lakes — they don’t see it. But we do have a presence there and we do have a responsibility to our maritime community to provide a safe and secure transit through the north and also up there we need to be able to fly the flag.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Why is it, do you think, that you can’t get the funding to give us the ships that we need in these parts of the world?\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ice is pretty but it doesn’t spend a lot of time on television and it doesn’t capture the American audience’s interest. We have a lot of things going on in the country, there’s a lot of fiscal restraint, there’s a lot of troubles in the world that are more on the forefront of the plate, of the burner than the Arctic and the Antarctic. Unfortunately those little hot spots come and go throughout history, but the Arctic and the Antarctic don’t. They’re always there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>What did you say the sticker price would be on a new state-of-the-art heavy breaker?\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From what I have heard: a billion dollars. Now I could easily say, “Hey, the Air Force could not build one of their new fighter jets and we could have two or three of them!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>But you wouldn’t say that.\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, I wouldn’t, absolutely! But you know, it’s all in perspective. The Coast Guard is a very small service. Arguably, we’re smaller than the New York City Police Department. Our budget probably wouldn’t buy the toilet paper for the Department of Defense, which is unfortunate and obviously I’m biased and would like to have more money for our humane mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>This is hazardous duty.\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, it is. Unfortunately, in the late 90s we had a young sailor that was standing on the port side of the bridge and we took a 35 degree roll. He slipped, fell and went sliding across the deck to the starboard side and was killed when he hit that stanchion there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong> A ship that is built optimized for breaking ice can’t be the best in heavy seas.\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, it is not, no. Yes, she does roll. [Which is why, Walker says, they refer to icebreakers as “polar rollers.”] I’ve often slept on the deck because it’s hard to stay in my rack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>So you keep a supply of Dramamine topped up?\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, this is proven. I’ve read this: One earplug in one ear — you can tell this to all your listeners — is more effective than all those other drugs. I read a study by one of the universities in the U.K., tested all these seasick medications and inadvertently discovered that the most effective one was one earplug in one ear. It doesn’t matter which ear. Just one ear plug. I’ve seen it work. It worked on my wife. My wife — if she looks at water she gets seasick — went out a friend’s yacht and she didn’t get seasick at all. And on our way down here I was telling the crew members and several of them that are prone to seasickness tried it and it was effective. That’s from somebody with 20 years of sea service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED’s Marissa Ortega-Welch looked into the “earplug” strategy and found some \u003ca title=\"JTM - post\" href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1708-8305.1995.tb00649.x/pdf\">references to it\u003c/a>. Contrary to Walker’s method, some sources specify which ear (left ear if you’re right-handed and vice versa). While there appears to be no established scientific rationale for it, many say it works. We’ll be conducting “field tests” of our own.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "And a trick to prevent seasickness that the skipper swears by (other than staying ashore).",
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"description": "And a trick to prevent seasickness that the skipper swears by (other than staying ashore).",
"title": "Life Aboard a 'Polar Roller': America's Last Heavy Icebreaker | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Captain Matt Walker took command of the Coast Guard cutter Polar Star, the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/aging-u-s-icebreaker-fleet-may-imperil-polar-science/\">only remaining active icebreaker\u003c/a> in the U.S. fleet that’s capable of clearing a channel for ships that supply McMurdo Station, a major hub for Antarctic research. This is Walker’s second deployment on this icebreaker, which was commissioned in 1976 with a planned 30-year working life. I spoke with him aboard the ship as it was undergoing\u003cem> three months of extensive work in a Mare Island dry dock.\u003c/em>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23101\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/CaptWalker_bridge.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23101\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/CaptWalker_bridge.jpg\" alt=\"Captain Matt Walker on the bridge of the USCGC Polar Star, the only active heavy-duty icebreaker in the U.S. fleet (Adam Grossberg/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"960\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Capt. Matt Walker on the bridge of the USCGC Polar Star, the only active heavy-duty icebreaker in the U.S. fleet (Adam Grossberg/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>So tell me about the Antarctica part. \u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Polar Star’s primary mission is to provide a channel for the logistics ships to resupply \u003ca title=\"NSF - McMurdo\" href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/geo/plr/support/mcmurdo.jsp\">McMurdo Station\u003c/a>, which really is a hub for all of the science stations in Antarctica. They take a fuel tanker down there and also a container ship. And McMurdo is kind of the port you might say – the logistics port – for all of Antarctica. It supplies the South Pole. But they do a tremendous amount of science support out of McMurdo and that’s really what we do – is support science through our own means. We also have the capability to conduct science on-board. However, now that we’re the only heavy icebreaker that can go to Antarctica for the U.S. the science is curtailed tremendously because we’re too busy breaking in the channel to get the logistics ships into McMurdo.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We might just be rescuing mankind by supporting the science that’s being conducted in Antarctica…you never know.’\u003ccite>— Capt. Matt Walker, USCG\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But as you can imagine, Antarctica is a pretty fascinating place with ice that’s a million years old. They have opportunity to collect data from a million years ago. I tell the crew, when I took command, the Coast Guard does a lot of exciting missions — law enforcement, search and rescue — and there very good domestic opportunities for them and they have an impact domestically. But what we do on Polar Star, we might just be rescuing mankind by supporting the science that’s being conducted in Antarctica that might just save the human race — you never know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>It’s a long way and a hard way in. Give me a sense of what it’s like to be on board. \u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, to get to the ice we have to cross the Southern Ocean which is probably the most severe ocean on [sic] the world because there’s no land mass to stop [high winds] and it has a series of low-pressure systems, so you get routinely knocked around pretty good. Ten years ago when I came down there we took green water, which is heavy water, up over the bridge and knocked out three bridge windows. The bridge windows are approximately 60 feet above the water line so you can imagine how big the seas were. Once we get down across the Southern Ocean, and we enter into the ice ring, then that’s pretty light going. And it’s not until we reach the fast ice, which means the ice is connected to shore, and then we have to turn that ice into ice cubes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So we’re fairly large. When people ask, “How big is the Polar Star?” We tell them, “399 feet long,” and then they think of that Navy destroyer that’s 520 feet long. But in reality we’re twice as large as a Navy destroyer by weight. We’re close to 14,000 tons [fully loaded] and that enables us when we break ice to ride up on top of the ice and crush it. And that’s how we break ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s a very violent experience. If you can imagine the earthquake we had recently and experiencing that on every minute for a few hours as we crush through the ice, it’s pretty violent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[edge_animation id=”7″ left=”auto”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>It sounds like it feels like an earthquake.\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is, exactly. And you can’t watch television. You can’t read or anything, once the ship impacts the ice. Then we back down and then it’s all smooth again. And then we ram back in and it gets very violent again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>…except our earthquakes last twenty seconds.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Correct. The break-in might take a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s nobody more dependable than us to get there and make sure that we can get through the channel and get those supply ships in there. Because if they don’t get that fuel ship and container ship, they really will have to shut down the science mission in Antarctica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23471\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/CGCPolarStar_gray_sm.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23471\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/CGCPolarStar_gray_sm.jpg\" alt=\"The Polar Star in sea ice off Antarctica. (U.S. Coast Guard)\" width=\"1500\" height=\"1136\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Polar Star in sea ice off Antarctica. (Courtesy of U.S. Coast Guard)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>You talked about the mission possibly saving mankind. What did you mean by that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Antarctica really is a giant laboratory for science in the world. And it really is — I’ll say — sterile, as far as man’s influence on it, meaning we haven’t corrupted and contaminated that data that’s available down there for them to collect. I’m not a scientist but I know that they bore down into the ice one, two miles, collect data that’s close to a million years old and we haven’t yet contaminated that, with the treaty that preserves that. So by us going down there, I like to think that we are allowing those scientists to conduct that work and that research that just might save the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>And you’ve got sea lanes opening up where there weren’t sea lanes before in the North Polar Seas.\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Correct, yes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Here again, I would assume, we need a couple of icebreakers for that\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, we do have the Healy up north which is a medium icebreaker. She is inadequate to go to Antarctica but she’s adequate for the north because in the Arctic, the ice is only 6 years old at the oldest because it flows in a circular pattern and exits between Greenland and Iceland and through those channels out there so we don’t need as heavy [of an] icebreaker but we do need the ability to put U.S. presence up there. From a Coast Guard standpoint, we’re looking at it from maritime preservation, security, and for search and rescue. If somebody — God forbid — needs rescuing up there, who’s going to go rescue them if we don’t have icebreakers that can do that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think the Healy’s done a couple of search and rescue missions up there and just recently. And they also had to break into Nome to save Nome, Alaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So we do need icebreakers. But people, you know, the United States — other than Alaska and maybe the Great Lakes — they don’t see it. But we do have a presence there and we do have a responsibility to our maritime community to provide a safe and secure transit through the north and also up there we need to be able to fly the flag.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Why is it, do you think, that you can’t get the funding to give us the ships that we need in these parts of the world?\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ice is pretty but it doesn’t spend a lot of time on television and it doesn’t capture the American audience’s interest. We have a lot of things going on in the country, there’s a lot of fiscal restraint, there’s a lot of troubles in the world that are more on the forefront of the plate, of the burner than the Arctic and the Antarctic. Unfortunately those little hot spots come and go throughout history, but the Arctic and the Antarctic don’t. They’re always there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>What did you say the sticker price would be on a new state-of-the-art heavy breaker?\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From what I have heard: a billion dollars. Now I could easily say, “Hey, the Air Force could not build one of their new fighter jets and we could have two or three of them!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>But you wouldn’t say that.\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, I wouldn’t, absolutely! But you know, it’s all in perspective. The Coast Guard is a very small service. Arguably, we’re smaller than the New York City Police Department. Our budget probably wouldn’t buy the toilet paper for the Department of Defense, which is unfortunate and obviously I’m biased and would like to have more money for our humane mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>This is hazardous duty.\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, it is. Unfortunately, in the late 90s we had a young sailor that was standing on the port side of the bridge and we took a 35 degree roll. He slipped, fell and went sliding across the deck to the starboard side and was killed when he hit that stanchion there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong> A ship that is built optimized for breaking ice can’t be the best in heavy seas.\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, it is not, no. Yes, she does roll. [Which is why, Walker says, they refer to icebreakers as “polar rollers.”] I’ve often slept on the deck because it’s hard to stay in my rack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>So you keep a supply of Dramamine topped up?\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, this is proven. I’ve read this: One earplug in one ear — you can tell this to all your listeners — is more effective than all those other drugs. I read a study by one of the universities in the U.K., tested all these seasick medications and inadvertently discovered that the most effective one was one earplug in one ear. It doesn’t matter which ear. Just one ear plug. I’ve seen it work. It worked on my wife. My wife — if she looks at water she gets seasick — went out a friend’s yacht and she didn’t get seasick at all. And on our way down here I was telling the crew members and several of them that are prone to seasickness tried it and it was effective. That’s from somebody with 20 years of sea service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED’s Marissa Ortega-Welch looked into the “earplug” strategy and found some \u003ca title=\"JTM - post\" href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1708-8305.1995.tb00649.x/pdf\">references to it\u003c/a>. Contrary to Walker’s method, some sources specify which ear (left ear if you’re right-handed and vice versa). While there appears to be no established scientific rationale for it, many say it works. We’ll be conducting “field tests” of our own.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23419\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1792px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/iStock_000022187403_Medium.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23419\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/iStock_000022187403_Medium.jpg\" alt=\"Water officials say people often forget to turn off lawn sprinklers when it starts raining. (iStock/Getty Images)\" width=\"1792\" height=\"1071\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water officials say people often forget to turn off lawn sprinklers when it starts raining. (iStock/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>New statewide numbers will help reveal where California’s biggest water savings are — and where they aren’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The State Water Resources Control Board offered up the latest urban conservation numbers for cities around the state, which reveal water savings have plateaued after consistent gains through the summer months. According to the Board’s monthly survey of water agencies, consumers statewide averaged water savings of 10.3 percent in September, compared to a year earlier. That represents some slippage from the 11.6 percent savings logged in August.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘The drought’s not over just because it rained.’\u003ccite>— Felicia Marcus, State Water Board\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Regulators hope to gain more insight from new monthly reports that break down \u003ca title=\"SWB - GPCD\" href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/conservation_reporting_info.shtml\">water use on a per capita basis\u003c/a>, i.e. how much water each of us is using on a daily basis, on average, in various parts of the state. The numbers reflect residential water use, indoors and out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In September, the first month for which the gallons-per-capita-per-day, or GPCD, figures are available, the Bay Area is near the low end of the scale, averaging 85.2 for the region. Daly City, Hayward hovered in the stingy 60-GPCD range. Near the upper end were such diverse places as Bakersfield (277.5), and Beverly Hills (285.6).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials are clearly jittery, however, about putting these comparative numbers out there, and they caution that making direct comparisons can be misleading. Hotter and more affluent areas with large, landscaped residential properties tend to show the biggest consumption per capita. But the figures are subject to lots of other variables, all of which are \u003ca title=\"SWB - GPCD\" href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/conservation_reporting_info.shtml\">painstakingly highlighted\u003c/a> on the Water Board’s official website. What matters most is how these numbers change over time. Santa Cruz, with its aggressive conservation program, is shown as moving from the low 60s a year ago to less than 50 GPCD as this summer wound down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all districts are in compliance with the new monthly reporting requirements. Max Gomberg, a senior scientist with the Water Board, says that four months into the program, his office is starting “compliance outreach” for laggard districts. Water regulators studiously avoid using the term “enforcement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying for the carrot, not the stick,” says Gomberg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the upside, officials called out for kudos Santa Clara County, which is in the process of pulling up 1.5 million square feet of lawn as part of its voluntary incentive program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But board chair Felicia Marcus warned that,”The drought’s not over just because it rained. I think we have to plan for the worst and hope for the best, but every drop counts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her staff intends to set up a statewide hotline for water-waste whistleblowers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effort is still in the planning stages but according to staffers at the State Water Board, it will be modeled on California’s 1-800-EXHAUST program, in which drivers can report vehicles spewing clouds of pollution from their tailpipes. Many local water agencies already have such hotlines. During a discussion of how to market the new statewide number, one board member offered up “1-800-WATERHOG.” It might be hard to top that, even though it’s one digit too long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly 9-in-10 urban water agencies now have “mandatory” restrictions on outdoor watering, though the definition of “mandatory” varies from place-to-place.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Who's using the most -- and the least water? The numbers are in -- but officials warn that they can be misleading.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23419\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1792px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/iStock_000022187403_Medium.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23419\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/iStock_000022187403_Medium.jpg\" alt=\"Water officials say people often forget to turn off lawn sprinklers when it starts raining. (iStock/Getty Images)\" width=\"1792\" height=\"1071\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water officials say people often forget to turn off lawn sprinklers when it starts raining. (iStock/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>New statewide numbers will help reveal where California’s biggest water savings are — and where they aren’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The State Water Resources Control Board offered up the latest urban conservation numbers for cities around the state, which reveal water savings have plateaued after consistent gains through the summer months. According to the Board’s monthly survey of water agencies, consumers statewide averaged water savings of 10.3 percent in September, compared to a year earlier. That represents some slippage from the 11.6 percent savings logged in August.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘The drought’s not over just because it rained.’\u003ccite>— Felicia Marcus, State Water Board\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Regulators hope to gain more insight from new monthly reports that break down \u003ca title=\"SWB - GPCD\" href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/conservation_reporting_info.shtml\">water use on a per capita basis\u003c/a>, i.e. how much water each of us is using on a daily basis, on average, in various parts of the state. The numbers reflect residential water use, indoors and out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In September, the first month for which the gallons-per-capita-per-day, or GPCD, figures are available, the Bay Area is near the low end of the scale, averaging 85.2 for the region. Daly City, Hayward hovered in the stingy 60-GPCD range. Near the upper end were such diverse places as Bakersfield (277.5), and Beverly Hills (285.6).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials are clearly jittery, however, about putting these comparative numbers out there, and they caution that making direct comparisons can be misleading. Hotter and more affluent areas with large, landscaped residential properties tend to show the biggest consumption per capita. But the figures are subject to lots of other variables, all of which are \u003ca title=\"SWB - GPCD\" href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/conservation_reporting_info.shtml\">painstakingly highlighted\u003c/a> on the Water Board’s official website. What matters most is how these numbers change over time. Santa Cruz, with its aggressive conservation program, is shown as moving from the low 60s a year ago to less than 50 GPCD as this summer wound down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all districts are in compliance with the new monthly reporting requirements. Max Gomberg, a senior scientist with the Water Board, says that four months into the program, his office is starting “compliance outreach” for laggard districts. Water regulators studiously avoid using the term “enforcement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying for the carrot, not the stick,” says Gomberg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the upside, officials called out for kudos Santa Clara County, which is in the process of pulling up 1.5 million square feet of lawn as part of its voluntary incentive program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But board chair Felicia Marcus warned that,”The drought’s not over just because it rained. I think we have to plan for the worst and hope for the best, but every drop counts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her staff intends to set up a statewide hotline for water-waste whistleblowers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effort is still in the planning stages but according to staffers at the State Water Board, it will be modeled on California’s 1-800-EXHAUST program, in which drivers can report vehicles spewing clouds of pollution from their tailpipes. Many local water agencies already have such hotlines. During a discussion of how to market the new statewide number, one board member offered up “1-800-WATERHOG.” It might be hard to top that, even though it’s one digit too long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly 9-in-10 urban water agencies now have “mandatory” restrictions on outdoor watering, though the definition of “mandatory” varies from place-to-place.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Aging U.S. Icebreaker Fleet May Imperil Polar Science",
"headTitle": "Aging U.S. Icebreaker Fleet May Imperil Polar Science | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/10/20141103science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Audio of the Antarctic ice-breaking was provided by the National Science Foundation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23264\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1019px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Polar_Star_2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23264\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Polar_Star_2.jpg\" alt=\"Built in the 1970s, USCGC Polar Star is the Coast Guard's only remaining heavy-duty icebreaker. (USCG)\" width=\"1019\" height=\"555\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Built in the 1970s, the USCGC Polar Star is the Coast Guard’s only remaining heavy-duty icebreaker. (U.S. Coast Guard)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This week, workers at Mare Island, near Vallejo, plan to put the nation’s most capable icebreaker back into service after months of refurbishing. That’s the good news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bad news is that the Coast Guard is struggling to maintain an aging — and shrinking — U.S. icebreaker fleet at a time when polar science is more important than ever. Without capable icebreakers, getting into the field to do polar science is a dicey proposition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently the USCGC Polar Star is the only U.S. ship with enough brawn to lead the annual “break-in” to \u003ca title=\"NSF - McMurdo\" href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/geo/plr/support/mcmurdo.jsp\">McMurdo Station\u003c/a>, the American-operated research hub of Antarctica. It can take a week to break through the pack ice but the annual resupply mission is crucial to keeping the remote facility going.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”uHXHQXLo8x4u0tCeEFfmmULY41SdhSJC”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you can imagine the earthquake we had recently, and experiencing that every minute for a few hours as we crush through the ice, it’s pretty violent,” says Captain Matt Walker, who took command of the Polar Star in July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Standing on the floor of the Mare Island dry dock, gazing up at 10,000 tons of hull, it’s easy to see why this ship gets the call for McMurdo duty. Her engines can deliver 25,000 horsepower to each of three enormous propellers, 18 feet in diameter. It’s like having a daisy chain of diesel locomotives on board. Polar Star can break through ice six feet thick without stopping and can safely “back and ram” through ice as much as 21 feet thick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But paradoxically, those attributes have put a crimp in her science mission. The ship is designed to accommodate a team of more than 20 scientists but the onboard laboratory is essentially a storeroom these days.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘I like to think that we are allowing those scientists to conduct that work and that research that just might save the planet.’\u003ccite>— Captain Matt WalkerUSCGC Polar Star\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Now that we’re the only heavy icebreaker that can go to Antarctica for the U.S., the science has curtailed tremendously,” Walker laments, “because we are too busy breaking in the channel to let the logistics ships into McMurdo.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Coast Guard has one lighter-duty icebreaker that patrols Arctic waters, and the National Science Foundation has a \u003ca title=\"NSF - NB Palmer\" href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/geo/plr/support/nathpalm.jsp\">smaller research icebreaker\u003c/a>. That’s it. And Polar Star is showing her age. Commissioned in 1976, the ship was designed for 30 years of service. Her sister ship, Polar Sea, has been deactivated since 2010, and some of her vital parts cannibalized to keep Polar Star going. Recent refurbishing is calculated to add only about seven years to the Polar Star’s working life. Few in maritime or polar science circles think that will suffice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the answer clearly is, ‘No,’” says Ted Scambos, lead scientist at the \u003ca title=\"NSIDC - main\" href=\"http://nsidc.org/\">National Snow and Ice Data Center\u003c/a> in Boulder, Colorado. He’s logged months aboard icebreakers, doing research. Global warming, he says, means we need icebreakers more than ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Both poles are areas of the world that are changing rapidly,” he says. “They’re responding a lot to global warming and that has lots of effects with ocean circulation and air circulation and weather and climate — and biology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/daily/slideshows/icebreakerslideshow.html\" width=\"640\" height=\"470\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Icebreakers are also vital for search-and-rescue missions and to support shipping and other U.S. interests at the literal ends of the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need a new heavy-duty icebreaker and we need it now,” says Congressman John Garamendi, the ranking Democrat on a House subcommittee that oversees the Coast Guard and maritime affairs. He says there’s a strategic component to this, that’s being ignored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now Russia is way, way ahead of us in dealing with the Arctic,” Garamendi says. “In fact, if we need an icebreaker in the Arctic, we often have to rent a Russian icebreaker.” According to a count compiled for a congressional report, Russia has 40 icebreakers of all types, including six nuclear-powered ships operational as of July, with nearly a dozen more planned or under construction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last January, Polar Star was \u003ca title=\"Daily Telegraph - post\" href=\"http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/antarctica/10546587/US-icebreaker-en-route-to-help-ships-stuck-in-Antarctic-Ice.html\">dispatched to rescue\u003c/a> Russian and Chinese ships, both stuck in heavy ice off Antarctica. (Both ships were later freed by changing weather conditions.) But Congress has \u003ca title=\"Bristol Bay Times - post\" href=\"http://www.thebristolbaytimes.com/article/1431lawmakers_skeptical_of_coast_guard_request_to\">refused to provide funding\u003c/a> for even one new icebreaker, which would cost a billion dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’ll take a couple of years, maybe 3-4-5 years to build this thing,” says Garamendi. “It may take even longer for Congress to wake up and realize that you cannot run the biggest, most important economy in the world on the cheap.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garamendi says money may have to be corralled from several budgets: the Coast Guard, Navy and National Science Foundation, all of which would benefit from a new icebreaker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[edge_animation id=”7″ left=”auto”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back aboard Polar Star, Captain Walker says there’s another wake-up call coming: That the science supported by these ships might be the biggest strategic issue of all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By us going down there,” he says, “I like to think that we are allowing those scientists to conduct that work and that research that just might save the planet.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The last of the Coast Guard's big icebreakers departs San Francisco Bay this week, a rare sight on the Bay and a reminder that the U.S. is falling behind in the race for polar dominance -- and knowledge.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Audio of the Antarctic ice-breaking was provided by the National Science Foundation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23264\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1019px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Polar_Star_2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23264\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Polar_Star_2.jpg\" alt=\"Built in the 1970s, USCGC Polar Star is the Coast Guard's only remaining heavy-duty icebreaker. (USCG)\" width=\"1019\" height=\"555\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Built in the 1970s, the USCGC Polar Star is the Coast Guard’s only remaining heavy-duty icebreaker. (U.S. Coast Guard)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This week, workers at Mare Island, near Vallejo, plan to put the nation’s most capable icebreaker back into service after months of refurbishing. That’s the good news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bad news is that the Coast Guard is struggling to maintain an aging — and shrinking — U.S. icebreaker fleet at a time when polar science is more important than ever. Without capable icebreakers, getting into the field to do polar science is a dicey proposition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently the USCGC Polar Star is the only U.S. ship with enough brawn to lead the annual “break-in” to \u003ca title=\"NSF - McMurdo\" href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/geo/plr/support/mcmurdo.jsp\">McMurdo Station\u003c/a>, the American-operated research hub of Antarctica. It can take a week to break through the pack ice but the annual resupply mission is crucial to keeping the remote facility going.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you can imagine the earthquake we had recently, and experiencing that every minute for a few hours as we crush through the ice, it’s pretty violent,” says Captain Matt Walker, who took command of the Polar Star in July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Standing on the floor of the Mare Island dry dock, gazing up at 10,000 tons of hull, it’s easy to see why this ship gets the call for McMurdo duty. Her engines can deliver 25,000 horsepower to each of three enormous propellers, 18 feet in diameter. It’s like having a daisy chain of diesel locomotives on board. Polar Star can break through ice six feet thick without stopping and can safely “back and ram” through ice as much as 21 feet thick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But paradoxically, those attributes have put a crimp in her science mission. The ship is designed to accommodate a team of more than 20 scientists but the onboard laboratory is essentially a storeroom these days.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘I like to think that we are allowing those scientists to conduct that work and that research that just might save the planet.’\u003ccite>— Captain Matt WalkerUSCGC Polar Star\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Now that we’re the only heavy icebreaker that can go to Antarctica for the U.S., the science has curtailed tremendously,” Walker laments, “because we are too busy breaking in the channel to let the logistics ships into McMurdo.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Coast Guard has one lighter-duty icebreaker that patrols Arctic waters, and the National Science Foundation has a \u003ca title=\"NSF - NB Palmer\" href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/geo/plr/support/nathpalm.jsp\">smaller research icebreaker\u003c/a>. That’s it. And Polar Star is showing her age. Commissioned in 1976, the ship was designed for 30 years of service. Her sister ship, Polar Sea, has been deactivated since 2010, and some of her vital parts cannibalized to keep Polar Star going. Recent refurbishing is calculated to add only about seven years to the Polar Star’s working life. Few in maritime or polar science circles think that will suffice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the answer clearly is, ‘No,’” says Ted Scambos, lead scientist at the \u003ca title=\"NSIDC - main\" href=\"http://nsidc.org/\">National Snow and Ice Data Center\u003c/a> in Boulder, Colorado. He’s logged months aboard icebreakers, doing research. Global warming, he says, means we need icebreakers more than ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Both poles are areas of the world that are changing rapidly,” he says. “They’re responding a lot to global warming and that has lots of effects with ocean circulation and air circulation and weather and climate — and biology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/daily/slideshows/icebreakerslideshow.html\" width=\"640\" height=\"470\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Icebreakers are also vital for search-and-rescue missions and to support shipping and other U.S. interests at the literal ends of the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need a new heavy-duty icebreaker and we need it now,” says Congressman John Garamendi, the ranking Democrat on a House subcommittee that oversees the Coast Guard and maritime affairs. He says there’s a strategic component to this, that’s being ignored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now Russia is way, way ahead of us in dealing with the Arctic,” Garamendi says. “In fact, if we need an icebreaker in the Arctic, we often have to rent a Russian icebreaker.” According to a count compiled for a congressional report, Russia has 40 icebreakers of all types, including six nuclear-powered ships operational as of July, with nearly a dozen more planned or under construction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last January, Polar Star was \u003ca title=\"Daily Telegraph - post\" href=\"http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/antarctica/10546587/US-icebreaker-en-route-to-help-ships-stuck-in-Antarctic-Ice.html\">dispatched to rescue\u003c/a> Russian and Chinese ships, both stuck in heavy ice off Antarctica. (Both ships were later freed by changing weather conditions.) But Congress has \u003ca title=\"Bristol Bay Times - post\" href=\"http://www.thebristolbaytimes.com/article/1431lawmakers_skeptical_of_coast_guard_request_to\">refused to provide funding\u003c/a> for even one new icebreaker, which would cost a billion dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’ll take a couple of years, maybe 3-4-5 years to build this thing,” says Garamendi. “It may take even longer for Congress to wake up and realize that you cannot run the biggest, most important economy in the world on the cheap.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garamendi says money may have to be corralled from several budgets: the Coast Guard, Navy and National Science Foundation, all of which would benefit from a new icebreaker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[edge_animation id=”7″ left=”auto”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back aboard Polar Star, Captain Walker says there’s another wake-up call coming: That the science supported by these ships might be the biggest strategic issue of all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By us going down there,” he says, “I like to think that we are allowing those scientists to conduct that work and that research that just might save the planet.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Save the Redwood League's Fern Watch Program Helps Monitor Climate Change",
"headTitle": "Save the Redwood League’s Fern Watch Program Helps Monitor Climate Change | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22964\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/photo-3-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-22964\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/photo-3-1024x768.jpg\" alt='East Bay Regional Parks naturalists practice measuring swordfern fronds for the \"Fern Watch\" Project.' width=\"1024\" height=\"768\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">East Bay Regional Parks naturalists practice measuring swordfern fronds for the “Fern Watch” Project. (Sharol Nelson-Embry)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first rainfall of autumn has already soaked in or evaporated, leaving our forests and grasslands thirsty for more. My thoughts turn to the mighty redwoods gracing our East Bay hills. Oftentimes, as we lead children on field studies in these forests, I’ll have them “shake hands” with a sword fern and thank it for the petroleum products we use today. With over 200 million years of history on our planet, the ferns and redwoods were large contributors to the planet’s reserves of gas and oil. Ironically, those same petroleum products are large contributors to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22962\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 121px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/photo-1-121x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-22962\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/photo-1-121x162.jpg\" alt='Deborah Ziertan, Education Manager with Save the Redwoods League, instructs naturalists about redwood ecology and the \"Fern Watch\" in the East Bay redwoods.' width=\"121\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deborah Zierten, Education Manager with Save the Redwoods League, instructs naturalists about redwood ecology and the “Fern Watch” in the East Bay redwoods. (Sharol Nelson-Embry)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Recently, the East Bay Regional Park naturalist team participated in a citizen science training with the Save the Redwoods League (SRL). The \u003ca title=\"Fern Watch Project, Save the Redwoods League\" href=\"http://www.savetheredwoods.org/our-work/study/understanding-climate-change/citizen-science/fern-watch/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Fern Watch” study\u003c/a> has sites set up throughout Northern California to monitor how climate change may be impacting the redwood forest. One of the study sites is in \u003ca title=\"Redwood, EBRPD\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/redwood\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Redwood Regional Park\u003c/a> in the Oakland Hills. You can find a map of these study site locations on \u003ca title=\"Fern Watch, SRL\" href=\"http://www.savetheredwoods.org/our-work/study/understanding-climate-change/citizen-science/fern-watch/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SRL’s website.\u003c/a> The naturalists learned how sword fern fronds are longer where there is higher rainfall and fog drip in forests farther north, and shorter in our area where there is comparatively less rainfall and fog. The idea for the new Fern Watch study is to capture baseline data, collected by citizen science teams, to monitor how and where fern frond lengths change over time as rainfall and fog events change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sword ferns, along with eight other redwood ecosystem species, are especially adept at absorbing moisture — fog as well as rain — through their leaves as well as their roots. Emily (Limm) Burns, Director of Science for SRL studied this foliar uptake phenomenon in 2004 and reported her findings in \u003ca title=\"Foliar Uptake study, Save the Redwoods League\" href=\"http://www.savetheredwoods.org/grant/fog-and-redwood-forest-plants/%20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Understanding the Physiological Consequences of Fog for Redwood Forest Plants.”\u003c/a> The study may provide important information to scientists to predict how the redwood ecosystem will react to less moisture from fog events as well as rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22963\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 216px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/photo-2-216x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-22963\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/photo-2-216x162.jpg\" alt='Under the redwood canopy, naturalists hear the background about the \"Fern Watch\" project.' width=\"216\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Under the redwood canopy, naturalists hear the background about the “Fern Watch” project. (Sharol Nelson-Embry)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you’d like to participate in this citizen science initiative, go to the \u003ca title=\"Fern Watch, Save the Redwoods League\" href=\"http://www.savetheredwoods.org/our-work/study/understanding-climate-change/citizen-science/fern-watch/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Fern Watch”\u003c/a> page on the SRL website. It can turn an outing in the woods into a science safari and you might just help out our forest, too. You can also check the \u003ca title=\"EBRPD activities\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/activities\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">East Bay Regional Parks website\u003c/a> to find a naturalist program where you can participate in a study with our staff or just join us for a walk in the woods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "How will climate change affect the redwood ecosystem, which is so dependent on summer fog and plentiful winter rain? Learn about Save the Redwoods' ongoing \"Fern Watch\" study from Sharol Nelson-Embry of the East Bay Regional Park District.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22964\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/photo-3-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-22964\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/photo-3-1024x768.jpg\" alt='East Bay Regional Parks naturalists practice measuring swordfern fronds for the \"Fern Watch\" Project.' width=\"1024\" height=\"768\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">East Bay Regional Parks naturalists practice measuring swordfern fronds for the “Fern Watch” Project. (Sharol Nelson-Embry)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first rainfall of autumn has already soaked in or evaporated, leaving our forests and grasslands thirsty for more. My thoughts turn to the mighty redwoods gracing our East Bay hills. Oftentimes, as we lead children on field studies in these forests, I’ll have them “shake hands” with a sword fern and thank it for the petroleum products we use today. With over 200 million years of history on our planet, the ferns and redwoods were large contributors to the planet’s reserves of gas and oil. Ironically, those same petroleum products are large contributors to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22962\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 121px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/photo-1-121x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-22962\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/photo-1-121x162.jpg\" alt='Deborah Ziertan, Education Manager with Save the Redwoods League, instructs naturalists about redwood ecology and the \"Fern Watch\" in the East Bay redwoods.' width=\"121\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deborah Zierten, Education Manager with Save the Redwoods League, instructs naturalists about redwood ecology and the “Fern Watch” in the East Bay redwoods. (Sharol Nelson-Embry)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Recently, the East Bay Regional Park naturalist team participated in a citizen science training with the Save the Redwoods League (SRL). The \u003ca title=\"Fern Watch Project, Save the Redwoods League\" href=\"http://www.savetheredwoods.org/our-work/study/understanding-climate-change/citizen-science/fern-watch/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Fern Watch” study\u003c/a> has sites set up throughout Northern California to monitor how climate change may be impacting the redwood forest. One of the study sites is in \u003ca title=\"Redwood, EBRPD\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/redwood\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Redwood Regional Park\u003c/a> in the Oakland Hills. You can find a map of these study site locations on \u003ca title=\"Fern Watch, SRL\" href=\"http://www.savetheredwoods.org/our-work/study/understanding-climate-change/citizen-science/fern-watch/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SRL’s website.\u003c/a> The naturalists learned how sword fern fronds are longer where there is higher rainfall and fog drip in forests farther north, and shorter in our area where there is comparatively less rainfall and fog. The idea for the new Fern Watch study is to capture baseline data, collected by citizen science teams, to monitor how and where fern frond lengths change over time as rainfall and fog events change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sword ferns, along with eight other redwood ecosystem species, are especially adept at absorbing moisture — fog as well as rain — through their leaves as well as their roots. Emily (Limm) Burns, Director of Science for SRL studied this foliar uptake phenomenon in 2004 and reported her findings in \u003ca title=\"Foliar Uptake study, Save the Redwoods League\" href=\"http://www.savetheredwoods.org/grant/fog-and-redwood-forest-plants/%20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Understanding the Physiological Consequences of Fog for Redwood Forest Plants.”\u003c/a> The study may provide important information to scientists to predict how the redwood ecosystem will react to less moisture from fog events as well as rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22963\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 216px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/photo-2-216x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-22963\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/photo-2-216x162.jpg\" alt='Under the redwood canopy, naturalists hear the background about the \"Fern Watch\" project.' width=\"216\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Under the redwood canopy, naturalists hear the background about the “Fern Watch” project. (Sharol Nelson-Embry)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you’d like to participate in this citizen science initiative, go to the \u003ca title=\"Fern Watch, Save the Redwoods League\" href=\"http://www.savetheredwoods.org/our-work/study/understanding-climate-change/citizen-science/fern-watch/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Fern Watch”\u003c/a> page on the SRL website. It can turn an outing in the woods into a science safari and you might just help out our forest, too. You can also check the \u003ca title=\"EBRPD activities\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/activities\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">East Bay Regional Parks website\u003c/a> to find a naturalist program where you can participate in a study with our staff or just join us for a walk in the woods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "A First: Drought Tops List of Californians' Worries",
"headTitle": "A First: Drought Tops List of Californians’ Worries | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22926\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1698px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/iStock_000006541724_Medium.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22926\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/iStock_000006541724_Medium.jpg\" alt=\"(iStock/Getty Images)\" width=\"1698\" height=\"1131\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(iStock/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The drought has moved to the top of Californians’ worry list. And that’s a first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked to name the “most important issue” facing the state, 26 percent of respondents to a statewide survey earlier this month said “water” and “drought.” That’s a statistical tie with those who said “jobs” and “the economy” (29 percent), the first time that’s happened since 1998, when the \u003ca title=\"PPIC - main\" href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/home.asp\">Public Policy Institute of California\u003c/a> started asking the question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s an incredible number,” says Mark Baldassare, who directs the poll. And he says he thinks it’s more than a fleeting response to the crisis of the moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘I think there’s a fundamental shift going on.”\u003ccite>— Mark Baldassare, PPIC\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It’s been the duration of this [three-year] drought and the fact that it’s affected every corner of the state, that’s made people realize that it’s not a short-term issue; it’s a long-term issue,” he says. “I think there’s a fundamental shift going on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Baldassare says the water issue had been “nowhere” on residents’ radar in most previous polls. Just 7 percent of respondents mentioned it as recently as January of this year, before creeping up to 24 percent in September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason the spike surprised Baldassare was that optimism about the economy hasn’t improved that much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not as if people feel that one problem has been resolved and they’ve replaced it with something else,” he observed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another bit of perspective: fully half of those polled say they’re following news of the drought “very closely.” Baldassare says that’s far more than are closely tracking the upcoming election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The heightened angst over the drought and water supplies is also likely driving support for \u003ca title=\"Ballotpedia - Prop 1\" href=\"http://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_1,_Water_Bond_%282014%29\">Proposition 1\u003c/a>, the $7 billion bond measure \u003ca title=\"CWF - water bond\" href=\"http://waterforthelonghaul.com/local-impact-interest/\">to fund water projects\u003c/a> around the state. In the latest PPIC poll, 56 percent of likely voters said they were inclined to vote “yes” on the measure. Perhaps more significantly, only 32 percent said they would vote “no.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An “overwhelming majority” of 72 percent saw the state’s water supply as a “big problem.” Both coastal and inland residents were equally concerned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a state issue, it’s a regional issue, it’s a local issue,” says Baldasare.” It’s an in-your-house and in-your backyard issue for Californians, too.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The PPIC poll has a margin of error of plus-or-minus 3.5 percentage points, which makes it a statistical tie between “drought, water” and “jobs, economy” in the survey. Here’s how the main question was posed and how the answers have changed in less than a year’s time:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>First, thinking about the state as a whole, what do you think is the most important issue facing people in California today?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">October 2014\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n29% jobs, economy\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>26% water, drought\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n6% education, schools, teachers\u003cbr>\n4% crime, gangs, drugs\u003cbr>\n4% health care, health reform, Obamacare\u003cbr>\n4% immigration, illegal immigration\u003cbr>\n4% state budget, deficit, taxes\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">January 2014\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n26% jobs, economy\u003cbr>\n13% education, schools, teachers\u003cbr>\n10% state budget, deficit, taxes\u003cbr>\n9% immigration, illegal immigration\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong> 7% water, drought\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22926\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1698px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/iStock_000006541724_Medium.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22926\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/iStock_000006541724_Medium.jpg\" alt=\"(iStock/Getty Images)\" width=\"1698\" height=\"1131\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(iStock/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The drought has moved to the top of Californians’ worry list. And that’s a first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked to name the “most important issue” facing the state, 26 percent of respondents to a statewide survey earlier this month said “water” and “drought.” That’s a statistical tie with those who said “jobs” and “the economy” (29 percent), the first time that’s happened since 1998, when the \u003ca title=\"PPIC - main\" href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/home.asp\">Public Policy Institute of California\u003c/a> started asking the question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s an incredible number,” says Mark Baldassare, who directs the poll. And he says he thinks it’s more than a fleeting response to the crisis of the moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘I think there’s a fundamental shift going on.”\u003ccite>— Mark Baldassare, PPIC\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It’s been the duration of this [three-year] drought and the fact that it’s affected every corner of the state, that’s made people realize that it’s not a short-term issue; it’s a long-term issue,” he says. “I think there’s a fundamental shift going on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Baldassare says the water issue had been “nowhere” on residents’ radar in most previous polls. Just 7 percent of respondents mentioned it as recently as January of this year, before creeping up to 24 percent in September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason the spike surprised Baldassare was that optimism about the economy hasn’t improved that much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not as if people feel that one problem has been resolved and they’ve replaced it with something else,” he observed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another bit of perspective: fully half of those polled say they’re following news of the drought “very closely.” Baldassare says that’s far more than are closely tracking the upcoming election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The heightened angst over the drought and water supplies is also likely driving support for \u003ca title=\"Ballotpedia - Prop 1\" href=\"http://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_1,_Water_Bond_%282014%29\">Proposition 1\u003c/a>, the $7 billion bond measure \u003ca title=\"CWF - water bond\" href=\"http://waterforthelonghaul.com/local-impact-interest/\">to fund water projects\u003c/a> around the state. In the latest PPIC poll, 56 percent of likely voters said they were inclined to vote “yes” on the measure. Perhaps more significantly, only 32 percent said they would vote “no.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An “overwhelming majority” of 72 percent saw the state’s water supply as a “big problem.” Both coastal and inland residents were equally concerned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a state issue, it’s a regional issue, it’s a local issue,” says Baldasare.” It’s an in-your-house and in-your backyard issue for Californians, too.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The PPIC poll has a margin of error of plus-or-minus 3.5 percentage points, which makes it a statistical tie between “drought, water” and “jobs, economy” in the survey. Here’s how the main question was posed and how the answers have changed in less than a year’s time:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>First, thinking about the state as a whole, what do you think is the most important issue facing people in California today?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">October 2014\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n29% jobs, economy\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>26% water, drought\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n6% education, schools, teachers\u003cbr>\n4% crime, gangs, drugs\u003cbr>\n4% health care, health reform, Obamacare\u003cbr>\n4% immigration, illegal immigration\u003cbr>\n4% state budget, deficit, taxes\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">January 2014\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n26% jobs, economy\u003cbr>\n13% education, schools, teachers\u003cbr>\n10% state budget, deficit, taxes\u003cbr>\n9% immigration, illegal immigration\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong> 7% water, drought\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv>Copyright 2014 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">http://www.npr.org/\u003c/a>.\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2014/10/19/145747/dod_climate_change_is_a_volatile_factor_in_international?source=npr&category=science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" class=\"rssmi_more\">…Read More\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2014/10/19/145747/dod_climate_change_is_a_volatile_factor_in_international?source=npr&category=science\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"DOD: Climate Change Is A Volatile Factor In International Security\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">NPR Science – ingested into KQED\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv>Copyright 2014 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">http://www.npr.org/\u003c/a>.\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2014/10/19/145747/dod_climate_change_is_a_volatile_factor_in_international?source=npr&category=science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" class=\"rssmi_more\">…Read More\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2014/10/19/145747/dod_climate_change_is_a_volatile_factor_in_international?source=npr&category=science\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"DOD: Climate Change Is A Volatile Factor In International Security\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">NPR Science – ingested into KQED\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "High Temps Intensified California Drought",
"headTitle": "High Temps Intensified California Drought | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22524\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/AnzaBorrego_BillGracy_flickr_o.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22524\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/AnzaBorrego_BillGracy_flickr_o.jpg\" alt=\"Sun and wind bear down on a spot near Borrego Springs. (Bill Gracey/flickr)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"748\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sun and wind bear down on a spot near Borrego Springs. (Bill Gracey/flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The showers and cooler temperatures in the forecast this week won’t be a drought buster — but they may help take the edge off conditions that have been been making the drought even worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal climate trackers said on Tuesday that the the January-September period was the \u003ca title=\"NOAA - summary\" href=\"http://1.usa.gov/ZCjI8R\">warmest on record\u003c/a> in California, besting the previous record by 1.3 degrees Fahrenheit. The announcement comes two weeks after the state’s 2014 “water year,” went into the books on September 30 as the third driest on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While the amount of water year precipitation is an important measure — the standard, in fact — temperature plays an important part in how dry things are,” says Jeff Mount, a geologist and senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water year 2013-14 wasn’t just dry, it was hot; “a near-record warm year, with all-time highs during the winter,” says Mount.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every dry, warm day certainly exacerbates the drought that we’re in,” says meteorologist Jan Null at Golden Gate Weather Services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Null, who tracks temperature trends for the Bay Area and beyond, \u003ca title=\"GG Wx - Sep 2014\" href=\"http://ggweather.com/calif/sep2014.htm\">summed up the month of September\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“Most of California ended the month with above normal temperatures, with average maxima (highs) ranging from 1.4 above normal at Sacramento to 5.1 above normal in San Diego (one of their warmest on record).”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>“When we start seeing warm weather at the end of the season, everything has been drying out now for four months,” says Null. And that means that more moisture was \u003ca title=\"Drought.gov - soil moisture\" href=\"http://www.drought.gov/drought/content/products-current-drought-and-monitoring-drought-indicators/soil-moisture\">baked out of the soil\u003c/a> as high-temperature records continued to fall into October. Low soil moisture tends to heighten the fire danger and make the ground less receptive to soaking up any rain that does come along.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Losses of soil moisture due to evapotranspiration (the combination of evaporation and the water taken up by plants) increase dramatically during warm years,” says Mount, who also co-founded the Center for Watershed Sciences at U.C. Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount points to, among other indicators, the \u003ca title=\"PDSI\" href=\"http://www.drought.gov/drought/content/products-current-drought-and-monitoring-drought-indicators/palmer-drought-severity-index\">Palmer Drought Severity Index\u003c/a>. While the PDSI wasn’t designed with the California climate in mind, it does take into account soil moisture as well as precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/daily/gifs/droughtmapprogress.html\" width=\"640\" height=\"710\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This animation tracks California’s drought through its development, from January, 2011 through early October of this year, as expressed by NOAA’s U.S. Drought Monitor. The darkest red color represents “exceptional drought.” Nearly 60 percent of the state was in this category in early October, with more than 80 percent classified as “extreme drought.” Open the controls at bottom right to vary the speed and direction. (Animation by Olivia Hubert-Allen/KQED)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Spring started early and, due to low moisture content of soils, ended early, giving California a long, very dry summer,” says Mount. ” This is why although we ended the water year third driest, our drought index is at an all-time record. Had it been a cool-dry year we would have had a different result.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount calls it, “unprecedented dryness, particularly in the south coast where they got no relief from those recent rains.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some places did, however. Null says both Eureka and Redding logged more then 500 percent of their normal precipitation for September (which isn’t a lot). He says it looks like the general warm-dry pattern is about to shift, though water officials told state regulators this month that California would need 150 percent of its average precipitation for this winter to be a drought buster. And though no one knows what we’ll get at this point, that much rain and snow is far below current expectations and would likely trigger local flooding and landslides.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Null, who tracks temperature trends for the Bay Area and beyond, \u003ca title=\"GG Wx - Sep 2014\" href=\"http://ggweather.com/calif/sep2014.htm\">summed up the month of September\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“Most of California ended the month with above normal temperatures, with average maxima (highs) ranging from 1.4 above normal at Sacramento to 5.1 above normal in San Diego (one of their warmest on record).”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>“When we start seeing warm weather at the end of the season, everything has been drying out now for four months,” says Null. And that means that more moisture was \u003ca title=\"Drought.gov - soil moisture\" href=\"http://www.drought.gov/drought/content/products-current-drought-and-monitoring-drought-indicators/soil-moisture\">baked out of the soil\u003c/a> as high-temperature records continued to fall into October. Low soil moisture tends to heighten the fire danger and make the ground less receptive to soaking up any rain that does come along.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Losses of soil moisture due to evapotranspiration (the combination of evaporation and the water taken up by plants) increase dramatically during warm years,” says Mount, who also co-founded the Center for Watershed Sciences at U.C. Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount points to, among other indicators, the \u003ca title=\"PDSI\" href=\"http://www.drought.gov/drought/content/products-current-drought-and-monitoring-drought-indicators/palmer-drought-severity-index\">Palmer Drought Severity Index\u003c/a>. While the PDSI wasn’t designed with the California climate in mind, it does take into account soil moisture as well as precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/daily/gifs/droughtmapprogress.html\" width=\"640\" height=\"710\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This animation tracks California’s drought through its development, from January, 2011 through early October of this year, as expressed by NOAA’s U.S. Drought Monitor. The darkest red color represents “exceptional drought.” Nearly 60 percent of the state was in this category in early October, with more than 80 percent classified as “extreme drought.” Open the controls at bottom right to vary the speed and direction. (Animation by Olivia Hubert-Allen/KQED)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Spring started early and, due to low moisture content of soils, ended early, giving California a long, very dry summer,” says Mount. ” This is why although we ended the water year third driest, our drought index is at an all-time record. Had it been a cool-dry year we would have had a different result.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount calls it, “unprecedented dryness, particularly in the south coast where they got no relief from those recent rains.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some places did, however. Null says both Eureka and Redding logged more then 500 percent of their normal precipitation for September (which isn’t a lot). He says it looks like the general warm-dry pattern is about to shift, though water officials told state regulators this month that California would need 150 percent of its average precipitation for this winter to be a drought buster. And though no one knows what we’ll get at this point, that much rain and snow is far below current expectations and would likely trigger local flooding and landslides.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Anti-Fracking Activists in California Take Fight to County Ballots",
"headTitle": "Anti-Fracking Activists in California Take Fight to County Ballots | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update October 10th:\u003c/strong> Fracking bans are on the November ballots in Mendocino, San Benito and Santa Barbara Counties. Butte County voters could see a measure on the 2016 ballot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original Post, July 14th: \u003c/strong>Opponents of hydraulic fracturing — or fracking — have pushed for a statewide moratorium on the controversial oil production technique. With those efforts stalled in the state legislature, activists are taking the fight to the county level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copying tactics that have worked in Colorado and New York, activists have qualified November ballot measures that would ban fracking in two counties and possibly others, trying a piecemeal approach to banning fracking in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/embed/W2NeqeaSFTc\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Video reported by Gabriela Quirós and Lauren Sommer, who narrates.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil companies use fracking to squeeze more oil out of rocks. Water mixed with sand and chemicals is injected underground at high pressure to create tiny fractures. The sand props open the cracks, so oil can flow out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”w4nKuhIm9gQiH3d9tzQJf1PP2G6IOC4d”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California legislators have debated a moratorium on fracking for the past four years, but the bills have repeatedly failed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>San Benito County Qualifies First\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a parking lot in San Juan Bautista, an hour south of San Jose, volunteers paint signs that read, “Protect our water. Ban fracking in San Benito County.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We collected enough signatures to qualify in 14 days which was maybe a state record,” says Andy Hsia-Coron of San Benito Rising, the group that’s rallying support for a fracking ban on San Benito County’s November ballot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”d9531efb2815df8ad2fe5db4dd70d801″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ballot measure is largely pre-emptive. While San Benito County has a handful of oil wells in production, oil companies haven’t reported using fracking there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And we don’t want you to frack in San Benito County,” Hsia-Coron says. “We know this a county with a lot of oil potential.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hisa-Coron says his group is collaborating with activists across the country. Cities in Colorado and New York have banned fracking over concerns about groundwater contamination and land impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bigger Fight in Santa Barbara\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We see a battle for sure, but we also see a great opportunity,” says Rebecca Claassen of the Santa Barbara County Water Guardians, a volunteer group that’s put a measure on the local ballot to ban fracking on unincorporated land in the county.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We see a battle for sure, but we also see a great opportunity.’\u003ccite>— Rebecca Claassen, Santa Barbara County Water Guardians\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Claassen says the legacy of Santa Barbara’s 1969 oil spill came up often as her group gathered 20,000 signatures for measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Home of the first major oil spill in the United States,” she says. “In ’69, there were hundreds of thousands of gallons of oil pouring into the ocean and washing up on these beaches here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also fueling support for the ban are economic concerns. “We have a lot of agriculture and tourism that both depend on clean water,” Claassen says, “and so the risks of water contamination really resonated with most everyone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Claasen’s group is facing an uphill battle, because Santa Barbara’s oil industry is much larger than San Benito’s. When the measure came up at county supervisors meeting, industry workers turned out in force with concerns about their jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Banning More Than Fracking\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s attempting to outlaw all methods of oil extraction, not only fracking, but a number of other means of well stimulating,” says Armen Nahabedian of Citadel Exploration, a company that develops oil projects. “It is an absolute anti-hydrocarbon initiative.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent morning, Nahabedian is meeting with rancher Skip Ramsey about putting an oil well on his land outside of San Ardo, an hour south of Salinas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19346\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/fracking3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19346\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/fracking3.jpg\" alt=\"Armen Nahabedian of Citadel Exploration talks with rancher Skip Ramsey about an oil project. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"371\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Armen Nahabedian of Citadel Exploration (right) talks with rancher Skip Ramsey about an oil project. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The drought has hit Ramsey’s ranch hard, drying up feed for his cattle months sooner than expected. He says royalty payments from an oil well would go a long way for his family and his ranch. “To just support college educations,” he says, “and I’d like to increase my water capability to raise more feed for my cattle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nahabedian says if the San Benito measure passes, it could stand in the way of deals like this one. “It’s difficult to make the same sort of offers to landowners in this area with this sort of uncertainty hanging the balance,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nahabedian’s company doesn’t use fracking, but it does use another oil extraction technique that the initiatives would ban, called cyclic steam injection. Oil in California is heavy, so producers inject steam underground to loosen it up.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘You can drill for it or you can kill for it.’\u003ccite>— Armen Nahabedian, Citadel Exploration\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> “Steam injection is an old technique,” he says. “We’ve been using it in the industry since the early 1960s. It’s not much different than cleaning a dirty engine block.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 60 percent of oil produced in California is extracted with steam injection and similar methods, making it more common than fracking. Nahabedian says banning steam injection would mean the state’s refineries would have to look at importing oil from outside the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I say very simply — and some people say very crudely — that you can drill for it or you can kill for it, but that’s just the truth,” he says. “I’m a veteran from Operation Iraqi Freedom, and I have a firm belief that it’s our social responsibility and our civil responsibility to become a domestic producer that’s totally independent of foreign oil supply.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19348\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/fracking1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19348\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/fracking1.jpg\" alt=\"About 60 percent of oil pumped in California uses steam injection or similar methods, something the ballot measures seek to ban. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">About 60 percent of oil pumped in California is produced with steam injection or similar methods, which would also be banned under the ballot measures. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It would hurt oil production in our state, particularly in regions that are more economically depressed like the Central Valley,” says Sabrina Lockheart of Californians for Energy Independence, an advocacy group that’s funded in part by the oil industry and is fighting the local fracking bans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California regulators \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/11/15/what-californias-new-fracking-rules-would-do-and-not-do/\">are currently drafting new regulations\u003c/a> for fracking, ones that the oil industry says are more than enough to ensure fracking is done safely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re the strongest regulations in the country as it relates to fracking,” Lockheart says. “It includes conducting a science-based study, disclosure of the chemicals used, monitoring protected groundwater and prior notification of surrounding landowners.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Activists like Andy Hsia-Coron don’t believe those regulations go far enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We figure that if we pass these initiatives in November,” he says, “that dozens of counties will be filing their initiatives and it can even be done a city level.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May, Santa Cruz County supervisors voted to pass a fracking ban. Voters in San Benito and Santa Barbara counties will vote on bans in November. Activists in Butte and Mendocino counties are still working to qualify ballot measures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/158339780&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Activists are hoping local residents will do what state legislators haven’t done -- shut down the controversial oil production technique known as hydraulic fracturing.\r\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update October 10th:\u003c/strong> Fracking bans are on the November ballots in Mendocino, San Benito and Santa Barbara Counties. Butte County voters could see a measure on the 2016 ballot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original Post, July 14th: \u003c/strong>Opponents of hydraulic fracturing — or fracking — have pushed for a statewide moratorium on the controversial oil production technique. With those efforts stalled in the state legislature, activists are taking the fight to the county level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copying tactics that have worked in Colorado and New York, activists have qualified November ballot measures that would ban fracking in two counties and possibly others, trying a piecemeal approach to banning fracking in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/embed/W2NeqeaSFTc\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Video reported by Gabriela Quirós and Lauren Sommer, who narrates.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil companies use fracking to squeeze more oil out of rocks. Water mixed with sand and chemicals is injected underground at high pressure to create tiny fractures. The sand props open the cracks, so oil can flow out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California legislators have debated a moratorium on fracking for the past four years, but the bills have repeatedly failed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>San Benito County Qualifies First\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a parking lot in San Juan Bautista, an hour south of San Jose, volunteers paint signs that read, “Protect our water. Ban fracking in San Benito County.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We collected enough signatures to qualify in 14 days which was maybe a state record,” says Andy Hsia-Coron of San Benito Rising, the group that’s rallying support for a fracking ban on San Benito County’s November ballot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ballot measure is largely pre-emptive. While San Benito County has a handful of oil wells in production, oil companies haven’t reported using fracking there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And we don’t want you to frack in San Benito County,” Hsia-Coron says. “We know this a county with a lot of oil potential.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hisa-Coron says his group is collaborating with activists across the country. Cities in Colorado and New York have banned fracking over concerns about groundwater contamination and land impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bigger Fight in Santa Barbara\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We see a battle for sure, but we also see a great opportunity,” says Rebecca Claassen of the Santa Barbara County Water Guardians, a volunteer group that’s put a measure on the local ballot to ban fracking on unincorporated land in the county.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We see a battle for sure, but we also see a great opportunity.’\u003ccite>— Rebecca Claassen, Santa Barbara County Water Guardians\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Claassen says the legacy of Santa Barbara’s 1969 oil spill came up often as her group gathered 20,000 signatures for measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Home of the first major oil spill in the United States,” she says. “In ’69, there were hundreds of thousands of gallons of oil pouring into the ocean and washing up on these beaches here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also fueling support for the ban are economic concerns. “We have a lot of agriculture and tourism that both depend on clean water,” Claassen says, “and so the risks of water contamination really resonated with most everyone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Claasen’s group is facing an uphill battle, because Santa Barbara’s oil industry is much larger than San Benito’s. When the measure came up at county supervisors meeting, industry workers turned out in force with concerns about their jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Banning More Than Fracking\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s attempting to outlaw all methods of oil extraction, not only fracking, but a number of other means of well stimulating,” says Armen Nahabedian of Citadel Exploration, a company that develops oil projects. “It is an absolute anti-hydrocarbon initiative.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent morning, Nahabedian is meeting with rancher Skip Ramsey about putting an oil well on his land outside of San Ardo, an hour south of Salinas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19346\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/fracking3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19346\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/fracking3.jpg\" alt=\"Armen Nahabedian of Citadel Exploration talks with rancher Skip Ramsey about an oil project. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"371\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Armen Nahabedian of Citadel Exploration (right) talks with rancher Skip Ramsey about an oil project. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The drought has hit Ramsey’s ranch hard, drying up feed for his cattle months sooner than expected. He says royalty payments from an oil well would go a long way for his family and his ranch. “To just support college educations,” he says, “and I’d like to increase my water capability to raise more feed for my cattle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nahabedian says if the San Benito measure passes, it could stand in the way of deals like this one. “It’s difficult to make the same sort of offers to landowners in this area with this sort of uncertainty hanging the balance,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nahabedian’s company doesn’t use fracking, but it does use another oil extraction technique that the initiatives would ban, called cyclic steam injection. Oil in California is heavy, so producers inject steam underground to loosen it up.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘You can drill for it or you can kill for it.’\u003ccite>— Armen Nahabedian, Citadel Exploration\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> “Steam injection is an old technique,” he says. “We’ve been using it in the industry since the early 1960s. It’s not much different than cleaning a dirty engine block.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 60 percent of oil produced in California is extracted with steam injection and similar methods, making it more common than fracking. Nahabedian says banning steam injection would mean the state’s refineries would have to look at importing oil from outside the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I say very simply — and some people say very crudely — that you can drill for it or you can kill for it, but that’s just the truth,” he says. “I’m a veteran from Operation Iraqi Freedom, and I have a firm belief that it’s our social responsibility and our civil responsibility to become a domestic producer that’s totally independent of foreign oil supply.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19348\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/fracking1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19348\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/fracking1.jpg\" alt=\"About 60 percent of oil pumped in California uses steam injection or similar methods, something the ballot measures seek to ban. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">About 60 percent of oil pumped in California is produced with steam injection or similar methods, which would also be banned under the ballot measures. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It would hurt oil production in our state, particularly in regions that are more economically depressed like the Central Valley,” says Sabrina Lockheart of Californians for Energy Independence, an advocacy group that’s funded in part by the oil industry and is fighting the local fracking bans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California regulators \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/11/15/what-californias-new-fracking-rules-would-do-and-not-do/\">are currently drafting new regulations\u003c/a> for fracking, ones that the oil industry says are more than enough to ensure fracking is done safely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re the strongest regulations in the country as it relates to fracking,” Lockheart says. “It includes conducting a science-based study, disclosure of the chemicals used, monitoring protected groundwater and prior notification of surrounding landowners.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Activists like Andy Hsia-Coron don’t believe those regulations go far enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We figure that if we pass these initiatives in November,” he says, “that dozens of counties will be filing their initiatives and it can even be done a city level.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May, Santa Cruz County supervisors voted to pass a fracking ban. Voters in San Benito and Santa Barbara counties will vote on bans in November. Activists in Butte and Mendocino counties are still working to qualify ballot measures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Climate Change Worsens Coastal Flooding From High Tides",
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"content": "\u003cp>A wave of high tides is expected to hit much of the East Coast this week. These special tides – \u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" href=\"http://www.witnesskingtides.org/what-are-king-tides.aspx\">king tides\u003c/a> — occur a few times a year when the Moon’s orbit brings it close to the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists say that lately, even normal tides throughout the year \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2014/10/08/144980/climate_change_worsens_coastal_flooding_from_high_tides?source=npr&category=science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" class=\"rssmi_more\">…Read More\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2014/10/08/144980/climate_change_worsens_coastal_flooding_from_high_tides?source=npr&category=science\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Climate Change Worsens Coastal Flooding From High Tides\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">NPR Science – ingested into KQED\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "\u003cp>A wave of high tides is expected to hit much of the East Coast this week. These special tides – \u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" href=\"http://www.witnesskingtides.org/what-are-king-tides.aspx\">king tides\u003c/a> — occur a few times a year when the Moon's orbit brings it close to the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003cp>But scientists say that lately, even normal tides throughout the year \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2014/10/08/144980/climate_change_worsens_coastal_flooding_from_high_tides?source=npr&category=science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" class=\"rssmi_more\">...Read More\u003c/a>",
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"description": "A wave of high tides is expected to hit much of the East Coast this week. These special tides – king tides — occur a few times a year when the Moon's orbit brings it close to the Earth.\n\nBut scientists say that lately, even normal tides throughout the year ...Read More",
"title": "Climate Change Worsens Coastal Flooding From High Tides | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A wave of high tides is expected to hit much of the East Coast this week. These special tides – \u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" href=\"http://www.witnesskingtides.org/what-are-king-tides.aspx\">king tides\u003c/a> — occur a few times a year when the Moon’s orbit brings it close to the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists say that lately, even normal tides throughout the year \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2014/10/08/144980/climate_change_worsens_coastal_flooding_from_high_tides?source=npr&category=science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" class=\"rssmi_more\">…Read More\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2014/10/08/144980/climate_change_worsens_coastal_flooding_from_high_tides?source=npr&category=science\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Climate Change Worsens Coastal Flooding From High Tides\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">NPR Science – ingested into KQED\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By John Upton\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/oceans-getting-hotter-than-anybody-realized-18139\">Climate Central\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22313\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 685px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/assets-climatecentral-org-images-uploads-news-10_3_14_John_ArgoFloats-685x390.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/assets-climatecentral-org-images-uploads-news-10_3_14_John_ArgoFloats-685x390.jpg\" alt=\"An Argo float. (Alicia Navidad/CSIRO) \" width=\"685\" height=\"389\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22313\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An Argo float. (Alicia Navidad/CSIRO)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.niwa.co.nz/vessels/kaharoa\">RV Kaharoa\u003c/a> motored out of Wellington, New Zealand on Saturday, loaded with more than 100 scientific instruments, each eventually destined for a watery grave. Crewmembers will spend the next two months dropping the 50-pound devices, called \u003ca href=\"http://www.argo.ucsd.edu/index.html\">Argo floats\u003c/a>, into the seas between New Zealand and Mauritius, off the coast of Madagascar. There, the instruments will sink and drift, then measure temperature, salinity and pressure as they resurface to beam the data to a satellite. The battery-powered floats will repeat that process every 10 days — until they conk out, after four years or more, and become ocean junk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under an international program begun in 2000, and that started producing useful global data in 2005, the world’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/temperature-plateau-is-likely-due-to-warming-of-deep-oceans-16280\">warming\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/what-will-survive-in-hot-acidic-oceans-18027\">acidifying\u003c/a> seas have been invisibly filled with thousands of these bobbing instruments. They are gathering and transmitting data that’s providing scientists with the clearest-ever pictures of the hitherto-unfathomed extent of ocean warming. About 90 percent of global warming is ending up not on land, but in the oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research published Sunday concluded that the upper 2,300 feet of the Southern Hemisphere’s oceans may have warmed twice as quickly after 1970 than had previously been thought. Gathering reliable ocean data in the Southern Hemisphere has historically been a challenge, given its remoteness and its relative paucity of commercial shipping, which helps gather ocean data. Argo floats and satellites are now helping to plug Austral ocean data gaps, and improving the accuracy of Northern Hemisphere measurements and estimates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Argo data is really critical,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www-pcmdi.llnl.gov/about/staff/Durack/\">Paul Durack\u003c/a>, a Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory researcher who led the new study, which was published in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nclimate2389.html\">Nature Climate Change\u003c/a>. “The estimates that we had up until now have been pretty systematically underestimating the likely changes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Durack and Lawrence Livermore colleagues worked with a Jet Propulsion Laboratory scientist to compare ocean observations with ocean models. They concluded that the upper levels of the planet’s oceans — those of the northern and southern hemispheres combined — had been warming during several decades prior to 2005 at rates that were 24 to 58 percent faster than had previously been realized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That rapid ocean warming has consequences for the Earth’s climate and its shorelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We continue to be stunned at how rapidly the ocean is warming,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www-pord.ucsd.edu/~sgille/\">Sarah Gille\u003c/a>, a Scripps Institution of Oceanography professor. Gille was not involved with this paper, nor was she involved with a similar one published Sunday that examined the role of ocean warming in rising sea levels. She described both of them as “tremendously interesting” studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even if we stopped all greenhouse gas emissions today, we’d still have an ocean that is warmer than the ocean of 1950, and that heat commits us to a warmer climate,” Gille said. “Extra heat means extra sea level rise, since warmer water is less dense, so a warmer ocean expands.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ocean warming is exacerbating flooding caused by the melting of glaciers and other ice. Seas have risen 8 inches since the industrial revolution, and they continue to rise at a hastening pace, worsening floods and boosting storm surges near shorelines around the world. Another 2 to 7 feet of sea level rise is \u003ca href=\"http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/\">forecast this century\u003c/a>, jeoparizing the homes and neighborhoods of the 5 million Americans who live less than 4 feet above high tide, as well as those of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/24/upshot/flooding-risk-from-climate-change-country-by-country.html?rref=upshot&abt=0002&abg=0&_r=0\">hundreds of millions\u003c/a> living along coastlines in other countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other ocean temperature study, also published Sunday in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nclimate2387.html\">Nature Climate Change\u003c/a>, used Argo and other data to tentatively conclude that all of the ocean warming from 2005 to 2013 had occurred above depths of 6,500 feet. During the same period, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory scientists who wrote the paper concluded, the expansion of those warming waters caused a third of the planet’s 2.8 millimeters of annual sea-level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sunday’s papers joined more than 1,000 others \u003ca href=\"http://www.argo.ucsd.edu/Bibliography.html\">published so far\u003c/a> that have used Argo float data to improve science’s understanding of waterways that are climatically influential but difficult to measure manually. “This research covers a very broad range of topics including ocean circulation, water mass formation and spreading, mesoscale eddies, interannual variability such as El Niño, decadal variability, and multi-decadal climate change,” said Scripps Institution of Oceanography professor \u003ca href=\"http://scrippsscholars.ucsd.edu/droemmich/biocv\">Dean Roemmich\u003c/a>, who was in New Zealand last week preparing Argo floats for deployment by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.vesselfinder.com/?mmsi=512119000\">RV Kaharoa’s crew\u003c/a>. “The program has revolutionized large-scale physical oceanography.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.csiro.au/Organisation-Structure/Divisions/Marine--Atmospheric-Research/SteveRintoul.aspx\">Steve Rintoul\u003c/a>, a researcher at Australia’s Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, or CSIRO, said findings of ocean warming above 6,500 feet in the Jet Propulsion Lab’s study \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/atlantic-holds-key-to-global-warming-hiatus-17930\">explain the recent slowdown\u003c/a> in warming at the Earth’s surface, which is sometimes called \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/new-study-ties-global-warming-hiatus-to-a-pacific-cooldown-16405\">global warming hiatus\u003c/a>, or warming pause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“An important result of this paper is the demonstration that the oceans have continued to warm over the past decade, at a rate consistent with estimates of Earth’s net energy imbalance,” Rintoul said. “While the rate of increase in surface air temperatures slowed in the last 10 to 15 years, the heat stored by the planet, which is heavily dominated by the oceans, has steadily increased as greenhouse gases have continued to rise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That extra heat isn’t expected to swim with the fishes forever. Some of it will eventually rise from the deep, raising temperatures in places that more directly affect us landlubbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just how rapidly the oceanic heat will resurface to warm the land is “something that we struggle with,” said Scripps’s Gille. But she said heat is constantly shifting between oceans and the atmosphere. “A warmer ocean will mean a warmer atmosphere.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By John Upton\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/oceans-getting-hotter-than-anybody-realized-18139\">Climate Central\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22313\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 685px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/assets-climatecentral-org-images-uploads-news-10_3_14_John_ArgoFloats-685x390.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/assets-climatecentral-org-images-uploads-news-10_3_14_John_ArgoFloats-685x390.jpg\" alt=\"An Argo float. (Alicia Navidad/CSIRO) \" width=\"685\" height=\"389\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22313\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An Argo float. (Alicia Navidad/CSIRO)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.niwa.co.nz/vessels/kaharoa\">RV Kaharoa\u003c/a> motored out of Wellington, New Zealand on Saturday, loaded with more than 100 scientific instruments, each eventually destined for a watery grave. Crewmembers will spend the next two months dropping the 50-pound devices, called \u003ca href=\"http://www.argo.ucsd.edu/index.html\">Argo floats\u003c/a>, into the seas between New Zealand and Mauritius, off the coast of Madagascar. There, the instruments will sink and drift, then measure temperature, salinity and pressure as they resurface to beam the data to a satellite. The battery-powered floats will repeat that process every 10 days — until they conk out, after four years or more, and become ocean junk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under an international program begun in 2000, and that started producing useful global data in 2005, the world’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/temperature-plateau-is-likely-due-to-warming-of-deep-oceans-16280\">warming\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/what-will-survive-in-hot-acidic-oceans-18027\">acidifying\u003c/a> seas have been invisibly filled with thousands of these bobbing instruments. They are gathering and transmitting data that’s providing scientists with the clearest-ever pictures of the hitherto-unfathomed extent of ocean warming. About 90 percent of global warming is ending up not on land, but in the oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research published Sunday concluded that the upper 2,300 feet of the Southern Hemisphere’s oceans may have warmed twice as quickly after 1970 than had previously been thought. Gathering reliable ocean data in the Southern Hemisphere has historically been a challenge, given its remoteness and its relative paucity of commercial shipping, which helps gather ocean data. Argo floats and satellites are now helping to plug Austral ocean data gaps, and improving the accuracy of Northern Hemisphere measurements and estimates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Argo data is really critical,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www-pcmdi.llnl.gov/about/staff/Durack/\">Paul Durack\u003c/a>, a Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory researcher who led the new study, which was published in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nclimate2389.html\">Nature Climate Change\u003c/a>. “The estimates that we had up until now have been pretty systematically underestimating the likely changes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Durack and Lawrence Livermore colleagues worked with a Jet Propulsion Laboratory scientist to compare ocean observations with ocean models. They concluded that the upper levels of the planet’s oceans — those of the northern and southern hemispheres combined — had been warming during several decades prior to 2005 at rates that were 24 to 58 percent faster than had previously been realized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That rapid ocean warming has consequences for the Earth’s climate and its shorelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We continue to be stunned at how rapidly the ocean is warming,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www-pord.ucsd.edu/~sgille/\">Sarah Gille\u003c/a>, a Scripps Institution of Oceanography professor. Gille was not involved with this paper, nor was she involved with a similar one published Sunday that examined the role of ocean warming in rising sea levels. She described both of them as “tremendously interesting” studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even if we stopped all greenhouse gas emissions today, we’d still have an ocean that is warmer than the ocean of 1950, and that heat commits us to a warmer climate,” Gille said. “Extra heat means extra sea level rise, since warmer water is less dense, so a warmer ocean expands.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ocean warming is exacerbating flooding caused by the melting of glaciers and other ice. Seas have risen 8 inches since the industrial revolution, and they continue to rise at a hastening pace, worsening floods and boosting storm surges near shorelines around the world. Another 2 to 7 feet of sea level rise is \u003ca href=\"http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/\">forecast this century\u003c/a>, jeoparizing the homes and neighborhoods of the 5 million Americans who live less than 4 feet above high tide, as well as those of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/24/upshot/flooding-risk-from-climate-change-country-by-country.html?rref=upshot&abt=0002&abg=0&_r=0\">hundreds of millions\u003c/a> living along coastlines in other countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other ocean temperature study, also published Sunday in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nclimate2387.html\">Nature Climate Change\u003c/a>, used Argo and other data to tentatively conclude that all of the ocean warming from 2005 to 2013 had occurred above depths of 6,500 feet. During the same period, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory scientists who wrote the paper concluded, the expansion of those warming waters caused a third of the planet’s 2.8 millimeters of annual sea-level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sunday’s papers joined more than 1,000 others \u003ca href=\"http://www.argo.ucsd.edu/Bibliography.html\">published so far\u003c/a> that have used Argo float data to improve science’s understanding of waterways that are climatically influential but difficult to measure manually. “This research covers a very broad range of topics including ocean circulation, water mass formation and spreading, mesoscale eddies, interannual variability such as El Niño, decadal variability, and multi-decadal climate change,” said Scripps Institution of Oceanography professor \u003ca href=\"http://scrippsscholars.ucsd.edu/droemmich/biocv\">Dean Roemmich\u003c/a>, who was in New Zealand last week preparing Argo floats for deployment by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.vesselfinder.com/?mmsi=512119000\">RV Kaharoa’s crew\u003c/a>. “The program has revolutionized large-scale physical oceanography.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.csiro.au/Organisation-Structure/Divisions/Marine--Atmospheric-Research/SteveRintoul.aspx\">Steve Rintoul\u003c/a>, a researcher at Australia’s Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, or CSIRO, said findings of ocean warming above 6,500 feet in the Jet Propulsion Lab’s study \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/atlantic-holds-key-to-global-warming-hiatus-17930\">explain the recent slowdown\u003c/a> in warming at the Earth’s surface, which is sometimes called \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/new-study-ties-global-warming-hiatus-to-a-pacific-cooldown-16405\">global warming hiatus\u003c/a>, or warming pause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“An important result of this paper is the demonstration that the oceans have continued to warm over the past decade, at a rate consistent with estimates of Earth’s net energy imbalance,” Rintoul said. “While the rate of increase in surface air temperatures slowed in the last 10 to 15 years, the heat stored by the planet, which is heavily dominated by the oceans, has steadily increased as greenhouse gases have continued to rise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That extra heat isn’t expected to swim with the fishes forever. Some of it will eventually rise from the deep, raising temperatures in places that more directly affect us landlubbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just how rapidly the oceanic heat will resurface to warm the land is “something that we struggle with,” said Scripps’s Gille. But she said heat is constantly shifting between oceans and the atmosphere. “A warmer ocean will mean a warmer atmosphere.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"description": "[caption id=\"attachment_13657\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"351\"] Just over 2,000 wells have been fracked in California, according to industry data. (Craig Miller/KQED)[/caption] Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, has been used for more than 30 years in California, but it’s attracting attention and scrutiny because of renewed interest in the state’s large oil reserve, known as the Monterey Shale. In California, fracking is done mainly for oil, while in other states with recent fracking booms, like Pennsylvania and Texas, it’s used largely for natural gas. What is it? Fracking is just one phase of the process used to bring an oil or gas well into production. The technique is used to release oil from rocks deep underground. Water, mixed with sand and chemicals, is injected down the well bore at high pressure to create tiny fractures in the rock. According to the oil industry, more than 2,000 wells have been fracked in the state. Concerns Environmental groups have called for a moratorium on fracking until the state does a comprehensive review of potential impacts on both water and air quality. A chief concern is the chemicals used, some of which are carcinogens, and potential contamination of groundwater. Fracking also uses large volumes of freshwater. Industry sources say it uses less freshwater in California than is used in other states and no cases of groundwater contamination have been found. Where it Stands In November 2013, state regulators released draft rules for fracking that are now expected to go into effect in July 2015. They followed passage of SB 4, a bill signed by Governor Jerry Brown, that spelled out what the regulations should cover. Under the rules, oil and gas operators would be required to apply for a permit prior to fracking a well, and to provide written notice to nearby landowners. Operators would have to disclose what chemicals they use, but not the specific concentrations if they consider those a trade secret. State water regulators are also developing a groundwater monitoring program. The regulations are expected to be finalized by the end of 2014.",
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