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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19423\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/DixonHay_4603.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19423\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/DixonHay_4603.jpg\" alt=\"A hayfield being mowed in the Sacramento Valley. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A hayfield being mowed in the Sacramento Valley. The drought has pushed up prices for alfalfa hay in California by about 20 percent, but most food prices have remained more stable. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Economists estimate that the California drought will inflict about $2.2 billion of losses on the state’s farm economy this year, including the loss of more than 17,000 jobs. \u003ca title=\"UCD - ag drought rpt\" href=\"http://bit.ly/U7vqFy\">The analysis\u003c/a>, produced by UC Davis and the consulting firm ERA Economics, projects that about 430,000 farm acres will go unplanted for lack of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May, the same Davis study team was already projecting that the current drought would take about 410,000 acres of Central Valley farm land out of production — nearly twice the area fallowed during the 2009 drought, about doubling the agricultural job losses as well. Karen Ross, who heads California’s Department of Food and Agriculture, which commissioned the study, says this is the first time the state has attempted a thorough assessment of the socioeconomic impacts of a California drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19437\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 474px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-19437 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/DroughtImpactsChart_UCD.jpg\" alt=\"(UCD/ERA Economics)\" width=\"474\" height=\"348\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(UCD/ERA Economics)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While the overall impact is a relatively small fraction of California’s $42 billion farm economy, economist Richard Howitt, one of the study’s co-authors, says the drought will produce “pockets of extreme deprivation,” especially in the San Joaquin Valley and the arid corner of the Valley’s farm belt known as the Tulare Basin. Ross says it’s already evident from lines forming at food banks in the San Joaquin Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Don’t count on El Niño for anything.’ \u003ccite>— Jay Lund, UC Davis\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But Howitt says that the drought is so far having a lesser affect on food prices and is unlikely to produce shortages in supermarkets — at least not yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With a drought, you’re never really sure when it’s gonna end,” cautions Jay Lund, co-founder of the Center for Watershed Studies at UC Davis. His calculations \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/06/15/oddsmaking-on-a-fourth-drought-year-for-california/\">favor the odds of a fourth dry year\u003c/a>, with the chance of a “critically dry” year — like this one — about one in three. That’s despite talk of possible El Niño conditions forming in the Pacific, often seen mistakenly as a harbinger of rain. “Don’t count on El Niño for anything,” says Lund.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Groundwater at Risk\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A fourth year of drought would change the game dramatically. A major reason for that is the aggressive pumping of groundwater that farmers have turned to in the absence of normal deliveries from reservoirs and canals. The Davis team estimates that increased pumping from aquifers could offset three-quarters of the surface water shortfall. But that can’t go on forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s quite clear that the underground groundwater is the reserve bank account,” says Howitt. “We’re like somebody who is so rich, they don’t have to balance their checkbook,” he told reporters in a briefing at the National Press Club, “because we still think we’re in a groundwater-rich era. Every other Western state has started to measure its groundwater and we don’t even measure our groundwater.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This may well be the year that changes. California \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/04/22/california-edging-closer-to-regulating-groundwater-for-the-first-time/\">may be closer than ever\u003c/a> to some political consensus toward tracking and regulating groundwater pumping. By next year at this time, farmers may not have as much leeway to pump, with or without state regulation. The price of pumping is rising steadily as shrinking aquifers require deeper wells. And the Davis team estimates that in some areas, as many as 15 percent of shallower wells could run dry within a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked about the drought relief bill under consideration in Congress, Ross said it appears to be “on pause” currently and gave it a 50-50 chance of eventual passage. Ross, Lund and Howitt are in Washington D.C. to meet with lawmakers about the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a cruel paradox, federal climate watchers reported that overall, the contiguous U.S. just had its sixth wettest June on record, though drought persists throughout much of the southwest.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19423\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/DixonHay_4603.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19423\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/DixonHay_4603.jpg\" alt=\"A hayfield being mowed in the Sacramento Valley. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A hayfield being mowed in the Sacramento Valley. The drought has pushed up prices for alfalfa hay in California by about 20 percent, but most food prices have remained more stable. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Economists estimate that the California drought will inflict about $2.2 billion of losses on the state’s farm economy this year, including the loss of more than 17,000 jobs. \u003ca title=\"UCD - ag drought rpt\" href=\"http://bit.ly/U7vqFy\">The analysis\u003c/a>, produced by UC Davis and the consulting firm ERA Economics, projects that about 430,000 farm acres will go unplanted for lack of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May, the same Davis study team was already projecting that the current drought would take about 410,000 acres of Central Valley farm land out of production — nearly twice the area fallowed during the 2009 drought, about doubling the agricultural job losses as well. Karen Ross, who heads California’s Department of Food and Agriculture, which commissioned the study, says this is the first time the state has attempted a thorough assessment of the socioeconomic impacts of a California drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19437\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 474px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-19437 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/DroughtImpactsChart_UCD.jpg\" alt=\"(UCD/ERA Economics)\" width=\"474\" height=\"348\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(UCD/ERA Economics)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While the overall impact is a relatively small fraction of California’s $42 billion farm economy, economist Richard Howitt, one of the study’s co-authors, says the drought will produce “pockets of extreme deprivation,” especially in the San Joaquin Valley and the arid corner of the Valley’s farm belt known as the Tulare Basin. Ross says it’s already evident from lines forming at food banks in the San Joaquin Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Don’t count on El Niño for anything.’ \u003ccite>— Jay Lund, UC Davis\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But Howitt says that the drought is so far having a lesser affect on food prices and is unlikely to produce shortages in supermarkets — at least not yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With a drought, you’re never really sure when it’s gonna end,” cautions Jay Lund, co-founder of the Center for Watershed Studies at UC Davis. His calculations \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/06/15/oddsmaking-on-a-fourth-drought-year-for-california/\">favor the odds of a fourth dry year\u003c/a>, with the chance of a “critically dry” year — like this one — about one in three. That’s despite talk of possible El Niño conditions forming in the Pacific, often seen mistakenly as a harbinger of rain. “Don’t count on El Niño for anything,” says Lund.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Groundwater at Risk\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A fourth year of drought would change the game dramatically. A major reason for that is the aggressive pumping of groundwater that farmers have turned to in the absence of normal deliveries from reservoirs and canals. The Davis team estimates that increased pumping from aquifers could offset three-quarters of the surface water shortfall. But that can’t go on forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s quite clear that the underground groundwater is the reserve bank account,” says Howitt. “We’re like somebody who is so rich, they don’t have to balance their checkbook,” he told reporters in a briefing at the National Press Club, “because we still think we’re in a groundwater-rich era. Every other Western state has started to measure its groundwater and we don’t even measure our groundwater.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This may well be the year that changes. California \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/04/22/california-edging-closer-to-regulating-groundwater-for-the-first-time/\">may be closer than ever\u003c/a> to some political consensus toward tracking and regulating groundwater pumping. By next year at this time, farmers may not have as much leeway to pump, with or without state regulation. The price of pumping is rising steadily as shrinking aquifers require deeper wells. And the Davis team estimates that in some areas, as many as 15 percent of shallower wells could run dry within a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked about the drought relief bill under consideration in Congress, Ross said it appears to be “on pause” currently and gave it a 50-50 chance of eventual passage. Ross, Lund and Howitt are in Washington D.C. to meet with lawmakers about the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a cruel paradox, federal climate watchers reported that overall, the contiguous U.S. just had its sixth wettest June on record, though drought persists throughout much of the southwest.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "How Efficient Is Your Sprinkler?",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18975\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/IMG_0728-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18975 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/IMG_0728-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"The Department of Water Resources and UC Davis held a training for landscapers in Walnut Creek. They did a demonstration on measuring the precipitation rate of a sprinkler system. (Sally Schilling)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Department of Water Resources and UC Davis held a training for landscapers in Walnut Creek. The workshop included a demonstration on how to tell whether your sprinkler is delivering more water than the soil can absorb. (Sally Schilling/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What’s better: water your lawn for 20 minutes, or water your lawn for four minutes, five times a day? If you think it doesn’t make a difference, think again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State water conservation experts say the clay soil predominant in the Bay Area can’t absorb water as fast as some sprinklers put it out—and that’s your opportunity to save water and money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Landscaping makes up half the water bill for most homeowners, according to \u003ca href=\"http://ccuh.ucdavis.edu/drought\">researchers at University of California, Davis\u003c/a>. And it’s often the most wasteful piece of the water picture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a recent \u003ca href=\"http://ccuh.ucdavis.edu/events/industry/get-ahead-workshop/riverside/Get%20Ahead%20or%20Get%20Parched\">state-sponsored workshop\u003c/a> on how to conserve water in yards and gardens, trainer Jim Borneman handed around a high aerial photo showing a lawn that was being watered for so long, water was pouring out across the street.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we can see your runoff from a space shuttle, it’s a problem,” Borneman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most landscapes are over-watered by about 50 percent, according to water conservationist Scott Sommerfeld with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebmud.com/\">East Bay Municipal Utility District\u003c/a>, and some are over-watered by as much as 400 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sommerfeld, who spoke at the workshop about how to interpret your water bill, said most customers he talks to don’t really know how much water they’re using, even though EBMUD prints a “water budget” on bills for irrigation customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The answer is right there, and nobody seems to look at that,” he said. “There’s a huge opportunity [to save] in irrigation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘If we can see your runoff from a space shuttle, it’s a problem.’\u003ccite>— Jim Borneman, water conservation trainer\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/\">Department of Water Resources\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ccuh.ucdavis.edu/\">UC Davis Center for Urban Horticulture\u003c/a> are \u003ca href=\"http://ccuh.ucdavis.edu/drought\">holding trainings\u003c/a> across the state for landscapers and homeowners to make their watering systems more efficient. The workshops are held in English and Spanish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Landscapers for government, commercial and private properties attended a recent workshop in Walnut Creek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Residential landscape designer Robert Dye came to learn how to maintain his clients’ yards in Contra Costa County, where the water district has requested a that customers \u003ca href=\"http://www.ccwater.com/customerservice/drought2.asp\">voluntarily reduce water use by 15 percent\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everybody’s trying to keep their yards alive and survive this mess,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trainer Jim Borneman, who works with \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewing1.com/\">Ewing Irrigation and Landscape Products\u003c/a>, led a sold-out session for about 100 landscapers, demonstrating how to measure the precipitation rate of a sprinkler system and check to be sure it’s watering evenly. He said landscapers want to learn how to conserve water, because their livelihoods depend upon it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18976\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 312px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/IMG_0699-216x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18976 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/IMG_0699-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"Jamie Bayona (left) with Ewing Irrigation, helps Gerry Vinson (middle), a landscape architect for California State Parks, measure the precipitation from a sprinkler system. (Sally Schilling)\" width=\"312\" height=\"244\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jamie Bayona with Ewing Irrigation, helps Gerry Vinson, a landscape architect for California State Parks, measure the precipitation from a sprinkler system. (Sally Schilling/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“A dead lawn doesn’t need to be mowed,” Borneman said, “and the gardener who used to take care of that has to look for employment elsewhere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Borneman emphasized that spray-head sprinklers should never run for more than four minutes at a time, because clay soil can only absorb so much water. Handing around photos of sprinklers irrigating lawns and showing the excess water pooling on the sidewalk, Borneman said sprinklers should run on several timed cycles throughout the day, in order to avoid runoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Matching application rates to soil intake rates—that’s what we have to do,” he told the audience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the minimal equipment needed to ensure your lawn is watered evenly, forty to fifty percent of sprinkler systems have never been checked for water pressure and spacing of the sprinklers, Borneman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Davis’ \u003ca href=\"http://ccuh.ucdavis.edu/drought\">landscaping resources page\u003c/a> offers tips for everyone from home gardeners to professionals.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18975\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/IMG_0728-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18975 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/IMG_0728-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"The Department of Water Resources and UC Davis held a training for landscapers in Walnut Creek. They did a demonstration on measuring the precipitation rate of a sprinkler system. (Sally Schilling)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Department of Water Resources and UC Davis held a training for landscapers in Walnut Creek. The workshop included a demonstration on how to tell whether your sprinkler is delivering more water than the soil can absorb. (Sally Schilling/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What’s better: water your lawn for 20 minutes, or water your lawn for four minutes, five times a day? If you think it doesn’t make a difference, think again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State water conservation experts say the clay soil predominant in the Bay Area can’t absorb water as fast as some sprinklers put it out—and that’s your opportunity to save water and money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Landscaping makes up half the water bill for most homeowners, according to \u003ca href=\"http://ccuh.ucdavis.edu/drought\">researchers at University of California, Davis\u003c/a>. And it’s often the most wasteful piece of the water picture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a recent \u003ca href=\"http://ccuh.ucdavis.edu/events/industry/get-ahead-workshop/riverside/Get%20Ahead%20or%20Get%20Parched\">state-sponsored workshop\u003c/a> on how to conserve water in yards and gardens, trainer Jim Borneman handed around a high aerial photo showing a lawn that was being watered for so long, water was pouring out across the street.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we can see your runoff from a space shuttle, it’s a problem,” Borneman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most landscapes are over-watered by about 50 percent, according to water conservationist Scott Sommerfeld with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebmud.com/\">East Bay Municipal Utility District\u003c/a>, and some are over-watered by as much as 400 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sommerfeld, who spoke at the workshop about how to interpret your water bill, said most customers he talks to don’t really know how much water they’re using, even though EBMUD prints a “water budget” on bills for irrigation customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The answer is right there, and nobody seems to look at that,” he said. “There’s a huge opportunity [to save] in irrigation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘If we can see your runoff from a space shuttle, it’s a problem.’\u003ccite>— Jim Borneman, water conservation trainer\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/\">Department of Water Resources\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ccuh.ucdavis.edu/\">UC Davis Center for Urban Horticulture\u003c/a> are \u003ca href=\"http://ccuh.ucdavis.edu/drought\">holding trainings\u003c/a> across the state for landscapers and homeowners to make their watering systems more efficient. The workshops are held in English and Spanish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Landscapers for government, commercial and private properties attended a recent workshop in Walnut Creek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Residential landscape designer Robert Dye came to learn how to maintain his clients’ yards in Contra Costa County, where the water district has requested a that customers \u003ca href=\"http://www.ccwater.com/customerservice/drought2.asp\">voluntarily reduce water use by 15 percent\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everybody’s trying to keep their yards alive and survive this mess,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trainer Jim Borneman, who works with \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewing1.com/\">Ewing Irrigation and Landscape Products\u003c/a>, led a sold-out session for about 100 landscapers, demonstrating how to measure the precipitation rate of a sprinkler system and check to be sure it’s watering evenly. He said landscapers want to learn how to conserve water, because their livelihoods depend upon it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18976\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 312px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/IMG_0699-216x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18976 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/IMG_0699-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"Jamie Bayona (left) with Ewing Irrigation, helps Gerry Vinson (middle), a landscape architect for California State Parks, measure the precipitation from a sprinkler system. (Sally Schilling)\" width=\"312\" height=\"244\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jamie Bayona with Ewing Irrigation, helps Gerry Vinson, a landscape architect for California State Parks, measure the precipitation from a sprinkler system. (Sally Schilling/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“A dead lawn doesn’t need to be mowed,” Borneman said, “and the gardener who used to take care of that has to look for employment elsewhere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Borneman emphasized that spray-head sprinklers should never run for more than four minutes at a time, because clay soil can only absorb so much water. Handing around photos of sprinklers irrigating lawns and showing the excess water pooling on the sidewalk, Borneman said sprinklers should run on several timed cycles throughout the day, in order to avoid runoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Matching application rates to soil intake rates—that’s what we have to do,” he told the audience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the minimal equipment needed to ensure your lawn is watered evenly, forty to fifty percent of sprinkler systems have never been checked for water pressure and spacing of the sprinklers, Borneman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Davis’ \u003ca href=\"http://ccuh.ucdavis.edu/drought\">landscaping resources page\u003c/a> offers tips for everyone from home gardeners to professionals.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Recent Talk on Sea Level Rise Stresses Need for Acceptance and Adaptation",
"headTitle": "Recent Talk on Sea Level Rise Stresses Need for Acceptance and Adaptation | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18980\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/photo7-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18980 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/photo7-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"San Francisco at sunset from the Alameda Oakland Ferry.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Francisco at sunset from the San Francisco Bay Ferry.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On a beautiful summer day last week, we took the late afternoon ferry across the bay to hear oceanographer John Englander speak about sea level rise at the Aquarium of the Bay in San Francisco. His talk, “Melting Ice, Rising Seas and Shifting Shorelines: The New Normal,” pointed to the sobering realities ahead. Rather than being stymied by the potentially overwhelming, unprecedented circumstances ahead of us though, Englander called us to rise to the occasion with innovative ways to adapt and embrace this new reality. With a mixture of humor and solid science, Englander also encouraged us to do everything possible to reduce CO2 levels and slow the global warming trend.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“\u003cstrong>Sea level will keep rising even if everyone on the planet is 100% green and sustainable.\u003c/strong> In fact, even if we somehow magically figured out how to make energy without any carbon emissions, and capped CO2 levels at the current 400 ppm, the oceans will still get higher, changing our coastlines. These are the facts.” — \u003ca title=\"John Englander's website\" href=\"http://www.johnenglander.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">John Englander\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Englander relayed that within decades, not hundreds of years, we’ll be living with a new reality: the North Pole will be ice-free. This, however, will not raise sea levels much as its ice that’s already floating on water. The potential upside, Englander noted with a wry smile, was more direct global shipping routes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18982\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/800px-Diagram_showing_ten_indicators_of_global_warming-288x152.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-18982\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/800px-Diagram_showing_ten_indicators_of_global_warming-288x152.png\" alt=\"Ten indicators of global warming: science shows we've got all ten happening right now. (NOAA)\" width=\"288\" height=\"152\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ten indicators of global warming: science shows we’ve got all ten happening right now. (\u003ca title=\"NOAA graphic of global warming indicators, Wikimedia\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diagram_showing_ten_indicators_of_global_warming.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NOAA\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The real concern he expressed was the melting of the glaciers in Antarctica and Greenland where ice is currently supported on landmasses. That ice will flow into the sea and inevitably raise sea levels around the globe. This excellent five-minute video, “\u003ca title=\"Meltwater Pulse 2B, Youtube\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=71l9lzLsBRc&feature=youtu.be\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Meltwater Pulse 2B,\u003c/a>” from Yale Climate Forum explains what scientists are projecting about these glacier melt rates based on their research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we took the ferry back across the bay, our vantage point at nearly water level helped us look at the shorelines and areas we know so well with a new perspective. Englander’s presentation was a keen reminder that much work remains to create short and long term plans to adapt to higher sea levels, as individuals, cities and regions. The\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18981\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 163px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/Earth_apollo17-163x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-18981\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/Earth_apollo17-163x162.jpg\" alt=\"The South Pole as seen from Appolo 17 in December 1974. (NASA)\" width=\"163\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The South Pole as seen from Apollo 17 in December 1974; there is less ice now. (\u003ca title=\"Apollo 17 image of South Pole, Wikimedia\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Earth_apollo17.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>setting sun blazed behind the beautiful city and bridges, just as it will many years into the future. It’s up to us to take action now to create and secure a future where we can live with the circumstances we’ve created: the “New Normal” of higher sea levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can catch the major points of Englander’s talk on this eleven minute TEDx Talk, “\u003ca title=\"Sea Level Rise: Fact and Fiction with John Englander, Youtube\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TH8Q8Ki9fCA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sea Level Rise – Fact & Fiction\u003c/a>.” Englander also has a compelling book available, “\u003ca title=\"High Tide on Main Street website\" href=\"http://hightideonmainstreet.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">High Tide on Main Street\u003c/a>,” as well as a good compilation of other resources on his \u003ca title=\"Recommended Resources, John Englander website\" href=\"http://www.johnenglander.net/recommended-resources\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">website\u003c/a> including books, other websites and climate change research.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Polar ice sheets are shrinking, sea level is rising and 44% of the world's population lives within 90 miles of the sea in the coastal zone. Oceanographer John Englander's addressed these topics in a recent talk, \"Melting Ice, Rising Seas, and Shifting Shorelines: the New Normal\" at the Aquarium of the Bay. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18980\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/photo7-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18980 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/photo7-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"San Francisco at sunset from the Alameda Oakland Ferry.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Francisco at sunset from the San Francisco Bay Ferry.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On a beautiful summer day last week, we took the late afternoon ferry across the bay to hear oceanographer John Englander speak about sea level rise at the Aquarium of the Bay in San Francisco. His talk, “Melting Ice, Rising Seas and Shifting Shorelines: The New Normal,” pointed to the sobering realities ahead. Rather than being stymied by the potentially overwhelming, unprecedented circumstances ahead of us though, Englander called us to rise to the occasion with innovative ways to adapt and embrace this new reality. With a mixture of humor and solid science, Englander also encouraged us to do everything possible to reduce CO2 levels and slow the global warming trend.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“\u003cstrong>Sea level will keep rising even if everyone on the planet is 100% green and sustainable.\u003c/strong> In fact, even if we somehow magically figured out how to make energy without any carbon emissions, and capped CO2 levels at the current 400 ppm, the oceans will still get higher, changing our coastlines. These are the facts.” — \u003ca title=\"John Englander's website\" href=\"http://www.johnenglander.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">John Englander\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Englander relayed that within decades, not hundreds of years, we’ll be living with a new reality: the North Pole will be ice-free. This, however, will not raise sea levels much as its ice that’s already floating on water. The potential upside, Englander noted with a wry smile, was more direct global shipping routes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18982\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/800px-Diagram_showing_ten_indicators_of_global_warming-288x152.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-18982\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/800px-Diagram_showing_ten_indicators_of_global_warming-288x152.png\" alt=\"Ten indicators of global warming: science shows we've got all ten happening right now. (NOAA)\" width=\"288\" height=\"152\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ten indicators of global warming: science shows we’ve got all ten happening right now. (\u003ca title=\"NOAA graphic of global warming indicators, Wikimedia\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diagram_showing_ten_indicators_of_global_warming.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NOAA\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The real concern he expressed was the melting of the glaciers in Antarctica and Greenland where ice is currently supported on landmasses. That ice will flow into the sea and inevitably raise sea levels around the globe. This excellent five-minute video, “\u003ca title=\"Meltwater Pulse 2B, Youtube\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=71l9lzLsBRc&feature=youtu.be\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Meltwater Pulse 2B,\u003c/a>” from Yale Climate Forum explains what scientists are projecting about these glacier melt rates based on their research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we took the ferry back across the bay, our vantage point at nearly water level helped us look at the shorelines and areas we know so well with a new perspective. Englander’s presentation was a keen reminder that much work remains to create short and long term plans to adapt to higher sea levels, as individuals, cities and regions. The\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18981\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 163px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/Earth_apollo17-163x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-18981\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/Earth_apollo17-163x162.jpg\" alt=\"The South Pole as seen from Appolo 17 in December 1974. (NASA)\" width=\"163\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The South Pole as seen from Apollo 17 in December 1974; there is less ice now. (\u003ca title=\"Apollo 17 image of South Pole, Wikimedia\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Earth_apollo17.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>setting sun blazed behind the beautiful city and bridges, just as it will many years into the future. It’s up to us to take action now to create and secure a future where we can live with the circumstances we’ve created: the “New Normal” of higher sea levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can catch the major points of Englander’s talk on this eleven minute TEDx Talk, “\u003ca title=\"Sea Level Rise: Fact and Fiction with John Englander, Youtube\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TH8Q8Ki9fCA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sea Level Rise – Fact & Fiction\u003c/a>.” Englander also has a compelling book available, “\u003ca title=\"High Tide on Main Street website\" href=\"http://hightideonmainstreet.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">High Tide on Main Street\u003c/a>,” as well as a good compilation of other resources on his \u003ca title=\"Recommended Resources, John Englander website\" href=\"http://www.johnenglander.net/recommended-resources\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">website\u003c/a> including books, other websites and climate change research.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Carbon-Tracking Satellite Will Monitor Earth's 'Breathing'",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18811\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/OCO-2_PIA18374_ip.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18811\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/OCO-2_PIA18374_ip.jpeg\" alt=\"Artist's conception of the OCO-2 satellite in orbit. Scientists hope it will yield the most precise picture yet of Earth's carbon cycle. (NASA-JPL)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist’s conception of the OCO-2 satellite in orbit. Scientists hope it will yield the most precise picture yet of Earth’s carbon cycle. (NASA-JPL)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It took five years, two launch vehicles and more than a half-billion dollars, but NASA scientists have at last attained their goal of putting a satellite in orbit that will help track carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, oceans and forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the first attempt five years ago, the first Orbiting Carbon Observatory \u003ca title=\"Spaceflight Now - post\" href=\"http://www.spaceflightnow.com/taurus/oco/failure.html\">never made it into orbit\u003c/a>. A piece of the nose cone designed to protect the satellite during launch never separated. Burdened with the extra weight, the satellite crashed into the ocean somewhere near Antarctica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tuesday morning, NASA tried another launch from Vandenberg Air Force Base on California’s Central Coast. This one, \u003ca title=\"NASA - OCO-2 overview\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/oco2/overview/#.U7GW2C92elI\">dubbed OCO-2\u003c/a>, is riding a different launch vehicle and has a few tricks that the original OCO lacked. But with less than a minute to go, the scheduled 2:56 a.m. launch was scrubbed by a disruption in the water supply to the launch pad. NASA and contractor United Launch Alliance made another attempt on Wednesday morning that was successful. “Initial telemetry shows the spacecraft is in excellent condition,” NASA said in a post-launch release. They had only a 30-second launch window each day, in order to place the satellite exactly where it needs to be in orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18898\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/IMG_4655.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18898\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/IMG_4655.jpg\" alt=\"The service tower rolls back from the Delta II rocket that will carry the Oribiting Carbon Observatory into space. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The service tower at Vandenberg Air Force Base rolls back from the Delta II rocket that will carry the Orbiting Carbon Observatory into space. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Like the original, OCO-2 is designed to circle the Earth from pole to pole, mapping CO2 behavior on a grid similar to the globe’s lines of longitude. CO2 molecules absorb light according to their own unique pattern, so \u003ca title=\"NASA - OCO-2 instuments\" href=\"https://oco.jpl.nasa.gov/observatory/instrument/#\">onboard instruments\u003c/a> will break down reflected sunlight into spectral colors to measure atmospheric carbon with unprecedented precision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond that, the $465 million satellite is designed to track the way CO2 is absorbed by earthbound carbon sinks such as plant life and how it’s released by man-made and natural sources. Scientists say this will yield an accurate mosaic of the planet’s “breathing,” which will allow better forecasts of the buildup of greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming and climate disruption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The science is absolutely important,” said Mike Freilich, from a spot overlooking the launch pad on Monday. Freilich heads the Earth Science Division at NASA. “Understanding the naturally distributed sources and sinks of carbon — what the processes are in the ocean, what the processes are on land, is critical for us to be able to understand how the Earth will be able to evolve going in to the future with the 36 gigatons of carbon per year that we put in.” Then he added, “I think it’s a testament to the percieved importance of this mission that we got a second chance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OCO-2 will even be able to detect the tiny amount of heat and light emitted by plants during photosynthesis, which mission scientists say is another useful measure of carbon dioxide uptake. It could lead to much improved forecasts for crop yields, they say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s amazing what you can see from 438 miles up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-uP_fqEfYWg\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18811\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/OCO-2_PIA18374_ip.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18811\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/OCO-2_PIA18374_ip.jpeg\" alt=\"Artist's conception of the OCO-2 satellite in orbit. Scientists hope it will yield the most precise picture yet of Earth's carbon cycle. (NASA-JPL)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist’s conception of the OCO-2 satellite in orbit. Scientists hope it will yield the most precise picture yet of Earth’s carbon cycle. (NASA-JPL)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It took five years, two launch vehicles and more than a half-billion dollars, but NASA scientists have at last attained their goal of putting a satellite in orbit that will help track carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, oceans and forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the first attempt five years ago, the first Orbiting Carbon Observatory \u003ca title=\"Spaceflight Now - post\" href=\"http://www.spaceflightnow.com/taurus/oco/failure.html\">never made it into orbit\u003c/a>. A piece of the nose cone designed to protect the satellite during launch never separated. Burdened with the extra weight, the satellite crashed into the ocean somewhere near Antarctica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tuesday morning, NASA tried another launch from Vandenberg Air Force Base on California’s Central Coast. This one, \u003ca title=\"NASA - OCO-2 overview\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/oco2/overview/#.U7GW2C92elI\">dubbed OCO-2\u003c/a>, is riding a different launch vehicle and has a few tricks that the original OCO lacked. But with less than a minute to go, the scheduled 2:56 a.m. launch was scrubbed by a disruption in the water supply to the launch pad. NASA and contractor United Launch Alliance made another attempt on Wednesday morning that was successful. “Initial telemetry shows the spacecraft is in excellent condition,” NASA said in a post-launch release. They had only a 30-second launch window each day, in order to place the satellite exactly where it needs to be in orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18898\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/IMG_4655.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18898\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/IMG_4655.jpg\" alt=\"The service tower rolls back from the Delta II rocket that will carry the Oribiting Carbon Observatory into space. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The service tower at Vandenberg Air Force Base rolls back from the Delta II rocket that will carry the Orbiting Carbon Observatory into space. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Like the original, OCO-2 is designed to circle the Earth from pole to pole, mapping CO2 behavior on a grid similar to the globe’s lines of longitude. CO2 molecules absorb light according to their own unique pattern, so \u003ca title=\"NASA - OCO-2 instuments\" href=\"https://oco.jpl.nasa.gov/observatory/instrument/#\">onboard instruments\u003c/a> will break down reflected sunlight into spectral colors to measure atmospheric carbon with unprecedented precision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond that, the $465 million satellite is designed to track the way CO2 is absorbed by earthbound carbon sinks such as plant life and how it’s released by man-made and natural sources. Scientists say this will yield an accurate mosaic of the planet’s “breathing,” which will allow better forecasts of the buildup of greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming and climate disruption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The science is absolutely important,” said Mike Freilich, from a spot overlooking the launch pad on Monday. Freilich heads the Earth Science Division at NASA. “Understanding the naturally distributed sources and sinks of carbon — what the processes are in the ocean, what the processes are on land, is critical for us to be able to understand how the Earth will be able to evolve going in to the future with the 36 gigatons of carbon per year that we put in.” Then he added, “I think it’s a testament to the percieved importance of this mission that we got a second chance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OCO-2 will even be able to detect the tiny amount of heat and light emitted by plants during photosynthesis, which mission scientists say is another useful measure of carbon dioxide uptake. It could lead to much improved forecasts for crop yields, they say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s amazing what you can see from 438 miles up.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/-uP_fqEfYWg'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/-uP_fqEfYWg'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Associated Press\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Supreme Court won’t hear a challenge to California’s first-in-the-nation mandate requiring fuel producers to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The justices on Monday turned away appeals from fuel makers that say the law discriminates against out-of-state producers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”2751d5643381670982378cacad5cd1e7″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mandate requires petroleum refiners and fuel distributors to make cleaner-burning fuels for the California market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Out-of-state oil refiners and ethanol companies say the law provides an unfair advantage to in-state producers by giving a higher “carbon-intensity score” to fuels transported from other states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state says the law simply offers incentives for companies that make cleaner-burning fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A U.S. district judge agreed with the challengers. The 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals reversed, saying the law gives all fuel makers options to get their product to market.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Associated Press\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Supreme Court won’t hear a challenge to California’s first-in-the-nation mandate requiring fuel producers to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The justices on Monday turned away appeals from fuel makers that say the law discriminates against out-of-state producers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mandate requires petroleum refiners and fuel distributors to make cleaner-burning fuels for the California market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Drought Lessons From Down Under",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/06/20140630science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18771\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/BigDry_Getty72257254_crop.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18771\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/BigDry_Getty72257254_crop.jpg\" alt=\"Farmer John Magill ponders a dried-up reservoir on his farm in Parkes, in 2006. (Ian Waldie/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Farmer John Magill ponders a dried-up reservoir on his farm in Parkes, Australia, in 2006. (Ian Waldie/Getty Images) \u003ccite>(Ian Waldie/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Three years into a historic drought, we’re hearing a lot of talk about resilience in California. For inspiration, Californians might do well to look south — all the way to Australia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had here a phenomenon that people called ‘bucket back,'” says \u003ca title=\"Stanford - Rebecca Nelson\" href=\"http://waterinthewest.stanford.edu/about/people/rebecca-nelson\">Rebecca Nelson\u003c/a>, describing the back strain Aussies would suffer from catching the excess shower water in buckets and hauling it outside to water the garden. Nelson is a research fellow at Stanford’s Woods Institute for the Environment. She lives in Australia, which recently endured \u003ca title=\"Economist - Big Dry\" href=\"http://www.economist.com/node/9071007\">a nine-year drought\u003c/a> — something that hasn’t happened in California for at least a century. (There were two six-year droughts in the 20th century.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bucket back was the least of it. The stretch that came to be known as the Big Dry was \u003ca title=\"Climate History - Big Dry\" href=\"http://climatehistory.com.au/2011/08/03/big-dry-worst-drought-since-european-settlement/\">the worst drought in Australia’s history\u003c/a>. During the first decade of this century, it devastated the farm economy (at one point halving the number of sheep, the nation’s principal livestock) and triggered severe restrictions on urban water use. But Nelson says it also transformed the water culture in that country. She says some ways they found to adapt were relatively painless — and much of it stuck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are now a couple years out of the drought, so I think people’s attitudes are starting to slide a little,” she admits, “but absolutely, the ethical and moral dimension of water use, I think really built during the drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Urban Water Use\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nelson lives in Melbourne, which gets just about the same average rainfall as San Francisco — about 23 inches a year. She estimates that about half the homes in Melbourne now have systems to capture and store rain, and newer homes are being built with dual plumbing systems to recycle graywater. (For example, rinse water from the washing machine goes to the toilet for flushing.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18793\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 275px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/IMAG0624-L.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18793\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/IMAG0624-L.jpg\" alt=\"Many Australian homes now have rainwater capture systems. (Albert Barlow, Rain Water Systems)\" width=\"275\" height=\"488\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Many Australian homes now have rainwater capture systems. (Albert Barlow, Rain Water Systems)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The result is that residential water use in Melbourne is down to about 40 gallons per person, per day — including outside watering. Californians average two to four times that, depending on how much landscaping they have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think there’s a lot of lessons we can learn,” says \u003ca title=\"Pac Inst - bio\" href=\"http://pacinst.org/about-us/staff-and-board/matthew-g-heberger-p-e/\">Matthew Heberger\u003c/a>, a water analyst at Oakland’s \u003ca title=\"Pac Inst - main\" href=\"http://pacinst.org/\">Pacific Institute\u003c/a>. He’s written extensively about the Australian experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heberger says the Big Dry inspired major changes: “Lots of initiatives to capture runoff and infiltrate it into the ground, where you can later use it for water supply,” he notes. “Not allowing stormwater to just run off into the sea.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Desalination: A Cautionary Tale\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The government there spent $25 billion on drought countermeasures — that’s twice as much as the contentious water bond that may be on California’s ballot this fall — for a country with a little more than half the population of California. That ambitious program included a string of desalination plants along the coast, a decision that many question in retrospect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Desalination is considered a holy grail by water managers,” says Heberger. “The ocean is essentially a limitless source of water. The problem is that it’s expensive, and it’s energy-intensive to take the salt out of the water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consequently, when the rains returned, which they did with a vengeance at the end of 2010, desalted seawater could no longer compete price-wise with water that fell from the sky. “And so you’ve got these very expensive projects that have, for now at least, been sort of mothballed,” says Heberger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three years into California’s drought, the desal train is gaining speed in California. This nation’s \u003ca title=\"Merc - post\" href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/science/ci_25859513/nations-largest-ocean-desalination-plant-goes-up-near\">largest plant\u003c/a> is scheduled to go online in 2016 in Carlsbad, with at least a dozen more on the drawing board. Rebecca Nelson says there’s a cautionary tale here: the best decisions for drought planning are not made during the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think most ordinary citizens would say it’s fantastic to have a climate-independent source of water,” she said. “But the panic that’s generated during drought, many people say, led the [Melbourne] desal plant to be built many, many more times bigger than it really should’ve been. And as a result, it’s very, very costly, even though it’s not being used.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18762\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/BigDryMap_2002-03_ABM.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18762\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/BigDryMap_2002-03_ABM.jpg\" alt=\"Map shows vast areas with record-low rainfall during the worst of Australia's 'Big Dry.' (Australia Bureau of Meteorology)\" width=\"640\" height=\"440\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map shows vast areas with record-low rainfall during the worst of Australia’s ‘Big Dry.’ (Australian Bureau of Meteorology)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Agriculture\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are lots of parallels between here and there when it comes to water. In both places, most of the water is in the north, most of the people in the south. The rain tends not to fall during the growing season. And Australia’s agriculture — like California’s — uses by far the biggest volume of water, more than two thirds in Australia, closer to three quarters in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s where transplanting lessons gets a little tricky. Here, farm water is meted out by a longstanding — some would say byzantine — system of property rights: junior, senior, riparian, pre-1914…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That consideration just doesn’t exist in Australia,” says Nelson. “The way that Australian water law manages scarcity is, if there’s less water around, everybody takes a haircut.” She and many water policy experts in California agree, that’s made it easier for Australians to develop an enviable system of water marketing for farmers and ranchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s almost as easy to sell water from your water bank account as it is to just transfer money from a normal bank account,” says Nelson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As more than one observer has put it, Californians tend to settle their accounts in the courts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So while Australia may be a useful laboratory for developing drought resilience, does that mean that California needs its own 9-year drought as a kind of shock therapy?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wouldn’t wish that on anyone,” says Heberger. “But it did certainly do a lot to raise awareness. Everyone could tell you, you know, how high the water level in the reservoir is, that people become much more attuned to where our water comes from, that we’re taking it out of the environment and using it. And that has repercussions and an impact.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Awareness helps. But to make the Golden State truly drought resistant — that will take political will and compromise — something else that is often in short supply.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18771\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/BigDry_Getty72257254_crop.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18771\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/BigDry_Getty72257254_crop.jpg\" alt=\"Farmer John Magill ponders a dried-up reservoir on his farm in Parkes, in 2006. (Ian Waldie/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Farmer John Magill ponders a dried-up reservoir on his farm in Parkes, Australia, in 2006. (Ian Waldie/Getty Images) \u003ccite>(Ian Waldie/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Three years into a historic drought, we’re hearing a lot of talk about resilience in California. For inspiration, Californians might do well to look south — all the way to Australia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had here a phenomenon that people called ‘bucket back,'” says \u003ca title=\"Stanford - Rebecca Nelson\" href=\"http://waterinthewest.stanford.edu/about/people/rebecca-nelson\">Rebecca Nelson\u003c/a>, describing the back strain Aussies would suffer from catching the excess shower water in buckets and hauling it outside to water the garden. Nelson is a research fellow at Stanford’s Woods Institute for the Environment. She lives in Australia, which recently endured \u003ca title=\"Economist - Big Dry\" href=\"http://www.economist.com/node/9071007\">a nine-year drought\u003c/a> — something that hasn’t happened in California for at least a century. (There were two six-year droughts in the 20th century.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bucket back was the least of it. The stretch that came to be known as the Big Dry was \u003ca title=\"Climate History - Big Dry\" href=\"http://climatehistory.com.au/2011/08/03/big-dry-worst-drought-since-european-settlement/\">the worst drought in Australia’s history\u003c/a>. During the first decade of this century, it devastated the farm economy (at one point halving the number of sheep, the nation’s principal livestock) and triggered severe restrictions on urban water use. But Nelson says it also transformed the water culture in that country. She says some ways they found to adapt were relatively painless — and much of it stuck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are now a couple years out of the drought, so I think people’s attitudes are starting to slide a little,” she admits, “but absolutely, the ethical and moral dimension of water use, I think really built during the drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Urban Water Use\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nelson lives in Melbourne, which gets just about the same average rainfall as San Francisco — about 23 inches a year. She estimates that about half the homes in Melbourne now have systems to capture and store rain, and newer homes are being built with dual plumbing systems to recycle graywater. (For example, rinse water from the washing machine goes to the toilet for flushing.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18793\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 275px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/IMAG0624-L.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18793\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/IMAG0624-L.jpg\" alt=\"Many Australian homes now have rainwater capture systems. (Albert Barlow, Rain Water Systems)\" width=\"275\" height=\"488\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Many Australian homes now have rainwater capture systems. (Albert Barlow, Rain Water Systems)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The result is that residential water use in Melbourne is down to about 40 gallons per person, per day — including outside watering. Californians average two to four times that, depending on how much landscaping they have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think there’s a lot of lessons we can learn,” says \u003ca title=\"Pac Inst - bio\" href=\"http://pacinst.org/about-us/staff-and-board/matthew-g-heberger-p-e/\">Matthew Heberger\u003c/a>, a water analyst at Oakland’s \u003ca title=\"Pac Inst - main\" href=\"http://pacinst.org/\">Pacific Institute\u003c/a>. He’s written extensively about the Australian experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heberger says the Big Dry inspired major changes: “Lots of initiatives to capture runoff and infiltrate it into the ground, where you can later use it for water supply,” he notes. “Not allowing stormwater to just run off into the sea.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Desalination: A Cautionary Tale\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The government there spent $25 billion on drought countermeasures — that’s twice as much as the contentious water bond that may be on California’s ballot this fall — for a country with a little more than half the population of California. That ambitious program included a string of desalination plants along the coast, a decision that many question in retrospect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Desalination is considered a holy grail by water managers,” says Heberger. “The ocean is essentially a limitless source of water. The problem is that it’s expensive, and it’s energy-intensive to take the salt out of the water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consequently, when the rains returned, which they did with a vengeance at the end of 2010, desalted seawater could no longer compete price-wise with water that fell from the sky. “And so you’ve got these very expensive projects that have, for now at least, been sort of mothballed,” says Heberger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three years into California’s drought, the desal train is gaining speed in California. This nation’s \u003ca title=\"Merc - post\" href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/science/ci_25859513/nations-largest-ocean-desalination-plant-goes-up-near\">largest plant\u003c/a> is scheduled to go online in 2016 in Carlsbad, with at least a dozen more on the drawing board. Rebecca Nelson says there’s a cautionary tale here: the best decisions for drought planning are not made during the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think most ordinary citizens would say it’s fantastic to have a climate-independent source of water,” she said. “But the panic that’s generated during drought, many people say, led the [Melbourne] desal plant to be built many, many more times bigger than it really should’ve been. And as a result, it’s very, very costly, even though it’s not being used.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18762\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/BigDryMap_2002-03_ABM.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18762\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/BigDryMap_2002-03_ABM.jpg\" alt=\"Map shows vast areas with record-low rainfall during the worst of Australia's 'Big Dry.' (Australia Bureau of Meteorology)\" width=\"640\" height=\"440\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map shows vast areas with record-low rainfall during the worst of Australia’s ‘Big Dry.’ (Australian Bureau of Meteorology)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Agriculture\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are lots of parallels between here and there when it comes to water. In both places, most of the water is in the north, most of the people in the south. The rain tends not to fall during the growing season. And Australia’s agriculture — like California’s — uses by far the biggest volume of water, more than two thirds in Australia, closer to three quarters in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s where transplanting lessons gets a little tricky. Here, farm water is meted out by a longstanding — some would say byzantine — system of property rights: junior, senior, riparian, pre-1914…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That consideration just doesn’t exist in Australia,” says Nelson. “The way that Australian water law manages scarcity is, if there’s less water around, everybody takes a haircut.” She and many water policy experts in California agree, that’s made it easier for Australians to develop an enviable system of water marketing for farmers and ranchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s almost as easy to sell water from your water bank account as it is to just transfer money from a normal bank account,” says Nelson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As more than one observer has put it, Californians tend to settle their accounts in the courts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So while Australia may be a useful laboratory for developing drought resilience, does that mean that California needs its own 9-year drought as a kind of shock therapy?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wouldn’t wish that on anyone,” says Heberger. “But it did certainly do a lot to raise awareness. Everyone could tell you, you know, how high the water level in the reservoir is, that people become much more attuned to where our water comes from, that we’re taking it out of the environment and using it. And that has repercussions and an impact.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>“Make it a Quickie.” That’s the slogan for the San Francisco water agency’s new ad campaign promoting shorter showers, a response to the ongoing drought crisis. But a recent state survey suggests Californians aren’t yet heeding Gov. Jerry Brown’s call to conserve. State residents have reduced water use by just \u003ca class=\"rssmi_more\" href=\"http://www.kqed.org/epArchive/R201406300900?pid=RD19\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">…Read More\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca title=\"Coping with California's Record Drought\" href=\"http://www.kqed.org/epArchive/R201406300900?pid=RD19\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Forum – Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "\"Make it a Quickie.\" That's the slogan for the San Francisco water agency's new ad campaign promoting shorter showers, a response to the ongoing drought crisis. But a recent state survey suggests Californians aren't yet heeding Gov. Jerry Brown's call to conserve. State residents have reduced water use by just \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/epArchive/R201406300900?pid=RD19\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"rssmi_more\" rel=\"noopener\">...Read More\u003c/a>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>\"\u003c/em>\u003cstrong>From the ashes of catastrophe, life somehow manages to rise again. This thought hung on Daisy’s mind, sweat pouring down her face, as she uttered a reassuring click to Bud and Betsy, the pair of Belgian draft horses drawing the plow\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>.”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71097\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 489px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Daisy.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-71097\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Daisy-548x360.jpg\" alt=\"Daisy plowing\" width=\"489\" height=\"321\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration by John Miller\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You wouldn’t expect those opening words from a story set six decades from today. But those kinds of surprises abound in the tales told in “\u003ca title=\"Yahara 2070 home page\" href=\"https://wsc.limnology.wisc.edu/yahara2070\">Yahara 2070\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project is part of an intensive study of the land, lakes, and rivers incorporating and surrounding Madison, Wisconsin, a thousand-square-kilometer area known as the Yahara Watershed. To engage community thought and discussion, “Yahara 2070” uses illustrated stories set in the year 2070 to explore four distinct imagined futures for the region’s environment and society, each with its own descriptive title and logo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-71098 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Daisy_Icon-153x169.jpg\" alt=\"Daisy_Icon\" width=\"83\" height=\"91\">n “\u003ca href=\"https://wsc.limnology.wisc.edu/yahara2070/abandonment\">Abandonment and Renewal\u003c/a>,” from which the lines above are taken, the population is unprepared for a dramatic rise in temperature. Government is unable to manage ecological disaster and the area begins to return to the wild, including animals, like elephants, who have escaped the local zoo. Brave settlers have returned to the area, joining those who were unable to evacuate, and together they work to carve out a new way of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In another scenario, “\u003ca href=\"https://wsc.limnology.wisc.edu/yahara2070/innovation\">Accelerated Innovation\u003c/a>,” technology provides the path away from\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Accelerated_Icon.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-71095\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Accelerated_Icon-149x169.jpg\" alt=\"Accelerated_Icon\" width=\"89\" height=\"101\">\u003c/a> environmental ruin. Agricultural automation optimizes water use, reducing runoff, and ecologically destructive cattle raising has been replaced by genetically engineered, “motherless” meat created in laboratories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/CC_Icon.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-71096\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/CC_Icon-157x169.jpg\" alt=\"Print\" width=\"83\" height=\"89\">\u003c/a>While the Robert Frost line may read that good fences make good neighbors, in “\u003ca href=\"https://wsc.limnology.wisc.edu/yahara2070/connected\">Connected Communities\u003c/a>,” neighbors have removed fences, creating space for community gardens and parks. This symbolizes a societal shift in values toward cooperation, community and sustainability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003ca href=\"https://wsc.limnology.wisc.edu/yahara2070/nested\">Nested Watersheds\u003c/a>” takes an idea first proposed by 19th century explorer John Wesley Powell that our largely arbitrary state boundaries be redrawn\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Nested_icon.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-71100\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Nested_icon-169x169.jpg\" alt=\"Nested_icon\" width=\"88\" height=\"88\">\u003c/a> around watersheds. More water-centric forms of governance are adopted after years of drought and water scarcity, placing a premium on conservation, and rewarding farmers for practices that regenerate groundwater while preventing runoff and erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/AR_landcover_maps.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-71105\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/AR_landcover_maps.jpg\" alt=\"Land cover map for abandonment scenario\" width=\"605\" height=\"372\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/AR_landcover_maps.jpg 605w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/AR_landcover_maps-400x246.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 605px) 100vw, 605px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBased on extensive data\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the stories are futuristic science fiction, they are grounded in present-day scientific fact. Background for the scenarios comes from extensive data collection on land use in the Yahara watershed. Modeling how present trends could play out over the coming decades informs the conditions that become the setting for each story. The projection seen above shows the abandonment scenario, with a large swath of green representing a return to forest and grassland after depopulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hearing hopes and fears\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quantitative approach of data and projection is combined with qualitative methods of interview and discussion. “We began this project by interviewing a large number of people and conducting workshops with about a hundred people in the watershed to hear what they think about the future. What are the stories in their head about the future? What are their fears, their hopes for the future?” explained Steve Carpenter, “Yahara 2070” leader and director of the University of Wisconsin Center for Limnology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Putting thought to paper\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Synthesizing those hopes and fears with the background of a changing environment into narratives fell to project writer Jenny Seifert. Unlike producers of all too many high-concept Hollywood science fiction films, Seifert didn’t forget to create stories on a human scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I created characters for each story,” she said. “So I really think about these moments in time for these characters. Focusing on these moments really was my way of trying to help people connect with the stories and kind of see themselves and see what their life could be like.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71099\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 385px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Felix.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71099\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Felix-464x360.jpg\" alt=\"Felix swimming in lake with elephant in backdrop\" width=\"385\" height=\"299\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration by John Miller\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Felix heard a loud rustle on the shoreline that startled him into alertness. Cougars are known to stalk these shores, and even though he knew the odds that one would bother to jump in after him were miniscule, he couldn’t help but feel a sense of dread as he eyed the distance between himself and the pier, where his machete lay. Then, a trumpet-like noise bellowed from the trees, and the mammoth head of an elephant emerged. Phew, thought Felix. Just an elephant.”\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>- Excerpt from “Abandonment and Renewal”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Imagining and imaging \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deciding what life could be like, or look like, was a special challenge for the project’s illustrator, John Miller, particularly with the technology involved in some of the scenarios. Contemplating his iPhone, Miller said, “You take a look at something like this and it’s just so different from the original phone that if I were to create something, to invent something, nobody would know what I’m showing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Asking “What if…”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team makes clear they are not trying to invent the future, or even predict it. Rather, the use of scenarios is a tool to help prepare for what the future may bring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The idea of the scenarios is to develop stories about the future that organize our thinking. Carpenter explained, “and also provide guidance to us as scientists about what we should be learning to simulate in order to understand the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which of these scenarios seems most likely? Will pachyderms prowl the prairie? Will Wisconsin’s beloved bratwurst be petri-dish-processed before hitting the grill? Both the good and bad parts of each scenario are worth contemplating as we all collectively create the future.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "In this video, follow a University of Wisconsin research team creating scenarios visualizing what the climate in Madison, Wisconsin could look like in the year 2070.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\"\u003c/em>\u003cstrong>From the ashes of catastrophe, life somehow manages to rise again. This thought hung on Daisy’s mind, sweat pouring down her face, as she uttered a reassuring click to Bud and Betsy, the pair of Belgian draft horses drawing the plow\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>.”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71097\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 489px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Daisy.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-71097\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Daisy-548x360.jpg\" alt=\"Daisy plowing\" width=\"489\" height=\"321\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration by John Miller\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You wouldn’t expect those opening words from a story set six decades from today. But those kinds of surprises abound in the tales told in “\u003ca title=\"Yahara 2070 home page\" href=\"https://wsc.limnology.wisc.edu/yahara2070\">Yahara 2070\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project is part of an intensive study of the land, lakes, and rivers incorporating and surrounding Madison, Wisconsin, a thousand-square-kilometer area known as the Yahara Watershed. To engage community thought and discussion, “Yahara 2070” uses illustrated stories set in the year 2070 to explore four distinct imagined futures for the region’s environment and society, each with its own descriptive title and logo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-71098 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Daisy_Icon-153x169.jpg\" alt=\"Daisy_Icon\" width=\"83\" height=\"91\">n “\u003ca href=\"https://wsc.limnology.wisc.edu/yahara2070/abandonment\">Abandonment and Renewal\u003c/a>,” from which the lines above are taken, the population is unprepared for a dramatic rise in temperature. Government is unable to manage ecological disaster and the area begins to return to the wild, including animals, like elephants, who have escaped the local zoo. Brave settlers have returned to the area, joining those who were unable to evacuate, and together they work to carve out a new way of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In another scenario, “\u003ca href=\"https://wsc.limnology.wisc.edu/yahara2070/innovation\">Accelerated Innovation\u003c/a>,” technology provides the path away from\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Accelerated_Icon.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-71095\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Accelerated_Icon-149x169.jpg\" alt=\"Accelerated_Icon\" width=\"89\" height=\"101\">\u003c/a> environmental ruin. Agricultural automation optimizes water use, reducing runoff, and ecologically destructive cattle raising has been replaced by genetically engineered, “motherless” meat created in laboratories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/CC_Icon.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-71096\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/CC_Icon-157x169.jpg\" alt=\"Print\" width=\"83\" height=\"89\">\u003c/a>While the Robert Frost line may read that good fences make good neighbors, in “\u003ca href=\"https://wsc.limnology.wisc.edu/yahara2070/connected\">Connected Communities\u003c/a>,” neighbors have removed fences, creating space for community gardens and parks. This symbolizes a societal shift in values toward cooperation, community and sustainability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003ca href=\"https://wsc.limnology.wisc.edu/yahara2070/nested\">Nested Watersheds\u003c/a>” takes an idea first proposed by 19th century explorer John Wesley Powell that our largely arbitrary state boundaries be redrawn\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Nested_icon.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-71100\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Nested_icon-169x169.jpg\" alt=\"Nested_icon\" width=\"88\" height=\"88\">\u003c/a> around watersheds. More water-centric forms of governance are adopted after years of drought and water scarcity, placing a premium on conservation, and rewarding farmers for practices that regenerate groundwater while preventing runoff and erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/AR_landcover_maps.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-71105\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/AR_landcover_maps.jpg\" alt=\"Land cover map for abandonment scenario\" width=\"605\" height=\"372\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/AR_landcover_maps.jpg 605w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/AR_landcover_maps-400x246.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 605px) 100vw, 605px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBased on extensive data\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the stories are futuristic science fiction, they are grounded in present-day scientific fact. Background for the scenarios comes from extensive data collection on land use in the Yahara watershed. Modeling how present trends could play out over the coming decades informs the conditions that become the setting for each story. The projection seen above shows the abandonment scenario, with a large swath of green representing a return to forest and grassland after depopulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hearing hopes and fears\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quantitative approach of data and projection is combined with qualitative methods of interview and discussion. “We began this project by interviewing a large number of people and conducting workshops with about a hundred people in the watershed to hear what they think about the future. What are the stories in their head about the future? What are their fears, their hopes for the future?” explained Steve Carpenter, “Yahara 2070” leader and director of the University of Wisconsin Center for Limnology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Putting thought to paper\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Synthesizing those hopes and fears with the background of a changing environment into narratives fell to project writer Jenny Seifert. Unlike producers of all too many high-concept Hollywood science fiction films, Seifert didn’t forget to create stories on a human scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I created characters for each story,” she said. “So I really think about these moments in time for these characters. Focusing on these moments really was my way of trying to help people connect with the stories and kind of see themselves and see what their life could be like.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71099\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 385px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Felix.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71099\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Felix-464x360.jpg\" alt=\"Felix swimming in lake with elephant in backdrop\" width=\"385\" height=\"299\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration by John Miller\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Felix heard a loud rustle on the shoreline that startled him into alertness. Cougars are known to stalk these shores, and even though he knew the odds that one would bother to jump in after him were miniscule, he couldn’t help but feel a sense of dread as he eyed the distance between himself and the pier, where his machete lay. Then, a trumpet-like noise bellowed from the trees, and the mammoth head of an elephant emerged. Phew, thought Felix. Just an elephant.”\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>- Excerpt from “Abandonment and Renewal”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Imagining and imaging \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deciding what life could be like, or look like, was a special challenge for the project’s illustrator, John Miller, particularly with the technology involved in some of the scenarios. Contemplating his iPhone, Miller said, “You take a look at something like this and it’s just so different from the original phone that if I were to create something, to invent something, nobody would know what I’m showing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Asking “What if…”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team makes clear they are not trying to invent the future, or even predict it. Rather, the use of scenarios is a tool to help prepare for what the future may bring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The idea of the scenarios is to develop stories about the future that organize our thinking. Carpenter explained, “and also provide guidance to us as scientists about what we should be learning to simulate in order to understand the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which of these scenarios seems most likely? Will pachyderms prowl the prairie? Will Wisconsin’s beloved bratwurst be petri-dish-processed before hitting the grill? Both the good and bad parts of each scenario are worth contemplating as we all collectively create the future.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "As Water Prices Soar, Some Profit From California’s Drought",
"headTitle": "As Water Prices Soar, Some Profit From California’s Drought | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/06/20140623science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18543\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/orchard3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18543\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/orchard3.jpg\" alt=\"(Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An almond tree that’s been uprooted due to drought near Los Banos, California. (Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Farmers who lack water in California are facing a tough summer ahead, but for those who do have water, it can be a windfall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water is hitting record prices on the open market, prompting some farmers to pump groundwater and sell it — what some call “groundwater mining.” With groundwater already at record-low levels in parts of the state, concerns are rising that these water sales, known as water transfers, may put pressure on California’s overtaxed aquifers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other water deals, farmers are selling the water they get from reservoirs or rivers and are using groundwater instead to irrigate their fields, known as “groundwater substitution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 60 billion gallons of groundwater are being proposed in water sales this year — either sold for profit or substituted for water sold for profit, according to a KQED analysis of documents filed with state and federal agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Drawing the Battle Lines\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May, Anthea Hansen took the podium at a crowded Merced County Board of Supervisors meeting, knowing she was facing a tough crowd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m sorry to bring this issue to your board and cause such a ruckus,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We’re in crisis mode. I have trees I need to keep alive.’\u003ccite>— Anthea Hansen, Del Puerto Water District\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Hansen is the general manger of the Del Puerto Water District, which serves about 45,000 acres of farmland on the west side of the San Joaquin Valley, an hour south of Stockton. But here she was, 50 miles away in Merced, telling the board why she needs to buy groundwater to save her district’s crops and orchards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in crisis mode,” she said. “I have trees I need to keep alive. We don’t need large quantities of water to do that. If that doesn’t happen, the trees are gone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like many water districts with the lowest-priority rights, “junior” water rights, Del Puerto’s normal water supply has dried up this year. Water levels in the federal reservoir system, known as the Central Valley Project, are too low to meet demand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, Hansen worked out a deal with two ranchers in Merced County. They would pump up to seven billion gallons of their groundwater, put it into canals, and sell it to Hansen’s farmers over two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is common practice,” Steve Sloan told the Merced Board of Supervisors at the same meeting. He’s one of the ranchers who stands to make millions from the deal. Under California’s system of water rights, he owns the groundwater under his property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water exchanges, water transfers have been done for over 30 years,” Sloan said. “This is how we survive collectively as an ag industry in California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18545\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS8927_Drought_JoshC-4395-sfi.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18545\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS8927_Drought_JoshC-4395-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"An unplanted field outside of Los Banos, California. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An unplanted field outside of Los Banos, California. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some of Sloan’s neighbors don’t see it that way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m within about a five-mile radius of where they’re going be doing the pumping. So, obviously I’m concerned,” Mike Gallo told the board. Gallo runs a farming operation near Sloan’s. “What’s gonna happen when you take this much water out of an aquifer? We’re on the same aquifer. I don’t know what it’s going to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Billy Grissom, a farmer and cattle rancher who owns property near Sloan’s, also objected to the water sale. “Water underground should not be sold for monetary gain,” Grissom said. “When the water is gone, all the farming is gone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re doing extensive monitoring,” Sloan responded. “We don’t want to damage the aquifer. We don’t want to damage our neighbors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bureau of Reclamation is reviewing the water transfer because the water would move through federal infrastructure. In a preliminary report, the agency found there would be no significant environmental impact, though groundwater levels could be drawn down. While Merced County supervisors are also looking into the water transfer, they have little influence over the deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Sales as Lifeline\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The water transfer market is the only way we’re surviving right now,” said Lon Martin, assistant general manager of the San Luis Water District, another Central Valley district that has a zero water allocation this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Water underground should not be sold for monetary gain.’\u003ccite>— Billy Grissom, Farmer and Rancher\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Martin is walking among hundreds of uprooted almond trees near Los Banos; the orchard was ripped out because of the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We hope that we don’t see any more of this,” he said. “Depending on the ability of the water district to bring water supplies — if we’re not successful with that, we may see more orchards taken offline.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Martin says in a dry year like this one, there are fewer water transfers than usual, but one of the few large deals going through may help the trees in his district.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nine water districts north of Sacramento are planning to sell 26 billion gallons of water, about as much as San Francisco uses in a year. Farmers would fallow crops or would pump and use groundwater instead, freeing up their water in rivers and making it available for buyers down south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten water districts in the San Joaquin Valley would purchase the water, which is about half as much water as they’d tried to arrange to purchase in the transfer earlier this year. The deal is expected to cost $72 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are literally people with no water on their account, so this represents the only lifeline they have this year,” said Ara Azhderian, water policy administrator with the San Luis & Delta-Mendota Water Authority, which negotiated the water transfer for the San Joaquin Valley water districts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Legal Challenge\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California has neglected its groundwater,” says Barbara Vlamis, director of AquAlliance, a non-profit focused on the Sacramento watershed. Her group is suing to stop the water transfer over groundwater concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18544\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/orchard.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18544\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/orchard.jpg\" alt=\"An almond orchard that's been uprooted due to drought near Los Banos, California. (Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Orchards in the San Joaquin Valley need water every year just to keep trees alive. (Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“You’re putting an added stress on the groundwater basin,” Vlamis said. “In the last year alone, there have been wells in Glenn County that have dropped 32 feet. Nineteen feet in Butte County.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vlamis says the problem is that groundwater isn’t regulated in California, so state and federal agencies don’t have a full picture of the impact transfers can have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s shoddy,” she said. “The agencies that are so casual about moving water out of here need to truly analyze what they’re doing to this region.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legal challenge has raised anxiety levels for districts that were counting on purchasing the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a huge cloud of uncertainty,” Azhderian said. “You’ve got growers that not only have their livelihoods and farms at risk, but they have then dipped into stressed financial resources to make this transfer happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rise of California’s Water Market\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water transfers are a way of making water available to people that don’t have old, senior water rights,” said Ellen Hanak, senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water transfers in California first emerged during the 1976-77 drought. “The idea was to stretch the available supplies and do the least economic harm,” Hanak said. “It made sense to allow the market signals to work and allow people to lease that water to folks that were able to pay more for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”3b073d41504f8b383e6897c6f4cbe645″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water transfers have since become commonplace. Earlier this year, Governor Jerry Brown ordered state agencies to \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=18496\">speed up their environmental review\u003c/a> of water transfers to help with the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As groundwater levels dropped dramatically in the Central Valley, concerns have emerged about any added pressure to pump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Joaquin Valley has experienced the highest levels of groundwater overdraft, but there’s also increased pumping in the Sacramento Valley, generally perceived to have plenty of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re seeing an expansion of orchard crops, including in places that did not used to be irrigated,” Hanak said, “and it’s relying on groundwater.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The concerns over using groundwater in water transfers tie into larger challenges California is facing in monitoring and managing its underground reservoirs, Hanak said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The state will look carefully at a transfer to make sure that you aren’t selling water out of a river or lake that someone downstream of you would be using,” she said. “But because California does not have statewide regulation of groundwater, the state doesn’t have the possibility of easily making that assessment about groundwater use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some counties have taken matters into their own hands and have passed rules that effectively ban the sale of groundwater outside county lines. In Merced County, where controversy over the groundwater sale continues, county supervisors have said they’re looking into that policy.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Fights are breaking out over controversial water sales. Some farmers say they need the water to keep trees alive, while others say groundwater pumping depletes supplies for neighboring farms, and could threaten California's already-stressed aquifers.\r\n",
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"description": "Fights are breaking out over controversial water sales. Some farmers say they need the water to keep trees alive, while others say groundwater pumping depletes supplies for neighboring farms, and could threaten California's already-stressed aquifers.\r\n",
"title": "As Water Prices Soar, Some Profit From California’s Drought | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18543\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/orchard3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18543\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/orchard3.jpg\" alt=\"(Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An almond tree that’s been uprooted due to drought near Los Banos, California. (Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Farmers who lack water in California are facing a tough summer ahead, but for those who do have water, it can be a windfall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water is hitting record prices on the open market, prompting some farmers to pump groundwater and sell it — what some call “groundwater mining.” With groundwater already at record-low levels in parts of the state, concerns are rising that these water sales, known as water transfers, may put pressure on California’s overtaxed aquifers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other water deals, farmers are selling the water they get from reservoirs or rivers and are using groundwater instead to irrigate their fields, known as “groundwater substitution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 60 billion gallons of groundwater are being proposed in water sales this year — either sold for profit or substituted for water sold for profit, according to a KQED analysis of documents filed with state and federal agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Drawing the Battle Lines\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May, Anthea Hansen took the podium at a crowded Merced County Board of Supervisors meeting, knowing she was facing a tough crowd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m sorry to bring this issue to your board and cause such a ruckus,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We’re in crisis mode. I have trees I need to keep alive.’\u003ccite>— Anthea Hansen, Del Puerto Water District\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Hansen is the general manger of the Del Puerto Water District, which serves about 45,000 acres of farmland on the west side of the San Joaquin Valley, an hour south of Stockton. But here she was, 50 miles away in Merced, telling the board why she needs to buy groundwater to save her district’s crops and orchards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in crisis mode,” she said. “I have trees I need to keep alive. We don’t need large quantities of water to do that. If that doesn’t happen, the trees are gone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like many water districts with the lowest-priority rights, “junior” water rights, Del Puerto’s normal water supply has dried up this year. Water levels in the federal reservoir system, known as the Central Valley Project, are too low to meet demand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, Hansen worked out a deal with two ranchers in Merced County. They would pump up to seven billion gallons of their groundwater, put it into canals, and sell it to Hansen’s farmers over two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is common practice,” Steve Sloan told the Merced Board of Supervisors at the same meeting. He’s one of the ranchers who stands to make millions from the deal. Under California’s system of water rights, he owns the groundwater under his property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water exchanges, water transfers have been done for over 30 years,” Sloan said. “This is how we survive collectively as an ag industry in California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18545\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS8927_Drought_JoshC-4395-sfi.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18545\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS8927_Drought_JoshC-4395-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"An unplanted field outside of Los Banos, California. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An unplanted field outside of Los Banos, California. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some of Sloan’s neighbors don’t see it that way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m within about a five-mile radius of where they’re going be doing the pumping. So, obviously I’m concerned,” Mike Gallo told the board. Gallo runs a farming operation near Sloan’s. “What’s gonna happen when you take this much water out of an aquifer? We’re on the same aquifer. I don’t know what it’s going to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Billy Grissom, a farmer and cattle rancher who owns property near Sloan’s, also objected to the water sale. “Water underground should not be sold for monetary gain,” Grissom said. “When the water is gone, all the farming is gone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re doing extensive monitoring,” Sloan responded. “We don’t want to damage the aquifer. We don’t want to damage our neighbors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bureau of Reclamation is reviewing the water transfer because the water would move through federal infrastructure. In a preliminary report, the agency found there would be no significant environmental impact, though groundwater levels could be drawn down. While Merced County supervisors are also looking into the water transfer, they have little influence over the deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Sales as Lifeline\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The water transfer market is the only way we’re surviving right now,” said Lon Martin, assistant general manager of the San Luis Water District, another Central Valley district that has a zero water allocation this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Water underground should not be sold for monetary gain.’\u003ccite>— Billy Grissom, Farmer and Rancher\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Martin is walking among hundreds of uprooted almond trees near Los Banos; the orchard was ripped out because of the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We hope that we don’t see any more of this,” he said. “Depending on the ability of the water district to bring water supplies — if we’re not successful with that, we may see more orchards taken offline.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Martin says in a dry year like this one, there are fewer water transfers than usual, but one of the few large deals going through may help the trees in his district.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nine water districts north of Sacramento are planning to sell 26 billion gallons of water, about as much as San Francisco uses in a year. Farmers would fallow crops or would pump and use groundwater instead, freeing up their water in rivers and making it available for buyers down south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten water districts in the San Joaquin Valley would purchase the water, which is about half as much water as they’d tried to arrange to purchase in the transfer earlier this year. The deal is expected to cost $72 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are literally people with no water on their account, so this represents the only lifeline they have this year,” said Ara Azhderian, water policy administrator with the San Luis & Delta-Mendota Water Authority, which negotiated the water transfer for the San Joaquin Valley water districts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Legal Challenge\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California has neglected its groundwater,” says Barbara Vlamis, director of AquAlliance, a non-profit focused on the Sacramento watershed. Her group is suing to stop the water transfer over groundwater concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18544\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/orchard.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18544\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/orchard.jpg\" alt=\"An almond orchard that's been uprooted due to drought near Los Banos, California. (Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Orchards in the San Joaquin Valley need water every year just to keep trees alive. (Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“You’re putting an added stress on the groundwater basin,” Vlamis said. “In the last year alone, there have been wells in Glenn County that have dropped 32 feet. Nineteen feet in Butte County.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vlamis says the problem is that groundwater isn’t regulated in California, so state and federal agencies don’t have a full picture of the impact transfers can have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s shoddy,” she said. “The agencies that are so casual about moving water out of here need to truly analyze what they’re doing to this region.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legal challenge has raised anxiety levels for districts that were counting on purchasing the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a huge cloud of uncertainty,” Azhderian said. “You’ve got growers that not only have their livelihoods and farms at risk, but they have then dipped into stressed financial resources to make this transfer happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rise of California’s Water Market\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water transfers are a way of making water available to people that don’t have old, senior water rights,” said Ellen Hanak, senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water transfers in California first emerged during the 1976-77 drought. “The idea was to stretch the available supplies and do the least economic harm,” Hanak said. “It made sense to allow the market signals to work and allow people to lease that water to folks that were able to pay more for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water transfers have since become commonplace. Earlier this year, Governor Jerry Brown ordered state agencies to \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=18496\">speed up their environmental review\u003c/a> of water transfers to help with the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As groundwater levels dropped dramatically in the Central Valley, concerns have emerged about any added pressure to pump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Joaquin Valley has experienced the highest levels of groundwater overdraft, but there’s also increased pumping in the Sacramento Valley, generally perceived to have plenty of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re seeing an expansion of orchard crops, including in places that did not used to be irrigated,” Hanak said, “and it’s relying on groundwater.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The concerns over using groundwater in water transfers tie into larger challenges California is facing in monitoring and managing its underground reservoirs, Hanak said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The state will look carefully at a transfer to make sure that you aren’t selling water out of a river or lake that someone downstream of you would be using,” she said. “But because California does not have statewide regulation of groundwater, the state doesn’t have the possibility of easily making that assessment about groundwater use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some counties have taken matters into their own hands and have passed rules that effectively ban the sale of groundwater outside county lines. In Merced County, where controversy over the groundwater sale continues, county supervisors have said they’re looking into that policy.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "A ‘Squid Bloom’ in Monterey Bay Is Good News for Local Fishermen",
"headTitle": "A ‘Squid Bloom’ in Monterey Bay Is Good News for Local Fishermen | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18361\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1283px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/squid-picture-270x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-18361\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/squid-picture-270x162.jpg\" alt=\"Doryteuthis (Loligo) opalescens This adult California market squid was photographed in the canyon offshore of La Jolla Shores beach in La Jolla, California.(SWFSC Image Gallery)\" width=\"1283\" height=\"769\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Market squid like this one are blooming in Monterey Bay. (NOAA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Squid fishermen in and around Monterey Bay are experiencing early success this season with California market squid, which may be a result of a couple of happy accidents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Half Moon Bay fisherman Michael McHenry says conservation efforts such as closed areas, a ban on weekend fishing and limiting the areas accessible to light boats have allowed the squid population to flourish. While the majority of squid fishing in California takes place in the southern half of the state, he said the bloom of California market squid in Monterey has brought many fishing boats north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With these conservation efforts in place, the squid laid enough eggs in the ocean that they actually bloomed out of control,” McHenry said. “We’re able to fill our [yearly] quota six months early, and the squid have six months to spawn without being harassed. It’s a win-win deal. It seems to be a very sustainable fishery at this point.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.dfg.ca.gov/marine/msfmp/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Market Squid Fishery Management Plan\u003c/a>, set forth by the state of California in 2005, limits the annual total \u003ca href=\"http://www.fishwatch.gov/seafood_profiles/species/squid/species_pages/market_squid.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California market squid\u003c/a> catch to 118,000 tons, most of which is \u003ca href=\"http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/education/voicesofthebay/pdfs/marketsquid.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">exported\u003c/a> to China. When the quota is reached, fishing ceases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no denying that conservation efforts are important in squid fishery management, said \u003ca href=\"http://gilly.stanford.edu/home.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">William Gilly, a Biology Professor at Stanford University’s Hopkins Marine Station\u003c/a>, but he said he thinks there may be other factors that play a larger role in the recent market squid abundance. Gilly has been studying the much larger Humboldt squid for almost 15 years and believes that \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/09/what-happened-to-the-humboldt-squid-2/\">their recent decline\u003c/a> is related to the increase in market squid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When there are a lot of Humboldt squid in the Monterey Bay area, the commercial market squid fishing tends to be rather poor,” he said. “That could be a direct predator-prey relationship or it could be environmental. Humboldt squid seem to favor different environmental and oceanic conditions than those favored by market squid, so the two may naturally tend to go in reciprocal cycles.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Humboldt squid, which have been absent from Monterey Bay since the last El Niño in 2010, are a natural predator to the California market squid. Since then, California market squid fishing has been very good, indicating a correlation between the two species. Gilly also cites natural seasonal cycles relating to spawning patterns as a factor in market squid population fluctuations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a seasonal increase in the California market squid in Monterey Bay every year. They spawn in the bay every spring and throughout the summer and into early fall.” Gilly says that an early start to the fishing season this year may also play a role, essentially giving the Southern California squid unmolested spawning rights for the winter months. It’s a happy accident that’s working.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gilly and McHenry agree that the California market squid are important for the ecosystem both as predators and as prey. According to Gilly, they are a keystone species, gobbled by basically everything in the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While conservation efforts may be indicating favorable results now, Gilly says it is important to monitor population fluctuations in response to other factors such as climate change. “There’s really no substitute for counting the animals in the ocean, which one can do in principle,” he said. “It just takes a ship with the right sonar gear and someone with research support or state support for monitoring to do that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, there are no numbers on how many squid of either type are in the ocean. Data is based on observations of market catch and research surveys conducted by the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. However, Gilly said sonar technology that could accurately monitor the biomass of the Humboldt squid and the California market squid does exist. Combined with state support, he said, this technology has the potential to use squid populations as an advanced warning system for climate change.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Squid fishermen in and around Monterey Bay are experiencing early success this season with California market squid, which may be a result of a couple happy accidents. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18361\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1283px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/squid-picture-270x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-18361\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/squid-picture-270x162.jpg\" alt=\"Doryteuthis (Loligo) opalescens This adult California market squid was photographed in the canyon offshore of La Jolla Shores beach in La Jolla, California.(SWFSC Image Gallery)\" width=\"1283\" height=\"769\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Market squid like this one are blooming in Monterey Bay. (NOAA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Squid fishermen in and around Monterey Bay are experiencing early success this season with California market squid, which may be a result of a couple of happy accidents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Half Moon Bay fisherman Michael McHenry says conservation efforts such as closed areas, a ban on weekend fishing and limiting the areas accessible to light boats have allowed the squid population to flourish. While the majority of squid fishing in California takes place in the southern half of the state, he said the bloom of California market squid in Monterey has brought many fishing boats north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With these conservation efforts in place, the squid laid enough eggs in the ocean that they actually bloomed out of control,” McHenry said. “We’re able to fill our [yearly] quota six months early, and the squid have six months to spawn without being harassed. It’s a win-win deal. It seems to be a very sustainable fishery at this point.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.dfg.ca.gov/marine/msfmp/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Market Squid Fishery Management Plan\u003c/a>, set forth by the state of California in 2005, limits the annual total \u003ca href=\"http://www.fishwatch.gov/seafood_profiles/species/squid/species_pages/market_squid.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California market squid\u003c/a> catch to 118,000 tons, most of which is \u003ca href=\"http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/education/voicesofthebay/pdfs/marketsquid.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">exported\u003c/a> to China. When the quota is reached, fishing ceases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no denying that conservation efforts are important in squid fishery management, said \u003ca href=\"http://gilly.stanford.edu/home.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">William Gilly, a Biology Professor at Stanford University’s Hopkins Marine Station\u003c/a>, but he said he thinks there may be other factors that play a larger role in the recent market squid abundance. Gilly has been studying the much larger Humboldt squid for almost 15 years and believes that \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/09/what-happened-to-the-humboldt-squid-2/\">their recent decline\u003c/a> is related to the increase in market squid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When there are a lot of Humboldt squid in the Monterey Bay area, the commercial market squid fishing tends to be rather poor,” he said. “That could be a direct predator-prey relationship or it could be environmental. Humboldt squid seem to favor different environmental and oceanic conditions than those favored by market squid, so the two may naturally tend to go in reciprocal cycles.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Humboldt squid, which have been absent from Monterey Bay since the last El Niño in 2010, are a natural predator to the California market squid. Since then, California market squid fishing has been very good, indicating a correlation between the two species. Gilly also cites natural seasonal cycles relating to spawning patterns as a factor in market squid population fluctuations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a seasonal increase in the California market squid in Monterey Bay every year. They spawn in the bay every spring and throughout the summer and into early fall.” Gilly says that an early start to the fishing season this year may also play a role, essentially giving the Southern California squid unmolested spawning rights for the winter months. It’s a happy accident that’s working.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gilly and McHenry agree that the California market squid are important for the ecosystem both as predators and as prey. According to Gilly, they are a keystone species, gobbled by basically everything in the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While conservation efforts may be indicating favorable results now, Gilly says it is important to monitor population fluctuations in response to other factors such as climate change. “There’s really no substitute for counting the animals in the ocean, which one can do in principle,” he said. “It just takes a ship with the right sonar gear and someone with research support or state support for monitoring to do that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, there are no numbers on how many squid of either type are in the ocean. Data is based on observations of market catch and research surveys conducted by the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. However, Gilly said sonar technology that could accurately monitor the biomass of the Humboldt squid and the California market squid does exist. Combined with state support, he said, this technology has the potential to use squid populations as an advanced warning system for climate change.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Drought Dries Up Honey Supply",
"headTitle": "California Drought Dries Up Honey Supply | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/06/20140616science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Alice Daniel\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18342\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10813_Honey-Drought-007-hpf-e1402618479319.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18342\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10813_Honey-Drought-007-hpf-e1402618479319.jpg\" alt=\"A beekeeper for Bradshaw Honey Farm wears protective clothing to check the health of the bees. The bees don't have enough wildflowers to make honey. Instead, owner David Bradshaw is just trying to keep his bees alive.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Beekeeper Chris DePrada wears protective clothing to check the health of the bees for Bradshaw Honey Farm.(Alice Daniel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These are hard times for honeybees; colonies are collapsing for reasons ranging from pesticides to parasites. And with this year’s pitiful rainfall in California, bees are facing another plight: There’s a lot less natural forage to make honey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Second-generation beekeeper David Bradshaw pulls his truck up alongside wooden boxes of beehives on a farm outside the Central Valley town of Visalia. Soon, a loud mechanical sound – some would say a beekeeper’s buzz kill – drowns out the lively drone of bees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a pump,” explains Bradshaw. His hungry insects aren’t getting enough natural nectar, so Bradshaw has to feed them. “It sucks the syrup blend out of that tank, and pumps it into that garden hose. Then we go from hive to hive and fill up these little feeders here. They hold about a gallon of syrup.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18406\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10821_Honey-Drought-015-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18406\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10821_Honey-Drought-015-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"Beekeeper Angel Corona feeds the bees a sweet syrup to keep them from starving during the summer at Bradshaw Honey Farm. (Alice Daniel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Beekeeper Angel Corona feeds the bees a sweet syrup to keep them from starving during the summer at Bradshaw Honey Farm. (Alice Daniel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bradshaw will spend about $80,000 on artificial nectar this summer just to keep his colonies from starving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a normal year, Bradshaw takes his bees to hills laden with wildflowers. But this year, those hills are bone dry and they look barren. Plants are mostly dormant, and that means the natural nectar production line is shut down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When wildflowers do bloom, they make nectar from sugar and water. Bees use the nectar to make honey. But a drought means less water, less nectar and less honey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Bradshaw is keeping his bees on the valley floor. In addition to the syrup, he’s feeding them a doughy protein supplement: soy flour, brewer’s yeast, vitamins and minerals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18343\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10825_Honey-Drought-020-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18343 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10825_Honey-Drought-020-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"Beekeeper David Bradshaw feeds his bees a doughy protein supplement in addition to a sugary syrup. Bradshaw says he'll spend about $80,000 to feed his bees this summer. Typically he would take them to hills laden with wildflowers but this year those hills are bone dry because of the drought. (Alice Daniel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The protein supplement that beekeeper David Bradshaw feeds his bees sits on top of a hive. (Alice Daniel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s good enough to keep the bees going, but it’s no substitute for the nectar used to make honey. That’s one reason Bradshaw sent 700 of his hives to Kansas, to feast on bee pastures there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We just load them up on a semi truck and send them off,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s like sending his kids off to summer camp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I worry! If they run into some bad weather where it gets too hot,” Bradshaw says. “You don’t want to be stuck on the side of the road in a broken truck with a bunch of angry bees in there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘You can tell the bees are hungry.’ \u003ccite>— David Bradshaw, Beekeeper\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Bradshaw’s been keeping bees for 40 years. His 3,800 hives typically produce about 250 barrels of honey a year. In the past three years, because of the drought and lack of wildflower nectar, his bees have been producing one-tenth of that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can tell the bees are hungry,” Bradshaw says. “They’re all over the truck. If there was nectar available, they wouldn’t even be around the truck. They smell the syrup there so they’re all over it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His bees fed, Bradshaw gets back in his truck. As he drives over a bridge spanning an empty riverbed, he says small packers from Santa Cruz to Ojai have called him begging for honey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Especially the more exotic honeys like sage honey or buckwheat honey,” he says. “Even alfalfa honey is gonna be in very, very short supply this year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crops like alfalfa and cotton are less abundant this year because there’s not enough water to irrigate them. So beekeepers are leaning heavily on one crop: oranges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beekeeper Steve Godlin watches the sticky orange blossom honey move slowly down a chute at his warehouse outside the little town of Exeter, not far from the Sierra foothills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He points to the production line where the wax gets separated from the honey and the honey gets pumped down to a tank. “That’s where we fill the barrels,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18411\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10827_Honey-Drought-022-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18411\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10827_Honey-Drought-022-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"Shop foreman Manuel Salas removes the wooden frames after honey is extracted from the honey combs. He works for Godlin Bees east of Visalia. (Alice Daniel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shop foreman Manuel Salas removes the wooden frames after honey is extracted from the honey combs. He works for Godlin Bees east of Visalia. (Alice Daniel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In wet years, Godlin runs his bees from the Coast Ranges to the Mojave Desert and he can make a million pounds of honey. This year he’ll produce half that much, and with less variety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On those wet years, there’s sage, buckwheat, blue curl, tarweed, manzanita, a lot of different plants,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On dry years, oranges are his best bet. But oranges are a crowded field. Beekeepers come from all over the country to plant their hives amid the sweet-smelling orchards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everybody and their brother wanted to bring their bees to the oranges,” Godlin says. “I do my best to protect my areas but it’s a free country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”916b3d5922f79e5bc384a9570b517551″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gene Brandi, vice president of the American Beekeeping Federation, says California is typically a major honey-producing state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In years when California receives adequate rainfall and especially in years when California receives above-normal rainfall, like the El Niño years, California is the number one honey-producing state in the nation,” Brandi says. “We’ve done that many times in the past.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Honey production in the state varies considerably from year to year, but in a drought year it typically gets cut by about half. This year, Brandi says, it might be worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve never seen a year like this when it’s not only dry but the irrigation water is so scarce,” Brandi says. “I think the honey production in California will likely be one of the lowest levels we’ve seen in a long time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile wholesale honey prices are the highest Brandi has ever seen, averaging $2 a pound. That’s great for beekeepers, he says, if only they had more to sell.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Mountain meadows that would normally be covered with wildflowers have nothing to offer the bees this year, as the flowers lie dormant in the drought. Beekeepers are looking at drastically reduced production, and in some cases are just trying to keep their bees alive.\r\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Alice Daniel\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18342\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10813_Honey-Drought-007-hpf-e1402618479319.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18342\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10813_Honey-Drought-007-hpf-e1402618479319.jpg\" alt=\"A beekeeper for Bradshaw Honey Farm wears protective clothing to check the health of the bees. The bees don't have enough wildflowers to make honey. Instead, owner David Bradshaw is just trying to keep his bees alive.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Beekeeper Chris DePrada wears protective clothing to check the health of the bees for Bradshaw Honey Farm.(Alice Daniel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These are hard times for honeybees; colonies are collapsing for reasons ranging from pesticides to parasites. And with this year’s pitiful rainfall in California, bees are facing another plight: There’s a lot less natural forage to make honey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Second-generation beekeeper David Bradshaw pulls his truck up alongside wooden boxes of beehives on a farm outside the Central Valley town of Visalia. Soon, a loud mechanical sound – some would say a beekeeper’s buzz kill – drowns out the lively drone of bees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a pump,” explains Bradshaw. His hungry insects aren’t getting enough natural nectar, so Bradshaw has to feed them. “It sucks the syrup blend out of that tank, and pumps it into that garden hose. Then we go from hive to hive and fill up these little feeders here. They hold about a gallon of syrup.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18406\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10821_Honey-Drought-015-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18406\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10821_Honey-Drought-015-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"Beekeeper Angel Corona feeds the bees a sweet syrup to keep them from starving during the summer at Bradshaw Honey Farm. (Alice Daniel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Beekeeper Angel Corona feeds the bees a sweet syrup to keep them from starving during the summer at Bradshaw Honey Farm. (Alice Daniel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bradshaw will spend about $80,000 on artificial nectar this summer just to keep his colonies from starving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a normal year, Bradshaw takes his bees to hills laden with wildflowers. But this year, those hills are bone dry and they look barren. Plants are mostly dormant, and that means the natural nectar production line is shut down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When wildflowers do bloom, they make nectar from sugar and water. Bees use the nectar to make honey. But a drought means less water, less nectar and less honey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Bradshaw is keeping his bees on the valley floor. In addition to the syrup, he’s feeding them a doughy protein supplement: soy flour, brewer’s yeast, vitamins and minerals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18343\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10825_Honey-Drought-020-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18343 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10825_Honey-Drought-020-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"Beekeeper David Bradshaw feeds his bees a doughy protein supplement in addition to a sugary syrup. Bradshaw says he'll spend about $80,000 to feed his bees this summer. Typically he would take them to hills laden with wildflowers but this year those hills are bone dry because of the drought. (Alice Daniel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The protein supplement that beekeeper David Bradshaw feeds his bees sits on top of a hive. (Alice Daniel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s good enough to keep the bees going, but it’s no substitute for the nectar used to make honey. That’s one reason Bradshaw sent 700 of his hives to Kansas, to feast on bee pastures there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We just load them up on a semi truck and send them off,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s like sending his kids off to summer camp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I worry! If they run into some bad weather where it gets too hot,” Bradshaw says. “You don’t want to be stuck on the side of the road in a broken truck with a bunch of angry bees in there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘You can tell the bees are hungry.’ \u003ccite>— David Bradshaw, Beekeeper\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Bradshaw’s been keeping bees for 40 years. His 3,800 hives typically produce about 250 barrels of honey a year. In the past three years, because of the drought and lack of wildflower nectar, his bees have been producing one-tenth of that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can tell the bees are hungry,” Bradshaw says. “They’re all over the truck. If there was nectar available, they wouldn’t even be around the truck. They smell the syrup there so they’re all over it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His bees fed, Bradshaw gets back in his truck. As he drives over a bridge spanning an empty riverbed, he says small packers from Santa Cruz to Ojai have called him begging for honey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Especially the more exotic honeys like sage honey or buckwheat honey,” he says. “Even alfalfa honey is gonna be in very, very short supply this year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crops like alfalfa and cotton are less abundant this year because there’s not enough water to irrigate them. So beekeepers are leaning heavily on one crop: oranges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beekeeper Steve Godlin watches the sticky orange blossom honey move slowly down a chute at his warehouse outside the little town of Exeter, not far from the Sierra foothills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He points to the production line where the wax gets separated from the honey and the honey gets pumped down to a tank. “That’s where we fill the barrels,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18411\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10827_Honey-Drought-022-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18411\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10827_Honey-Drought-022-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"Shop foreman Manuel Salas removes the wooden frames after honey is extracted from the honey combs. He works for Godlin Bees east of Visalia. (Alice Daniel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shop foreman Manuel Salas removes the wooden frames after honey is extracted from the honey combs. He works for Godlin Bees east of Visalia. (Alice Daniel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In wet years, Godlin runs his bees from the Coast Ranges to the Mojave Desert and he can make a million pounds of honey. This year he’ll produce half that much, and with less variety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On those wet years, there’s sage, buckwheat, blue curl, tarweed, manzanita, a lot of different plants,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On dry years, oranges are his best bet. But oranges are a crowded field. Beekeepers come from all over the country to plant their hives amid the sweet-smelling orchards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everybody and their brother wanted to bring their bees to the oranges,” Godlin says. “I do my best to protect my areas but it’s a free country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gene Brandi, vice president of the American Beekeeping Federation, says California is typically a major honey-producing state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In years when California receives adequate rainfall and especially in years when California receives above-normal rainfall, like the El Niño years, California is the number one honey-producing state in the nation,” Brandi says. “We’ve done that many times in the past.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Honey production in the state varies considerably from year to year, but in a drought year it typically gets cut by about half. This year, Brandi says, it might be worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve never seen a year like this when it’s not only dry but the irrigation water is so scarce,” Brandi says. “I think the honey production in California will likely be one of the lowest levels we’ve seen in a long time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile wholesale honey prices are the highest Brandi has ever seen, averaging $2 a pound. That’s great for beekeepers, he says, if only they had more to sell.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "A Fourth Drought Year for California: What Are the Odds?",
"headTitle": "A Fourth Drought Year for California: What Are the Odds? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18427\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS8915_Drought_JoshC-4450-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18427\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS8915_Drought_JoshC-4450-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"Low water levels at San Luis Reservoir in February, 2014. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Low water levels at San Luis Reservoir in February, 2014. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Vegas has nothing on Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As talk turns to whether California’s drought will \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/06/11/drought-outlook-disasterous-consequences-if-2015-is-dry/\">stretch into a fourth year\u003c/a>, two co-founders of the Center for Watershed Sciences at U.C. Davis decided to handicap it. Their conclusion: don’t bet on wet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jay Lund, who specializes in the engineering side of water and geologist Jeff Mount, now a senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California, looked at more than a hundred years of precipitation records and drought patterns in the Sacramento Valley, and calculate that the chances of another winter with below-average precipitation to be nearly three in four. Lund and Mount figure there’s about a one-in-four chance of a “critically dry” year, using the five-category nomenclature of state water managers. “There’s a good chance that if you’re in a dry year this year, you’ll be in a dry year next year,” says Lund. They write on the center’s \u003ca title=\"UC Davis - CWS - post\" href=\"http://californiawaterblog.com/\">California Water Blog\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“In all, there’s a 71 percent chance that next [water] year will be Below Normal or drier and only a 29 percent chance of experiencing an Above Normal or Wet year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on 106 years of record, only 13 percent of years have been Critically Dry. But the odds facing California for next year aren’t as good. In the Sacramento Valley — the state’s largest source of water supply — there’s a 29 percent chance that the 2014-15 water year will also be Critically Dry, and a 64 percent chance that it will be Dry or Critically Dry — not favorable conditions for water management.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Given the changing climate, I asked Lund if history is a reliable gauge anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well if history is no gauge, then maybe it’s a 50-50 chance,” says Lund. “But I think history is probably a better gauge than we’d like to think.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18436\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 592px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/DroughtOdds_CWS_table1_crop.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18436\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/DroughtOdds_CWS_table1_crop.jpg\" alt=\"(Center for Watershed Sciences, U. C. Davis)\" width=\"592\" height=\"372\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Center for Watershed Sciences, U. C. Davis)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Clearly as things stand, anything on the dry side would be bad news. “Even if we have a wet year next year, we’re not out of the drought,” warns Mount, a specialist in river hydrology. “We’ve drawn down so much on our groundwater, we have such low reserves within our reservoirs, and our soils are very, very dry.” The two say that the likelihood of a longer drought isn’t merely statistical. For instance, after an extended dry spell, soils tend to soak up more of the rain that does fall, and that reduces runoff into reservoirs. The current 2014 “water year” (ending September 30) is on track to be the third driest on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lund and Mount agree that betting on El Niño to bring rain and snow is \u003ca title=\"GG Wx - ENSO myths\" href=\"http://ggweather.com/enso/enso_myths.htm\">a chump’s game\u003c/a>. In fact, says Mount, he and Lund were motivated to make their calculations in part because of all the “media froth” over the \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/05/08/california-drought-hopes-rising-for-el-nino/\">prospects for a rainmaking El Niño\u003c/a> condition in the Pacific.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You could actually hear the response of people saying, ‘We’re going to have an El Niño next year, so everything’s going to be fine.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not necessarily, says Mount, noting that Central and Northern California lie “at the swing point,” where effects from the legendary oscillation are less predictable than in far Southern California or the Pacific Northwest. As for the Las Vegas metaphor, “Only a fool would make book on the weather,” cautions Mount. “Our predictive capacity for year-to-year weather is very, very low.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18427\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS8915_Drought_JoshC-4450-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18427\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS8915_Drought_JoshC-4450-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"Low water levels at San Luis Reservoir in February, 2014. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Low water levels at San Luis Reservoir in February, 2014. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Vegas has nothing on Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As talk turns to whether California’s drought will \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/06/11/drought-outlook-disasterous-consequences-if-2015-is-dry/\">stretch into a fourth year\u003c/a>, two co-founders of the Center for Watershed Sciences at U.C. Davis decided to handicap it. Their conclusion: don’t bet on wet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jay Lund, who specializes in the engineering side of water and geologist Jeff Mount, now a senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California, looked at more than a hundred years of precipitation records and drought patterns in the Sacramento Valley, and calculate that the chances of another winter with below-average precipitation to be nearly three in four. Lund and Mount figure there’s about a one-in-four chance of a “critically dry” year, using the five-category nomenclature of state water managers. “There’s a good chance that if you’re in a dry year this year, you’ll be in a dry year next year,” says Lund. They write on the center’s \u003ca title=\"UC Davis - CWS - post\" href=\"http://californiawaterblog.com/\">California Water Blog\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“In all, there’s a 71 percent chance that next [water] year will be Below Normal or drier and only a 29 percent chance of experiencing an Above Normal or Wet year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on 106 years of record, only 13 percent of years have been Critically Dry. But the odds facing California for next year aren’t as good. In the Sacramento Valley — the state’s largest source of water supply — there’s a 29 percent chance that the 2014-15 water year will also be Critically Dry, and a 64 percent chance that it will be Dry or Critically Dry — not favorable conditions for water management.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Given the changing climate, I asked Lund if history is a reliable gauge anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well if history is no gauge, then maybe it’s a 50-50 chance,” says Lund. “But I think history is probably a better gauge than we’d like to think.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18436\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 592px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/DroughtOdds_CWS_table1_crop.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18436\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/DroughtOdds_CWS_table1_crop.jpg\" alt=\"(Center for Watershed Sciences, U. C. Davis)\" width=\"592\" height=\"372\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Center for Watershed Sciences, U. C. Davis)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Clearly as things stand, anything on the dry side would be bad news. “Even if we have a wet year next year, we’re not out of the drought,” warns Mount, a specialist in river hydrology. “We’ve drawn down so much on our groundwater, we have such low reserves within our reservoirs, and our soils are very, very dry.” The two say that the likelihood of a longer drought isn’t merely statistical. For instance, after an extended dry spell, soils tend to soak up more of the rain that does fall, and that reduces runoff into reservoirs. The current 2014 “water year” (ending September 30) is on track to be the third driest on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lund and Mount agree that betting on El Niño to bring rain and snow is \u003ca title=\"GG Wx - ENSO myths\" href=\"http://ggweather.com/enso/enso_myths.htm\">a chump’s game\u003c/a>. In fact, says Mount, he and Lund were motivated to make their calculations in part because of all the “media froth” over the \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/05/08/california-drought-hopes-rising-for-el-nino/\">prospects for a rainmaking El Niño\u003c/a> condition in the Pacific.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You could actually hear the response of people saying, ‘We’re going to have an El Niño next year, so everything’s going to be fine.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not necessarily, says Mount, noting that Central and Northern California lie “at the swing point,” where effects from the legendary oscillation are less predictable than in far Southern California or the Pacific Northwest. As for the Las Vegas metaphor, “Only a fool would make book on the weather,” cautions Mount. “Our predictive capacity for year-to-year weather is very, very low.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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},
"link": "/californiareport",
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},
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"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"order": 1
},
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"meta": {
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
}
},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
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