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"content": "\u003cp>The most significant \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/k-12-education/2019/08/charter-school-deal-california-newsom-teachers-unions/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">set of revisions\u003c/a> to the state’s charter-school law in more than two decades was signed Thursday by Gov. Gavin Newsom, putting new curbs on a segment of public schools that has rapidly expanded over time, particularly in big cities.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/2019/05/charter-school-bills-california-assembly-ab1505-odonnell/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Painstakingly negotiated\u003c/a> for months by lawmakers, charter school advocates and organized labor, the new laws are expected to make it easier for local school boards to deny new charters and for high-performing charter schools to stay open. Charter schools, which serve roughly 600,000 California kids, will have to operate within the boundaries of their authorizing districts, and charter school teachers will have new \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/k-12-education/2019/07/teacher-credentials-come-in-for-tough-grading-as-ca-rethinks-charter-school-rules/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">credentialing requirements\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"related education coverage\" tag=\"charter-schools\"]Charter schools have long been \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/2019/04/charter-schools-california-ppic-poll/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a flashpoint \u003c/a>between school reformers and unions \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/2019/02/california-charter-school-data-enrollment-cost-teachers-unions/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">anxious to slow the growth \u003c/a>of the largely non-unionized educational sector. The legislation seeks to address school \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/2019/06/tighter-charter-school-regulations-local-control-report-newsom-task-force/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">quality and oversight issues \u003c/a>that have cropped up as the number of California charter schools has skyrocketed to \u003ca href=\"https://www.cde.ca.gov/sp/ch/cefcharterschools.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">some 1,300\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new laws were celebrated by Newsom and state Superintendent of Public Instruction Tony Thurmond, who in the 2018 election both beat back rivals heavily backed by wealthy pro-charter donors. Portrayed as a \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/k-12-education/2019/08/charter-school-deal-california-newsom-teachers-unions/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">compromise\u003c/a> by the California Charter Schools Association President and CEO Myrna Castrejón. \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/2019/04/charter-schools-california-teachers-unions-bills/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">More restrictive charter proposals\u003c/a> – including a statewide charter cap – \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/explainers/death-watch-the-bill-killer-is-in-the-house/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stalled early in the session\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m lovin’ this,” Newsom said as he signed the bill. He added, however, that he was “not naive” in assuming the charter debate is over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the highly publicized charter school clash got most of the attention, hundreds of other proposals were introduced this year with potential impact on K-12 education at large. Only a fraction made it to Newsom’s desk, as with most legislation. High-profile bills to lower local parcel tax thresholds and prohibit schools from hiring teachers through third-party programs such as Teach For America, for instance, \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/explainers/death-watch-the-bill-killer-is-in-the-house/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fell short of passage\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s still unclear if Newsom will sign or veto a number of measures that cleared the Legislature — he has until Oct. 13 to act. Big proposals that have yet to be decided would \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/2019/04/school-start-teach-america-california-bills-brown-newsom/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">push back school start times\u003c/a> for California middle and high schools, put a $15 billion \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/2018/10/california-school-bonds-favor-richer-communities/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">state bond for education\u003c/a> on the March 2020 ballot and enhance paid maternity leave protections for teachers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/2019/04/charter-schools-california-far-flung-loophole-acton-newhall/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A second charter school bill\u003c/a> that would close a loophole some small districts have exploited to authorize charters far outside their district boundaries also awaits the governor’s signature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More bills, however, have already been signed and enacted. Here are some of the most notable new California education laws affecting the state’s K-12 and early childhood classrooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Check back at \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://calmatters.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>CalMatters.org\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> for updates on our running tally leading up to the Oct. 13 deadline.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California’s charter school overhaul\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The laws:\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200AB1505\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Assembly Bill 1505\u003c/a> by Assemblyman Patrick O’Donnell, Democrat from Long Beach, \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billStatusClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200AB1507\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Assembly Bill 1507\u003c/a> by Assemblywoman Christy Smith, Democrat from Santa Clarita, and\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200SB126\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Senate Bill 126\u003c/a> by Sen. Connie Leyva, Democrat from Chino.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After months of negotiations and heated debate, new rules are coming for California’s sector of publicly funded, independently operated charter schools. All charter teachers will be required to hold a\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/k-12-education/2019/07/teacher-credentials-come-in-for-tough-grading-as-ca-rethinks-charter-school-rules/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> state teaching credential\u003c/a>, and local school boards have broader discretion in approving or denying charters, though charters can still appeal to counties and the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charter schools also will be required to follow the same \u003ca href=\"https://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article227316349.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">open-meeting laws \u003c/a>as school districts under a proposal that was among the first bills Newsom signed as governor. And a loophole that had allowed so-called \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/2019/04/charter-schools-california-far-flung-loophole-acton-newhall/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“far-flung charters”\u003c/a> to operate far from the often-tiny school districts that had authorized and were being paid to oversee them will close.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No more willful defiance suspensions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law: \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200SB419\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 419\u003c/a> by Sen. Nancy Skinner, Democrat from Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Largely cheered by civil rights groups, the law permanently bans California public schools from suspending students in first through fifth grades for willful defiance — a justification for suspension and expulsion that supporters of the bill characterize as too subjective and disproportionately imposed on black and LGBTQ students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once implemented in the 2020-21 school year, the ban on willful defiance suspensions will be temporarily extended to students in sixth through eighth grade through 2025. The initial version of the bill had called for including high school students in the temporary ban on willful defiance suspensions, but was amended before Newsom signed the bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some large California districts, including Los Angeles, San Francisco and Oakland, already prohibit willful defiance suspensions to some degree. And suspension rates for California schools have already gone down significantly in recent years after the state began to implement suspension curbs in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Limiting contact in youth football\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law:\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200AB1\"> AB 1\u003c/a> by Assemblyman Jim Cooper, Democrat from Elk Grove.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Youth football programs in California now are now limited to two full-contact practices per week amid an ongoing public debate over football safety and mounting concerns that have helped lead to significant\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/2019/01/california-high-school-football-participation-drops/\"> dips in participation\u003c/a> at the high school level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After successfully lobbying against a previous proposal that youth football advocates deemed too extreme because it would have outright banned tackle football at the youth level, a coalition of coaches and parents went on the offensive and mobilized behind the current legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Unionizing childcare workers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law:\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200AB378\"> AB 378\u003c/a> by Assemblywoman Monique Limón, Democrat from Santa Barbara.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Providers for children who receive state-subsidized care will now have the right to organize a union and bargain with the state. Advocates cheered the move because they believe it will help \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/k-12-education/2019/07/early-childhood-education-california-preschool-teachers-pay/\">improve pay and working conditions\u003c/a> for a profession that largely employs women of color who are often not paid living wages .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Advocates point to this oft-cited research point as reason for more investments in preschool teachers and child care providers: More than half of California’s early childhood workforce relies on public assistance.\u003cbr>\n[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Resources on domestic violence, sexual harassment \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The laws:\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200SB316\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> SB 316\u003c/a> by Sen. Susan Rubio, Democrat from West Covina, and\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200AB543\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> AB 543\u003c/a> by Assemblywoman Christy Smith, Democrat from Santa Clarita.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting in October 2020, California high schools will be required to include the phone number for the national domestic violence hotline on the ID cards of all students in grades 7 through 12. This follows another new law implemented this year that requires schools to include the suicide prevention hotline phone number on all student IDs for the same grade levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A separate new law, AB 543, will also require public high schools in the state to “prominently and conspicuously display” a poster of that district’s sexual harassment policy — including steps for reporting sexual harassment accusations — in every restroom and locker room at a school site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Stability for migrant students\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law:\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200AB1319\"> AB 1319\u003c/a> by Assemblyman Joaquin Arambula, Democrat from Fresno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s 100,000-plus migrant students will now be allowed to keep attending their “school of origin,” as opposed to having to enroll in a new school in the event that their families move to a different residence during the school year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though school districts aren’t obligated to provide transportation under AB 1319, supporters of the new law say the provision is needed to help bring stability to a student demographic that research shows is more susceptible to mobility and its ensuing academic hardships.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More time for ethnic studies\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law:\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200AB114\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> AB 114\u003c/a>, a clean-up budget trailer bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less a new law than a technical change to an existing one, AB 114 is nonetheless significant because it effectively\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/k-12-education/2019/09/california-delay-school-ethnic-studies-plan-more-voices/\"> pushes back the state’s timeline\u003c/a> for adopting a model curriculum for ethnic studies by one year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The deadline for the State Board of Education to adopt an ethnic studies curriculum under a 2016 law had been this spring. But state leaders, including the governor, supported the move to solicit more feedback following a wave of public criticism that a draft of the curriculum was anti-Semitic and too politically correct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Clamping down on students’ smartphone use\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law:\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200AB272\"> AB 272\u003c/a> by Assemblyman Al Muratsuchi, Democrat from Torrance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local school boards will now be allowed to ban or limit students’ use of smartphones while at school except under emergencies or specific circumstances, such as medical reasons. Though educators and experts note that smartphone use can be disruptive to classroom instruction, most of the state’s districts already have policies that address smartphones, according to the California School Boards Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://calmatters.org/\">CalMatters.org\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, nonpartisan media venture explaining California policies and politics.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Tough new charter school regulations have been signed by Gov. Gavin Newsom, as expected, but other big K-12 proposals are TBD, including a statewide bond measure, maternity leave for teachers and a later morning bell.",
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"title": "A Roundup of California’s New Charter School Rules and Other Fresh K-12 Legislation | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The most significant \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/k-12-education/2019/08/charter-school-deal-california-newsom-teachers-unions/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">set of revisions\u003c/a> to the state’s charter-school law in more than two decades was signed Thursday by Gov. Gavin Newsom, putting new curbs on a segment of public schools that has rapidly expanded over time, particularly in big cities.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/2019/05/charter-school-bills-california-assembly-ab1505-odonnell/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Painstakingly negotiated\u003c/a> for months by lawmakers, charter school advocates and organized labor, the new laws are expected to make it easier for local school boards to deny new charters and for high-performing charter schools to stay open. Charter schools, which serve roughly 600,000 California kids, will have to operate within the boundaries of their authorizing districts, and charter school teachers will have new \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/k-12-education/2019/07/teacher-credentials-come-in-for-tough-grading-as-ca-rethinks-charter-school-rules/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">credentialing requirements\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Charter schools have long been \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/2019/04/charter-schools-california-ppic-poll/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a flashpoint \u003c/a>between school reformers and unions \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/2019/02/california-charter-school-data-enrollment-cost-teachers-unions/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">anxious to slow the growth \u003c/a>of the largely non-unionized educational sector. The legislation seeks to address school \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/2019/06/tighter-charter-school-regulations-local-control-report-newsom-task-force/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">quality and oversight issues \u003c/a>that have cropped up as the number of California charter schools has skyrocketed to \u003ca href=\"https://www.cde.ca.gov/sp/ch/cefcharterschools.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">some 1,300\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new laws were celebrated by Newsom and state Superintendent of Public Instruction Tony Thurmond, who in the 2018 election both beat back rivals heavily backed by wealthy pro-charter donors. Portrayed as a \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/k-12-education/2019/08/charter-school-deal-california-newsom-teachers-unions/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">compromise\u003c/a> by the California Charter Schools Association President and CEO Myrna Castrejón. \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/2019/04/charter-schools-california-teachers-unions-bills/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">More restrictive charter proposals\u003c/a> – including a statewide charter cap – \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/explainers/death-watch-the-bill-killer-is-in-the-house/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stalled early in the session\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m lovin’ this,” Newsom said as he signed the bill. He added, however, that he was “not naive” in assuming the charter debate is over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the highly publicized charter school clash got most of the attention, hundreds of other proposals were introduced this year with potential impact on K-12 education at large. Only a fraction made it to Newsom’s desk, as with most legislation. High-profile bills to lower local parcel tax thresholds and prohibit schools from hiring teachers through third-party programs such as Teach For America, for instance, \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/explainers/death-watch-the-bill-killer-is-in-the-house/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fell short of passage\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s still unclear if Newsom will sign or veto a number of measures that cleared the Legislature — he has until Oct. 13 to act. Big proposals that have yet to be decided would \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/2019/04/school-start-teach-america-california-bills-brown-newsom/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">push back school start times\u003c/a> for California middle and high schools, put a $15 billion \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/2018/10/california-school-bonds-favor-richer-communities/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">state bond for education\u003c/a> on the March 2020 ballot and enhance paid maternity leave protections for teachers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/2019/04/charter-schools-california-far-flung-loophole-acton-newhall/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A second charter school bill\u003c/a> that would close a loophole some small districts have exploited to authorize charters far outside their district boundaries also awaits the governor’s signature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More bills, however, have already been signed and enacted. Here are some of the most notable new California education laws affecting the state’s K-12 and early childhood classrooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Check back at \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://calmatters.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>CalMatters.org\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> for updates on our running tally leading up to the Oct. 13 deadline.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California’s charter school overhaul\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The laws:\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200AB1505\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Assembly Bill 1505\u003c/a> by Assemblyman Patrick O’Donnell, Democrat from Long Beach, \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billStatusClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200AB1507\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Assembly Bill 1507\u003c/a> by Assemblywoman Christy Smith, Democrat from Santa Clarita, and\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200SB126\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Senate Bill 126\u003c/a> by Sen. Connie Leyva, Democrat from Chino.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After months of negotiations and heated debate, new rules are coming for California’s sector of publicly funded, independently operated charter schools. All charter teachers will be required to hold a\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/k-12-education/2019/07/teacher-credentials-come-in-for-tough-grading-as-ca-rethinks-charter-school-rules/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> state teaching credential\u003c/a>, and local school boards have broader discretion in approving or denying charters, though charters can still appeal to counties and the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charter schools also will be required to follow the same \u003ca href=\"https://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article227316349.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">open-meeting laws \u003c/a>as school districts under a proposal that was among the first bills Newsom signed as governor. And a loophole that had allowed so-called \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/2019/04/charter-schools-california-far-flung-loophole-acton-newhall/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“far-flung charters”\u003c/a> to operate far from the often-tiny school districts that had authorized and were being paid to oversee them will close.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No more willful defiance suspensions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law: \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200SB419\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 419\u003c/a> by Sen. Nancy Skinner, Democrat from Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Largely cheered by civil rights groups, the law permanently bans California public schools from suspending students in first through fifth grades for willful defiance — a justification for suspension and expulsion that supporters of the bill characterize as too subjective and disproportionately imposed on black and LGBTQ students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once implemented in the 2020-21 school year, the ban on willful defiance suspensions will be temporarily extended to students in sixth through eighth grade through 2025. The initial version of the bill had called for including high school students in the temporary ban on willful defiance suspensions, but was amended before Newsom signed the bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some large California districts, including Los Angeles, San Francisco and Oakland, already prohibit willful defiance suspensions to some degree. And suspension rates for California schools have already gone down significantly in recent years after the state began to implement suspension curbs in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Limiting contact in youth football\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law:\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200AB1\"> AB 1\u003c/a> by Assemblyman Jim Cooper, Democrat from Elk Grove.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Youth football programs in California now are now limited to two full-contact practices per week amid an ongoing public debate over football safety and mounting concerns that have helped lead to significant\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/2019/01/california-high-school-football-participation-drops/\"> dips in participation\u003c/a> at the high school level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After successfully lobbying against a previous proposal that youth football advocates deemed too extreme because it would have outright banned tackle football at the youth level, a coalition of coaches and parents went on the offensive and mobilized behind the current legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Unionizing childcare workers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law:\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200AB378\"> AB 378\u003c/a> by Assemblywoman Monique Limón, Democrat from Santa Barbara.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Providers for children who receive state-subsidized care will now have the right to organize a union and bargain with the state. Advocates cheered the move because they believe it will help \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/k-12-education/2019/07/early-childhood-education-california-preschool-teachers-pay/\">improve pay and working conditions\u003c/a> for a profession that largely employs women of color who are often not paid living wages .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Advocates point to this oft-cited research point as reason for more investments in preschool teachers and child care providers: More than half of California’s early childhood workforce relies on public assistance.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Resources on domestic violence, sexual harassment \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The laws:\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200SB316\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> SB 316\u003c/a> by Sen. Susan Rubio, Democrat from West Covina, and\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200AB543\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> AB 543\u003c/a> by Assemblywoman Christy Smith, Democrat from Santa Clarita.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting in October 2020, California high schools will be required to include the phone number for the national domestic violence hotline on the ID cards of all students in grades 7 through 12. This follows another new law implemented this year that requires schools to include the suicide prevention hotline phone number on all student IDs for the same grade levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A separate new law, AB 543, will also require public high schools in the state to “prominently and conspicuously display” a poster of that district’s sexual harassment policy — including steps for reporting sexual harassment accusations — in every restroom and locker room at a school site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Stability for migrant students\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law:\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200AB1319\"> AB 1319\u003c/a> by Assemblyman Joaquin Arambula, Democrat from Fresno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s 100,000-plus migrant students will now be allowed to keep attending their “school of origin,” as opposed to having to enroll in a new school in the event that their families move to a different residence during the school year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though school districts aren’t obligated to provide transportation under AB 1319, supporters of the new law say the provision is needed to help bring stability to a student demographic that research shows is more susceptible to mobility and its ensuing academic hardships.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More time for ethnic studies\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law:\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200AB114\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> AB 114\u003c/a>, a clean-up budget trailer bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less a new law than a technical change to an existing one, AB 114 is nonetheless significant because it effectively\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/k-12-education/2019/09/california-delay-school-ethnic-studies-plan-more-voices/\"> pushes back the state’s timeline\u003c/a> for adopting a model curriculum for ethnic studies by one year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The deadline for the State Board of Education to adopt an ethnic studies curriculum under a 2016 law had been this spring. But state leaders, including the governor, supported the move to solicit more feedback following a wave of public criticism that a draft of the curriculum was anti-Semitic and too politically correct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Clamping down on students’ smartphone use\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law:\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200AB272\"> AB 272\u003c/a> by Assemblyman Al Muratsuchi, Democrat from Torrance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local school boards will now be allowed to ban or limit students’ use of smartphones while at school except under emergencies or specific circumstances, such as medical reasons. Though educators and experts note that smartphone use can be disruptive to classroom instruction, most of the state’s districts already have policies that address smartphones, according to the California School Boards Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://calmatters.org/\">CalMatters.org\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, nonpartisan media venture explaining California policies and politics.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>California’s first fully online, free community college opened for business Tuesday, allowing students to apply and register for a range of career pathway programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calbright College, the state’s 115th community college, aims to serve what it calls “stranded” California adults who are underemployed, working multiple part-time jobs or stuck in jobs that don’t pay living wages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Community Colleges system estimates that roughly 8 million adults, between 25 and 34, fall into this category. The college is currently offering three online programs, which will lead to industry certifications in \u003ca class=\"external\" href=\"https://www.calbright.org/working-adults/cybersecurity-support/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cybersecurity\u003c/a>, \u003ca class=\"external\" href=\"https://www.calbright.org/working-adults/it-support/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">information technology\u003c/a> and \u003ca class=\"external\" href=\"https://www.calbright.org/working-adults/medical-coding/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">medical coding\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' align='right' citation=\"Taylor Huckaby, Calbright spokesman\"]‘We’re focused on getting people jobs, not so much getting degrees.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rather than completing a certain number of classroom hours or achieving a specific grade, students will receive credit for the experience they’ve previously acquired in the workplace and will then have to demonstrate competency in a particular set of skills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re doing is pretty unique, not just in California but the whole country,” said Taylor Huckaby, Calbright’s communications director.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New students will first take a skills assessment and then enroll in a basic college and career preparation. They can then enroll in one of the three program pathways, all of which are self-paced and designed to be completed in under one year, according to \u003ca class=\"external\" href=\"https://www.calbright.org/working-adults/it-support/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Calbright’s website\u003c/a>. The school will then continue to guide students through industry apprenticeships and certification programs, while covering any related fees, Huckaby said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ultimate goal is for Calbright officials to understand and meet student needs through every step of the experience, Huckaby said, noting that each student will be connected with a counselor to help “walk them through” the process. Although it’s all online, there is a constant human touch guiding folks through these program pathways.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Program pathways will also continually change in response to industry demand, Hucakby added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll be constantly taking the temperature of the labor market — what jobs need to be filled,” he said. “We’re focused on getting people jobs, not so much getting degrees.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As with the rest of the state’s community college system, there are no minimum academic requirements needed to register or enroll in Calbright, and tuition is entirely free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The school’s registration system came online at 8 a.m. Tuesday, and as of 1 p.m. about 250 students had already signed up, said Huckaby, noting that the initial enrollment window would close after the first 400 applications were received.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many questions, though, still remain about how the nascent virtual college will operate, particularly in light of the many obstacles it faces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"related coverage\" tag=\"community-college\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calbright is not accredited, a process that could take years. And the school has so far hired only six part-time faculty contractors and directors for each of its three programs. It has yet to hire any full-time teaching faculty, something it is just now starting to do, said Huckaby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March, the school’s newly appointed president, Heather Hiles, also drew heat after it surfaced that she had \u003ca class=\"external\" href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/2019/03/carolyn-carpeneti-online-college-contract-newsom-willie-brown/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pushed to grant a no-bid contract\u003c/a> of up to $500,000 to an executive recruiter friend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, while Calbright officials say they intend to partner with employers to host the three pathway programs, no such partnerships have been announced yet, although officials say they have been in talks with a number of labor organizations, including the Service Employees International Union.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reality is that they’re going to need at least 1½ to two years to really figure out what is the best way of supporting these learners, which no institutions, public or private, have really decided to support,” said Eloy Ortiz Oakley, chancellor of the state’s community college system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oakley also noted the pressure the college faces from the California Federation of Teachers, the union representing 30,000 community college employees, which has remained steadfastly opposed to the school since former Gov. Jerry Brown first proposed it years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CFT\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"https://edsource.org/2019/calbright-faces-questions-weeks-before-opening/615920\">claims the college\u003c/a> is violating the state’s education law by duplicating programs offered at other local community colleges, and just last month sent a \u003ca class=\"external\" href=\"https://mk0edsource0y23p672y.kinstacdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/CFT-letter-to-CCC-Governors.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">letter\u003c/a> to the community college’s board of trustees threatening a lawsuit against the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nothing has improved as far as we can tell,” said Jim Mahler, president of the Community College Council of the CFT, in an email, noting that there may be even more violations of state law than initially stated. “In fact, our concerns have grown.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oakley conceded that the lead-up to opening the new college hasn’t been perfect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have certainly made a few mistakes, which is understandable for any startup,” he said, adding that he expects school officials to closely examine the experience of the first group of students and make the necessary adjustments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These adult learners are in the most vulnerable industries, and many of whom have nothing more than a high school diploma,” he said. “Can we create a platform that really is robust enough and supportive enough to help them upscale before they either lose their job or continue to be underemployed?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Matthew Green of KQED News contributed reporting.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California’s first fully online, free community college opened for business Tuesday, allowing students to apply and register for a range of career pathway programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calbright College, the state’s 115th community college, aims to serve what it calls “stranded” California adults who are underemployed, working multiple part-time jobs or stuck in jobs that don’t pay living wages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Community Colleges system estimates that roughly 8 million adults, between 25 and 34, fall into this category. The college is currently offering three online programs, which will lead to industry certifications in \u003ca class=\"external\" href=\"https://www.calbright.org/working-adults/cybersecurity-support/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cybersecurity\u003c/a>, \u003ca class=\"external\" href=\"https://www.calbright.org/working-adults/it-support/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">information technology\u003c/a> and \u003ca class=\"external\" href=\"https://www.calbright.org/working-adults/medical-coding/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">medical coding\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rather than completing a certain number of classroom hours or achieving a specific grade, students will receive credit for the experience they’ve previously acquired in the workplace and will then have to demonstrate competency in a particular set of skills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re doing is pretty unique, not just in California but the whole country,” said Taylor Huckaby, Calbright’s communications director.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New students will first take a skills assessment and then enroll in a basic college and career preparation. They can then enroll in one of the three program pathways, all of which are self-paced and designed to be completed in under one year, according to \u003ca class=\"external\" href=\"https://www.calbright.org/working-adults/it-support/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Calbright’s website\u003c/a>. The school will then continue to guide students through industry apprenticeships and certification programs, while covering any related fees, Huckaby said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ultimate goal is for Calbright officials to understand and meet student needs through every step of the experience, Huckaby said, noting that each student will be connected with a counselor to help “walk them through” the process. Although it’s all online, there is a constant human touch guiding folks through these program pathways.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Program pathways will also continually change in response to industry demand, Hucakby added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll be constantly taking the temperature of the labor market — what jobs need to be filled,” he said. “We’re focused on getting people jobs, not so much getting degrees.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As with the rest of the state’s community college system, there are no minimum academic requirements needed to register or enroll in Calbright, and tuition is entirely free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The school’s registration system came online at 8 a.m. Tuesday, and as of 1 p.m. about 250 students had already signed up, said Huckaby, noting that the initial enrollment window would close after the first 400 applications were received.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many questions, though, still remain about how the nascent virtual college will operate, particularly in light of the many obstacles it faces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calbright is not accredited, a process that could take years. And the school has so far hired only six part-time faculty contractors and directors for each of its three programs. It has yet to hire any full-time teaching faculty, something it is just now starting to do, said Huckaby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March, the school’s newly appointed president, Heather Hiles, also drew heat after it surfaced that she had \u003ca class=\"external\" href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/2019/03/carolyn-carpeneti-online-college-contract-newsom-willie-brown/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pushed to grant a no-bid contract\u003c/a> of up to $500,000 to an executive recruiter friend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, while Calbright officials say they intend to partner with employers to host the three pathway programs, no such partnerships have been announced yet, although officials say they have been in talks with a number of labor organizations, including the Service Employees International Union.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reality is that they’re going to need at least 1½ to two years to really figure out what is the best way of supporting these learners, which no institutions, public or private, have really decided to support,” said Eloy Ortiz Oakley, chancellor of the state’s community college system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oakley also noted the pressure the college faces from the California Federation of Teachers, the union representing 30,000 community college employees, which has remained steadfastly opposed to the school since former Gov. Jerry Brown first proposed it years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CFT\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"https://edsource.org/2019/calbright-faces-questions-weeks-before-opening/615920\">claims the college\u003c/a> is violating the state’s education law by duplicating programs offered at other local community colleges, and just last month sent a \u003ca class=\"external\" href=\"https://mk0edsource0y23p672y.kinstacdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/CFT-letter-to-CCC-Governors.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">letter\u003c/a> to the community college’s board of trustees threatening a lawsuit against the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nothing has improved as far as we can tell,” said Jim Mahler, president of the Community College Council of the CFT, in an email, noting that there may be even more violations of state law than initially stated. “In fact, our concerns have grown.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cb>Whistleblower’s Complaint Sparks Impeachment Inquiry\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On Thursday, two days after she announced the start of a formal impeachment inquiry against President Trump, House Speaker Nancy Pelosi accused the White House of a “cover-up” in blocking access to a record of a call made in July between President Trump and the president of Ukraine. That call is at the center of a whistleblower’s complaint accusing Trump of pressuring the Ukrainian president to get election help by opening a corruption investigation into Democratic presidential candidate Joe Biden. Trump condemned the impeachment inquiry as a “witch hunt,” attacked the credibility and character of the whistleblower, and called for the resignation of House Judiciary Committee chairman Adam Schiff (D-Burbank). \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Guests:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Scott Shafer, KQED senior editor of Politics and Government\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jessica Taylor, NPR political reporter\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>OUSD Superintendent Kyla Johnson-Trammell\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kyla Johnson-Trammell is the superintendent of the Oakland Unified School District. As its top administrator, she oversees 83 public schools that serve the educational needs of nearly 37,000 children. But the district is facing funding deficits of millions of dollars, which has prompted layoffs, school closures and mergers. In March, it renegotiated a contract with the union representing its teachers, who went on a weeklong protest to demand higher wages and smaller class sizes. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Guest:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kyla Johnson-Trammell, OUSD superintendent\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>“Mask”\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For decades, National Geographic Explorer and photographer Chris Rainier has traveled the world documenting cultures and traditions in danger of disappearing. His latest book, “Mask,” is a collection of stunning images that Rainier spent more than 30 years capturing across six continents, from the remote highlands of New Guinea to the cedar forests in British Columbia.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rainier hopes his portraits not only help preserve mask rituals but also remind us of our shared connection to the natural world and the stories we tell about our place in it.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Guest:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chris Rainier, National Geographic photographer and author, “Mask”\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cb>Whistleblower’s Complaint Sparks Impeachment Inquiry\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On Thursday, two days after she announced the start of a formal impeachment inquiry against President Trump, House Speaker Nancy Pelosi accused the White House of a “cover-up” in blocking access to a record of a call made in July between President Trump and the president of Ukraine. That call is at the center of a whistleblower’s complaint accusing Trump of pressuring the Ukrainian president to get election help by opening a corruption investigation into Democratic presidential candidate Joe Biden. Trump condemned the impeachment inquiry as a “witch hunt,” attacked the credibility and character of the whistleblower, and called for the resignation of House Judiciary Committee chairman Adam Schiff (D-Burbank). \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Guests:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Scott Shafer, KQED senior editor of Politics and Government\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jessica Taylor, NPR political reporter\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>OUSD Superintendent Kyla Johnson-Trammell\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kyla Johnson-Trammell is the superintendent of the Oakland Unified School District. As its top administrator, she oversees 83 public schools that serve the educational needs of nearly 37,000 children. But the district is facing funding deficits of millions of dollars, which has prompted layoffs, school closures and mergers. In March, it renegotiated a contract with the union representing its teachers, who went on a weeklong protest to demand higher wages and smaller class sizes. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Guest:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kyla Johnson-Trammell, OUSD superintendent\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>“Mask”\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For decades, National Geographic Explorer and photographer Chris Rainier has traveled the world documenting cultures and traditions in danger of disappearing. His latest book, “Mask,” is a collection of stunning images that Rainier spent more than 30 years capturing across six continents, from the remote highlands of New Guinea to the cedar forests in British Columbia.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rainier hopes his portraits not only help preserve mask rituals but also remind us of our shared connection to the natural world and the stories we tell about our place in it.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Guest:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chris Rainier, National Geographic photographer and author, “Mask”\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The leaders of a local nonprofit that helped push a statewide rent cap through the Legislature this month are now focusing on building an African American housing union in Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 100 black residents, city leaders and advocates gathered at the West Oakland Branch of the Oakland Public Library on Saturday to discuss ways to fight displacement. It was the second town hall this summer. The first was held in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11775901\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11775901 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/MauriceHedgepeth-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Local Maurice Hedgepeth said he said he's here because he has a good job as a truck driver but can't see himself owning a home where he grew up.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Maurice Hedgepeth said he said he’s here because he has a good job as a truck driver but can’t see himself owning a home where he grew up. \u003ccite>(Sara Hossaini/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Standing outside the door of the packed room, local resident Maurice Hedgepeth said he came because he has a good job as a truck driver but can’t see himself owning a home where he grew up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was just hoping to hear that they were walking down the path of solutions that can help get a lot of us out of this problem,” said Hedgepeth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The meeting focused on educating people about housing rights, including a presentation from the city’s\u003ca href=\"https://www.oaklandca.gov/resources/rent-adjustment-program-guide-and-information-sheets\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Rent Adjustment Board\u003c/a> about what sorts of rent hikes are allowable and how to arbitrate illegal increases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11775896\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11775896 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/ArthurTenette-800x533.jpg\" alt='Former Black panther Arthur Tenette expressed frustration that black displacement, something he remembers battling decades ago, is still an ongoing issue. \"These babies are gonna figure out rent control before we figure out how to keep Black people in Oakland!\" said Tenette.' width=\"800\" height=\"533\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Former Black Panther Arthur Tenette expressed frustration that black displacement, something he remembers battling decades ago, is still an ongoing issue. “These babies are gonna figure out climate change before we figure out how to keep black people in Oakland!” said Tenette. \u003ccite>(Sara Hossaini/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It also focused on the housing discrimination black folks have historically faced in Oakland — such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11648307/has-oaklands-fruitvale-neighborhood-recovered-from-redlining\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">redlining\u003c/a> — with the ultimate goal of mobilizing those who are impacted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That included informing attendees about strategies that are already at play. For example, the \u003ca href=\"https://oakclt.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Oakland Community Land Trust \u003c/a>“removes land from the speculative market so that it serves low-income residents forever.” It is among the organizations that will benefit from \u003ca href=\"https://www.eastbayexpress.com/oakland/oaklands-bold-investment-to-address-displacement/Content?oid=26787512\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">$12 million\u003c/a> allocated in this year’s city budget to create a municipal fund supporting such trusts and limited equity housing cooperatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11775897\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11775897 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/CarolFife-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Carole Fife directs the Oakland Alliance of Californians for Community Empowerment, the group behind the event.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carroll Fife directs the Oakland Alliance of Californians for Community Empowerment, the group behind the event. \u003ccite>(Sara Hossaini/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We want to see a group of people who are ready to activate around policy changes, and folks who are willing to put their bodies on the line to do direct action the way that we do it,” said Carroll Fife, director of the Oakland Alliance of Californians for Community Empowerment, which organized the event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ACCE Oakland said it already has an anti-displacement chapter that meets every Thursday, as well as East and West Oakland chapters that meet twice a month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11775905\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11775905\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RoQuelJohnson-800x533.jpg\" alt='\"The crisis has been going on for many years,\" said resident RoQuel Johnson, \"and how do we as a community start really doing some action?\"' width=\"800\" height=\"533\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">“The crisis has been going on for many years,” said resident RocQuel Johnson, “and how do we as a community start really doing some action?” \u003ccite>(Sara Hossaini/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It was worth coming out,” said RocQuel Johnson, who still works downtown despite being pushed out of Oakland. “We need to get out and really start knocking on some doors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nascent Black Housing Union is a subcommittee that will look at how housing issues impact the black community and support homegrown solutions. A number of ACCE affiliates statewide are looking at expanding the Black Housing Union to other California cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11775902\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11775902 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/IMG_7814-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A panel featuring Darleen Flynn of the City of Oakland’s Department of Race & Equity, Chanee Franklin Minor of the City of Oakland’s Rent Adjustment Program, and Zachary Murray of the Oakland Community Land Trust discuss housing affordability and community land ownership at a Black Tenants Union meeting put on by ACCE in September 2019.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A panel — featuring Darlene Flynn of Oakland’s Department of Race & Equity, Chanee Franklin Minor of Oakland’s Rent Adjustment Program and Zachary Murray of the Oakland Community Land Trust — discusses housing affordability and community land ownership at a Black Housing Union meeting put on by ACCE in September 2019. \u003ccite>(Sara Hossaini/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11775898\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11775898 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/KaiJohnson-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Laney College student Kai Johnson said he heard about the meeting from his political science teacher. "Not only will I get extra credit," said Johnson, "but I'm trying to stay in Oakland, I'm just trying not to move from the Bay Area, so I'm trying to figure out ways to keep black people in Oakland."\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Laney College student Kai Johnson heard about the meeting from his political science teacher. “Not only will I get extra credit,” said Johnson, “but I’m trying to stay in Oakland, I’m just trying not to move from the Bay Area, so I’m trying to figure out ways to keep black people in Oakland.” \u003ccite>(Sara Hossaini/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11775899\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11775899 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/IMG_7820-800x533.jpg\" alt='David Peters is a third generation West Oakland resident. \"The vacancy tax is running black people out of Oakland,\" said Peters, \"My family has historically housed black people; How do we create union between tenants rights and historical black multi-generation property owners so we are not pushed out by white techies who are using the rent rules to allow them with their high salaries to come into our properties? \"' width=\"800\" height=\"533\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Peters is a third-generation West Oakland resident. “The vacancy tax is running black people out of Oakland,” said Peters. “My family has historically housed black people. How do we create union between tenants rights and historical black multigeneration property owners so we are not pushed out by white techies who are using the rent rules to allow them with their high salaries to come into our properties?” \u003ccite>(Sara Hossaini/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The leaders of a local nonprofit that helped push a statewide rent cap through the Legislature this month are now focusing on building an African American housing union in Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 100 black residents, city leaders and advocates gathered at the West Oakland Branch of the Oakland Public Library on Saturday to discuss ways to fight displacement. It was the second town hall this summer. The first was held in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11775901\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11775901 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/MauriceHedgepeth-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Local Maurice Hedgepeth said he said he's here because he has a good job as a truck driver but can't see himself owning a home where he grew up.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Maurice Hedgepeth said he said he’s here because he has a good job as a truck driver but can’t see himself owning a home where he grew up. \u003ccite>(Sara Hossaini/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Standing outside the door of the packed room, local resident Maurice Hedgepeth said he came because he has a good job as a truck driver but can’t see himself owning a home where he grew up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was just hoping to hear that they were walking down the path of solutions that can help get a lot of us out of this problem,” said Hedgepeth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The meeting focused on educating people about housing rights, including a presentation from the city’s\u003ca href=\"https://www.oaklandca.gov/resources/rent-adjustment-program-guide-and-information-sheets\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Rent Adjustment Board\u003c/a> about what sorts of rent hikes are allowable and how to arbitrate illegal increases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11775896\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11775896 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/ArthurTenette-800x533.jpg\" alt='Former Black panther Arthur Tenette expressed frustration that black displacement, something he remembers battling decades ago, is still an ongoing issue. \"These babies are gonna figure out rent control before we figure out how to keep Black people in Oakland!\" said Tenette.' width=\"800\" height=\"533\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Former Black Panther Arthur Tenette expressed frustration that black displacement, something he remembers battling decades ago, is still an ongoing issue. “These babies are gonna figure out climate change before we figure out how to keep black people in Oakland!” said Tenette. \u003ccite>(Sara Hossaini/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It also focused on the housing discrimination black folks have historically faced in Oakland — such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11648307/has-oaklands-fruitvale-neighborhood-recovered-from-redlining\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">redlining\u003c/a> — with the ultimate goal of mobilizing those who are impacted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That included informing attendees about strategies that are already at play. For example, the \u003ca href=\"https://oakclt.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Oakland Community Land Trust \u003c/a>“removes land from the speculative market so that it serves low-income residents forever.” It is among the organizations that will benefit from \u003ca href=\"https://www.eastbayexpress.com/oakland/oaklands-bold-investment-to-address-displacement/Content?oid=26787512\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">$12 million\u003c/a> allocated in this year’s city budget to create a municipal fund supporting such trusts and limited equity housing cooperatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11775897\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11775897 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/CarolFife-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Carole Fife directs the Oakland Alliance of Californians for Community Empowerment, the group behind the event.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carroll Fife directs the Oakland Alliance of Californians for Community Empowerment, the group behind the event. \u003ccite>(Sara Hossaini/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We want to see a group of people who are ready to activate around policy changes, and folks who are willing to put their bodies on the line to do direct action the way that we do it,” said Carroll Fife, director of the Oakland Alliance of Californians for Community Empowerment, which organized the event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ACCE Oakland said it already has an anti-displacement chapter that meets every Thursday, as well as East and West Oakland chapters that meet twice a month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11775905\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11775905\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RoQuelJohnson-800x533.jpg\" alt='\"The crisis has been going on for many years,\" said resident RoQuel Johnson, \"and how do we as a community start really doing some action?\"' width=\"800\" height=\"533\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">“The crisis has been going on for many years,” said resident RocQuel Johnson, “and how do we as a community start really doing some action?” \u003ccite>(Sara Hossaini/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It was worth coming out,” said RocQuel Johnson, who still works downtown despite being pushed out of Oakland. “We need to get out and really start knocking on some doors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nascent Black Housing Union is a subcommittee that will look at how housing issues impact the black community and support homegrown solutions. A number of ACCE affiliates statewide are looking at expanding the Black Housing Union to other California cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11775902\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11775902 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/IMG_7814-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A panel featuring Darleen Flynn of the City of Oakland’s Department of Race & Equity, Chanee Franklin Minor of the City of Oakland’s Rent Adjustment Program, and Zachary Murray of the Oakland Community Land Trust discuss housing affordability and community land ownership at a Black Tenants Union meeting put on by ACCE in September 2019.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A panel — featuring Darlene Flynn of Oakland’s Department of Race & Equity, Chanee Franklin Minor of Oakland’s Rent Adjustment Program and Zachary Murray of the Oakland Community Land Trust — discusses housing affordability and community land ownership at a Black Housing Union meeting put on by ACCE in September 2019. \u003ccite>(Sara Hossaini/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11775898\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11775898 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/KaiJohnson-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Laney College student Kai Johnson said he heard about the meeting from his political science teacher. "Not only will I get extra credit," said Johnson, "but I'm trying to stay in Oakland, I'm just trying not to move from the Bay Area, so I'm trying to figure out ways to keep black people in Oakland."\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Laney College student Kai Johnson heard about the meeting from his political science teacher. “Not only will I get extra credit,” said Johnson, “but I’m trying to stay in Oakland, I’m just trying not to move from the Bay Area, so I’m trying to figure out ways to keep black people in Oakland.” \u003ccite>(Sara Hossaini/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11775899\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11775899 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/IMG_7820-800x533.jpg\" alt='David Peters is a third generation West Oakland resident. \"The vacancy tax is running black people out of Oakland,\" said Peters, \"My family has historically housed black people; How do we create union between tenants rights and historical black multi-generation property owners so we are not pushed out by white techies who are using the rent rules to allow them with their high salaries to come into our properties? \"' width=\"800\" height=\"533\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Peters is a third-generation West Oakland resident. “The vacancy tax is running black people out of Oakland,” said Peters. “My family has historically housed black people. How do we create union between tenants rights and historical black multigeneration property owners so we are not pushed out by white techies who are using the rent rules to allow them with their high salaries to come into our properties?” \u003ccite>(Sara Hossaini/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"slug": "golden-state-plate-rocky-road-ice-creams-bumpy-history",
"title": "Golden State Plate: Rocky Road Ice Cream's Bumpy History",
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"headTitle": "Golden State Plate: Rocky Road Ice Cream’s Bumpy History | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>It’s hard to imagine in this era of salted caramel and matcha tea, but there was a time when the American ice cream palate was limited to chocolate, vanilla and strawberry. The invention of Rocky Road in the 1920s changed the ice cream game with “mix-ins”: adding the bumpy texture of nuts, and the soft, pillowy chew of marshmallows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though nearly a century has passed since Rocky Road was invented, it is still beloved and immortalized by the likes of “Weird Al” Yankovic:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=beTsDOBRs8I\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s still a dispute over just who thought up the recipe for Rocky Road ice cream: \u003ca href=\"https://www.fentonscreamery.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fenton’s Creamery \u003c/a>or \u003ca href=\"https://www.dreyers.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dreyer’s Grand Ice Cream\u003c/a>. The one certain thing is that the flavor was invented in Oakland, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>An Antidote to the Great Depression\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11775012\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39102_LocalFoodAdventures_TL2018-30-qut-e1569096415336-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"Tour guide Lauren Herpich, of Local Food Adventures, holds up historical photos as she gives an ice cream tour of Oakland's Rockridge neighborhood. \" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11775012\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39102_LocalFoodAdventures_TL2018-30-qut-e1569096415336-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39102_LocalFoodAdventures_TL2018-30-qut-e1569096415336-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39102_LocalFoodAdventures_TL2018-30-qut-e1569096415336-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39102_LocalFoodAdventures_TL2018-30-qut-e1569096415336-900x1200.jpg 900w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39102_LocalFoodAdventures_TL2018-30-qut-e1569096415336-1122x1496.jpg 1122w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39102_LocalFoodAdventures_TL2018-30-qut-e1569096415336-840x1120.jpg 840w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39102_LocalFoodAdventures_TL2018-30-qut-e1569096415336-687x916.jpg 687w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39102_LocalFoodAdventures_TL2018-30-qut-e1569096415336-414x552.jpg 414w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39102_LocalFoodAdventures_TL2018-30-qut-e1569096415336-354x472.jpg 354w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39102_LocalFoodAdventures_TL2018-30-qut-e1569096415336.jpg 1260w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tour guide Lauren Herpich, of Local Food Adventures, holds up historical photos as she gives an ice cream tour of Oakland’s Rockridge neighborhood. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Local Food Adventures)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“So the real story goes: there was a man named William Dreyer. He was a German immigrant. He loved making ice cream and so he made it out of a candy shop,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.localfoodadventures.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Local Tour Adventures\u003c/a> guide Lauren Herpich, whom I joined for an \u003ca href=\"https://www.localfoodadventures.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ice cream tour\u003c/a> of College Avenue — a tiny shopping district running through North Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The street is home to the original headquarters of Dreyer’s Grand Ice Cream, which was founded in 1928.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A year after its opening, the American stock market crashed. Shantytowns consequently developed along Oakland’s waterfront.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So William Dreyer decides ‘what I want to do is make a new ice cream flavor that puts a smile on people’s faces during this rocky road of life. Aha!’” Herpich exclaimed to the tour group as she handed out little cups of Rocky Road for us to sample.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rocky Road becomes America’s first blockbuster ice cream flavor after chocolate, vanilla, and strawberry. So really, we can say thanks to Mr. Dreyer for starting the whole idea of new ice cream flavors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is the official \u003ca href=\"https://www.nestle.com/aboutus/history/nestle-company-history/dreyers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">story\u003c/a> from Dreyer’s, too, and William Dreyer — working with candy maker Joseph Edy — came up with the slogan “Share a scoop, share a smile.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11775330\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 572px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11775330\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39241_dreyers-vintage-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"572\" height=\"276\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39241_dreyers-vintage-qut.jpg 572w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39241_dreyers-vintage-qut-160x77.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 572px) 100vw, 572px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rocky Road is still one of the most popular ice cream flavors in the U.S. \u003ccite>(Used with permission by Nestle. NESTLÉ® and Dreyer's are registered trademarks of Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Vevey, Switzerland.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Dreyer apparently figured out how to cut up the marshmallows with his wife’s sewing shears and folded them into chocolate ice cream. The story is repeated by John Harrison, the guy who invented Cookies ‘N Cream ice cream and some 75 other new flavors for Dreyer’s starting in the 1980s. Harrison used to sample flavors with a gold spoon, and his taste buds were famously insured for a million dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_RWcqJ4LHM8\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[It was] the first time marshmallow was ever used in ice cream,” Harrison told an interviewer in 2011. He was also part of an\u003ca href=\"http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/ROHO/projects/dreyers/index.html\"> oral history project\u003c/a> with UC Berkeley’s Bancroft Library, documenting the long history of Dreyer’s Grand Ice Cream in Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But the only marshmallow that was available in 1929 was the large fireside marshmallow that their wives used to cut up, bite-size. You can’t put a whole. Wouldn’t work,” Harrison explained, making gummy chewing sounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harrison said William Dreyer adapted a popular candy of the period, made with marshmallows and walnuts — using almonds instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11775368\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 572px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11775368\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39242_dreyers-truck-vintage-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"572\" height=\"276\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39242_dreyers-truck-vintage-qut.jpg 572w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39242_dreyers-truck-vintage-qut-160x77.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 572px) 100vw, 572px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Early Dreyer’s ice cream trucks operated with huge blocks of ice to keep the Rocky Road cool. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Nestle. (NESTLÉ® and Dreyer's are registered trademarks of Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Vevey, Switzerland.))\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The candy and ice cream industry has been interwoven since day one,” Harrison said. “Originally, it was walnuts, but it didn’t have that bite, that crispness, that freshness, lasting. It’s too porous. It absorbs and gets soggy. “\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dreyer’s has expanded well beyond Oakland since. It was bought by Nestle in 2002 and its ice cream is stocked in nearly every supermarket freezer (either as Dreyer’s or Edy’s on the East Coast.) Nestlé continues to market the brand and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nestle.com/aboutus/history/nestle-company-history/dreyers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">claim\u003c/a> that Dreyer invented Rocky Road.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Walnuts vs. Almonds\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11775091\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11775091\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/rocky-road-w-menu-2-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/rocky-road-w-menu-2-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/rocky-road-w-menu-2-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/rocky-road-w-menu-2-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/rocky-road-w-menu-2-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/rocky-road-w-menu-2-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/rocky-road-w-menu-2-1832x1374.jpg 1832w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/rocky-road-w-menu-2-1376x1032.jpg 1376w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/rocky-road-w-menu-2-1044x783.jpg 1044w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/rocky-road-w-menu-2-632x474.jpg 632w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/rocky-road-w-menu-2-536x402.jpg 536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/rocky-road-w-menu-2.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Fenton’s Rocky Road sundae. Fenton’s Creamery has not done much to advertise its claim to Rocky Road, although it does mention it on the menu. \u003ccite>(Suzie Racho/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Just down the road from where Dreyer’s got its start in Oakland, there’s another much smaller ice cream company that also claims to have invented Rocky Road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11775053\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-11775053\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39118_best-of-whidden-and-RR-qut-1-e1569096311914-800x1060.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"397\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39118_best-of-whidden-and-RR-qut-1-e1569096311914-800x1060.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39118_best-of-whidden-and-RR-qut-1-e1569096311914-160x212.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39118_best-of-whidden-and-RR-qut-1-e1569096311914-1020x1351.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39118_best-of-whidden-and-RR-qut-1-e1569096311914-906x1200.jpg 906w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39118_best-of-whidden-and-RR-qut-1-e1569096311914.jpg 1214w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fenton’s owner and Master Blender Scott Whidden showing off a new batch of Rocky Road with longtime Fenton’s ice cream maker Alfredo Macias. \u003ccite>(Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At Fenton’s Creamery, owner and master blender Scott Whidden holds a tub under a spigot churning out fresh chocolate ice cream. He puts in fistfuls of nuts and marshmallows that he scoops from plastic tubs. He, however, adds walnuts instead of almonds — just like the original candy bar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m looking for equal parts [in each bite],” explained Whidden over the whirring ice cream machine. “If you have a marshmallow, I want you to have maybe one or two of the walnuts,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whidden said small-batch and handmade is the way Fenton’s has made its ice cream since the 1920s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That, he said, is when Melvin Fenton — grandson of the original owner — came up with the idea for Rocky Road. There’s a picture of him in the parlor, where dozens of families are sitting in red vinyl booths enjoying giant sundaes in old-fashioned glass dishes. In the photo, Melvin Fenton is loading fresh cream off of a tiny airplane that he flew as an amateur pilot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Melvin was like the black sheep of the family,” said Whidden. More like a wildcat and an inventor who could see beyond the trifecta of vanilla, chocolate and strawberry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11775078\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11775078\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39105_MELVIN_AIRPLANE_DIVCO-qut-800x529.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"529\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39105_MELVIN_AIRPLANE_DIVCO-qut-800x529.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39105_MELVIN_AIRPLANE_DIVCO-qut-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39105_MELVIN_AIRPLANE_DIVCO-qut-1020x674.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39105_MELVIN_AIRPLANE_DIVCO-qut-1200x793.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39105_MELVIN_AIRPLANE_DIVCO-qut.jpg 1298w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Melvin Fenton loading fresh cream off an airplane into a delivery truck. Fenton’s claims that Melvin invented Rocky Road. Photo Courtesy Fenton’s Creamery. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Fenton's Ice Cream)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“He’s a visionary,” said Whidden. “Forward-thinking guy. And he goes, ‘Whoa. Mix-ins!’ So the thought process on it was, we’re into the depression, it’s bad times. Smooth ice cream, and then there’s these bumps, it gets rocky.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That sounds familiar: Rocky Road, the bumpy road of life during the Depression. Chocolate, marshmallows, nuts.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>An Ice Cream Expert Weighs In \u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11775079\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 303px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11775079 \" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39095_Amy-Ettinger-qut-e1568841953603-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"303\" height=\"404\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39095_Amy-Ettinger-qut-e1568841953603-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39095_Amy-Ettinger-qut-e1568841953603-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39095_Amy-Ettinger-qut-e1568841953603-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39095_Amy-Ettinger-qut-e1568841953603-900x1200.jpg 900w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39095_Amy-Ettinger-qut-e1568841953603-1122x1496.jpg 1122w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39095_Amy-Ettinger-qut-e1568841953603-840x1120.jpg 840w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39095_Amy-Ettinger-qut-e1568841953603-687x916.jpg 687w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39095_Amy-Ettinger-qut-e1568841953603-414x552.jpg 414w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39095_Amy-Ettinger-qut-e1568841953603-354x472.jpg 354w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39095_Amy-Ettinger-qut-e1568841953603.jpg 1440w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 303px) 100vw, 303px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Amy Ettinger says Rocky Road was the flavor of her childhood. Here she is at Fenton’s Creamery enjoying a sundae. \u003ccite>(Suzie Racho/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These days, Rocky Road is still one of Fenton’s top-selling flavors. They serve it up in giant scoops and decadent sundaes. When I visited Fenton’s, \u003ca href=\"http://amyettinger.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Amy Ettinger \u003c/a>and I ordered sundaes with whipped cream and cherries —gleefully fishing for the walnuts and marshmallows. Ettinger is an ice cream historian, the author of “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11593783/vanilla-chocolate-strawberry-and-oyster-a-year-of-ice-cream\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sweet Spot, An Ice Cream Binge Across America\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very common in ice cream history to have these kinds of disputes,” said Ettinger. “The 1904 World’s Fair was when the ice cream cone was invented and six different vendors claimed that they were the ones who invented it. Unless you have a time machine, or you know you were actually the inventor, there’s no way really to tell.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ettinger said Rocky Road is the flavor of her childhood. But not this Rocky Road: the Dreyer’s with the almonds you can buy at the grocery store. She said she feels a little sheepish saying that, because it’s kind of a David and Goliath story: the mom and pop parlor versus what is today a multinational giant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s very interesting is Fenton’s is a very beloved Bay Area institution,” said Ettinger. “But it is not well known outside of the Bay Area. So regardless of who actually invented it, Dreyer’s is hands down the marketer of Rocky Road. They built their brand on the invention and the marketing of Rocky Road. Just because the other company is the one that got the word out about it, doesn’t mean that Fenton’s didn’t invent it. There’s no way for us to know.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11775082\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11775082\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39090_sundae-beauty-pageant-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39090_sundae-beauty-pageant-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39090_sundae-beauty-pageant-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39090_sundae-beauty-pageant-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39090_sundae-beauty-pageant-qut-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39090_sundae-beauty-pageant-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39090_sundae-beauty-pageant-qut-1832x1374.jpg 1832w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39090_sundae-beauty-pageant-qut-1376x1032.jpg 1376w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39090_sundae-beauty-pageant-qut-1044x783.jpg 1044w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39090_sundae-beauty-pageant-qut-632x474.jpg 632w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39090_sundae-beauty-pageant-qut-536x402.jpg 536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fenton’s is known for its decadent sundaes, including those made with Rocky Road. \u003ccite>(Suzie Racho/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are other theories too:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside tag='golden-state-plate' label='Our Golden State Plate series']\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Fenton’s original candy maker, George Farren, was friends with Dreyer and so perhaps he shared his idea for a Rocky Road ice cream based on the candy with both ice cream companies. It’s unclear whether the original candy bar popular in the 1920s was called Rocky Road. There’s still a Rocky Road candy bar today, invented in San Francisco in the 1950s, that uses cashews. It’s all a bit nutty!\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Fenton’s owner Scott Whidden claimed Dreyer’s just stole the credit, even though they knew Fenton’s had invented it. Whidden said Dreyer’s former president Ken Cook, who ran Dreyer’s from 1963-1977, was his mentor. The one who actually encouraged him to buy Fenton’s and admitted to him that Fenton’s actually invented Rocky Road. Cook passed away in 1991, so there’s no way to verify that claim, although the online publication Quartzy tried to \u003ca href=\"https://qz.com/quartzy/1376713/who-invented-rocky-road-ice-cream-its-complicated/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">track it down\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Then there’s the even more radical theory that, in fact, Rocky Road was born in Topeka, Kansas. There is a recipe in a candy cookbook printed there that predates either Fenton’s or Dreyer’s. It calls for honey whip instead of marshmallows.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11775080\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11775080\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/Screen-Shot-2019-09-17-at-1.21.14-PM-800x624.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"624\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/Screen-Shot-2019-09-17-at-1.21.14-PM-800x624.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/Screen-Shot-2019-09-17-at-1.21.14-PM-160x125.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/Screen-Shot-2019-09-17-at-1.21.14-PM.png 982w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rigby’s Reliable Candy Teacher (this edition published 1920 in Topeka, Kansas) includes a recipe for Rocky Road that predates either Fenton’s or Dreyer’s.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ice cream expert Amy Ettinger said this theory doesn’t count. Rocky Road definitely came from Oakland. And who cares who invented it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At the end of the day I don’t know that it matters,” said Ettinger. I mean, if both places are creating really good scoops of Rocky Road ice cream now, and they both have their little twist on it. How important is it who the original inventor was?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "The historical dispute between two California ice cream makers over who invented one of America's most popular flavors. ",
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"title": "Golden State Plate: Rocky Road Ice Cream's Bumpy History | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s hard to imagine in this era of salted caramel and matcha tea, but there was a time when the American ice cream palate was limited to chocolate, vanilla and strawberry. The invention of Rocky Road in the 1920s changed the ice cream game with “mix-ins”: adding the bumpy texture of nuts, and the soft, pillowy chew of marshmallows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though nearly a century has passed since Rocky Road was invented, it is still beloved and immortalized by the likes of “Weird Al” Yankovic:\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/beTsDOBRs8I'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/beTsDOBRs8I'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>But there’s still a dispute over just who thought up the recipe for Rocky Road ice cream: \u003ca href=\"https://www.fentonscreamery.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fenton’s Creamery \u003c/a>or \u003ca href=\"https://www.dreyers.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dreyer’s Grand Ice Cream\u003c/a>. The one certain thing is that the flavor was invented in Oakland, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>An Antidote to the Great Depression\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11775012\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39102_LocalFoodAdventures_TL2018-30-qut-e1569096415336-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"Tour guide Lauren Herpich, of Local Food Adventures, holds up historical photos as she gives an ice cream tour of Oakland's Rockridge neighborhood. \" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11775012\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39102_LocalFoodAdventures_TL2018-30-qut-e1569096415336-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39102_LocalFoodAdventures_TL2018-30-qut-e1569096415336-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39102_LocalFoodAdventures_TL2018-30-qut-e1569096415336-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39102_LocalFoodAdventures_TL2018-30-qut-e1569096415336-900x1200.jpg 900w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39102_LocalFoodAdventures_TL2018-30-qut-e1569096415336-1122x1496.jpg 1122w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39102_LocalFoodAdventures_TL2018-30-qut-e1569096415336-840x1120.jpg 840w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39102_LocalFoodAdventures_TL2018-30-qut-e1569096415336-687x916.jpg 687w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39102_LocalFoodAdventures_TL2018-30-qut-e1569096415336-414x552.jpg 414w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39102_LocalFoodAdventures_TL2018-30-qut-e1569096415336-354x472.jpg 354w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39102_LocalFoodAdventures_TL2018-30-qut-e1569096415336.jpg 1260w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tour guide Lauren Herpich, of Local Food Adventures, holds up historical photos as she gives an ice cream tour of Oakland’s Rockridge neighborhood. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Local Food Adventures)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“So the real story goes: there was a man named William Dreyer. He was a German immigrant. He loved making ice cream and so he made it out of a candy shop,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.localfoodadventures.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Local Tour Adventures\u003c/a> guide Lauren Herpich, whom I joined for an \u003ca href=\"https://www.localfoodadventures.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ice cream tour\u003c/a> of College Avenue — a tiny shopping district running through North Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The street is home to the original headquarters of Dreyer’s Grand Ice Cream, which was founded in 1928.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A year after its opening, the American stock market crashed. Shantytowns consequently developed along Oakland’s waterfront.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So William Dreyer decides ‘what I want to do is make a new ice cream flavor that puts a smile on people’s faces during this rocky road of life. Aha!’” Herpich exclaimed to the tour group as she handed out little cups of Rocky Road for us to sample.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rocky Road becomes America’s first blockbuster ice cream flavor after chocolate, vanilla, and strawberry. So really, we can say thanks to Mr. Dreyer for starting the whole idea of new ice cream flavors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is the official \u003ca href=\"https://www.nestle.com/aboutus/history/nestle-company-history/dreyers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">story\u003c/a> from Dreyer’s, too, and William Dreyer — working with candy maker Joseph Edy — came up with the slogan “Share a scoop, share a smile.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11775330\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 572px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11775330\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39241_dreyers-vintage-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"572\" height=\"276\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39241_dreyers-vintage-qut.jpg 572w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39241_dreyers-vintage-qut-160x77.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 572px) 100vw, 572px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rocky Road is still one of the most popular ice cream flavors in the U.S. \u003ccite>(Used with permission by Nestle. NESTLÉ® and Dreyer's are registered trademarks of Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Vevey, Switzerland.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Dreyer apparently figured out how to cut up the marshmallows with his wife’s sewing shears and folded them into chocolate ice cream. The story is repeated by John Harrison, the guy who invented Cookies ‘N Cream ice cream and some 75 other new flavors for Dreyer’s starting in the 1980s. Harrison used to sample flavors with a gold spoon, and his taste buds were famously insured for a million dollars.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/_RWcqJ4LHM8'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/_RWcqJ4LHM8'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>“[It was] the first time marshmallow was ever used in ice cream,” Harrison told an interviewer in 2011. He was also part of an\u003ca href=\"http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/ROHO/projects/dreyers/index.html\"> oral history project\u003c/a> with UC Berkeley’s Bancroft Library, documenting the long history of Dreyer’s Grand Ice Cream in Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But the only marshmallow that was available in 1929 was the large fireside marshmallow that their wives used to cut up, bite-size. You can’t put a whole. Wouldn’t work,” Harrison explained, making gummy chewing sounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harrison said William Dreyer adapted a popular candy of the period, made with marshmallows and walnuts — using almonds instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11775368\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 572px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11775368\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39242_dreyers-truck-vintage-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"572\" height=\"276\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39242_dreyers-truck-vintage-qut.jpg 572w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39242_dreyers-truck-vintage-qut-160x77.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 572px) 100vw, 572px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Early Dreyer’s ice cream trucks operated with huge blocks of ice to keep the Rocky Road cool. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Nestle. (NESTLÉ® and Dreyer's are registered trademarks of Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Vevey, Switzerland.))\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The candy and ice cream industry has been interwoven since day one,” Harrison said. “Originally, it was walnuts, but it didn’t have that bite, that crispness, that freshness, lasting. It’s too porous. It absorbs and gets soggy. “\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dreyer’s has expanded well beyond Oakland since. It was bought by Nestle in 2002 and its ice cream is stocked in nearly every supermarket freezer (either as Dreyer’s or Edy’s on the East Coast.) Nestlé continues to market the brand and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nestle.com/aboutus/history/nestle-company-history/dreyers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">claim\u003c/a> that Dreyer invented Rocky Road.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Walnuts vs. Almonds\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11775091\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11775091\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/rocky-road-w-menu-2-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/rocky-road-w-menu-2-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/rocky-road-w-menu-2-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/rocky-road-w-menu-2-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/rocky-road-w-menu-2-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/rocky-road-w-menu-2-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/rocky-road-w-menu-2-1832x1374.jpg 1832w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/rocky-road-w-menu-2-1376x1032.jpg 1376w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/rocky-road-w-menu-2-1044x783.jpg 1044w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/rocky-road-w-menu-2-632x474.jpg 632w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/rocky-road-w-menu-2-536x402.jpg 536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/rocky-road-w-menu-2.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Fenton’s Rocky Road sundae. Fenton’s Creamery has not done much to advertise its claim to Rocky Road, although it does mention it on the menu. \u003ccite>(Suzie Racho/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Just down the road from where Dreyer’s got its start in Oakland, there’s another much smaller ice cream company that also claims to have invented Rocky Road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11775053\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-11775053\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39118_best-of-whidden-and-RR-qut-1-e1569096311914-800x1060.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"397\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39118_best-of-whidden-and-RR-qut-1-e1569096311914-800x1060.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39118_best-of-whidden-and-RR-qut-1-e1569096311914-160x212.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39118_best-of-whidden-and-RR-qut-1-e1569096311914-1020x1351.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39118_best-of-whidden-and-RR-qut-1-e1569096311914-906x1200.jpg 906w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39118_best-of-whidden-and-RR-qut-1-e1569096311914.jpg 1214w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fenton’s owner and Master Blender Scott Whidden showing off a new batch of Rocky Road with longtime Fenton’s ice cream maker Alfredo Macias. \u003ccite>(Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At Fenton’s Creamery, owner and master blender Scott Whidden holds a tub under a spigot churning out fresh chocolate ice cream. He puts in fistfuls of nuts and marshmallows that he scoops from plastic tubs. He, however, adds walnuts instead of almonds — just like the original candy bar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m looking for equal parts [in each bite],” explained Whidden over the whirring ice cream machine. “If you have a marshmallow, I want you to have maybe one or two of the walnuts,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whidden said small-batch and handmade is the way Fenton’s has made its ice cream since the 1920s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That, he said, is when Melvin Fenton — grandson of the original owner — came up with the idea for Rocky Road. There’s a picture of him in the parlor, where dozens of families are sitting in red vinyl booths enjoying giant sundaes in old-fashioned glass dishes. In the photo, Melvin Fenton is loading fresh cream off of a tiny airplane that he flew as an amateur pilot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Melvin was like the black sheep of the family,” said Whidden. More like a wildcat and an inventor who could see beyond the trifecta of vanilla, chocolate and strawberry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11775078\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11775078\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39105_MELVIN_AIRPLANE_DIVCO-qut-800x529.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"529\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39105_MELVIN_AIRPLANE_DIVCO-qut-800x529.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39105_MELVIN_AIRPLANE_DIVCO-qut-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39105_MELVIN_AIRPLANE_DIVCO-qut-1020x674.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39105_MELVIN_AIRPLANE_DIVCO-qut-1200x793.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39105_MELVIN_AIRPLANE_DIVCO-qut.jpg 1298w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Melvin Fenton loading fresh cream off an airplane into a delivery truck. Fenton’s claims that Melvin invented Rocky Road. Photo Courtesy Fenton’s Creamery. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Fenton's Ice Cream)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“He’s a visionary,” said Whidden. “Forward-thinking guy. And he goes, ‘Whoa. Mix-ins!’ So the thought process on it was, we’re into the depression, it’s bad times. Smooth ice cream, and then there’s these bumps, it gets rocky.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That sounds familiar: Rocky Road, the bumpy road of life during the Depression. Chocolate, marshmallows, nuts.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>An Ice Cream Expert Weighs In \u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11775079\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 303px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11775079 \" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39095_Amy-Ettinger-qut-e1568841953603-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"303\" height=\"404\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39095_Amy-Ettinger-qut-e1568841953603-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39095_Amy-Ettinger-qut-e1568841953603-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39095_Amy-Ettinger-qut-e1568841953603-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39095_Amy-Ettinger-qut-e1568841953603-900x1200.jpg 900w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39095_Amy-Ettinger-qut-e1568841953603-1122x1496.jpg 1122w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39095_Amy-Ettinger-qut-e1568841953603-840x1120.jpg 840w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39095_Amy-Ettinger-qut-e1568841953603-687x916.jpg 687w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39095_Amy-Ettinger-qut-e1568841953603-414x552.jpg 414w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39095_Amy-Ettinger-qut-e1568841953603-354x472.jpg 354w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39095_Amy-Ettinger-qut-e1568841953603.jpg 1440w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 303px) 100vw, 303px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Amy Ettinger says Rocky Road was the flavor of her childhood. Here she is at Fenton’s Creamery enjoying a sundae. \u003ccite>(Suzie Racho/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These days, Rocky Road is still one of Fenton’s top-selling flavors. They serve it up in giant scoops and decadent sundaes. When I visited Fenton’s, \u003ca href=\"http://amyettinger.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Amy Ettinger \u003c/a>and I ordered sundaes with whipped cream and cherries —gleefully fishing for the walnuts and marshmallows. Ettinger is an ice cream historian, the author of “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11593783/vanilla-chocolate-strawberry-and-oyster-a-year-of-ice-cream\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sweet Spot, An Ice Cream Binge Across America\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very common in ice cream history to have these kinds of disputes,” said Ettinger. “The 1904 World’s Fair was when the ice cream cone was invented and six different vendors claimed that they were the ones who invented it. Unless you have a time machine, or you know you were actually the inventor, there’s no way really to tell.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ettinger said Rocky Road is the flavor of her childhood. But not this Rocky Road: the Dreyer’s with the almonds you can buy at the grocery store. She said she feels a little sheepish saying that, because it’s kind of a David and Goliath story: the mom and pop parlor versus what is today a multinational giant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s very interesting is Fenton’s is a very beloved Bay Area institution,” said Ettinger. “But it is not well known outside of the Bay Area. So regardless of who actually invented it, Dreyer’s is hands down the marketer of Rocky Road. They built their brand on the invention and the marketing of Rocky Road. Just because the other company is the one that got the word out about it, doesn’t mean that Fenton’s didn’t invent it. There’s no way for us to know.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11775082\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11775082\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39090_sundae-beauty-pageant-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39090_sundae-beauty-pageant-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39090_sundae-beauty-pageant-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39090_sundae-beauty-pageant-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39090_sundae-beauty-pageant-qut-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39090_sundae-beauty-pageant-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39090_sundae-beauty-pageant-qut-1832x1374.jpg 1832w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39090_sundae-beauty-pageant-qut-1376x1032.jpg 1376w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39090_sundae-beauty-pageant-qut-1044x783.jpg 1044w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39090_sundae-beauty-pageant-qut-632x474.jpg 632w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RS39090_sundae-beauty-pageant-qut-536x402.jpg 536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fenton’s is known for its decadent sundaes, including those made with Rocky Road. \u003ccite>(Suzie Racho/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are other theories too:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Fenton’s original candy maker, George Farren, was friends with Dreyer and so perhaps he shared his idea for a Rocky Road ice cream based on the candy with both ice cream companies. It’s unclear whether the original candy bar popular in the 1920s was called Rocky Road. There’s still a Rocky Road candy bar today, invented in San Francisco in the 1950s, that uses cashews. It’s all a bit nutty!\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Fenton’s owner Scott Whidden claimed Dreyer’s just stole the credit, even though they knew Fenton’s had invented it. Whidden said Dreyer’s former president Ken Cook, who ran Dreyer’s from 1963-1977, was his mentor. The one who actually encouraged him to buy Fenton’s and admitted to him that Fenton’s actually invented Rocky Road. Cook passed away in 1991, so there’s no way to verify that claim, although the online publication Quartzy tried to \u003ca href=\"https://qz.com/quartzy/1376713/who-invented-rocky-road-ice-cream-its-complicated/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">track it down\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Then there’s the even more radical theory that, in fact, Rocky Road was born in Topeka, Kansas. There is a recipe in a candy cookbook printed there that predates either Fenton’s or Dreyer’s. It calls for honey whip instead of marshmallows.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11775080\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11775080\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/Screen-Shot-2019-09-17-at-1.21.14-PM-800x624.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"624\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/Screen-Shot-2019-09-17-at-1.21.14-PM-800x624.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/Screen-Shot-2019-09-17-at-1.21.14-PM-160x125.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/Screen-Shot-2019-09-17-at-1.21.14-PM.png 982w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rigby’s Reliable Candy Teacher (this edition published 1920 in Topeka, Kansas) includes a recipe for Rocky Road that predates either Fenton’s or Dreyer’s.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ice cream expert Amy Ettinger said this theory doesn’t count. Rocky Road definitely came from Oakland. And who cares who invented it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At the end of the day I don’t know that it matters,” said Ettinger. I mean, if both places are creating really good scoops of Rocky Road ice cream now, and they both have their little twist on it. How important is it who the original inventor was?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "'Everyone Was Traumatized': The Heavy Toll Wildfires Take on California's Schools",
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"headTitle": "‘Everyone Was Traumatized’: The Heavy Toll Wildfires Take on California’s Schools | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>Catherine Stone pulled into a packed parking lot at Middletown High School on the hot and excessively windy Saturday of September 12, 2015. A small but fast-growing fire had erupted hours earlier, a dozen miles away on Cobb Mountain. First responders needed an evacuation center and wanted to use Middletown High.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just two months on the job in the small Northern California district between Clearlake and Calistoga, the new superintendent of Middletown Unified struggled against gusting wind to open the door of her office. Inside at her window, Stone called the Red Cross.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her eyes widened. In the 10 minutes it had taken to drive to the school, flames had raced down the mountain and across the ridge, so fast and so close that they now loomed over the field where the girls’ soccer team held a narrow lead, fans nervously eyeing the horizon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"Related\" postID=news_11774750]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know what, we’re not going to be an evacuation center,” Stone told the Red Cross official before hanging up abruptly. “The fire is here.” She turned on her heel and ran toward the soccer crowd, shouting, “Get out! Get out!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That terrifying weekend made history as the Valley Fire — \u003ca href=\"https://www.fire.ca.gov/media/5511/top20_destruction.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California’s fifth-most destructive,\u003c/a> at last count — killed four people and ravenously charred through 76,000 acres in Lake, Napa and Sonoma counties, including the homes of hundreds of Middletown Unified students and teachers. It also marked the statistical start of a new and exponentially challenging moment for the state’s public schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For generations, fire-prone communities have lived with, worked through and even managed to go to school around the wildfires that come with California’s natural ecosystem. But \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/explainers/californias-worsening-wildfires-explained/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent years have been different\u003c/a>, as climate change has turned brushfires into megafires and megafires into towering infernos, threatening communities — and core institutions, such as schools — in ways that are more traumatic and less intermittent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since late 2015, wildfires have temporarily shut down thousands of schools statewide, disrupting public education more often, more widely and for longer periods than in years past, according to a CalMatters analysis of \u003ca href=\"https://disasterdays.calmatters.org/california-school-closures\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nearly two decades of reported school closures.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://e.infogram.com/6d04df8b-f9fa-44f0-9266-d488a89cde7b?src=embed\" title=\"DISASTER DAYS - Schools / Students Impacted by Year\" width=\"800\" height=\"836\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reports filed with the state since the 2002-03 school year, which is as far back as those records have been kept at the California Department of Education, show that, over the past 17 years, wildfires accounted for more than 60% of the school days lost to closures. About half of those closure days have occurred since 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last school year alone, wildfires forced more than 1,900 schools to cancel days — sometimes weeks — of classes, interrupting the education of more than 1.1 million students, or about 1 in 6 California schoolchildren. Some schools have closed for wildfire as many as five times in the last four years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the disruptions have become longer. Though massive fires, mostly in San Diego County, caused school closures to spike in 2003 and 2007 in numbers similar to recent school years, no public school site in California had reported losing 15 instructional days or more due to wildfire — equivalent to three weeks — before 2015. Since then, more than 70 schools have reported shutdowns of that duration, and many more have shut down for two to three weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Paradise Unified School District, for instance, \u003ca href=\"https://www.sacbee.com/news/local/education/article222505275.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">canceled classes for nearly a month\u003c/a> after last year’s Camp Fire devastated its Butte County community, damaging or destroying eight of the nine school sites. By the time\u003ca href=\"https://edsource.org/2019/students-return-to-dramatically-different-paradise/616330\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> classes resumed\u003c/a> on Aug. 15, \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2019-08-15/bittersweet-back-to-school-in-paradise-reeling-from-camp-fire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more than half \u003c/a>of the district’s 3,400 students had moved to new schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Paradise is just the best known example. Mary Sakuma, superintendent of the Butte County Office of Education estimated that more than 5,300 students and 500 staff from multiple school districts in the county lost their homes in the Camp Fire — and many more are still struggling, long after the resumption of classes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Sonoma County, a 2018-19 county education office survey found that about 3,000 students and more than 400 educators were still showing signs of increased anxiety, stress, depression, behavioral problems or decreased academic performance resulting from the 2017 Tubbs Fire in wine country. Across the county’s schools, there had been an increase in suicide attempts and referrals for mental health over the past two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Educators say the situation, which so far has largely been dealt with county-by-county, is crying out for comprehensive solutions, from statewide requirements that schools make up at least some of the days lost to closures to formal, ongoing budget protection for fire-prone districts. And, they say, more must be done to address ongoing trauma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are now seeing these impacts of not just children,” Sakuma said, “but their entire families in crisis really struggling with the aftermath of all of this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>‘Everyone was traumatized’\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Three years and two months before California’s deadliest wildfire roiled Butte County schools, Middletown got a preview of the era to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' align='right' citation=\"Mary Sakuma, superintendent of the Butte County Office of Education\"]‘We are now seeing these impacts of not just children, but their entire families in crisis really struggling with the aftermath of all of this.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The start of the school year had already been delayed by the Jerusalem Fire, which had forced schools in Middletown Unified, about two and a half hours southwest of Paradise, to cancel the first week of classes. Now the Valley Fire had \u003ca href=\"https://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/4494017-181/middletown-at-a-crossroads-as?artslide=4&sba=AAS\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">made that blaze look minor. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Middletown Unified closed for another two weeks — 10 school days that state law does not require schools to make up. It was mid-October before the flames were fully contained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stone said she felt as if the earth beneath her schools had tilted on its axis. \u003ca href=\"https://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/4517518-181/in-wake-of-valley-fire?sba=AAS&artslide=15\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">More than 200 students and district employees\u003c/a> in the community of 1,300 had lost their homes, scattering to communities across Lake and Napa counties. The fire’s rapid spread caught many off-guard, and some students and families had driven through flames to evacuate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of the district’s school sites had extensive damage. So much smoke, soot and ash had infiltrated Cobb Mountain Elementary that it would be uninhabitable for much of the next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thousands of dollars’ worth of food rotted in the district’s freezers, one of which broke down a year later because smoke crept inside its vents and festered. The fire took the fleet of maintenance vehicles and equipment. Days after schools reopened, sewage spilled out of several restrooms — the result of fire damage to the schools’ water and septic systems — and portable toilets had to be brought in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Instead of going along in our school year and thinking about reading scores and athletics and all the usual kinds of things that we deal with on a day-to-day basis, we were dealing with a very primal need for support because of the trauma,” Stone said. “And everyone was traumatized.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kaleigh Alves, a soccer forward who had watched from the field that day as the fire rose up over the ridge, recalled that the grieving began almost before her then-teenaged mind could grasp what had happened: “My teammates found out on the field after the whistle was blown that their house had burned down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then she learned that her house, too, was gone. For two days, she said, her white-and-purple soccer uniform was her only clothing. She and her two sisters had to share a room at their grandmother’s house for the rest of the school year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/htnVDjgZA4o\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overwhelmed school officials, she said, lacked the bandwidth to help much with college guidance, and cancelled senior year rituals that might have been normalizing out of fear of retriggering trauma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Long after graduation, she said, anxiety lingered. When the Tubbs Fire swept Sonoma County two years later, she was a student at Santa Rosa Junior College and, again, evacuated. Feeling “super-paranoid,” she said, she frantically filled her car with belongings, fearing she might lose everything again.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>‘A direct impact of climate change’\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>It’s not unusual for schools to close for wildfire in California, but never has the impact from fires been so sustained and intense as in the last several years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015-16 — the year of the Valley Fire — nearly 100 schools serving a combined 23,000-plus students closed due to wildfires, including a rural Fresno County charter school that lost 21 instructional days to the Rough Fire. The following fall, schools in Lake County closed again for a week during the Clayton Fire, which incinerated parts of Lower Lake about a half-hour north of Middletown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August 2016, more major fires — including Cedar in Tulare County, Blue Cut and Pilot in sprawling San Bernardino County and the Gap Fire in Klamath National Forest — kept more than 91,000 kids home from school, with some closures lasting 12 school days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2017, school closures resulting from massive fires burning across the state, particularly in late fall, affected more than 865,000 students. That following March, closures due to flooding and mudslides resulting from the Thomas Fire in Ventura County affected 19,000 kids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The number of students affected by emergency closures tallied more than 1 million in the year of the Camp Fire, as thick, hazardous smoke spread across Northern California counties and polluted dense urban areas with multiple large school systems. Fires in Shasta, Riverside and Lake counties prompted weeklong closures that affected some 80,000 kids in the first few weeks of the 2018-19 term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, school districts that close for emergencies are able to request waivers from the state that essentially protect schools from taking a financial hit in their attendance-based funding for having to temporarily shutter. Schools are incentivized to report closures to the state, but not required.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And schools that receive state-approved attendance waivers are not required to make up those days of lost instruction. Nor are schools required to budget extra days in their academic calendars in case of emergencies. In an era of increasingly severe and lengthy closures, perhaps that should change, some educators say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though academic research — \u003ca href=\"https://www.nber.org/papers/w20221\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">much of it focused on snow days \u003c/a>— indicates that students can lose a day or two of instruction without much damage to test scores, studies show \u003ca href=\"https://www.educationnext.org/defense-snow-days/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">longer absences do make a difference\u003c/a>, especially for disadvantaged students. In districts hardest hit by recent wildfires, CalMatters found, attendance often dropped precipitously even without an official school closure, or — if a school did close — morphed into high rates of chronic absenteeism after schools reopened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we’re supposed to teach 180 days and we keep erasing five or six days out of every school calendar, we’re not giving our students a competitive educational advantage that they deserve,” said Steve Herrington, superintendent of the Sonoma County Office of Education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That to me is a direct impact of climate change issues that we’re dealing with.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>‘A gift that keeps on giving’\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>For a while, the Middletown schools were overcome with sympathy and support. The Oakland Raiders came and replaced the damaged football equipment. A team of San Francisco mental health professionals embedded themselves for two weeks to help with trauma counseling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as one blockbuster California fire gave way to the next, and the community became yesterday’s news, that support quietly receded. In 2015, the state had yet to forcefully react to schools affected by fires the way it would just two years later, after California’s wine country went up in flames.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, the state has used emergency declarations and targeted legislation to help insulate individual districts severely impacted by wildfire from immediate budget cuts as a result of lost enrollment. In Paradise, for instance, \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200AB72\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">legislation\u003c/a> to protect funding for fire-ravaged schools \u003ca href=\"https://edsource.org/2019/students-return-to-dramatically-different-paradise/616330\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">is preventing layoffs and preserving \u003c/a>as much as 60% of the district budget through the 2020-21 school year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Middletown’s fires largely predated those kinds of supports, and as families relocated, enrollment sank and its budget imploded. The year after the Valley Fire, the district put off buying new textbooks to fund a third school psychologist, which it couldn’t afford, long-term. By last year, the district of 1,500 students had only one mental health counselor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is wrong,” \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2019/08/Newsom-press-release.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stone wrote to Gov. Gavin Newsom\u003c/a> in an unsuccessful March plea to broaden fire relief and extend more of it to districts still recovering from past fires. “We can’t afford to hire a lobbyist to get post-wildfire assistance, much less the extra teachers we need in order to provide things like AP classes and electives or the mental health professionals to support our traumatized students.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Substance abuse has ticked up among older students, she said, and fear of the losses the next wildfire might bring has become a constant. When she visited elementary classrooms last year, she noticed some kids were overstuffing their cubbies, “like little hoarders.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11775781\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/081519_Middletown_AW_sized_01.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11775781\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/081519_Middletown_AW_sized_01.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"699\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/081519_Middletown_AW_sized_01.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/081519_Middletown_AW_sized_01-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/081519_Middletown_AW_sized_01-800x546.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/081519_Middletown_AW_sized_01-1020x696.jpg 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Middletown Unified School District Superintendent Catherine Stone in her office on the first day of school in Middletown on August 15, 2019. \u003ccite>(Anne Wernikoff/CalMatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s a gift that keeps on giving, if you will,” she said, echoing educators throughout the increasingly broad swath of California now prone to wildfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the Valley Fire, every subsequent school year has brought fires that either have prompted evacuations, required use of the high school as an evacuation center or caused more school closures altogether. The persistent threat and the missed instructional time have taken a toll, \u003ca href=\"https://www.caschooldashboard.org/reports/17640551736008/2018/academic-performance\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">state accountability data shows.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The year of the Valley Fire, Middletown’s reading proficiency remained steady with 48% of students meeting state standards. But math proficiency measured by the state’s standardized exams plummeted 7 percentage points in a testing cycle in which the state’s schools experienced overall gains. The school year after the fire, the proportion of graduating seniors in the district deemed “college and career ready” by the state dropped from about 50% to 27.5%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last four school years, Middletown Unified schools have closed for 25 days because of fires, the equivalent of five weeks of instruction. And each new trauma resurrects old ones, says Middletown’s school psychologist, Jessica Morita.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Nov. 8, 2018, she said, when a plume of smoke drifted over one of the elementary school playgrounds, children at recess stood still “like little frozen statues” and looked skyward. Running full tilt into the school library, one announced frantically that something was on fire and everyone needed to go outside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the Camp Fire burning through Paradise, 130 miles away, but the sense memory was embedded. “You can smell it and you can see it,” said Morita, “and it feels like the end of days all over again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://calmatters.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CalMatters.org\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, nonpartisan media venture explaining California policies and politics.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"title": "'Everyone Was Traumatized': The Heavy Toll Wildfires Take on California's Schools | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Catherine Stone pulled into a packed parking lot at Middletown High School on the hot and excessively windy Saturday of September 12, 2015. A small but fast-growing fire had erupted hours earlier, a dozen miles away on Cobb Mountain. First responders needed an evacuation center and wanted to use Middletown High.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just two months on the job in the small Northern California district between Clearlake and Calistoga, the new superintendent of Middletown Unified struggled against gusting wind to open the door of her office. Inside at her window, Stone called the Red Cross.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her eyes widened. In the 10 minutes it had taken to drive to the school, flames had raced down the mountain and across the ridge, so fast and so close that they now loomed over the field where the girls’ soccer team held a narrow lead, fans nervously eyeing the horizon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know what, we’re not going to be an evacuation center,” Stone told the Red Cross official before hanging up abruptly. “The fire is here.” She turned on her heel and ran toward the soccer crowd, shouting, “Get out! Get out!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That terrifying weekend made history as the Valley Fire — \u003ca href=\"https://www.fire.ca.gov/media/5511/top20_destruction.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California’s fifth-most destructive,\u003c/a> at last count — killed four people and ravenously charred through 76,000 acres in Lake, Napa and Sonoma counties, including the homes of hundreds of Middletown Unified students and teachers. It also marked the statistical start of a new and exponentially challenging moment for the state’s public schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For generations, fire-prone communities have lived with, worked through and even managed to go to school around the wildfires that come with California’s natural ecosystem. But \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/explainers/californias-worsening-wildfires-explained/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent years have been different\u003c/a>, as climate change has turned brushfires into megafires and megafires into towering infernos, threatening communities — and core institutions, such as schools — in ways that are more traumatic and less intermittent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since late 2015, wildfires have temporarily shut down thousands of schools statewide, disrupting public education more often, more widely and for longer periods than in years past, according to a CalMatters analysis of \u003ca href=\"https://disasterdays.calmatters.org/california-school-closures\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nearly two decades of reported school closures.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://e.infogram.com/6d04df8b-f9fa-44f0-9266-d488a89cde7b?src=embed\" title=\"DISASTER DAYS - Schools / Students Impacted by Year\" width=\"800\" height=\"836\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reports filed with the state since the 2002-03 school year, which is as far back as those records have been kept at the California Department of Education, show that, over the past 17 years, wildfires accounted for more than 60% of the school days lost to closures. About half of those closure days have occurred since 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last school year alone, wildfires forced more than 1,900 schools to cancel days — sometimes weeks — of classes, interrupting the education of more than 1.1 million students, or about 1 in 6 California schoolchildren. Some schools have closed for wildfire as many as five times in the last four years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the disruptions have become longer. Though massive fires, mostly in San Diego County, caused school closures to spike in 2003 and 2007 in numbers similar to recent school years, no public school site in California had reported losing 15 instructional days or more due to wildfire — equivalent to three weeks — before 2015. Since then, more than 70 schools have reported shutdowns of that duration, and many more have shut down for two to three weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Paradise Unified School District, for instance, \u003ca href=\"https://www.sacbee.com/news/local/education/article222505275.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">canceled classes for nearly a month\u003c/a> after last year’s Camp Fire devastated its Butte County community, damaging or destroying eight of the nine school sites. By the time\u003ca href=\"https://edsource.org/2019/students-return-to-dramatically-different-paradise/616330\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> classes resumed\u003c/a> on Aug. 15, \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2019-08-15/bittersweet-back-to-school-in-paradise-reeling-from-camp-fire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more than half \u003c/a>of the district’s 3,400 students had moved to new schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Paradise is just the best known example. Mary Sakuma, superintendent of the Butte County Office of Education estimated that more than 5,300 students and 500 staff from multiple school districts in the county lost their homes in the Camp Fire — and many more are still struggling, long after the resumption of classes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Sonoma County, a 2018-19 county education office survey found that about 3,000 students and more than 400 educators were still showing signs of increased anxiety, stress, depression, behavioral problems or decreased academic performance resulting from the 2017 Tubbs Fire in wine country. Across the county’s schools, there had been an increase in suicide attempts and referrals for mental health over the past two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Educators say the situation, which so far has largely been dealt with county-by-county, is crying out for comprehensive solutions, from statewide requirements that schools make up at least some of the days lost to closures to formal, ongoing budget protection for fire-prone districts. And, they say, more must be done to address ongoing trauma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are now seeing these impacts of not just children,” Sakuma said, “but their entire families in crisis really struggling with the aftermath of all of this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>‘Everyone was traumatized’\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Three years and two months before California’s deadliest wildfire roiled Butte County schools, Middletown got a preview of the era to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The start of the school year had already been delayed by the Jerusalem Fire, which had forced schools in Middletown Unified, about two and a half hours southwest of Paradise, to cancel the first week of classes. Now the Valley Fire had \u003ca href=\"https://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/4494017-181/middletown-at-a-crossroads-as?artslide=4&sba=AAS\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">made that blaze look minor. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Middletown Unified closed for another two weeks — 10 school days that state law does not require schools to make up. It was mid-October before the flames were fully contained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stone said she felt as if the earth beneath her schools had tilted on its axis. \u003ca href=\"https://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/4517518-181/in-wake-of-valley-fire?sba=AAS&artslide=15\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">More than 200 students and district employees\u003c/a> in the community of 1,300 had lost their homes, scattering to communities across Lake and Napa counties. The fire’s rapid spread caught many off-guard, and some students and families had driven through flames to evacuate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of the district’s school sites had extensive damage. So much smoke, soot and ash had infiltrated Cobb Mountain Elementary that it would be uninhabitable for much of the next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thousands of dollars’ worth of food rotted in the district’s freezers, one of which broke down a year later because smoke crept inside its vents and festered. The fire took the fleet of maintenance vehicles and equipment. Days after schools reopened, sewage spilled out of several restrooms — the result of fire damage to the schools’ water and septic systems — and portable toilets had to be brought in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Instead of going along in our school year and thinking about reading scores and athletics and all the usual kinds of things that we deal with on a day-to-day basis, we were dealing with a very primal need for support because of the trauma,” Stone said. “And everyone was traumatized.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kaleigh Alves, a soccer forward who had watched from the field that day as the fire rose up over the ridge, recalled that the grieving began almost before her then-teenaged mind could grasp what had happened: “My teammates found out on the field after the whistle was blown that their house had burned down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then she learned that her house, too, was gone. For two days, she said, her white-and-purple soccer uniform was her only clothing. She and her two sisters had to share a room at their grandmother’s house for the rest of the school year.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/htnVDjgZA4o'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/htnVDjgZA4o'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Overwhelmed school officials, she said, lacked the bandwidth to help much with college guidance, and cancelled senior year rituals that might have been normalizing out of fear of retriggering trauma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Long after graduation, she said, anxiety lingered. When the Tubbs Fire swept Sonoma County two years later, she was a student at Santa Rosa Junior College and, again, evacuated. Feeling “super-paranoid,” she said, she frantically filled her car with belongings, fearing she might lose everything again.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>‘A direct impact of climate change’\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>It’s not unusual for schools to close for wildfire in California, but never has the impact from fires been so sustained and intense as in the last several years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015-16 — the year of the Valley Fire — nearly 100 schools serving a combined 23,000-plus students closed due to wildfires, including a rural Fresno County charter school that lost 21 instructional days to the Rough Fire. The following fall, schools in Lake County closed again for a week during the Clayton Fire, which incinerated parts of Lower Lake about a half-hour north of Middletown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August 2016, more major fires — including Cedar in Tulare County, Blue Cut and Pilot in sprawling San Bernardino County and the Gap Fire in Klamath National Forest — kept more than 91,000 kids home from school, with some closures lasting 12 school days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2017, school closures resulting from massive fires burning across the state, particularly in late fall, affected more than 865,000 students. That following March, closures due to flooding and mudslides resulting from the Thomas Fire in Ventura County affected 19,000 kids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The number of students affected by emergency closures tallied more than 1 million in the year of the Camp Fire, as thick, hazardous smoke spread across Northern California counties and polluted dense urban areas with multiple large school systems. Fires in Shasta, Riverside and Lake counties prompted weeklong closures that affected some 80,000 kids in the first few weeks of the 2018-19 term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, school districts that close for emergencies are able to request waivers from the state that essentially protect schools from taking a financial hit in their attendance-based funding for having to temporarily shutter. Schools are incentivized to report closures to the state, but not required.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And schools that receive state-approved attendance waivers are not required to make up those days of lost instruction. Nor are schools required to budget extra days in their academic calendars in case of emergencies. In an era of increasingly severe and lengthy closures, perhaps that should change, some educators say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though academic research — \u003ca href=\"https://www.nber.org/papers/w20221\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">much of it focused on snow days \u003c/a>— indicates that students can lose a day or two of instruction without much damage to test scores, studies show \u003ca href=\"https://www.educationnext.org/defense-snow-days/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">longer absences do make a difference\u003c/a>, especially for disadvantaged students. In districts hardest hit by recent wildfires, CalMatters found, attendance often dropped precipitously even without an official school closure, or — if a school did close — morphed into high rates of chronic absenteeism after schools reopened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we’re supposed to teach 180 days and we keep erasing five or six days out of every school calendar, we’re not giving our students a competitive educational advantage that they deserve,” said Steve Herrington, superintendent of the Sonoma County Office of Education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That to me is a direct impact of climate change issues that we’re dealing with.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>‘A gift that keeps on giving’\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>For a while, the Middletown schools were overcome with sympathy and support. The Oakland Raiders came and replaced the damaged football equipment. A team of San Francisco mental health professionals embedded themselves for two weeks to help with trauma counseling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as one blockbuster California fire gave way to the next, and the community became yesterday’s news, that support quietly receded. In 2015, the state had yet to forcefully react to schools affected by fires the way it would just two years later, after California’s wine country went up in flames.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, the state has used emergency declarations and targeted legislation to help insulate individual districts severely impacted by wildfire from immediate budget cuts as a result of lost enrollment. In Paradise, for instance, \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200AB72\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">legislation\u003c/a> to protect funding for fire-ravaged schools \u003ca href=\"https://edsource.org/2019/students-return-to-dramatically-different-paradise/616330\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">is preventing layoffs and preserving \u003c/a>as much as 60% of the district budget through the 2020-21 school year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Middletown’s fires largely predated those kinds of supports, and as families relocated, enrollment sank and its budget imploded. The year after the Valley Fire, the district put off buying new textbooks to fund a third school psychologist, which it couldn’t afford, long-term. By last year, the district of 1,500 students had only one mental health counselor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is wrong,” \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2019/08/Newsom-press-release.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stone wrote to Gov. Gavin Newsom\u003c/a> in an unsuccessful March plea to broaden fire relief and extend more of it to districts still recovering from past fires. “We can’t afford to hire a lobbyist to get post-wildfire assistance, much less the extra teachers we need in order to provide things like AP classes and electives or the mental health professionals to support our traumatized students.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Substance abuse has ticked up among older students, she said, and fear of the losses the next wildfire might bring has become a constant. When she visited elementary classrooms last year, she noticed some kids were overstuffing their cubbies, “like little hoarders.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11775781\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/081519_Middletown_AW_sized_01.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11775781\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/081519_Middletown_AW_sized_01.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"699\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/081519_Middletown_AW_sized_01.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/081519_Middletown_AW_sized_01-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/081519_Middletown_AW_sized_01-800x546.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/081519_Middletown_AW_sized_01-1020x696.jpg 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Middletown Unified School District Superintendent Catherine Stone in her office on the first day of school in Middletown on August 15, 2019. \u003ccite>(Anne Wernikoff/CalMatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s a gift that keeps on giving, if you will,” she said, echoing educators throughout the increasingly broad swath of California now prone to wildfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the Valley Fire, every subsequent school year has brought fires that either have prompted evacuations, required use of the high school as an evacuation center or caused more school closures altogether. The persistent threat and the missed instructional time have taken a toll, \u003ca href=\"https://www.caschooldashboard.org/reports/17640551736008/2018/academic-performance\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">state accountability data shows.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The year of the Valley Fire, Middletown’s reading proficiency remained steady with 48% of students meeting state standards. But math proficiency measured by the state’s standardized exams plummeted 7 percentage points in a testing cycle in which the state’s schools experienced overall gains. The school year after the fire, the proportion of graduating seniors in the district deemed “college and career ready” by the state dropped from about 50% to 27.5%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last four school years, Middletown Unified schools have closed for 25 days because of fires, the equivalent of five weeks of instruction. And each new trauma resurrects old ones, says Middletown’s school psychologist, Jessica Morita.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Nov. 8, 2018, she said, when a plume of smoke drifted over one of the elementary school playgrounds, children at recess stood still “like little frozen statues” and looked skyward. Running full tilt into the school library, one announced frantically that something was on fire and everyone needed to go outside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the Camp Fire burning through Paradise, 130 miles away, but the sense memory was embedded. “You can smell it and you can see it,” said Morita, “and it feels like the end of days all over again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://calmatters.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CalMatters.org\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, nonpartisan media venture explaining California policies and politics.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"slug": "disaster-days-how-megafires-guns-and-other-21st-century-crises-are-disrupting-california-schools",
"title": "Disaster Days: How Megafires, Guns and Other 21st Century Crises Are Disrupting California Schools",
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"headTitle": "Disaster Days: How Megafires, Guns and Other 21st Century Crises Are Disrupting California Schools | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>From massive wildfires to mass shooting threats to dilapidated classrooms, California’s K-12 schools, and the 6.2 million children they serve, are facing a series unprecedented disruptions. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, the state’s public schools closed their doors and sent kids home in what appear to be record numbers, mainly as a result of sweeping natural disasters, according to a CalMatters analysis of public school closures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2018-19 school year marked the third significant spike in four years. Since 2002, nearly two-thirds of the days lost to school closures have been wildfire-related, and of those, half have occurred in the past four school years. For some California schools, the onslaught has become a new normal as one disaster gives way to the next.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trend largely tracks the rising frequency and severity of climate-fueled wildfires, with big bumps in 2003 and 2007, the years of San Diego County’s huge Cedar and Witch fires, and then, in recent years, a more sustained but equally dramatic climb with the historic 2017 Sonoma wine country fires and 2018 Camp Fire in and around the town of Paradise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But fire — which just this month\u003ca href=\"https://www.foxnews.com/us/california-tenaja-fire-evacuations-schools-close\"> shut down the entire Murrieta Valley Unified School District\u003c/a> in Southern California for at least a day — has not been the only big reason for lost school time. California students also lost instructional days for emergencies such as serious breakdowns in school facilities — mold or plumbing problems, for instance — as well as threats of potential gun violence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the latter case, state data shows, even when school officials don’t deem a threat credible enough to cancel classes, fear alone has increasingly led significant numbers of parents to keep their children home more often.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last school year, \u003ca href=\"https://disasterdays.calmatters.org/california-school-closures\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">emergency closures in at least 2,262 schools\u003c/a> – from the state’s most densely populated urban hubs to its most remote pockets – impacted more than 1.2 million students. The closures ranged from a single lost day to weeks without instruction. Put another way, roughly one in five students in California was sent home in the 2018-19 school year at least once due to either a natural disaster day, a maintenance crisis, a potential school shooting or some other emergency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a situation that has crept only gradually onto lawmakers’ radar, as the occasional break from routine has, in many districts, morphed into longer and more disruptive interruptions. Losses of 10 school days or more to wildfire — virtually unheard of in past decades — have occurred hundreds of times since 2015, impacting schools across California, from Oroville to Ojai.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.educationnext.org/defense-snow-days/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A 2015 study\u003c/a> found that longer, unexpected absences \u003ca href=\"https://www.educationnext.org/time-for-school/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">take a significant toll \u003c/a>on learning. The challenges after a natural disaster also can remain overwhelming for educators even after schools reopen, as districts severely impacted by fires – such as Paradise Unified – have learned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11774878\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RB-Konocti_18.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11774878\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RB-Konocti_18.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1334\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RB-Konocti_18.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RB-Konocti_18-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RB-Konocti_18-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RB-Konocti_18-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RB-Konocti_18-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RB-Konocti_18-1920x1281.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graduate Grace Matthies, center, tearfully embraces a classmate following their high school commencement at Konocti Education Center in Clear Lake on June 7, 2019. Wildfires have closed the school at least five times in the past four years. \u003ccite>(Randall Benton/CalMatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In an effort to understand how emergencies, disasters and threats impact the everyday operations of California’s public schools, CalMatters used the California Public Records Act to obtain records detailing thousands of emergency school closure incidents reported by local school districts to the state Department of Education since the 2002-03 school year — when the state began keeping such records. From those reports, we built our own \u003ca href=\"https://disasterdays.calmatters.org/california-school-closures\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">database of school closures\u003c/a>, spanning 17 school years and accounting for more than 34,000 total days of lost instruction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A temporary change in California’s instructional requirements from 2009-10 to 2014-15, the years of the recession, may have depressed the number of closures reported to the state during those years. But since 2015-16, the state has recorded more school closures from wildfire and smoky air than at any point in the last two decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here is what else the CalMatters’ analysis found:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Widespread school closures have become more frequent. A big reason is wildfire.\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In recent years, thousands of public schools statewide have reported closing for emergencies, citing a variety of reasons. But wildfire has been the cause of the most dramatic spikes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent fires have been especially disruptive. Of the more than 34,000 school closure days in CalMatters’ database, nearly two-thirds — 21,100 — stemmed from wildfires. Of these, more than half, or about 10,700, occurred since 2015. In some areas, the fire threat has been so relentless that some schools have closed as many as five times in the last four years due to wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://e.infogram.com/518a0941-9852-4946-97cc-36afc3d33432?src=embed\" title=\"CA School Closures\" width=\"800\" height=\"737\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>And those fire-related closures have gotten longer.\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Until recently, only a handful of schools had reported losing more than 10 days in a single school year to wildfire-related emergencies. In the last two school years, that count has risen to nearly 300 schools. Before the 2015-16 school year, no California school had reported losing 15 days or more to wildfires. Since then, more than 70 California schools have experienced shutdowns of that duration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://e.infogram.com/ba1d6956-3884-4aa7-a1d3-1869201327c4?src=embed\" title=\"DISASTER DAYS - Length of Closures 2\" width=\"800\" height=\"796\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Where there’s fire, there’s smoke — and that’s also keeping kids home.\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>One of the most disruptive aspects of last year’s fire season was the billowing pollution the megafires spewed downwind for miles. At one point last November, hazardous air quality from the Camp and Woolsey fires, among others, prompted some 180 school districts, with a combined enrollment of more than 1 million students, to \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/environment/2018/11/school-closures-california-wildfires-1-million-students/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">announce they would be canceling school\u003c/a> at some point that week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, California lawmakers have \u003ca href=\"https://www.cde.ca.gov/ls/ep/airquality.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">updated guidelines\u003c/a> to help schools consistently determine when to close due to poor air quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>But fire is far from the sole reason for California school closures.\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Also substantial were closures due to extreme weather and natural disasters other than wildfires, such as floods and snowstorms. Infrastructure issues — electrical failures, asbestos, mold, insect infestations, contaminated water — also cut into class time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Threats of the human variety have also \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/11/us/california-school-shots-fired/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">increasingly been an issue\u003c/a>, whether from \u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/0040f6d6198a48a9ac085be5cbca5323\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">guns\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/School-closure-over-swine-flu-fast-and-smooth-3162779.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">epidemics of swine flu\u003c/a>. And some schools have shut down for staffing shortages or even political reasons. Some San Diego County schools shut down in 2006 during \u003ca href=\"https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2006/03/31/some-students-protest-but-most-of-state-calm-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mass immigration reform marches\u003c/a>, for instance, and the Klamath-Trinity Joint Unified School District closed in late 2018 for a \u003ca href=\"https://www.times-standard.com/2018/12/04/county-offices-some-schools-to-close-wednesday-in-honor-of-bushs-death/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">day of mourning\u003c/a> after the death of former President George H.W. Bush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://e.infogram.com/1367ea3b-497e-4b31-97b8-7f7708bb5263?src=embed\" title=\"Copy: Ricardo Blank \" width=\"800\" height=\"899\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rural areas, where roads are often poor, have been particularly vulnerable to closures. Jack Norton Elementary in Humboldt County, a remote two-room school with about 30 mostly Native American students that until last June \u003ca href=\"http://www.pgecurrents.com/2019/06/06/humboldt-county-remote-school-on-tribal-land-gets-electricity/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">relied on a generator for power\u003c/a>, has lost more than 50 days of school since 2002 to closures for almost every imaginable reason, including torrential rains, wildfire, \u003ca href=\"https://krcrtv.com/north-coast-news/eureka-local-news/7-schools-in-klamath-trinity-school-district-closed-wednesday-due-to-hazardous-weather\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">snow,\u003c/a> collapsed roads, landslides, \u003ca href=\"https://krcrtv.com/archive/mold-closes-8-schools-in-klamath-trinity-school-district\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mold\u003c/a>, power failures, social media threats and, in 2003-04, a “loose fugitive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Human threats have increasingly become an ongoing issue.\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Although less than 4% of lost school days were the result of violent threats to student safety, state records showed that those threats, and subsequent disruptions, have become increasingly familiar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://e.infogram.com/d78d5e24-4dc6-40fc-b2b6-787d143d3803?src=embed\" title=\"Copy: matt-school-threats\" width=\"800\" height=\"860\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between the 2002-03 and 2006-07 academic terms – the first five school years in the database – threats of violence resulted in closures at 117 schools. Among them: \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/YUBA-CITY-A-copycat-threat-shuts-city-schools-2600940.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the April 2007 “copycat” threat\u003c/a> that prompted systemwide closures in Yuba and Sutter counties after a 28-year-old man allegedly vowed to commit a massacre that “would make Virginia Tech look mild.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the last five school years, such threats have forced school closures in more than 1,100 schools. Among them: a December 2015 bomb threat shortly after the terrorist shooting in San Bernardino that caused California’s largest school district, Los Angeles Unified, \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-all-lausd-schools-closed-threat-20151215-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">to close all its schools for one day. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>With increased threats, though, closures are just part of the picture.\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>California also keeps separate records of incidents in which a school stays open but reports a sudden “material decrease” in attendance. CalMatters also studied those records, which describe emergencies that lead to attendance drops of more than 10% at a school site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to student safety, those records show, mere threats of violence are increasingly keeping students home in significant numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://e.infogram.com/786ed5ee-703e-49b1-921b-3cb14fe9c7bf?src=embed\" title=\"DISASTER DAYS - Reported Threat Absences\" width=\"800\" height=\"836\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the five school years from 2002 to 2007, some 11,400 student absences in 54 California schools were reported as part of “material decreases” in attendance. Since 2014, threat-related incidents have resulted in roughly 90,800 reported student absences in 300 schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 2012-13 school year — the year of Connecticut’s Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting — 51 California schools reported roughly 13,600 student absences as a result of violent threats, CalMatters found. And after the \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-all-lausd-schools-closed-threat-20151215-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2015 Los Angeles Unified bomb threat\u003c/a>, attendance at some neighboring districts dipped markedly.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Crumbling schools are costing kids class time.\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>CalMatters also identified at least 370 instances in which schools had to close because of breakdowns in school facilities. They included closures of schools with broken water pipes and harmful traces of mold or asbestos, as well as schools that couldn’t safely operate because of other dilapidated facilities like broken septic tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The situation reflects, among other things the \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/2018/10/california-school-bonds-favor-richer-communities/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">glaring inequities in facilities\u003c/a> at public schools in California. Of the districts represented in this pool of closures, 54 had not passed a single local bond in more than two decades, according to a separate \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/2018/10/california-school-bonds-favor-richer-communities/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CalMatters database of local school-bond funding.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://e.infogram.com/404bdb20-7629-40b7-80ed-f2ae72ad6917?src=embed\" title=\"Copy: DISASTER DAYS - Facilities school bond chart\" width=\"800\" height=\"840\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local bonds are the driving force behind school facilities funding in California, influencing how much the district receives in matching state bond funds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the remaining 115 school districts in this group, 75 had less than the average amount – about $19,000-per-student – in funding from local bonds.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Lawmakers are playing catch-up.\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>After the 2017 Tubbs Fire in California’s wine country displaced nearly 1,500 students and 250 educators in school systems across Sonoma County, legislators started extending existing school funding protections for districts particularly impacted by wildfire. School funding, which is tied to attendance, was protected for three years in Santa Rosa, and, after the 2018 Camp Fire, in Paradise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But state and local education officials say more comprehensive solutions — and more assistance — are needed. Suggestions made in interviews with CalMatters include:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Require schools to make up at least some instructional days lost to emergency closures.\u003c/strong> Right now, that’s optional, and make-up days cost school districts money. CalMatters’ analysis found that some districts — in the Lake County community of Middletown, for instance — have lost five weeks of school time over the past four years.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nProtect state funding for schools shut down by disasters more uniformly, and for longer periods.\u003c/strong> Schools affected by wildfires say the impact is far more intense than Californians realize, and lasts longer because fires are more fierce and frequent. Fourteen of the 20 most destructive fires in state history have occurred in the last 12 years. Though the state has extended financial aid to the hardest-hit districts, assistance has been case-by-case, and so far only for up to three years. Paradise’s superintendent, for instance, has already said schools will need a longer grace period to avoid steep cuts to services and programs.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Get serious about school-based mental health, especially in wildfire country.\u003c/strong> It isn’t just about funding, though that’s a big part of it, school officials say. Mental health professionals can be hard to find in rural parts of the state, where recent fires have done some of the most damage. Climate-driven crises appear to be happening closer together. And long after schools reopen after a disaster, teachers and students say they continue to struggle for normalcy.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>CalMatters.org is a nonprofit, nonpartisan media venture explaining California policies and politics.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "From climate-driven natural disasters to crumbling infrastructure and threats of mass shootings, modern dangers are sending California kids home from class in record numbers.",
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"title": "Disaster Days: How Megafires, Guns and Other 21st Century Crises Are Disrupting California Schools | KQED",
"description": "From climate-driven natural disasters to crumbling infrastructure and threats of mass shootings, modern dangers are sending California kids home from class in record numbers.",
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"nprByline": "\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/author/ricardo-cano/\">Ricardo Cano\u003c/a>\u003cbr />CalMatters\u003c/strong>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>From massive wildfires to mass shooting threats to dilapidated classrooms, California’s K-12 schools, and the 6.2 million children they serve, are facing a series unprecedented disruptions. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, the state’s public schools closed their doors and sent kids home in what appear to be record numbers, mainly as a result of sweeping natural disasters, according to a CalMatters analysis of public school closures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2018-19 school year marked the third significant spike in four years. Since 2002, nearly two-thirds of the days lost to school closures have been wildfire-related, and of those, half have occurred in the past four school years. For some California schools, the onslaught has become a new normal as one disaster gives way to the next.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trend largely tracks the rising frequency and severity of climate-fueled wildfires, with big bumps in 2003 and 2007, the years of San Diego County’s huge Cedar and Witch fires, and then, in recent years, a more sustained but equally dramatic climb with the historic 2017 Sonoma wine country fires and 2018 Camp Fire in and around the town of Paradise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But fire — which just this month\u003ca href=\"https://www.foxnews.com/us/california-tenaja-fire-evacuations-schools-close\"> shut down the entire Murrieta Valley Unified School District\u003c/a> in Southern California for at least a day — has not been the only big reason for lost school time. California students also lost instructional days for emergencies such as serious breakdowns in school facilities — mold or plumbing problems, for instance — as well as threats of potential gun violence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the latter case, state data shows, even when school officials don’t deem a threat credible enough to cancel classes, fear alone has increasingly led significant numbers of parents to keep their children home more often.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last school year, \u003ca href=\"https://disasterdays.calmatters.org/california-school-closures\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">emergency closures in at least 2,262 schools\u003c/a> – from the state’s most densely populated urban hubs to its most remote pockets – impacted more than 1.2 million students. The closures ranged from a single lost day to weeks without instruction. Put another way, roughly one in five students in California was sent home in the 2018-19 school year at least once due to either a natural disaster day, a maintenance crisis, a potential school shooting or some other emergency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a situation that has crept only gradually onto lawmakers’ radar, as the occasional break from routine has, in many districts, morphed into longer and more disruptive interruptions. Losses of 10 school days or more to wildfire — virtually unheard of in past decades — have occurred hundreds of times since 2015, impacting schools across California, from Oroville to Ojai.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.educationnext.org/defense-snow-days/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A 2015 study\u003c/a> found that longer, unexpected absences \u003ca href=\"https://www.educationnext.org/time-for-school/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">take a significant toll \u003c/a>on learning. The challenges after a natural disaster also can remain overwhelming for educators even after schools reopen, as districts severely impacted by fires – such as Paradise Unified – have learned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11774878\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RB-Konocti_18.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11774878\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RB-Konocti_18.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1334\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RB-Konocti_18.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RB-Konocti_18-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RB-Konocti_18-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RB-Konocti_18-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RB-Konocti_18-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/RB-Konocti_18-1920x1281.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graduate Grace Matthies, center, tearfully embraces a classmate following their high school commencement at Konocti Education Center in Clear Lake on June 7, 2019. Wildfires have closed the school at least five times in the past four years. \u003ccite>(Randall Benton/CalMatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In an effort to understand how emergencies, disasters and threats impact the everyday operations of California’s public schools, CalMatters used the California Public Records Act to obtain records detailing thousands of emergency school closure incidents reported by local school districts to the state Department of Education since the 2002-03 school year — when the state began keeping such records. From those reports, we built our own \u003ca href=\"https://disasterdays.calmatters.org/california-school-closures\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">database of school closures\u003c/a>, spanning 17 school years and accounting for more than 34,000 total days of lost instruction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A temporary change in California’s instructional requirements from 2009-10 to 2014-15, the years of the recession, may have depressed the number of closures reported to the state during those years. But since 2015-16, the state has recorded more school closures from wildfire and smoky air than at any point in the last two decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here is what else the CalMatters’ analysis found:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Widespread school closures have become more frequent. A big reason is wildfire.\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In recent years, thousands of public schools statewide have reported closing for emergencies, citing a variety of reasons. But wildfire has been the cause of the most dramatic spikes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent fires have been especially disruptive. Of the more than 34,000 school closure days in CalMatters’ database, nearly two-thirds — 21,100 — stemmed from wildfires. Of these, more than half, or about 10,700, occurred since 2015. In some areas, the fire threat has been so relentless that some schools have closed as many as five times in the last four years due to wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://e.infogram.com/518a0941-9852-4946-97cc-36afc3d33432?src=embed\" title=\"CA School Closures\" width=\"800\" height=\"737\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>And those fire-related closures have gotten longer.\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Until recently, only a handful of schools had reported losing more than 10 days in a single school year to wildfire-related emergencies. In the last two school years, that count has risen to nearly 300 schools. Before the 2015-16 school year, no California school had reported losing 15 days or more to wildfires. Since then, more than 70 California schools have experienced shutdowns of that duration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://e.infogram.com/ba1d6956-3884-4aa7-a1d3-1869201327c4?src=embed\" title=\"DISASTER DAYS - Length of Closures 2\" width=\"800\" height=\"796\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Where there’s fire, there’s smoke — and that’s also keeping kids home.\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>One of the most disruptive aspects of last year’s fire season was the billowing pollution the megafires spewed downwind for miles. At one point last November, hazardous air quality from the Camp and Woolsey fires, among others, prompted some 180 school districts, with a combined enrollment of more than 1 million students, to \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/environment/2018/11/school-closures-california-wildfires-1-million-students/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">announce they would be canceling school\u003c/a> at some point that week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, California lawmakers have \u003ca href=\"https://www.cde.ca.gov/ls/ep/airquality.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">updated guidelines\u003c/a> to help schools consistently determine when to close due to poor air quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>But fire is far from the sole reason for California school closures.\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Also substantial were closures due to extreme weather and natural disasters other than wildfires, such as floods and snowstorms. Infrastructure issues — electrical failures, asbestos, mold, insect infestations, contaminated water — also cut into class time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Threats of the human variety have also \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/11/us/california-school-shots-fired/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">increasingly been an issue\u003c/a>, whether from \u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/0040f6d6198a48a9ac085be5cbca5323\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">guns\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/School-closure-over-swine-flu-fast-and-smooth-3162779.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">epidemics of swine flu\u003c/a>. And some schools have shut down for staffing shortages or even political reasons. Some San Diego County schools shut down in 2006 during \u003ca href=\"https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2006/03/31/some-students-protest-but-most-of-state-calm-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mass immigration reform marches\u003c/a>, for instance, and the Klamath-Trinity Joint Unified School District closed in late 2018 for a \u003ca href=\"https://www.times-standard.com/2018/12/04/county-offices-some-schools-to-close-wednesday-in-honor-of-bushs-death/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">day of mourning\u003c/a> after the death of former President George H.W. Bush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://e.infogram.com/1367ea3b-497e-4b31-97b8-7f7708bb5263?src=embed\" title=\"Copy: Ricardo Blank \" width=\"800\" height=\"899\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rural areas, where roads are often poor, have been particularly vulnerable to closures. Jack Norton Elementary in Humboldt County, a remote two-room school with about 30 mostly Native American students that until last June \u003ca href=\"http://www.pgecurrents.com/2019/06/06/humboldt-county-remote-school-on-tribal-land-gets-electricity/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">relied on a generator for power\u003c/a>, has lost more than 50 days of school since 2002 to closures for almost every imaginable reason, including torrential rains, wildfire, \u003ca href=\"https://krcrtv.com/north-coast-news/eureka-local-news/7-schools-in-klamath-trinity-school-district-closed-wednesday-due-to-hazardous-weather\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">snow,\u003c/a> collapsed roads, landslides, \u003ca href=\"https://krcrtv.com/archive/mold-closes-8-schools-in-klamath-trinity-school-district\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mold\u003c/a>, power failures, social media threats and, in 2003-04, a “loose fugitive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Human threats have increasingly become an ongoing issue.\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Although less than 4% of lost school days were the result of violent threats to student safety, state records showed that those threats, and subsequent disruptions, have become increasingly familiar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://e.infogram.com/d78d5e24-4dc6-40fc-b2b6-787d143d3803?src=embed\" title=\"Copy: matt-school-threats\" width=\"800\" height=\"860\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between the 2002-03 and 2006-07 academic terms – the first five school years in the database – threats of violence resulted in closures at 117 schools. Among them: \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/YUBA-CITY-A-copycat-threat-shuts-city-schools-2600940.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the April 2007 “copycat” threat\u003c/a> that prompted systemwide closures in Yuba and Sutter counties after a 28-year-old man allegedly vowed to commit a massacre that “would make Virginia Tech look mild.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the last five school years, such threats have forced school closures in more than 1,100 schools. Among them: a December 2015 bomb threat shortly after the terrorist shooting in San Bernardino that caused California’s largest school district, Los Angeles Unified, \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-all-lausd-schools-closed-threat-20151215-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">to close all its schools for one day. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>With increased threats, though, closures are just part of the picture.\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>California also keeps separate records of incidents in which a school stays open but reports a sudden “material decrease” in attendance. CalMatters also studied those records, which describe emergencies that lead to attendance drops of more than 10% at a school site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to student safety, those records show, mere threats of violence are increasingly keeping students home in significant numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://e.infogram.com/786ed5ee-703e-49b1-921b-3cb14fe9c7bf?src=embed\" title=\"DISASTER DAYS - Reported Threat Absences\" width=\"800\" height=\"836\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the five school years from 2002 to 2007, some 11,400 student absences in 54 California schools were reported as part of “material decreases” in attendance. Since 2014, threat-related incidents have resulted in roughly 90,800 reported student absences in 300 schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 2012-13 school year — the year of Connecticut’s Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting — 51 California schools reported roughly 13,600 student absences as a result of violent threats, CalMatters found. And after the \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-all-lausd-schools-closed-threat-20151215-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2015 Los Angeles Unified bomb threat\u003c/a>, attendance at some neighboring districts dipped markedly.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Crumbling schools are costing kids class time.\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>CalMatters also identified at least 370 instances in which schools had to close because of breakdowns in school facilities. They included closures of schools with broken water pipes and harmful traces of mold or asbestos, as well as schools that couldn’t safely operate because of other dilapidated facilities like broken septic tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The situation reflects, among other things the \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/2018/10/california-school-bonds-favor-richer-communities/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">glaring inequities in facilities\u003c/a> at public schools in California. Of the districts represented in this pool of closures, 54 had not passed a single local bond in more than two decades, according to a separate \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/2018/10/california-school-bonds-favor-richer-communities/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CalMatters database of local school-bond funding.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://e.infogram.com/404bdb20-7629-40b7-80ed-f2ae72ad6917?src=embed\" title=\"Copy: DISASTER DAYS - Facilities school bond chart\" width=\"800\" height=\"840\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local bonds are the driving force behind school facilities funding in California, influencing how much the district receives in matching state bond funds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the remaining 115 school districts in this group, 75 had less than the average amount – about $19,000-per-student – in funding from local bonds.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Lawmakers are playing catch-up.\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>After the 2017 Tubbs Fire in California’s wine country displaced nearly 1,500 students and 250 educators in school systems across Sonoma County, legislators started extending existing school funding protections for districts particularly impacted by wildfire. School funding, which is tied to attendance, was protected for three years in Santa Rosa, and, after the 2018 Camp Fire, in Paradise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But state and local education officials say more comprehensive solutions — and more assistance — are needed. Suggestions made in interviews with CalMatters include:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Require schools to make up at least some instructional days lost to emergency closures.\u003c/strong> Right now, that’s optional, and make-up days cost school districts money. CalMatters’ analysis found that some districts — in the Lake County community of Middletown, for instance — have lost five weeks of school time over the past four years.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nProtect state funding for schools shut down by disasters more uniformly, and for longer periods.\u003c/strong> Schools affected by wildfires say the impact is far more intense than Californians realize, and lasts longer because fires are more fierce and frequent. Fourteen of the 20 most destructive fires in state history have occurred in the last 12 years. Though the state has extended financial aid to the hardest-hit districts, assistance has been case-by-case, and so far only for up to three years. Paradise’s superintendent, for instance, has already said schools will need a longer grace period to avoid steep cuts to services and programs.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Get serious about school-based mental health, especially in wildfire country.\u003c/strong> It isn’t just about funding, though that’s a big part of it, school officials say. Mental health professionals can be hard to find in rural parts of the state, where recent fires have done some of the most damage. Climate-driven crises appear to be happening closer together. And long after schools reopen after a disaster, teachers and students say they continue to struggle for normalcy.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Oakland’s school board voted late Wednesday night to close two schools and merge them with two others, following nearly five hours of fierce emotional testimony from parents, students and teachers who packed the meeting to voice their opposition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan calls for closing Kaiser Elementary School in the Oakland hills and relocating its students and staff to Sankofa Academy in the Bushrod neighborhood, roughly 3 miles away. It also entails the closure of Oakland SOL, a middle school in East Oakland, and combining it with the nearby Frick Impact Academy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With opponents shouting “Shame on you,” the board approved the proposal 5-2, with board members Roseann Torres and Shanthi Gonzales dissenting. The board also agreed to consider reopening the closed Santa Fe Elementary campus as part of the next round of school closures, consolidations and expansions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' align='right' citation=\"Alicia Johnson, Kaiser parent\"]‘A lot of damage was done intentionally to both communities, and the way forward is unclear.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an effort to appease the many angry attendees at the meeting, Superintendent Kyla Johnson-Trammell said that each of the merged and expanded schools in this round of closures would get priority funding in the district’s 2020-21 budget to ensure they have the support they need to succeed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We will talk about what our priorities are,” she said. “We will need to think about the investments we need to make for the next school year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnson-Trammell, who backs the mergers, noted the weight of the decision, acknowledging that the district is expecting to lose students who may not want to stay after their schools have closed. But she also said this created an opportunity to build stronger merged schools that may actually attract new students moving into those neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The move follows the board’s recent approval of its \u003ca href=\"https://www.ousd.org/Page/18311\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Blueprint for Quality Schools\u003c/a> plan to restructure the district and close up to 24 of its roughly 80 schools, many of which are under-enrolled and struggling academically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the first round of closures and mergers last year, which included the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11721969/school-board-votes-decisively-to-close-east-oaklands-roots-middle-school-by-end-of-year\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">controversial shuttering\u003c/a> of Roots International Academy, the district admitted it did not provide enough support to staff during the process. This time around, the district said, it has allotted $300,000 to help those school communities with the transition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Closing schools is not the answer to addressing those inequities,” Keith Brown, president of the Oakland Education Association, told the board. “It’s fully funding our schools.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal to close Kaiser and merge it with Sankofa has proved particularly controversial and racially fraught.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kaiser is a diverse school in the more affluent hills with a sizable white population and strong parent involvement. Its excellent academic reputation draws students from largely middle-class families throughout North Oakland. Sankofa, on the other hand, has long struggled academically, with declining enrollment and a largely low-income, African American student body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The months-long debate over their merger has involved heated exchanges about race and equity in Oakland, with some opponents accusing the district of pitting the two communities against each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Multiple parents and teachers from Kaiser gave emotional appeals before the board, pointing to the school as a shining model of success in a district with a less-than-stellar record. They implored the board to instead consider expanding the campus and bringing other schools into it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think there’s a way to do this so we could be successful, but we don’t have buy-in to do this,” said Gonzales, who voted against the merger. “Without buy-in from teachers, and very little buy-in from parents, I don’t think it’s going to work and I think it’s a little irresponsible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"related coverage\" tag=\"oakland-schools\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some Kaiser parents have threatened to file lawsuits or initiate recall campaigns against board members. And a group of Kaiser teachers said they would refuse to participate in the redesign process, vowing to continue the fight after the vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We will take a day to process and decide how to move forward as a community,” said Alicia Johnson, a Kaiser parent. “A lot of damage was done intentionally to both communities, and the way forward is unclear. The board is corrupt and does not care about best outcomes for children and communities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sankofa parents and teachers, however, have said they would be happy to merge with anyone, as long as they could stay on their campuses and receive adequate resources to improve their school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Johnson-Trammell, the schools will plan their “redesigns” this year and merge in 2020-21 with a goal of first getting the school communities to work together to support the new school and then moving toward improving academic achievement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board voted separately to close Oakland School of Language dual-language immersion middle school and merge it with Frick Academy, following Johnson-Trammell’s promise that the two schools could spend more than a year planning their redesigns if necessary after merging onto one campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That move, too, while not as contentious, has also drawn ire from community members.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The children wear uniforms now. It’s a better situation. And all of a sudden you’re going to take the children in my district and move some other kids in there,” one Frick parent told the board. “It’s not fair. You need to stop, man. Seriously. You need to let our children have their school.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, the board approved expanding the popular Melrose Leadership Academy onto two campuses. It also voted to invest more money in Fruitvale Elementary in East Oakland in the hope that more families in that neighborhood in will choose to send their children there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fruitvale “posted significant double-digit growth” in its Smarter Balanced statewide test scores in English and math for students in grades 3 through 5 in 2018-19, according to the staff report to the board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: As a special project, EdSource is tracking developments this year in the Oakland Unified and West Contra Costa Unified school districts as a way to illustrate some of the most urgent challenges facing many urban districts in California.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an effort to appease the many angry attendees at the meeting, Superintendent Kyla Johnson-Trammell said that each of the merged and expanded schools in this round of closures would get priority funding in the district’s 2020-21 budget to ensure they have the support they need to succeed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We will talk about what our priorities are,” she said. “We will need to think about the investments we need to make for the next school year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnson-Trammell, who backs the mergers, noted the weight of the decision, acknowledging that the district is expecting to lose students who may not want to stay after their schools have closed. But she also said this created an opportunity to build stronger merged schools that may actually attract new students moving into those neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The move follows the board’s recent approval of its \u003ca href=\"https://www.ousd.org/Page/18311\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Blueprint for Quality Schools\u003c/a> plan to restructure the district and close up to 24 of its roughly 80 schools, many of which are under-enrolled and struggling academically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the first round of closures and mergers last year, which included the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11721969/school-board-votes-decisively-to-close-east-oaklands-roots-middle-school-by-end-of-year\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">controversial shuttering\u003c/a> of Roots International Academy, the district admitted it did not provide enough support to staff during the process. This time around, the district said, it has allotted $300,000 to help those school communities with the transition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Closing schools is not the answer to addressing those inequities,” Keith Brown, president of the Oakland Education Association, told the board. “It’s fully funding our schools.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal to close Kaiser and merge it with Sankofa has proved particularly controversial and racially fraught.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kaiser is a diverse school in the more affluent hills with a sizable white population and strong parent involvement. Its excellent academic reputation draws students from largely middle-class families throughout North Oakland. Sankofa, on the other hand, has long struggled academically, with declining enrollment and a largely low-income, African American student body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The months-long debate over their merger has involved heated exchanges about race and equity in Oakland, with some opponents accusing the district of pitting the two communities against each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Multiple parents and teachers from Kaiser gave emotional appeals before the board, pointing to the school as a shining model of success in a district with a less-than-stellar record. They implored the board to instead consider expanding the campus and bringing other schools into it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think there’s a way to do this so we could be successful, but we don’t have buy-in to do this,” said Gonzales, who voted against the merger. “Without buy-in from teachers, and very little buy-in from parents, I don’t think it’s going to work and I think it’s a little irresponsible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some Kaiser parents have threatened to file lawsuits or initiate recall campaigns against board members. And a group of Kaiser teachers said they would refuse to participate in the redesign process, vowing to continue the fight after the vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We will take a day to process and decide how to move forward as a community,” said Alicia Johnson, a Kaiser parent. “A lot of damage was done intentionally to both communities, and the way forward is unclear. The board is corrupt and does not care about best outcomes for children and communities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sankofa parents and teachers, however, have said they would be happy to merge with anyone, as long as they could stay on their campuses and receive adequate resources to improve their school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Johnson-Trammell, the schools will plan their “redesigns” this year and merge in 2020-21 with a goal of first getting the school communities to work together to support the new school and then moving toward improving academic achievement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board voted separately to close Oakland School of Language dual-language immersion middle school and merge it with Frick Academy, following Johnson-Trammell’s promise that the two schools could spend more than a year planning their redesigns if necessary after merging onto one campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That move, too, while not as contentious, has also drawn ire from community members.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The children wear uniforms now. It’s a better situation. And all of a sudden you’re going to take the children in my district and move some other kids in there,” one Frick parent told the board. “It’s not fair. You need to stop, man. Seriously. You need to let our children have their school.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, the board approved expanding the popular Melrose Leadership Academy onto two campuses. It also voted to invest more money in Fruitvale Elementary in East Oakland in the hope that more families in that neighborhood in will choose to send their children there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fruitvale “posted significant double-digit growth” in its Smarter Balanced statewide test scores in English and math for students in grades 3 through 5 in 2018-19, according to the staff report to the board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: As a special project, EdSource is tracking developments this year in the Oakland Unified and West Contra Costa Unified school districts as a way to illustrate some of the most urgent challenges facing many urban districts in California.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>BART has decided to scrap a set of sometimes \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/arts/13861966/barts-fare-evasion-crackdown-exposes-the-deadly-elegance-of-hostile-design\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">criticized\u003c/a>, often \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11763171/a-complete-joke-bart-riders-pan-new-pop-up-fare-gates-at-fruitvale-station\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mocked\u003c/a> experimental fare gates at Oakland’s Fruitvale Station after encountering chronic maintenance problems with the devices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The test mechanisms feature a fin that pops up from the top of the main gate barrier as it closes — thus, in theory, discouraging those who might be inclined to jump over them. They were installed in July as part of BART’s search for ways to reduce fare evasion on the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=\"news_11763171,arts_13861966\" label=\"BART Takes on Fare Evasion\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tamar Allen, the agency’s assistant director for operations, said in a memo to the BART board of directors last week that the gates appeared to have reduced fare evasion at Fruitvale by 17 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Allen said the pop-up mechanism was finicky and suggested it was hard for BART technicians to maintain the precise timing necessary for the fins to always retract properly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other major issue involved people who aren’t fazed by the fins and have no compunction about vaulting over them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The pop-up mechanisms are regularly kicked by individuals jumping over the barriers,” Allen told the board. “Although several steps have been taken to strengthen the mechanisms, considerable maintenance is still required to constantly fix damage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All in all, she said, the gates pose “an unreasonable maintenance burden” and thus are not viable for continued use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, a set of test gates installed in late June at Richmond Station remain in place. Those gates feature a different approach — essentially, a double stack of the conventional fare gates — to make it harder to enter or leave the station without paying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a report to the board on July 25, Allen said a preliminary review found that the fare evasion at Richmond had fallen 55 to 60 percent after installation of the stacked gates. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11773416\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/richmondbart190703.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11773416\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/richmondbart190703-800x588.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"588\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/richmondbart190703-800x588.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/richmondbart190703-160x118.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/richmondbart190703-1020x749.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/richmondbart190703-1200x881.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/richmondbart190703.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Experimental double-decker fare gates installed at BART’s Richmond Station. \u003ccite>(Dan Brekke/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On social media and elsewhere, the Fruitvale gates were often ridiculed for their ineffectiveness. Some people easily jumped the fins, and other patrons were nonplussed when the barriers did not open as expected. A BART station agent called the gates “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11763171/a-complete-joke-bart-riders-pan-new-pop-up-fare-gates-at-fruitvale-station\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a complete joke\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some have also criticized the Fruitvale and Richmond gates as an example of “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/arts/13861966/barts-fare-evasion-crackdown-exposes-the-deadly-elegance-of-hostile-design\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hostile design\u003c/a>” – elements built into public amenities that often target homeless residents or others living in poverty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BART staff is scheduled to deliver a report on the test gates to the agency’s elected board of directors on Sept. 26.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>BART has decided to scrap a set of sometimes \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/arts/13861966/barts-fare-evasion-crackdown-exposes-the-deadly-elegance-of-hostile-design\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">criticized\u003c/a>, often \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11763171/a-complete-joke-bart-riders-pan-new-pop-up-fare-gates-at-fruitvale-station\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mocked\u003c/a> experimental fare gates at Oakland’s Fruitvale Station after encountering chronic maintenance problems with the devices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The test mechanisms feature a fin that pops up from the top of the main gate barrier as it closes — thus, in theory, discouraging those who might be inclined to jump over them. They were installed in July as part of BART’s search for ways to reduce fare evasion on the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tamar Allen, the agency’s assistant director for operations, said in a memo to the BART board of directors last week that the gates appeared to have reduced fare evasion at Fruitvale by 17 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Allen said the pop-up mechanism was finicky and suggested it was hard for BART technicians to maintain the precise timing necessary for the fins to always retract properly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other major issue involved people who aren’t fazed by the fins and have no compunction about vaulting over them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The pop-up mechanisms are regularly kicked by individuals jumping over the barriers,” Allen told the board. “Although several steps have been taken to strengthen the mechanisms, considerable maintenance is still required to constantly fix damage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All in all, she said, the gates pose “an unreasonable maintenance burden” and thus are not viable for continued use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, a set of test gates installed in late June at Richmond Station remain in place. Those gates feature a different approach — essentially, a double stack of the conventional fare gates — to make it harder to enter or leave the station without paying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a report to the board on July 25, Allen said a preliminary review found that the fare evasion at Richmond had fallen 55 to 60 percent after installation of the stacked gates. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11773416\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/richmondbart190703.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11773416\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/richmondbart190703-800x588.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"588\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/richmondbart190703-800x588.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/richmondbart190703-160x118.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/richmondbart190703-1020x749.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/richmondbart190703-1200x881.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/richmondbart190703.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Experimental double-decker fare gates installed at BART’s Richmond Station. \u003ccite>(Dan Brekke/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On social media and elsewhere, the Fruitvale gates were often ridiculed for their ineffectiveness. Some people easily jumped the fins, and other patrons were nonplussed when the barriers did not open as expected. A BART station agent called the gates “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11763171/a-complete-joke-bart-riders-pan-new-pop-up-fare-gates-at-fruitvale-station\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a complete joke\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some have also criticized the Fruitvale and Richmond gates as an example of “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/arts/13861966/barts-fare-evasion-crackdown-exposes-the-deadly-elegance-of-hostile-design\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hostile design\u003c/a>” – elements built into public amenities that often target homeless residents or others living in poverty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BART staff is scheduled to deliver a report on the test gates to the agency’s elected board of directors on Sept. 26.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "What Happened to California’s Crackdown On For-Profit Colleges?",
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"content": "\u003cp>Just a few months ago, California’s Democratic-controlled legislature seemed poised to pass the nation’s toughest restrictions on for-profit colleges. School owners publicly fretted that they’d have to shut down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters of the seven-bill package, which sailed through the Assembly, hoped California could help close a gap in oversight as the Trump administration has backed away from policing quality in a sector that relies heavily on public money but has been plagued by fraud and poor outcomes. But as the legislative session draws to a close, nearly all of the bills have died or been significantly weakened, felled by a costly lobbying blitz and the complexity of crafting a state-based solution to a nationwide challenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their demise marks a victory for an industry that has been plagued by scandals and school closures in recent years — and a setback for consumer and veterans groups that supported the legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The experience we’ve had moving this package forward highlights the role of money and what that buys as far as influence in the Capitol and in state capitols around the country,” said Assemblyman David Chiu, a San Francisco Democrat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chiu’s bill would have conditioned the right of career education programs to enroll Californians on proof that their graduates earn enough to pay back their student loans. It’s a version of the so-called “\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/blogs/2019/04/california-gainful-employment-for-profit-colleges-veterans/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gainful employment\u003c/a>” rule created under President Barack Obama and repealed by the Trump administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11773053 aligncenter\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/FOR-PROFIT-COLLEGE-graphic.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"1831\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/FOR-PROFIT-COLLEGE-graphic.jpg 700w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/FOR-PROFIT-COLLEGE-graphic-160x419.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/FOR-PROFIT-COLLEGE-graphic-459x1200.jpg 459w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other bills would have limited how much for-profit schools can rely on federal and state financial aid, prevented admissions staff from earning bonuses based on how many students they recruit and cracked down on colleges that officially convert to non-profit status but turn most of their earnings over to a profit-driven management company. The bills’ authors said they were meant to root out fraud and abuse in the industry, while allowing good schools to thrive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But many schools saw the legislation as an existential threat and spent heavily to defeat it. For-profit colleges, vocational schools and online education companies poured more than $800,000 into lobbying California legislators in the first six months of 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s nearly the same amount of lobbying cash that Pacific Gas & Electric spent defending its role in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/pge\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">state’s wildfire crisis\u003c/a> over the same period — and more than four times the money spent by the consumer and veterans groups backing the for-profit college bills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=mindshift_54347,news_11767050 label=\"Higher Education in California\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The sector is under a sustained assault by certain individuals and we don’t expect them to stop,” the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cappsonline.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Association of Private Postsecondary Schools\u003c/a>, an industry association, wrote in an email to members about the bills, which it dubbed “The Terrible 7.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The association’s lobbying muscle was on display during the bills’ first hearing in April. While former students and recruiters at for-profit colleges testified about the schools’ aggressive recruiting tactics, dozens of current students opposed to the bills flooded the halls outside the hearing room, some wearing scrubs and nametags that read simply, ‘Student.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few spoke passionately about receiving a quality education at a for-profit college. Patricia Stanley, a Navy veteran, said that she chose the occupational therapy program at Stanbridge University for its small class size and “family feel.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We aren’t forced or persuaded or preyed upon,” Stanley said. “We definitely made the choice and sought out these schools.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other students, however, said they attended the hearing because school officials asked them to, and had told them that they would lose their financial aid if the bills passed. CAPPS president Robert Johnson did not respond to messages requesting comment about the association’s lobbying efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tens of thousands of dollars in campaign contributions also flowed from for-profit colleges to the Democratic Party and lawmakers that would make decisions on the bills. ICEPAC, the association’s political action committee, invited donors to a $1,000-a-head April fundraiser at the sleek Sawyer Hotel for the reelection campaign of Senate Education Committee chair Connie Leyva.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' align='right' citation='Patricia Stanley, a Navy veteran']‘We aren’t forced or persuaded or preyed upon,’ Stanley said. ‘We definitely made the choice and sought out these schools.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just days before the Senate Education and Business, Professions and Economic Development committees were set to vote on the bills, one vocational college chain donated to the campaigns of Leyva, Business and Professions chair Steve Glazer, and five other senators who sat on the committees, in five cases contributing the maximum allowable under state law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glazer’s committee went on to convey concerns to two of the bills’ authors. One withdrew her bill and the other made significant changes. Leyva’s committee approved that bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glazer’s chief of staff, Dan Weintraub, said the senator’s decisions “were driven by the facts and his concerns for the students who are enrolling or considering enrolling in this kind of a program, and nothing else.” A Leyva spokesperson said that “no contribution influences Senator Leyva’s decisions,” adding that Leyva “also strictly follows all fundraising reporting requirements.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Ramond Curtis, the state policy manager for the advocacy group \u003ca href=\"https://vetsedsuccess.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Veterans Education Success\u003c/a>, said he felt outgunned. His group supported \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200AB1343\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Assembly Bill 1343\u003c/a> by Asm. Susan Eggman, aimed at closing a loophole in federal law that lets for-profit colleges subsist almost entirely on public financial aid dollars if the money includes military education benefits. Lowering the ceiling on financial aid to 85% of revenue and including GI Bill funds, many veterans groups believed, would remove an incentive for schools to target service members with predatory recruiting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But like other groups supporting the bill, Veterans Education Success is tax-exempt, does not make political contributions and spends little on lobbying. “We’re dealing with an issue of resources,” Curtis said. “We don’t have the money to oppose them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schools had argued that to comply with the financial aid cap in Eggman’s bill, they’d either have to raise tuition or shut down. Committee chair Sen. Glazer shared that fear, said Weintraub.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He believes that there were unintended consequences in AB 1343 which actually could have hurt the veterans that the bill was trying to help,” Weintraub said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chiu’s gainful employment bill was also amended: Schools would have to report information on their graduates’ earnings and debt levels, but those with high debt-to-income ratios wouldn’t be barred from operating. Three more of the for-profit college oversight bills later quietly perished in the Senate Appropriations committee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bills were hamstrung in part by a legacy of problems at the state agency charged with overseeing for-profit colleges. CalMatters \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/2018/10/california-for-profit-colleges-investigation/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported last year\u003c/a> that the Bureau for Private Postsecondary Education was sitting on a backlog of nearly 1,200 unresolved student complaints, and inspecting schools less than half as often as it was required to by law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, the bureau says that it has hired more investigators to handle the complaints, shrinking the average caseload from 77 cases to about 20. But its outdated computer system — scheduled to be replaced in 2021 — still cannot perform basic functions such as tracking the status of complaints. A bill analysis found that putting the bureau in charge of enforcing the gainful employment standard would cost $12 million, an increase of more than 50% to the agency’s budget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glazer doubted the bureau’s capacity to “gather all that data and compare it with wage data, and to do that in a high stakes environment,” Weintraub said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bills’ fate points to a dilemma faced by consumer advocates who want to tighten state-level oversight of for-profit colleges in response to U.S. Education Secretary Betsy DeVos’s laissez-faire approach. State officials in Washington, Oregon, Massachusetts and New York are considering such measures. But states lack the budget of the federal government, and most haven’t developed an infrastructure to effectively monitor schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a moment where state attorney generals and legislatures are saying, ‘What can we do for consumer protection within our own state?’” said Howard Lurie, a higher education analyst with the research firm Eduventures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California legislators could take up that question again when the bureau undergoes a review of its performance next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, Chiu hopes that gathering information on which for-profit vocational programs effectively prepare graduates for careers will help students make better decisions, and regulators identify red flags. His bill is scheduled for a vote on the Senate floor sometime next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our hope is the data will give us a road map to address bad apples in the for-profit world in the near future,” Chiu said. “We’ll have a pretty good sense of how many schools are failing our students and who they are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>This story and other higher education coverage are supported by the College Futures Foundation.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CalMatters.org\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, nonpartisan media venture explaining California policies and politics.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Just a few months ago, California’s Democratic-controlled legislature seemed poised to pass the nation’s toughest restrictions on for-profit colleges. School owners publicly fretted that they’d have to shut down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters of the seven-bill package, which sailed through the Assembly, hoped California could help close a gap in oversight as the Trump administration has backed away from policing quality in a sector that relies heavily on public money but has been plagued by fraud and poor outcomes. But as the legislative session draws to a close, nearly all of the bills have died or been significantly weakened, felled by a costly lobbying blitz and the complexity of crafting a state-based solution to a nationwide challenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their demise marks a victory for an industry that has been plagued by scandals and school closures in recent years — and a setback for consumer and veterans groups that supported the legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The experience we’ve had moving this package forward highlights the role of money and what that buys as far as influence in the Capitol and in state capitols around the country,” said Assemblyman David Chiu, a San Francisco Democrat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chiu’s bill would have conditioned the right of career education programs to enroll Californians on proof that their graduates earn enough to pay back their student loans. It’s a version of the so-called “\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/blogs/2019/04/california-gainful-employment-for-profit-colleges-veterans/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gainful employment\u003c/a>” rule created under President Barack Obama and repealed by the Trump administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11773053 aligncenter\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/FOR-PROFIT-COLLEGE-graphic.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"1831\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/FOR-PROFIT-COLLEGE-graphic.jpg 700w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/FOR-PROFIT-COLLEGE-graphic-160x419.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/FOR-PROFIT-COLLEGE-graphic-459x1200.jpg 459w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other bills would have limited how much for-profit schools can rely on federal and state financial aid, prevented admissions staff from earning bonuses based on how many students they recruit and cracked down on colleges that officially convert to non-profit status but turn most of their earnings over to a profit-driven management company. The bills’ authors said they were meant to root out fraud and abuse in the industry, while allowing good schools to thrive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But many schools saw the legislation as an existential threat and spent heavily to defeat it. For-profit colleges, vocational schools and online education companies poured more than $800,000 into lobbying California legislators in the first six months of 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s nearly the same amount of lobbying cash that Pacific Gas & Electric spent defending its role in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/pge\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">state’s wildfire crisis\u003c/a> over the same period — and more than four times the money spent by the consumer and veterans groups backing the for-profit college bills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The sector is under a sustained assault by certain individuals and we don’t expect them to stop,” the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cappsonline.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Association of Private Postsecondary Schools\u003c/a>, an industry association, wrote in an email to members about the bills, which it dubbed “The Terrible 7.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The association’s lobbying muscle was on display during the bills’ first hearing in April. While former students and recruiters at for-profit colleges testified about the schools’ aggressive recruiting tactics, dozens of current students opposed to the bills flooded the halls outside the hearing room, some wearing scrubs and nametags that read simply, ‘Student.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few spoke passionately about receiving a quality education at a for-profit college. Patricia Stanley, a Navy veteran, said that she chose the occupational therapy program at Stanbridge University for its small class size and “family feel.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We aren’t forced or persuaded or preyed upon,” Stanley said. “We definitely made the choice and sought out these schools.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other students, however, said they attended the hearing because school officials asked them to, and had told them that they would lose their financial aid if the bills passed. CAPPS president Robert Johnson did not respond to messages requesting comment about the association’s lobbying efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tens of thousands of dollars in campaign contributions also flowed from for-profit colleges to the Democratic Party and lawmakers that would make decisions on the bills. ICEPAC, the association’s political action committee, invited donors to a $1,000-a-head April fundraiser at the sleek Sawyer Hotel for the reelection campaign of Senate Education Committee chair Connie Leyva.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘We aren’t forced or persuaded or preyed upon,’ Stanley said. ‘We definitely made the choice and sought out these schools.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just days before the Senate Education and Business, Professions and Economic Development committees were set to vote on the bills, one vocational college chain donated to the campaigns of Leyva, Business and Professions chair Steve Glazer, and five other senators who sat on the committees, in five cases contributing the maximum allowable under state law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glazer’s committee went on to convey concerns to two of the bills’ authors. One withdrew her bill and the other made significant changes. Leyva’s committee approved that bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glazer’s chief of staff, Dan Weintraub, said the senator’s decisions “were driven by the facts and his concerns for the students who are enrolling or considering enrolling in this kind of a program, and nothing else.” A Leyva spokesperson said that “no contribution influences Senator Leyva’s decisions,” adding that Leyva “also strictly follows all fundraising reporting requirements.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Ramond Curtis, the state policy manager for the advocacy group \u003ca href=\"https://vetsedsuccess.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Veterans Education Success\u003c/a>, said he felt outgunned. His group supported \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200AB1343\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Assembly Bill 1343\u003c/a> by Asm. Susan Eggman, aimed at closing a loophole in federal law that lets for-profit colleges subsist almost entirely on public financial aid dollars if the money includes military education benefits. Lowering the ceiling on financial aid to 85% of revenue and including GI Bill funds, many veterans groups believed, would remove an incentive for schools to target service members with predatory recruiting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But like other groups supporting the bill, Veterans Education Success is tax-exempt, does not make political contributions and spends little on lobbying. “We’re dealing with an issue of resources,” Curtis said. “We don’t have the money to oppose them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schools had argued that to comply with the financial aid cap in Eggman’s bill, they’d either have to raise tuition or shut down. Committee chair Sen. Glazer shared that fear, said Weintraub.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He believes that there were unintended consequences in AB 1343 which actually could have hurt the veterans that the bill was trying to help,” Weintraub said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chiu’s gainful employment bill was also amended: Schools would have to report information on their graduates’ earnings and debt levels, but those with high debt-to-income ratios wouldn’t be barred from operating. Three more of the for-profit college oversight bills later quietly perished in the Senate Appropriations committee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bills were hamstrung in part by a legacy of problems at the state agency charged with overseeing for-profit colleges. CalMatters \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/2018/10/california-for-profit-colleges-investigation/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported last year\u003c/a> that the Bureau for Private Postsecondary Education was sitting on a backlog of nearly 1,200 unresolved student complaints, and inspecting schools less than half as often as it was required to by law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, the bureau says that it has hired more investigators to handle the complaints, shrinking the average caseload from 77 cases to about 20. But its outdated computer system — scheduled to be replaced in 2021 — still cannot perform basic functions such as tracking the status of complaints. A bill analysis found that putting the bureau in charge of enforcing the gainful employment standard would cost $12 million, an increase of more than 50% to the agency’s budget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glazer doubted the bureau’s capacity to “gather all that data and compare it with wage data, and to do that in a high stakes environment,” Weintraub said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bills’ fate points to a dilemma faced by consumer advocates who want to tighten state-level oversight of for-profit colleges in response to U.S. Education Secretary Betsy DeVos’s laissez-faire approach. State officials in Washington, Oregon, Massachusetts and New York are considering such measures. But states lack the budget of the federal government, and most haven’t developed an infrastructure to effectively monitor schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a moment where state attorney generals and legislatures are saying, ‘What can we do for consumer protection within our own state?’” said Howard Lurie, a higher education analyst with the research firm Eduventures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California legislators could take up that question again when the bureau undergoes a review of its performance next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, Chiu hopes that gathering information on which for-profit vocational programs effectively prepare graduates for careers will help students make better decisions, and regulators identify red flags. His bill is scheduled for a vote on the Senate floor sometime next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our hope is the data will give us a road map to address bad apples in the for-profit world in the near future,” Chiu said. “We’ll have a pretty good sense of how many schools are failing our students and who they are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>This story and other higher education coverage are supported by the College Futures Foundation.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CalMatters.org\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, nonpartisan media venture explaining California policies and politics.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The demise of a high-profile proposal to let homeless students sleep overnight in community college parking lots illustrates just how much California has struggled to solve the student housing crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Assemblyman Marc Berman introduced the \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200AB302\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bill\u003c/a> in the Legislature earlier this year, it was met with equal parts applause and ridicule. Homeless students said they desperately needed safe places to park the cars that double as their bedrooms. Community colleges worried about security. And everyday Californians wondered, “How did things get this bad?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now Berman, a Democrat from Palo Alto, has decided not to move the bill forward after the Senate Appropriations Committee added amendments that delayed it until 2021, made it easier for colleges to opt out and exempted colleges within 250 feet of an elementary school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That last caveat would only serve to stigmatize students,” Berman said in a statement in response to the amendments, which were made without public debate. “Homeless students are not pedophiles that need to be kept away from children,” he said. “They are men and women — many of them barely adults themselves — who are trying to improve their lives by obtaining a better education.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berman said he’ll work with the governor’s office to produce a stronger version of the bill next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One in five California community college students report experiencing homelessness at some point in the past year — including sleeping on a friend’s couch or in a motel because they didn’t have a place to stay, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://hope4college.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/RealCollege-CCCCO-Report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">survey\u003c/a> by the Hope Center for College, Community and Justice at Temple University. Skyrocketing housing costs and a financial aid system that mostly focuses on the cost of tuition have created a \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/explainers/california-cost-of-college-explained/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">perfect storm of unaffordability\u003c/a> for many of the state’s 2.1 million community college students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-11772960\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/Screen-Shot-2019-09-07-at-11.54.37-AM-800x874.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"874\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some critics called the parking lot idea a Band-Aid on a gaping wound. Others envisioned unintended consequences if colleges began maintaining parking lots as makeshift vehicle camp sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than a dozen community college districts opposed the bill, citing concerns about the cost of securing and cleaning the lots, and the effect on colleges’ relationships with neighboring residents and businesses. A Senate Appropriations analysis said costs could run into the tens of millions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ccleague.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Community College League of California\u003c/a> argued lawmakers should focus on longer-term solutions such as expanding financial aid, and that the bill would institutionalize disparities between community colleges and better-funded four-year universities. “By only including community colleges, AB 302 sends the message that parking lots are good enough for community college students,” the League wrote in a message to legislators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State law already mandates that community colleges allow homeless students to shower on campus. A few are \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/2019/06/should-community-colleges-build-housing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">building dorms\u003c/a> to house students, and next year’s state budget sets aside $14 million to address housing and food insecurity in the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But those efforts will take time to pay off. Advocates of the parking lot bill saw it as a modest short-term step.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Justice would look like adequate housing for every student in their college career,” Shahera Hyatt, director of the \u003ca href=\"https://cahomelessyouth.library.ca.gov/about.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Homeless Youth Project\u003c/a>, told reporters at a press conference on the bill this spring. But a safe, legal place to park could reduce harm to students now, she added. “These are not mutually exclusive goals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Palomar College student Althea Green said she’d been living in her car for six months while studying to become a substance abuse counselor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I found a safe place to park, but I have to go all the way to a rest area and it burns a lot of gas,” she said. “If you end up getting a ticket for sleeping in your car, it adds so much strain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While California campuses have made progress in combating student hunger over the past few years, opening food pantries and signing students up for CalFresh, housing has proven a more \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/2018/04/homeless-college-students-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stubborn challenge\u003c/a>, in part because of the costs involved. Bills that would have expanded state scholarships to cover students’ full cost of attendance \u003ca href=\"https://projects.calmatters.org/2019/college-affordability-bill-tracker-2019/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stalled\u003c/a> in the Legislature this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Follow the fate of California legislation with the CalMatters \u003ca href=\"https://projects.calmatters.org/2019/college-affordability-bill-tracker-2019/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">college affordability bill tracker\u003c/a>, and go deeper with our \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/explainers/california-cost-of-college-explained/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">explainer on the soul-crushing cost of college\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story and other higher education coverage are supported by the College Futures Foundation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>CalMatters.org is a nonprofit, nonpartisan media venture explaining California policies and politics.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The demise of a high-profile proposal to let homeless students sleep overnight in community college parking lots illustrates just how much California has struggled to solve the student housing crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Assemblyman Marc Berman introduced the \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200AB302\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bill\u003c/a> in the Legislature earlier this year, it was met with equal parts applause and ridicule. Homeless students said they desperately needed safe places to park the cars that double as their bedrooms. Community colleges worried about security. And everyday Californians wondered, “How did things get this bad?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now Berman, a Democrat from Palo Alto, has decided not to move the bill forward after the Senate Appropriations Committee added amendments that delayed it until 2021, made it easier for colleges to opt out and exempted colleges within 250 feet of an elementary school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That last caveat would only serve to stigmatize students,” Berman said in a statement in response to the amendments, which were made without public debate. “Homeless students are not pedophiles that need to be kept away from children,” he said. “They are men and women — many of them barely adults themselves — who are trying to improve their lives by obtaining a better education.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berman said he’ll work with the governor’s office to produce a stronger version of the bill next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One in five California community college students report experiencing homelessness at some point in the past year — including sleeping on a friend’s couch or in a motel because they didn’t have a place to stay, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://hope4college.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/RealCollege-CCCCO-Report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">survey\u003c/a> by the Hope Center for College, Community and Justice at Temple University. Skyrocketing housing costs and a financial aid system that mostly focuses on the cost of tuition have created a \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/explainers/california-cost-of-college-explained/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">perfect storm of unaffordability\u003c/a> for many of the state’s 2.1 million community college students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-11772960\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/Screen-Shot-2019-09-07-at-11.54.37-AM-800x874.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"874\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some critics called the parking lot idea a Band-Aid on a gaping wound. Others envisioned unintended consequences if colleges began maintaining parking lots as makeshift vehicle camp sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than a dozen community college districts opposed the bill, citing concerns about the cost of securing and cleaning the lots, and the effect on colleges’ relationships with neighboring residents and businesses. A Senate Appropriations analysis said costs could run into the tens of millions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ccleague.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Community College League of California\u003c/a> argued lawmakers should focus on longer-term solutions such as expanding financial aid, and that the bill would institutionalize disparities between community colleges and better-funded four-year universities. “By only including community colleges, AB 302 sends the message that parking lots are good enough for community college students,” the League wrote in a message to legislators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State law already mandates that community colleges allow homeless students to shower on campus. A few are \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/2019/06/should-community-colleges-build-housing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">building dorms\u003c/a> to house students, and next year’s state budget sets aside $14 million to address housing and food insecurity in the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But those efforts will take time to pay off. Advocates of the parking lot bill saw it as a modest short-term step.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Justice would look like adequate housing for every student in their college career,” Shahera Hyatt, director of the \u003ca href=\"https://cahomelessyouth.library.ca.gov/about.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Homeless Youth Project\u003c/a>, told reporters at a press conference on the bill this spring. But a safe, legal place to park could reduce harm to students now, she added. “These are not mutually exclusive goals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>About 1,000 health care workers protested in Oakland Monday to show Kaiser Permanente they’re serious about a potential strike in October, after negotiations for a new contract stalled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kaiser Permanente employees and their families rallied at Mosswood Park in Oakland and then marched to Kaiser’s Oakland Medical Center. The streets surrounding the hospital, at West MacArthur Boulevard and Broadway, shut down as protesters peacefully blocked traffic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Employees represented by the Coalition of Kaiser Permanente Unions have been without a contract since September of last year. They said Kaiser is not bargaining fairly with them and is outsourcing jobs that would otherwise go to union members.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This impacts patient care, union members said. Sonya Allen-Smith is a radiology technician at the hospital. She has worked for Kaiser for 10 years and says things have changed recently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We see the change in higher patient wait times in the hospital, less time that we can give to patients at times,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/lauraklivans/status/1168575047180541957\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wearing a SEIU-United Healthcare Workers West T-shirt, Union President Dave Regan told the crowd during the rally that the workers’ fight is simple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Are you with the workers? Are you with the people? Are you with the community? Are you with the caregivers? Or are you with the millionaires?” Regan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/lauraklivans/status/1168574674369859585\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Edmund Chan, Kaiser Permanente’s senior vice president, said the health care organization is also committed to patient care and working with unions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our latest proposal is creating competitive wages and we are maintaining strong benefits for our employees,” said Chan. “We’ve put across-the-table guaranteed wage increases over the life of the next contract through 2022.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/lauraklivans/status/1168585228983492609\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unions and representatives from Kaiser Permanente will sit down again to bargain on Sept. 16. If no agreement is reached, the Coalition of Kaiser Permanente Unions said they will strike at the start of October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Employees say Kaiser has been increasing its use of outsourcing. Allen-Smith, the radiology technician, said that impacts local communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now people can’t even afford to live in the Bay Area,” said Allen-Smith. “So now we talking outsourcing jobs — where are these people gonna come from? Are they gonna work two or three jobs? Are they commuting from a larger distance to take care of our members? It’s not right.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unions said Kaiser made more than $5 billion in profits in the last two quarters. Among the workers, there’s a feeling that Kaiser Permanente, which is a nonprofit, has gone astray and is too focused on profit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chan called Monday’s protest a “publicity stunt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s unfortunate that today’s being used by some of our unions to stage a planned civil disobedience, and quite frankly a publicity stunt, that’s taking away city and police resources,” he said. “We remain committed to meeting and being at the bargaining table to create a contract for our employees that makes sense for all parties.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"order": 9
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 18
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"marketplace": {
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"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
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"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
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"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
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"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"order": 11
},
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"on-the-media": {
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"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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},
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"perspectives": {
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"order": 14
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 5
},
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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