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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/sequoia_092121_final.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-11889315\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/sequoia_092121_final.png\" alt=\"Cartoon: a cross section of a giant sequoia labeled to show when the tree sprouted, when fire suppression began, when the automobile was mass-produced, when CO2 levels climbed and when the tree died in a wildfire.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1306\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/sequoia_092121_final.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/sequoia_092121_final-800x544.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/sequoia_092121_final-1020x694.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/sequoia_092121_final-160x109.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/sequoia_092121_final-1536x1045.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around \u003ca href=\"https://bit.ly/fioregiantsequoias\">10,000 giant sequoias were killed in last year’s Castle Fire\u003c/a>. Now scientists and firefighters are working to save the remaining trees as the KNP Complex Fire spreads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a last-ditch effort to save some of the majestic trees in Sequoia National Park, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11889177/aluminum-blankets-are-protecting-giant-sequoias-from-wildfires\">firefighters are wrapping the base of huge trunks in protective foil blankets\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though it looks like recent efforts to protect the ancient trees may be working, climate change and the ongoing risk of extreme wildfire don’t bode well for these giants, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/yose/learn/nature/sequoia-research.htm\">some of which have been standing here for over 3,000 years\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>On a hill in Oakland, Igor Lacan looks out from under his Stetson hat at the neighborhood below and begins listing trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maples to birches to plums to liquid amber,” says Lacan, horticulture adviser for the University of California Cooperative Extension. “A cedar. I see some palms, and then you’ve got a monkey puzzle up here!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In between the trees is a crisscrossing web of power lines, delivering electricity to the houses below. Lacan works as an adviser for California utilities such as Pacific Gas & Electric, and he says while most of the trees seem to be flourishing, that’s not true for some nearby acacias. He points upward to a spiral of dead bark hanging off an acacia branch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you can see the wood underneath, which in this case you can, that’s typically a sign that that part of the tree is dead, which is why we didn’t stand under that branch,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"https://ourenvironment.berkeley.edu/people/matteo-garbelotto\">researchers at the University of California, Berkeley\u003c/a>, opportunistic \u003ca href=\"https://www.suddenoakdeath.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Garbelotto.summary.AcaciaStudy.03.30.21.pdf\">fungi \u003c/a>are killing these trees. \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/06/09/1003424717/the-drought-in-the-western-u-s-is-getting-bad-climate-change-is-making-it-worse\">California’s climate change-fueled drought\u003c/a>, which has persisted for the better part of two decades, has stressed the trees and made them vulnerable to parasites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lacan says of the local acacias, “We have never seen the sort of mass mortality that we’re seeing now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change has stoked a host of threats to trees, not just in California but across the country. Extreme storms, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-20455-y\">droughts\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucdavis.edu/news/drought-and-climate-change-shift-tree-disease-sierra-nevada\">disease\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/technology/pdfs/MpbWestbb_Summary.pdf\">insects\u003c/a> are stressing and killing trees, and these trees pose a growing threat of wildfires, and a threat to grid reliability, many large utilities say. The Dixie Fire in Northern California, \u003ca href=\"https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/\">which has already burned more than 950,000 acres\u003c/a>, likely was sparked by a tree falling onto a power line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to more than a dozen of the country’s largest utilities, branches and trees falling on power lines are a leading source of power outages. Some utilities say that because of factors related to climate change, trees are dying faster than they can reach them on their normal trimming cycles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outages caused by falling vegetation go beyond inconvenience for customers, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.michigan.gov/mpsc/0,9535,7-395-93218_93291-506867--,00.html\">Tremaine Phillips\u003c/a>, commissioner on the Michigan Public Service Commission. “We know that there are individuals who rely on medical equipment, and that equipment requires electricity. We know that there are families who have medications that need to be kept refrigerated,” he says. “So these impacts are real and, for certain families, very acute and potentially dire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11889274\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11889274 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/dip2_custom-8160679c53597d4944a5a4a9fe798ce028c39553-s1600-c85.jpg\" alt=\"On the left is a photo of a dead acacia tree with an eye-shaped hole. On the right, a hand touches the branches of a dying acacia tree.\" width=\"1600\" height=\"595\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/dip2_custom-8160679c53597d4944a5a4a9fe798ce028c39553-s1600-c85.jpg 1600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/dip2_custom-8160679c53597d4944a5a4a9fe798ce028c39553-s1600-c85-800x298.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/dip2_custom-8160679c53597d4944a5a4a9fe798ce028c39553-s1600-c85-1020x379.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/dip2_custom-8160679c53597d4944a5a4a9fe798ce028c39553-s1600-c85-160x60.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/dip2_custom-8160679c53597d4944a5a4a9fe798ce028c39553-s1600-c85-1536x571.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers at the University of California, Berkeley say that a fungus is killing this acacia tree (left). The eye-shaped hole is a canker, a sign of the fungus’s presence. Lacan shows the yellowed phyllodes (right) of a dying acacia. Climate change-fueled drought weakened the trees and made them vulnerable to parasites. \u003ccite>(Julia Simon/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Climate change make trees more likely to fall\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://cals.cornell.edu/nina-lauren-bassuk\">Nina Bassuk\u003c/a>, professor of urban horticulture at Cornell University, explains that climate change can kill tree cells through a confluence of stressors. “It’s not like an animal, which dies when you pierce the heart — trees die cell by cell,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shorter and warmer winters can allow insects and diseases to proliferate, she says. Fluctuating temperatures, heat waves and drought can disrupt growth or health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So if you have a bunch of cells that are dead, a branch, for instance, … will be more apt to fall,\u003cem>“\u003c/em> she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2020, Tropical Storm Isaias left 1.2 million Connecticut residents without power for a week in the middle of a summer heat wave. The state’s Public Utilities Regulatory Authority recently fined the state’s largest utility, Eversource, the maximum $28.5 million for failing to prepare and respond to that storm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Diego Cerrai is assistant professor of engineering at the University of Connecticut, and he’s been working with Eversource to study why the outages occurred.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That storm created many more outages than what was expected by anyone,” says Cerrai, who manages the \u003ca href=\"https://www.eversource.uconn.edu/\">Eversource Energy Center\u003c/a>. “\u003ca href=\"https://www.eversource.uconn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/PSR_Hurricane_Isaias_final.pdf\">We started investigating why\u003c/a>. And one of the reasons was that there was a severe drought over the past two years in this area of the United States, and trees were weaker and more likely to fail.\u003cem>” \u003c/em>(Tree “failure” is industry speak for when trees or branches fall.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Connecticut’s drought, severe storms and winds have weakened trees’ defenses, says Sean Redding, vegetation manager for Eversource Connecticut. That makes trees vulnerable to insects such as gypsy moths, the emerald ash borer and the hemlock woolly adelgid, and diseases such as root rot. Now those dead trees and their branches are falling on power lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you have that amount of trees succumbing to these bugs and resulting in mortality, you have a large impact to customers,” Redding says. “Because of the cumulative effect of climate change, insect infestation and disease on our forests here in Connecticut, more trees came down, resulting in more outages.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redding says these days when it comes to dead trees, “there are more of them than we can manage in a timely manner.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11889235\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11889235 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/img_1770_custom-4407b08858894a9caf002d4a6f291bbfa27dcc55-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A man in a wide-brimmed hat points to a hole on an acacia trunk.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1918\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Igor Lacan points to an eye-shaped hole in the acacia trunk. “Sort of a wound that doesn’t heal,” he says. “That’s a good indication there’s something going on.” \u003ccite>(Julia Simon/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>More ‘hazard trees’ are falling onto power lines\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Trees don’t need to be ravaged by insects, fungi or drought to feel the effects of climate change. Unusually intense storms can be enough to topple trees, especially with high winds and heavily saturated soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several storms in quick succession have crashed through Michigan this summer, including \u003ca href=\"https://wdet.org/posts/2021/07/07/91168-detroiters-still-sorting-through-aftermath-of-flood/\">severe floods\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/macomb-county/2021/07/25/suspected-tornado-leaves-path-devastation-armada-rallies-community/8085959002/\">tornadoes\u003c/a>. Some storms packed winds of 75 mph, according to the National Weather Service, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshws.php\">slightly more than the minimum wind speed for a Category 1 hurricane\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In late June and July, around 740,000 customers of the state’s largest utility, DTE Energy, lost power in a series of storms. Then, in August, at least \u003ca href=\"https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2021/08/20/whitmer-michigan-utilities-power-outages-compensation/8214068002/\">500,000 DTE customers lost power\u003c/a>, some for as long as a week. When he went out in the Detroit suburbs after one of the summer storms, Jamie Kryscynski, DTE’s tree trim manager, saw large trees “completely sheared apart.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oaks, they’re very strong trees, like they’re one of the strongest trees out there. And we had oaks that just snapped,” he says. “The point is … we had a lot more very large tree impacts compared to what I’d say an average large storm.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michigan is seeing increased rainfall intensity, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.canr.msu.edu/people/david_macfarlane\">David MacFarlane\u003c/a>, professor at Michigan State University’s Department of Forestry. Some areas of the state now can get a month’s worth of rain in half a day. In the summer when trees are covered with leaves, the leaves sop up that extra water. “When you get heavier rains all at once, it softens the soil and also creates extra weight on the crowns of the trees,” MacFarlane says. “So it makes them more susceptible to being uprooted and pulled over.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In vegetation management, there’s the concept of the “right of way” — the area around lines that transmit electricity to people’s houses. A patchwork of national and state regulations require utilities to trim around these lines, says Scott Aaronson, vice president of security and preparedness at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.eei.org/pages/default.aspx\">Edison Electric Institute\u003c/a>, the largest trade group for investor-owned electric utilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as more trees and branches topple due to climate-related stresses, trees that might not have been technically in utilities’ jurisdiction now pose a danger to utility infrastructure. Utilities call them “hazard trees.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So you might have a right of way, but maybe just a couple of feet beyond that you might have a 150-foot tree that is being impacted by drought or by a bug infestation,” Aaronson says. “And so it’s a constant battle to not just keep up with the right of way but to also identify those hazard trees outside of the right of way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Arizona, a 20-year-drought and an infestation of \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.usda.gov/detail/coconino/landmanagement/resourcemanagement/?cid=stelprdb5351278\">bark beetles\u003c/a> are all leading to a mass mortality of \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/brca/learn/nature/ponderosapine.htm\">ponderosa pines\u003c/a>, a tree that can grow to 200 feet. Because these dead pines are so tall, it falls on the utility to manage them, says Andrew Rable, manager of forestry, fire and resource management of Arizona Public Service Co., or APS, the state’s largest utility. “If they do fail,” he says, “they do have the ability to impact or strike our equipment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>APS is one of several large utilities that has created a new vegetation management cycle to remove dead and dying trees at risk of toppling. Rable describes it as “an entire program that addresses trees that will fail prior to us getting there during our routine maintenance schedule.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11889236\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1487px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11889236 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/exhibitj_custom-c9c36454627776ebddc083de00bd6ce7e2d41450.jpg\" alt=\"A fir tree lying atop, and weighing down, power lines.\" width=\"1487\" height=\"987\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This fir tree lies on a power line in an area near the start of the Dixie Fire in California. PG&E says the costs of maintaining trees near power lines are part of the reason it is moving to bury 10,000 miles of new power lines at a cost of at least $15 billion. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of PG&E)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Utilities are rethinking putting lines underground\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Vegetation management isn’t cheap. DTE Energy is another utility on an “enhanced” tree trimming cycle, meaning cutting trees farther away from the power lines and wires. It spent $150 million on clearing trees from power lines last year alone. This month the company’s CEO announced \u003ca href=\"https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2021/09/01/dte-michigan-tree-trimming/5680124001/\">another $70 million for tree trimming\u003c/a> in light of this summer’s outages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For some utilities, the high costs of maintaining trees have them turning underground. In July, PG&E announced plans to bury 10,000 miles of electricity lines, a process the utility projects will cost at least $15 billion. The utility declined to specify a timetable for the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s after PG&E cut down about 564,000 hazard trees suffering from drought or bark beetle infestation from 2014 to 2020. PG&E told NPR in an email that undergrounding lines will “ease the need for vegetation management efforts” and that the utility will “over time, transition more and more to undergrounding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Putting power lines underground was long considered prohibitively expensive but not anymore. In July, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/industries-and-topics/wildfires/wildfires-staff-investigations\">PG&E told state regulators in a preliminary report on the Dixie Fire\u003c/a>, the largest fire burning now in the U.S. and second largest fire in California history, that \u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.kqed.org/news/11881837/why-it-took-pge-9-5-hours-to-get-to-the-scene-where-dixie-fire-started__;!!Iwwt!B7vZUHv41EFeyp8xZmUsztgj8subNWSknf8PPd6umJiPIdyTgi9Q-kxumT4%24\">an employee discovered the fire near a tree that had fallen onto live power lines\u003c/a>. The increasing costs of vegetation management of above-ground lines as well as the legal liabilities that come with fires and outages mean undergrounding looks more and more attractive, says Aaronson of the Edison Electric Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s something that is evolving, the cost benefit analysis of ‘Do we underground?’ or ‘Do we more aggressively maintain above-ground overhead lines?’ is kind of constantly changing,” Aaronson says. PG&E says that, ultimately, costs of maintaining above-ground lines are now on par with undergrounding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11889231\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11889231 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/0b6a9623_custom-ec2164bbbee0603aa485cfc1e2e4eb086e95e7e2-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"The top of a utility pole and power lines, with trees trimmed back from around them.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1705\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/0b6a9623_custom-ec2164bbbee0603aa485cfc1e2e4eb086e95e7e2-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/0b6a9623_custom-ec2164bbbee0603aa485cfc1e2e4eb086e95e7e2-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/0b6a9623_custom-ec2164bbbee0603aa485cfc1e2e4eb086e95e7e2-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/0b6a9623_custom-ec2164bbbee0603aa485cfc1e2e4eb086e95e7e2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/0b6a9623_custom-ec2164bbbee0603aa485cfc1e2e4eb086e95e7e2-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/0b6a9623_custom-ec2164bbbee0603aa485cfc1e2e4eb086e95e7e2-2048x1364.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/0b6a9623_custom-ec2164bbbee0603aa485cfc1e2e4eb086e95e7e2-1920x1279.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A patchwork of national and state regulations requires utilities to trim around their power lines. More than a dozen of the country’s largest utilities told NPR that falling trees and branches represent a leading cause of outages. \u003ccite>(Ryan Kellman/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Utilities help fuel the climate change now affecting them\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Daniel Tait of the Energy and Policy Institute, a utility watchdog group, says it’s important to remember the context for why utilities are now having to adapt vegetation management programs to the changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Utilities are now seeing the impacts of climate change, but the big thing is that utilities have fueled climate change for decades,” he says, pointing out that \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/electricity/electricity-in-the-us.php\">60% of U.S. electricity comes from fossil fuels\u003c/a>, whose emissions heat up the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tait says some of the same utilities grappling with tree mortality related to climate change still invest in new fossil fuel infrastructure. DTE Energy, for example, is currently building a new natural gas plant. “They share culpability for the fact that trees are dying,” Tait says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DTE Energy says in an email that the \u003ca href=\"https://empoweringmichigan.com/bluewater/\">new gas plant \u003c/a>has about 70% less carbon emissions than the coal plants it’s replacing and that it will “bring on more renewables.” \u003ca href=\"https://newlook.dteenergy.com/wps/wcm/connect/dte-web/home/community-and-news/common/environment/fuel-mix\">DTE Energy produces more than two-thirds of its electricity from coal and gas.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As climate change leads to more tree mortality and more blackouts, horticulturalists such as Lacan say the solution isn’t to plant fewer trees. It’s to plant different trees that can better endure drought and a hotter climate — plus shorter trees, he adds. “There are a number of short tree species that work quite well under those distribution lines.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking out at the Oakland hills, Lacan says planting trees is a long-term decision. “What you see here before you is a result of someone’s decision 50 years ago,” he says. “So I think we should be planting more trees and the right trees, the trees that are more able to withstand some of these stresses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Climate+Change+Is+Killing+Trees+And+Causing+Power+Outages&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Fungi, parasites, root rot: Climate change is increasing the risk of trees weakening and dying. Falling trees have increased power outages nationwide, threatening public health and safety.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On a hill in Oakland, Igor Lacan looks out from under his Stetson hat at the neighborhood below and begins listing trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maples to birches to plums to liquid amber,” says Lacan, horticulture adviser for the University of California Cooperative Extension. “A cedar. I see some palms, and then you’ve got a monkey puzzle up here!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In between the trees is a crisscrossing web of power lines, delivering electricity to the houses below. Lacan works as an adviser for California utilities such as Pacific Gas & Electric, and he says while most of the trees seem to be flourishing, that’s not true for some nearby acacias. He points upward to a spiral of dead bark hanging off an acacia branch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you can see the wood underneath, which in this case you can, that’s typically a sign that that part of the tree is dead, which is why we didn’t stand under that branch,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"https://ourenvironment.berkeley.edu/people/matteo-garbelotto\">researchers at the University of California, Berkeley\u003c/a>, opportunistic \u003ca href=\"https://www.suddenoakdeath.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Garbelotto.summary.AcaciaStudy.03.30.21.pdf\">fungi \u003c/a>are killing these trees. \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/06/09/1003424717/the-drought-in-the-western-u-s-is-getting-bad-climate-change-is-making-it-worse\">California’s climate change-fueled drought\u003c/a>, which has persisted for the better part of two decades, has stressed the trees and made them vulnerable to parasites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lacan says of the local acacias, “We have never seen the sort of mass mortality that we’re seeing now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change has stoked a host of threats to trees, not just in California but across the country. Extreme storms, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-20455-y\">droughts\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucdavis.edu/news/drought-and-climate-change-shift-tree-disease-sierra-nevada\">disease\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/technology/pdfs/MpbWestbb_Summary.pdf\">insects\u003c/a> are stressing and killing trees, and these trees pose a growing threat of wildfires, and a threat to grid reliability, many large utilities say. The Dixie Fire in Northern California, \u003ca href=\"https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/\">which has already burned more than 950,000 acres\u003c/a>, likely was sparked by a tree falling onto a power line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to more than a dozen of the country’s largest utilities, branches and trees falling on power lines are a leading source of power outages. Some utilities say that because of factors related to climate change, trees are dying faster than they can reach them on their normal trimming cycles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outages caused by falling vegetation go beyond inconvenience for customers, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.michigan.gov/mpsc/0,9535,7-395-93218_93291-506867--,00.html\">Tremaine Phillips\u003c/a>, commissioner on the Michigan Public Service Commission. “We know that there are individuals who rely on medical equipment, and that equipment requires electricity. We know that there are families who have medications that need to be kept refrigerated,” he says. “So these impacts are real and, for certain families, very acute and potentially dire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11889274\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11889274 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/dip2_custom-8160679c53597d4944a5a4a9fe798ce028c39553-s1600-c85.jpg\" alt=\"On the left is a photo of a dead acacia tree with an eye-shaped hole. On the right, a hand touches the branches of a dying acacia tree.\" width=\"1600\" height=\"595\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/dip2_custom-8160679c53597d4944a5a4a9fe798ce028c39553-s1600-c85.jpg 1600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/dip2_custom-8160679c53597d4944a5a4a9fe798ce028c39553-s1600-c85-800x298.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/dip2_custom-8160679c53597d4944a5a4a9fe798ce028c39553-s1600-c85-1020x379.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/dip2_custom-8160679c53597d4944a5a4a9fe798ce028c39553-s1600-c85-160x60.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/dip2_custom-8160679c53597d4944a5a4a9fe798ce028c39553-s1600-c85-1536x571.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers at the University of California, Berkeley say that a fungus is killing this acacia tree (left). The eye-shaped hole is a canker, a sign of the fungus’s presence. Lacan shows the yellowed phyllodes (right) of a dying acacia. Climate change-fueled drought weakened the trees and made them vulnerable to parasites. \u003ccite>(Julia Simon/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Climate change make trees more likely to fall\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://cals.cornell.edu/nina-lauren-bassuk\">Nina Bassuk\u003c/a>, professor of urban horticulture at Cornell University, explains that climate change can kill tree cells through a confluence of stressors. “It’s not like an animal, which dies when you pierce the heart — trees die cell by cell,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shorter and warmer winters can allow insects and diseases to proliferate, she says. Fluctuating temperatures, heat waves and drought can disrupt growth or health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So if you have a bunch of cells that are dead, a branch, for instance, … will be more apt to fall,\u003cem>“\u003c/em> she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2020, Tropical Storm Isaias left 1.2 million Connecticut residents without power for a week in the middle of a summer heat wave. The state’s Public Utilities Regulatory Authority recently fined the state’s largest utility, Eversource, the maximum $28.5 million for failing to prepare and respond to that storm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Diego Cerrai is assistant professor of engineering at the University of Connecticut, and he’s been working with Eversource to study why the outages occurred.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That storm created many more outages than what was expected by anyone,” says Cerrai, who manages the \u003ca href=\"https://www.eversource.uconn.edu/\">Eversource Energy Center\u003c/a>. “\u003ca href=\"https://www.eversource.uconn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/PSR_Hurricane_Isaias_final.pdf\">We started investigating why\u003c/a>. And one of the reasons was that there was a severe drought over the past two years in this area of the United States, and trees were weaker and more likely to fail.\u003cem>” \u003c/em>(Tree “failure” is industry speak for when trees or branches fall.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Connecticut’s drought, severe storms and winds have weakened trees’ defenses, says Sean Redding, vegetation manager for Eversource Connecticut. That makes trees vulnerable to insects such as gypsy moths, the emerald ash borer and the hemlock woolly adelgid, and diseases such as root rot. Now those dead trees and their branches are falling on power lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you have that amount of trees succumbing to these bugs and resulting in mortality, you have a large impact to customers,” Redding says. “Because of the cumulative effect of climate change, insect infestation and disease on our forests here in Connecticut, more trees came down, resulting in more outages.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redding says these days when it comes to dead trees, “there are more of them than we can manage in a timely manner.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11889235\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11889235 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/img_1770_custom-4407b08858894a9caf002d4a6f291bbfa27dcc55-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A man in a wide-brimmed hat points to a hole on an acacia trunk.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1918\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Igor Lacan points to an eye-shaped hole in the acacia trunk. “Sort of a wound that doesn’t heal,” he says. “That’s a good indication there’s something going on.” \u003ccite>(Julia Simon/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>More ‘hazard trees’ are falling onto power lines\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Trees don’t need to be ravaged by insects, fungi or drought to feel the effects of climate change. Unusually intense storms can be enough to topple trees, especially with high winds and heavily saturated soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several storms in quick succession have crashed through Michigan this summer, including \u003ca href=\"https://wdet.org/posts/2021/07/07/91168-detroiters-still-sorting-through-aftermath-of-flood/\">severe floods\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/macomb-county/2021/07/25/suspected-tornado-leaves-path-devastation-armada-rallies-community/8085959002/\">tornadoes\u003c/a>. Some storms packed winds of 75 mph, according to the National Weather Service, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshws.php\">slightly more than the minimum wind speed for a Category 1 hurricane\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In late June and July, around 740,000 customers of the state’s largest utility, DTE Energy, lost power in a series of storms. Then, in August, at least \u003ca href=\"https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2021/08/20/whitmer-michigan-utilities-power-outages-compensation/8214068002/\">500,000 DTE customers lost power\u003c/a>, some for as long as a week. When he went out in the Detroit suburbs after one of the summer storms, Jamie Kryscynski, DTE’s tree trim manager, saw large trees “completely sheared apart.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oaks, they’re very strong trees, like they’re one of the strongest trees out there. And we had oaks that just snapped,” he says. “The point is … we had a lot more very large tree impacts compared to what I’d say an average large storm.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michigan is seeing increased rainfall intensity, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.canr.msu.edu/people/david_macfarlane\">David MacFarlane\u003c/a>, professor at Michigan State University’s Department of Forestry. Some areas of the state now can get a month’s worth of rain in half a day. In the summer when trees are covered with leaves, the leaves sop up that extra water. “When you get heavier rains all at once, it softens the soil and also creates extra weight on the crowns of the trees,” MacFarlane says. “So it makes them more susceptible to being uprooted and pulled over.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In vegetation management, there’s the concept of the “right of way” — the area around lines that transmit electricity to people’s houses. A patchwork of national and state regulations require utilities to trim around these lines, says Scott Aaronson, vice president of security and preparedness at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.eei.org/pages/default.aspx\">Edison Electric Institute\u003c/a>, the largest trade group for investor-owned electric utilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as more trees and branches topple due to climate-related stresses, trees that might not have been technically in utilities’ jurisdiction now pose a danger to utility infrastructure. Utilities call them “hazard trees.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So you might have a right of way, but maybe just a couple of feet beyond that you might have a 150-foot tree that is being impacted by drought or by a bug infestation,” Aaronson says. “And so it’s a constant battle to not just keep up with the right of way but to also identify those hazard trees outside of the right of way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Arizona, a 20-year-drought and an infestation of \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.usda.gov/detail/coconino/landmanagement/resourcemanagement/?cid=stelprdb5351278\">bark beetles\u003c/a> are all leading to a mass mortality of \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/brca/learn/nature/ponderosapine.htm\">ponderosa pines\u003c/a>, a tree that can grow to 200 feet. Because these dead pines are so tall, it falls on the utility to manage them, says Andrew Rable, manager of forestry, fire and resource management of Arizona Public Service Co., or APS, the state’s largest utility. “If they do fail,” he says, “they do have the ability to impact or strike our equipment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>APS is one of several large utilities that has created a new vegetation management cycle to remove dead and dying trees at risk of toppling. Rable describes it as “an entire program that addresses trees that will fail prior to us getting there during our routine maintenance schedule.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11889236\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1487px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11889236 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/exhibitj_custom-c9c36454627776ebddc083de00bd6ce7e2d41450.jpg\" alt=\"A fir tree lying atop, and weighing down, power lines.\" width=\"1487\" height=\"987\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This fir tree lies on a power line in an area near the start of the Dixie Fire in California. PG&E says the costs of maintaining trees near power lines are part of the reason it is moving to bury 10,000 miles of new power lines at a cost of at least $15 billion. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of PG&E)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Utilities are rethinking putting lines underground\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Vegetation management isn’t cheap. DTE Energy is another utility on an “enhanced” tree trimming cycle, meaning cutting trees farther away from the power lines and wires. It spent $150 million on clearing trees from power lines last year alone. This month the company’s CEO announced \u003ca href=\"https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2021/09/01/dte-michigan-tree-trimming/5680124001/\">another $70 million for tree trimming\u003c/a> in light of this summer’s outages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For some utilities, the high costs of maintaining trees have them turning underground. In July, PG&E announced plans to bury 10,000 miles of electricity lines, a process the utility projects will cost at least $15 billion. The utility declined to specify a timetable for the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s after PG&E cut down about 564,000 hazard trees suffering from drought or bark beetle infestation from 2014 to 2020. PG&E told NPR in an email that undergrounding lines will “ease the need for vegetation management efforts” and that the utility will “over time, transition more and more to undergrounding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Putting power lines underground was long considered prohibitively expensive but not anymore. In July, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/industries-and-topics/wildfires/wildfires-staff-investigations\">PG&E told state regulators in a preliminary report on the Dixie Fire\u003c/a>, the largest fire burning now in the U.S. and second largest fire in California history, that \u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.kqed.org/news/11881837/why-it-took-pge-9-5-hours-to-get-to-the-scene-where-dixie-fire-started__;!!Iwwt!B7vZUHv41EFeyp8xZmUsztgj8subNWSknf8PPd6umJiPIdyTgi9Q-kxumT4%24\">an employee discovered the fire near a tree that had fallen onto live power lines\u003c/a>. The increasing costs of vegetation management of above-ground lines as well as the legal liabilities that come with fires and outages mean undergrounding looks more and more attractive, says Aaronson of the Edison Electric Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s something that is evolving, the cost benefit analysis of ‘Do we underground?’ or ‘Do we more aggressively maintain above-ground overhead lines?’ is kind of constantly changing,” Aaronson says. PG&E says that, ultimately, costs of maintaining above-ground lines are now on par with undergrounding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11889231\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11889231 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/0b6a9623_custom-ec2164bbbee0603aa485cfc1e2e4eb086e95e7e2-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"The top of a utility pole and power lines, with trees trimmed back from around them.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1705\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/0b6a9623_custom-ec2164bbbee0603aa485cfc1e2e4eb086e95e7e2-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/0b6a9623_custom-ec2164bbbee0603aa485cfc1e2e4eb086e95e7e2-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/0b6a9623_custom-ec2164bbbee0603aa485cfc1e2e4eb086e95e7e2-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/0b6a9623_custom-ec2164bbbee0603aa485cfc1e2e4eb086e95e7e2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/0b6a9623_custom-ec2164bbbee0603aa485cfc1e2e4eb086e95e7e2-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/0b6a9623_custom-ec2164bbbee0603aa485cfc1e2e4eb086e95e7e2-2048x1364.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/0b6a9623_custom-ec2164bbbee0603aa485cfc1e2e4eb086e95e7e2-1920x1279.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A patchwork of national and state regulations requires utilities to trim around their power lines. More than a dozen of the country’s largest utilities told NPR that falling trees and branches represent a leading cause of outages. \u003ccite>(Ryan Kellman/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Utilities help fuel the climate change now affecting them\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Daniel Tait of the Energy and Policy Institute, a utility watchdog group, says it’s important to remember the context for why utilities are now having to adapt vegetation management programs to the changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Utilities are now seeing the impacts of climate change, but the big thing is that utilities have fueled climate change for decades,” he says, pointing out that \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/electricity/electricity-in-the-us.php\">60% of U.S. electricity comes from fossil fuels\u003c/a>, whose emissions heat up the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tait says some of the same utilities grappling with tree mortality related to climate change still invest in new fossil fuel infrastructure. DTE Energy, for example, is currently building a new natural gas plant. “They share culpability for the fact that trees are dying,” Tait says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DTE Energy says in an email that the \u003ca href=\"https://empoweringmichigan.com/bluewater/\">new gas plant \u003c/a>has about 70% less carbon emissions than the coal plants it’s replacing and that it will “bring on more renewables.” \u003ca href=\"https://newlook.dteenergy.com/wps/wcm/connect/dte-web/home/community-and-news/common/environment/fuel-mix\">DTE Energy produces more than two-thirds of its electricity from coal and gas.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As climate change leads to more tree mortality and more blackouts, horticulturalists such as Lacan say the solution isn’t to plant fewer trees. It’s to plant different trees that can better endure drought and a hotter climate — plus shorter trees, he adds. “There are a number of short tree species that work quite well under those distribution lines.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking out at the Oakland hills, Lacan says planting trees is a long-term decision. “What you see here before you is a result of someone’s decision 50 years ago,” he says. “So I think we should be planting more trees and the right trees, the trees that are more able to withstand some of these stresses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Climate+Change+Is+Killing+Trees+And+Causing+Power+Outages&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "a-single-fire-killed-thousands-of-sequoias-scientists-are-racing-to-save-the-rest",
"title": "A Single Fire Killed Thousands of Sequoias. Scientists Are Racing to Save the Rest",
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"headTitle": "A Single Fire Killed Thousands of Sequoias. Scientists Are Racing to Save the Rest | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>On a hot afternoon in California’s Sequoia National Park, Alexis Bernal squints up at the top of a 200-foot-tall tree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is what we would call a real giant sequoia monarch,” she says. “It’s massive.”[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Alexis Bernal, UC Berkeley fire science researcher\"]‘It’s hard to see these trees that have lived hundreds to potentially thousands of years just die because it’s just not a normal thing for them.’[/pullquote]At 40 feet in diameter, the tree easily meets the definition of a monarch, the name given to the largest sequoias. It’s likely more than 1,500 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, that’s as old as this tree will get. The trunk is pitch black, the char reaching almost all the way to the top. Not a single green branch is visible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s 100% dead,” Bernal says. “There’s no living foliage on it at all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scorched carcasses of eight other giants surround this one in the Alder Creek Grove. A fire science research assistant at UC Berkeley, Bernal is here with a team cataloguing the destruction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not easy to kill a giant sequoia. They can live more than 3,000 years and withstand repeated wildfires and droughts over the centuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, with humans changing both the climate and the landscape surrounding the trees, these giants face dangers they might not survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, the Castle Fire burned through the Sierra Nevada, fueled by hot, dry conditions and overgrown forests. Based on early estimates, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/preliminary-estimates-of-sequoia-mortality-in-the-2020-castle-fire.htm\">as many as 10,600 large sequoias were killed\u003c/a> — up to 14% of the entire population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11889064\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1300px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/pic-3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11889064 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/pic-3.jpg\" alt=\"Two very tall trees, forested caps and reddish trunks towering high above the trees around them, on a sunny day.\" width=\"1300\" height=\"865\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/pic-3.jpg 1300w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/pic-3-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/pic-3-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/pic-3-160x106.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1300px) 100vw, 1300px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Living more than 3,000 years, giant sequoias normally survive dozens of low-grade wildfires in their lifetimes by towering over the rest of the forest. But these barely escaped the Castle Fire in 2020. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This is unprecedented to see so many of these large old-growth trees dead, and I think it’s a travesty,” says Scott Stephens, fire scientist at UC Berkeley, as he surveys the damage. “This is pure disaster.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With extreme fires increasing on a hotter planet, scientists are urgently trying to save the sequoias that remain. Researchers from federal agencies and universities are teaming up to find the sequoia groves at highest risk. The hope is to make them more fire-resistant by reducing the dense, overgrown vegetation around them before the next wildfire hits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now, one year later, the sequoia groves again are under threat. At the time of publication, wildfires burning in Sequoia National Park were within a mile of a grove with thousands of sequoias. Firefighters are battling to contain the blazes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s hard to see these trees that have lived hundreds to potentially thousands of years just die,” Bernal says, “because it’s just not a normal thing for them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Sequoias need fire, but fires are changing\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Giant sequoias only grow in isolated pockets, tucked in the mountains of California. Losing even a few groves spells significant loss to the entire population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sequoias are one of the most fire-adapted trees on the planet. With tough, foot-thick bark, they’re insulated from the heat. They tower above the rest of the forest, and the bottom of the tree trunk is bare, without low branches that might be ignited by trees burning around it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Old-growth sequoias weathered the low-intensity wildfires that were once the norm in the Sierra Nevada. Fires regularly spread along the forest floor, either ignited by lightning or \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/08/24/899422710/to-manage-wildfire-california-looks-to-what-tribes-have-known-all-along\">set by Native American tribes who used burns\u003c/a> to shape the landscape and cultivate food and materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the arrival of white colonizers, fire began to disappear from these forests. Tribes were forcibly removed from lands they once maintained, and federal firefighting agencies mounted a campaign of fire suppression, extinguishing blazes as quickly as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That meant forests grew denser over the last century. Now, the built-up vegetation has become a tinder box, fueling hotter, more extreme fires, like the Castle Fire, that kill vast swaths of trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These trees have been here 1,500 years, so how many fires have they withstood? Eighty?” Stephens says. “And then one fire comes in 2020 and suddenly they’re gone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/Screen-Shot-2021-09-20-at-1.11.08-PM-e1632169044591.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-11889149\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/Screen-Shot-2021-09-20-at-1.11.08-PM-e1632169044591.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1323\">\u003c/a>The Castle Fire’s fierce heat was also fueled by the changing climate. In 2012, when a drought hit California, hotter temperatures amplified the toll it took on Sierra Nevada forests. While the largest sequoias could handle it, other kinds of conifers around them succumbed. \u003ca href=\"https://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/massive-forest-die-sierra-nevada-caused-multiyear-drought\">Millions of trees were killed.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"related coverage\" tag=\"climate-change\"]“The extra warmth that came with the drought pushed it into a whole new terrain,” says Nate Stephenson, an emeritus scientist with the U.S. Geological Survey. “That’s what really helped kill a lot of trees, and they became fuel for fires.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During his four decades of studying the trees, Stephenson had rarely seen an old-growth sequoia die. When the first images emerged after the Castle Fire hit, he wasn’t prepared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s when I couldn’t help it,” he says. “I don’t cry often, but I cried when I saw the photos. Because I love these trees.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Few seedlings sprout from the ash\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>A year later, the soil is still powdery black in the Alder Creek sequoia grove. The UC Berkeley team is scanning it for signs of hope: any spot of green.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Two tiny sequoias here growing from the regeneration from the fire,” Stephens says, finding 2-inch-tall seedlings, impossibly tiny compared to what they could become.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The life cycle of a sequoia hinges on wildfire, which is the trigger for releasing its seeds. The blast of heat opens the cones, sending a shower of seeds to the forest floor, which get established quickly on the newly cleared ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some groves, researchers are finding hundreds of seedlings where the Castle Fire burned with low intensity, more like the kind of fire sequoias are accustomed to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the Alder Creek Grove, where the fire burned with ferocious heat, the team only finds a dozen seedlings the entire afternoon. Other groves look similarly bare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even under normal conditions, around 98% of sequoia seedlings die in their first year. This year could be even tougher, with extreme drought gripping the landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am very concerned that some areas will not have sequoias,” says Christy Brigham, head of resources management and science for Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks. “All the adults are killed and there will not be enough seedlings to repopulate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11889070\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1300px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/pic-6-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11889070 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/pic-6-1.jpg\" alt=\"Three people look up at the charred remains of a forest, one pointing skyward.\" width=\"1300\" height=\"863\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/pic-6-1.jpg 1300w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/pic-6-1-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/pic-6-1-1020x677.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/pic-6-1-160x106.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1300px) 100vw, 1300px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers, including Scott Stephens (left), hope to identify which sequoia groves are most at risk from extreme fires, with the goal of making them more fire-resistant. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That’s leading land managers to consider planting new sequoias, so the scorched groves don’t disappear entirely. But in a changing climate, it’s not a simple question. As temperatures rise, young trees planted today face surviving in a vastly different future. The most suitable habitat for sequoias could move somewhere else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is one of the gifts of giant sequoias … that they force us to think in deep time,” says Brigham. “It forces us to confront the challenge of climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Rush to save remaining sequoias\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Federal land managers say that given the millennia-length time frame, planting new sequoias is a back-up plan at this point. The more pressing need is saving the trees that are left.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/gslc.htm\">Giant Sequoia Lands Coalition\u003c/a>, a partnership of the National Park Service, the U.S. Forest Service, universities, local Native American tribes and nonprofits, is identifying the groves most at risk and this summer has been rapidly assessing conditions on the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We just saw what one wildfire did,” Brigham says. “Can we find the places, do the plans, and get the funding and put the people on the ground fast enough to prevent loss like this in the future?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brigham estimates around 40% of the sequoia groves on national park land alone are at risk of severe wildfires, because the surrounding forests haven’t burned in decades. Other groves at risk are found on Forest Service or private land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11889073\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1300px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/pic-5-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11889073 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/pic-5-1.jpg\" alt=\"A bright green seedling pops through the brown forest floor.\" width=\"1300\" height=\"865\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/pic-5-1.jpg 1300w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/pic-5-1-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/pic-5-1-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/pic-5-1-160x106.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1300px) 100vw, 1300px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In some sequoia groves, few seedlings are being found in the aftermath of the Castle Fire. Those that have sprouted face surviving a summer of extreme drought. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sequoia National Park has used controlled burns, also known as prescribed fire, since the 1960s to prevent forests from becoming overgrown. But Brigham says burning continues to be a challenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the spring, when cooler conditions are better for controlled burns, projects are limited because of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2020/05/15/2020-09153/endangered-and-threatened-wildlife-and-plants-endangered-species-status-for-southern-sierra-nevada\">threatened pacific fisher\u003c/a>. The slender, mink-like animal was listed as endangered in 2020, and its habitat is protected during the spring denning season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But burning in the summer can be tough because of air quality concerns, extremely dry vegetation or lack of personnel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are all these constraints on prescribed fire that we can’t control,” Brigham says. “As it gets hotter and drier, that window is smaller and smaller.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brigham says she’s hopeful that land managers can move quickly over the next year to prioritize the sequoia groves that need help the most. With extreme fires becoming increasingly common, time is running short.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is not too late,” says Brigham. “We can do better. People love these trees. So I just hope we can take that love and translate it into immediate action to protect the groves and long-term action to limit climate change and its impacts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Single+Fire+Killed+Thousands+Of+Sequoias.+Scientists+Are+Racing+To+Save+The+Rest&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On a hot afternoon in California’s Sequoia National Park, Alexis Bernal squints up at the top of a 200-foot-tall tree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is what we would call a real giant sequoia monarch,” she says. “It’s massive.”\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>At 40 feet in diameter, the tree easily meets the definition of a monarch, the name given to the largest sequoias. It’s likely more than 1,500 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, that’s as old as this tree will get. The trunk is pitch black, the char reaching almost all the way to the top. Not a single green branch is visible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s 100% dead,” Bernal says. “There’s no living foliage on it at all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scorched carcasses of eight other giants surround this one in the Alder Creek Grove. A fire science research assistant at UC Berkeley, Bernal is here with a team cataloguing the destruction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not easy to kill a giant sequoia. They can live more than 3,000 years and withstand repeated wildfires and droughts over the centuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, with humans changing both the climate and the landscape surrounding the trees, these giants face dangers they might not survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, the Castle Fire burned through the Sierra Nevada, fueled by hot, dry conditions and overgrown forests. Based on early estimates, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/preliminary-estimates-of-sequoia-mortality-in-the-2020-castle-fire.htm\">as many as 10,600 large sequoias were killed\u003c/a> — up to 14% of the entire population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11889064\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1300px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/pic-3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11889064 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/pic-3.jpg\" alt=\"Two very tall trees, forested caps and reddish trunks towering high above the trees around them, on a sunny day.\" width=\"1300\" height=\"865\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/pic-3.jpg 1300w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/pic-3-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/pic-3-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/pic-3-160x106.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1300px) 100vw, 1300px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Living more than 3,000 years, giant sequoias normally survive dozens of low-grade wildfires in their lifetimes by towering over the rest of the forest. But these barely escaped the Castle Fire in 2020. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This is unprecedented to see so many of these large old-growth trees dead, and I think it’s a travesty,” says Scott Stephens, fire scientist at UC Berkeley, as he surveys the damage. “This is pure disaster.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With extreme fires increasing on a hotter planet, scientists are urgently trying to save the sequoias that remain. Researchers from federal agencies and universities are teaming up to find the sequoia groves at highest risk. The hope is to make them more fire-resistant by reducing the dense, overgrown vegetation around them before the next wildfire hits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now, one year later, the sequoia groves again are under threat. At the time of publication, wildfires burning in Sequoia National Park were within a mile of a grove with thousands of sequoias. Firefighters are battling to contain the blazes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s hard to see these trees that have lived hundreds to potentially thousands of years just die,” Bernal says, “because it’s just not a normal thing for them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Sequoias need fire, but fires are changing\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Giant sequoias only grow in isolated pockets, tucked in the mountains of California. Losing even a few groves spells significant loss to the entire population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sequoias are one of the most fire-adapted trees on the planet. With tough, foot-thick bark, they’re insulated from the heat. They tower above the rest of the forest, and the bottom of the tree trunk is bare, without low branches that might be ignited by trees burning around it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Old-growth sequoias weathered the low-intensity wildfires that were once the norm in the Sierra Nevada. Fires regularly spread along the forest floor, either ignited by lightning or \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/08/24/899422710/to-manage-wildfire-california-looks-to-what-tribes-have-known-all-along\">set by Native American tribes who used burns\u003c/a> to shape the landscape and cultivate food and materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the arrival of white colonizers, fire began to disappear from these forests. Tribes were forcibly removed from lands they once maintained, and federal firefighting agencies mounted a campaign of fire suppression, extinguishing blazes as quickly as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That meant forests grew denser over the last century. Now, the built-up vegetation has become a tinder box, fueling hotter, more extreme fires, like the Castle Fire, that kill vast swaths of trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These trees have been here 1,500 years, so how many fires have they withstood? Eighty?” Stephens says. “And then one fire comes in 2020 and suddenly they’re gone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/Screen-Shot-2021-09-20-at-1.11.08-PM-e1632169044591.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-11889149\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/Screen-Shot-2021-09-20-at-1.11.08-PM-e1632169044591.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1323\">\u003c/a>The Castle Fire’s fierce heat was also fueled by the changing climate. In 2012, when a drought hit California, hotter temperatures amplified the toll it took on Sierra Nevada forests. While the largest sequoias could handle it, other kinds of conifers around them succumbed. \u003ca href=\"https://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/massive-forest-die-sierra-nevada-caused-multiyear-drought\">Millions of trees were killed.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“The extra warmth that came with the drought pushed it into a whole new terrain,” says Nate Stephenson, an emeritus scientist with the U.S. Geological Survey. “That’s what really helped kill a lot of trees, and they became fuel for fires.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During his four decades of studying the trees, Stephenson had rarely seen an old-growth sequoia die. When the first images emerged after the Castle Fire hit, he wasn’t prepared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s when I couldn’t help it,” he says. “I don’t cry often, but I cried when I saw the photos. Because I love these trees.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Few seedlings sprout from the ash\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>A year later, the soil is still powdery black in the Alder Creek sequoia grove. The UC Berkeley team is scanning it for signs of hope: any spot of green.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Two tiny sequoias here growing from the regeneration from the fire,” Stephens says, finding 2-inch-tall seedlings, impossibly tiny compared to what they could become.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The life cycle of a sequoia hinges on wildfire, which is the trigger for releasing its seeds. The blast of heat opens the cones, sending a shower of seeds to the forest floor, which get established quickly on the newly cleared ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some groves, researchers are finding hundreds of seedlings where the Castle Fire burned with low intensity, more like the kind of fire sequoias are accustomed to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the Alder Creek Grove, where the fire burned with ferocious heat, the team only finds a dozen seedlings the entire afternoon. Other groves look similarly bare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even under normal conditions, around 98% of sequoia seedlings die in their first year. This year could be even tougher, with extreme drought gripping the landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am very concerned that some areas will not have sequoias,” says Christy Brigham, head of resources management and science for Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks. “All the adults are killed and there will not be enough seedlings to repopulate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11889070\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1300px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/pic-6-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11889070 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/pic-6-1.jpg\" alt=\"Three people look up at the charred remains of a forest, one pointing skyward.\" width=\"1300\" height=\"863\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/pic-6-1.jpg 1300w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/pic-6-1-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/pic-6-1-1020x677.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/pic-6-1-160x106.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1300px) 100vw, 1300px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers, including Scott Stephens (left), hope to identify which sequoia groves are most at risk from extreme fires, with the goal of making them more fire-resistant. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That’s leading land managers to consider planting new sequoias, so the scorched groves don’t disappear entirely. But in a changing climate, it’s not a simple question. As temperatures rise, young trees planted today face surviving in a vastly different future. The most suitable habitat for sequoias could move somewhere else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is one of the gifts of giant sequoias … that they force us to think in deep time,” says Brigham. “It forces us to confront the challenge of climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Rush to save remaining sequoias\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Federal land managers say that given the millennia-length time frame, planting new sequoias is a back-up plan at this point. The more pressing need is saving the trees that are left.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/gslc.htm\">Giant Sequoia Lands Coalition\u003c/a>, a partnership of the National Park Service, the U.S. Forest Service, universities, local Native American tribes and nonprofits, is identifying the groves most at risk and this summer has been rapidly assessing conditions on the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We just saw what one wildfire did,” Brigham says. “Can we find the places, do the plans, and get the funding and put the people on the ground fast enough to prevent loss like this in the future?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brigham estimates around 40% of the sequoia groves on national park land alone are at risk of severe wildfires, because the surrounding forests haven’t burned in decades. Other groves at risk are found on Forest Service or private land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11889073\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1300px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/pic-5-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11889073 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/pic-5-1.jpg\" alt=\"A bright green seedling pops through the brown forest floor.\" width=\"1300\" height=\"865\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/pic-5-1.jpg 1300w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/pic-5-1-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/pic-5-1-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/pic-5-1-160x106.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1300px) 100vw, 1300px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In some sequoia groves, few seedlings are being found in the aftermath of the Castle Fire. Those that have sprouted face surviving a summer of extreme drought. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sequoia National Park has used controlled burns, also known as prescribed fire, since the 1960s to prevent forests from becoming overgrown. But Brigham says burning continues to be a challenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the spring, when cooler conditions are better for controlled burns, projects are limited because of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2020/05/15/2020-09153/endangered-and-threatened-wildlife-and-plants-endangered-species-status-for-southern-sierra-nevada\">threatened pacific fisher\u003c/a>. The slender, mink-like animal was listed as endangered in 2020, and its habitat is protected during the spring denning season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But burning in the summer can be tough because of air quality concerns, extremely dry vegetation or lack of personnel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are all these constraints on prescribed fire that we can’t control,” Brigham says. “As it gets hotter and drier, that window is smaller and smaller.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brigham says she’s hopeful that land managers can move quickly over the next year to prioritize the sequoia groves that need help the most. With extreme fires becoming increasingly common, time is running short.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is not too late,” says Brigham. “We can do better. People love these trees. So I just hope we can take that love and translate it into immediate action to protect the groves and long-term action to limit climate change and its impacts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Single+Fire+Killed+Thousands+Of+Sequoias.+Scientists+Are+Racing+To+Save+The+Rest&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Happiest Climate Change Song Ever? Fantastic Negrito and 'Rolling Through California'",
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"content": "\u003cp>Smoky skies. Wildfires. The skyrocketing cost of living in the Golden State.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oakland-based artist Fantastic Negrito has figured out a way to make a joyful melody about some of California’s toughest issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>music video for “Rolling Through California,” released last month and featuring fellow Oakland musician Miko Marks, shows a young boy dressed up as a firefighter, surveying a burned landscape. Fantastic Negrito appreciates the simplicity and honesty with which kids think about and process massive problems like climate change and the housing crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the video unfolds on a ranch owned by the Oakland Black Cowboy Association — a way to celebrate and highlight the role Black people played in shaping the American West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aFx88DdixyA\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Report Magazine’s Sasha Khokha talked with Fantastic Negrito about his creative process — and why he remains hopeful and optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This conversation has been edited for brevity and clarity.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>On how the lyrics for the song came to him\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fantastic Negrito\u003c/strong>: I remember it was, I guess, September 9th. That \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1969409/no-you-didnt-wake-up-to-the-apocalypse-wildfire-smoke-turns-bay-area-sky-orange-and-dark\">day of the red sky\u003c/a>. It was extremely surreal and it felt apocalyptic and it felt like a message.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It felt like that something greater than us was speaking. And I just stood there looking at this bloodshot sun in the sky with this orange hue. I got my guitar and sat out there for a little while and I guess the riff just came to me. I wanted to tell the story of what was happening in the moment.\u003cbr>\n[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cb>On staying optimistic in times of crisis\u003c/b>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fantastic Negrito\u003c/strong>: Someone said it’s the happiest climate change song ever. I’m going with this visceral energy that I’m feeling. I want to live the full spectrum of this life that I’m afforded to live, this opportunity that I have every day to contribute, exist, agitate, enlighten, disappoint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I live in that free fall of emotions. That’s when you can feel life — when you can accept that, hey, it’s all going to happen. I thought that it was really appropriate to be celebratory, and to be optimistic about the challenges that we have to face, because at least we’re alive here and hopefully healthy to face them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those obstacles that we face become fuel, and that’s how we keep this motor running.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11888824\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1708px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11888824 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/images_uploads_gallery_SBG07799-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A man and a woman, brightly dressed and wearing sunglasses, stand back-to-back looking at the camera on a path beside a large body of water.\" width=\"1708\" height=\"2560\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/images_uploads_gallery_SBG07799-scaled.jpg 1708w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/images_uploads_gallery_SBG07799-800x1199.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/images_uploads_gallery_SBG07799-1020x1529.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/images_uploads_gallery_SBG07799-160x240.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/images_uploads_gallery_SBG07799-1025x1536.jpg 1025w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/images_uploads_gallery_SBG07799-1366x2048.jpg 1366w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/images_uploads_gallery_SBG07799-1920x2878.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1708px) 100vw, 1708px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fantastic Negrito and Miko Marks, singer, songwriter and fellow Oakland resident, collaborated on the new single ‘Rolling Through California.’ \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Fantastic Negrito)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>\u003cb>Behind the scenes of the music video\u003c/b>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fantastic Negrito:\u003c/strong> I thought that it would be interesting to get a young person. I wanted it to be through his eyes. He had to find his tribe of people that believed in it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The kid is someone that I know very well. He’s kind of like family. I talked to him about the fires and I really loved how simple his view was on fires, climate change. I thought that he — in an honest way — could embody that message.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We drove him out to Santa Rosa and you see him looking at all these charred remains of what was a forest. And I wanted to get his truest, real reaction. What does a 9-year-old think about that? I thought that was very important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I [also] was so ignorant to the role of Black cowboys in America. I think it’s a chapter that is untold. So I decided to have the video right there on their ranch and I just thought it was important to shine the light on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cb>On optimism in his genes\u003c/b>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fantastic Negrito\u003c/strong>: I come from Southern people. All of my mama’s relatives go back to Virginia. A lot of my attitude comes from spending those summers and those Thanksgivings with my Virginia folks who are all very elderly people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I remember we’re talking about the blues and spirituals. I was young. I didn’t really even care about the blues, but I remember one of them saying, “White folks thought we were sad. We weren’t sad.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means [that] things are dismal, things are tough, there are obstacles, but we’re going to keep on moving here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever we got to do, we’re going to make it through this. I’m here now because of the kind of courage my ancestors probably faced under fire. That attitude permeates. It’s pervasive. That’s the way I feel about everything: No matter what, stay upbeat and look at how things can be done. Stop looking at how things can’t be done.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cb>On the past, present and future for California\u003c/b>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>[aside label ='related coverage' tag='climate-change']\u003cstrong>Fantastic Negrito\u003c/strong>: We were once seen as the place to be, California, the dreamland that is the land of milk and honey. Twenty years ago, I remember this being the place people were overwhelmingly trying to live in. It is a beautiful place, we just have challenges right now, so that doesn’t mean that we abandon or retreat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The future of the state, the country, of all of us, is that we embrace possibilities. Affordable housing, that can be done if we want it to be done. I think the control of the fires, containing fires, global warming, climate change — it can be done if we get on the right side of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If someone can have their own private satellite that we see up in the sky and people can take trips to the moon, we can do anything.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Smoky skies. Wildfires. The skyrocketing cost of living in the Golden State.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oakland-based artist Fantastic Negrito has figured out a way to make a joyful melody about some of California’s toughest issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>music video for “Rolling Through California,” released last month and featuring fellow Oakland musician Miko Marks, shows a young boy dressed up as a firefighter, surveying a burned landscape. Fantastic Negrito appreciates the simplicity and honesty with which kids think about and process massive problems like climate change and the housing crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the video unfolds on a ranch owned by the Oakland Black Cowboy Association — a way to celebrate and highlight the role Black people played in shaping the American West.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/aFx88DdixyA'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/aFx88DdixyA'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>The California Report Magazine’s Sasha Khokha talked with Fantastic Negrito about his creative process — and why he remains hopeful and optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This conversation has been edited for brevity and clarity.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>On how the lyrics for the song came to him\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fantastic Negrito\u003c/strong>: I remember it was, I guess, September 9th. That \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1969409/no-you-didnt-wake-up-to-the-apocalypse-wildfire-smoke-turns-bay-area-sky-orange-and-dark\">day of the red sky\u003c/a>. It was extremely surreal and it felt apocalyptic and it felt like a message.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It felt like that something greater than us was speaking. And I just stood there looking at this bloodshot sun in the sky with this orange hue. I got my guitar and sat out there for a little while and I guess the riff just came to me. I wanted to tell the story of what was happening in the moment.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cb>On staying optimistic in times of crisis\u003c/b>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fantastic Negrito\u003c/strong>: Someone said it’s the happiest climate change song ever. I’m going with this visceral energy that I’m feeling. I want to live the full spectrum of this life that I’m afforded to live, this opportunity that I have every day to contribute, exist, agitate, enlighten, disappoint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I live in that free fall of emotions. That’s when you can feel life — when you can accept that, hey, it’s all going to happen. I thought that it was really appropriate to be celebratory, and to be optimistic about the challenges that we have to face, because at least we’re alive here and hopefully healthy to face them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those obstacles that we face become fuel, and that’s how we keep this motor running.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11888824\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1708px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11888824 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/images_uploads_gallery_SBG07799-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A man and a woman, brightly dressed and wearing sunglasses, stand back-to-back looking at the camera on a path beside a large body of water.\" width=\"1708\" height=\"2560\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/images_uploads_gallery_SBG07799-scaled.jpg 1708w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/images_uploads_gallery_SBG07799-800x1199.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/images_uploads_gallery_SBG07799-1020x1529.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/images_uploads_gallery_SBG07799-160x240.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/images_uploads_gallery_SBG07799-1025x1536.jpg 1025w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/images_uploads_gallery_SBG07799-1366x2048.jpg 1366w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/images_uploads_gallery_SBG07799-1920x2878.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1708px) 100vw, 1708px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fantastic Negrito and Miko Marks, singer, songwriter and fellow Oakland resident, collaborated on the new single ‘Rolling Through California.’ \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Fantastic Negrito)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>\u003cb>Behind the scenes of the music video\u003c/b>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fantastic Negrito:\u003c/strong> I thought that it would be interesting to get a young person. I wanted it to be through his eyes. He had to find his tribe of people that believed in it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The kid is someone that I know very well. He’s kind of like family. I talked to him about the fires and I really loved how simple his view was on fires, climate change. I thought that he — in an honest way — could embody that message.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We drove him out to Santa Rosa and you see him looking at all these charred remains of what was a forest. And I wanted to get his truest, real reaction. What does a 9-year-old think about that? I thought that was very important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I [also] was so ignorant to the role of Black cowboys in America. I think it’s a chapter that is untold. So I decided to have the video right there on their ranch and I just thought it was important to shine the light on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cb>On optimism in his genes\u003c/b>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fantastic Negrito\u003c/strong>: I come from Southern people. All of my mama’s relatives go back to Virginia. A lot of my attitude comes from spending those summers and those Thanksgivings with my Virginia folks who are all very elderly people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I remember we’re talking about the blues and spirituals. I was young. I didn’t really even care about the blues, but I remember one of them saying, “White folks thought we were sad. We weren’t sad.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means [that] things are dismal, things are tough, there are obstacles, but we’re going to keep on moving here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever we got to do, we’re going to make it through this. I’m here now because of the kind of courage my ancestors probably faced under fire. That attitude permeates. It’s pervasive. That’s the way I feel about everything: No matter what, stay upbeat and look at how things can be done. Stop looking at how things can’t be done.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cb>On the past, present and future for California\u003c/b>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fantastic Negrito\u003c/strong>: We were once seen as the place to be, California, the dreamland that is the land of milk and honey. Twenty years ago, I remember this being the place people were overwhelmingly trying to live in. It is a beautiful place, we just have challenges right now, so that doesn’t mean that we abandon or retreat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The future of the state, the country, of all of us, is that we embrace possibilities. Affordable housing, that can be done if we want it to be done. I think the control of the fires, containing fires, global warming, climate change — it can be done if we get on the right side of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If someone can have their own private satellite that we see up in the sky and people can take trips to the moon, we can do anything.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://open.spotify.com/playlist/2QoyW8Jt9q3Tq11l8ws3wc?si=3d913de8a11c45a8&nd=1\">Listen to all six episodes of our State of Drought series on Spotify.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When summer is hot and dry, Californians have reason to think about drought — what it means to be in one, and what it means to come out of one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2017, the state emerged from a nearly six-year seasonal drought. Then we had a few years that saw more water across much of the state. Now in 2021, we’ve hit another significant drought year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That led Bay Curious listener Nicholas Hardy to ask: Are we in the start of a drought or are we actually in the middle of a megadrought with some wet years thrown in?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we examine the long-term history of California’s relationship with water, or the lack thereof, we can start to piece together what’s going on.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>How do we know we’re in a drought?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Weather conditions, such as day-to-day rainfall and heat, tell us if we’re currently in a drought. What little snow fell in the Sierra Nevada melted and quickly soaked into the ground this year, never reaching reservoirs. That plus meager rainfall over the winter set the stage for bone dry summer conditions in California and across the West. By the end of August, \u003ca href=\"https://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/CurrentMap/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?West\">the national Drought Monitor\u003c/a>, showed the entire state of California was at least in moderate drought, with a significant swath ranked in “exceptional drought,” the highest level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/NWSBayArea/status/1433411032773316614?s=20\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oregon and Nevada had similar conditions. The Drought Monitor is a map that federal agencies and university scientists pull together from actual weather data such as temperatures and rainfall and also on-the-ground observations, such as those made by UC Cooperative Extension agents throughout the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>What is a megadrought, and are we in one?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Over the long-term, it’s climate science that paints the picture of how long droughts in the past have lasted, and to some extent how severe they were. While “drought” refers to one season or one year’s conditions, climate scientists use the term “megadrought” when drought conditions last for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the southwest, it’s been overall drier since the late 1990s. So we’re talking about a 20 year dry period here now,” said Richard Seager, a climate scientist at the Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory at Columbia University, “and using the term megadrought is justifiable because it stacks up in terms of the severity and the length with the ones that we’ve inferred from tree ring data back in the Medieval period.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousbug]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, a study published in the journal Science \u003ca href=\"https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6488/314\">described how tree rings allowed researchers to conclude that the last time the West experienced sustained arid conditions over decades was a 28-year dry spell\u003c/a> that ended in the year 1603.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We now have a full, uninterrupted record of soil moisture across western North America that extends from 800 A.D. all the way up to the near present,” Park Williams, who led the study, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1962273/megadrought-conditions-not-seen-for-400-years-have-returned-to-the-west-scientists-say\">told KQED at the time\u003c/a>. He’s now a bioclimatologist at UCLA. “That allows us to compare for the first time this drought event to the big megadroughts.” Williams said the current megadrought looks “indistinguishable from those big megadroughts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study looked at California, eight other states and Northern Mexico and it corroborates what scientists have long feared and warned policymakers: \u003ca href=\"https://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2019/07/24/medieval-megadroughts-climate-change/\">Extreme warming will exacerbate any dry spell making it longer, severer and more widespread\u003c/a>, and this will bake states in the Western U.S. and areas of Mexico with a punishingly long drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ppic.org/publication/californias-latest-drought/\">While the occasional wet period punctuates a long run of below-average precipitation\u003c/a>, for the past two decades the region has been consistently dry and hot. In response, thirsty farms and cities have drawn down the Colorado River, putting the water supply for 40 million people in California alone at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the first time, in August 2021 \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/08/23/1030223380/farmers-in-arizona-face-cuts-because-of-colorado-river-water-shortages\">the federal government declared a water shortage on the river\u003c/a> and some farmers, particularly in Arizona, are already feeling the impact.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>California Boomed During Unusually Wet Times\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11861878\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11861878\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Lake-Chabot-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A black and white photo of lake chabot nestled below rolling hills.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"2240\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Lake-Chabot-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Lake-Chabot-800x700.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Lake-Chabot-1020x892.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Lake-Chabot-160x140.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Lake-Chabot-1536x1344.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Lake-Chabot-2048x1792.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Lake-Chabot-1920x1680.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A 1920s view of Lake Chabot, in the East Bay Hills above San Leandro. The main embankment of Chabot Dam is at the lower right. \u003ccite>(East Bay Municipal Utility District)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The 20th century saw California grow to be the most populous state in the nation, says Scott Stine, a professor of geography and environmental studies at Cal State East Bay, and that coincided with an especially wet century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We built this phenomenal infrastructure, second to none in the world, here in California and in other parts of the West,” he said. “All of it based on the diversion of water and all of it based on the assumption that the 20th century was normal. And the 20th century is not normal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The problem of the present day and the coming droughts is that we are set up to need far more water than we should expect at any time in the coming decades and centuries,” he said. “Particularly with the higher temperatures. We’ve created a monster that we have to continue to feed with water, and the water is just not going to be there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That likely means changes to the ways water is consumed in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of agriculture in the United States is going to have to move from California and the southwest to other water rich areas,” Seager said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But already farmers across the state are finding different ways to use their land and water, by choice, circumstance or legal requirement. \u003ca href=\"https://news.ucmerced.edu/news/2021/new-ai-institute-expands-uc-merced%E2%80%99s-smart-sustainable-agriculture-effort\">Researchers at UC Merced hope the “smart farm” they are building on campus\u003c/a> will help them develop strategies to improve the ways agriculture makes use of scarce natural resources, including water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Abatzoglou, a climate scientist at UC Merced, who collaborated on the Science paper, said people may yet innovate their way through the new conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of these changes could actually lead to beneficial climate adaptation strategies, being more efficient, like revolutionizing how we work with land, how we work with water,” Abatzoglou said. “So there may be some good things that come out of dealing with hardship, which is what we’re going through in California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An example would be custom micro-irrigation so that sensors determine exactly how much water a plant needs and only that amount is slowly dribbled out into the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>When will this megadrought end?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>One challenge for residents, farmers and water managers alike is that neither weather nor climate forecasting is very good at giving us advanced drought warnings or predictions for when megadroughts will end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abatzoglou says he and others are refining their ability to forecast into a coming “water year” (October through September), which would help people make smarter decisions. He says those could range from farmers switching up what they plant in the fall to reduce water demand in the winter and reservoir operators being better informed as they balance how much water to reserve and how much to distribute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername=\"baycurious\" align=\"right\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because drought is a creeping phenomena, he said. “Usually you don’t know you’re in a drought until it’s a little bit too late.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Longer-term, climate scientists are developing tools to better forecast ocean temperatures in the tropical Pacific, Seager says, because they have a big influence on drought conditions on land. Right now, they can only see about a year into the future, but with a better system, scientists hope to predict when overall California drought conditions might change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are big international research efforts to do that,” Seager said. “But in the Pacific Ocean, that research to date has not met with a tremendous amount of success. [It] has been rather disappointing in progress.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Gavin Newsom has already said that another dry winter could lead him to impose mandatory water reductions, which will be a tricky thing to impose unilaterally as in the state’s driest regions (think Imperial Valley as one example), many people have already made changes to reduce their water use and they won’t take kindly to being asked to make more significant reductions when residents of wetter areas are just taking their first major steps toward water conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1962273/megadrought-conditions-not-seen-for-400-years-have-returned-to-the-west-scientists-say\">This post is adapted from an earlier post published in 2020.\u003c/a> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://open.spotify.com/playlist/2QoyW8Jt9q3Tq11l8ws3wc?si=3d913de8a11c45a8&nd=1\">Listen to all six episodes of our State of Drought series on Spotify.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When summer is hot and dry, Californians have reason to think about drought — what it means to be in one, and what it means to come out of one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2017, the state emerged from a nearly six-year seasonal drought. Then we had a few years that saw more water across much of the state. Now in 2021, we’ve hit another significant drought year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That led Bay Curious listener Nicholas Hardy to ask: Are we in the start of a drought or are we actually in the middle of a megadrought with some wet years thrown in?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>Oregon and Nevada had similar conditions. The Drought Monitor is a map that federal agencies and university scientists pull together from actual weather data such as temperatures and rainfall and also on-the-ground observations, such as those made by UC Cooperative Extension agents throughout the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>What is a megadrought, and are we in one?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Over the long-term, it’s climate science that paints the picture of how long droughts in the past have lasted, and to some extent how severe they were. While “drought” refers to one season or one year’s conditions, climate scientists use the term “megadrought” when drought conditions last for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the southwest, it’s been overall drier since the late 1990s. So we’re talking about a 20 year dry period here now,” said Richard Seager, a climate scientist at the Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory at Columbia University, “and using the term megadrought is justifiable because it stacks up in terms of the severity and the length with the ones that we’ve inferred from tree ring data back in the Medieval period.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n What do you wonder about the Bay Area, its culture or people that you want KQED to investigate?\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Ask Bay Curious.\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, a study published in the journal Science \u003ca href=\"https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6488/314\">described how tree rings allowed researchers to conclude that the last time the West experienced sustained arid conditions over decades was a 28-year dry spell\u003c/a> that ended in the year 1603.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We now have a full, uninterrupted record of soil moisture across western North America that extends from 800 A.D. all the way up to the near present,” Park Williams, who led the study, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1962273/megadrought-conditions-not-seen-for-400-years-have-returned-to-the-west-scientists-say\">told KQED at the time\u003c/a>. He’s now a bioclimatologist at UCLA. “That allows us to compare for the first time this drought event to the big megadroughts.” Williams said the current megadrought looks “indistinguishable from those big megadroughts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study looked at California, eight other states and Northern Mexico and it corroborates what scientists have long feared and warned policymakers: \u003ca href=\"https://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2019/07/24/medieval-megadroughts-climate-change/\">Extreme warming will exacerbate any dry spell making it longer, severer and more widespread\u003c/a>, and this will bake states in the Western U.S. and areas of Mexico with a punishingly long drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ppic.org/publication/californias-latest-drought/\">While the occasional wet period punctuates a long run of below-average precipitation\u003c/a>, for the past two decades the region has been consistently dry and hot. In response, thirsty farms and cities have drawn down the Colorado River, putting the water supply for 40 million people in California alone at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the first time, in August 2021 \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/08/23/1030223380/farmers-in-arizona-face-cuts-because-of-colorado-river-water-shortages\">the federal government declared a water shortage on the river\u003c/a> and some farmers, particularly in Arizona, are already feeling the impact.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>California Boomed During Unusually Wet Times\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11861878\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11861878\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Lake-Chabot-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A black and white photo of lake chabot nestled below rolling hills.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"2240\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Lake-Chabot-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Lake-Chabot-800x700.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Lake-Chabot-1020x892.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Lake-Chabot-160x140.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Lake-Chabot-1536x1344.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Lake-Chabot-2048x1792.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Lake-Chabot-1920x1680.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A 1920s view of Lake Chabot, in the East Bay Hills above San Leandro. The main embankment of Chabot Dam is at the lower right. \u003ccite>(East Bay Municipal Utility District)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The 20th century saw California grow to be the most populous state in the nation, says Scott Stine, a professor of geography and environmental studies at Cal State East Bay, and that coincided with an especially wet century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We built this phenomenal infrastructure, second to none in the world, here in California and in other parts of the West,” he said. “All of it based on the diversion of water and all of it based on the assumption that the 20th century was normal. And the 20th century is not normal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The problem of the present day and the coming droughts is that we are set up to need far more water than we should expect at any time in the coming decades and centuries,” he said. “Particularly with the higher temperatures. We’ve created a monster that we have to continue to feed with water, and the water is just not going to be there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That likely means changes to the ways water is consumed in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of agriculture in the United States is going to have to move from California and the southwest to other water rich areas,” Seager said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But already farmers across the state are finding different ways to use their land and water, by choice, circumstance or legal requirement. \u003ca href=\"https://news.ucmerced.edu/news/2021/new-ai-institute-expands-uc-merced%E2%80%99s-smart-sustainable-agriculture-effort\">Researchers at UC Merced hope the “smart farm” they are building on campus\u003c/a> will help them develop strategies to improve the ways agriculture makes use of scarce natural resources, including water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Abatzoglou, a climate scientist at UC Merced, who collaborated on the Science paper, said people may yet innovate their way through the new conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of these changes could actually lead to beneficial climate adaptation strategies, being more efficient, like revolutionizing how we work with land, how we work with water,” Abatzoglou said. “So there may be some good things that come out of dealing with hardship, which is what we’re going through in California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An example would be custom micro-irrigation so that sensors determine exactly how much water a plant needs and only that amount is slowly dribbled out into the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>When will this megadrought end?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>One challenge for residents, farmers and water managers alike is that neither weather nor climate forecasting is very good at giving us advanced drought warnings or predictions for when megadroughts will end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abatzoglou says he and others are refining their ability to forecast into a coming “water year” (October through September), which would help people make smarter decisions. He says those could range from farmers switching up what they plant in the fall to reduce water demand in the winter and reservoir operators being better informed as they balance how much water to reserve and how much to distribute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because drought is a creeping phenomena, he said. “Usually you don’t know you’re in a drought until it’s a little bit too late.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Longer-term, climate scientists are developing tools to better forecast ocean temperatures in the tropical Pacific, Seager says, because they have a big influence on drought conditions on land. Right now, they can only see about a year into the future, but with a better system, scientists hope to predict when overall California drought conditions might change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are big international research efforts to do that,” Seager said. “But in the Pacific Ocean, that research to date has not met with a tremendous amount of success. [It] has been rather disappointing in progress.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Gavin Newsom has already said that another dry winter could lead him to impose mandatory water reductions, which will be a tricky thing to impose unilaterally as in the state’s driest regions (think Imperial Valley as one example), many people have already made changes to reduce their water use and they won’t take kindly to being asked to make more significant reductions when residents of wetter areas are just taking their first major steps toward water conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1962273/megadrought-conditions-not-seen-for-400-years-have-returned-to-the-west-scientists-say\">This post is adapted from an earlier post published in 2020.\u003c/a> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/fireflood_083021_final.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-11886867\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/fireflood_083021_final.png\" alt='A Mark Fiore cartoon titled, \"If Only...\" that shows the United States, with a huge wildfire in the Tahoe area and a hurricane by Louisiana. A funnel is under the hurricane collecting water and the firehose reaches to and sprays California.' width=\"1920\" height=\"1352\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/fireflood_083021_final.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/fireflood_083021_final-800x563.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/fireflood_083021_final-1020x718.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/fireflood_083021_final-160x113.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/fireflood_083021_final-1536x1082.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Caldor fire continued its \u003ca href=\"https://bit.ly/fiorecaldorfire\">rapid advance\u003c/a> through tinder-dry forests toward South Lake Tahoe on Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, in Louisiana and a world away, Hurricane Ida is expected to dump as much as 24 inches of rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both catastrophic events, in \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1976490/showing-climate-change-as-it-happens-a-veteran-photojournalist-on-capturing-californias-intensifying-wildfires\">drought-parched California\u003c/a> and in \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/08/30/1032442544/how-climate-change-is-fueling-hurricanes-like-ida\">flooded Louisiana\u003c/a>, trace much of their fury to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sigh. Now all we have to figure out is how to get some of that Ida water raining down on the Caldor fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/fireflood_083021_final.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-11886867\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/fireflood_083021_final.png\" alt='A Mark Fiore cartoon titled, \"If Only...\" that shows the United States, with a huge wildfire in the Tahoe area and a hurricane by Louisiana. A funnel is under the hurricane collecting water and the firehose reaches to and sprays California.' width=\"1920\" height=\"1352\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/fireflood_083021_final.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/fireflood_083021_final-800x563.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/fireflood_083021_final-1020x718.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/fireflood_083021_final-160x113.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/fireflood_083021_final-1536x1082.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Caldor fire continued its \u003ca href=\"https://bit.ly/fiorecaldorfire\">rapid advance\u003c/a> through tinder-dry forests toward South Lake Tahoe on Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, in Louisiana and a world away, Hurricane Ida is expected to dump as much as 24 inches of rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both catastrophic events, in \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1976490/showing-climate-change-as-it-happens-a-veteran-photojournalist-on-capturing-californias-intensifying-wildfires\">drought-parched California\u003c/a> and in \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/08/30/1032442544/how-climate-change-is-fueling-hurricanes-like-ida\">flooded Louisiana\u003c/a>, trace much of their fury to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sigh. Now all we have to figure out is how to get some of that Ida water raining down on the Caldor fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/healthy_082521_final.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-11886313\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/healthy_082521_final.png\" alt='A Mark Fiore cartoon showing bright fruits and vegetables, captioned, \"healthy and nutritious!\" Next we see farmworkers in a hot smoky field captioned, \"deadly and dangerous.\" There is small type below the field that reads, \"farm work in the era of climate change may cause heat exhaustion, heat stroke, smoke inhalation and/or death.\"' width=\"1920\" height=\"1355\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/healthy_082521_final.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/healthy_082521_final-800x565.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/healthy_082521_final-1020x720.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/healthy_082521_final-160x113.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/healthy_082521_final-1536x1084.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>Amid heat waves, wildfires and thick smoke, farmworkers who grow our food are among those \u003ca href=\"https://bit.ly/fioreclimatefarmworkers\">most affected\u003c/a> by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While California has some of the richest farmland, on most days this time of year, all you have to do is look out your window to realize the state is experiencing global warming firsthand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The people picking our food don’t have to look out the window.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re already outside, working hard in the smoke and extreme heat … and suffering the health effects of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/healthy_082521_final.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-11886313\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/healthy_082521_final.png\" alt='A Mark Fiore cartoon showing bright fruits and vegetables, captioned, \"healthy and nutritious!\" Next we see farmworkers in a hot smoky field captioned, \"deadly and dangerous.\" There is small type below the field that reads, \"farm work in the era of climate change may cause heat exhaustion, heat stroke, smoke inhalation and/or death.\"' width=\"1920\" height=\"1355\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/healthy_082521_final.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/healthy_082521_final-800x565.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/healthy_082521_final-1020x720.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/healthy_082521_final-160x113.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/healthy_082521_final-1536x1084.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>Amid heat waves, wildfires and thick smoke, farmworkers who grow our food are among those \u003ca href=\"https://bit.ly/fioreclimatefarmworkers\">most affected\u003c/a> by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While California has some of the richest farmland, on most days this time of year, all you have to do is look out your window to realize the state is experiencing global warming firsthand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The people picking our food don’t have to look out the window.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re already outside, working hard in the smoke and extreme heat … and suffering the health effects of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Leoncio Antonio Trejo Galdamez, 58, died in his son’s arms on June 29 after spending the day laying irrigation pipes in California’s Coachella Valley. News of his death reverberated through the largely Latino community near the Mexican and Arizona borders — another casualty in a dangerous business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Farmworkers are at the front lines of climate change. And, in some instances, we’re seeing a perfect storm battering our workers: COVID-19, wildfire smoke and heat,” said Leydy Rangel, a spokesperson for the United Farm Workers Foundation.[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Dr. Andrew Kassinove, emergency department physician at JFK Memorial Hospital in Indio\"]‘If we start seeing above 120 degrees in any regular capacity, we’re really in uncharted territory. The human body is not designed to exist in that kind of heat.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For workers like Trejo Galdamez, whose jobs depend on outdoor work, a few degrees can mean the difference between life and death. Farmworkers here wear long shirts, thick jeans, heavy boots and wide-brimmed hats to guard against the heat. Even so, ambulances are frequently called to the fields, and heat-related illness appears to be increasing in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The heat feels awful,” said Jaime Isidoro, 36. “You start to work, you start to sweat, and the shirt underneath gets drenched.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11886036\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11886036\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/farmworker-heat-1-800x534.jpeg\" alt=\"Farmworker Jaime Isidoro has been working in the California fields since he migrated from Puebla, Mexico, in 2000. Isidoro says that most farmworkers wear a thin shirt underneath their clothes to combat the heat. “You start to work, you start to sweat, and the shirt underneath gets drenched and you kind of feel refreshed when you’re bathed in sweat.” \" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/farmworker-heat-1-800x534.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/farmworker-heat-1-1020x681.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/farmworker-heat-1-160x107.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/farmworker-heat-1.jpeg 1350w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Farmworker Jaime Isidoro has been working in the California fields since he migrated from Puebla, Mexico, in 2000. Isidoro says that most farmworkers wear a thin shirt underneath their clothes to combat the heat. ‘You start to work, you start to sweat, and the shirt underneath gets drenched and you kind of feel refreshed when you’re bathed in sweat.’ \u003ccite>(Heidi de Marco/KHN)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Born in Puebla, Mexico, Isidoro has been picking crops for two decades in the Coachella Valley. The region has one of the country’s longest growing seasons, providing most of America’s winter vegetables. It’s also home to hundreds of date farms, which thrive in the hot, dry climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heat is a given here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A few years ago, my head started hurting. I started to get chills. I went to the clinic and they gave me a couple of shots,” said Isidoro. “They told me it was a heatstroke. You don’t know the symptoms. I didn’t know it was that until I had it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11886037\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11886037\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/farmworker-heat-4-800x534.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/farmworker-heat-4-800x534.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/farmworker-heat-4-1020x681.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/farmworker-heat-4-160x107.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/farmworker-heat-4.jpeg 1270w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jaime Isidoro plants fruit trees in his backyard during his time off and says he has noticed the summers getting hotter every year. ‘This is the first time this guava tree bore fruit,’ he says. ‘I was expecting a good crop, but the heat is too high and it’s burning the fruit.’ \u003ccite>(Heidi de Marco/KHN)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And the temperatures are getting more extreme.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Aug. 4, three of the desert communities in the region surpassed their daily recorded highs, hitting 122 degrees in Palm Springs and Thermal, and 120 in Indio. Thermal set a record for its hottest temperature ever for August at 121 degrees. California registered its hottest June and July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heat is the leading weather-related cause of death in the United States: Heat stress killed 815 U.S. workers and seriously injured more than 70,000 workers from 1992 through 2017, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In California, heat-related emergency room visits increased by 35% from 2005 to 2015, the latest year for which data was readily available, with disproportionate increases among Black, Latino and Asian American communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medical staffers in the Coachella Valley say they’ve treated a rising number of patients suffering from heat exhaustion or heatstroke in recent years. In 2018 California saw 6,152 emergency room visits due to heat-related illness. Riverside County, which includes Coachella, Indio and Palm Springs, has among the highest rates of heat-related ER visits in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we start seeing above 120 degrees in any regular capacity, we’re really in uncharted territory. The human body is not designed to exist in that kind of heat,” said Dr. Andrew Kassinove, emergency department physician and chief of staff at JFK Memorial Hospital in Indio.[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hospital regularly treats people who work outside for heat exhaustion, characterized by nausea, lightheadedness, fatigue, muscle cramping and dizziness. Less frequently they see heatstroke, a more dangerous condition whose symptoms include headache, confusion, vomiting, rapid heart rate, fainting and a failure to sweat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JFK Memorial has treated 129 heat-related cases already this year, compared with 85 in all of 2020 and 75 in 2019, said hospital spokesperson Todd Burke. [aside postID=news_11866519,news_11878212]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Core body temperatures that are really elevated require lifesaving measures to treat them,” Kassinove said. As temperatures rise above the typical human temperature of 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit, the body struggles to dissipate the heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has some of the strictest worker protections for heat exhaustion. A standard adopted by occupational safety officials in 2006 was the first in the country to apply to all outdoor jobs, mandating companies to provide workers with adequate shade, downtime and water. After a historic heat wave hit the Pacific Northwest this June, Oregon and Washington adopted similar protections. Some members of Congress have introduced a similar bill and want the Labor Department to establish federal standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11886039\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11886039\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/farmworker-heat-5-800x534.jpeg\" alt=\"Aguileo Rangel Rojas, originally from Guanajuato, Mexico, has been working as a farmworker in Coachella since 2004. \" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/farmworker-heat-5-800x534.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/farmworker-heat-5-1020x681.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/farmworker-heat-5-160x107.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/farmworker-heat-5.jpeg 1350w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aguileo Rangel Rojas, originally from Guanajuato, Mexico, has been working as a farmworker in Coachella since 2004. \u003ccite>(Heidi de Marco/KHN)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But workers’ rights groups say the rules are not always enforced. And farmworkers, who are desperate for the money and often get paid per piece during harvests, often overlook their own safety, they say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Farmworkers are less likely to file complaints,” said the UFW’s Rangel. With no federal assistance during the pandemic, “they had no option. They had to keep showing up to work if they wanted to feed their family.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Latinos, who represent the majority of California farmworkers, are as a group more likely to have conditions that can be exacerbated by the heat, like high blood pressure and kidney disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health workers stress the importance of hydration and urge the workers to consume less dehydrating soda, coffee and alcohol, said nurse practitioner Jose Banuelos at Coachella’s Central Neighborhood Health Foundation. “You can’t change your job if your job is outside. But I tell people to wear sunscreen and a protective coating.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The heat may also affect a patient’s use of medicines. Antipsychotics and antidepressants, for example, can reduce thirst and thus cause dehydration, as do diuretics, sometimes taken for swelling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Isidoro, who said he’s looking for other jobs, often sees fellow workers struggling in the fields. If they feel faint, they can sit in the shade, or jump in a nearby truck for air conditioning — or call 911 if symptoms persist. But it’s a point of pride not to show the heat is getting to you, he said — and calls to slow down are often met with snickers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around Bakersfield, during the summer and fall harvest of table grapes, ambulances are a regular sight, Isidoro said. “Daily you would hear, ‘Here comes the ambulance’ or ‘So-and-so left early because he felt ill.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11886040\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 770px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11886040\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/farmworker-heat-6.jpeg\" alt=\"Rangel Rojas lives in a trailer home with his wife in Thermal, California. He says working during such high heat is “indescribable.” At age 15, his son suffered heatstroke picking grapes in Bakersfield and spent 15 days in the hospital. \" width=\"770\" height=\"513\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/farmworker-heat-6.jpeg 770w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/farmworker-heat-6-160x107.jpeg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 770px) 100vw, 770px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aguileo Rangel Rojas lives in a trailer home with his wife in Thermal, California. He says working during such high heat is ‘indescribable.’ At age 15, his son suffered heatstroke picking grapes in Bakersfield and spent 15 days in the hospital. \u003ccite>(Heidi de Marco/KHN)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But many workers ignore the warning signs, said Aguileo Rangel Rojas, another farmworker: “They are OK risking their health, not thinking about it, to make sure they can make a wage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rangel Rojas knows the risks all too well. In 2005, his then-15-year-old son, Cruz, suffered heatstroke while picking grapes. He spent 15 days in the hospital and the family wasn’t sure he would survive. His father teared up at the memory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We didn’t have money. We didn’t speak English. Without cars. Without anything,” he said. “We didn’t know our rights. It can rip your heart out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cruz stopped picking after that and went back to high school; he’s now a UFW employee. His father, now 53, still works in the fields with his wife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August, Rangel Rojas began working nights, when temperatures go down to the low 80s. But even without extreme heat, there are risks. Evaporation from the crops hangs thick in the air, creating humidity that can bring on thunderstorms and flash floods. Lightning flashed around him while he was out cutting celery on a tractor on a recent predawn morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can get hit by lightning at any moment and we could all die,” he said. “There should be an instance when it’s raining and the bosses have us stop working, but they don’t. We don’t have the luxury of sitting behind a desk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced by \u003ca href=\"https://khn.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a>, which publishes \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiahealthline.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California Healthline\u003c/a>, an editorially independent service of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.chcf.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California Health Care Foundation\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Workers who harvest crops ranging from grapes to cauliflower in the Coachella Valley are accustomed to temperatures well over 100 degrees. This summer the thermometer has already hit 122.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Leoncio Antonio Trejo Galdamez, 58, died in his son’s arms on June 29 after spending the day laying irrigation pipes in California’s Coachella Valley. News of his death reverberated through the largely Latino community near the Mexican and Arizona borders — another casualty in a dangerous business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Farmworkers are at the front lines of climate change. And, in some instances, we’re seeing a perfect storm battering our workers: COVID-19, wildfire smoke and heat,” said Leydy Rangel, a spokesperson for the United Farm Workers Foundation.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For workers like Trejo Galdamez, whose jobs depend on outdoor work, a few degrees can mean the difference between life and death. Farmworkers here wear long shirts, thick jeans, heavy boots and wide-brimmed hats to guard against the heat. Even so, ambulances are frequently called to the fields, and heat-related illness appears to be increasing in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The heat feels awful,” said Jaime Isidoro, 36. “You start to work, you start to sweat, and the shirt underneath gets drenched.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11886036\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11886036\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/farmworker-heat-1-800x534.jpeg\" alt=\"Farmworker Jaime Isidoro has been working in the California fields since he migrated from Puebla, Mexico, in 2000. Isidoro says that most farmworkers wear a thin shirt underneath their clothes to combat the heat. “You start to work, you start to sweat, and the shirt underneath gets drenched and you kind of feel refreshed when you’re bathed in sweat.” \" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/farmworker-heat-1-800x534.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/farmworker-heat-1-1020x681.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/farmworker-heat-1-160x107.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/farmworker-heat-1.jpeg 1350w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Farmworker Jaime Isidoro has been working in the California fields since he migrated from Puebla, Mexico, in 2000. Isidoro says that most farmworkers wear a thin shirt underneath their clothes to combat the heat. ‘You start to work, you start to sweat, and the shirt underneath gets drenched and you kind of feel refreshed when you’re bathed in sweat.’ \u003ccite>(Heidi de Marco/KHN)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Born in Puebla, Mexico, Isidoro has been picking crops for two decades in the Coachella Valley. The region has one of the country’s longest growing seasons, providing most of America’s winter vegetables. It’s also home to hundreds of date farms, which thrive in the hot, dry climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heat is a given here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A few years ago, my head started hurting. I started to get chills. I went to the clinic and they gave me a couple of shots,” said Isidoro. “They told me it was a heatstroke. You don’t know the symptoms. I didn’t know it was that until I had it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11886037\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11886037\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/farmworker-heat-4-800x534.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/farmworker-heat-4-800x534.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/farmworker-heat-4-1020x681.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/farmworker-heat-4-160x107.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/farmworker-heat-4.jpeg 1270w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jaime Isidoro plants fruit trees in his backyard during his time off and says he has noticed the summers getting hotter every year. ‘This is the first time this guava tree bore fruit,’ he says. ‘I was expecting a good crop, but the heat is too high and it’s burning the fruit.’ \u003ccite>(Heidi de Marco/KHN)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And the temperatures are getting more extreme.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Aug. 4, three of the desert communities in the region surpassed their daily recorded highs, hitting 122 degrees in Palm Springs and Thermal, and 120 in Indio. Thermal set a record for its hottest temperature ever for August at 121 degrees. California registered its hottest June and July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heat is the leading weather-related cause of death in the United States: Heat stress killed 815 U.S. workers and seriously injured more than 70,000 workers from 1992 through 2017, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In California, heat-related emergency room visits increased by 35% from 2005 to 2015, the latest year for which data was readily available, with disproportionate increases among Black, Latino and Asian American communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medical staffers in the Coachella Valley say they’ve treated a rising number of patients suffering from heat exhaustion or heatstroke in recent years. In 2018 California saw 6,152 emergency room visits due to heat-related illness. Riverside County, which includes Coachella, Indio and Palm Springs, has among the highest rates of heat-related ER visits in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we start seeing above 120 degrees in any regular capacity, we’re really in uncharted territory. The human body is not designed to exist in that kind of heat,” said Dr. Andrew Kassinove, emergency department physician and chief of staff at JFK Memorial Hospital in Indio.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hospital regularly treats people who work outside for heat exhaustion, characterized by nausea, lightheadedness, fatigue, muscle cramping and dizziness. Less frequently they see heatstroke, a more dangerous condition whose symptoms include headache, confusion, vomiting, rapid heart rate, fainting and a failure to sweat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JFK Memorial has treated 129 heat-related cases already this year, compared with 85 in all of 2020 and 75 in 2019, said hospital spokesperson Todd Burke. \u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Core body temperatures that are really elevated require lifesaving measures to treat them,” Kassinove said. As temperatures rise above the typical human temperature of 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit, the body struggles to dissipate the heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has some of the strictest worker protections for heat exhaustion. A standard adopted by occupational safety officials in 2006 was the first in the country to apply to all outdoor jobs, mandating companies to provide workers with adequate shade, downtime and water. After a historic heat wave hit the Pacific Northwest this June, Oregon and Washington adopted similar protections. Some members of Congress have introduced a similar bill and want the Labor Department to establish federal standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11886039\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11886039\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/farmworker-heat-5-800x534.jpeg\" alt=\"Aguileo Rangel Rojas, originally from Guanajuato, Mexico, has been working as a farmworker in Coachella since 2004. \" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/farmworker-heat-5-800x534.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/farmworker-heat-5-1020x681.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/farmworker-heat-5-160x107.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/farmworker-heat-5.jpeg 1350w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aguileo Rangel Rojas, originally from Guanajuato, Mexico, has been working as a farmworker in Coachella since 2004. \u003ccite>(Heidi de Marco/KHN)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But workers’ rights groups say the rules are not always enforced. And farmworkers, who are desperate for the money and often get paid per piece during harvests, often overlook their own safety, they say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Farmworkers are less likely to file complaints,” said the UFW’s Rangel. With no federal assistance during the pandemic, “they had no option. They had to keep showing up to work if they wanted to feed their family.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Latinos, who represent the majority of California farmworkers, are as a group more likely to have conditions that can be exacerbated by the heat, like high blood pressure and kidney disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health workers stress the importance of hydration and urge the workers to consume less dehydrating soda, coffee and alcohol, said nurse practitioner Jose Banuelos at Coachella’s Central Neighborhood Health Foundation. “You can’t change your job if your job is outside. But I tell people to wear sunscreen and a protective coating.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The heat may also affect a patient’s use of medicines. Antipsychotics and antidepressants, for example, can reduce thirst and thus cause dehydration, as do diuretics, sometimes taken for swelling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Isidoro, who said he’s looking for other jobs, often sees fellow workers struggling in the fields. If they feel faint, they can sit in the shade, or jump in a nearby truck for air conditioning — or call 911 if symptoms persist. But it’s a point of pride not to show the heat is getting to you, he said — and calls to slow down are often met with snickers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around Bakersfield, during the summer and fall harvest of table grapes, ambulances are a regular sight, Isidoro said. “Daily you would hear, ‘Here comes the ambulance’ or ‘So-and-so left early because he felt ill.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11886040\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 770px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11886040\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/farmworker-heat-6.jpeg\" alt=\"Rangel Rojas lives in a trailer home with his wife in Thermal, California. He says working during such high heat is “indescribable.” At age 15, his son suffered heatstroke picking grapes in Bakersfield and spent 15 days in the hospital. \" width=\"770\" height=\"513\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/farmworker-heat-6.jpeg 770w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/farmworker-heat-6-160x107.jpeg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 770px) 100vw, 770px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aguileo Rangel Rojas lives in a trailer home with his wife in Thermal, California. He says working during such high heat is ‘indescribable.’ At age 15, his son suffered heatstroke picking grapes in Bakersfield and spent 15 days in the hospital. \u003ccite>(Heidi de Marco/KHN)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But many workers ignore the warning signs, said Aguileo Rangel Rojas, another farmworker: “They are OK risking their health, not thinking about it, to make sure they can make a wage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rangel Rojas knows the risks all too well. In 2005, his then-15-year-old son, Cruz, suffered heatstroke while picking grapes. He spent 15 days in the hospital and the family wasn’t sure he would survive. His father teared up at the memory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We didn’t have money. We didn’t speak English. Without cars. Without anything,” he said. “We didn’t know our rights. It can rip your heart out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cruz stopped picking after that and went back to high school; he’s now a UFW employee. His father, now 53, still works in the fields with his wife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August, Rangel Rojas began working nights, when temperatures go down to the low 80s. But even without extreme heat, there are risks. Evaporation from the crops hangs thick in the air, creating humidity that can bring on thunderstorms and flash floods. Lightning flashed around him while he was out cutting celery on a tractor on a recent predawn morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can get hit by lightning at any moment and we could all die,” he said. “There should be an instance when it’s raining and the bosses have us stop working, but they don’t. We don’t have the luxury of sitting behind a desk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced by \u003ca href=\"https://khn.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a>, which publishes \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiahealthline.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California Healthline\u003c/a>, an editorially independent service of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.chcf.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California Health Care Foundation\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/unless_080921_final.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-11884381\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/unless_080921_final.png\" alt=\"A Mark Fiore cartoon featuring the Lorax from Dr. Seuss. The Lorax sits on a stump and points to one of the last lines from the book, "UNLESS someone like you cares a whole awful lot, nothing is going to get better. It's not." The stump has a sign on it that reads, "U.N. IPCC Climate Change Report."\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1269\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/unless_080921_final.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/unless_080921_final-800x529.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/unless_080921_final-1020x674.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/unless_080921_final-160x106.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/unless_080921_final-1536x1015.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United Nations \u003ca href=\"https://bit.ly/fioreunipccreport\">released a major report Monday\u003c/a> that offers dire warnings about human-caused climate change . . . and provides a glimmer of hope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists with the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) made it even more clear that emissions of greenhouse gases by humans were causing climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the obligatory attempt to convince people (again) that humans are responsible for climate change and the extreme weather it brings, the IPCC made another urgent plea for people to do something about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In short, if we don’t do something to dramatically and permanently reduce the amount of greenhouse gases we emit, we’re pretty much doomed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the optimistic side, if countries around the world embark on a path of “unprecedented, transformational change,” we may be OK.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I sure hope it’s the latter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"id": "closealltabs",
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"order": 1
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"order": 9
},
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
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"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
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