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"content": "\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" title=\"Are Consumers or Corporations Responsible for Reducing Carbon Emissions?\" href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/2014/09/16/are-consumers-or-corporations-responsible-for-reducing-carbon-emissions/\">DoNow Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/2014/09/16/are-consumers-or-corporations-responsible-for-reducing-carbon-emissions/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=are-consumers-or-corporations-responsible-for-reducing-carbon-emissions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" class=\"rssmi_more\">…Read More\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/2014/09/16/are-consumers-or-corporations-responsible-for-reducing-carbon-emissions/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=are-consumers-or-corporations-responsible-for-reducing-carbon-emissions\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Are Consumers or Corporations Responsible for Reducing Carbon Emissions?\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">KQED QUEST\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"title": "Long-Range Forecast: Less Snow for Skiers, Less Water for California",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21952\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/Madera-CA-e1411603795284.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-21952 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/Madera-CA-e1411603795284.jpg\" alt=\"Madera, CA\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Melting Sierra snow, which will be coming sooner and faster, according to a new report. (\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/jfdervin/\">Jonathan Fox\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/about/people/staff/kitty-felde\">Kitty Felde\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/\">KPCC\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attention skiers: climate change means fewer trips to Tahoe this century. That’s the word from a first-time study by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.doi.gov/index.cfm\">Department of the Interior\u003c/a>. Less snow also means additional challenges for storing water during drier months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the DOI’s Sacramento and San Joaquin Basins \u003ca href=\"http://www.usbr.gov/WaterSMART/wcra/docs/ssjbia/ssjbia.pdf\">Climate Impact Assessment\u003c/a>, the average temperature in California’s Central Valley is predicted to rise by about 3 degrees Fahrenheit by mid-century and possibly more than 5 degrees by the end of the century. It may not sound like much, but it means more rain and less snow in the Sierra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That snow provides more than recreation for skiers. It’s like a bank account for future water withdrawals. Deputy Interior Secretary \u003ca href=\"http://www.doi.gov/whoweare/depsec.cfm\">Michael Connor\u003c/a> says we’ve historically relied on the natural snowpack to melt slowly, providing steady runoff that would provide water for cities and farms into mid-to-late summer. Less snow means less water during California’s hotter, drier months.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘This study confirms that the current status quo for water supply in California is not sustainable.’\u003ccite>— Michael Connor, DOI\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“This study confirms that the current status quo for water supply in California is not sustainable,” said Connor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The challenge is how to capture the early rain. Connor says there are two options: construct more reservoirs or try to replenish groundwater (usually done by flooding low-lying areas and allowing the water to percolate into the ground). Environmentalists oppose new dams and the federal government doesn’t regulate withdrawals from aquifers. Neither did California until just recently. Last week Gov. Jerry Brown signed a package of bills that put the state on the road to coordinated management of groundwater — but it’s a long road. It \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/09/17/what-to-know-about-californias-new-groundwater-law/\">will take years to implement\u003c/a> the new system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.friendsoftheriver.org/site/PageServer?pagename=FORStaff\">Ron Stork\u003c/a> of the environmental advocacy group \u003ca href=\"http://www.friendsoftheriver.org/site/PageServer\">Friends of the River,\u003c/a> says farmers in large parts of the San Joaquin Valley have been “\u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/some-california-farmers-fallow-fields-others-sell-water-for-big-profits/\">mining groundwater\u003c/a> for years.” Ultimately, Stork says, it will mean a reduction in the number of farmed acres in the Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The DOI report predicts that it’s going to happen anyway:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The average annual agricultural demands are projected to decrease because of reduced irrigated acreage.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>But it also projects higher water demands from a growing urban population. The overall precipitation outlook is mixed but overall, not good news:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“In the northern part of the Sacramento Valley, projections indicate a slight increase of a few percent in precipitation around the mid-century period. A slight decrease in precipitation was projected to occur in both the San Joaquin and Tulare Lake basins. In these basins, the reductions tend to increase throughout the 21st century from a few percent to nearly 10 percent in the southern parts of the Central Valley.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Scientists agree that the timing of that precipitation and the form in which it falls — rain v. snow — may matter more than the actual changes in volume.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report outlines an additional challenge: rising sea levels of more than five feet will lead to saltwater intrusion into California’s main water source, the \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - Delta\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/ca-delta/\">Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta\u003c/a>. Increased salinity and a rise in the temperature of river water also means a decline of habitat for fish and wildlife. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The challenge is how to capture the early rain. Connor says there are two options: construct more reservoirs or try to replenish groundwater (usually done by flooding low-lying areas and allowing the water to percolate into the ground). Environmentalists oppose new dams and the federal government doesn’t regulate withdrawals from aquifers. Neither did California until just recently. Last week Gov. Jerry Brown signed a package of bills that put the state on the road to coordinated management of groundwater — but it’s a long road. It \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/09/17/what-to-know-about-californias-new-groundwater-law/\">will take years to implement\u003c/a> the new system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.friendsoftheriver.org/site/PageServer?pagename=FORStaff\">Ron Stork\u003c/a> of the environmental advocacy group \u003ca href=\"http://www.friendsoftheriver.org/site/PageServer\">Friends of the River,\u003c/a> says farmers in large parts of the San Joaquin Valley have been “\u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/some-california-farmers-fallow-fields-others-sell-water-for-big-profits/\">mining groundwater\u003c/a> for years.” Ultimately, Stork says, it will mean a reduction in the number of farmed acres in the Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The DOI report predicts that it’s going to happen anyway:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The average annual agricultural demands are projected to decrease because of reduced irrigated acreage.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>But it also projects higher water demands from a growing urban population. The overall precipitation outlook is mixed but overall, not good news:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“In the northern part of the Sacramento Valley, projections indicate a slight increase of a few percent in precipitation around the mid-century period. A slight decrease in precipitation was projected to occur in both the San Joaquin and Tulare Lake basins. In these basins, the reductions tend to increase throughout the 21st century from a few percent to nearly 10 percent in the southern parts of the Central Valley.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Scientists agree that the timing of that precipitation and the form in which it falls — rain v. snow — may matter more than the actual changes in volume.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report outlines an additional challenge: rising sea levels of more than five feet will lead to saltwater intrusion into California’s main water source, the \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - Delta\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/ca-delta/\">Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta\u003c/a>. Increased salinity and a rise in the temperature of river water also means a decline of habitat for fish and wildlife. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv>Copyright 2014 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">http://www.npr.org/\u003c/a>.\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003ca class=\"rssmi_more\" href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2014/09/22/143863/climate_activists_look_for_solutions_from_business_diplomats?source=npr&category=science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">…Read More\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca title=\"Climate Activists Look For Solutions From Business, Diplomats\" href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2014/09/22/143863/climate_activists_look_for_solutions_from_business_diplomats?source=npr&category=science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">NPR Science – ingested into KQED\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21834\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/Peoples-Climate-March-e1411330083958-1024x574.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-21834\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/Peoples-Climate-March-e1411330083958-1024x574.jpg\" alt=\"Courtesy People's Climate Watch\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Courtesy People’s Climate Watch\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/14562108/bill-chappell\">Bill Chappell\u003c/a> for \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/09/21/350320021/large-protests-in-hundreds-of-cities-vents-ire-at-climate-change\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Streets in New York City and other towns were taken over by marchers Sunday in what organizers called the largest climate change protest in history. The People’s Climate March was timed to draw the notice of world leaders gathering for this week’s U.N. Climate Summit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, organizers estimated around 310,000 people joined the New York march alone. Protesters elsewhere also celebrated large turnouts. A Twitter feed at \u003ca href=\"http://peoplesclimate.org/\">the march’s website\u003c/a> showed crowds of demonstrators marching in Perth and Melbourne, in London and Dublin, and in Johannesburg and Tanzania.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"color: #111111\">As NPR’s Joel Rose reports from New York, the idea for the huge march started with professor and activist Bill McKibben, as a way to push for actions that limit greenhouse gas emissions. U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has said he’ll march with the protesters. \u003ca class=\"rssmi_more\" href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2014/09/20/143730/organizers_hope_un_climate_march_will_be_largest_in_history?source=npr&category=science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">…Read More\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2014 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">http://www.npr.org/\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"title": "A Coastal Paradise Confronts Its Watery Future",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" href=\"http://www.dan-reiter.com/\">Dan Reiter\u003c/a>, 37, is a long-boarder and contractor who used to live in Tampa. Then he discovered the surf breaks along a stretch of coast south of Cape Canaveral. “It’s one of the most beautiful places in the world to live and surf and raise your kids,” says Reiter, \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2014/09/18/143587/a_coastal_paradise_confronts_its_watery_future?source=npr&category=science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" class=\"rssmi_more\">…Read More\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2014/09/18/143587/a_coastal_paradise_confronts_its_watery_future?source=npr&category=science\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"A Coastal Paradise Confronts Its Watery Future\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">NPR Science – ingested into KQED\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "\u003cp>\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" href=\"http://www.dan-reiter.com/\">Dan Reiter\u003c/a>, 37, is a long-boarder and contractor who used to live in Tampa. Then he discovered the surf breaks along a stretch of coast south of Cape Canaveral. \"It's one of the most beautiful places in the world to live and surf and raise your kids,\" says Reiter, \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2014/09/18/143587/a_coastal_paradise_confronts_its_watery_future?source=npr&category=science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" class=\"rssmi_more\">...Read More\u003c/a>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" href=\"http://www.dan-reiter.com/\">Dan Reiter\u003c/a>, 37, is a long-boarder and contractor who used to live in Tampa. Then he discovered the surf breaks along a stretch of coast south of Cape Canaveral. “It’s one of the most beautiful places in the world to live and surf and raise your kids,” says Reiter, \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2014/09/18/143587/a_coastal_paradise_confronts_its_watery_future?source=npr&category=science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" class=\"rssmi_more\">…Read More\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2014/09/18/143587/a_coastal_paradise_confronts_its_watery_future?source=npr&category=science\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"A Coastal Paradise Confronts Its Watery Future\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">NPR Science – ingested into KQED\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Why More Trees in the Sierra Mean Less Water for California",
"headTitle": "Why More Trees in the Sierra Mean Less Water for California | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/09/20140915science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21584\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/River-runoff.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21584\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/River-runoff.jpg\" alt=\"Sierra Nevada forests are denser than they once were, potentially reducing the amount of runoff that reaches California's reservoirs. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sierra Nevada forests are denser than they once were, potentially reducing the amount of runoff that reaches California’s reservoirs. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With California’s reservoir levels dropping, just about everyone is wishing the state had gotten more water this year. That doesn’t just depend on the weather, according to a team of scientists. Sierra Nevada forests play a big role in the state’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just like crops, trees consume water. And Sierra Nevada forests are denser than they once were after decades of fire suppression. That could be reducing the amount of runoff coming from the snowpack — runoff that provides water for most of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We call the Sierra Nevada our water towers for California,” says Roger Bales, a hydrologist with UC Merced. “About 60 percent of our consumable water comes from the Sierra Nevada.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bales is working in a pine forest about 20 miles west of Lake Tahoe, to understand the balance between and trees and runoff. His team has installed hundreds of sensors in the American River basin to record snow depth and soil moisture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The snowmelt really enters the soil,” he says, “and flows downslope to the nearest stream channel.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From there, it joins major rivers and \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/waterandpower/map.jsp\">goes into reservoirs\u003c/a> and canals that reach \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/02/28/bay-area-do-you-know-where-your-water-comes-from/\">all the way to cities and farms\u003c/a> in the Central Valley, Bay Area and Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21585\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 340px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/bales-729x1024.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-21585\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/bales-729x1024.jpg\" alt=\"UC Merced's Roger Bales and Ziran Zhang work on a snow sensor tower in the Tahoe National Forest. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"340\" height=\"477\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UC Merced’s Roger Bales and Ziran Zhang work on a snow sensor tower in the Tahoe National Forest. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When trees use water through the process of evapotranspiration, it doesn’t run off into rivers and reservoirs. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That water travels up the tree trunk and then goes out through the leaves to the atmosphere,” Bales says. And there are a lot more trees using water today than there once were.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frequent, low-intensity fires once cleared out small trees and maintained spaces in the forest. Decades of suppressing fires has allowed the forest to fill in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You go back about 100-to-150 years and the forest data show us there were maybe only half as many trees here,” Bales says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The snowpack is also less stable in a dense forest. The snow gets stuck in the trees’ branches before reaching the ground and evaporates faster because it’s more susceptible to sun and wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because these changes have happened over millions of acres of forest, Bales says it’s led researchers to a basic question:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If there were half as many trees, would there be more runoff?” he asks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research points to yes, he says — potentially a lot more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Is it 20 percent, 30 percent or 40 percent?” Bales says. “We’re sort of in that range. But that’s a hypothesis. Our back-of-the-envelope calculations suggest that you could get anywhere from half a million to a million acre-feet additional water out of the Sierra Nevada.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A million acre-feet of water is enough to supply two million households in California for a year — an amount that could make a big difference during a drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Managing Overgrown Forests\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the water piece is really huge,” says Scott Stephens, professor of fire science at UC Berkeley. “I think it’s under-appreciated but it’s massive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stephens has found similar results in the Illilouette Creek basin in Yosemite National Park. About 40 fires have been allowed to burn there over several decades, reducing the number of trees per acre.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It looks like there’s 20 percent more surface water leaving the streams in that area since the fire program began in the mid-1970s,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The widely spaced trees also make the forest more resistant to high-severity fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”ebfC6eGZE6wvva0IQjLqdbheiT23eRrP”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I call it a potential win-win,” Stephens says. “It’s a win from a fire standpoint to have more resilient forests and also maybe a win in terms of being able to provide a critical resource for California, which is water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But leaving naturally caused fires to burn over large areas of the Sierra Nevada is tricky, he says, especially near houses and communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Letting fire work in those lands is risky,” Stephens says. “Sometimes it’s going to go as expected and once in a while it goes wrong.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another option is to allow timber companies to cut small trees, thinning the forest. It’s commonly done where roads already exist, but can be prohibitively expensive in remote areas and often faces environmental opposition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change could make the problem even worse. A \u003ca href=\"http://news.uci.edu/press-releases/sierra-nevada-freshwater-runoff-could-drop-26-percent-by-2100-uc-study-finds/\">recent study\u003c/a> from UC Irvine found California’s forests will be using even more water by the end of the century, because warming temperatures will make the growing season longer. Runoff could drop by as much as 26 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t act today, our grandkids’ grandkids are going to have so few options,” Stephens says. “It’s going to be warmer. It’s going to be more difficult to do this work and they’re going to be basically chasing their tails.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stephens says the good news is that California water districts are joining the conversation about how to manage forests. While it didn’t used to be on their radar, the connection between trees and our drinking water is becoming hard to ignore.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21584\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/River-runoff.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21584\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/River-runoff.jpg\" alt=\"Sierra Nevada forests are denser than they once were, potentially reducing the amount of runoff that reaches California's reservoirs. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sierra Nevada forests are denser than they once were, potentially reducing the amount of runoff that reaches California’s reservoirs. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With California’s reservoir levels dropping, just about everyone is wishing the state had gotten more water this year. That doesn’t just depend on the weather, according to a team of scientists. Sierra Nevada forests play a big role in the state’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just like crops, trees consume water. And Sierra Nevada forests are denser than they once were after decades of fire suppression. That could be reducing the amount of runoff coming from the snowpack — runoff that provides water for most of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We call the Sierra Nevada our water towers for California,” says Roger Bales, a hydrologist with UC Merced. “About 60 percent of our consumable water comes from the Sierra Nevada.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bales is working in a pine forest about 20 miles west of Lake Tahoe, to understand the balance between and trees and runoff. His team has installed hundreds of sensors in the American River basin to record snow depth and soil moisture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The snowmelt really enters the soil,” he says, “and flows downslope to the nearest stream channel.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From there, it joins major rivers and \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/waterandpower/map.jsp\">goes into reservoirs\u003c/a> and canals that reach \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/02/28/bay-area-do-you-know-where-your-water-comes-from/\">all the way to cities and farms\u003c/a> in the Central Valley, Bay Area and Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21585\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 340px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/bales-729x1024.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-21585\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/bales-729x1024.jpg\" alt=\"UC Merced's Roger Bales and Ziran Zhang work on a snow sensor tower in the Tahoe National Forest. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"340\" height=\"477\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UC Merced’s Roger Bales and Ziran Zhang work on a snow sensor tower in the Tahoe National Forest. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When trees use water through the process of evapotranspiration, it doesn’t run off into rivers and reservoirs. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That water travels up the tree trunk and then goes out through the leaves to the atmosphere,” Bales says. And there are a lot more trees using water today than there once were.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frequent, low-intensity fires once cleared out small trees and maintained spaces in the forest. Decades of suppressing fires has allowed the forest to fill in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You go back about 100-to-150 years and the forest data show us there were maybe only half as many trees here,” Bales says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The snowpack is also less stable in a dense forest. The snow gets stuck in the trees’ branches before reaching the ground and evaporates faster because it’s more susceptible to sun and wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because these changes have happened over millions of acres of forest, Bales says it’s led researchers to a basic question:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If there were half as many trees, would there be more runoff?” he asks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research points to yes, he says — potentially a lot more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Is it 20 percent, 30 percent or 40 percent?” Bales says. “We’re sort of in that range. But that’s a hypothesis. Our back-of-the-envelope calculations suggest that you could get anywhere from half a million to a million acre-feet additional water out of the Sierra Nevada.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A million acre-feet of water is enough to supply two million households in California for a year — an amount that could make a big difference during a drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Managing Overgrown Forests\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the water piece is really huge,” says Scott Stephens, professor of fire science at UC Berkeley. “I think it’s under-appreciated but it’s massive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stephens has found similar results in the Illilouette Creek basin in Yosemite National Park. About 40 fires have been allowed to burn there over several decades, reducing the number of trees per acre.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It looks like there’s 20 percent more surface water leaving the streams in that area since the fire program began in the mid-1970s,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The widely spaced trees also make the forest more resistant to high-severity fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I call it a potential win-win,” Stephens says. “It’s a win from a fire standpoint to have more resilient forests and also maybe a win in terms of being able to provide a critical resource for California, which is water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But leaving naturally caused fires to burn over large areas of the Sierra Nevada is tricky, he says, especially near houses and communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Letting fire work in those lands is risky,” Stephens says. “Sometimes it’s going to go as expected and once in a while it goes wrong.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another option is to allow timber companies to cut small trees, thinning the forest. It’s commonly done where roads already exist, but can be prohibitively expensive in remote areas and often faces environmental opposition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change could make the problem even worse. A \u003ca href=\"http://news.uci.edu/press-releases/sierra-nevada-freshwater-runoff-could-drop-26-percent-by-2100-uc-study-finds/\">recent study\u003c/a> from UC Irvine found California’s forests will be using even more water by the end of the century, because warming temperatures will make the growing season longer. Runoff could drop by as much as 26 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t act today, our grandkids’ grandkids are going to have so few options,” Stephens says. “It’s going to be warmer. It’s going to be more difficult to do this work and they’re going to be basically chasing their tails.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stephens says the good news is that California water districts are joining the conversation about how to manage forests. While it didn’t used to be on their radar, the connection between trees and our drinking water is becoming hard to ignore.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Plans Nation’s Most Detailed Sea Level Database",
"headTitle": "California Plans Nation’s Most Detailed Sea Level Database | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By John Upton\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/california-gets-serious-about-rising-seas-18010\">Climate Central\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21577\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/RS499_IMG_4241-lpr-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-21577\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/RS499_IMG_4241-lpr-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Highway 101 and San Francisco International Airport sit right along the Bay. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Highway 101 and San Francisco International Airport sit right along the Bay. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When you’ve got tens of millions of people living close to more than 1,000 miles of coastline, it could help to closely track the slews of steps being taken to protect homes, ports, roads and other infrastructure from rising seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it is in California, a broad and densely populated state where powerful tectonic and hydrologic forces have sculpted elaborate coastal, bayfront and estuarine landscapes. To help adapt to the increased flood risks affecting people and property in these landscapes, the Golden State is about to compile the nation’s most elaborate sea level rise planning database.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The task won’t be easy. California’s bureaucracy can be as bewildering as its hydrology. Which is one of the reasons its lawmakers are directing a single agency to gather information from cities, counties, airports, utilities and other companies, and a long list of state departments about sea level rise adaptation plans, and to consolidate them into a new online database.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given that there’s more than $36 billion worth of property within less than three feet of the state’s current high tide lines, and given the vulnerabilities of San Francisco Bay, which connects the Pacific Ocean with waterways that stretch into the agriculturally productive Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, the groundbreaking effort could seem as overdue as the much-anticipated El Niño.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It allows us to be far more efficient in our work on sea level rise,” said Assemblyman Richard Gordon (D), author of Assembly Bill 2516, which directs the California Natural Resources Agency to do the work. The bill has been passed by the state assembly and senate, largely along party lines, with Democrats supporting it and Republicans opposing. It’s awaiting a signature from Gov. Jerry Brown (D).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the bill is signed, various public agencies and private entities will have until next summer to provide their sea level rise plans, vulnerability assessments, scientific findings, inundation maps and related information to the Natural Resources Agency. That agency would be required to produce the database by the start of 2016. The work would be funded out of the agency’s existing budget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gordon chaired a committee that held four hearings on the impacts and risks of rising seas. Last month, the committee published a report, Sea-Level Rise: a Slow-Moving Emergency, detailing its findings. Better coordination of sea level rise planning was among the report’s many recommendations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We received information from local governments, state agencies and others about work that was underway” to adapt to rising seas, Gordon said. “One of the things that struck us the most was that often these efforts were being done in isolation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s impossible to say just how much more water is on its way for the water-flanked state, but there’s no doubt that it is coming. The state’s Ocean Protection Council last year urged other departments and offices to brace for about three feet of sea level rise this century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no community that touches the sea that will not be impacted,” Gordon said. “We also have a very large inland coastal area surrounding the San Francisco Bay. All of these areas are in jeopardy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wetland restoration is a popular tool being used in California to adapt to rising seas. Thanks in part to the natural growth of plants and the natural shoreline accumulation of drifting sediment, these ecosystems can grow vertically along with rising water levels. And they can buffer storm surges, protecting nearby property. But, as an example of how the new database could prove useful, Gordon said coastal managers aren’t always aware of the wetland restoration work underway in other parts of the state. The new database would help them share tips and information on best practices among themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also of concern to the committee were those areas and governments within the state that aren’t yet bracing for rising seas. Gordon said the new database would help identify preparedness gaps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can focus attention on those communities that are not yet thinking about this; not preparing,” Gordon said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill was opposed by most of the legislature’s Republicans, who questioned the magnitude of the dangers posed by sea level rise, with a party analysis stating that less than an inch of sea level rise was likely this century. They said the bill would impose costly reporting requirements upon municipalities. The analysis said the bill “appears to try and shame cities and counties” that aren’t preparing for rising seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jessica Grannis, the Adaptation Program Manager at the Georgetown Climate Center, which is based at Georgetown Law, however, said the database would be useful for officials — and for the public and climate experts in California and elsewhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s pretty novel, in that it attempts to coordinate coastal management, especially in a state as large as California,” Grannis said. “It’s really hard to tell from existing publicly available information what’s going on — particularly when you have so many local jurisdictions and state agencies working on the issue. It’ll be nice to have a one-stop shop.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some other states are also making efforts to coordinate planning for sea level rise. And New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Connecticut require sea level rise to be considered by coastal planners. But Grannis said California’s legislation goes further than any other state when it comes to consolidating information about sea level rise adaptation efforts. “I think it will be hugely useful,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a> \u003cem>is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "To help adapt to the increased flood risks affecting people and property along the coast, the San Francisco Bay and inland waterways, California lawmakers sent a bill to Governor Jerry Brown that would direct the state to compile the nation’s most elaborate sea level rise planning database.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By John Upton\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/california-gets-serious-about-rising-seas-18010\">Climate Central\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21577\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/RS499_IMG_4241-lpr-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-21577\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/RS499_IMG_4241-lpr-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Highway 101 and San Francisco International Airport sit right along the Bay. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Highway 101 and San Francisco International Airport sit right along the Bay. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When you’ve got tens of millions of people living close to more than 1,000 miles of coastline, it could help to closely track the slews of steps being taken to protect homes, ports, roads and other infrastructure from rising seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it is in California, a broad and densely populated state where powerful tectonic and hydrologic forces have sculpted elaborate coastal, bayfront and estuarine landscapes. To help adapt to the increased flood risks affecting people and property in these landscapes, the Golden State is about to compile the nation’s most elaborate sea level rise planning database.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The task won’t be easy. California’s bureaucracy can be as bewildering as its hydrology. Which is one of the reasons its lawmakers are directing a single agency to gather information from cities, counties, airports, utilities and other companies, and a long list of state departments about sea level rise adaptation plans, and to consolidate them into a new online database.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given that there’s more than $36 billion worth of property within less than three feet of the state’s current high tide lines, and given the vulnerabilities of San Francisco Bay, which connects the Pacific Ocean with waterways that stretch into the agriculturally productive Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, the groundbreaking effort could seem as overdue as the much-anticipated El Niño.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It allows us to be far more efficient in our work on sea level rise,” said Assemblyman Richard Gordon (D), author of Assembly Bill 2516, which directs the California Natural Resources Agency to do the work. The bill has been passed by the state assembly and senate, largely along party lines, with Democrats supporting it and Republicans opposing. It’s awaiting a signature from Gov. Jerry Brown (D).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the bill is signed, various public agencies and private entities will have until next summer to provide their sea level rise plans, vulnerability assessments, scientific findings, inundation maps and related information to the Natural Resources Agency. That agency would be required to produce the database by the start of 2016. The work would be funded out of the agency’s existing budget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gordon chaired a committee that held four hearings on the impacts and risks of rising seas. Last month, the committee published a report, Sea-Level Rise: a Slow-Moving Emergency, detailing its findings. Better coordination of sea level rise planning was among the report’s many recommendations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We received information from local governments, state agencies and others about work that was underway” to adapt to rising seas, Gordon said. “One of the things that struck us the most was that often these efforts were being done in isolation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s impossible to say just how much more water is on its way for the water-flanked state, but there’s no doubt that it is coming. The state’s Ocean Protection Council last year urged other departments and offices to brace for about three feet of sea level rise this century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no community that touches the sea that will not be impacted,” Gordon said. “We also have a very large inland coastal area surrounding the San Francisco Bay. All of these areas are in jeopardy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wetland restoration is a popular tool being used in California to adapt to rising seas. Thanks in part to the natural growth of plants and the natural shoreline accumulation of drifting sediment, these ecosystems can grow vertically along with rising water levels. And they can buffer storm surges, protecting nearby property. But, as an example of how the new database could prove useful, Gordon said coastal managers aren’t always aware of the wetland restoration work underway in other parts of the state. The new database would help them share tips and information on best practices among themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also of concern to the committee were those areas and governments within the state that aren’t yet bracing for rising seas. Gordon said the new database would help identify preparedness gaps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can focus attention on those communities that are not yet thinking about this; not preparing,” Gordon said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill was opposed by most of the legislature’s Republicans, who questioned the magnitude of the dangers posed by sea level rise, with a party analysis stating that less than an inch of sea level rise was likely this century. They said the bill would impose costly reporting requirements upon municipalities. The analysis said the bill “appears to try and shame cities and counties” that aren’t preparing for rising seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jessica Grannis, the Adaptation Program Manager at the Georgetown Climate Center, which is based at Georgetown Law, however, said the database would be useful for officials — and for the public and climate experts in California and elsewhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s pretty novel, in that it attempts to coordinate coastal management, especially in a state as large as California,” Grannis said. “It’s really hard to tell from existing publicly available information what’s going on — particularly when you have so many local jurisdictions and state agencies working on the issue. It’ll be nice to have a one-stop shop.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some other states are also making efforts to coordinate planning for sea level rise. And New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Connecticut require sea level rise to be considered by coastal planners. But Grannis said California’s legislation goes further than any other state when it comes to consolidating information about sea level rise adaptation efforts. “I think it will be hugely useful,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a> \u003cem>is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "More Than Half of U.S. Bird Species Threatened by Climate Change",
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"content": "\u003cp>People in Maryland love their Baltimore orioles — so much so that their major league baseball team bears the name of the migrating bird. Yet, by 2080, there may not be any orioles left in Maryland. They migrate each year and, according to a new report, could soon be forced \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2014/09/09/142788/more_than_half_of_us_bird_species_threatened_by_climate_change?source=npr&category=science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" class=\"rssmi_more\">…Read More\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2014/09/09/142788/more_than_half_of_us_bird_species_threatened_by_climate_change?source=npr&category=science\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"More Than Half Of U.S. Bird Species Threatened By Climate Change\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">NPR Science – ingested into KQED\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "\u003cp>People in Maryland love their Baltimore orioles — so much so that their major league baseball team bears the name of the migrating bird. Yet, by 2080, there may not be any orioles left in Maryland. They migrate each year and, according to a new report, could soon be forced \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2014/09/09/142788/more_than_half_of_us_bird_species_threatened_by_climate_change?source=npr&category=science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" class=\"rssmi_more\">...Read More\u003c/a>",
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"description": "People in Maryland love their Baltimore orioles — so much so that their major league baseball team bears the name of the migrating bird. Yet, by 2080, there may not be any orioles left in Maryland. They migrate each year and, according to a new report, could soon be forced ...Read More",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>People in Maryland love their Baltimore orioles — so much so that their major league baseball team bears the name of the migrating bird. Yet, by 2080, there may not be any orioles left in Maryland. They migrate each year and, according to a new report, could soon be forced \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2014/09/09/142788/more_than_half_of_us_bird_species_threatened_by_climate_change?source=npr&category=science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" class=\"rssmi_more\">…Read More\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2014/09/09/142788/more_than_half_of_us_bird_species_threatened_by_climate_change?source=npr&category=science\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"More Than Half Of U.S. Bird Species Threatened By Climate Change\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">NPR Science – ingested into KQED\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Drought Myth-Busting: Why El Niño Is Never A Good Bet",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/08/20140901science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20776\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/RS11735_Russian98_FEMADaveGatley_crop.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/RS11735_Russian98_FEMADaveGatley_crop.jpeg\" alt=\"The Russian River flooding from storms during the 1997-98 El Niño. (Dave Gatley/FEMA)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20776\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Russian River flooding from storms during the 1997-98 El Niño. (Dave Gatley/FEMA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If, like many Californians, you’ve been on El Niño Watch, you’re no-doubt confused by now. It’s happening. It’s not happening. But whether it is or isn’t might matter less than you think.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Don’t count on El Niño for anything,” Jay Lund, a UC Davis hydrologist, admonished us at a July drought briefing in Washington, D.C. At the time, forecasters were already downsizing earlier projections for a strong El Niño this fall (latest update shows that it might be regrouping for a comeback). But Lund was making a larger point: He and others have plotted El Niño against actual California precipitation and found … a pretty murky relationship, overall.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Don’t count on El Niño for anything.’\u003ccite>— Jay Lund, UC Davis\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Don’t even look at the forecasts if you care about drought,” Lund advised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That might seem like a strong statement given the reputation that the Pacific’s warm-water phase has for being a rainmaker, but records show that only the strongest El Niños have produced winters that were real super-soakers in Northern California — “strongest” meaning the times when ocean surface temperatures in the tropical Pacific spiked the highest above normal — and those events are rare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“El Niños come in all sizes: small, medium, large,” says Bill Patzert, a climatologist and El Niño watcher at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Lab in Pasadena. “During puny El Niños — weak El Niños — we’ve had some of the driest winters in the 20th century.” Count among them 1976 and ’77, a drought that is still etched in the memories of many Californians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the opposite end of the scale was the winter of 1997-98 which brought roughly double the state’s normal precipitation, and triggered massive mudslides and flooding throughout California. That onslaught coincided with what Patzert calls the “Godzilla” El Niño. He says he thinks that year is when Californians began to form the assumption that El Niño equals rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to more of Bill Patzert’s interview with Craig Miller\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/164344234&color=ff5500&inverse=false&auto_play=false&show_user=true\" width=\"100%\" height=\"20\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It was El Niño mania 24/7 that winter,” recalls Patzert. “The name — because of ’97-’98 — makes reporters and water managers salivate, but that belies the fact; there are only a few big El Niños in every century.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The El Niño forecast for this winter is looking more gecko than Godzilla, experts say, with water only slightly warmer than normal. (For an\u003ca title=\"Vox - post\" href=\"http://www.vox.com/2014/8/13/5994771/scientists-were-expecting-a-monster-el-nino-this-year-so-where-did-it\"> in-depth explanation\u003c/a> of how El Niños form and why this year’s has petered out, see Brad Plumer’s post for Vox.) Since the “Godzilla” winter 16 years ago, there really hasn’t been anything to match it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/rimfire/elninoslider.html\" width=\"630\" height=\"540\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The images above show warming (red) waters in the Pacific that indicate El Niño. Use the slider in the center to move back and forth between images from March and July, and note how much the warming has dissipated in recent months. (NASA/JPL)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Wildcard in the Deck\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason for the lull in strong El Niños is a wildcard in the deck, another cycle known as the \u003ca title=\"UW - PDO\" href=\"http://jisao.washington.edu/pdo/\">Pacific Decadal Oscillation\u003c/a>, or PDO. It’s like El Niño but farther north and much less capricious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The PDO is like a super-tanker,” says Patzert. “It’s very slow and it takes a long time and a lot of momentum to switch direction. Sometimes the negative PDO is what I call, ‘El Niño repellent.'” When the PDO is in its negative phase, it affects the high-altitude winds known as the jet stream. When that happens, the big winter storms tend to get detoured around California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The PDO has been stuck in this mode for the last 15 years, though some see signs that it might be ready to make a big switch into its “positive” phase, which would encourage El Niño conditions. Patzert isn’t so sure. “I’m not too optimistic about a switch in the PDO,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/oni.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20835\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/oni.jpg\" alt=\"Sixty years of El Nino fluctuations. Note the big spike that coincided with the storms of 1997-98. (NOAA/CPC) \" width=\"1503\" height=\"611\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Meteorologist Jan Null has put together an extensive \u003ca title=\"GGW - ENSO myths\" href=\"http://ggweather.com/enso/enso_myths.htm\">“myth-busting” page\u003c/a> for El Niño, which includes this visual history of the oscillation over the past six decades. Sixty years of El Niño fluctuations. Note the big spike that coincided with the storms of 1997-98 (click to enlarge). (NOAA/CPC)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hope Springs Eternal\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But just as El Niño doesn’t guarantee rain, the absence of one doesn’t necessarily mean no rain. Patzert says the stubborn ridge of high pressure that parked off the West Coast last winter and blocked incoming storms could give way this year for any number of reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If that ridge breaks down this winter, we could have one wet, cold storm after another making its way down the length of California — and that would certainly be sweet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed. But the latest three-month outlook from NOAA’s Climate Prediction Center calls for drought conditions to “persist or intensify” throughout California, through November. The bottom line from Patzert: “Don’t cash in your 401(k) and invest in umbrellas.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The peculiar set of ocean conditions is known as a California rainmaker -- but El Niño's reputation has been greatly exaggerated.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20776\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/RS11735_Russian98_FEMADaveGatley_crop.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/RS11735_Russian98_FEMADaveGatley_crop.jpeg\" alt=\"The Russian River flooding from storms during the 1997-98 El Niño. (Dave Gatley/FEMA)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20776\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Russian River flooding from storms during the 1997-98 El Niño. (Dave Gatley/FEMA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If, like many Californians, you’ve been on El Niño Watch, you’re no-doubt confused by now. It’s happening. It’s not happening. But whether it is or isn’t might matter less than you think.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Don’t count on El Niño for anything,” Jay Lund, a UC Davis hydrologist, admonished us at a July drought briefing in Washington, D.C. At the time, forecasters were already downsizing earlier projections for a strong El Niño this fall (latest update shows that it might be regrouping for a comeback). But Lund was making a larger point: He and others have plotted El Niño against actual California precipitation and found … a pretty murky relationship, overall.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Don’t count on El Niño for anything.’\u003ccite>— Jay Lund, UC Davis\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Don’t even look at the forecasts if you care about drought,” Lund advised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That might seem like a strong statement given the reputation that the Pacific’s warm-water phase has for being a rainmaker, but records show that only the strongest El Niños have produced winters that were real super-soakers in Northern California — “strongest” meaning the times when ocean surface temperatures in the tropical Pacific spiked the highest above normal — and those events are rare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“El Niños come in all sizes: small, medium, large,” says Bill Patzert, a climatologist and El Niño watcher at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Lab in Pasadena. “During puny El Niños — weak El Niños — we’ve had some of the driest winters in the 20th century.” Count among them 1976 and ’77, a drought that is still etched in the memories of many Californians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the opposite end of the scale was the winter of 1997-98 which brought roughly double the state’s normal precipitation, and triggered massive mudslides and flooding throughout California. That onslaught coincided with what Patzert calls the “Godzilla” El Niño. He says he thinks that year is when Californians began to form the assumption that El Niño equals rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to more of Bill Patzert’s interview with Craig Miller\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/164344234&color=ff5500&inverse=false&auto_play=false&show_user=true\" width=\"100%\" height=\"20\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It was El Niño mania 24/7 that winter,” recalls Patzert. “The name — because of ’97-’98 — makes reporters and water managers salivate, but that belies the fact; there are only a few big El Niños in every century.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The El Niño forecast for this winter is looking more gecko than Godzilla, experts say, with water only slightly warmer than normal. (For an\u003ca title=\"Vox - post\" href=\"http://www.vox.com/2014/8/13/5994771/scientists-were-expecting-a-monster-el-nino-this-year-so-where-did-it\"> in-depth explanation\u003c/a> of how El Niños form and why this year’s has petered out, see Brad Plumer’s post for Vox.) Since the “Godzilla” winter 16 years ago, there really hasn’t been anything to match it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/rimfire/elninoslider.html\" width=\"630\" height=\"540\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The images above show warming (red) waters in the Pacific that indicate El Niño. Use the slider in the center to move back and forth between images from March and July, and note how much the warming has dissipated in recent months. (NASA/JPL)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Wildcard in the Deck\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason for the lull in strong El Niños is a wildcard in the deck, another cycle known as the \u003ca title=\"UW - PDO\" href=\"http://jisao.washington.edu/pdo/\">Pacific Decadal Oscillation\u003c/a>, or PDO. It’s like El Niño but farther north and much less capricious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The PDO is like a super-tanker,” says Patzert. “It’s very slow and it takes a long time and a lot of momentum to switch direction. Sometimes the negative PDO is what I call, ‘El Niño repellent.'” When the PDO is in its negative phase, it affects the high-altitude winds known as the jet stream. When that happens, the big winter storms tend to get detoured around California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The PDO has been stuck in this mode for the last 15 years, though some see signs that it might be ready to make a big switch into its “positive” phase, which would encourage El Niño conditions. Patzert isn’t so sure. “I’m not too optimistic about a switch in the PDO,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/oni.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20835\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/oni.jpg\" alt=\"Sixty years of El Nino fluctuations. Note the big spike that coincided with the storms of 1997-98. (NOAA/CPC) \" width=\"1503\" height=\"611\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Meteorologist Jan Null has put together an extensive \u003ca title=\"GGW - ENSO myths\" href=\"http://ggweather.com/enso/enso_myths.htm\">“myth-busting” page\u003c/a> for El Niño, which includes this visual history of the oscillation over the past six decades. Sixty years of El Niño fluctuations. Note the big spike that coincided with the storms of 1997-98 (click to enlarge). (NOAA/CPC)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hope Springs Eternal\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But just as El Niño doesn’t guarantee rain, the absence of one doesn’t necessarily mean no rain. Patzert says the stubborn ridge of high pressure that parked off the West Coast last winter and blocked incoming storms could give way this year for any number of reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If that ridge breaks down this winter, we could have one wet, cold storm after another making its way down the length of California — and that would certainly be sweet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed. But the latest three-month outlook from NOAA’s Climate Prediction Center calls for drought conditions to “persist or intensify” throughout California, through November. The bottom line from Patzert: “Don’t cash in your 401(k) and invest in umbrellas.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Drought-Stricken California Town Struggles to Keep the Water Flowing",
"headTitle": "Drought-Stricken California Town Struggles to Keep the Water Flowing | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Daniel Potter\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"20\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/164002580&color=ff5500&inverse=false&auto_play=false&show_user=true\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20695\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/LkShastina_7064_crop.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20695\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/LkShastina_7064_crop.jpg\" alt=\"Lake Shastina (Daniel Potter)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The city of Montague relies heavily on Lake Shastina, down 90 percent from normal this summer. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>All summer, Montague has been a town in trouble. The city sits half an hour south of the Oregon border, in a rugged \u003ca title=\"Wiki - Montague\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montague,_California\">patch of Northern California\u003c/a> that offers little refuge from the scorching sun. For water, the roughly 1,500 people who live here depend on snow melting from the slopes of \u003ca title=\"Wiki - Mt. Shasta\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Shasta\">Mount Shasta\u003c/a>, about 20 miles to the south. But the snowpack this past winter was, by all accounts, pitiful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Standing on a hill near the edge of town at 8:30 in the morning, before the sun and the temperatures have had much time to climb, Chris Tyhurst looks toward the mountain and says, “I think I see two little spots of snow, about a square foot each.” Tyhurst, who has blue eyes and the calm demeanor of a recreational pilot, is joking, but in his nearly four decades as Montague’s water manager, he says this summer has been the toughest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city has been \u003ca title=\"Montague - drought page\" href=\"http://ci.montague.ca.us/drought.html\">forced to cut water use\u003c/a> drastically. Tyhurst says folks are using roughly one-third the amount they normally would this time of year. Nearly every lawn in town has turned a crispy blond, except for those belonging to a handful of residents who have their own wells. The city has imposed a monthly limit of 5,000 gallons per home, with fines for running over that. More than a hundred households have gone over the limit this summer. It’s hard not to, a sympathetic official tells me, if you have three kids at home. The worst offenders got letters from the Montague City Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Avoiding the ‘Nightmare Scenario’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “nightmare scenario,” as Tyhurst puts it, would be having to truck in water just to keep Montague’s water system pressurized, at an expense of hundreds of thousands of dollars. Tyhurst figures that would take a procession of some 30 trucks a day, each hauling 3,500 of gallons of water, rumbling from dawn to dusk every half-hour through the normally quiet neighborhood — a place where deer are a routine sight. Any scheduling hiccup could lead to trucks jamming the narrow unpaved road that leads to the town’s reservoir, which resembles a farm pond, complete with fish and turtles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To keep from resorting to the water convoys, Tyhurst says he’s willing to try just about anything, including a measure that’s rarely been tried in California. It’s a fine, white powder Tyhurst has taken to sprinkling over the three-acre reservoir every few days, using a flour sifter on the end of a long pole. The powder readily dissolves and spreads across the surface, forming what’s called a “monolayer” between the water and the air, aimed at slowing evaporation to buy the town’s water supply a few extra days or weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20696\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/monolayer_7078_crop.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20696 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/monolayer_7078_crop.jpg\" alt=\"monolayer (Daniel Potter)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Using a modified flour sifter, Tyhurst sprinkles a powder across Montague’s small reservoir. The product, made from palm oil and hydrated lime, spreads to form a ‘monolayer’ across the surface, slowing evaporation and saving precious water for the town. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This particular product, called WaterSavr, is made of hydrated lime, which is often used to treat water supplies, along with palm oil. Officials are also \u003ca title=\"Texas Trib - post\" href=\"http://www.texastribune.org/2014/07/30/four-guys-and-boat-tackle-texas-sized-water-proble/\">trying it out in drought-stricken Texas\u003c/a>. Noting the product’s been approved for use by the National Sanitation Foundation, Tyhurst says so far no one’s complained about it to him, “But we didn’t really broadcast that we were starting to use it,” he adds. “We generally don’t with any of our treatment stuff. It’s NSF approved, and that’s all the health department looks at, so we’re good to go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Definitely Real Life’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the town butcher shop, 26-year old Douglas Hamblin says he hears talk from ranchers of having to cash out their chips if the weather doesn’t start cooperating, and soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20727\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/Shop_7094.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20727\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/Shop_7094.jpg\" alt='Hamblin is leaving town to do the shop laundry. Without water, he says, \"life gets hectic pretty quickly.\" (Daniel Potter)' width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Douglas Hamblin says the family butcher shop has had to adjust to Montague’s severe water restrictions. Without water, he says, ‘Life gets hectic pretty quick.’ (Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s definitely real life,” he says. “It’s definitely water, and everybody needs water.” Without it, he says, “life gets hectic pretty quick.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hamblin has a tattoo of Jesus Christ on his arm, and big holes through his earlobes from the thick gauges he used to wear. Hamblin’s family only moved to Montague and started running the shop a couple years ago. While it’s equipped with a washing machine for aprons and rags, Hamblin says they haven’t been using it, because of the town’s limit on water use. Instead, his mother drives miles to another town each week to do laundry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”63SthEwF9YOCDP2kSbK7R7ZtZFCiKpCF”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new dad, Hamblin is quick to point out there are many people in the world with bigger problems than dead lawns, but says, “It’s kind of a bummer, you know. You have a six-month-old son, you want a little bit of a yard. You look like a jerk if you go ‘Okay, well, if I go over the 5,000 gallon-a-month limit I’ll just pay for it.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a close-knit community, he explains: “Of course it’s frowned upon, because everybody has to look out for each other up here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Banking on a Pipeline\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Near the base of Mount Shasta sits \u003ca title=\"Wiki - Shastina\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shastina\">Lake Shastina\u003c/a>, which in good years can hold more than 30,000 acre-feet of water. (An acre foot is about 325,000 gallons, or just enough water to cover an acre one foot deep.) This year, Tyhurst says, the lake started well below 10,000 acre feet, with little in the way of snow on the mountain to help refill it. By late July, parts of the lake seemed to be missing — a blue patch on a map might just turn out to be an empty green field. In one spot, a sign next to a dry, rocky slope advised against swimming or fishing. The lake, or what remained of it, looked to be something of a hike down the hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water travels to Montague in what Tyhurst calls “deliveries.” Every few weeks, some 200 acre-feet are released into a 26-mile canal that was constructed with farm irrigation in mind. The unlined ditch is poorly suited to water conservation. Much of it is bare earth, which gulps down a lot of the water long before it reaches the town, to say nothing of what evaporates in transit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20698\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/Pipeline_7044_crop.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20698\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/Pipeline_7044_crop.jpg\" alt=\"Workers lower a segment of the new, more efficient pipeline next to where they’re carving a miles-long trench from the Shasta River to Montague’s reservoir. (Daniel Potter)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Workers lower a new segment of pipeline near where they’re carving a miles-long trench from the Shasta River to Montague’s reservoir. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As an alternative, this summer Montague has hustled to finish an emergency pipeline, essentially a straw that stretches a few miles from the \u003ca title=\"CalTrout - Shasta River\" href=\"http://caltrout.org/regions/mount-shasta-region/shasta-river/\">Shasta River\u003c/a> to the town’s reservoir. Tyhurst says normally such a project, which is costing over a million drought emergency dollars from the State Water Board, would’ve taken years to win approval from the numerous government agencies involved. Tyhurst credits the governor’s January declaration of a drought emergency with helping slice through all that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, construction itself hasn’t been easy. The morning I visited, a giant yellow machine was devouring underbrush like a hungry dinosaur to clear a path for the pipeline’s trench. But before the pipe could be buried, its specifications required it to cool, Tyhurst says. “I think the specs call for 70 degrees…and with a hundred degrees during the day, you just cook out here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even when the pipeline is ready, Montague officials told me, the town’s water woes won’t be completely over. Everyone’s hopes are riding on a wet winter.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "From heavy machinery to hand-held flour sifters, this town is pulling out all the stops to save its water.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Daniel Potter\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"20\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/164002580&color=ff5500&inverse=false&auto_play=false&show_user=true\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20695\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/LkShastina_7064_crop.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20695\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/LkShastina_7064_crop.jpg\" alt=\"Lake Shastina (Daniel Potter)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The city of Montague relies heavily on Lake Shastina, down 90 percent from normal this summer. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>All summer, Montague has been a town in trouble. The city sits half an hour south of the Oregon border, in a rugged \u003ca title=\"Wiki - Montague\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montague,_California\">patch of Northern California\u003c/a> that offers little refuge from the scorching sun. For water, the roughly 1,500 people who live here depend on snow melting from the slopes of \u003ca title=\"Wiki - Mt. Shasta\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Shasta\">Mount Shasta\u003c/a>, about 20 miles to the south. But the snowpack this past winter was, by all accounts, pitiful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Standing on a hill near the edge of town at 8:30 in the morning, before the sun and the temperatures have had much time to climb, Chris Tyhurst looks toward the mountain and says, “I think I see two little spots of snow, about a square foot each.” Tyhurst, who has blue eyes and the calm demeanor of a recreational pilot, is joking, but in his nearly four decades as Montague’s water manager, he says this summer has been the toughest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city has been \u003ca title=\"Montague - drought page\" href=\"http://ci.montague.ca.us/drought.html\">forced to cut water use\u003c/a> drastically. Tyhurst says folks are using roughly one-third the amount they normally would this time of year. Nearly every lawn in town has turned a crispy blond, except for those belonging to a handful of residents who have their own wells. The city has imposed a monthly limit of 5,000 gallons per home, with fines for running over that. More than a hundred households have gone over the limit this summer. It’s hard not to, a sympathetic official tells me, if you have three kids at home. The worst offenders got letters from the Montague City Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Avoiding the ‘Nightmare Scenario’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “nightmare scenario,” as Tyhurst puts it, would be having to truck in water just to keep Montague’s water system pressurized, at an expense of hundreds of thousands of dollars. Tyhurst figures that would take a procession of some 30 trucks a day, each hauling 3,500 of gallons of water, rumbling from dawn to dusk every half-hour through the normally quiet neighborhood — a place where deer are a routine sight. Any scheduling hiccup could lead to trucks jamming the narrow unpaved road that leads to the town’s reservoir, which resembles a farm pond, complete with fish and turtles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To keep from resorting to the water convoys, Tyhurst says he’s willing to try just about anything, including a measure that’s rarely been tried in California. It’s a fine, white powder Tyhurst has taken to sprinkling over the three-acre reservoir every few days, using a flour sifter on the end of a long pole. The powder readily dissolves and spreads across the surface, forming what’s called a “monolayer” between the water and the air, aimed at slowing evaporation to buy the town’s water supply a few extra days or weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20696\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/monolayer_7078_crop.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20696 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/monolayer_7078_crop.jpg\" alt=\"monolayer (Daniel Potter)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Using a modified flour sifter, Tyhurst sprinkles a powder across Montague’s small reservoir. The product, made from palm oil and hydrated lime, spreads to form a ‘monolayer’ across the surface, slowing evaporation and saving precious water for the town. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This particular product, called WaterSavr, is made of hydrated lime, which is often used to treat water supplies, along with palm oil. Officials are also \u003ca title=\"Texas Trib - post\" href=\"http://www.texastribune.org/2014/07/30/four-guys-and-boat-tackle-texas-sized-water-proble/\">trying it out in drought-stricken Texas\u003c/a>. Noting the product’s been approved for use by the National Sanitation Foundation, Tyhurst says so far no one’s complained about it to him, “But we didn’t really broadcast that we were starting to use it,” he adds. “We generally don’t with any of our treatment stuff. It’s NSF approved, and that’s all the health department looks at, so we’re good to go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Definitely Real Life’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the town butcher shop, 26-year old Douglas Hamblin says he hears talk from ranchers of having to cash out their chips if the weather doesn’t start cooperating, and soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20727\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/Shop_7094.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20727\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/Shop_7094.jpg\" alt='Hamblin is leaving town to do the shop laundry. Without water, he says, \"life gets hectic pretty quickly.\" (Daniel Potter)' width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Douglas Hamblin says the family butcher shop has had to adjust to Montague’s severe water restrictions. Without water, he says, ‘Life gets hectic pretty quick.’ (Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s definitely real life,” he says. “It’s definitely water, and everybody needs water.” Without it, he says, “life gets hectic pretty quick.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hamblin has a tattoo of Jesus Christ on his arm, and big holes through his earlobes from the thick gauges he used to wear. Hamblin’s family only moved to Montague and started running the shop a couple years ago. While it’s equipped with a washing machine for aprons and rags, Hamblin says they haven’t been using it, because of the town’s limit on water use. Instead, his mother drives miles to another town each week to do laundry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new dad, Hamblin is quick to point out there are many people in the world with bigger problems than dead lawns, but says, “It’s kind of a bummer, you know. You have a six-month-old son, you want a little bit of a yard. You look like a jerk if you go ‘Okay, well, if I go over the 5,000 gallon-a-month limit I’ll just pay for it.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a close-knit community, he explains: “Of course it’s frowned upon, because everybody has to look out for each other up here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Banking on a Pipeline\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Near the base of Mount Shasta sits \u003ca title=\"Wiki - Shastina\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shastina\">Lake Shastina\u003c/a>, which in good years can hold more than 30,000 acre-feet of water. (An acre foot is about 325,000 gallons, or just enough water to cover an acre one foot deep.) This year, Tyhurst says, the lake started well below 10,000 acre feet, with little in the way of snow on the mountain to help refill it. By late July, parts of the lake seemed to be missing — a blue patch on a map might just turn out to be an empty green field. In one spot, a sign next to a dry, rocky slope advised against swimming or fishing. The lake, or what remained of it, looked to be something of a hike down the hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water travels to Montague in what Tyhurst calls “deliveries.” Every few weeks, some 200 acre-feet are released into a 26-mile canal that was constructed with farm irrigation in mind. The unlined ditch is poorly suited to water conservation. Much of it is bare earth, which gulps down a lot of the water long before it reaches the town, to say nothing of what evaporates in transit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20698\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/Pipeline_7044_crop.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20698\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/Pipeline_7044_crop.jpg\" alt=\"Workers lower a segment of the new, more efficient pipeline next to where they’re carving a miles-long trench from the Shasta River to Montague’s reservoir. (Daniel Potter)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Workers lower a new segment of pipeline near where they’re carving a miles-long trench from the Shasta River to Montague’s reservoir. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As an alternative, this summer Montague has hustled to finish an emergency pipeline, essentially a straw that stretches a few miles from the \u003ca title=\"CalTrout - Shasta River\" href=\"http://caltrout.org/regions/mount-shasta-region/shasta-river/\">Shasta River\u003c/a> to the town’s reservoir. Tyhurst says normally such a project, which is costing over a million drought emergency dollars from the State Water Board, would’ve taken years to win approval from the numerous government agencies involved. Tyhurst credits the governor’s January declaration of a drought emergency with helping slice through all that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, construction itself hasn’t been easy. The morning I visited, a giant yellow machine was devouring underbrush like a hungry dinosaur to clear a path for the pipeline’s trench. But before the pipe could be buried, its specifications required it to cool, Tyhurst says. “I think the specs call for 70 degrees…and with a hundred degrees during the day, you just cook out here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even when the pipeline is ready, Montague officials told me, the town’s water woes won’t be completely over. Everyone’s hopes are riding on a wet winter.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Isn't Just Dry -- It's Hot",
"headTitle": "California Isn’t Just Dry — It’s Hot | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20557\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/RS1213_P1000565-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20557 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/RS1213_P1000565-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"California's average temperature for January through July 2014 was the warmest ever. (Craig Miller/Climate Watch)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California’s average temperature for January through July 2014 was the warmest ever recorded. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California might be headed for its hottest year on record. The state’s average temperature for the first half of the year is already its highest in recorded history, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/national/2014/7\">a recent report\u003c/a> by the National Atmospheric and Oceanic Association’s Climatic Data Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The average temperature for January through July was 60.9 degrees Fahrenheit. It beat the previous record, set in 1934, by 1.4 degrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s definitely been warmer,” said Kevin Baker, meteorologist-in-charge at the National Weather Service office in Monterey. “A lot of it has to do with the sea surface temperatures being warmer than they normally are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Northwestern winds that usually cause cool water upwelling from the bottom of the ocean have been weaker than normal. Warmer sea surfaces mean warmer air temperatures, Baker said. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He expects the warm trend to continue into the fall. “It’s possible we’ll have more records coming our way, so standby for warmer-than-normal temperatures.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to NOAA, three California cities have also broken average temperature records this year. Fresno, San Francisco and Sacramento \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/national/2014/7/supplemental/page-1\">all registered new highs in average temperature.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the state is breaking a record this year, Jan Null, certified consulting meteorologist for Golden Gate Weather Services, said no single year is significant in itself. What matters is how this year fits into larger temperature trends that climatologists are studying, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s certainly been this continued upward trend,” Null said. “We’re seeing a warmer climate.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20557\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/RS1213_P1000565-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20557 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/RS1213_P1000565-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"California's average temperature for January through July 2014 was the warmest ever. (Craig Miller/Climate Watch)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California’s average temperature for January through July 2014 was the warmest ever recorded. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California might be headed for its hottest year on record. The state’s average temperature for the first half of the year is already its highest in recorded history, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/national/2014/7\">a recent report\u003c/a> by the National Atmospheric and Oceanic Association’s Climatic Data Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The average temperature for January through July was 60.9 degrees Fahrenheit. It beat the previous record, set in 1934, by 1.4 degrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s definitely been warmer,” said Kevin Baker, meteorologist-in-charge at the National Weather Service office in Monterey. “A lot of it has to do with the sea surface temperatures being warmer than they normally are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Northwestern winds that usually cause cool water upwelling from the bottom of the ocean have been weaker than normal. Warmer sea surfaces mean warmer air temperatures, Baker said. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He expects the warm trend to continue into the fall. “It’s possible we’ll have more records coming our way, so standby for warmer-than-normal temperatures.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to NOAA, three California cities have also broken average temperature records this year. Fresno, San Francisco and Sacramento \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/national/2014/7/supplemental/page-1\">all registered new highs in average temperature.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the state is breaking a record this year, Jan Null, certified consulting meteorologist for Golden Gate Weather Services, said no single year is significant in itself. What matters is how this year fits into larger temperature trends that climatologists are studying, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s certainly been this continued upward trend,” Null said. “We’re seeing a warmer climate.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Cap-and-Trade Faces First Major Political Test",
"headTitle": "Cap-and-Trade Faces First Major Political Test | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/162143268&color=ff5500&inverse=false&auto_play=false&show_user=true\" width=\"100%\" height=\"20\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20423\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/RS9144_476374685-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20423\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/RS9144_476374685-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"Prices at the pump are widely expected to go up early next year. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Prices at the pump are widely expected to go up early next year.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s cap-and-trade system expands next year. And while the program has already discreetly impacted energy prices, consumers will likely get their first direct glimpse at cap and trade’s effect on markets when it’s applied to transportation fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That fact has many politicians nervous, including a group of Democrats who are urging Governor Jerry Brown to hit the breaks on cap and trade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘What The Hell Is Going On?’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no day-to-day cost that smacks you right in the face quite like gasoline. You fill your car up, and you stare straight at the price as it climbs higher and higher. So it’s no surprise that when a recent poll asked whether Californians would keep supporting the state’s cap-and-trade system, even if its new phase leads to higher gas prices, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/blog_detail.asp?i=1566\">support suddenly tanked by nearly 40 points.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democratic political consultant Garry South doubts many people really understand what the program does. “I think it’s just so far out of the typical person’s viewfinder that the impact of this is not going to be known until gasoline prices actually start occurring,” he said, “and people say, ‘Hey what the hell’s going on here?’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s going on is, in fact, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/cap-and-trade-101-how-californias-carbon-market-works/\">a kind of stock market for pollution\u003c/a>. Companies buy and sell the right to emit carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gasses. Right now, the system covers industrial sources like power plants. And the direct consumer impact has been blunted a bit by rebates and other breaks for power utilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next year, cap-and-trade expands to cover transportation fuels. Oil companies will be charged that assessment up front, and then pass the cost along to consumers. State officials say that could lead to a price spike of as much as 30 cents a gallon, though most experts think it will actually be around 10 cents. “The actual price increase will depend on a wide variety of economic, technological and regulatory factors that are difficult to predict,”\u003ca href=\"http://www.lao.ca.gov/Letters/2014/Perea-Gasoline-Cap-and-Trade-080414.pdf\"> the Legislative Analyst’s Office noted this week.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Either way, Republicans and business groups have latched on to the potential price increase, which they’re calling a “hidden gas tax.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Democratic Pushback\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even some cap-and-trade supporters are having doubts. “I represent a district in southern Fresno County that is very poor,” explained Assemblyman Henry Perea, a Democrat. “My constituents are going to be hurt a lot more than constituents in other parts of the state where the economy’s stronger, and people are making a lot more money.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perea is leading the effort to delay cap-and-trade’s expansion to transportation fuels. Fifteen other Democrats are supporting a slow-down. Perea said the push is about the economy, not the environment. He’s framing the debate as Valley Vs. Coast, Rich Vs. Poor, pointing out the geographic divide between the lawmakers supporting a slowdown, and those pushing to stay the course.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A three-year delay, he said, would allow policymakers to ask some questions. “How do we meet the goals of AB 32, how do we reduce greenhouse gasses and how do we do that in a meaningful way through fuels, and not have a large economic impact on everyday people who are struggling to make ends meet?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Higher Prices Discourage Demand’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may be hard to do, though, since the entire point of cap-and-trade is to make carbon emissions more expensive. That’s not the sort of thing politicians say in front of crowds. But Senate President Pro Tem Darrell Steinberg did just that during an unusually blunt speech earlier this year. “It may not be popular to say, but that’s necessary. Higher prices discourage demand,” he told the Sacramento Press Club. “If carbon pricing doesn’t sting, at least a little bit, we won’t change our habits.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not exactly a populist argument. But the push to delay the cap-and-trade expansion may still come up short. That’s due mostly to a lack of political muscle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, there’s the simple fact that gas prices won’t be affected until January, long after the state’s election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second factor is more powerful: cap-and-trade’s biggest cheerleader is the popular, well-funded Governor Jerry Brown. “This is a path that must be pursued today, the next decade, the next hundred years,” Brown said at a climate change conference in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown hasn’t directly weighed in on the push to delay cap-and-trade’s expansion to transportation fuels. But the chair of California’s Air Resources Board, appointed by Brown, has warned the delay would be “a major set-back” to the program, pointing out transportation fuels are responsible for “almost 40 percent” of California’s greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, political consultant Garry South argued Brown may have a tough time convincing Democrats to keep backing a program that’s costing voters money. “I equate this to Obamacare,” he said. “This is another fairly massive change in government policy to affect a real problem that people are concerned about, but that is going to have some impact on people’s daily lives. And that always has the potential for a revolt taking place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown has acknowledged cap-and-trade and other climate change efforts can be a tough sell. “This is really a complex set of pressures that are not easy to talk about in a sound bite, a bumper sticker, or a one-liner,” he said in May. “It is something that is yet to fully capture the public imagination,”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But like it or not, politicians live in the world of one-liners and bumper stickers. Hearing voters say, “Your program costs me money” is a powerful motivator for politicians. And Brown may have to spend a lot of political capital keeping jittery Democrats in line, if predictions about the price at the pump come true.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/162143268&color=ff5500&inverse=false&auto_play=false&show_user=true\" width=\"100%\" height=\"20\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20423\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/RS9144_476374685-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20423\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/RS9144_476374685-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"Prices at the pump are widely expected to go up early next year. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Prices at the pump are widely expected to go up early next year.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s cap-and-trade system expands next year. And while the program has already discreetly impacted energy prices, consumers will likely get their first direct glimpse at cap and trade’s effect on markets when it’s applied to transportation fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That fact has many politicians nervous, including a group of Democrats who are urging Governor Jerry Brown to hit the breaks on cap and trade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘What The Hell Is Going On?’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no day-to-day cost that smacks you right in the face quite like gasoline. You fill your car up, and you stare straight at the price as it climbs higher and higher. So it’s no surprise that when a recent poll asked whether Californians would keep supporting the state’s cap-and-trade system, even if its new phase leads to higher gas prices, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/blog_detail.asp?i=1566\">support suddenly tanked by nearly 40 points.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democratic political consultant Garry South doubts many people really understand what the program does. “I think it’s just so far out of the typical person’s viewfinder that the impact of this is not going to be known until gasoline prices actually start occurring,” he said, “and people say, ‘Hey what the hell’s going on here?’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s going on is, in fact, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/cap-and-trade-101-how-californias-carbon-market-works/\">a kind of stock market for pollution\u003c/a>. Companies buy and sell the right to emit carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gasses. Right now, the system covers industrial sources like power plants. And the direct consumer impact has been blunted a bit by rebates and other breaks for power utilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next year, cap-and-trade expands to cover transportation fuels. Oil companies will be charged that assessment up front, and then pass the cost along to consumers. State officials say that could lead to a price spike of as much as 30 cents a gallon, though most experts think it will actually be around 10 cents. “The actual price increase will depend on a wide variety of economic, technological and regulatory factors that are difficult to predict,”\u003ca href=\"http://www.lao.ca.gov/Letters/2014/Perea-Gasoline-Cap-and-Trade-080414.pdf\"> the Legislative Analyst’s Office noted this week.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Either way, Republicans and business groups have latched on to the potential price increase, which they’re calling a “hidden gas tax.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Democratic Pushback\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even some cap-and-trade supporters are having doubts. “I represent a district in southern Fresno County that is very poor,” explained Assemblyman Henry Perea, a Democrat. “My constituents are going to be hurt a lot more than constituents in other parts of the state where the economy’s stronger, and people are making a lot more money.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perea is leading the effort to delay cap-and-trade’s expansion to transportation fuels. Fifteen other Democrats are supporting a slow-down. Perea said the push is about the economy, not the environment. He’s framing the debate as Valley Vs. Coast, Rich Vs. Poor, pointing out the geographic divide between the lawmakers supporting a slowdown, and those pushing to stay the course.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A three-year delay, he said, would allow policymakers to ask some questions. “How do we meet the goals of AB 32, how do we reduce greenhouse gasses and how do we do that in a meaningful way through fuels, and not have a large economic impact on everyday people who are struggling to make ends meet?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Higher Prices Discourage Demand’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may be hard to do, though, since the entire point of cap-and-trade is to make carbon emissions more expensive. That’s not the sort of thing politicians say in front of crowds. But Senate President Pro Tem Darrell Steinberg did just that during an unusually blunt speech earlier this year. “It may not be popular to say, but that’s necessary. Higher prices discourage demand,” he told the Sacramento Press Club. “If carbon pricing doesn’t sting, at least a little bit, we won’t change our habits.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not exactly a populist argument. But the push to delay the cap-and-trade expansion may still come up short. That’s due mostly to a lack of political muscle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, there’s the simple fact that gas prices won’t be affected until January, long after the state’s election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second factor is more powerful: cap-and-trade’s biggest cheerleader is the popular, well-funded Governor Jerry Brown. “This is a path that must be pursued today, the next decade, the next hundred years,” Brown said at a climate change conference in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown hasn’t directly weighed in on the push to delay cap-and-trade’s expansion to transportation fuels. But the chair of California’s Air Resources Board, appointed by Brown, has warned the delay would be “a major set-back” to the program, pointing out transportation fuels are responsible for “almost 40 percent” of California’s greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, political consultant Garry South argued Brown may have a tough time convincing Democrats to keep backing a program that’s costing voters money. “I equate this to Obamacare,” he said. “This is another fairly massive change in government policy to affect a real problem that people are concerned about, but that is going to have some impact on people’s daily lives. And that always has the potential for a revolt taking place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown has acknowledged cap-and-trade and other climate change efforts can be a tough sell. “This is really a complex set of pressures that are not easy to talk about in a sound bite, a bumper sticker, or a one-liner,” he said in May. “It is something that is yet to fully capture the public imagination,”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But like it or not, politicians live in the world of one-liners and bumper stickers. Hearing voters say, “Your program costs me money” is a powerful motivator for politicians. And Brown may have to spend a lot of political capital keeping jittery Democrats in line, if predictions about the price at the pump come true.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
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},
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"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"order": 8
},
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"order": 1
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
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"source": "NPR"
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
},
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
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