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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" href=\"http://www.dan-reiter.com/\">Dan Reiter\u003c/a>, 37, is a long-boarder and contractor who used to live in Tampa. Then he discovered the surf breaks along a stretch of coast south of Cape Canaveral. “It’s one of the most beautiful places in the world to live and surf and raise your kids,” says Reiter, \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2014/09/18/143587/a_coastal_paradise_confronts_its_watery_future?source=npr&category=science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" class=\"rssmi_more\">…Read More\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2014/09/18/143587/a_coastal_paradise_confronts_its_watery_future?source=npr&category=science\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"A Coastal Paradise Confronts Its Watery Future\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">NPR Science – ingested into KQED\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"title": "Why More Trees in the Sierra Mean Less Water for California",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/09/20140915science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21584\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/River-runoff.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21584\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/River-runoff.jpg\" alt=\"Sierra Nevada forests are denser than they once were, potentially reducing the amount of runoff that reaches California's reservoirs. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sierra Nevada forests are denser than they once were, potentially reducing the amount of runoff that reaches California’s reservoirs. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With California’s reservoir levels dropping, just about everyone is wishing the state had gotten more water this year. That doesn’t just depend on the weather, according to a team of scientists. Sierra Nevada forests play a big role in the state’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just like crops, trees consume water. And Sierra Nevada forests are denser than they once were after decades of fire suppression. That could be reducing the amount of runoff coming from the snowpack — runoff that provides water for most of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We call the Sierra Nevada our water towers for California,” says Roger Bales, a hydrologist with UC Merced. “About 60 percent of our consumable water comes from the Sierra Nevada.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bales is working in a pine forest about 20 miles west of Lake Tahoe, to understand the balance between and trees and runoff. His team has installed hundreds of sensors in the American River basin to record snow depth and soil moisture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The snowmelt really enters the soil,” he says, “and flows downslope to the nearest stream channel.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From there, it joins major rivers and \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/waterandpower/map.jsp\">goes into reservoirs\u003c/a> and canals that reach \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/02/28/bay-area-do-you-know-where-your-water-comes-from/\">all the way to cities and farms\u003c/a> in the Central Valley, Bay Area and Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21585\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 340px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/bales-729x1024.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-21585\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/bales-729x1024.jpg\" alt=\"UC Merced's Roger Bales and Ziran Zhang work on a snow sensor tower in the Tahoe National Forest. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"340\" height=\"477\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UC Merced’s Roger Bales and Ziran Zhang work on a snow sensor tower in the Tahoe National Forest. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When trees use water through the process of evapotranspiration, it doesn’t run off into rivers and reservoirs. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That water travels up the tree trunk and then goes out through the leaves to the atmosphere,” Bales says. And there are a lot more trees using water today than there once were.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frequent, low-intensity fires once cleared out small trees and maintained spaces in the forest. Decades of suppressing fires has allowed the forest to fill in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You go back about 100-to-150 years and the forest data show us there were maybe only half as many trees here,” Bales says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The snowpack is also less stable in a dense forest. The snow gets stuck in the trees’ branches before reaching the ground and evaporates faster because it’s more susceptible to sun and wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because these changes have happened over millions of acres of forest, Bales says it’s led researchers to a basic question:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If there were half as many trees, would there be more runoff?” he asks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research points to yes, he says — potentially a lot more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Is it 20 percent, 30 percent or 40 percent?” Bales says. “We’re sort of in that range. But that’s a hypothesis. Our back-of-the-envelope calculations suggest that you could get anywhere from half a million to a million acre-feet additional water out of the Sierra Nevada.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A million acre-feet of water is enough to supply two million households in California for a year — an amount that could make a big difference during a drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Managing Overgrown Forests\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the water piece is really huge,” says Scott Stephens, professor of fire science at UC Berkeley. “I think it’s under-appreciated but it’s massive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stephens has found similar results in the Illilouette Creek basin in Yosemite National Park. About 40 fires have been allowed to burn there over several decades, reducing the number of trees per acre.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It looks like there’s 20 percent more surface water leaving the streams in that area since the fire program began in the mid-1970s,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The widely spaced trees also make the forest more resistant to high-severity fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”ebfC6eGZE6wvva0IQjLqdbheiT23eRrP”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I call it a potential win-win,” Stephens says. “It’s a win from a fire standpoint to have more resilient forests and also maybe a win in terms of being able to provide a critical resource for California, which is water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But leaving naturally caused fires to burn over large areas of the Sierra Nevada is tricky, he says, especially near houses and communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Letting fire work in those lands is risky,” Stephens says. “Sometimes it’s going to go as expected and once in a while it goes wrong.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another option is to allow timber companies to cut small trees, thinning the forest. It’s commonly done where roads already exist, but can be prohibitively expensive in remote areas and often faces environmental opposition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change could make the problem even worse. A \u003ca href=\"http://news.uci.edu/press-releases/sierra-nevada-freshwater-runoff-could-drop-26-percent-by-2100-uc-study-finds/\">recent study\u003c/a> from UC Irvine found California’s forests will be using even more water by the end of the century, because warming temperatures will make the growing season longer. Runoff could drop by as much as 26 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t act today, our grandkids’ grandkids are going to have so few options,” Stephens says. “It’s going to be warmer. It’s going to be more difficult to do this work and they’re going to be basically chasing their tails.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stephens says the good news is that California water districts are joining the conversation about how to manage forests. While it didn’t used to be on their radar, the connection between trees and our drinking water is becoming hard to ignore.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21584\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/River-runoff.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21584\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/River-runoff.jpg\" alt=\"Sierra Nevada forests are denser than they once were, potentially reducing the amount of runoff that reaches California's reservoirs. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sierra Nevada forests are denser than they once were, potentially reducing the amount of runoff that reaches California’s reservoirs. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With California’s reservoir levels dropping, just about everyone is wishing the state had gotten more water this year. That doesn’t just depend on the weather, according to a team of scientists. Sierra Nevada forests play a big role in the state’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just like crops, trees consume water. And Sierra Nevada forests are denser than they once were after decades of fire suppression. That could be reducing the amount of runoff coming from the snowpack — runoff that provides water for most of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We call the Sierra Nevada our water towers for California,” says Roger Bales, a hydrologist with UC Merced. “About 60 percent of our consumable water comes from the Sierra Nevada.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bales is working in a pine forest about 20 miles west of Lake Tahoe, to understand the balance between and trees and runoff. His team has installed hundreds of sensors in the American River basin to record snow depth and soil moisture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The snowmelt really enters the soil,” he says, “and flows downslope to the nearest stream channel.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From there, it joins major rivers and \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/waterandpower/map.jsp\">goes into reservoirs\u003c/a> and canals that reach \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/02/28/bay-area-do-you-know-where-your-water-comes-from/\">all the way to cities and farms\u003c/a> in the Central Valley, Bay Area and Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21585\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 340px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/bales-729x1024.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-21585\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/bales-729x1024.jpg\" alt=\"UC Merced's Roger Bales and Ziran Zhang work on a snow sensor tower in the Tahoe National Forest. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"340\" height=\"477\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UC Merced’s Roger Bales and Ziran Zhang work on a snow sensor tower in the Tahoe National Forest. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When trees use water through the process of evapotranspiration, it doesn’t run off into rivers and reservoirs. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That water travels up the tree trunk and then goes out through the leaves to the atmosphere,” Bales says. And there are a lot more trees using water today than there once were.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frequent, low-intensity fires once cleared out small trees and maintained spaces in the forest. Decades of suppressing fires has allowed the forest to fill in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You go back about 100-to-150 years and the forest data show us there were maybe only half as many trees here,” Bales says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The snowpack is also less stable in a dense forest. The snow gets stuck in the trees’ branches before reaching the ground and evaporates faster because it’s more susceptible to sun and wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because these changes have happened over millions of acres of forest, Bales says it’s led researchers to a basic question:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If there were half as many trees, would there be more runoff?” he asks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research points to yes, he says — potentially a lot more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Is it 20 percent, 30 percent or 40 percent?” Bales says. “We’re sort of in that range. But that’s a hypothesis. Our back-of-the-envelope calculations suggest that you could get anywhere from half a million to a million acre-feet additional water out of the Sierra Nevada.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A million acre-feet of water is enough to supply two million households in California for a year — an amount that could make a big difference during a drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Managing Overgrown Forests\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the water piece is really huge,” says Scott Stephens, professor of fire science at UC Berkeley. “I think it’s under-appreciated but it’s massive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stephens has found similar results in the Illilouette Creek basin in Yosemite National Park. About 40 fires have been allowed to burn there over several decades, reducing the number of trees per acre.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It looks like there’s 20 percent more surface water leaving the streams in that area since the fire program began in the mid-1970s,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The widely spaced trees also make the forest more resistant to high-severity fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I call it a potential win-win,” Stephens says. “It’s a win from a fire standpoint to have more resilient forests and also maybe a win in terms of being able to provide a critical resource for California, which is water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But leaving naturally caused fires to burn over large areas of the Sierra Nevada is tricky, he says, especially near houses and communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Letting fire work in those lands is risky,” Stephens says. “Sometimes it’s going to go as expected and once in a while it goes wrong.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another option is to allow timber companies to cut small trees, thinning the forest. It’s commonly done where roads already exist, but can be prohibitively expensive in remote areas and often faces environmental opposition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change could make the problem even worse. A \u003ca href=\"http://news.uci.edu/press-releases/sierra-nevada-freshwater-runoff-could-drop-26-percent-by-2100-uc-study-finds/\">recent study\u003c/a> from UC Irvine found California’s forests will be using even more water by the end of the century, because warming temperatures will make the growing season longer. Runoff could drop by as much as 26 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t act today, our grandkids’ grandkids are going to have so few options,” Stephens says. “It’s going to be warmer. It’s going to be more difficult to do this work and they’re going to be basically chasing their tails.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stephens says the good news is that California water districts are joining the conversation about how to manage forests. While it didn’t used to be on their radar, the connection between trees and our drinking water is becoming hard to ignore.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Plans Nation’s Most Detailed Sea Level Database",
"headTitle": "California Plans Nation’s Most Detailed Sea Level Database | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By John Upton\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/california-gets-serious-about-rising-seas-18010\">Climate Central\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21577\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/RS499_IMG_4241-lpr-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-21577\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/RS499_IMG_4241-lpr-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Highway 101 and San Francisco International Airport sit right along the Bay. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Highway 101 and San Francisco International Airport sit right along the Bay. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When you’ve got tens of millions of people living close to more than 1,000 miles of coastline, it could help to closely track the slews of steps being taken to protect homes, ports, roads and other infrastructure from rising seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it is in California, a broad and densely populated state where powerful tectonic and hydrologic forces have sculpted elaborate coastal, bayfront and estuarine landscapes. To help adapt to the increased flood risks affecting people and property in these landscapes, the Golden State is about to compile the nation’s most elaborate sea level rise planning database.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The task won’t be easy. California’s bureaucracy can be as bewildering as its hydrology. Which is one of the reasons its lawmakers are directing a single agency to gather information from cities, counties, airports, utilities and other companies, and a long list of state departments about sea level rise adaptation plans, and to consolidate them into a new online database.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given that there’s more than $36 billion worth of property within less than three feet of the state’s current high tide lines, and given the vulnerabilities of San Francisco Bay, which connects the Pacific Ocean with waterways that stretch into the agriculturally productive Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, the groundbreaking effort could seem as overdue as the much-anticipated El Niño.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It allows us to be far more efficient in our work on sea level rise,” said Assemblyman Richard Gordon (D), author of Assembly Bill 2516, which directs the California Natural Resources Agency to do the work. The bill has been passed by the state assembly and senate, largely along party lines, with Democrats supporting it and Republicans opposing. It’s awaiting a signature from Gov. Jerry Brown (D).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the bill is signed, various public agencies and private entities will have until next summer to provide their sea level rise plans, vulnerability assessments, scientific findings, inundation maps and related information to the Natural Resources Agency. That agency would be required to produce the database by the start of 2016. The work would be funded out of the agency’s existing budget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gordon chaired a committee that held four hearings on the impacts and risks of rising seas. Last month, the committee published a report, Sea-Level Rise: a Slow-Moving Emergency, detailing its findings. Better coordination of sea level rise planning was among the report’s many recommendations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We received information from local governments, state agencies and others about work that was underway” to adapt to rising seas, Gordon said. “One of the things that struck us the most was that often these efforts were being done in isolation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s impossible to say just how much more water is on its way for the water-flanked state, but there’s no doubt that it is coming. The state’s Ocean Protection Council last year urged other departments and offices to brace for about three feet of sea level rise this century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no community that touches the sea that will not be impacted,” Gordon said. “We also have a very large inland coastal area surrounding the San Francisco Bay. All of these areas are in jeopardy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wetland restoration is a popular tool being used in California to adapt to rising seas. Thanks in part to the natural growth of plants and the natural shoreline accumulation of drifting sediment, these ecosystems can grow vertically along with rising water levels. And they can buffer storm surges, protecting nearby property. But, as an example of how the new database could prove useful, Gordon said coastal managers aren’t always aware of the wetland restoration work underway in other parts of the state. The new database would help them share tips and information on best practices among themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also of concern to the committee were those areas and governments within the state that aren’t yet bracing for rising seas. Gordon said the new database would help identify preparedness gaps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can focus attention on those communities that are not yet thinking about this; not preparing,” Gordon said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill was opposed by most of the legislature’s Republicans, who questioned the magnitude of the dangers posed by sea level rise, with a party analysis stating that less than an inch of sea level rise was likely this century. They said the bill would impose costly reporting requirements upon municipalities. The analysis said the bill “appears to try and shame cities and counties” that aren’t preparing for rising seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jessica Grannis, the Adaptation Program Manager at the Georgetown Climate Center, which is based at Georgetown Law, however, said the database would be useful for officials — and for the public and climate experts in California and elsewhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s pretty novel, in that it attempts to coordinate coastal management, especially in a state as large as California,” Grannis said. “It’s really hard to tell from existing publicly available information what’s going on — particularly when you have so many local jurisdictions and state agencies working on the issue. It’ll be nice to have a one-stop shop.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some other states are also making efforts to coordinate planning for sea level rise. And New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Connecticut require sea level rise to be considered by coastal planners. But Grannis said California’s legislation goes further than any other state when it comes to consolidating information about sea level rise adaptation efforts. “I think it will be hugely useful,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a> \u003cem>is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "To help adapt to the increased flood risks affecting people and property along the coast, the San Francisco Bay and inland waterways, California lawmakers sent a bill to Governor Jerry Brown that would direct the state to compile the nation’s most elaborate sea level rise planning database.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By John Upton\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/california-gets-serious-about-rising-seas-18010\">Climate Central\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21577\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/RS499_IMG_4241-lpr-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-21577\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/RS499_IMG_4241-lpr-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Highway 101 and San Francisco International Airport sit right along the Bay. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Highway 101 and San Francisco International Airport sit right along the Bay. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When you’ve got tens of millions of people living close to more than 1,000 miles of coastline, it could help to closely track the slews of steps being taken to protect homes, ports, roads and other infrastructure from rising seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it is in California, a broad and densely populated state where powerful tectonic and hydrologic forces have sculpted elaborate coastal, bayfront and estuarine landscapes. To help adapt to the increased flood risks affecting people and property in these landscapes, the Golden State is about to compile the nation’s most elaborate sea level rise planning database.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The task won’t be easy. California’s bureaucracy can be as bewildering as its hydrology. Which is one of the reasons its lawmakers are directing a single agency to gather information from cities, counties, airports, utilities and other companies, and a long list of state departments about sea level rise adaptation plans, and to consolidate them into a new online database.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given that there’s more than $36 billion worth of property within less than three feet of the state’s current high tide lines, and given the vulnerabilities of San Francisco Bay, which connects the Pacific Ocean with waterways that stretch into the agriculturally productive Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, the groundbreaking effort could seem as overdue as the much-anticipated El Niño.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It allows us to be far more efficient in our work on sea level rise,” said Assemblyman Richard Gordon (D), author of Assembly Bill 2516, which directs the California Natural Resources Agency to do the work. The bill has been passed by the state assembly and senate, largely along party lines, with Democrats supporting it and Republicans opposing. It’s awaiting a signature from Gov. Jerry Brown (D).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the bill is signed, various public agencies and private entities will have until next summer to provide their sea level rise plans, vulnerability assessments, scientific findings, inundation maps and related information to the Natural Resources Agency. That agency would be required to produce the database by the start of 2016. The work would be funded out of the agency’s existing budget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gordon chaired a committee that held four hearings on the impacts and risks of rising seas. Last month, the committee published a report, Sea-Level Rise: a Slow-Moving Emergency, detailing its findings. Better coordination of sea level rise planning was among the report’s many recommendations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We received information from local governments, state agencies and others about work that was underway” to adapt to rising seas, Gordon said. “One of the things that struck us the most was that often these efforts were being done in isolation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s impossible to say just how much more water is on its way for the water-flanked state, but there’s no doubt that it is coming. The state’s Ocean Protection Council last year urged other departments and offices to brace for about three feet of sea level rise this century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no community that touches the sea that will not be impacted,” Gordon said. “We also have a very large inland coastal area surrounding the San Francisco Bay. All of these areas are in jeopardy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wetland restoration is a popular tool being used in California to adapt to rising seas. Thanks in part to the natural growth of plants and the natural shoreline accumulation of drifting sediment, these ecosystems can grow vertically along with rising water levels. And they can buffer storm surges, protecting nearby property. But, as an example of how the new database could prove useful, Gordon said coastal managers aren’t always aware of the wetland restoration work underway in other parts of the state. The new database would help them share tips and information on best practices among themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also of concern to the committee were those areas and governments within the state that aren’t yet bracing for rising seas. Gordon said the new database would help identify preparedness gaps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can focus attention on those communities that are not yet thinking about this; not preparing,” Gordon said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill was opposed by most of the legislature’s Republicans, who questioned the magnitude of the dangers posed by sea level rise, with a party analysis stating that less than an inch of sea level rise was likely this century. They said the bill would impose costly reporting requirements upon municipalities. The analysis said the bill “appears to try and shame cities and counties” that aren’t preparing for rising seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jessica Grannis, the Adaptation Program Manager at the Georgetown Climate Center, which is based at Georgetown Law, however, said the database would be useful for officials — and for the public and climate experts in California and elsewhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s pretty novel, in that it attempts to coordinate coastal management, especially in a state as large as California,” Grannis said. “It’s really hard to tell from existing publicly available information what’s going on — particularly when you have so many local jurisdictions and state agencies working on the issue. It’ll be nice to have a one-stop shop.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some other states are also making efforts to coordinate planning for sea level rise. And New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Connecticut require sea level rise to be considered by coastal planners. But Grannis said California’s legislation goes further than any other state when it comes to consolidating information about sea level rise adaptation efforts. “I think it will be hugely useful,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a> \u003cem>is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "More Than Half of U.S. Bird Species Threatened by Climate Change",
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"content": "\u003cp>People in Maryland love their Baltimore orioles — so much so that their major league baseball team bears the name of the migrating bird. Yet, by 2080, there may not be any orioles left in Maryland. They migrate each year and, according to a new report, could soon be forced \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2014/09/09/142788/more_than_half_of_us_bird_species_threatened_by_climate_change?source=npr&category=science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" class=\"rssmi_more\">…Read More\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2014/09/09/142788/more_than_half_of_us_bird_species_threatened_by_climate_change?source=npr&category=science\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"More Than Half Of U.S. Bird Species Threatened By Climate Change\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">NPR Science – ingested into KQED\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "\u003cp>People in Maryland love their Baltimore orioles — so much so that their major league baseball team bears the name of the migrating bird. Yet, by 2080, there may not be any orioles left in Maryland. They migrate each year and, according to a new report, could soon be forced \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2014/09/09/142788/more_than_half_of_us_bird_species_threatened_by_climate_change?source=npr&category=science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" class=\"rssmi_more\">...Read More\u003c/a>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>People in Maryland love their Baltimore orioles — so much so that their major league baseball team bears the name of the migrating bird. Yet, by 2080, there may not be any orioles left in Maryland. They migrate each year and, according to a new report, could soon be forced \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2014/09/09/142788/more_than_half_of_us_bird_species_threatened_by_climate_change?source=npr&category=science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" class=\"rssmi_more\">…Read More\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2014/09/09/142788/more_than_half_of_us_bird_species_threatened_by_climate_change?source=npr&category=science\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"More Than Half Of U.S. Bird Species Threatened By Climate Change\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">NPR Science – ingested into KQED\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Drought Myth-Busting: Why El Niño Is Never A Good Bet",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/08/20140901science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20776\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/RS11735_Russian98_FEMADaveGatley_crop.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/RS11735_Russian98_FEMADaveGatley_crop.jpeg\" alt=\"The Russian River flooding from storms during the 1997-98 El Niño. (Dave Gatley/FEMA)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20776\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Russian River flooding from storms during the 1997-98 El Niño. (Dave Gatley/FEMA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If, like many Californians, you’ve been on El Niño Watch, you’re no-doubt confused by now. It’s happening. It’s not happening. But whether it is or isn’t might matter less than you think.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Don’t count on El Niño for anything,” Jay Lund, a UC Davis hydrologist, admonished us at a July drought briefing in Washington, D.C. At the time, forecasters were already downsizing earlier projections for a strong El Niño this fall (latest update shows that it might be regrouping for a comeback). But Lund was making a larger point: He and others have plotted El Niño against actual California precipitation and found … a pretty murky relationship, overall.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Don’t count on El Niño for anything.’\u003ccite>— Jay Lund, UC Davis\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Don’t even look at the forecasts if you care about drought,” Lund advised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That might seem like a strong statement given the reputation that the Pacific’s warm-water phase has for being a rainmaker, but records show that only the strongest El Niños have produced winters that were real super-soakers in Northern California — “strongest” meaning the times when ocean surface temperatures in the tropical Pacific spiked the highest above normal — and those events are rare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“El Niños come in all sizes: small, medium, large,” says Bill Patzert, a climatologist and El Niño watcher at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Lab in Pasadena. “During puny El Niños — weak El Niños — we’ve had some of the driest winters in the 20th century.” Count among them 1976 and ’77, a drought that is still etched in the memories of many Californians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the opposite end of the scale was the winter of 1997-98 which brought roughly double the state’s normal precipitation, and triggered massive mudslides and flooding throughout California. That onslaught coincided with what Patzert calls the “Godzilla” El Niño. He says he thinks that year is when Californians began to form the assumption that El Niño equals rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to more of Bill Patzert’s interview with Craig Miller\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/164344234&color=ff5500&inverse=false&auto_play=false&show_user=true\" width=\"100%\" height=\"20\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It was El Niño mania 24/7 that winter,” recalls Patzert. “The name — because of ’97-’98 — makes reporters and water managers salivate, but that belies the fact; there are only a few big El Niños in every century.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The El Niño forecast for this winter is looking more gecko than Godzilla, experts say, with water only slightly warmer than normal. (For an\u003ca title=\"Vox - post\" href=\"http://www.vox.com/2014/8/13/5994771/scientists-were-expecting-a-monster-el-nino-this-year-so-where-did-it\"> in-depth explanation\u003c/a> of how El Niños form and why this year’s has petered out, see Brad Plumer’s post for Vox.) Since the “Godzilla” winter 16 years ago, there really hasn’t been anything to match it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/rimfire/elninoslider.html\" width=\"630\" height=\"540\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The images above show warming (red) waters in the Pacific that indicate El Niño. Use the slider in the center to move back and forth between images from March and July, and note how much the warming has dissipated in recent months. (NASA/JPL)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Wildcard in the Deck\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason for the lull in strong El Niños is a wildcard in the deck, another cycle known as the \u003ca title=\"UW - PDO\" href=\"http://jisao.washington.edu/pdo/\">Pacific Decadal Oscillation\u003c/a>, or PDO. It’s like El Niño but farther north and much less capricious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The PDO is like a super-tanker,” says Patzert. “It’s very slow and it takes a long time and a lot of momentum to switch direction. Sometimes the negative PDO is what I call, ‘El Niño repellent.'” When the PDO is in its negative phase, it affects the high-altitude winds known as the jet stream. When that happens, the big winter storms tend to get detoured around California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The PDO has been stuck in this mode for the last 15 years, though some see signs that it might be ready to make a big switch into its “positive” phase, which would encourage El Niño conditions. Patzert isn’t so sure. “I’m not too optimistic about a switch in the PDO,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/oni.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20835\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/oni.jpg\" alt=\"Sixty years of El Nino fluctuations. Note the big spike that coincided with the storms of 1997-98. (NOAA/CPC) \" width=\"1503\" height=\"611\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Meteorologist Jan Null has put together an extensive \u003ca title=\"GGW - ENSO myths\" href=\"http://ggweather.com/enso/enso_myths.htm\">“myth-busting” page\u003c/a> for El Niño, which includes this visual history of the oscillation over the past six decades. Sixty years of El Niño fluctuations. Note the big spike that coincided with the storms of 1997-98 (click to enlarge). (NOAA/CPC)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hope Springs Eternal\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But just as El Niño doesn’t guarantee rain, the absence of one doesn’t necessarily mean no rain. Patzert says the stubborn ridge of high pressure that parked off the West Coast last winter and blocked incoming storms could give way this year for any number of reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If that ridge breaks down this winter, we could have one wet, cold storm after another making its way down the length of California — and that would certainly be sweet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed. But the latest three-month outlook from NOAA’s Climate Prediction Center calls for drought conditions to “persist or intensify” throughout California, through November. The bottom line from Patzert: “Don’t cash in your 401(k) and invest in umbrellas.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20776\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/RS11735_Russian98_FEMADaveGatley_crop.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/RS11735_Russian98_FEMADaveGatley_crop.jpeg\" alt=\"The Russian River flooding from storms during the 1997-98 El Niño. (Dave Gatley/FEMA)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20776\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Russian River flooding from storms during the 1997-98 El Niño. (Dave Gatley/FEMA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If, like many Californians, you’ve been on El Niño Watch, you’re no-doubt confused by now. It’s happening. It’s not happening. But whether it is or isn’t might matter less than you think.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Don’t count on El Niño for anything,” Jay Lund, a UC Davis hydrologist, admonished us at a July drought briefing in Washington, D.C. At the time, forecasters were already downsizing earlier projections for a strong El Niño this fall (latest update shows that it might be regrouping for a comeback). But Lund was making a larger point: He and others have plotted El Niño against actual California precipitation and found … a pretty murky relationship, overall.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Don’t count on El Niño for anything.’\u003ccite>— Jay Lund, UC Davis\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Don’t even look at the forecasts if you care about drought,” Lund advised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That might seem like a strong statement given the reputation that the Pacific’s warm-water phase has for being a rainmaker, but records show that only the strongest El Niños have produced winters that were real super-soakers in Northern California — “strongest” meaning the times when ocean surface temperatures in the tropical Pacific spiked the highest above normal — and those events are rare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“El Niños come in all sizes: small, medium, large,” says Bill Patzert, a climatologist and El Niño watcher at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Lab in Pasadena. “During puny El Niños — weak El Niños — we’ve had some of the driest winters in the 20th century.” Count among them 1976 and ’77, a drought that is still etched in the memories of many Californians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the opposite end of the scale was the winter of 1997-98 which brought roughly double the state’s normal precipitation, and triggered massive mudslides and flooding throughout California. That onslaught coincided with what Patzert calls the “Godzilla” El Niño. He says he thinks that year is when Californians began to form the assumption that El Niño equals rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to more of Bill Patzert’s interview with Craig Miller\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/164344234&color=ff5500&inverse=false&auto_play=false&show_user=true\" width=\"100%\" height=\"20\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It was El Niño mania 24/7 that winter,” recalls Patzert. “The name — because of ’97-’98 — makes reporters and water managers salivate, but that belies the fact; there are only a few big El Niños in every century.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The El Niño forecast for this winter is looking more gecko than Godzilla, experts say, with water only slightly warmer than normal. (For an\u003ca title=\"Vox - post\" href=\"http://www.vox.com/2014/8/13/5994771/scientists-were-expecting-a-monster-el-nino-this-year-so-where-did-it\"> in-depth explanation\u003c/a> of how El Niños form and why this year’s has petered out, see Brad Plumer’s post for Vox.) Since the “Godzilla” winter 16 years ago, there really hasn’t been anything to match it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/rimfire/elninoslider.html\" width=\"630\" height=\"540\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The images above show warming (red) waters in the Pacific that indicate El Niño. Use the slider in the center to move back and forth between images from March and July, and note how much the warming has dissipated in recent months. (NASA/JPL)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Wildcard in the Deck\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason for the lull in strong El Niños is a wildcard in the deck, another cycle known as the \u003ca title=\"UW - PDO\" href=\"http://jisao.washington.edu/pdo/\">Pacific Decadal Oscillation\u003c/a>, or PDO. It’s like El Niño but farther north and much less capricious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The PDO is like a super-tanker,” says Patzert. “It’s very slow and it takes a long time and a lot of momentum to switch direction. Sometimes the negative PDO is what I call, ‘El Niño repellent.'” When the PDO is in its negative phase, it affects the high-altitude winds known as the jet stream. When that happens, the big winter storms tend to get detoured around California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The PDO has been stuck in this mode for the last 15 years, though some see signs that it might be ready to make a big switch into its “positive” phase, which would encourage El Niño conditions. Patzert isn’t so sure. “I’m not too optimistic about a switch in the PDO,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/oni.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20835\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/oni.jpg\" alt=\"Sixty years of El Nino fluctuations. Note the big spike that coincided with the storms of 1997-98. (NOAA/CPC) \" width=\"1503\" height=\"611\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Meteorologist Jan Null has put together an extensive \u003ca title=\"GGW - ENSO myths\" href=\"http://ggweather.com/enso/enso_myths.htm\">“myth-busting” page\u003c/a> for El Niño, which includes this visual history of the oscillation over the past six decades. Sixty years of El Niño fluctuations. Note the big spike that coincided with the storms of 1997-98 (click to enlarge). (NOAA/CPC)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hope Springs Eternal\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But just as El Niño doesn’t guarantee rain, the absence of one doesn’t necessarily mean no rain. Patzert says the stubborn ridge of high pressure that parked off the West Coast last winter and blocked incoming storms could give way this year for any number of reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If that ridge breaks down this winter, we could have one wet, cold storm after another making its way down the length of California — and that would certainly be sweet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed. But the latest three-month outlook from NOAA’s Climate Prediction Center calls for drought conditions to “persist or intensify” throughout California, through November. The bottom line from Patzert: “Don’t cash in your 401(k) and invest in umbrellas.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Drought-Stricken California Town Struggles to Keep the Water Flowing",
"headTitle": "Drought-Stricken California Town Struggles to Keep the Water Flowing | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Daniel Potter\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"20\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/164002580&color=ff5500&inverse=false&auto_play=false&show_user=true\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20695\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/LkShastina_7064_crop.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20695\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/LkShastina_7064_crop.jpg\" alt=\"Lake Shastina (Daniel Potter)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The city of Montague relies heavily on Lake Shastina, down 90 percent from normal this summer. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>All summer, Montague has been a town in trouble. The city sits half an hour south of the Oregon border, in a rugged \u003ca title=\"Wiki - Montague\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montague,_California\">patch of Northern California\u003c/a> that offers little refuge from the scorching sun. For water, the roughly 1,500 people who live here depend on snow melting from the slopes of \u003ca title=\"Wiki - Mt. Shasta\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Shasta\">Mount Shasta\u003c/a>, about 20 miles to the south. But the snowpack this past winter was, by all accounts, pitiful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Standing on a hill near the edge of town at 8:30 in the morning, before the sun and the temperatures have had much time to climb, Chris Tyhurst looks toward the mountain and says, “I think I see two little spots of snow, about a square foot each.” Tyhurst, who has blue eyes and the calm demeanor of a recreational pilot, is joking, but in his nearly four decades as Montague’s water manager, he says this summer has been the toughest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city has been \u003ca title=\"Montague - drought page\" href=\"http://ci.montague.ca.us/drought.html\">forced to cut water use\u003c/a> drastically. Tyhurst says folks are using roughly one-third the amount they normally would this time of year. Nearly every lawn in town has turned a crispy blond, except for those belonging to a handful of residents who have their own wells. The city has imposed a monthly limit of 5,000 gallons per home, with fines for running over that. More than a hundred households have gone over the limit this summer. It’s hard not to, a sympathetic official tells me, if you have three kids at home. The worst offenders got letters from the Montague City Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Avoiding the ‘Nightmare Scenario’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “nightmare scenario,” as Tyhurst puts it, would be having to truck in water just to keep Montague’s water system pressurized, at an expense of hundreds of thousands of dollars. Tyhurst figures that would take a procession of some 30 trucks a day, each hauling 3,500 of gallons of water, rumbling from dawn to dusk every half-hour through the normally quiet neighborhood — a place where deer are a routine sight. Any scheduling hiccup could lead to trucks jamming the narrow unpaved road that leads to the town’s reservoir, which resembles a farm pond, complete with fish and turtles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To keep from resorting to the water convoys, Tyhurst says he’s willing to try just about anything, including a measure that’s rarely been tried in California. It’s a fine, white powder Tyhurst has taken to sprinkling over the three-acre reservoir every few days, using a flour sifter on the end of a long pole. The powder readily dissolves and spreads across the surface, forming what’s called a “monolayer” between the water and the air, aimed at slowing evaporation to buy the town’s water supply a few extra days or weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20696\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/monolayer_7078_crop.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20696 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/monolayer_7078_crop.jpg\" alt=\"monolayer (Daniel Potter)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Using a modified flour sifter, Tyhurst sprinkles a powder across Montague’s small reservoir. The product, made from palm oil and hydrated lime, spreads to form a ‘monolayer’ across the surface, slowing evaporation and saving precious water for the town. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This particular product, called WaterSavr, is made of hydrated lime, which is often used to treat water supplies, along with palm oil. Officials are also \u003ca title=\"Texas Trib - post\" href=\"http://www.texastribune.org/2014/07/30/four-guys-and-boat-tackle-texas-sized-water-proble/\">trying it out in drought-stricken Texas\u003c/a>. Noting the product’s been approved for use by the National Sanitation Foundation, Tyhurst says so far no one’s complained about it to him, “But we didn’t really broadcast that we were starting to use it,” he adds. “We generally don’t with any of our treatment stuff. It’s NSF approved, and that’s all the health department looks at, so we’re good to go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Definitely Real Life’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the town butcher shop, 26-year old Douglas Hamblin says he hears talk from ranchers of having to cash out their chips if the weather doesn’t start cooperating, and soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20727\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/Shop_7094.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20727\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/Shop_7094.jpg\" alt='Hamblin is leaving town to do the shop laundry. Without water, he says, \"life gets hectic pretty quickly.\" (Daniel Potter)' width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Douglas Hamblin says the family butcher shop has had to adjust to Montague’s severe water restrictions. Without water, he says, ‘Life gets hectic pretty quick.’ (Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s definitely real life,” he says. “It’s definitely water, and everybody needs water.” Without it, he says, “life gets hectic pretty quick.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hamblin has a tattoo of Jesus Christ on his arm, and big holes through his earlobes from the thick gauges he used to wear. Hamblin’s family only moved to Montague and started running the shop a couple years ago. While it’s equipped with a washing machine for aprons and rags, Hamblin says they haven’t been using it, because of the town’s limit on water use. Instead, his mother drives miles to another town each week to do laundry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”63SthEwF9YOCDP2kSbK7R7ZtZFCiKpCF”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new dad, Hamblin is quick to point out there are many people in the world with bigger problems than dead lawns, but says, “It’s kind of a bummer, you know. You have a six-month-old son, you want a little bit of a yard. You look like a jerk if you go ‘Okay, well, if I go over the 5,000 gallon-a-month limit I’ll just pay for it.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a close-knit community, he explains: “Of course it’s frowned upon, because everybody has to look out for each other up here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Banking on a Pipeline\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Near the base of Mount Shasta sits \u003ca title=\"Wiki - Shastina\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shastina\">Lake Shastina\u003c/a>, which in good years can hold more than 30,000 acre-feet of water. (An acre foot is about 325,000 gallons, or just enough water to cover an acre one foot deep.) This year, Tyhurst says, the lake started well below 10,000 acre feet, with little in the way of snow on the mountain to help refill it. By late July, parts of the lake seemed to be missing — a blue patch on a map might just turn out to be an empty green field. In one spot, a sign next to a dry, rocky slope advised against swimming or fishing. The lake, or what remained of it, looked to be something of a hike down the hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water travels to Montague in what Tyhurst calls “deliveries.” Every few weeks, some 200 acre-feet are released into a 26-mile canal that was constructed with farm irrigation in mind. The unlined ditch is poorly suited to water conservation. Much of it is bare earth, which gulps down a lot of the water long before it reaches the town, to say nothing of what evaporates in transit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20698\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/Pipeline_7044_crop.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20698\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/Pipeline_7044_crop.jpg\" alt=\"Workers lower a segment of the new, more efficient pipeline next to where they’re carving a miles-long trench from the Shasta River to Montague’s reservoir. (Daniel Potter)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Workers lower a new segment of pipeline near where they’re carving a miles-long trench from the Shasta River to Montague’s reservoir. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As an alternative, this summer Montague has hustled to finish an emergency pipeline, essentially a straw that stretches a few miles from the \u003ca title=\"CalTrout - Shasta River\" href=\"http://caltrout.org/regions/mount-shasta-region/shasta-river/\">Shasta River\u003c/a> to the town’s reservoir. Tyhurst says normally such a project, which is costing over a million drought emergency dollars from the State Water Board, would’ve taken years to win approval from the numerous government agencies involved. Tyhurst credits the governor’s January declaration of a drought emergency with helping slice through all that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, construction itself hasn’t been easy. The morning I visited, a giant yellow machine was devouring underbrush like a hungry dinosaur to clear a path for the pipeline’s trench. But before the pipe could be buried, its specifications required it to cool, Tyhurst says. “I think the specs call for 70 degrees…and with a hundred degrees during the day, you just cook out here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even when the pipeline is ready, Montague officials told me, the town’s water woes won’t be completely over. Everyone’s hopes are riding on a wet winter.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "From heavy machinery to hand-held flour sifters, this town is pulling out all the stops to save its water.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Daniel Potter\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"20\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/164002580&color=ff5500&inverse=false&auto_play=false&show_user=true\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20695\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/LkShastina_7064_crop.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20695\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/LkShastina_7064_crop.jpg\" alt=\"Lake Shastina (Daniel Potter)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The city of Montague relies heavily on Lake Shastina, down 90 percent from normal this summer. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>All summer, Montague has been a town in trouble. The city sits half an hour south of the Oregon border, in a rugged \u003ca title=\"Wiki - Montague\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montague,_California\">patch of Northern California\u003c/a> that offers little refuge from the scorching sun. For water, the roughly 1,500 people who live here depend on snow melting from the slopes of \u003ca title=\"Wiki - Mt. Shasta\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Shasta\">Mount Shasta\u003c/a>, about 20 miles to the south. But the snowpack this past winter was, by all accounts, pitiful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Standing on a hill near the edge of town at 8:30 in the morning, before the sun and the temperatures have had much time to climb, Chris Tyhurst looks toward the mountain and says, “I think I see two little spots of snow, about a square foot each.” Tyhurst, who has blue eyes and the calm demeanor of a recreational pilot, is joking, but in his nearly four decades as Montague’s water manager, he says this summer has been the toughest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city has been \u003ca title=\"Montague - drought page\" href=\"http://ci.montague.ca.us/drought.html\">forced to cut water use\u003c/a> drastically. Tyhurst says folks are using roughly one-third the amount they normally would this time of year. Nearly every lawn in town has turned a crispy blond, except for those belonging to a handful of residents who have their own wells. The city has imposed a monthly limit of 5,000 gallons per home, with fines for running over that. More than a hundred households have gone over the limit this summer. It’s hard not to, a sympathetic official tells me, if you have three kids at home. The worst offenders got letters from the Montague City Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Avoiding the ‘Nightmare Scenario’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “nightmare scenario,” as Tyhurst puts it, would be having to truck in water just to keep Montague’s water system pressurized, at an expense of hundreds of thousands of dollars. Tyhurst figures that would take a procession of some 30 trucks a day, each hauling 3,500 of gallons of water, rumbling from dawn to dusk every half-hour through the normally quiet neighborhood — a place where deer are a routine sight. Any scheduling hiccup could lead to trucks jamming the narrow unpaved road that leads to the town’s reservoir, which resembles a farm pond, complete with fish and turtles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To keep from resorting to the water convoys, Tyhurst says he’s willing to try just about anything, including a measure that’s rarely been tried in California. It’s a fine, white powder Tyhurst has taken to sprinkling over the three-acre reservoir every few days, using a flour sifter on the end of a long pole. The powder readily dissolves and spreads across the surface, forming what’s called a “monolayer” between the water and the air, aimed at slowing evaporation to buy the town’s water supply a few extra days or weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20696\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/monolayer_7078_crop.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20696 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/monolayer_7078_crop.jpg\" alt=\"monolayer (Daniel Potter)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Using a modified flour sifter, Tyhurst sprinkles a powder across Montague’s small reservoir. The product, made from palm oil and hydrated lime, spreads to form a ‘monolayer’ across the surface, slowing evaporation and saving precious water for the town. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This particular product, called WaterSavr, is made of hydrated lime, which is often used to treat water supplies, along with palm oil. Officials are also \u003ca title=\"Texas Trib - post\" href=\"http://www.texastribune.org/2014/07/30/four-guys-and-boat-tackle-texas-sized-water-proble/\">trying it out in drought-stricken Texas\u003c/a>. Noting the product’s been approved for use by the National Sanitation Foundation, Tyhurst says so far no one’s complained about it to him, “But we didn’t really broadcast that we were starting to use it,” he adds. “We generally don’t with any of our treatment stuff. It’s NSF approved, and that’s all the health department looks at, so we’re good to go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Definitely Real Life’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the town butcher shop, 26-year old Douglas Hamblin says he hears talk from ranchers of having to cash out their chips if the weather doesn’t start cooperating, and soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20727\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/Shop_7094.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20727\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/Shop_7094.jpg\" alt='Hamblin is leaving town to do the shop laundry. Without water, he says, \"life gets hectic pretty quickly.\" (Daniel Potter)' width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Douglas Hamblin says the family butcher shop has had to adjust to Montague’s severe water restrictions. Without water, he says, ‘Life gets hectic pretty quick.’ (Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s definitely real life,” he says. “It’s definitely water, and everybody needs water.” Without it, he says, “life gets hectic pretty quick.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hamblin has a tattoo of Jesus Christ on his arm, and big holes through his earlobes from the thick gauges he used to wear. Hamblin’s family only moved to Montague and started running the shop a couple years ago. While it’s equipped with a washing machine for aprons and rags, Hamblin says they haven’t been using it, because of the town’s limit on water use. Instead, his mother drives miles to another town each week to do laundry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new dad, Hamblin is quick to point out there are many people in the world with bigger problems than dead lawns, but says, “It’s kind of a bummer, you know. You have a six-month-old son, you want a little bit of a yard. You look like a jerk if you go ‘Okay, well, if I go over the 5,000 gallon-a-month limit I’ll just pay for it.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a close-knit community, he explains: “Of course it’s frowned upon, because everybody has to look out for each other up here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Banking on a Pipeline\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Near the base of Mount Shasta sits \u003ca title=\"Wiki - Shastina\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shastina\">Lake Shastina\u003c/a>, which in good years can hold more than 30,000 acre-feet of water. (An acre foot is about 325,000 gallons, or just enough water to cover an acre one foot deep.) This year, Tyhurst says, the lake started well below 10,000 acre feet, with little in the way of snow on the mountain to help refill it. By late July, parts of the lake seemed to be missing — a blue patch on a map might just turn out to be an empty green field. In one spot, a sign next to a dry, rocky slope advised against swimming or fishing. The lake, or what remained of it, looked to be something of a hike down the hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water travels to Montague in what Tyhurst calls “deliveries.” Every few weeks, some 200 acre-feet are released into a 26-mile canal that was constructed with farm irrigation in mind. The unlined ditch is poorly suited to water conservation. Much of it is bare earth, which gulps down a lot of the water long before it reaches the town, to say nothing of what evaporates in transit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20698\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/Pipeline_7044_crop.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20698\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/Pipeline_7044_crop.jpg\" alt=\"Workers lower a segment of the new, more efficient pipeline next to where they’re carving a miles-long trench from the Shasta River to Montague’s reservoir. (Daniel Potter)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Workers lower a new segment of pipeline near where they’re carving a miles-long trench from the Shasta River to Montague’s reservoir. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As an alternative, this summer Montague has hustled to finish an emergency pipeline, essentially a straw that stretches a few miles from the \u003ca title=\"CalTrout - Shasta River\" href=\"http://caltrout.org/regions/mount-shasta-region/shasta-river/\">Shasta River\u003c/a> to the town’s reservoir. Tyhurst says normally such a project, which is costing over a million drought emergency dollars from the State Water Board, would’ve taken years to win approval from the numerous government agencies involved. Tyhurst credits the governor’s January declaration of a drought emergency with helping slice through all that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, construction itself hasn’t been easy. The morning I visited, a giant yellow machine was devouring underbrush like a hungry dinosaur to clear a path for the pipeline’s trench. But before the pipe could be buried, its specifications required it to cool, Tyhurst says. “I think the specs call for 70 degrees…and with a hundred degrees during the day, you just cook out here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "California Isn't Just Dry -- It's Hot",
"headTitle": "California Isn’t Just Dry — It’s Hot | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20557\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/RS1213_P1000565-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20557 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/RS1213_P1000565-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"California's average temperature for January through July 2014 was the warmest ever. (Craig Miller/Climate Watch)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California’s average temperature for January through July 2014 was the warmest ever recorded. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California might be headed for its hottest year on record. The state’s average temperature for the first half of the year is already its highest in recorded history, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/national/2014/7\">a recent report\u003c/a> by the National Atmospheric and Oceanic Association’s Climatic Data Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The average temperature for January through July was 60.9 degrees Fahrenheit. It beat the previous record, set in 1934, by 1.4 degrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s definitely been warmer,” said Kevin Baker, meteorologist-in-charge at the National Weather Service office in Monterey. “A lot of it has to do with the sea surface temperatures being warmer than they normally are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Northwestern winds that usually cause cool water upwelling from the bottom of the ocean have been weaker than normal. Warmer sea surfaces mean warmer air temperatures, Baker said. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He expects the warm trend to continue into the fall. “It’s possible we’ll have more records coming our way, so standby for warmer-than-normal temperatures.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to NOAA, three California cities have also broken average temperature records this year. Fresno, San Francisco and Sacramento \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/national/2014/7/supplemental/page-1\">all registered new highs in average temperature.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the state is breaking a record this year, Jan Null, certified consulting meteorologist for Golden Gate Weather Services, said no single year is significant in itself. What matters is how this year fits into larger temperature trends that climatologists are studying, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s certainly been this continued upward trend,” Null said. “We’re seeing a warmer climate.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20557\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/RS1213_P1000565-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20557 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/RS1213_P1000565-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"California's average temperature for January through July 2014 was the warmest ever. (Craig Miller/Climate Watch)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California’s average temperature for January through July 2014 was the warmest ever recorded. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California might be headed for its hottest year on record. The state’s average temperature for the first half of the year is already its highest in recorded history, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/national/2014/7\">a recent report\u003c/a> by the National Atmospheric and Oceanic Association’s Climatic Data Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The average temperature for January through July was 60.9 degrees Fahrenheit. It beat the previous record, set in 1934, by 1.4 degrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s definitely been warmer,” said Kevin Baker, meteorologist-in-charge at the National Weather Service office in Monterey. “A lot of it has to do with the sea surface temperatures being warmer than they normally are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Northwestern winds that usually cause cool water upwelling from the bottom of the ocean have been weaker than normal. Warmer sea surfaces mean warmer air temperatures, Baker said. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He expects the warm trend to continue into the fall. “It’s possible we’ll have more records coming our way, so standby for warmer-than-normal temperatures.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to NOAA, three California cities have also broken average temperature records this year. Fresno, San Francisco and Sacramento \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/national/2014/7/supplemental/page-1\">all registered new highs in average temperature.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the state is breaking a record this year, Jan Null, certified consulting meteorologist for Golden Gate Weather Services, said no single year is significant in itself. What matters is how this year fits into larger temperature trends that climatologists are studying, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s certainly been this continued upward trend,” Null said. “We’re seeing a warmer climate.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Cap-and-Trade Faces First Major Political Test",
"headTitle": "Cap-and-Trade Faces First Major Political Test | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/162143268&color=ff5500&inverse=false&auto_play=false&show_user=true\" width=\"100%\" height=\"20\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20423\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/RS9144_476374685-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20423\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/RS9144_476374685-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"Prices at the pump are widely expected to go up early next year. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Prices at the pump are widely expected to go up early next year.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s cap-and-trade system expands next year. And while the program has already discreetly impacted energy prices, consumers will likely get their first direct glimpse at cap and trade’s effect on markets when it’s applied to transportation fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That fact has many politicians nervous, including a group of Democrats who are urging Governor Jerry Brown to hit the breaks on cap and trade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘What The Hell Is Going On?’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no day-to-day cost that smacks you right in the face quite like gasoline. You fill your car up, and you stare straight at the price as it climbs higher and higher. So it’s no surprise that when a recent poll asked whether Californians would keep supporting the state’s cap-and-trade system, even if its new phase leads to higher gas prices, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/blog_detail.asp?i=1566\">support suddenly tanked by nearly 40 points.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democratic political consultant Garry South doubts many people really understand what the program does. “I think it’s just so far out of the typical person’s viewfinder that the impact of this is not going to be known until gasoline prices actually start occurring,” he said, “and people say, ‘Hey what the hell’s going on here?’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s going on is, in fact, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/cap-and-trade-101-how-californias-carbon-market-works/\">a kind of stock market for pollution\u003c/a>. Companies buy and sell the right to emit carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gasses. Right now, the system covers industrial sources like power plants. And the direct consumer impact has been blunted a bit by rebates and other breaks for power utilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next year, cap-and-trade expands to cover transportation fuels. Oil companies will be charged that assessment up front, and then pass the cost along to consumers. State officials say that could lead to a price spike of as much as 30 cents a gallon, though most experts think it will actually be around 10 cents. “The actual price increase will depend on a wide variety of economic, technological and regulatory factors that are difficult to predict,”\u003ca href=\"http://www.lao.ca.gov/Letters/2014/Perea-Gasoline-Cap-and-Trade-080414.pdf\"> the Legislative Analyst’s Office noted this week.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Either way, Republicans and business groups have latched on to the potential price increase, which they’re calling a “hidden gas tax.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Democratic Pushback\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even some cap-and-trade supporters are having doubts. “I represent a district in southern Fresno County that is very poor,” explained Assemblyman Henry Perea, a Democrat. “My constituents are going to be hurt a lot more than constituents in other parts of the state where the economy’s stronger, and people are making a lot more money.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perea is leading the effort to delay cap-and-trade’s expansion to transportation fuels. Fifteen other Democrats are supporting a slow-down. Perea said the push is about the economy, not the environment. He’s framing the debate as Valley Vs. Coast, Rich Vs. Poor, pointing out the geographic divide between the lawmakers supporting a slowdown, and those pushing to stay the course.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A three-year delay, he said, would allow policymakers to ask some questions. “How do we meet the goals of AB 32, how do we reduce greenhouse gasses and how do we do that in a meaningful way through fuels, and not have a large economic impact on everyday people who are struggling to make ends meet?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Higher Prices Discourage Demand’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may be hard to do, though, since the entire point of cap-and-trade is to make carbon emissions more expensive. That’s not the sort of thing politicians say in front of crowds. But Senate President Pro Tem Darrell Steinberg did just that during an unusually blunt speech earlier this year. “It may not be popular to say, but that’s necessary. Higher prices discourage demand,” he told the Sacramento Press Club. “If carbon pricing doesn’t sting, at least a little bit, we won’t change our habits.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not exactly a populist argument. But the push to delay the cap-and-trade expansion may still come up short. That’s due mostly to a lack of political muscle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, there’s the simple fact that gas prices won’t be affected until January, long after the state’s election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second factor is more powerful: cap-and-trade’s biggest cheerleader is the popular, well-funded Governor Jerry Brown. “This is a path that must be pursued today, the next decade, the next hundred years,” Brown said at a climate change conference in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown hasn’t directly weighed in on the push to delay cap-and-trade’s expansion to transportation fuels. But the chair of California’s Air Resources Board, appointed by Brown, has warned the delay would be “a major set-back” to the program, pointing out transportation fuels are responsible for “almost 40 percent” of California’s greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, political consultant Garry South argued Brown may have a tough time convincing Democrats to keep backing a program that’s costing voters money. “I equate this to Obamacare,” he said. “This is another fairly massive change in government policy to affect a real problem that people are concerned about, but that is going to have some impact on people’s daily lives. And that always has the potential for a revolt taking place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown has acknowledged cap-and-trade and other climate change efforts can be a tough sell. “This is really a complex set of pressures that are not easy to talk about in a sound bite, a bumper sticker, or a one-liner,” he said in May. “It is something that is yet to fully capture the public imagination,”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But like it or not, politicians live in the world of one-liners and bumper stickers. Hearing voters say, “Your program costs me money” is a powerful motivator for politicians. And Brown may have to spend a lot of political capital keeping jittery Democrats in line, if predictions about the price at the pump come true.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/162143268&color=ff5500&inverse=false&auto_play=false&show_user=true\" width=\"100%\" height=\"20\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20423\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/RS9144_476374685-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20423\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/RS9144_476374685-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"Prices at the pump are widely expected to go up early next year. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Prices at the pump are widely expected to go up early next year.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s cap-and-trade system expands next year. And while the program has already discreetly impacted energy prices, consumers will likely get their first direct glimpse at cap and trade’s effect on markets when it’s applied to transportation fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That fact has many politicians nervous, including a group of Democrats who are urging Governor Jerry Brown to hit the breaks on cap and trade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘What The Hell Is Going On?’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no day-to-day cost that smacks you right in the face quite like gasoline. You fill your car up, and you stare straight at the price as it climbs higher and higher. So it’s no surprise that when a recent poll asked whether Californians would keep supporting the state’s cap-and-trade system, even if its new phase leads to higher gas prices, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/blog_detail.asp?i=1566\">support suddenly tanked by nearly 40 points.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democratic political consultant Garry South doubts many people really understand what the program does. “I think it’s just so far out of the typical person’s viewfinder that the impact of this is not going to be known until gasoline prices actually start occurring,” he said, “and people say, ‘Hey what the hell’s going on here?’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s going on is, in fact, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/cap-and-trade-101-how-californias-carbon-market-works/\">a kind of stock market for pollution\u003c/a>. Companies buy and sell the right to emit carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gasses. Right now, the system covers industrial sources like power plants. And the direct consumer impact has been blunted a bit by rebates and other breaks for power utilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next year, cap-and-trade expands to cover transportation fuels. Oil companies will be charged that assessment up front, and then pass the cost along to consumers. State officials say that could lead to a price spike of as much as 30 cents a gallon, though most experts think it will actually be around 10 cents. “The actual price increase will depend on a wide variety of economic, technological and regulatory factors that are difficult to predict,”\u003ca href=\"http://www.lao.ca.gov/Letters/2014/Perea-Gasoline-Cap-and-Trade-080414.pdf\"> the Legislative Analyst’s Office noted this week.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Either way, Republicans and business groups have latched on to the potential price increase, which they’re calling a “hidden gas tax.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Democratic Pushback\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even some cap-and-trade supporters are having doubts. “I represent a district in southern Fresno County that is very poor,” explained Assemblyman Henry Perea, a Democrat. “My constituents are going to be hurt a lot more than constituents in other parts of the state where the economy’s stronger, and people are making a lot more money.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perea is leading the effort to delay cap-and-trade’s expansion to transportation fuels. Fifteen other Democrats are supporting a slow-down. Perea said the push is about the economy, not the environment. He’s framing the debate as Valley Vs. Coast, Rich Vs. Poor, pointing out the geographic divide between the lawmakers supporting a slowdown, and those pushing to stay the course.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A three-year delay, he said, would allow policymakers to ask some questions. “How do we meet the goals of AB 32, how do we reduce greenhouse gasses and how do we do that in a meaningful way through fuels, and not have a large economic impact on everyday people who are struggling to make ends meet?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Higher Prices Discourage Demand’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may be hard to do, though, since the entire point of cap-and-trade is to make carbon emissions more expensive. That’s not the sort of thing politicians say in front of crowds. But Senate President Pro Tem Darrell Steinberg did just that during an unusually blunt speech earlier this year. “It may not be popular to say, but that’s necessary. Higher prices discourage demand,” he told the Sacramento Press Club. “If carbon pricing doesn’t sting, at least a little bit, we won’t change our habits.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not exactly a populist argument. But the push to delay the cap-and-trade expansion may still come up short. That’s due mostly to a lack of political muscle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, there’s the simple fact that gas prices won’t be affected until January, long after the state’s election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second factor is more powerful: cap-and-trade’s biggest cheerleader is the popular, well-funded Governor Jerry Brown. “This is a path that must be pursued today, the next decade, the next hundred years,” Brown said at a climate change conference in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown hasn’t directly weighed in on the push to delay cap-and-trade’s expansion to transportation fuels. But the chair of California’s Air Resources Board, appointed by Brown, has warned the delay would be “a major set-back” to the program, pointing out transportation fuels are responsible for “almost 40 percent” of California’s greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, political consultant Garry South argued Brown may have a tough time convincing Democrats to keep backing a program that’s costing voters money. “I equate this to Obamacare,” he said. “This is another fairly massive change in government policy to affect a real problem that people are concerned about, but that is going to have some impact on people’s daily lives. And that always has the potential for a revolt taking place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown has acknowledged cap-and-trade and other climate change efforts can be a tough sell. “This is really a complex set of pressures that are not easy to talk about in a sound bite, a bumper sticker, or a one-liner,” he said in May. “It is something that is yet to fully capture the public imagination,”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But like it or not, politicians live in the world of one-liners and bumper stickers. Hearing voters say, “Your program costs me money” is a powerful motivator for politicians. And Brown may have to spend a lot of political capital keeping jittery Democrats in line, if predictions about the price at the pump come true.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "El Niño Fizzle: No Relief Likely for California Drought",
"headTitle": "El Niño Fizzle: No Relief Likely for California Drought | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>All that talk you’ve been hearing about El Niño coming to wash California out of its three-year drought: fahgettaboudit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal \u003ca title=\"NOAA - CPC - ENSO\" href=\"http://www.elnino.noaa.gov/\">scientists now say\u003c/a> the odds of those peculiar ocean conditions often associated with wet winters here have diminished substantially, and there’s now about a 65 percent chance of El Niño by late fall-early winter, right when we’d be hoping for rain and snow to return. As recently as a month ago, modelers at NOAA’s Climate Prediction Center had those odds pegged closer to 80 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘It’s a flop.’\u003ccite>— Bill Patzert, NASA\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>More important is the anticipated strength of the pattern, which NOAA forecasters now characterize as “weak.” That means that surface waters in the eastern Pacific aren’t warming up as much as expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA climatologist Bill Patzert says he would “take it down another notch or two,” even from that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a flop,” says Patzert, who watches ocean and atmospheric patterns from NASA’s Jet Propulsion Lab in Pasadena.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/rimfire/elninoslider.html\" width=\"630\" height=\"540\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The images above show warming (red) waters in the Pacific that indicate El Nino. Use the slider in the center to move back and forth between images and note how much the warming has dissipated in recent months. (NASA/JPL)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forecasters had been more optimistic last spring, when they saw what looked like the potential for a big honkin’ El Niño, just in time for the rainy season. Typically it’s only stronger El Niños that exert enough influence on the atmosphere to produce heavy rains in California, and those are relatively rare events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That El Niño that was really coming on like gangbusters in the spring has virtually disappeared at this point,” says Patzert. “Unless we see a miraculous resurgence, any hope for an El Niño soaking this winter is pretty much in the rear-view mirror.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patzert calls this a “classic false start” for El Niño, which he says is not that unusual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key, he says, is the strong trade winds that blow from the Americas toward Asia, piling up warm water toward the western side of the Pacific. When those winds abate, that warmer surface water starts sloshing back toward us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately as summer showed up, those trade winds had a resurgence, and whatever we had in terms of warm water in the central and eastern Pacific had disappeared.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That doesn’t necessarily mean a fourth dry winter. Patzert says other forces could work in our favor; the stubborn ridge of high pressure that parked along California’s coast last winter and forced the usual Pacific storms to detour north, could just as easily give way this year. If it does, says Patzert, “We could have one wet, cold storm after another making its way down the length of California, and that would certainly be sweet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El Niño is technically one phase of what scientists call the El Niño Southern Oscillation. It’s opposite is known as La Niña, characterized by colder surface temperatures and drier times in California. Forecasters see very little likelihood of La Niña conditions in the foreseeable future.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>All that talk you’ve been hearing about El Niño coming to wash California out of its three-year drought: fahgettaboudit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal \u003ca title=\"NOAA - CPC - ENSO\" href=\"http://www.elnino.noaa.gov/\">scientists now say\u003c/a> the odds of those peculiar ocean conditions often associated with wet winters here have diminished substantially, and there’s now about a 65 percent chance of El Niño by late fall-early winter, right when we’d be hoping for rain and snow to return. As recently as a month ago, modelers at NOAA’s Climate Prediction Center had those odds pegged closer to 80 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘It’s a flop.’\u003ccite>— Bill Patzert, NASA\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>More important is the anticipated strength of the pattern, which NOAA forecasters now characterize as “weak.” That means that surface waters in the eastern Pacific aren’t warming up as much as expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA climatologist Bill Patzert says he would “take it down another notch or two,” even from that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a flop,” says Patzert, who watches ocean and atmospheric patterns from NASA’s Jet Propulsion Lab in Pasadena.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/rimfire/elninoslider.html\" width=\"630\" height=\"540\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The images above show warming (red) waters in the Pacific that indicate El Nino. Use the slider in the center to move back and forth between images and note how much the warming has dissipated in recent months. (NASA/JPL)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forecasters had been more optimistic last spring, when they saw what looked like the potential for a big honkin’ El Niño, just in time for the rainy season. Typically it’s only stronger El Niños that exert enough influence on the atmosphere to produce heavy rains in California, and those are relatively rare events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That El Niño that was really coming on like gangbusters in the spring has virtually disappeared at this point,” says Patzert. “Unless we see a miraculous resurgence, any hope for an El Niño soaking this winter is pretty much in the rear-view mirror.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patzert calls this a “classic false start” for El Niño, which he says is not that unusual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key, he says, is the strong trade winds that blow from the Americas toward Asia, piling up warm water toward the western side of the Pacific. When those winds abate, that warmer surface water starts sloshing back toward us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately as summer showed up, those trade winds had a resurgence, and whatever we had in terms of warm water in the central and eastern Pacific had disappeared.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That doesn’t necessarily mean a fourth dry winter. Patzert says other forces could work in our favor; the stubborn ridge of high pressure that parked along California’s coast last winter and forced the usual Pacific storms to detour north, could just as easily give way this year. If it does, says Patzert, “We could have one wet, cold storm after another making its way down the length of California, and that would certainly be sweet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El Niño is technically one phase of what scientists call the El Niño Southern Oscillation. It’s opposite is known as La Niña, characterized by colder surface temperatures and drier times in California. Forecasters see very little likelihood of La Niña conditions in the foreseeable future.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Artist Will Take a 13-Hour Watery Stand to Draw Attention to Rising Seas",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20300\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/cover-shot.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20300\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/cover-shot.jpg\" alt=\"Sarah Cameron Sunde stands through a tidal cycle in Bass Harbor, Maine\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sarah Cameron Sunde stands through a tidal cycle in Bass Harbor, Maine on August 15, 2013. (Maridee Slater)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On August 15th, performance artist Sarah Cameron Sunde will stand in the San Francisco Bay for a tidal cycle of over thirteen hours. At high tide, she’ll be covered up to her neck. This is the third iteration of her \u003ca title=\"36.5 Water Project\" href=\"http://www.365waterproject.org/\">36.5 water project\u003c/a>, which dramatizes the challenge of rising seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change is driving up sea levels around the globe at an accelerating rate. Tidal gauges show that San Francisco Bay has already risen by 8 inches since 1900. Scientists estimate a further 16-inch rise by 2050, and 55 inches by 2100. The \u003ca title=\"BCDC - Living with a Rising Bay\" href=\"http://www.bcdc.ca.gov/BPA/LivingWithRisingBay.pdf\">Bay Conservation and Development Commission\u003c/a> has used these numbers to project land loss of 281 and 333 square miles, respectively, including residential developments, schools and health care centers, roads and airports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20310\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/climate_change_maps_regional55-e1407207820328.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20310 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/climate_change_maps_regional55-e1407207820328.jpg\" alt=\"Potential inundation caused by 55-inch sea level rise by 2100.\" width=\"300\" height=\"307\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Potential inundation caused by 55-inch sea level rise by 2100. San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission. Sea level rise data provided by USGS. Knowles, N. 2008. Siegel, S.W. and P. A. M. Bachand, 2002.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These numbers are personal for Sunde, who grew up in the Bay Area. But it was the destruction Hurricane Sandy wrought on her current home of New York in 2012 that planted the seeds of the 36.5 water project. “All of a sudden I understood in a bigger way that everything is ephemeral,” she says. “In a hundred years from now, or even in my lifetime, it’s very possible that people will have to leave, that the city won’t be able to survive the change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She took these thoughts with her to an artist residency in Maine, where she spent time on the coast, watching the tide come in. “After seeing a rock getting swallowed, I imagined a body out there in the water, and how beautiful an image that would be.” As a director, she immediately began to wonder who she could cast, then realized, “That’s insane; no one is going to do this for me. Three days later I was in the water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What Is Your Relationship With the Water?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After standing through an enormous ten and a half foot tidal fluctuation in Maine, Sunde’s second performance could seem anticlimactic. In Akumal, Mexico, for another residency, she stood patiently for twelve hours through a tidal shift of just one foot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while Maine had been a private performance for her fellow artists, she sought to involve the local community in Akumal. She interviewed locals before her performance, asking: what is your relationship with the water? “Everyone had such a different response, but such a powerful response.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Akumal is on the Yucatán in the Caribbean, a region highly dependent on coastal tourism and therefore highly vulnerable to sea level rise. According to the \u003ca title=\"UCS - Climate Hot Map\" href=\"http://www.climatehotmap.org/global-warming-locations/cancun-mexico.html\">Union of Concerned Scientists\u003c/a>, “Relative to the size of the economy, the Caribbean is the world’s most tourism-dependent region. If climate change makes this region less appealing to tourists because hotels have diminishing beaches, or because resorts experience flooding, the region could suffer serious economic losses and growing poverty.” Forty inches of sea level rise, for example, would flood hundreds of miles of roads and a third of all Caribbean airports. The Mexican government has attempted to rebuild beaches that are already eroding, but such projects are hugely expensive and only postpone the inevitable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20301\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/sarah-BTS-end-moment-e1407207221378.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20301 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/sarah-BTS-end-moment-e1407207221378.jpg\" alt=\"spontaneously joined the artist at the end of her performance in Akumal, Mexico\" width=\"300\" height=\"199\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Onlookers spontaneously joined the artist at the end of her performance in Akumal, Mexico, on February 15, 2014. (Scott Brown)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>During the last hour of Sunde’s Akumal performance, a member of the audience walked out to join her, then another and another, until seven people stood together in the sea. “It was totally spontaneous and it really moved me,” she says. So in San Francisco, she’s explicitly inviting the public to join her in the water. “What I’m imaging is that people will show up whenever they can, and they’ll come and stand with me for half an hour, or as long as they want to, and then they’ll leave.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She doesn’t expect anyone to stay through the entire 13-hour, 5-foot tidal cycle, during which she will eat nothing. She will drink water, either brought by kayak or worn in a backpack. “I want it to be hard, but I don’t want to get hypothermia and die,” she says. She plans to wear a wetsuit, or possibly a drysuit—although I’m afraid your humble correspondent may have discouraged her from the warmer course of action. “In a drysuit, you couldn’t pee, could you?” said Sunde after I pointed out that particular drawback. “My God, I didn’t really think about that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Thinking Globally, Yet Intimately\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After San Francisco, Sunde will move her project around the world. The next stop will be Europe, where she plans to stand through a tidal cycle in one of the cities most intimately aware of rising seas: Amsterdam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Netherlands was fighting to stay dry centuries before the Industrial Revolution heralded anthropogenic climate change. The country is at once uniquely vulnerable, and uniquely prepared to cope. The Dutch have been keeping the sea at bay with an ever-increasingly sophisticated system of dikes, floodgates, and sea walls. But now they’ve begun to work \u003ca title=\"NPR - Dutch Embrace Floods\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=18229027\">with the water rather than against it\u003c/a>, lowering certain dikes to allow flooding and reduce the pressure in other parts of the system. They’re even experimenting with floating housing developments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20306\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/Maine-e1407206859286.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20306 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/Maine-e1407206859286.jpg\" alt=\"Low and high tide during Sunde's first 36.5 performance in Bass Harbor, Maine.\" width=\"300\" height=\"400\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Low and high tide during Sunde’s first 36.5 performance in Bass Harbor, Maine. (Maridee Slater)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sunde’s husband grew up in the Netherlands, making this a very personal destination for the artist. In fact, she is choosing all of her sites based on intimate connections with her own life. This is art in extremely mixed media: a single human, the world ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sunde hopes her performance will grow with each iteration. Locals will join her in the water, and friends and colleagues around the world will stand with her in spirit. “There’s got to be a way to encourage collective thinking. I believe in that. If we all put our minds on something, good can happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you show up at \u003ca title=\"Wikipedia - Aquatic Park\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_Park_Historic_District\">Aquatic Park\u003c/a> on August 15th between 9:26am and 10:31pm, you’ll see Sunde and her video crew. You can sit and watch from a variety of vantage points, and you can wade out and join her for a time. At 4:09 pm, high tide, the water will be at her neck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another eight-inch rise in sea level would cover her head.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20300\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/cover-shot.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20300\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/cover-shot.jpg\" alt=\"Sarah Cameron Sunde stands through a tidal cycle in Bass Harbor, Maine\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sarah Cameron Sunde stands through a tidal cycle in Bass Harbor, Maine on August 15, 2013. (Maridee Slater)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On August 15th, performance artist Sarah Cameron Sunde will stand in the San Francisco Bay for a tidal cycle of over thirteen hours. At high tide, she’ll be covered up to her neck. This is the third iteration of her \u003ca title=\"36.5 Water Project\" href=\"http://www.365waterproject.org/\">36.5 water project\u003c/a>, which dramatizes the challenge of rising seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change is driving up sea levels around the globe at an accelerating rate. Tidal gauges show that San Francisco Bay has already risen by 8 inches since 1900. Scientists estimate a further 16-inch rise by 2050, and 55 inches by 2100. The \u003ca title=\"BCDC - Living with a Rising Bay\" href=\"http://www.bcdc.ca.gov/BPA/LivingWithRisingBay.pdf\">Bay Conservation and Development Commission\u003c/a> has used these numbers to project land loss of 281 and 333 square miles, respectively, including residential developments, schools and health care centers, roads and airports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20310\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/climate_change_maps_regional55-e1407207820328.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20310 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/climate_change_maps_regional55-e1407207820328.jpg\" alt=\"Potential inundation caused by 55-inch sea level rise by 2100.\" width=\"300\" height=\"307\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Potential inundation caused by 55-inch sea level rise by 2100. San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission. Sea level rise data provided by USGS. Knowles, N. 2008. Siegel, S.W. and P. A. M. Bachand, 2002.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These numbers are personal for Sunde, who grew up in the Bay Area. But it was the destruction Hurricane Sandy wrought on her current home of New York in 2012 that planted the seeds of the 36.5 water project. “All of a sudden I understood in a bigger way that everything is ephemeral,” she says. “In a hundred years from now, or even in my lifetime, it’s very possible that people will have to leave, that the city won’t be able to survive the change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She took these thoughts with her to an artist residency in Maine, where she spent time on the coast, watching the tide come in. “After seeing a rock getting swallowed, I imagined a body out there in the water, and how beautiful an image that would be.” As a director, she immediately began to wonder who she could cast, then realized, “That’s insane; no one is going to do this for me. Three days later I was in the water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What Is Your Relationship With the Water?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After standing through an enormous ten and a half foot tidal fluctuation in Maine, Sunde’s second performance could seem anticlimactic. In Akumal, Mexico, for another residency, she stood patiently for twelve hours through a tidal shift of just one foot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while Maine had been a private performance for her fellow artists, she sought to involve the local community in Akumal. She interviewed locals before her performance, asking: what is your relationship with the water? “Everyone had such a different response, but such a powerful response.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Akumal is on the Yucatán in the Caribbean, a region highly dependent on coastal tourism and therefore highly vulnerable to sea level rise. According to the \u003ca title=\"UCS - Climate Hot Map\" href=\"http://www.climatehotmap.org/global-warming-locations/cancun-mexico.html\">Union of Concerned Scientists\u003c/a>, “Relative to the size of the economy, the Caribbean is the world’s most tourism-dependent region. If climate change makes this region less appealing to tourists because hotels have diminishing beaches, or because resorts experience flooding, the region could suffer serious economic losses and growing poverty.” Forty inches of sea level rise, for example, would flood hundreds of miles of roads and a third of all Caribbean airports. The Mexican government has attempted to rebuild beaches that are already eroding, but such projects are hugely expensive and only postpone the inevitable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20301\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/sarah-BTS-end-moment-e1407207221378.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20301 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/sarah-BTS-end-moment-e1407207221378.jpg\" alt=\"spontaneously joined the artist at the end of her performance in Akumal, Mexico\" width=\"300\" height=\"199\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Onlookers spontaneously joined the artist at the end of her performance in Akumal, Mexico, on February 15, 2014. (Scott Brown)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>During the last hour of Sunde’s Akumal performance, a member of the audience walked out to join her, then another and another, until seven people stood together in the sea. “It was totally spontaneous and it really moved me,” she says. So in San Francisco, she’s explicitly inviting the public to join her in the water. “What I’m imaging is that people will show up whenever they can, and they’ll come and stand with me for half an hour, or as long as they want to, and then they’ll leave.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She doesn’t expect anyone to stay through the entire 13-hour, 5-foot tidal cycle, during which she will eat nothing. She will drink water, either brought by kayak or worn in a backpack. “I want it to be hard, but I don’t want to get hypothermia and die,” she says. She plans to wear a wetsuit, or possibly a drysuit—although I’m afraid your humble correspondent may have discouraged her from the warmer course of action. “In a drysuit, you couldn’t pee, could you?” said Sunde after I pointed out that particular drawback. “My God, I didn’t really think about that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Thinking Globally, Yet Intimately\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After San Francisco, Sunde will move her project around the world. The next stop will be Europe, where she plans to stand through a tidal cycle in one of the cities most intimately aware of rising seas: Amsterdam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Netherlands was fighting to stay dry centuries before the Industrial Revolution heralded anthropogenic climate change. The country is at once uniquely vulnerable, and uniquely prepared to cope. The Dutch have been keeping the sea at bay with an ever-increasingly sophisticated system of dikes, floodgates, and sea walls. But now they’ve begun to work \u003ca title=\"NPR - Dutch Embrace Floods\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=18229027\">with the water rather than against it\u003c/a>, lowering certain dikes to allow flooding and reduce the pressure in other parts of the system. They’re even experimenting with floating housing developments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20306\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/Maine-e1407206859286.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20306 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/Maine-e1407206859286.jpg\" alt=\"Low and high tide during Sunde's first 36.5 performance in Bass Harbor, Maine.\" width=\"300\" height=\"400\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Low and high tide during Sunde’s first 36.5 performance in Bass Harbor, Maine. (Maridee Slater)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sunde’s husband grew up in the Netherlands, making this a very personal destination for the artist. In fact, she is choosing all of her sites based on intimate connections with her own life. This is art in extremely mixed media: a single human, the world ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sunde hopes her performance will grow with each iteration. Locals will join her in the water, and friends and colleagues around the world will stand with her in spirit. “There’s got to be a way to encourage collective thinking. I believe in that. If we all put our minds on something, good can happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you show up at \u003ca title=\"Wikipedia - Aquatic Park\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_Park_Historic_District\">Aquatic Park\u003c/a> on August 15th between 9:26am and 10:31pm, you’ll see Sunde and her video crew. You can sit and watch from a variety of vantage points, and you can wade out and join her for a time. At 4:09 pm, high tide, the water will be at her neck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Drought Becomes Top Environmental Priority for Californians",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19721\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/Sprinklers_RS11169_53298936-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19721\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/Sprinklers_RS11169_53298936-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"Poll: Californians favor mandatory water restrictions by a 3-to-1 margin. (David McNew/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Poll: Californians favor mandatory water restrictions by a 3-to-1 margin. (David McNew/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Drought has moved to the top of the list in the latest survey of Californians’ environmental worries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statewide poll conducted during the second week of July, more than a third of respondents (35 percent) cited water supply and drought as “the most important environmental issue facing California today.” That more than doubled the second most popular response, which was air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the first time since the annual survey was launched in 2000 that Californians have cited water supply as their top concern, according to Mark Baldassare at the \u003ca title=\"PPIC - main\" href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/home.asp\">Public Policy Institute of California\u003c/a>, which conducts the annual “Californians and Their Environment” poll. Even when asked the question in the drought year of 2009, only 18 percent pinpointed water supply as their biggest concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No other environmental concern, such as climate change, water pollution or traffic even cracked double digits in the latest survey. Only 2 percent \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/07/14/anti-fracking-activists-in-california-take-fight-to-county-ballots/\">cited fracking\u003c/a> — or \u003ca title=\"Lowdown - fracking\" href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/2013/09/27/animated-explainer-whats-all-the-fuss-about-fracking-in-california/\">hydraulic fracturing\u003c/a> — to recover oil and gas as their top concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than half the respondents (54 percent) said they considered water supply to be a “big problem” in their part of the state. About one in four considered it “somewhat of a problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘People recognize that we’re in a serious situation.’\u003ccite>— Mark Baldassare, PPIC\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>And most indicated at least some willingness to do their part in conserving water. An impressive 3 out of 4 in the PPIC survey favored “mandatory” requirements to reduce water use. Only 23 percent were opposed to the idea, though many urban water agencies have been slow to put mandatory conservation in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because they favor mandatory reductions doesn’t mean it won’t be controversial when they’re asked to do so,” said Baldassare, who heads the annual survey. “But people recognize that we’re in a serious situation today and something’s gotta give.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Support for Water Bond\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All this fretting about the drought may be driving support for a big \u003ca title=\"SacBee - post\" href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/2014/07/05/6536142/california-water-bond-the-burning.html\">water bond\u003c/a> that may appear on November’s ballot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than half of self-described likely voters (51 percent) said they would vote today for $11.1 billion of borrowing to fund projects to make the state more drought-resilient, such as new reservoirs. The poll found even stronger support “if it was a lower amount.” Indications are that if the water bond makes it to the the statewide ballot, it will likely be valued at something less than $10 billion. Governor Jerry Brown has said he’d like to keep it down to something in the $6 billion range.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Climate Connection\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When asked about potential impacts from the changing climate, drought once again floated to the top of people’s worry list. Sixty-four percent said they were “very concerned.” Respondents showed considerably more concern for extended droughts and more severe wildfires as a consequence of climate change, than they did for other projected impacts such as heat waves (44 percent “very concerned”) and rising seas (32 percent).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when asked to cite the main reason for the state’s current drought, only 38 percent pinned it on global warming. More than half (51 percent) said they thought it was more the result of “natural weather patterns,” an indication that many still see the direct impacts of climate change as a problem for the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The PPIC poll has a margin of error of plus-or-minus 3.7 percent.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19721\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/Sprinklers_RS11169_53298936-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19721\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/Sprinklers_RS11169_53298936-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"Poll: Californians favor mandatory water restrictions by a 3-to-1 margin. (David McNew/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Poll: Californians favor mandatory water restrictions by a 3-to-1 margin. (David McNew/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Drought has moved to the top of the list in the latest survey of Californians’ environmental worries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statewide poll conducted during the second week of July, more than a third of respondents (35 percent) cited water supply and drought as “the most important environmental issue facing California today.” That more than doubled the second most popular response, which was air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the first time since the annual survey was launched in 2000 that Californians have cited water supply as their top concern, according to Mark Baldassare at the \u003ca title=\"PPIC - main\" href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/home.asp\">Public Policy Institute of California\u003c/a>, which conducts the annual “Californians and Their Environment” poll. Even when asked the question in the drought year of 2009, only 18 percent pinpointed water supply as their biggest concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No other environmental concern, such as climate change, water pollution or traffic even cracked double digits in the latest survey. Only 2 percent \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/07/14/anti-fracking-activists-in-california-take-fight-to-county-ballots/\">cited fracking\u003c/a> — or \u003ca title=\"Lowdown - fracking\" href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/2013/09/27/animated-explainer-whats-all-the-fuss-about-fracking-in-california/\">hydraulic fracturing\u003c/a> — to recover oil and gas as their top concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than half the respondents (54 percent) said they considered water supply to be a “big problem” in their part of the state. About one in four considered it “somewhat of a problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘People recognize that we’re in a serious situation.’\u003ccite>— Mark Baldassare, PPIC\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>And most indicated at least some willingness to do their part in conserving water. An impressive 3 out of 4 in the PPIC survey favored “mandatory” requirements to reduce water use. Only 23 percent were opposed to the idea, though many urban water agencies have been slow to put mandatory conservation in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because they favor mandatory reductions doesn’t mean it won’t be controversial when they’re asked to do so,” said Baldassare, who heads the annual survey. “But people recognize that we’re in a serious situation today and something’s gotta give.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Support for Water Bond\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All this fretting about the drought may be driving support for a big \u003ca title=\"SacBee - post\" href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/2014/07/05/6536142/california-water-bond-the-burning.html\">water bond\u003c/a> that may appear on November’s ballot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than half of self-described likely voters (51 percent) said they would vote today for $11.1 billion of borrowing to fund projects to make the state more drought-resilient, such as new reservoirs. The poll found even stronger support “if it was a lower amount.” Indications are that if the water bond makes it to the the statewide ballot, it will likely be valued at something less than $10 billion. Governor Jerry Brown has said he’d like to keep it down to something in the $6 billion range.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Climate Connection\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When asked about potential impacts from the changing climate, drought once again floated to the top of people’s worry list. Sixty-four percent said they were “very concerned.” Respondents showed considerably more concern for extended droughts and more severe wildfires as a consequence of climate change, than they did for other projected impacts such as heat waves (44 percent “very concerned”) and rising seas (32 percent).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when asked to cite the main reason for the state’s current drought, only 38 percent pinned it on global warming. More than half (51 percent) said they thought it was more the result of “natural weather patterns,” an indication that many still see the direct impacts of climate change as a problem for the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The PPIC poll has a margin of error of plus-or-minus 3.7 percent.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Richmond Nearly Ready to Approve Chevron Refinery Project",
"headTitle": "Richmond Nearly Ready to Approve Chevron Refinery Project | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19710\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 639px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/chevron-e1406149837331.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19710\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/chevron-e1406149837331.jpg\" alt=\"The Chevron Refinery in Richmond is looking to increase its capacity to process crude oil with higher sulfur content.\" width=\"639\" height=\"361\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Chevron Refinery in Richmond is looking to increase its capacity to process crude oil with higher sulfur content. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Sara Hossaini and Molly Samuel\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Richmond City Council is slated to decide in one week whether to give final approval to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/chevron-tries-again-with-richmond-refinery-revamp/\">Chevron’s plans for a $1 billion project\u003c/a> at its refinery there. The council is now considering what conditions to place on the project, if it’s approved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A hearing Tuesday night drew about 500 people; nearly 200 signed up to speak during the public comment period, both for and against the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They come to us with plans to modernize only a part of their operation that will allow much dirtier sources of crude oil to be processed,” said Richmond resident Robert Bishop, “and to make millions and millions of dollars more profit each year by doing so.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the goals of the project is to allow Chevron to refine crude with a higher sulfur content. The industry calls this “sour” crude; environmental groups call it “dirty” crude. Bishop said the project shouldn’t get the green light unless the council imposes the stricter conditions recommended by the city’s Planning Commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups suggested those conditions and Chevron is appealing them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oil company has, however, agreed to a plan submitted by Attorney General Kamala Harris, and included in the EIR as Alternative 11. That alternative, unlike Chevron’s original proposal, would reduce how much sulfur the refinery could process, and would not increase greenhouse gas emissions. Chevron’s preferred plan would have allowed an increase in greenhouse gas emissions to be offset by carbon credits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company has also agreed to double community investment dollars over the next decade, to $60 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That would benefit all Richmond residents, said Chevron employee Suzanne Jackson. “A cleaner, newer, safer refinery will continue to support the bridge of the gap between social and economic change here in Richmond,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Planning Commission Approval\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this month, Richmond’s planning commission \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/07/11/round-2-of-richmond-hearing-on-chevron-refinery-plan/\">approved the environmental impact report\u003c/a> for the project, recommending the city council approve Alternative 11.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was a good project before, it’s a really great project now, so we’re very hopeful,” said Chevron spokeswoman Melissa Ritchie. “Greenhouse gas emissions will not increase as result of project, they will actually decrease.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The planning commission also set forth a series of conditions proposed by environmental groups, and Chevron has appealed all of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One condition would require stricter pollution emission standards, the second would require a more thorough upgrade of parts of the refinery that handle highly corrosive high-sulfur crude oil, and the third would require the company to participate in “climate justice mitigation,” reportedly including a clean-energy jobs program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Staff for the city council \u003ca href=\"http://chevronmodernization.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/0.ARF-and-FINAL-REPORT-CVRN-CC-7-22-2014.pdf\">oppose those conditions\u003c/a>, saying they are outside the scope of the EIR, or outside the jurisdiction of the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Another Lawsuit?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without those additional conditions, Andrés Soto from CBE says he’s concerned Chevron’s lower emissions goals would be unenforceable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just doesn’t have any teeth in it,” Soto said, of the possibility of adopting the lower-emissions scheme without the additional conditions. “We think not only would it be the wrong decision, we think it would be legally challengeable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If so, this would not be the first time Chevron’s refinery project went to the courts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project, called a modernization by the company and an expansion by its detractors, is a scaled-down version of an earlier proposal. That one was approved both by the Richmond planning commission and the city council in 2008, before environmental groups including Communities for a Better Environment successfully sued to stop it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city council plans to decide on the fate of the project at a meeting next week.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The Richmond City Council is considering Chevron's plans for a $1 billion project at its refinery there. If it's approved, this is one of the last steps before construction on the project would actually begin.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19710\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 639px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/chevron-e1406149837331.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19710\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/chevron-e1406149837331.jpg\" alt=\"The Chevron Refinery in Richmond is looking to increase its capacity to process crude oil with higher sulfur content.\" width=\"639\" height=\"361\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Chevron Refinery in Richmond is looking to increase its capacity to process crude oil with higher sulfur content. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Sara Hossaini and Molly Samuel\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Richmond City Council is slated to decide in one week whether to give final approval to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/chevron-tries-again-with-richmond-refinery-revamp/\">Chevron’s plans for a $1 billion project\u003c/a> at its refinery there. The council is now considering what conditions to place on the project, if it’s approved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A hearing Tuesday night drew about 500 people; nearly 200 signed up to speak during the public comment period, both for and against the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They come to us with plans to modernize only a part of their operation that will allow much dirtier sources of crude oil to be processed,” said Richmond resident Robert Bishop, “and to make millions and millions of dollars more profit each year by doing so.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the goals of the project is to allow Chevron to refine crude with a higher sulfur content. The industry calls this “sour” crude; environmental groups call it “dirty” crude. Bishop said the project shouldn’t get the green light unless the council imposes the stricter conditions recommended by the city’s Planning Commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups suggested those conditions and Chevron is appealing them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oil company has, however, agreed to a plan submitted by Attorney General Kamala Harris, and included in the EIR as Alternative 11. That alternative, unlike Chevron’s original proposal, would reduce how much sulfur the refinery could process, and would not increase greenhouse gas emissions. Chevron’s preferred plan would have allowed an increase in greenhouse gas emissions to be offset by carbon credits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company has also agreed to double community investment dollars over the next decade, to $60 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That would benefit all Richmond residents, said Chevron employee Suzanne Jackson. “A cleaner, newer, safer refinery will continue to support the bridge of the gap between social and economic change here in Richmond,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Planning Commission Approval\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this month, Richmond’s planning commission \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/07/11/round-2-of-richmond-hearing-on-chevron-refinery-plan/\">approved the environmental impact report\u003c/a> for the project, recommending the city council approve Alternative 11.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was a good project before, it’s a really great project now, so we’re very hopeful,” said Chevron spokeswoman Melissa Ritchie. “Greenhouse gas emissions will not increase as result of project, they will actually decrease.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The planning commission also set forth a series of conditions proposed by environmental groups, and Chevron has appealed all of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One condition would require stricter pollution emission standards, the second would require a more thorough upgrade of parts of the refinery that handle highly corrosive high-sulfur crude oil, and the third would require the company to participate in “climate justice mitigation,” reportedly including a clean-energy jobs program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Staff for the city council \u003ca href=\"http://chevronmodernization.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/0.ARF-and-FINAL-REPORT-CVRN-CC-7-22-2014.pdf\">oppose those conditions\u003c/a>, saying they are outside the scope of the EIR, or outside the jurisdiction of the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Another Lawsuit?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without those additional conditions, Andrés Soto from CBE says he’s concerned Chevron’s lower emissions goals would be unenforceable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just doesn’t have any teeth in it,” Soto said, of the possibility of adopting the lower-emissions scheme without the additional conditions. “We think not only would it be the wrong decision, we think it would be legally challengeable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If so, this would not be the first time Chevron’s refinery project went to the courts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project, called a modernization by the company and an expansion by its detractors, is a scaled-down version of an earlier proposal. That one was approved both by the Richmond planning commission and the city council in 2008, before environmental groups including Communities for a Better Environment successfully sued to stop it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city council plans to decide on the fate of the project at a meeting next week.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"tagline": "The flip side of gentrification, told through one town",
"info": "Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?",
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"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
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"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"order": 8
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},
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
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"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
},
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"hidden-brain": {
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
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"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
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"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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