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"title": "San Francisco's Coyotes are Back, and They are Thriving",
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"content": "\u003cp>Janet Kessler will never forget the day she met her first coyote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was thirteen years ago, and she was walking her dog on Twin Peaks in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We sat down and watched each other,” Kessler remembers. “[The coyote]’s enthusiasm, her interest, her excitement, her intelligence, all of that came to the fore. In the 10 to 20 minutes we were watching her, I decided that I had to find out more,” Kessler says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11800985\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11800985\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41109_Urban-Coyote-qut-1-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41109_Urban-Coyote-qut-1-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41109_Urban-Coyote-qut-1-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41109_Urban-Coyote-qut-1-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41109_Urban-Coyote-qut-1-1044x783.jpg 1044w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41109_Urban-Coyote-qut-1-632x474.jpg 632w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41109_Urban-Coyote-qut-1-536x402.jpg 536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41109_Urban-Coyote-qut-1.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In San Francisco, coyotes have claimed urban parks as their territories. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Janet Kessler)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now Janet Kessler is known in the area as the “Coyote Lady” for her extensive field research and documentation of urban coyotes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11801503\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11801503\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41323_IMG_2363-qut-1-e1581623400283-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41323_IMG_2363-qut-1-e1581623400283-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41323_IMG_2363-qut-1-e1581623400283-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41323_IMG_2363-qut-1-e1581623400283-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41323_IMG_2363-qut-1-e1581623400283-1122x1496.jpg 1122w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41323_IMG_2363-qut-1-e1581623400283-840x1120.jpg 840w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41323_IMG_2363-qut-1-e1581623400283-687x916.jpg 687w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41323_IMG_2363-qut-1-e1581623400283-414x552.jpg 414w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41323_IMG_2363-qut-1-e1581623400283-354x472.jpg 354w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41323_IMG_2363-qut-1-e1581623400283.jpg 1440w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Janet Kessler (pictured here in Golden Gate Park) has been observing urban coyotes in San Francisco for 13 years. \u003ccite>(Bianca Taylor/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Her daily routine is disciplined. She wakes up at 4 a.m., takes a walk, and is ready with her Canon camera by dawn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m out until 8, 9 or 10 a.m. … and then I go out again in the early evening. I’m out until dark when I can no longer see the coyotes,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To distinguish between the different coyotes, Kessler gives them names — although it’s something that she discourages other people from doing because “it puts them in the category of a pet.” She tells me about Silver (“for the silver eucalyptus trees”), Gum Nut, Acorn, Scout, Sparks, Scowl and Squirrel (“who waits around for squirrels.”)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may feel like coyotes are popping up in San Francisco all of a sudden, but they are actually recolonizing the places they used to live abundantly. Coyotes are native to California and were found throughout the Bay Area — including in San Francisco — until the mid 1900s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11801525\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11801525\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41330_coyote-lounging-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41330_coyote-lounging-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41330_coyote-lounging-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41330_coyote-lounging-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41330_coyote-lounging-qut-1044x783.jpg 1044w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41330_coyote-lounging-qut-632x474.jpg 632w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41330_coyote-lounging-qut-536x402.jpg 536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41330_coyote-lounging-qut.jpg 1100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A coyote lounges on the edge of an open space next to a roadway with a constant stream of walkers, dog walkers, and traffic. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Janet Kessler)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It was during the 1940’s that people started killing coyotes en masse, using a powerful poison called Compound 1080 meant to keep “vermin” out of their ranching and farmlands. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/1985/05/12/us/epa-is-expected-to-end-a-poison-ban.html\">Compound 1080 was banned by President Nixon in 1972\u003c/a>, but people still feared and hated coyotes – hunting them, and even holding coyote killing contests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kessler, who’s 70 years old, says that people her age have told her that when they were kids, they were paid four dollars to bring in two coyote ears. This mistreatment nearly wiped coyotes out from the Bay Area completely. But in 2002, something amazing happened: a coyote was spotted walking in San Francisco’s Presidio. This was a big deal, and questions arose as to how and why coyotes were returning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11801498\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 350px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11801498\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41331_coyote-sign-qut-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"467\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41331_coyote-sign-qut-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41331_coyote-sign-qut-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41331_coyote-sign-qut-687x916.jpg 687w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41331_coyote-sign-qut-414x552.jpg 414w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41331_coyote-sign-qut-354x472.jpg 354w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41331_coyote-sign-qut.jpg 825w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sign in Golden Gate Park. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Janet Kessler)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One theory was that coyotes walked here from Marin across the Golden Gate Bridge. While it sounds like the stuff of Disney movies, Kessler says it’s “very unlikely.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most ecologists I’ve spoken to think it’s kind of a crazy idea,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kessler explains that a much more likely theory is that a trapper brought coyotes over from the North Bay. Since then, coyotes have been busy repopulating San Francisco’s urban parks — places like the Presidio, Glen Canyon and Golden Gate Park. Each one of these “territories” has a coyote family living in it — or at least a coyote passing through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfanimalcare.org/\">San Francisco Animal Care and Control\u003c/a>, the total number of coyotes living in San Francisco is estimated to be dozens. The reason this number isn’t more specific is because there hasn’t been a rigorous tracking program for coyotes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kessler says that over the 13 years she’s been studying them, the coyote population in San Francisco (at least within the areas she has studied) has basically remained the same. If you \u003cem>think\u003c/em> you’re seeing a lot of coyotes in an area, “you’re probably seeing the same ones over and over again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if the total number of coyotes isn’t growing, it is possible that there are more coyote \u003cem>sightings \u003c/em> — thanks to social media and platforms like Nextdoor where people can share photos and alert neighbors if they see a coyote in the park or while walking their dog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-11801493\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/IMG_2493-e1581622564546-800x624.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"273\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/IMG_2493-e1581622564546-800x624.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/IMG_2493-e1581622564546-160x125.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/IMG_2493-e1581622564546-1020x795.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/IMG_2493-e1581622564546.png 1111w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-11801494\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/IMG_2491-e1581622713366-800x863.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"378\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/IMG_2491-e1581622713366-800x863.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/IMG_2491-e1581622713366-160x173.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/IMG_2491-e1581622713366-1020x1101.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/IMG_2491-e1581622713366.png 1100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kessler says while coyotes are not interested in people, they might be interested in your pet. But, she adds, there is an easy way to avoid tragedy: “Whenever you see a coyote, pick up the dog and go in the opposition direction. That’s all you have to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A big part of Janet’s work is teaching people about how to live with coyotes, and that starts with understanding them more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re just like you and I are,” she says. “These are social animals. They mate for life. Both parents raise the youngsters. They remain as a family for an extended length of time. They interact all the time with play, with fun, with teasing. They poke each other.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11801420\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11801420\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41111_Coyote-Hiker-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41111_Coyote-Hiker-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41111_Coyote-Hiker-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41111_Coyote-Hiker-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41111_Coyote-Hiker-qut-1044x783.jpg 1044w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41111_Coyote-Hiker-qut-632x474.jpg 632w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41111_Coyote-Hiker-qut-536x402.jpg 536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41111_Coyote-Hiker-qut.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In urban areas, coyotes become used to seeing people so they generally ignore us. Janet Kessler says it’s important we ignore them back. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Janet Kessler)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On her website, \u003ca href=\"https://coyoteyipps.com/\">CoyoteYipps.com\u003c/a>, Kessler posts videos of coyotes howling alongside sirens, snapping at their pups and frolicking with their siblings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ecologically speaking, coyotes coming back to the city is a good thing. They’re important predators, regulating populations of rodents and raccoons, and helping increase diversity of bird populations. According to Kessler, San Francisco is doing “a fine job” of moving us towards coyote coexistence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also helps that we are generally more open to living next to wild animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11801419\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11801419\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41107_Coyote-Pair-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41107_Coyote-Pair-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41107_Coyote-Pair-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41107_Coyote-Pair-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41107_Coyote-Pair-qut-1044x783.jpg 1044w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41107_Coyote-Pair-qut-632x474.jpg 632w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41107_Coyote-Pair-qut-536x402.jpg 536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41107_Coyote-Pair-qut.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A coyote pair enjoying a relaxed afternoon in a secluded part of a San Francisco park. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Janet Kessler)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There’s been a basic change in our attitudes towards the environment,” Kessler says. “I think we’re more open minded and environmentally concerned. And of course, coyotes are part of that environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being so close to nature is part of what makes living in the Bay Area so special. So next time you’re on a walk, keep your eyes peeled. You might get lucky and see something that you wouldn’t have just 20 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "San Francisco's Coyotes are Back, and They are Thriving | KQED",
"description": "It may feel like coyotes are popping up in San Francisco all of a sudden, but they've been here a lot longer than we have.",
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"headline": "San Francisco's Coyotes are Back, and They are Thriving",
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"source": "Bay Curious",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Janet Kessler will never forget the day she met her first coyote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was thirteen years ago, and she was walking her dog on Twin Peaks in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We sat down and watched each other,” Kessler remembers. “[The coyote]’s enthusiasm, her interest, her excitement, her intelligence, all of that came to the fore. In the 10 to 20 minutes we were watching her, I decided that I had to find out more,” Kessler says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11800985\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11800985\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41109_Urban-Coyote-qut-1-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41109_Urban-Coyote-qut-1-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41109_Urban-Coyote-qut-1-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41109_Urban-Coyote-qut-1-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41109_Urban-Coyote-qut-1-1044x783.jpg 1044w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41109_Urban-Coyote-qut-1-632x474.jpg 632w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41109_Urban-Coyote-qut-1-536x402.jpg 536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41109_Urban-Coyote-qut-1.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In San Francisco, coyotes have claimed urban parks as their territories. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Janet Kessler)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now Janet Kessler is known in the area as the “Coyote Lady” for her extensive field research and documentation of urban coyotes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11801503\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11801503\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41323_IMG_2363-qut-1-e1581623400283-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41323_IMG_2363-qut-1-e1581623400283-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41323_IMG_2363-qut-1-e1581623400283-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41323_IMG_2363-qut-1-e1581623400283-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41323_IMG_2363-qut-1-e1581623400283-1122x1496.jpg 1122w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41323_IMG_2363-qut-1-e1581623400283-840x1120.jpg 840w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41323_IMG_2363-qut-1-e1581623400283-687x916.jpg 687w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41323_IMG_2363-qut-1-e1581623400283-414x552.jpg 414w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41323_IMG_2363-qut-1-e1581623400283-354x472.jpg 354w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41323_IMG_2363-qut-1-e1581623400283.jpg 1440w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Janet Kessler (pictured here in Golden Gate Park) has been observing urban coyotes in San Francisco for 13 years. \u003ccite>(Bianca Taylor/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Her daily routine is disciplined. She wakes up at 4 a.m., takes a walk, and is ready with her Canon camera by dawn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m out until 8, 9 or 10 a.m. … and then I go out again in the early evening. I’m out until dark when I can no longer see the coyotes,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To distinguish between the different coyotes, Kessler gives them names — although it’s something that she discourages other people from doing because “it puts them in the category of a pet.” She tells me about Silver (“for the silver eucalyptus trees”), Gum Nut, Acorn, Scout, Sparks, Scowl and Squirrel (“who waits around for squirrels.”)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may feel like coyotes are popping up in San Francisco all of a sudden, but they are actually recolonizing the places they used to live abundantly. Coyotes are native to California and were found throughout the Bay Area — including in San Francisco — until the mid 1900s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11801525\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11801525\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41330_coyote-lounging-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41330_coyote-lounging-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41330_coyote-lounging-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41330_coyote-lounging-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41330_coyote-lounging-qut-1044x783.jpg 1044w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41330_coyote-lounging-qut-632x474.jpg 632w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41330_coyote-lounging-qut-536x402.jpg 536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41330_coyote-lounging-qut.jpg 1100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A coyote lounges on the edge of an open space next to a roadway with a constant stream of walkers, dog walkers, and traffic. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Janet Kessler)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It was during the 1940’s that people started killing coyotes en masse, using a powerful poison called Compound 1080 meant to keep “vermin” out of their ranching and farmlands. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/1985/05/12/us/epa-is-expected-to-end-a-poison-ban.html\">Compound 1080 was banned by President Nixon in 1972\u003c/a>, but people still feared and hated coyotes – hunting them, and even holding coyote killing contests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kessler, who’s 70 years old, says that people her age have told her that when they were kids, they were paid four dollars to bring in two coyote ears. This mistreatment nearly wiped coyotes out from the Bay Area completely. But in 2002, something amazing happened: a coyote was spotted walking in San Francisco’s Presidio. This was a big deal, and questions arose as to how and why coyotes were returning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11801498\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 350px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11801498\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41331_coyote-sign-qut-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"467\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41331_coyote-sign-qut-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41331_coyote-sign-qut-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41331_coyote-sign-qut-687x916.jpg 687w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41331_coyote-sign-qut-414x552.jpg 414w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41331_coyote-sign-qut-354x472.jpg 354w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41331_coyote-sign-qut.jpg 825w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sign in Golden Gate Park. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Janet Kessler)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One theory was that coyotes walked here from Marin across the Golden Gate Bridge. While it sounds like the stuff of Disney movies, Kessler says it’s “very unlikely.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most ecologists I’ve spoken to think it’s kind of a crazy idea,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kessler explains that a much more likely theory is that a trapper brought coyotes over from the North Bay. Since then, coyotes have been busy repopulating San Francisco’s urban parks — places like the Presidio, Glen Canyon and Golden Gate Park. Each one of these “territories” has a coyote family living in it — or at least a coyote passing through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfanimalcare.org/\">San Francisco Animal Care and Control\u003c/a>, the total number of coyotes living in San Francisco is estimated to be dozens. The reason this number isn’t more specific is because there hasn’t been a rigorous tracking program for coyotes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kessler says that over the 13 years she’s been studying them, the coyote population in San Francisco (at least within the areas she has studied) has basically remained the same. If you \u003cem>think\u003c/em> you’re seeing a lot of coyotes in an area, “you’re probably seeing the same ones over and over again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if the total number of coyotes isn’t growing, it is possible that there are more coyote \u003cem>sightings \u003c/em> — thanks to social media and platforms like Nextdoor where people can share photos and alert neighbors if they see a coyote in the park or while walking their dog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-11801493\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/IMG_2493-e1581622564546-800x624.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"273\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/IMG_2493-e1581622564546-800x624.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/IMG_2493-e1581622564546-160x125.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/IMG_2493-e1581622564546-1020x795.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/IMG_2493-e1581622564546.png 1111w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-11801494\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/IMG_2491-e1581622713366-800x863.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"378\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/IMG_2491-e1581622713366-800x863.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/IMG_2491-e1581622713366-160x173.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/IMG_2491-e1581622713366-1020x1101.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/IMG_2491-e1581622713366.png 1100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kessler says while coyotes are not interested in people, they might be interested in your pet. But, she adds, there is an easy way to avoid tragedy: “Whenever you see a coyote, pick up the dog and go in the opposition direction. That’s all you have to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A big part of Janet’s work is teaching people about how to live with coyotes, and that starts with understanding them more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re just like you and I are,” she says. “These are social animals. They mate for life. Both parents raise the youngsters. They remain as a family for an extended length of time. They interact all the time with play, with fun, with teasing. They poke each other.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11801420\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11801420\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41111_Coyote-Hiker-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41111_Coyote-Hiker-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41111_Coyote-Hiker-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41111_Coyote-Hiker-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41111_Coyote-Hiker-qut-1044x783.jpg 1044w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41111_Coyote-Hiker-qut-632x474.jpg 632w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41111_Coyote-Hiker-qut-536x402.jpg 536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41111_Coyote-Hiker-qut.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In urban areas, coyotes become used to seeing people so they generally ignore us. Janet Kessler says it’s important we ignore them back. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Janet Kessler)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On her website, \u003ca href=\"https://coyoteyipps.com/\">CoyoteYipps.com\u003c/a>, Kessler posts videos of coyotes howling alongside sirens, snapping at their pups and frolicking with their siblings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ecologically speaking, coyotes coming back to the city is a good thing. They’re important predators, regulating populations of rodents and raccoons, and helping increase diversity of bird populations. According to Kessler, San Francisco is doing “a fine job” of moving us towards coyote coexistence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also helps that we are generally more open to living next to wild animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11801419\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11801419\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41107_Coyote-Pair-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41107_Coyote-Pair-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41107_Coyote-Pair-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41107_Coyote-Pair-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41107_Coyote-Pair-qut-1044x783.jpg 1044w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41107_Coyote-Pair-qut-632x474.jpg 632w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41107_Coyote-Pair-qut-536x402.jpg 536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41107_Coyote-Pair-qut.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A coyote pair enjoying a relaxed afternoon in a secluded part of a San Francisco park. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Janet Kessler)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There’s been a basic change in our attitudes towards the environment,” Kessler says. “I think we’re more open minded and environmentally concerned. And of course, coyotes are part of that environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being so close to nature is part of what makes living in the Bay Area so special. So next time you’re on a walk, keep your eyes peeled. You might get lucky and see something that you wouldn’t have just 20 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Your Stories: Why I Love the Bay Area",
"headTitle": "Your Stories: Why I Love the Bay Area | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The Bay Area has caught a lot of bad press lately.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A cable TV news network recently ran a five-part series called American Dystopia focusing on San Francisco. Headlines from other news outlets have read: “San Francisco City Streets Strewn With Trash, Needles and Human Feces”, “Bay Area Has the Highest Income Inequality in California” and “Bay Area Traffic Delays Rank Second Longest in Nation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s true that this region has some \u003cem>serious\u003c/em> problems we need to come together to solve. But as the bad news rains down, a few of us on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/podcasts/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> team started to worry, “What if we lose sight of what we’re fighting for? If we forget all the things that make this place wonderful — where does that leave us?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, we set out to capture your stories about when your Bay Area love began and pieced together many of them for our Feb. 13 episode. We want to keep the love fest going and will air more of your stories at the end of podcast episodes over the next few weeks. Want to contribute? \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11801288/help-us-write-a-love-letter-to-the-bay-area\"> Learn how.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Your Stories\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“One of the first times I visited San Francisco\u003c/strong> I was walking on the waterfront by the Ferry Building. I looked down and saw a ray swimming along the sea wall! I took it as some kind of sign, and asked a friend if I could move in.”\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>– Judy Viertel\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“There was a day where I took my dog\u003c/strong> Matisse for a walk through Crissy Field. I looked all around me at the birds, people, dogs, and beautiful sky with the Golden Gate Bridge in view. I tried to appreciate how lucky I am to enjoy the bridge in view when so many come from all over to see it covered in fog.”\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>– Roger Huntsinger\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“I moved here from New Orleans\u003c/strong> in 2005. I love the fact I live in one of the most progressive areas of the world. Being from Louisiana, I always felt in the south my boundaries were set. Here I can run as fast as I can, fly as high as I could and be whatever I am destined to become.”\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>– Robin Patin\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Packing the car to go to Giants games\u003c/strong> when I was a kid. I lived in San Jose, and it would be 80 degrees, but my mom would pack winter clothes so we could survive freezing cold Candlestick! Did that make me love it? I don’t know. But it’s a vivid memory!”\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>– Kateschat\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“I actually was walking Lake Merritt one day,\u003c/strong> and they were having a women’s march. It was seeing how a variety of women from all different backgrounds were coming together, not just women, there were also men there as well. It was powerful to see how passionate and deep people feel about equality, especially in our current political climate … how certain groups and certain people get marginalized. You want to be somewhere where people are powerful and they’re passionate about that.”\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>– Maurice\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“When we first came to America,\u003c/strong> you know, we left Nicaragua for political reasons, and we got a cheap apartment in the Mission. I didn’t know this was going on, but I woke up to all these sounds on Saturday morning. I looked outside, and my dad was already looking outside, and there’s all these beautiful girls, half naked. So he was like, ‘We made the right choice, coming to America.’ I was still too young to understand, but I saw how happy he was. I thought, ‘OK, This is a good thing.’ Every year now we go to Carnival. I haven’t missed one.”\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>– Juan Lopez\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“When I became a mom \u003c/strong>of two in one year I realized S.F. is a wonderful place to raise children.”\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>– Callen Taylor\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“I went all the way up to Nick’s Cove,\u003c/strong> went kayaking at night. It was pitch black. As we start going out more and more, as my eyes adjust to the dark, the water around my kayak starts glowing blue. The water up there is bioluminescent. And, you know, I’m just enjoying this amazing water that was literally radiating. And it made me think of all the times I’ve had that also were awe inspiring.”\u003cbr>\n\u003cem> – Alim\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Want to add your voice to the mix?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Tell us the story about a moment that made you love the Bay Area. (Pro tip: Be specific. Describe the scene. Explain how you felt, and why.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Call us\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nLeave us a voice message at 415-547-0046.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Write us\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSend an email with a written response to \u003ca href=\"mailto:baycurious@kqed.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">baycurious@kqed.org\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Bay Area has caught a lot of bad press lately.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A cable TV news network recently ran a five-part series called American Dystopia focusing on San Francisco. Headlines from other news outlets have read: “San Francisco City Streets Strewn With Trash, Needles and Human Feces”, “Bay Area Has the Highest Income Inequality in California” and “Bay Area Traffic Delays Rank Second Longest in Nation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s true that this region has some \u003cem>serious\u003c/em> problems we need to come together to solve. But as the bad news rains down, a few of us on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/podcasts/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> team started to worry, “What if we lose sight of what we’re fighting for? If we forget all the things that make this place wonderful — where does that leave us?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, we set out to capture your stories about when your Bay Area love began and pieced together many of them for our Feb. 13 episode. We want to keep the love fest going and will air more of your stories at the end of podcast episodes over the next few weeks. Want to contribute? \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11801288/help-us-write-a-love-letter-to-the-bay-area\"> Learn how.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Your Stories\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“One of the first times I visited San Francisco\u003c/strong> I was walking on the waterfront by the Ferry Building. I looked down and saw a ray swimming along the sea wall! I took it as some kind of sign, and asked a friend if I could move in.”\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>– Judy Viertel\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“There was a day where I took my dog\u003c/strong> Matisse for a walk through Crissy Field. I looked all around me at the birds, people, dogs, and beautiful sky with the Golden Gate Bridge in view. I tried to appreciate how lucky I am to enjoy the bridge in view when so many come from all over to see it covered in fog.”\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>– Roger Huntsinger\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“I moved here from New Orleans\u003c/strong> in 2005. I love the fact I live in one of the most progressive areas of the world. Being from Louisiana, I always felt in the south my boundaries were set. Here I can run as fast as I can, fly as high as I could and be whatever I am destined to become.”\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>– Robin Patin\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Packing the car to go to Giants games\u003c/strong> when I was a kid. I lived in San Jose, and it would be 80 degrees, but my mom would pack winter clothes so we could survive freezing cold Candlestick! Did that make me love it? I don’t know. But it’s a vivid memory!”\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>– Kateschat\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“I actually was walking Lake Merritt one day,\u003c/strong> and they were having a women’s march. It was seeing how a variety of women from all different backgrounds were coming together, not just women, there were also men there as well. It was powerful to see how passionate and deep people feel about equality, especially in our current political climate … how certain groups and certain people get marginalized. You want to be somewhere where people are powerful and they’re passionate about that.”\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>– Maurice\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“When we first came to America,\u003c/strong> you know, we left Nicaragua for political reasons, and we got a cheap apartment in the Mission. I didn’t know this was going on, but I woke up to all these sounds on Saturday morning. I looked outside, and my dad was already looking outside, and there’s all these beautiful girls, half naked. So he was like, ‘We made the right choice, coming to America.’ I was still too young to understand, but I saw how happy he was. I thought, ‘OK, This is a good thing.’ Every year now we go to Carnival. I haven’t missed one.”\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>– Juan Lopez\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“When I became a mom \u003c/strong>of two in one year I realized S.F. is a wonderful place to raise children.”\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>– Callen Taylor\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“I went all the way up to Nick’s Cove,\u003c/strong> went kayaking at night. It was pitch black. As we start going out more and more, as my eyes adjust to the dark, the water around my kayak starts glowing blue. The water up there is bioluminescent. And, you know, I’m just enjoying this amazing water that was literally radiating. And it made me think of all the times I’ve had that also were awe inspiring.”\u003cbr>\n\u003cem> – Alim\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Want to add your voice to the mix?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Tell us the story about a moment that made you love the Bay Area. (Pro tip: Be specific. Describe the scene. Explain how you felt, and why.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Call us\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nLeave us a voice message at 415-547-0046.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Write us\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSend an email with a written response to \u003ca href=\"mailto:baycurious@kqed.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">baycurious@kqed.org\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Large Parts of the Bay Area Are Built on Fill. Why and Where?",
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"content": "\u003cp>When Nicole was growing up, her grandmother always told her: Don’t live anywhere built on artificial fill. Her uncle also had strong memories of watching the Marina District burn after the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, when parts of the ground liquefied, causing buildings to collapse and gas lines to break.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nicole wants to follow her grandmother’s advice, but she needs to know a few things: \u003cstrong>“What neighborhoods and cities in the Bay Area are built on filled land? And what are those cities and neighborhoods doing to mitigate the risk of liquefaction?”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11799336\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 980px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2020/02/06/large-parts-of-the-bay-area-are-built-on-fill-why-and-where/screen-shot-2020-01-31-at-11-31-01-am/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11799336\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11799336\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Screen-Shot-2020-01-31-at-11.31.01-AM.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"980\" height=\"1228\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Screen-Shot-2020-01-31-at-11.31.01-AM.jpg 980w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Screen-Shot-2020-01-31-at-11.31.01-AM-160x200.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Screen-Shot-2020-01-31-at-11.31.01-AM-800x1002.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 980px) 100vw, 980px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The San Francisco shoreline from 1895. Pink shows areas of artificial fill; blue shows historical marshlands and creeks. \u003ccite>(Oakland Museum of California)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>What is fill?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Often, when we colloquially refer to fill around the Bay Area, we’re actually referring to two different things:\u003c/p>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>Artificial fill \u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Former or “reclaimed” marshlands and wetlands.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Artificial fill\u003c/em> is land that was created by piling up soil, mud, rocks, rubble and dirt. In many cases, mud was pumped up from the bottom of the San Francisco Bay to fill in piles of rocks, then allowed to dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In most cases, this fill was put on top of low-lying areas or shallow wetlands and marshlands. For example, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11790693/magic-city-and-the-making-of-treasure-island\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Treasure Island was made\u003c/a> by piling rocks and mud on the shoals north of Yerba Buena Island. The land that is now the Marina neighborhood in San Francisco was originally filled in for the 1915 Panama-Pacific International Exposition — in some cases using debris and rubble from the 1906 earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11799305\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2020/02/06/large-parts-of-the-bay-area-are-built-on-fill-why-and-where/rs40412_sfpl-ti-construction-dredging-aad-3783_600dpi-qut-1200x885/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11799305\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11799305\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/RS40412_SFPL-TI-Construction-dredging-AAD-3783_600dpi-qut-1200x885.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1200\" height=\"885\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/RS40412_SFPL-TI-Construction-dredging-AAD-3783_600dpi-qut-1200x885.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/RS40412_SFPL-TI-Construction-dredging-AAD-3783_600dpi-qut-1200x885-160x118.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/RS40412_SFPL-TI-Construction-dredging-AAD-3783_600dpi-qut-1200x885-800x590.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/RS40412_SFPL-TI-Construction-dredging-AAD-3783_600dpi-qut-1200x885-1020x752.jpg 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Army Corps of Engineers dredged up the equivalent of 2½ million dump trucks of bay mud and sand to construct Treasure Island. \u003ccite>(San Francisco History Center/San Francisco Public Library)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Reclaimed marshlands and wetlands\u003c/em> are not technically fill. However, building levees and draining marshes did change the coastline of the bay, allowing for more development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hundreds of years ago, the coastline of the Bay Area looked very different. In many places, the edges of the bay were marshland or wetlands. During the late 1800s and early 1900s, lots of that got drained. People built levees and “reclaimed” the land for what they considered useful purposes, like agriculture. These days, some of those levees have been torn down and land is being returned to tidal marshes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11799307\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1434px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2020/02/06/large-parts-of-the-bay-area-are-built-on-fill-why-and-where/screen-shot-2020-01-31-at-10-08-04-am/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11799307\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11799307\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Screen-Shot-2020-01-31-at-10.08.04-AM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1434\" height=\"978\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Screen-Shot-2020-01-31-at-10.08.04-AM.png 1434w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Screen-Shot-2020-01-31-at-10.08.04-AM-160x109.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Screen-Shot-2020-01-31-at-10.08.04-AM-800x546.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Screen-Shot-2020-01-31-at-10.08.04-AM-1020x696.png 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1434px) 100vw, 1434px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These maps from the San Francisco Estuary Institute show what was tidal marshland back around 1800 (left) and what today is still marsh, what’s been restored to tidal bay lands and what is in the works (right). \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://www.sfbayjv.org/project-maps.php\">San Francisco Bay Joint Venture\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Why did we use fill in the Bay Area?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Because fill in the bay let us build, live and farm on land that was previously uninhabitable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the mid-1800s, \u003ca href=\"https://boomcalifornia.com/2017/09/27/californias-legacy-of-swamplands/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the U.S. Congress passed the U.S. Swamp Land Acts\u003c/a>. These were originally designed to help Louisiana drain its swamp lands and build levees — but were quickly put to use in other states. The laws allowed people to claim wetlands or marshlands as their own property if they drained it and used it for an agricultural purpose. This led to a spree of building levees and draining wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the late 1950s, the Army Corps of Engineers did a study on the development of the Bay Area. They found 243 square miles of land “available for reclamation” \u003cem>had been\u003c/em> reclaimed. That’s a lot of former marshlands, wetlands and tidal lands to have drained or filled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4030153&view=1up&seq=112\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">You can read the full study here. It’s wild.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>What are the problems with artificial fill?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>By the 1960s, we mostly stopped filling in the Bay because of growing environmental concerns. After the Army Corps of Engineers did its study of the Bay Area, they published a map projecting what the bay would look like if we continued to fill it in. The picture so alarmed people that eventually the state Legislature put an end to bay fill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11799315\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2430px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2020/02/06/large-parts-of-the-bay-area-are-built-on-fill-why-and-where/attachment/9494033/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11799315\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11799315\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/9494033.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2430\" height=\"2735\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/9494033.jpg 2430w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/9494033-160x180.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/9494033-800x900.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/9494033-1020x1148.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/9494033-1920x2161.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2430px) 100vw, 2430px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The map showing projected plans to fill in more portions of the bay by 2020. \u003ccite>(U.S. Army Corp of Engineers)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The other major problem with artificial fill, which wasn’t well known 100 years ago, is the earthquake danger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Keith Knudsen of the U.S. Geological Survey, the fill built on top of bay mud or soft ground is at risk for ground failure or liquefaction during an earthquake. A lot of that old fill was not built with the best engineering practices. It was also frequently placed on top of mud or soft deposits, which amplify shaking. When you have high ground water, loose materials and heavy shaking, those deposits can stop behaving like a solid, and start behaving like a liquid, said Knudsen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ground turns into \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=57&v=Rd6W2aP2dkA&feature=emb_logo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a sort of quicksand\u003c/a>. Buildings on top can sink and crack. Also things that are in the ground and filled with air, like sewage pipes, can float to the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Lots of bad things can happen if the ground liquefies,” Knudsen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qmVYbjiNWds\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>What’s being done to mitigate those issues?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The best way to prevent liquefaction and ground failure is to take steps when you’re first creating the artificial fill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID='news_11790693,science_1952317' label='The Building of Treasure Island']Treasure Island is one of few places in the Bay Area where a large new development is planned to go in on top of artificial fill. Developers there are able to test more intense mitigation techniques. Using things like wick drains and vibratory compaction, they’re draining the water out of the ground, shaking it to settle the loose materials and then pushing down on the fill with heavy dirt loads to compact it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1952317/rising-seas-and-sinking-land-the-precarious-future-of-treasure-island\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">read more\u003c/a> about what’s happening there in our two-part series about \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11790693/magic-city-and-the-making-of-treasure-island\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the artificial island\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bad news, though, for most of the Bay Area is that it’s hard to go back and re-engineer buildings that are already built. Once an entire neighborhood is constructed, options are even more limited. Anything done to mitigate the risk for one building could affect the others. For example, the San Francisco Transbay Terminal developers used “dewatering” techniques to suck the water out of the ground before they built the terminal. Now \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Sinking-Millennium-Tower-s-developer-built-9278364.php#\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">developers of the sinking Millennium Tower say\u003c/a> that affected their building. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We do have some standard practices for new buildings built on top of fill:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Slab or mat foundations — if part of the ground liquefies, then the whole building will sink or tilt in one piece instead of cracking\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Friction piles — it’s a kind of pile foundation that goes deep down, through the fill, into the mud. Some buildings have piles that go all the way to the bedrock\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the biggest things that changed after the 1989 earthquake were new requirements to notify people who live in hazard zones. You can use \u003ca href=\"https://www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/geohazards/eq-zapp\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">the California Earthquake Hazard Zones App\u003c/a> to plug in your address and see if you live in an area at high risk for liquefaction or landslides in the event of an earthquake. The \u003ca href=\"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/hazards/urban/sfbay/liquefaction/sfbay/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">USGS also puts out updated hazard zone maps\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, just because you’re in a liquefaction hazard zone doesn’t necessarily mean you live on fill — or vice versa. And those former marshlands and tidal wetlands are not at high risk for liquefaction if the bay mud didn’t have artificial fill put on top of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>OK, so which parts of the Bay Area are fill?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>We have maps to show you!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only way to know \u003cem>for sure\u003c/em> if you live on fill is to hire a geologist and do a boring into the ground. Short of that, the other way is to map the geological deposits the way the USGS does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We overlay them on current maps and then the boundary between what used to be the coastline and what is currently the coastline … that’s been filled,” Knudsen said. USGS also does additional topography work to put together \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/of00-444/of00-444_7b.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">detailed maps of geological deposits\u003c/a>. While this can miss individual buildings or neighborhoods, it’s the most accurate record of the whole Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using that USGS data, we created this map showing artificial fill areas and former tidal marshlands or wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"700\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqednews.carto.com/builder/b488870b-a8c4-43f4-803a-04691206c9e3/embed\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.6255em;\">Data from the US Geological Survey from \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/of00-444/\">2000\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1037/\">2006\u003c/a>. \u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.6255em;align:right\">Lisa Pickoff-White/KQED\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Lisa Pickoff-White contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When Nicole was growing up, her grandmother always told her: Don’t live anywhere built on artificial fill. Her uncle also had strong memories of watching the Marina District burn after the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, when parts of the ground liquefied, causing buildings to collapse and gas lines to break.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nicole wants to follow her grandmother’s advice, but she needs to know a few things: \u003cstrong>“What neighborhoods and cities in the Bay Area are built on filled land? And what are those cities and neighborhoods doing to mitigate the risk of liquefaction?”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11799336\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 980px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2020/02/06/large-parts-of-the-bay-area-are-built-on-fill-why-and-where/screen-shot-2020-01-31-at-11-31-01-am/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11799336\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11799336\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Screen-Shot-2020-01-31-at-11.31.01-AM.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"980\" height=\"1228\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Screen-Shot-2020-01-31-at-11.31.01-AM.jpg 980w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Screen-Shot-2020-01-31-at-11.31.01-AM-160x200.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Screen-Shot-2020-01-31-at-11.31.01-AM-800x1002.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 980px) 100vw, 980px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The San Francisco shoreline from 1895. Pink shows areas of artificial fill; blue shows historical marshlands and creeks. \u003ccite>(Oakland Museum of California)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>What is fill?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Often, when we colloquially refer to fill around the Bay Area, we’re actually referring to two different things:\u003c/p>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>Artificial fill \u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Former or “reclaimed” marshlands and wetlands.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Artificial fill\u003c/em> is land that was created by piling up soil, mud, rocks, rubble and dirt. In many cases, mud was pumped up from the bottom of the San Francisco Bay to fill in piles of rocks, then allowed to dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In most cases, this fill was put on top of low-lying areas or shallow wetlands and marshlands. For example, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11790693/magic-city-and-the-making-of-treasure-island\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Treasure Island was made\u003c/a> by piling rocks and mud on the shoals north of Yerba Buena Island. The land that is now the Marina neighborhood in San Francisco was originally filled in for the 1915 Panama-Pacific International Exposition — in some cases using debris and rubble from the 1906 earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11799305\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2020/02/06/large-parts-of-the-bay-area-are-built-on-fill-why-and-where/rs40412_sfpl-ti-construction-dredging-aad-3783_600dpi-qut-1200x885/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11799305\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11799305\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/RS40412_SFPL-TI-Construction-dredging-AAD-3783_600dpi-qut-1200x885.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1200\" height=\"885\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/RS40412_SFPL-TI-Construction-dredging-AAD-3783_600dpi-qut-1200x885.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/RS40412_SFPL-TI-Construction-dredging-AAD-3783_600dpi-qut-1200x885-160x118.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/RS40412_SFPL-TI-Construction-dredging-AAD-3783_600dpi-qut-1200x885-800x590.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/RS40412_SFPL-TI-Construction-dredging-AAD-3783_600dpi-qut-1200x885-1020x752.jpg 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Army Corps of Engineers dredged up the equivalent of 2½ million dump trucks of bay mud and sand to construct Treasure Island. \u003ccite>(San Francisco History Center/San Francisco Public Library)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Reclaimed marshlands and wetlands\u003c/em> are not technically fill. However, building levees and draining marshes did change the coastline of the bay, allowing for more development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hundreds of years ago, the coastline of the Bay Area looked very different. In many places, the edges of the bay were marshland or wetlands. During the late 1800s and early 1900s, lots of that got drained. People built levees and “reclaimed” the land for what they considered useful purposes, like agriculture. These days, some of those levees have been torn down and land is being returned to tidal marshes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11799307\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1434px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2020/02/06/large-parts-of-the-bay-area-are-built-on-fill-why-and-where/screen-shot-2020-01-31-at-10-08-04-am/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11799307\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11799307\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Screen-Shot-2020-01-31-at-10.08.04-AM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1434\" height=\"978\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Screen-Shot-2020-01-31-at-10.08.04-AM.png 1434w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Screen-Shot-2020-01-31-at-10.08.04-AM-160x109.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Screen-Shot-2020-01-31-at-10.08.04-AM-800x546.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Screen-Shot-2020-01-31-at-10.08.04-AM-1020x696.png 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1434px) 100vw, 1434px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These maps from the San Francisco Estuary Institute show what was tidal marshland back around 1800 (left) and what today is still marsh, what’s been restored to tidal bay lands and what is in the works (right). \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://www.sfbayjv.org/project-maps.php\">San Francisco Bay Joint Venture\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Why did we use fill in the Bay Area?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Because fill in the bay let us build, live and farm on land that was previously uninhabitable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the mid-1800s, \u003ca href=\"https://boomcalifornia.com/2017/09/27/californias-legacy-of-swamplands/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the U.S. Congress passed the U.S. Swamp Land Acts\u003c/a>. These were originally designed to help Louisiana drain its swamp lands and build levees — but were quickly put to use in other states. The laws allowed people to claim wetlands or marshlands as their own property if they drained it and used it for an agricultural purpose. This led to a spree of building levees and draining wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the late 1950s, the Army Corps of Engineers did a study on the development of the Bay Area. They found 243 square miles of land “available for reclamation” \u003cem>had been\u003c/em> reclaimed. That’s a lot of former marshlands, wetlands and tidal lands to have drained or filled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4030153&view=1up&seq=112\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">You can read the full study here. It’s wild.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>What are the problems with artificial fill?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>By the 1960s, we mostly stopped filling in the Bay because of growing environmental concerns. After the Army Corps of Engineers did its study of the Bay Area, they published a map projecting what the bay would look like if we continued to fill it in. The picture so alarmed people that eventually the state Legislature put an end to bay fill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11799315\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2430px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2020/02/06/large-parts-of-the-bay-area-are-built-on-fill-why-and-where/attachment/9494033/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11799315\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11799315\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/9494033.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2430\" height=\"2735\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/9494033.jpg 2430w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/9494033-160x180.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/9494033-800x900.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/9494033-1020x1148.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/9494033-1920x2161.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2430px) 100vw, 2430px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The map showing projected plans to fill in more portions of the bay by 2020. \u003ccite>(U.S. Army Corp of Engineers)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The other major problem with artificial fill, which wasn’t well known 100 years ago, is the earthquake danger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Keith Knudsen of the U.S. Geological Survey, the fill built on top of bay mud or soft ground is at risk for ground failure or liquefaction during an earthquake. A lot of that old fill was not built with the best engineering practices. It was also frequently placed on top of mud or soft deposits, which amplify shaking. When you have high ground water, loose materials and heavy shaking, those deposits can stop behaving like a solid, and start behaving like a liquid, said Knudsen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ground turns into \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=57&v=Rd6W2aP2dkA&feature=emb_logo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a sort of quicksand\u003c/a>. Buildings on top can sink and crack. Also things that are in the ground and filled with air, like sewage pipes, can float to the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Lots of bad things can happen if the ground liquefies,” Knudsen said.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/qmVYbjiNWds'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/qmVYbjiNWds'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch3>What’s being done to mitigate those issues?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The best way to prevent liquefaction and ground failure is to take steps when you’re first creating the artificial fill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Treasure Island is one of few places in the Bay Area where a large new development is planned to go in on top of artificial fill. Developers there are able to test more intense mitigation techniques. Using things like wick drains and vibratory compaction, they’re draining the water out of the ground, shaking it to settle the loose materials and then pushing down on the fill with heavy dirt loads to compact it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1952317/rising-seas-and-sinking-land-the-precarious-future-of-treasure-island\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">read more\u003c/a> about what’s happening there in our two-part series about \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11790693/magic-city-and-the-making-of-treasure-island\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the artificial island\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bad news, though, for most of the Bay Area is that it’s hard to go back and re-engineer buildings that are already built. Once an entire neighborhood is constructed, options are even more limited. Anything done to mitigate the risk for one building could affect the others. For example, the San Francisco Transbay Terminal developers used “dewatering” techniques to suck the water out of the ground before they built the terminal. Now \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Sinking-Millennium-Tower-s-developer-built-9278364.php#\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">developers of the sinking Millennium Tower say\u003c/a> that affected their building. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We do have some standard practices for new buildings built on top of fill:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Slab or mat foundations — if part of the ground liquefies, then the whole building will sink or tilt in one piece instead of cracking\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Friction piles — it’s a kind of pile foundation that goes deep down, through the fill, into the mud. Some buildings have piles that go all the way to the bedrock\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the biggest things that changed after the 1989 earthquake were new requirements to notify people who live in hazard zones. You can use \u003ca href=\"https://www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/geohazards/eq-zapp\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">the California Earthquake Hazard Zones App\u003c/a> to plug in your address and see if you live in an area at high risk for liquefaction or landslides in the event of an earthquake. The \u003ca href=\"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/hazards/urban/sfbay/liquefaction/sfbay/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">USGS also puts out updated hazard zone maps\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, just because you’re in a liquefaction hazard zone doesn’t necessarily mean you live on fill — or vice versa. And those former marshlands and tidal wetlands are not at high risk for liquefaction if the bay mud didn’t have artificial fill put on top of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>OK, so which parts of the Bay Area are fill?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>We have maps to show you!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only way to know \u003cem>for sure\u003c/em> if you live on fill is to hire a geologist and do a boring into the ground. Short of that, the other way is to map the geological deposits the way the USGS does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We overlay them on current maps and then the boundary between what used to be the coastline and what is currently the coastline … that’s been filled,” Knudsen said. USGS also does additional topography work to put together \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/of00-444/of00-444_7b.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">detailed maps of geological deposits\u003c/a>. While this can miss individual buildings or neighborhoods, it’s the most accurate record of the whole Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using that USGS data, we created this map showing artificial fill areas and former tidal marshlands or wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"700\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqednews.carto.com/builder/b488870b-a8c4-43f4-803a-04691206c9e3/embed\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.6255em;\">Data from the US Geological Survey from \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/of00-444/\">2000\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1037/\">2006\u003c/a>. \u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.6255em;align:right\">Lisa Pickoff-White/KQED\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Lisa Pickoff-White contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>This week Bay Curious host Olivia Allen-Price sat down with transit editor Dan Brekke to answer some audience questions about BART. Here goes!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How did they build the underwater tunnels for BART? \u003c/strong>\u003cem>Submitted by Briana\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dan Brekke: So this is one of the great epics of the BART construction story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took about seven years, starting in 1959, to study the route and design the construction system for what we now call the Transbay Tube. The structure was built in sections — 57 in all, varying in length, but averaging about 335 feet. Contractors built the sections at a pier in San Francisco. When they were done with all that work, which included lining the tube section with concrete, they would tow it into the bay and then they would lower it, sealed at both ends, down to its location. Divers would join the sections of tube together one at a time; they were being welded together and bolted. The tube rests in a shallow trench that had been dug before the sections were brought out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took about three years of actual construction to get that all that in place after construction started in 1966 and another several years to do all the other electrical and finishing work. That’s the tube we have today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other aspect I find fascinating is that you’re actually going down pretty steeply on both sides of the bay when you’re in the tube. When you start on the Oakland side you’re above ground, say 50 feet, and then you you plunge under the bay, 130 feet below the surface. Then you have to come up on the San Francisco side to connect to the tunnel at Embarcadero — though you’re still about 100 below ground level at that point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experience as a passenger is that passage is pretty flat. You kind of feel like you’re just going straight across. But there are a couple places where you change elevation pretty significantly under the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>In its nearly 50 years of existence, why has BART taken so long to extend into Santa Clara County? And only normally protruded into San Mateo County and never expanded into any of the North Bay counties? \u003c/strong>\u003cem>Submitted by Mark\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DB: The simple answer is that most Bay Area counties had the choice of opting into BART in the early ’60s, and some opted out, including Santa Clara and San Mateo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was some talk about going up to the North Bay, specifically Marin. There were engineering studies that showed it was feasible to go to put track below the roadway on the Golden Gate Bridge. Three engineering studies found that was fine, and one sponsored by the Golden Gate Bridge District did not support that idea. However, when San Mateo County opted out, the backers of BART no longer thought that the Marin idea would be feasible. On top of that, the Golden Gate Bridge District never really liked the idea because back then BART would have been competition for the service they were offering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So BART has only gone into Santa Clara and San Mateo in relatively recent history — the 1990s in San Mateo County’s case, and soon in Santa Clara County, where the first extension there, to San Jose’s Berryessa neighborhood, is expected to finally open late this spring. That’s because people in those counties reconsidered and passed taxes that allowed BART to expand there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why are there news kiosks in the BART station that are closed? Why doesn’t BART let people run these news kiosks and what are their history? \u003c/strong>\u003cem>Submitted by Brad Meyer\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DB: Those were created for the San Francisco newspapers. It was really just the Chronicle and Examiner. It wasn’t like an old-fashioned newsstand like you might see outside of a subway station in New York or Chicago (or on the platforms of some stations in those cities). But guess what? Newspaper street sales, which used to be a big thing, have dried up because of this digital medium we’re using right now. Street vendors and newspaper boxes are a thing of the past. I think that the final nail in the coffin for the kiosks was the introduction of smartphones, because now people are carrying the news with them. Some of the kiosks are still there. but many have been removed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a pretty good story connected to the old kiosks, though, where somebody discovered that at a couple of the stations (Montgomery Street is one of them) that there is a very odd acoustic effect. If you go to the place where the kiosk used to be and talk in a normal voice, there is an echo effect. And it was enough of a thing that I know that some local reporters went down there to demonstrate it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>At the West Oakland BART Station there are ads right next to the third rail. How on earth do they change those out without getting electrocuted? \u003c/strong>\u003cem>Submitted by Jay Quigley\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DB: The third rail is something you don’t want to touch under any circumstances. It’s very high voltage and coming into contact with it could mean instant death, or at least extremely serious injury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BART is shut down for a part of every day. Trains stop running around 1 a.m. and then there is a window of time between 1 and 4 a.m. when a lot of maintenance takes place. So in the case of working on these ads, BART does that during that overnight closure and shuts down the third rail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was told by Jim Allison at BART that they call it “laying down a blanket,” as if you’re covering the rail with a blanket to make it safe. They’re not physically doing that, of course. Once the rail is de-energized, then the crews can work safely there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why does it seem like the escalators are constantly broken? \u003c/strong>\u003cem>Submitted by Dan\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DB: There are a variety of reasons that escalators fail. Some are exposed to weather. Some are exposed to abuse of various kinds. There were some escalators that were being used, essentially, as restrooms. Lots of garbage winds up dropped on certain escalators at some stations. The other thing is that they get a \u003cem>lot\u003c/em> of use, lots of wear and tear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But many of the escalators at this point are also very old. That makes them harder to maintain and also creates a problem few people were thinking about when BART was new. In one case, the original manufacturer of many of the escalators in San Francisco’s downtown stations, and some others, has gone out of business. To do simple maintenance, BART has to go out and hunt for spare parts. And if things break down altogether and they have a serious mechanical failure, they have to find somebody to \u003cem>make\u003c/em> some of these major parts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At San Francisco’s 16th Street/Mission Station a few years ago, which is one of the places that had these old escalators made by a defunct company, they put up a sign: “This unit will be out of service until …” and then there was a blank space. It was out of service so long that somebody came along and wrote “the rapture” in that blank space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I started to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/10969699/at-barts-16th-mission-station-the-rapture-is-nigh\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">track how long\u003c/a> it was taking to get that escalator up and running, and it was out of service more than six months. It turned out that BART actually had to find somebody to make a part called a bull gear pillar block.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking ahead, a lot of these escalators are getting completely rebuilt. They’re not just getting overhauled — brand new escalators are being installed. It’s an expensive project and will be going on for years. BART just announced that it’s going to build protective canopies over all the escalators that have been open to the sky, so that they’ll at least be protected from the weather if not from other forms of abuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why does BART announce elevator status all the time? \u003c/strong>\u003cem>Submitted by Eric\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DB: There is a large part of BART’s ridership that depends on elevators to get through the stations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On one level, it’s just a courtesy announcement, but on another level, it’s sort of a crucial announcement for people who have no other way of accessing a BART station than using these elevators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have the Americans with Disabilities Act, the ADA, and this is part of the agency’s responsibility under the ADA to give people, at the very least, a heads up. But anybody will tell you actually having the elevators running is better.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other aspect I find fascinating is that you’re actually going down pretty steeply on both sides of the bay when you’re in the tube. When you start on the Oakland side you’re above ground, say 50 feet, and then you you plunge under the bay, 130 feet below the surface. Then you have to come up on the San Francisco side to connect to the tunnel at Embarcadero — though you’re still about 100 below ground level at that point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experience as a passenger is that passage is pretty flat. You kind of feel like you’re just going straight across. But there are a couple places where you change elevation pretty significantly under the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>In its nearly 50 years of existence, why has BART taken so long to extend into Santa Clara County? And only normally protruded into San Mateo County and never expanded into any of the North Bay counties? \u003c/strong>\u003cem>Submitted by Mark\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DB: The simple answer is that most Bay Area counties had the choice of opting into BART in the early ’60s, and some opted out, including Santa Clara and San Mateo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was some talk about going up to the North Bay, specifically Marin. There were engineering studies that showed it was feasible to go to put track below the roadway on the Golden Gate Bridge. Three engineering studies found that was fine, and one sponsored by the Golden Gate Bridge District did not support that idea. However, when San Mateo County opted out, the backers of BART no longer thought that the Marin idea would be feasible. On top of that, the Golden Gate Bridge District never really liked the idea because back then BART would have been competition for the service they were offering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So BART has only gone into Santa Clara and San Mateo in relatively recent history — the 1990s in San Mateo County’s case, and soon in Santa Clara County, where the first extension there, to San Jose’s Berryessa neighborhood, is expected to finally open late this spring. That’s because people in those counties reconsidered and passed taxes that allowed BART to expand there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why are there news kiosks in the BART station that are closed? Why doesn’t BART let people run these news kiosks and what are their history? \u003c/strong>\u003cem>Submitted by Brad Meyer\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DB: Those were created for the San Francisco newspapers. It was really just the Chronicle and Examiner. It wasn’t like an old-fashioned newsstand like you might see outside of a subway station in New York or Chicago (or on the platforms of some stations in those cities). But guess what? Newspaper street sales, which used to be a big thing, have dried up because of this digital medium we’re using right now. Street vendors and newspaper boxes are a thing of the past. I think that the final nail in the coffin for the kiosks was the introduction of smartphones, because now people are carrying the news with them. Some of the kiosks are still there. but many have been removed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a pretty good story connected to the old kiosks, though, where somebody discovered that at a couple of the stations (Montgomery Street is one of them) that there is a very odd acoustic effect. If you go to the place where the kiosk used to be and talk in a normal voice, there is an echo effect. And it was enough of a thing that I know that some local reporters went down there to demonstrate it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>At the West Oakland BART Station there are ads right next to the third rail. How on earth do they change those out without getting electrocuted? \u003c/strong>\u003cem>Submitted by Jay Quigley\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DB: The third rail is something you don’t want to touch under any circumstances. It’s very high voltage and coming into contact with it could mean instant death, or at least extremely serious injury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BART is shut down for a part of every day. Trains stop running around 1 a.m. and then there is a window of time between 1 and 4 a.m. when a lot of maintenance takes place. So in the case of working on these ads, BART does that during that overnight closure and shuts down the third rail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was told by Jim Allison at BART that they call it “laying down a blanket,” as if you’re covering the rail with a blanket to make it safe. They’re not physically doing that, of course. Once the rail is de-energized, then the crews can work safely there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why does it seem like the escalators are constantly broken? \u003c/strong>\u003cem>Submitted by Dan\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DB: There are a variety of reasons that escalators fail. Some are exposed to weather. Some are exposed to abuse of various kinds. There were some escalators that were being used, essentially, as restrooms. Lots of garbage winds up dropped on certain escalators at some stations. The other thing is that they get a \u003cem>lot\u003c/em> of use, lots of wear and tear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But many of the escalators at this point are also very old. That makes them harder to maintain and also creates a problem few people were thinking about when BART was new. In one case, the original manufacturer of many of the escalators in San Francisco’s downtown stations, and some others, has gone out of business. To do simple maintenance, BART has to go out and hunt for spare parts. And if things break down altogether and they have a serious mechanical failure, they have to find somebody to \u003cem>make\u003c/em> some of these major parts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At San Francisco’s 16th Street/Mission Station a few years ago, which is one of the places that had these old escalators made by a defunct company, they put up a sign: “This unit will be out of service until …” and then there was a blank space. It was out of service so long that somebody came along and wrote “the rapture” in that blank space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I started to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/10969699/at-barts-16th-mission-station-the-rapture-is-nigh\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">track how long\u003c/a> it was taking to get that escalator up and running, and it was out of service more than six months. It turned out that BART actually had to find somebody to make a part called a bull gear pillar block.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking ahead, a lot of these escalators are getting completely rebuilt. They’re not just getting overhauled — brand new escalators are being installed. It’s an expensive project and will be going on for years. BART just announced that it’s going to build protective canopies over all the escalators that have been open to the sky, so that they’ll at least be protected from the weather if not from other forms of abuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why does BART announce elevator status all the time? \u003c/strong>\u003cem>Submitted by Eric\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DB: There is a large part of BART’s ridership that depends on elevators to get through the stations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On one level, it’s just a courtesy announcement, but on another level, it’s sort of a crucial announcement for people who have no other way of accessing a BART station than using these elevators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have the Americans with Disabilities Act, the ADA, and this is part of the agency’s responsibility under the ADA to give people, at the very least, a heads up. But anybody will tell you actually having the elevators running is better.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Whether you realize it or not, you’ve almost certainly interacted with an accessible pedestrian signal, or APS. These are the crosswalk systems designed with sonic and tactile cues to help blind and visually impaired pedestrians know when they can cross the street. The sounds and buttons tell them when the “walk” sign is lit up. You’ll find these APS systems installed at hundreds of intersections around San Francisco, and thousands more across the country. In San Francisco, most are framed in a yellow casing and have a raised arrow on the pedestrian crossing button.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/podcasts/baycurious\">Bay Curious \u003c/a>listener had some questions about why they sound the way they do and how they work. Here’s what we found.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Why does San Francisco’s crosswalk system make a machine gun sound?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>That sound has an official name: the rapid tick. It’s the sound currently \u003ca href=\"https://acb.org/content/accessible-pedestrian-signals-aps\">recommended by federal and state guidelines.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1980s and ’90s, research was done on which APS signals were most effective. The overhead cuckoo-chirp signals, which are installed in many parts of the U.S., did not fare particularly well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People got confused and felt they needed to know the orientation of a cuckoo or chirp,” says Gene Lozano, a retired rehabilitation counselor from California State University, Sacramento, whose been involved in transportation accessibility for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cuckoos” sounded for the north-south direction of travel. And the “chirp-chirp” was for east-west.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People who were blind or had low vision felt they had to know the compass direction of an intersection, and people got intimidated by that,” Lozano says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there was another problem with the bird sounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In some parts of the country there were reports that some birds, like mockingbirds, were able to replicate that sound,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study found the rapid tick sound, instead, helped pedestrians make faster, more accurate decisions when at a crosswalk. It is now the recommended sound, except in certain cases. When the crosswalk heads are less than 10 feet apart — for example when the buttons for intersecting streets are mounted on a single pole — a verbal announcement is preferred to help people differentiate which street’s “walk” sign is lit. While the verbal announcement seems like it would be a superior option in all cases, it requires the pedestrian to speak the language in which the message is delivered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you come across an intersection with the cuckoos and chirps, it’s likely an older system that hasn’t been updated.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>What other features are built into San Francisco’s accessible pedestrian systems?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>To learn the ins and outs of how the system is used, we got a demonstration from Frank Welte, a senior braille and accessible media specialist at the\u003ca href=\"https://lighthouse-sf.org/\"> LightHouse for the Blind and Visually Impaired\u003c/a> in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We met outside a Civic Center BART entrance, on the south side of Market Street, between 7th and 8th streets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m walking up to the crosswalk here, and you’ll hear the locator tone,” Welte said as he approached the street pole where the crosswalk system was mounted. It was emitting a beeping sound about once per second.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And I’m positioning myself so the signal is to my right,” he says, as he presses the crosswalk button. “On the button is a little arrow that points in the way that you’re supposed to cross. It’s a tactile arrow you can feel. When the signal goes off that tactile arrow starts to vibrate. So if I were deaf-blind or hard of hearing, by holding the tactile button I know when the signal goes off. I often do that anyway just because it’s a confirmation on a noisy day like today that I’m reading the signal correctly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The signal changes to “walk,” and the rapid tick sound plays. Welte walks through the intersection, listening for the speaker on the opposite side of the street to help guide him to where the curb is cut. In a matter of seconds, we’re across the street and in UN Plaza.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One final tip Welte shows me: If you press the crosswalk button for a few seconds, an announcement plays telling you what street you are set up to cross or the intersection you’re standing at.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>How do blind people cross the street without audible signals?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>“We follow the traffic patterns,” Welte says. “When one set of traffic goes, I go, and when that traffic isn’t going, I stay still. So when you come to a traffic light, that’s one more reason you don’t want to run a red light. It’s because I am assuming that if you’re not moving, the light is doing a certain thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Welte prefers the confirmation that an accessible pedestrian signal provides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you have complicated intersections, for example all these angled streets we have coming into Market Street, that can make the pattern more complicated and harder to read. So having that accessible signal is a huge help.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfmta.com/getting-around/walk/accessible-pedestrian-signals\">San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency website\u003c/a>, there are 283 APS intersections in San Francisco and 85 more that have been requested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further reading:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ720653.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Crossroads: Modern Interactive Intersections and Accessible Pedestrian Signals\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11771686/california-sounds-an-architect-who-listens-to-buildings\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">An Architect Who Listens to Buildings\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Annika Cline contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Whether you realize it or not, you’ve almost certainly interacted with an accessible pedestrian signal, or APS. These are the crosswalk systems designed with sonic and tactile cues to help blind and visually impaired pedestrians know when they can cross the street. The sounds and buttons tell them when the “walk” sign is lit up. You’ll find these APS systems installed at hundreds of intersections around San Francisco, and thousands more across the country. In San Francisco, most are framed in a yellow casing and have a raised arrow on the pedestrian crossing button.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/podcasts/baycurious\">Bay Curious \u003c/a>listener had some questions about why they sound the way they do and how they work. Here’s what we found.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Why does San Francisco’s crosswalk system make a machine gun sound?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>That sound has an official name: the rapid tick. It’s the sound currently \u003ca href=\"https://acb.org/content/accessible-pedestrian-signals-aps\">recommended by federal and state guidelines.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1980s and ’90s, research was done on which APS signals were most effective. The overhead cuckoo-chirp signals, which are installed in many parts of the U.S., did not fare particularly well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People got confused and felt they needed to know the orientation of a cuckoo or chirp,” says Gene Lozano, a retired rehabilitation counselor from California State University, Sacramento, whose been involved in transportation accessibility for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cuckoos” sounded for the north-south direction of travel. And the “chirp-chirp” was for east-west.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People who were blind or had low vision felt they had to know the compass direction of an intersection, and people got intimidated by that,” Lozano says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there was another problem with the bird sounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In some parts of the country there were reports that some birds, like mockingbirds, were able to replicate that sound,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study found the rapid tick sound, instead, helped pedestrians make faster, more accurate decisions when at a crosswalk. It is now the recommended sound, except in certain cases. When the crosswalk heads are less than 10 feet apart — for example when the buttons for intersecting streets are mounted on a single pole — a verbal announcement is preferred to help people differentiate which street’s “walk” sign is lit. While the verbal announcement seems like it would be a superior option in all cases, it requires the pedestrian to speak the language in which the message is delivered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you come across an intersection with the cuckoos and chirps, it’s likely an older system that hasn’t been updated.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>What other features are built into San Francisco’s accessible pedestrian systems?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>To learn the ins and outs of how the system is used, we got a demonstration from Frank Welte, a senior braille and accessible media specialist at the\u003ca href=\"https://lighthouse-sf.org/\"> LightHouse for the Blind and Visually Impaired\u003c/a> in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We met outside a Civic Center BART entrance, on the south side of Market Street, between 7th and 8th streets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m walking up to the crosswalk here, and you’ll hear the locator tone,” Welte said as he approached the street pole where the crosswalk system was mounted. It was emitting a beeping sound about once per second.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And I’m positioning myself so the signal is to my right,” he says, as he presses the crosswalk button. “On the button is a little arrow that points in the way that you’re supposed to cross. It’s a tactile arrow you can feel. When the signal goes off that tactile arrow starts to vibrate. So if I were deaf-blind or hard of hearing, by holding the tactile button I know when the signal goes off. I often do that anyway just because it’s a confirmation on a noisy day like today that I’m reading the signal correctly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The signal changes to “walk,” and the rapid tick sound plays. Welte walks through the intersection, listening for the speaker on the opposite side of the street to help guide him to where the curb is cut. In a matter of seconds, we’re across the street and in UN Plaza.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One final tip Welte shows me: If you press the crosswalk button for a few seconds, an announcement plays telling you what street you are set up to cross or the intersection you’re standing at.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>How do blind people cross the street without audible signals?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>“We follow the traffic patterns,” Welte says. “When one set of traffic goes, I go, and when that traffic isn’t going, I stay still. So when you come to a traffic light, that’s one more reason you don’t want to run a red light. It’s because I am assuming that if you’re not moving, the light is doing a certain thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Welte prefers the confirmation that an accessible pedestrian signal provides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you have complicated intersections, for example all these angled streets we have coming into Market Street, that can make the pattern more complicated and harder to read. 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"title": "What Are Those Grids of Glass in the Sidewalk — And Why Are They Purple?",
"headTitle": "What Are Those Grids of Glass in the Sidewalk — And Why Are They Purple? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>All over the city you can see glass squares and circles in big grid patterns covering a few feet of sidewalk. Sometimes the glass is clear, but often it’s a purple hue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>What are they?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>They’re vault lights, which are essentially skylights for below ground. The little glass pieces are projecting sunlight down into subterranean spaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the top of the glass is flat, so it doesn’t trip anyone, underneath the glass can take a variety of shapes. Some are shaped into prism forms that diffuse and bend the light so it reaches the inner areas of underground spaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11792094\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 609px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11792094\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/SidewalkLights.jpg\" alt=\"This is originally from a 1914 "Metal Building Materials" catalog, displaying "Berger's Raydiant Sidewalk Lights."\" width=\"609\" height=\"258\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/SidewalkLights.jpg 609w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/SidewalkLights-160x68.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 609px) 100vw, 609px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This illustration appeared in a 1914 “Metal Building Materials” catalog, displaying “Berger’s Raydiant Sidewalk Lights.” \u003ccite>(Collection of Ian Macky /glassian.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Across the country, vault lights are used to illuminate a variety of iconic and interesting projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vault lights were used to light \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/19/realestate/streetscapes-subway-platforms-letting-the-sun-shine-in.html\">some of New York City’s first subway stations\u003c/a> and were placed in the ground of the opulent passenger concourse in the city’s original Pennsylvania Station. In that now destroyed icon, natural light would pour through the buildings arched glass canopy and would then spill down into the lower levels of the station through hundreds of vault lights in the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11791702\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11791702\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/PennStation-800x628.png\" alt=\"The passenger concourse at the original Pennsylvania Station in New York City, built in 1910. The floor is covered in vault lighting.\" width=\"800\" height=\"628\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/PennStation-800x628.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/PennStation-160x126.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/PennStation-1020x801.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/PennStation.png 1190w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The passenger concourse at the original Pennsylvania Station in New York City, built in 1910. The ground is mostly made up of pieces of glass that provide vault lighting. \u003ccite>(Library of Congress)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 1862, parts of Sacramento were raised as much as 14 feet to protect against flooding. (That year, California’s newly elected governor, Leland Stanford, was brought to his inauguration in a rowboat.) In some places, instead of lifting the building, they simply built over the first floor. Which means below the sidewalk it’s now possible to walk between abandoned storefronts, bathed in the purple glow of vault lights. Similar projects have taken place in cities across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11792461\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11792461\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/8666275137_af6449709a_k-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/8666275137_af6449709a_k-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/8666275137_af6449709a_k-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/8666275137_af6449709a_k-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/8666275137_af6449709a_k-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/8666275137_af6449709a_k-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/8666275137_af6449709a_k-1832x1374.jpg 1832w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/8666275137_af6449709a_k-1376x1032.jpg 1376w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/8666275137_af6449709a_k-1044x783.jpg 1044w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/8666275137_af6449709a_k-632x474.jpg 632w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/8666275137_af6449709a_k-536x402.jpg 536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/8666275137_af6449709a_k.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Old sidewalk prisms, many of which have broken. \u003ccite>(Britta Gustafson/flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco, vault lights are mostly used to illuminate sub-sidewalk basements — ie. basements that extend under the sidewalk. Often, these are used as extra storage or work space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11791675\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11791675\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/IMG_5900-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Beneath a vault light inside a sub-sidewalk basement.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/IMG_5900-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/IMG_5900-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/IMG_5900-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/IMG_5900-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/IMG_5900-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/IMG_5900-1832x1374.jpg 1832w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/IMG_5900-1376x1032.jpg 1376w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/IMG_5900-1044x783.jpg 1044w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/IMG_5900-632x474.jpg 632w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/IMG_5900-536x402.jpg 536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/IMG_5900.jpg 2016w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Beneath a vault light inside a sub-sidewalk basement. \u003ccite>(Jessica Placzek/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Why is the glass colored?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Glass is made of silica, which can be found in sand. Often, though, sand will have other elements in it too. In order to clarify and stabilize the glass from these other elements, chemists could use manganese dioxide. When vault lights were first installed, much of the glass was clear. But when the manganese is exposed to UV rays for long periods of time, it photo-oxidizes and turns purple or pinkish. Hence, the reason so much of the glass is now purple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This process can take decades. So when you see colored glass, it’s either really old or someone dyed it to mimic the old glass.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Where were vault lights first used?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>This kind of technology was used on ships as deck lights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s long been the traditional way of lighting the interior of ships. While kerosene lamps were sometimes used, the smoke could make interior spaces uncomfortable. And candles could become a fire hazard on wooden ships,” says Diane Cooper, a museum technician at the San Francisco Maritime National Historic Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11791720\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11791720\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/DeckPrisms-800x572.jpg\" alt='The purple six-sided pointed prism has a flat bottom that would have been flush with the deck of a ship. The rectangular deck light has a series of \"ribs\" that run the length of the prism. ' width=\"800\" height=\"572\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/DeckPrisms-800x572.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/DeckPrisms-160x114.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/DeckPrisms-1020x729.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/DeckPrisms-1200x858.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/DeckPrisms.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The purple six-sided pointed prism has a flat bottom that would have been flush with the deck of a ship. The rectangular deck light has a series of “ribs” that run the length of the prism. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park, photographed by Chris Wilhite)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The prisms inlaid into the deck were intended to direct light both down and up. The daylight comes down to light potential sleeping areas where sailors might forget about a candle. And if a fire breaks out below, the prisms would glow with warning for the sailors above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you had coal in your hold, you’d need to be able to see that there’s light down there,” says Cooper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11791721\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11791721\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/DeckLights3-800x625.jpg\" alt=\"Two deck lights can be seen beneath the life ring on the steam tug Herculese. The lights shine into the crew's fo'c's'le.\" width=\"800\" height=\"625\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/DeckLights3-800x625.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/DeckLights3-160x125.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/DeckLights3-1020x797.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/DeckLights3-1200x938.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/DeckLights3.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two deck lights can be seen beneath the life ring on the steam tug Herculese. The lights shine into the crew’s fo’c’s’le. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park, photographed by Chris Wilhite)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On land, it was also difficult to use a flame to light subterranean spaces due to smoke, fire hazard and expense. Instead they sometimes used open grates, which had the disadvantage of letting water seep through and could be difficult to walk atop when wearing heels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1845, inventor Thaddeus Hyatt developed a vault cover with a series of glass lenses in big cast-iron panels. The panels were modular so you could use them over large areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hyatt produced glass pieces that were both flat on the bottom, and “refracting” lenses that were prism shaped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hyatt’s innovation in subterranean lighting made him rich as his vault covers were used all over the country. With his newly acquired wealth he spent much of the rest of his time and money fighting for the abolition of slavery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11792091\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11792091\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Hyatt-800x700.jpg\" alt=\"A vault light designed by Thaddeus Hyatt.\" width=\"800\" height=\"700\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Hyatt-800x700.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Hyatt-160x140.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Hyatt-1020x893.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Hyatt-1200x1050.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Hyatt.jpg 1248w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A vault light designed by Thaddeus Hyatt. \u003ccite>(Collection of Ian Macky/glassian.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>All over the city you can see glass squares and circles in big grid patterns covering a few feet of sidewalk. Sometimes the glass is clear, but often it’s a purple hue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>What are they?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>They’re vault lights, which are essentially skylights for below ground. The little glass pieces are projecting sunlight down into subterranean spaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the top of the glass is flat, so it doesn’t trip anyone, underneath the glass can take a variety of shapes. Some are shaped into prism forms that diffuse and bend the light so it reaches the inner areas of underground spaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11792094\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 609px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11792094\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/SidewalkLights.jpg\" alt=\"This is originally from a 1914 "Metal Building Materials" catalog, displaying "Berger's Raydiant Sidewalk Lights."\" width=\"609\" height=\"258\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/SidewalkLights.jpg 609w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/SidewalkLights-160x68.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 609px) 100vw, 609px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This illustration appeared in a 1914 “Metal Building Materials” catalog, displaying “Berger’s Raydiant Sidewalk Lights.” \u003ccite>(Collection of Ian Macky /glassian.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Across the country, vault lights are used to illuminate a variety of iconic and interesting projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vault lights were used to light \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/19/realestate/streetscapes-subway-platforms-letting-the-sun-shine-in.html\">some of New York City’s first subway stations\u003c/a> and were placed in the ground of the opulent passenger concourse in the city’s original Pennsylvania Station. In that now destroyed icon, natural light would pour through the buildings arched glass canopy and would then spill down into the lower levels of the station through hundreds of vault lights in the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11791702\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11791702\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/PennStation-800x628.png\" alt=\"The passenger concourse at the original Pennsylvania Station in New York City, built in 1910. The floor is covered in vault lighting.\" width=\"800\" height=\"628\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/PennStation-800x628.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/PennStation-160x126.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/PennStation-1020x801.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/PennStation.png 1190w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The passenger concourse at the original Pennsylvania Station in New York City, built in 1910. The ground is mostly made up of pieces of glass that provide vault lighting. \u003ccite>(Library of Congress)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 1862, parts of Sacramento were raised as much as 14 feet to protect against flooding. (That year, California’s newly elected governor, Leland Stanford, was brought to his inauguration in a rowboat.) In some places, instead of lifting the building, they simply built over the first floor. Which means below the sidewalk it’s now possible to walk between abandoned storefronts, bathed in the purple glow of vault lights. Similar projects have taken place in cities across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11792461\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11792461\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/8666275137_af6449709a_k-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/8666275137_af6449709a_k-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/8666275137_af6449709a_k-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/8666275137_af6449709a_k-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/8666275137_af6449709a_k-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/8666275137_af6449709a_k-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/8666275137_af6449709a_k-1832x1374.jpg 1832w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/8666275137_af6449709a_k-1376x1032.jpg 1376w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/8666275137_af6449709a_k-1044x783.jpg 1044w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/8666275137_af6449709a_k-632x474.jpg 632w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/8666275137_af6449709a_k-536x402.jpg 536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/8666275137_af6449709a_k.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Old sidewalk prisms, many of which have broken. \u003ccite>(Britta Gustafson/flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco, vault lights are mostly used to illuminate sub-sidewalk basements — ie. basements that extend under the sidewalk. Often, these are used as extra storage or work space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11791675\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11791675\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/IMG_5900-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Beneath a vault light inside a sub-sidewalk basement.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/IMG_5900-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/IMG_5900-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/IMG_5900-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/IMG_5900-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/IMG_5900-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/IMG_5900-1832x1374.jpg 1832w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/IMG_5900-1376x1032.jpg 1376w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/IMG_5900-1044x783.jpg 1044w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/IMG_5900-632x474.jpg 632w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/IMG_5900-536x402.jpg 536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/IMG_5900.jpg 2016w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Beneath a vault light inside a sub-sidewalk basement. \u003ccite>(Jessica Placzek/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Why is the glass colored?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Glass is made of silica, which can be found in sand. Often, though, sand will have other elements in it too. In order to clarify and stabilize the glass from these other elements, chemists could use manganese dioxide. When vault lights were first installed, much of the glass was clear. But when the manganese is exposed to UV rays for long periods of time, it photo-oxidizes and turns purple or pinkish. Hence, the reason so much of the glass is now purple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This process can take decades. So when you see colored glass, it’s either really old or someone dyed it to mimic the old glass.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Where were vault lights first used?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>This kind of technology was used on ships as deck lights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s long been the traditional way of lighting the interior of ships. While kerosene lamps were sometimes used, the smoke could make interior spaces uncomfortable. And candles could become a fire hazard on wooden ships,” says Diane Cooper, a museum technician at the San Francisco Maritime National Historic Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11791720\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11791720\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/DeckPrisms-800x572.jpg\" alt='The purple six-sided pointed prism has a flat bottom that would have been flush with the deck of a ship. The rectangular deck light has a series of \"ribs\" that run the length of the prism. ' width=\"800\" height=\"572\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/DeckPrisms-800x572.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/DeckPrisms-160x114.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/DeckPrisms-1020x729.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/DeckPrisms-1200x858.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/DeckPrisms.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The purple six-sided pointed prism has a flat bottom that would have been flush with the deck of a ship. The rectangular deck light has a series of “ribs” that run the length of the prism. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park, photographed by Chris Wilhite)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The prisms inlaid into the deck were intended to direct light both down and up. The daylight comes down to light potential sleeping areas where sailors might forget about a candle. And if a fire breaks out below, the prisms would glow with warning for the sailors above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you had coal in your hold, you’d need to be able to see that there’s light down there,” says Cooper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11791721\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11791721\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/DeckLights3-800x625.jpg\" alt=\"Two deck lights can be seen beneath the life ring on the steam tug Herculese. The lights shine into the crew's fo'c's'le.\" width=\"800\" height=\"625\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/DeckLights3-800x625.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/DeckLights3-160x125.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/DeckLights3-1020x797.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/DeckLights3-1200x938.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/DeckLights3.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two deck lights can be seen beneath the life ring on the steam tug Herculese. The lights shine into the crew’s fo’c’s’le. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park, photographed by Chris Wilhite)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On land, it was also difficult to use a flame to light subterranean spaces due to smoke, fire hazard and expense. Instead they sometimes used open grates, which had the disadvantage of letting water seep through and could be difficult to walk atop when wearing heels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1845, inventor Thaddeus Hyatt developed a vault cover with a series of glass lenses in big cast-iron panels. The panels were modular so you could use them over large areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hyatt produced glass pieces that were both flat on the bottom, and “refracting” lenses that were prism shaped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hyatt’s innovation in subterranean lighting made him rich as his vault covers were used all over the country. With his newly acquired wealth he spent much of the rest of his time and money fighting for the abolition of slavery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11792091\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11792091\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Hyatt-800x700.jpg\" alt=\"A vault light designed by Thaddeus Hyatt.\" width=\"800\" height=\"700\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Hyatt-800x700.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Hyatt-160x140.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Hyatt-1020x893.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Hyatt-1200x1050.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/01/Hyatt.jpg 1248w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A vault light designed by Thaddeus Hyatt. \u003ccite>(Collection of Ian Macky/glassian.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "The Precarious Future of Treasure Island: Rising Seas and Sinking Land",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Treasure Island is a man-made polygon of 400 acres \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11790693/magic-city-and-the-making-of-treasure-island\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">constructed by engineers\u003c/a> on a shallow reef in the middle of San Francisco Bay. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The low-lying island, as well as neighboring Yerba Buena island, are also the site of a multibillion-dollar neighborhood development. The project calls for 8,000 new homes and condos that could house more than 20,000 people, 500 new hotel rooms, and over 550,000 square feet of commercial space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how will climate change affect these plans?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1952319\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1952319\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40544_Shoal02.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"410\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40544_Shoal02.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40544_Shoal02-160x91.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the 1930s, federal engineers constructed Treasure Island with bay mud and sand. \u003ccite>(Treasure Island Development Authority)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rising Water, Sinking Land\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, researchers with the U.S. Geological Survey \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-40742-z\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">published\u003c/a> a comprehensive climate change study on the impact of rising sea levels, storms and erosion on the California coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study found that the homes of hundreds of thousands of coastal residents and $150 billion worth of property in California are threatened by rising water levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Treasure Island is one of the most vulnerable locations in the entire state,” said Patrick Barnard, lead author of the study and a coastal geologist with USGS. “Not only because it sits right above sea level; [the island] is all fill. The ground itself is sinking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says Treasure Island faces several threats:\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1952334\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1102px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1952334\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/TI_OCOF.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1102\" height=\"650\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/TI_OCOF.png 1102w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/TI_OCOF-160x94.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/TI_OCOF-800x472.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/TI_OCOF-768x453.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/TI_OCOF-1020x602.png 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1102px) 100vw, 1102px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers at U.S. Geologic Survey developed a flood map to help planners understand the impact of rising sea levels. The image shows Treasure Island after 3.3 feet of sea level rise and a ‘hundred year’ storm. \u003ccite>(Our Coast Our Future)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The water in San Francisco Bay is rising.\u003c/strong> Average high tides could increase by about 3 feet by 2100 under mid-range sea level rise \u003ca href=\"http://data.pointblue.org/apps/ocof/cms/index.php?page=flood-map\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">scenarios\u003c/a>, according to studies by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nap.edu/catalog/13389/sea-level-rise-for-the-coasts-of-california-oregon-and-washington\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">National Research Council\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WG1AR5_Chapter13_FINAL.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Storm waves push water levels even higher.\u003c/strong> Severe weather with a 1% chance of occurring in any year, called a 100-year storm, can push tides an additional 3 feet higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Treasure Island’s own construction.\u003c/strong> Engineers built the island atop a bottom layer of mud. The weight of earth and buildings on this gooey muck compresses it like a sponge and over time causes the island to sink. Treasure Island is descending at about the same rate as the sea is rising, Barnard says. So, that equates to “about twice as much sea level rise as a static shoreline.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Building High\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011 the San Francisco Board of Supervisors approved a \u003ca href=\"https://sftreasureisland.org/FinalEIR\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">plan\u003c/a> to re-engineer Treasure Island in order to stabilize the land and stop it from sinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1952321\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 357px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1952321\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40545_Ibeam.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"357\" height=\"540\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40545_Ibeam.jpg 357w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40545_Ibeam-160x242.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 357px) 100vw, 357px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The vibrating beam. \u003ccite>(Treasure Island Development Authority.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first step: Using long straws, or what they call wick drains, engineers siphon off water from the mud as it compresses. When the water escapes from the straws onto the surface of the island, it evaporates. This speeds up the natural settlement of the land and prevent it from sinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Step two: Towering cranes slam long, vibrating beams into the ground. The vibrations cause the land to settle quicker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Step three: Workers weigh the island down with mounds of earth. The weight compresses more water out of the bay mud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To mitigate flooding damage from rising waters, the plan calls for raising the grade of the island and setting buildings back from the shoreline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, because the rise in the water level is projected to accelerate toward the end of the century, the plan asks Treasure Island residents to pay an annual fee toward future engineering work.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>“Build high. Monitor. Give yourself ample space and ample money to adapt as you go forward,” said Bob Beck, director of the \u003ca href=\"https://sftreasureisland.org/about-tida\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Treasure Island Development Authority\u003c/a>, summarizing the strategy.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>The development authority has finished several years of this geotechnical work. Developers began constructing condos on Yerba Buena Island this year, with more residential construction expected on Treasure Island in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Melting Ice Sheets\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the years since the plan was approved, scientific studies show rising water levels have tracked at the upper bound of earlier projections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousbug]More troubling still, studies based on computer models, including one \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/nature17145\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">published\u003c/a> in \u003cem>Nature \u003c/em>in 2017, show that melting ice sheets in Antarctica and Greenland could push the San Francisco Bay to a height more than double the latest calculation from the IPCC. The extreme estimates suggest that sea level could rise by as much as 10 feet, with storms roiling the water even higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Treasure Island case really reveals how vulnerable planning is to changes in the estimated magnitude of sea level rise,” said Kristina Hill, an environmental planner at UC Berkeley. “Seeing how much ice is melting in Greenland and Antarctica — [what was the] worst case turned out to be too low.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2017, California convened a group of climate scientists to review the new research. They warned in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.opc.ca.gov/webmaster/ftp/pdf/docs/rising-seas-in-california-an-update-on-sea-level-rise-science.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">report\u003c/a> that “Waiting for scientific certainty is neither a safe nor prudent option. … Consideration of high and even extreme sea levels in decisions with implications past 2050 is needed to safeguard the people and resources of coastal California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beck acknowledges that the scientific projections are concerning, but he argues that Treasure Island has the space and the funding to adjust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The strategy to adapt to sea level rise is baked into the land use and the funding plan here,” Beck said. “We are well-positioned to adapt to even some of the worst-case scenarios.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Treasure Island is a man-made polygon of 400 acres \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11790693/magic-city-and-the-making-of-treasure-island\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">constructed by engineers\u003c/a> on a shallow reef in the middle of San Francisco Bay. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The low-lying island, as well as neighboring Yerba Buena island, are also the site of a multibillion-dollar neighborhood development. The project calls for 8,000 new homes and condos that could house more than 20,000 people, 500 new hotel rooms, and over 550,000 square feet of commercial space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how will climate change affect these plans?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1952319\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1952319\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40544_Shoal02.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"410\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40544_Shoal02.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40544_Shoal02-160x91.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the 1930s, federal engineers constructed Treasure Island with bay mud and sand. \u003ccite>(Treasure Island Development Authority)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rising Water, Sinking Land\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, researchers with the U.S. Geological Survey \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-40742-z\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">published\u003c/a> a comprehensive climate change study on the impact of rising sea levels, storms and erosion on the California coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study found that the homes of hundreds of thousands of coastal residents and $150 billion worth of property in California are threatened by rising water levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Treasure Island is one of the most vulnerable locations in the entire state,” said Patrick Barnard, lead author of the study and a coastal geologist with USGS. “Not only because it sits right above sea level; [the island] is all fill. The ground itself is sinking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says Treasure Island faces several threats:\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1952334\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1102px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1952334\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/TI_OCOF.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1102\" height=\"650\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/TI_OCOF.png 1102w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/TI_OCOF-160x94.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/TI_OCOF-800x472.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/TI_OCOF-768x453.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/TI_OCOF-1020x602.png 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1102px) 100vw, 1102px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers at U.S. Geologic Survey developed a flood map to help planners understand the impact of rising sea levels. The image shows Treasure Island after 3.3 feet of sea level rise and a ‘hundred year’ storm. \u003ccite>(Our Coast Our Future)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The water in San Francisco Bay is rising.\u003c/strong> Average high tides could increase by about 3 feet by 2100 under mid-range sea level rise \u003ca href=\"http://data.pointblue.org/apps/ocof/cms/index.php?page=flood-map\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">scenarios\u003c/a>, according to studies by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nap.edu/catalog/13389/sea-level-rise-for-the-coasts-of-california-oregon-and-washington\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">National Research Council\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WG1AR5_Chapter13_FINAL.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Storm waves push water levels even higher.\u003c/strong> Severe weather with a 1% chance of occurring in any year, called a 100-year storm, can push tides an additional 3 feet higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Treasure Island’s own construction.\u003c/strong> Engineers built the island atop a bottom layer of mud. The weight of earth and buildings on this gooey muck compresses it like a sponge and over time causes the island to sink. Treasure Island is descending at about the same rate as the sea is rising, Barnard says. So, that equates to “about twice as much sea level rise as a static shoreline.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Building High\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011 the San Francisco Board of Supervisors approved a \u003ca href=\"https://sftreasureisland.org/FinalEIR\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">plan\u003c/a> to re-engineer Treasure Island in order to stabilize the land and stop it from sinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1952321\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 357px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1952321\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40545_Ibeam.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"357\" height=\"540\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40545_Ibeam.jpg 357w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40545_Ibeam-160x242.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 357px) 100vw, 357px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The vibrating beam. \u003ccite>(Treasure Island Development Authority.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first step: Using long straws, or what they call wick drains, engineers siphon off water from the mud as it compresses. When the water escapes from the straws onto the surface of the island, it evaporates. This speeds up the natural settlement of the land and prevent it from sinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Step two: Towering cranes slam long, vibrating beams into the ground. The vibrations cause the land to settle quicker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Step three: Workers weigh the island down with mounds of earth. The weight compresses more water out of the bay mud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To mitigate flooding damage from rising waters, the plan calls for raising the grade of the island and setting buildings back from the shoreline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, because the rise in the water level is projected to accelerate toward the end of the century, the plan asks Treasure Island residents to pay an annual fee toward future engineering work.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>“Build high. Monitor. Give yourself ample space and ample money to adapt as you go forward,” said Bob Beck, director of the \u003ca href=\"https://sftreasureisland.org/about-tida\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Treasure Island Development Authority\u003c/a>, summarizing the strategy.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>The development authority has finished several years of this geotechnical work. Developers began constructing condos on Yerba Buena Island this year, with more residential construction expected on Treasure Island in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Melting Ice Sheets\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the years since the plan was approved, scientific studies show rising water levels have tracked at the upper bound of earlier projections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n What do you wonder about the Bay Area, its culture or people that you want KQED to investigate?\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Ask Bay Curious.\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>More troubling still, studies based on computer models, including one \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/nature17145\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">published\u003c/a> in \u003cem>Nature \u003c/em>in 2017, show that melting ice sheets in Antarctica and Greenland could push the San Francisco Bay to a height more than double the latest calculation from the IPCC. The extreme estimates suggest that sea level could rise by as much as 10 feet, with storms roiling the water even higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Treasure Island case really reveals how vulnerable planning is to changes in the estimated magnitude of sea level rise,” said Kristina Hill, an environmental planner at UC Berkeley. “Seeing how much ice is melting in Greenland and Antarctica — [what was the] worst case turned out to be too low.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2017, California convened a group of climate scientists to review the new research. They warned in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.opc.ca.gov/webmaster/ftp/pdf/docs/rising-seas-in-california-an-update-on-sea-level-rise-science.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">report\u003c/a> that “Waiting for scientific certainty is neither a safe nor prudent option. … Consideration of high and even extreme sea levels in decisions with implications past 2050 is needed to safeguard the people and resources of coastal California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beck acknowledges that the scientific projections are concerning, but he argues that Treasure Island has the space and the funding to adjust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The strategy to adapt to sea level rise is baked into the land use and the funding plan here,” Beck said. “We are well-positioned to adapt to even some of the worst-case scenarios.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>This is part 1 of a two-part series on Treasure Island. Part 2 explores the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1952317/rising-seas-and-sinking-land-the-precarious-future-of-treasure-island\">future of Treasure Island.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[dropcap]H[/dropcap]ave you ever visited Treasure Island? The low-lying island that humans made from mud and rock on a shoal in the middle of San Francisco Bay?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/podcasts/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> listener Gary Pilgram stopped there during a romantic drive across the Bay Bridge with his wife. Enchanted by the panoramic view of the Bay Area, Gary wondered: What’s the island’s past?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11790748\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11790748\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/GettyImages-492064822-800x472.jpg\" alt=\"An aerial photo of Treasure Island from 2015.\" width=\"800\" height=\"472\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/GettyImages-492064822-800x472.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/GettyImages-492064822-160x94.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/GettyImages-492064822-1020x602.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/GettyImages-492064822-1200x708.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/GettyImages-492064822.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An aerial photo of Treasure Island from 2015. \u003ccite>(Josh Edelson/Getty Images Stringer)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Origin Story\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In the 1930s, passenger flights were gaining popularity, and San Francisco’s airfield, \u003ca href=\"http://www.foundsf.org/index.php?title=Mills_Field\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Mills Field\u003c/a>, couldn’t accommodate the demand. The city needed space for a larger airport and was on the hunt for land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, engineers were almost done building both the Bay Bridge and the Golden Gate Bridge, which would open within a year of each other. The city wanted to celebrate these engineering marvels with a big world’s fair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They had held two fairs before: the California Midwinter International Exposition of 1894 in Golden Gate Park and the Panama-Pacific International Exposition in 1915.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both fairs were successful, says Anne Schnoebelen, historian and member of the Treasure Island Museum’s board of directors. Leaders were ready to host another as the city emerged from the Great Depression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“City leaders said, ‘We know how to do a world’s fair. This depression isn’t going to last forever, we need something to look forward to. Let’s have a new world’s fair in San Francisco. What do you know? They decided they wanted to do it on Yerba Buena shoals,” Schnoebelen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Federal Money\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Of course, San Francisco needed money to build the island. City leaders pitched President Franklin Roosevelt on the idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“FDR really loved the idea of an airport and was agreeable to the idea of a world’s fair,” she says. “The federal government provided quite a bit of money to build the island.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Army Corps of Engineers piled hundreds of thousands of tons of boulders onto the the shoals north of Yerba Buena Island. They dug up the equivalent of 2½ million dump trucks of bay mud and sand, dumping the muck inside the boulder dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11790711\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11790711 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40412_SFPL-TI-Construction-dredging-AAD-3783_600dpi-qut-800x590.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"590\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40412_SFPL-TI-Construction-dredging-AAD-3783_600dpi-qut-800x590.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40412_SFPL-TI-Construction-dredging-AAD-3783_600dpi-qut-160x118.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40412_SFPL-TI-Construction-dredging-AAD-3783_600dpi-qut-1020x752.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40412_SFPL-TI-Construction-dredging-AAD-3783_600dpi-qut-1200x885.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40412_SFPL-TI-Construction-dredging-AAD-3783_600dpi-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Army Corps of Engineers dredged up the equivalent of 2½ million dump trucks of bay mud and sand to construct Treasure Island. \u003ccite>(San Francisco History Center/San Francisco Public Library)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>All the while, the president’s focus was on World War II.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The military development of the Bay Area was a very big thing in the ’30s,” Schnoebelen says. “And Treasure Island was part of that big buildup.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While city leaders focused on the fair, she says that FDR wanted to make sure the island had a submarine turning basin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the beginning, Treasure Island was the site of a tension between something romantic — a world’s fair to celebrate the city’s achievements — and the powerful, overwhelming force of World War II.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>The Fair\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The Golden Gate International Exposition opened Feb. 18, 1939.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People were so excited that the fair’s promoters cautioned people, saying, ‘Well, you better not come on opening day. It’s going to be too busy,’ ” Schnoebelen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the first day, more than 150,000 people descended on Treasure Island. California’s governor opened the gates with a jewel-encrusted key, reportedly worth $35,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://vimeo.com/91339010\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were art deco towers, sprawling gardens and sculptures. Schnoebelen says the fair celebrated extravagance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a big theatrical presentation with incredible lighting,” she says. “Purples and aquas and bright orange and gold. At night, it must have really been something to see.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says people could visit ornate buildings like the “Temples of the East” and the “Court of Pacifica” that were an “effort to make the fair look like what its subtitle was, which was ‘the Pageant of the Pacific.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11790757\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11790757 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/1261160.500x500.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"330\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/1261160.500x500.png 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/1261160.500x500-160x106.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An image of the 1939 World’s Fair taken from afar. \u003ccite>(Max Kirkeberg Collection/San Francisco State University DIVA Commons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With Europe already at war, and tensions rising between Japan and the U.S., the fair’s organizers wanted to send a message of unity and peace. They included architecture from across the Pacific.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But really, it was just a big movie set,” Schnoebelen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The Island’s Next Phase\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The fair ended in September 1940. The war in Europe was impossible to ignore and the Navy soon began occupying Treasure Island.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I understand, they basically started moving onto the island almost as soon as the fair ended,” Schnoebelen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the island, the Navy registered sailors and prepared them for deployment. All together, more than 4.5 million soldiers stopped at Treasure Island before deploying to the war.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of San Francisco’s airport, as was the original plan, the land became Naval Station Treasure Island. It remained a naval station until the 1990s.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>The Future\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Soon, the island will undergo another makeover as thousands of new homes are built. But as the bay waters rise, uncertainties exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Read Part 2: \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1952317/rising-seas-and-sinking-land-the-precarious-future-of-treasure-island\">The Precarious Future of Treasure Island: Rising Seas and Sinking Land\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This is part 1 of a two-part series on Treasure Island. Part 2 explores the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1952317/rising-seas-and-sinking-land-the-precarious-future-of-treasure-island\">future of Treasure Island.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__dropcapShortcode__dropcap\">H\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>ave you ever visited Treasure Island? The low-lying island that humans made from mud and rock on a shoal in the middle of San Francisco Bay?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/podcasts/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> listener Gary Pilgram stopped there during a romantic drive across the Bay Bridge with his wife. Enchanted by the panoramic view of the Bay Area, Gary wondered: What’s the island’s past?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11790748\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11790748\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/GettyImages-492064822-800x472.jpg\" alt=\"An aerial photo of Treasure Island from 2015.\" width=\"800\" height=\"472\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/GettyImages-492064822-800x472.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/GettyImages-492064822-160x94.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/GettyImages-492064822-1020x602.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/GettyImages-492064822-1200x708.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/GettyImages-492064822.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An aerial photo of Treasure Island from 2015. \u003ccite>(Josh Edelson/Getty Images Stringer)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Origin Story\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In the 1930s, passenger flights were gaining popularity, and San Francisco’s airfield, \u003ca href=\"http://www.foundsf.org/index.php?title=Mills_Field\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Mills Field\u003c/a>, couldn’t accommodate the demand. The city needed space for a larger airport and was on the hunt for land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, engineers were almost done building both the Bay Bridge and the Golden Gate Bridge, which would open within a year of each other. The city wanted to celebrate these engineering marvels with a big world’s fair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They had held two fairs before: the California Midwinter International Exposition of 1894 in Golden Gate Park and the Panama-Pacific International Exposition in 1915.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both fairs were successful, says Anne Schnoebelen, historian and member of the Treasure Island Museum’s board of directors. Leaders were ready to host another as the city emerged from the Great Depression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“City leaders said, ‘We know how to do a world’s fair. This depression isn’t going to last forever, we need something to look forward to. Let’s have a new world’s fair in San Francisco. What do you know? They decided they wanted to do it on Yerba Buena shoals,” Schnoebelen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Federal Money\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Of course, San Francisco needed money to build the island. City leaders pitched President Franklin Roosevelt on the idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“FDR really loved the idea of an airport and was agreeable to the idea of a world’s fair,” she says. “The federal government provided quite a bit of money to build the island.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Army Corps of Engineers piled hundreds of thousands of tons of boulders onto the the shoals north of Yerba Buena Island. They dug up the equivalent of 2½ million dump trucks of bay mud and sand, dumping the muck inside the boulder dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11790711\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11790711 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40412_SFPL-TI-Construction-dredging-AAD-3783_600dpi-qut-800x590.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"590\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40412_SFPL-TI-Construction-dredging-AAD-3783_600dpi-qut-800x590.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40412_SFPL-TI-Construction-dredging-AAD-3783_600dpi-qut-160x118.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40412_SFPL-TI-Construction-dredging-AAD-3783_600dpi-qut-1020x752.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40412_SFPL-TI-Construction-dredging-AAD-3783_600dpi-qut-1200x885.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40412_SFPL-TI-Construction-dredging-AAD-3783_600dpi-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Army Corps of Engineers dredged up the equivalent of 2½ million dump trucks of bay mud and sand to construct Treasure Island. \u003ccite>(San Francisco History Center/San Francisco Public Library)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>All the while, the president’s focus was on World War II.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The military development of the Bay Area was a very big thing in the ’30s,” Schnoebelen says. “And Treasure Island was part of that big buildup.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While city leaders focused on the fair, she says that FDR wanted to make sure the island had a submarine turning basin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the beginning, Treasure Island was the site of a tension between something romantic — a world’s fair to celebrate the city’s achievements — and the powerful, overwhelming force of World War II.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>The Fair\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The Golden Gate International Exposition opened Feb. 18, 1939.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People were so excited that the fair’s promoters cautioned people, saying, ‘Well, you better not come on opening day. It’s going to be too busy,’ ” Schnoebelen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the first day, more than 150,000 people descended on Treasure Island. California’s governor opened the gates with a jewel-encrusted key, reportedly worth $35,000.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were art deco towers, sprawling gardens and sculptures. Schnoebelen says the fair celebrated extravagance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a big theatrical presentation with incredible lighting,” she says. “Purples and aquas and bright orange and gold. At night, it must have really been something to see.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says people could visit ornate buildings like the “Temples of the East” and the “Court of Pacifica” that were an “effort to make the fair look like what its subtitle was, which was ‘the Pageant of the Pacific.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11790757\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11790757 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/1261160.500x500.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"330\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/1261160.500x500.png 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/1261160.500x500-160x106.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An image of the 1939 World’s Fair taken from afar. \u003ccite>(Max Kirkeberg Collection/San Francisco State University DIVA Commons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With Europe already at war, and tensions rising between Japan and the U.S., the fair’s organizers wanted to send a message of unity and peace. They included architecture from across the Pacific.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But really, it was just a big movie set,” Schnoebelen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The Island’s Next Phase\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The fair ended in September 1940. The war in Europe was impossible to ignore and the Navy soon began occupying Treasure Island.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I understand, they basically started moving onto the island almost as soon as the fair ended,” Schnoebelen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the island, the Navy registered sailors and prepared them for deployment. All together, more than 4.5 million soldiers stopped at Treasure Island before deploying to the war.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of San Francisco’s airport, as was the original plan, the land became Naval Station Treasure Island. It remained a naval station until the 1990s.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>The Future\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Soon, the island will undergo another makeover as thousands of new homes are built. But as the bay waters rise, uncertainties exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Read Part 2: \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1952317/rising-seas-and-sinking-land-the-precarious-future-of-treasure-island\">The Precarious Future of Treasure Island: Rising Seas and Sinking Land\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "How Charlie Chaplin and Silent Films Flourished in the East Bay",
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"content": "\u003cp>These days, thoughts of the silent screen era in the San Francisco Bay Area typically call up footage of Market Street shot by the Miles Brothers just days before the 1906 earthquake laid the city to waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco was a choice location for movie shoots at the turn of the 20th century, but fog and chill led at least one filmmaker from parts East to settle a wee bit farther south, in Niles, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I know this because José Muñoz, who grew up in Fremont, asked \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/podcasts/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> to look into the history for him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve always been fascinated by movies, always watched movies,” Muñoz said, and his parents told him something he’s wondered about for years: Movies were once made in Fremont.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wanted to reach out to you guys to get more insight on the matter, to see if we could say that Fremont was the first Hollywood,” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in the day, before Niles became a Fremont neighborhood, it used to be its own town, with sunny, warm weather more akin to that in Southern California — and easy access by train to San Francisco and Chicago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That all had tremendous appeal for the Essanay Film Manufacturing Co., run in part by \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broncho_Billy_Anderson\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">“Broncho Billy” Anderson\u003c/a> (born Maxwell Henry Aronson), the first Western movie star cowboy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anderson had been traveling around the United States for three years, looking for the perfect weather and filming location for the Westerns that he was making,” explained David Kiehn, historian for the \u003ca href=\"http://nilesfilmmuseum.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Niles Essanay Silent Film Museum\u003c/a>, one of the most delightful \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11778612/12-off-beat-museums-in-the-bay-area-to-visit-this-fall\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">offbeat museums\u003c/a> you can visit in the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anderson settled on Niles in 1912, and over the next four years Essanay made more than 350 films there. “It was the most successful silent film company in the Bay Area,” said Kiehn.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Fast and Furious\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Film companies of the time churned out movies at the rate of several a week. They tended to be thin on plot and big on action; chase scenes and slapstick comedy. The companies hired a lot of actors from the world of vaudeville theater, actors with the physical stamina and comedic chops for this kind of work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Broncho Billy spotted a rising talent at a rival film company in Hollywood: a young English comedian by the name of Charlie Chaplin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11789153\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11789153 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40306_IMG_8320-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Back in the 1910s, the Essanay Film Manufacturing Co. was a big deal in Niles, California, as well as West Coast filmmaking. \" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40306_IMG_8320-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40306_IMG_8320-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40306_IMG_8320-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40306_IMG_8320-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40306_IMG_8320-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Back in the 1910s, the Essanay Film Manufacturing Co. was a big deal in Niles, California, as well as West Coast filmmaking. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Niles Essanay Silent Film Museum)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Chaplin had been working at the Keystone Film Co. for $150 a week, and his contract was almost up. And Broncho Billy’s righthand man, Jess Robbins, signed him at Essanay for $1,250 a week — and a $10,000 signing bonus,” said Kiehn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was an expensive bet that paid off for Essanay. Chaplin didn’t particularly like Niles, which was, after all, a bit of a backwater compared to Los Angeles, but he made five films in Niles that cemented his standing as a movie star.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of those was “The Tramp.” You can still visit the places where scenes were shot. For instance, consider the final, iconic scene of this movie, when our brokenhearted tramp waddles away from the camera in Niles Canyon. The area still looks a lot like it did back then, with big trees waving over a winding country road, albeit paved now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Essanay allowed Chaplin to transition from being an ensemble performer, with a popular bit in someone else’s film, to a filmmaker himself, exercising creative control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Niles is pivotal,” said film history expert \u003ca href=\"https://www.bisonarchives.com/aboutmarc.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Marc Wanamaker\u003c/a>. Chaplin, he said, fought for and achieved great autonomy with Essanay. “He could do whatever he wanted. This was the beginning of Chaplin as we know him.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chaplin itched to return to Hollywood, though, which by then was well on its way to becoming the center of the moviemaking universe. There, Chaplin made a few more movies for the company before striking out on his own as a producer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Niles studio kept on keeping on, until talkies became popular in the 1920s, and the film studio’s proximity to train tracks became an insurmountable problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A Temple to Silent Film\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Fast forward to today, and the studio’s theater has become home to the Niles Essanay Silent Film Museum, itself home to an impressive and ever-growing archive of silent movies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11789166\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11789166 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40307_IMG_8297-qut.jpg\" alt=\"David Kiehn demonstrates the working projectors in the back of the theater at the Niles Essanay Silent Film Museum in Niles, California. "This is the original booth from 1913, tin lined, as you can see." Why? "Because of the nitrate fire hazard. You needed some kind of protection on the wood so that if a fire did start, it wouldn't burn the whole place down."\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40307_IMG_8297-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40307_IMG_8297-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40307_IMG_8297-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40307_IMG_8297-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40307_IMG_8297-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Kiehn demonstrates the working projectors in the back of the theater at the Niles Essanay Silent Film Museum in Niles, California. “This is the original booth from 1913, tin-lined, as you can see.” Why? “Because of the nitrate fire hazard. You needed some kind of protection on the wood so that if a fire did start, it wouldn’t burn the whole place down.” \u003ccite>(Carina Woudenberg/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Over 400 different silent feature films and over 600 silent short films. We’ve got a collection of 10,000 film prints that we show every Saturday night since Jan. 22, 2005, almost 15 years now,” Kiehn boasted, as he toured me around an impressive repository for beautifully restored and framed movie posters of the period, and the machinery of filmmaking, like early cameras and projectors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kiehn also repairs and researches the background of footage that people send here because they know Niles is a good home for silent film.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s amazing what’s out there and what still is turning up. A family, not too long ago, brought us five nitrate films that were under a house in Stockton, rare films that I’ve never seen before,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the cache was one film, shot by the Miles Brothers in 1912 at Tanforan Park, of an aviation meet. Also, there was footage from the San Francisco earthquake aftermath in 1906. “Some pretty amazing stuff,” marveled Kiehn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11789167\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11789167\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40308_IMG_8321-qut.jpg\" alt=\"The Niles Essanay Silent Film Museum in Niles, California has become a repository for all sorts of artifacts, ranging from era posters to film projectors.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40308_IMG_8321-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40308_IMG_8321-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40308_IMG_8321-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40308_IMG_8321-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40308_IMG_8321-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Niles Essanay Silent Film Museum in Niles, California has become a repository for all sorts of artifacts, ranging from era posters to film projectors. \u003ccite>(Carina Woudenberg/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The silent film era lasted almost 40 years, from the 1890s through the 1920s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s amazing how many films that were made in that time period. Thousands and thousands of films. Only a fraction survive, but because there were so many made, there are still a lot of them around,” said Kiehn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sure, you could just watch some of these films on YouTube. But the musical choices are typically awful, and there’s something to be said for the visceral experience of watching a movie in a theater, with a live piano player, on a Saturday night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kiehn curates the schedule, which typically involves a feature and two shorts on any given night. Chaplin gets a lot of love, but so do some of the talents lesser known today but big in their time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider \u003ca href=\"https://wfpp.columbia.edu/pioneer/ccp-mabel-normand/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Mabel Normand\u003c/a>, with bouncy curls and expressive eyebrows. She was the first actress to be tied to the railroad tracks. She was at Keystone when Charlie Chaplin arrived, and taught him a few things before he moved on to Essanay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GUsYq2MbFOI]She also directed some of the movies he was in, and served as his first leading lady for a stretch. Eventually, she even ran her own production company, just like Chaplin. Thanks to historians like Kiehn, we’re rediscovering treasures \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/arts/13836539/the-eradication-of-memory-on-netflix-amazon-and-other-streaming-video-sites\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">hidden in plain sight\u003c/a> for close to a century now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What does José Muñoz, who asked the question that prompted this story, have to say about what we found?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not only just a piece of history for Fremont or the Bay Area, but also all of California, ’cause people think moviemaking was born and still lives in SoCal, but this is as much as of a NorCal story as it is anything else.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>These days, thoughts of the silent screen era in the San Francisco Bay Area typically call up footage of Market Street shot by the Miles Brothers just days before the 1906 earthquake laid the city to waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco was a choice location for movie shoots at the turn of the 20th century, but fog and chill led at least one filmmaker from parts East to settle a wee bit farther south, in Niles, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I know this because José Muñoz, who grew up in Fremont, asked \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/podcasts/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> to look into the history for him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve always been fascinated by movies, always watched movies,” Muñoz said, and his parents told him something he’s wondered about for years: Movies were once made in Fremont.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wanted to reach out to you guys to get more insight on the matter, to see if we could say that Fremont was the first Hollywood,” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in the day, before Niles became a Fremont neighborhood, it used to be its own town, with sunny, warm weather more akin to that in Southern California — and easy access by train to San Francisco and Chicago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That all had tremendous appeal for the Essanay Film Manufacturing Co., run in part by \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broncho_Billy_Anderson\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">“Broncho Billy” Anderson\u003c/a> (born Maxwell Henry Aronson), the first Western movie star cowboy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anderson had been traveling around the United States for three years, looking for the perfect weather and filming location for the Westerns that he was making,” explained David Kiehn, historian for the \u003ca href=\"http://nilesfilmmuseum.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Niles Essanay Silent Film Museum\u003c/a>, one of the most delightful \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11778612/12-off-beat-museums-in-the-bay-area-to-visit-this-fall\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">offbeat museums\u003c/a> you can visit in the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anderson settled on Niles in 1912, and over the next four years Essanay made more than 350 films there. “It was the most successful silent film company in the Bay Area,” said Kiehn.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Fast and Furious\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Film companies of the time churned out movies at the rate of several a week. They tended to be thin on plot and big on action; chase scenes and slapstick comedy. The companies hired a lot of actors from the world of vaudeville theater, actors with the physical stamina and comedic chops for this kind of work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Broncho Billy spotted a rising talent at a rival film company in Hollywood: a young English comedian by the name of Charlie Chaplin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11789153\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11789153 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40306_IMG_8320-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Back in the 1910s, the Essanay Film Manufacturing Co. was a big deal in Niles, California, as well as West Coast filmmaking. \" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40306_IMG_8320-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40306_IMG_8320-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40306_IMG_8320-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40306_IMG_8320-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40306_IMG_8320-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Back in the 1910s, the Essanay Film Manufacturing Co. was a big deal in Niles, California, as well as West Coast filmmaking. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Niles Essanay Silent Film Museum)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Chaplin had been working at the Keystone Film Co. for $150 a week, and his contract was almost up. And Broncho Billy’s righthand man, Jess Robbins, signed him at Essanay for $1,250 a week — and a $10,000 signing bonus,” said Kiehn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was an expensive bet that paid off for Essanay. Chaplin didn’t particularly like Niles, which was, after all, a bit of a backwater compared to Los Angeles, but he made five films in Niles that cemented his standing as a movie star.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of those was “The Tramp.” You can still visit the places where scenes were shot. For instance, consider the final, iconic scene of this movie, when our brokenhearted tramp waddles away from the camera in Niles Canyon. The area still looks a lot like it did back then, with big trees waving over a winding country road, albeit paved now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Essanay allowed Chaplin to transition from being an ensemble performer, with a popular bit in someone else’s film, to a filmmaker himself, exercising creative control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Niles is pivotal,” said film history expert \u003ca href=\"https://www.bisonarchives.com/aboutmarc.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Marc Wanamaker\u003c/a>. Chaplin, he said, fought for and achieved great autonomy with Essanay. “He could do whatever he wanted. This was the beginning of Chaplin as we know him.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chaplin itched to return to Hollywood, though, which by then was well on its way to becoming the center of the moviemaking universe. There, Chaplin made a few more movies for the company before striking out on his own as a producer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Niles studio kept on keeping on, until talkies became popular in the 1920s, and the film studio’s proximity to train tracks became an insurmountable problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A Temple to Silent Film\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Fast forward to today, and the studio’s theater has become home to the Niles Essanay Silent Film Museum, itself home to an impressive and ever-growing archive of silent movies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11789166\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11789166 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40307_IMG_8297-qut.jpg\" alt=\"David Kiehn demonstrates the working projectors in the back of the theater at the Niles Essanay Silent Film Museum in Niles, California. "This is the original booth from 1913, tin lined, as you can see." Why? "Because of the nitrate fire hazard. You needed some kind of protection on the wood so that if a fire did start, it wouldn't burn the whole place down."\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40307_IMG_8297-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40307_IMG_8297-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40307_IMG_8297-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40307_IMG_8297-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40307_IMG_8297-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Kiehn demonstrates the working projectors in the back of the theater at the Niles Essanay Silent Film Museum in Niles, California. “This is the original booth from 1913, tin-lined, as you can see.” Why? “Because of the nitrate fire hazard. You needed some kind of protection on the wood so that if a fire did start, it wouldn’t burn the whole place down.” \u003ccite>(Carina Woudenberg/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Over 400 different silent feature films and over 600 silent short films. We’ve got a collection of 10,000 film prints that we show every Saturday night since Jan. 22, 2005, almost 15 years now,” Kiehn boasted, as he toured me around an impressive repository for beautifully restored and framed movie posters of the period, and the machinery of filmmaking, like early cameras and projectors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kiehn also repairs and researches the background of footage that people send here because they know Niles is a good home for silent film.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s amazing what’s out there and what still is turning up. A family, not too long ago, brought us five nitrate films that were under a house in Stockton, rare films that I’ve never seen before,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the cache was one film, shot by the Miles Brothers in 1912 at Tanforan Park, of an aviation meet. Also, there was footage from the San Francisco earthquake aftermath in 1906. “Some pretty amazing stuff,” marveled Kiehn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11789167\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11789167\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40308_IMG_8321-qut.jpg\" alt=\"The Niles Essanay Silent Film Museum in Niles, California has become a repository for all sorts of artifacts, ranging from era posters to film projectors.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40308_IMG_8321-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40308_IMG_8321-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40308_IMG_8321-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40308_IMG_8321-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/12/RS40308_IMG_8321-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Niles Essanay Silent Film Museum in Niles, California has become a repository for all sorts of artifacts, ranging from era posters to film projectors. \u003ccite>(Carina Woudenberg/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The silent film era lasted almost 40 years, from the 1890s through the 1920s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s amazing how many films that were made in that time period. Thousands and thousands of films. Only a fraction survive, but because there were so many made, there are still a lot of them around,” said Kiehn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sure, you could just watch some of these films on YouTube. But the musical choices are typically awful, and there’s something to be said for the visceral experience of watching a movie in a theater, with a live piano player, on a Saturday night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kiehn curates the schedule, which typically involves a feature and two shorts on any given night. Chaplin gets a lot of love, but so do some of the talents lesser known today but big in their time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider \u003ca href=\"https://wfpp.columbia.edu/pioneer/ccp-mabel-normand/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Mabel Normand\u003c/a>, with bouncy curls and expressive eyebrows. She was the first actress to be tied to the railroad tracks. She was at Keystone when Charlie Chaplin arrived, and taught him a few things before he moved on to Essanay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/GUsYq2MbFOI'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/GUsYq2MbFOI'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>She also directed some of the movies he was in, and served as his first leading lady for a stretch. Eventually, she even ran her own production company, just like Chaplin. Thanks to historians like Kiehn, we’re rediscovering treasures \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/arts/13836539/the-eradication-of-memory-on-netflix-amazon-and-other-streaming-video-sites\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">hidden in plain sight\u003c/a> for close to a century now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What does José Muñoz, who asked the question that prompted this story, have to say about what we found?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not only just a piece of history for Fremont or the Bay Area, but also all of California, ’cause people think moviemaking was born and still lives in SoCal, but this is as much as of a NorCal story as it is anything else.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "A Look Back at the Occupation of Alcatraz, 51 Years Later",
"headTitle": "A Look Back at the Occupation of Alcatraz, 51 Years Later | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>This story was originally published in 2019\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In October 2019, Native people from across the West Coast gathered in San Francisco to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the occupation of Alcatraz with a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/10/22/us/occupation-alcatraz.html?auth=login-smartlock\">ceremonial canoe journey\u003c/a> around Alcatraz Island. Each canoe represented a territory, tribe, community or family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s honoring the Native people. They took care of the earth and we’re still here,” said Ruth Orta, an elder with the Him’re-n Ohlone tribe. “We haven’t gone anyway.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The occupation changed government policy forever and remains a blueprint for activism by Native Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/U9sBk8Stms4\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Looking Back\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The occupation of Alcatraz began on Nov. 20, 1969, when a group of Native American students, calling themselves the Indians of All Tribes, landed on Alcatraz Island. They wanted to return the land to native ownership.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We feel that if we are going to succeed, we must hold on to the old ways,” read the Indians of All Tribes’ call to action. “This is the first and most important reason we went to Alcatraz Island.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alcatraz was owned by the federal government, but the land hadn’t been used since the Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary closed in 1963. Native protesters argued that meant the island was theirs, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1851)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Treaty of Fort Laramie\u003c/a>. It said any land abandoned by the federal government should be returned to the natives who once occupied it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Protesters hoped the land would help their community gather and grow stronger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11848783\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1020px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11848783\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/Alcatraz-Indian-Land-1020x574-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1020\" height=\"574\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/Alcatraz-Indian-Land-1020x574-1.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/Alcatraz-Indian-Land-1020x574-1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/Alcatraz-Indian-Land-1020x574-1-160x90.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1020px) 100vw, 1020px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An image circa 1970 of the sign that originally read ‘United States Penitentiary’ and was painted over to read ‘United Indian Property’ during the occupation of Alcatraz. \u003ccite>(Golden Gate Park Archives)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The idea was to have cultural centers,” said Eloy Martinez, a Southern Ute tribe elder who participated in the occupation in 1969. “The idea was for sovereignty, education. All those things that seemed easy for other people to get that we never have. Those were the things that the idea was about.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were 400 protesters on the island at the peak of the occupation. The protest gained lots of attention from the general public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But like many other movements, the occupation also saw its share of obstacles. As the months passed, some student protesters left to return to school. Then Native Americans began complaining about freelance photographers and hippies making messes and eating their food. Drugs and alcohol also made their way into the hands of some occupants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, a child fell to her death on a prison stairwell. The government cut off power to the island, and weeks later a fire destroyed a few historic buildings on the island. In June 1971, armed federal marshals forcibly removed the last of the Alcatraz residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The occupation lasted 19 months and is still recognized as one of the most important actions in contemporary Native American civil rights history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It raised national consciousness, and universities around the country began to study Native American heritage. That event also created a network of activists and has been an inspiration for subsequent generations of activists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year celebrations commemorating this event will last as long as the occupation did. The next event is the Alcatraz Sunrise Ceremony on Thanksgiving Day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>This story was originally published in 2019\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In October 2019, Native people from across the West Coast gathered in San Francisco to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the occupation of Alcatraz with a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/10/22/us/occupation-alcatraz.html?auth=login-smartlock\">ceremonial canoe journey\u003c/a> around Alcatraz Island. Each canoe represented a territory, tribe, community or family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s honoring the Native people. They took care of the earth and we’re still here,” said Ruth Orta, an elder with the Him’re-n Ohlone tribe. “We haven’t gone anyway.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The occupation changed government policy forever and remains a blueprint for activism by Native Americans.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/U9sBk8Stms4'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/U9sBk8Stms4'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch2>Looking Back\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The occupation of Alcatraz began on Nov. 20, 1969, when a group of Native American students, calling themselves the Indians of All Tribes, landed on Alcatraz Island. They wanted to return the land to native ownership.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We feel that if we are going to succeed, we must hold on to the old ways,” read the Indians of All Tribes’ call to action. “This is the first and most important reason we went to Alcatraz Island.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alcatraz was owned by the federal government, but the land hadn’t been used since the Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary closed in 1963. Native protesters argued that meant the island was theirs, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1851)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Treaty of Fort Laramie\u003c/a>. It said any land abandoned by the federal government should be returned to the natives who once occupied it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Protesters hoped the land would help their community gather and grow stronger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11848783\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1020px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11848783\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/Alcatraz-Indian-Land-1020x574-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1020\" height=\"574\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/Alcatraz-Indian-Land-1020x574-1.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/Alcatraz-Indian-Land-1020x574-1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/Alcatraz-Indian-Land-1020x574-1-160x90.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1020px) 100vw, 1020px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An image circa 1970 of the sign that originally read ‘United States Penitentiary’ and was painted over to read ‘United Indian Property’ during the occupation of Alcatraz. \u003ccite>(Golden Gate Park Archives)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The idea was to have cultural centers,” said Eloy Martinez, a Southern Ute tribe elder who participated in the occupation in 1969. “The idea was for sovereignty, education. All those things that seemed easy for other people to get that we never have. Those were the things that the idea was about.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were 400 protesters on the island at the peak of the occupation. The protest gained lots of attention from the general public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But like many other movements, the occupation also saw its share of obstacles. As the months passed, some student protesters left to return to school. Then Native Americans began complaining about freelance photographers and hippies making messes and eating their food. Drugs and alcohol also made their way into the hands of some occupants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, a child fell to her death on a prison stairwell. The government cut off power to the island, and weeks later a fire destroyed a few historic buildings on the island. In June 1971, armed federal marshals forcibly removed the last of the Alcatraz residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The occupation lasted 19 months and is still recognized as one of the most important actions in contemporary Native American civil rights history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It raised national consciousness, and universities around the country began to study Native American heritage. That event also created a network of activists and has been an inspiration for subsequent generations of activists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year celebrations commemorating this event will last as long as the occupation did. The next event is the Alcatraz Sunrise Ceremony on Thanksgiving Day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Plazas are one of the few public spaces where people from all walks of life cross paths. In San Francisco alone there are dozens of them across the city: some small, some big, some old, some new. That’s what got one Bay Curious listener wondering which plaza was the first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out we spoke to San Francisco Recreation and Park historian Christopher Pollock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]He told us the city’s oldest plaza is Portsmouth Square, located in the heart of Chinatown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To understand why this spot is considered the first, Pollock said we have to go back to the days when San Francisco was occupied by Spanish and Mexican settlers. They called their settlement “Yerba Buena” and the plaza — what we now call Portsmouth Square — was the center of government affairs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how did Portsmouth Square get its name?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11787759\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3252px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11787759 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/Portsmouth-Square.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"3252\" height=\"1581\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/Portsmouth-Square.jpg 3252w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/Portsmouth-Square-160x78.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/Portsmouth-Square-800x389.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/Portsmouth-Square-1020x496.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/Portsmouth-Square-1200x583.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/Portsmouth-Square-1920x933.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3252px) 100vw, 3252px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Portsmouth Square, 1851 \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Library of Congress)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When the Mexican-American War broke out in 1846 many Americans believed it was their Manifest Destiny to expand West, and Yerba Buena was one of those desired territories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Capt. John Montgomery lands near Portsmouth Square and symbolically raised a flag to signal this was an American occupation,” said Pollock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shortly after, Montgomery renamed the square after his ship, the USS Portsmouth.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>A Very Distinguished Square\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Beyond being the first city square, a historic park and a hub for the local Chinese community, Portsmouth Square has a few other claims to fame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11787747\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 760px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2019/11/21/the-rich-history-of-san-franciscos-first-plaza/nypl-digitalcollections-510d47e0-43ef-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99-001-w/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11787747\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11787747 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/nypl.digitalcollections.510d47e0-43ef-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99.001.w.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"760\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/nypl.digitalcollections.510d47e0-43ef-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99.001.w.jpg 760w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/nypl.digitalcollections.510d47e0-43ef-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99.001.w-160x84.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 760px) 100vw, 760px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Portsmouth Square \u003ccite>(Courtesy of New York Public Library)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A year after the Americans claimed the territory, the first public school in California was built at the square’s southwest corner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some anecdotal stories say not many attended in the beginning. Trying to rope people into education was far from their thoughts at the time, and they didn’t have any truancy offers to chase down people who didn’t attend,” said Pollock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The square also has ties to the Gold Rush. According to local lore, Portsmouth Square was where the discovery of gold was first announced. As news spread, thousands of prospective miners migrated to the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fast forward to 1873 and the city gets its first cable cars. The inventor, Andrew Smith Hallidie, piloted the cars by driving past Portsmouth Square.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11787811\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11787811 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/earthquake.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/earthquake.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/earthquake-160x83.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Soldiers being served supper at Portsmouth Square after the 1906 earthquake. \u003ccite>(Library of Congress)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Then the 1906 earthquake and fire devastated the city. In the open space at Portsmouth Square, camps were set up for people who were displaced or burnt out of their homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[Eventually] the military established their own camp and ended up building some 150 two-room earthquake cottages that were in neat little rows within the square,” said Pollock. That camp housed people for up to a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot has happened here — more of which we explore on the Bay Curious podcast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or you can see it for yourself. Take a walk through the park and you’ll find a number of commemorative plaques highlighting all of this history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Plazas are one of the few public spaces where people from all walks of life cross paths. In San Francisco alone there are dozens of them across the city: some small, some big, some old, some new. That’s what got one Bay Curious listener wondering which plaza was the first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out we spoke to San Francisco Recreation and Park historian Christopher Pollock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>He told us the city’s oldest plaza is Portsmouth Square, located in the heart of Chinatown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To understand why this spot is considered the first, Pollock said we have to go back to the days when San Francisco was occupied by Spanish and Mexican settlers. They called their settlement “Yerba Buena” and the plaza — what we now call Portsmouth Square — was the center of government affairs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how did Portsmouth Square get its name?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11787759\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3252px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11787759 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/Portsmouth-Square.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"3252\" height=\"1581\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/Portsmouth-Square.jpg 3252w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/Portsmouth-Square-160x78.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/Portsmouth-Square-800x389.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/Portsmouth-Square-1020x496.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/Portsmouth-Square-1200x583.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/Portsmouth-Square-1920x933.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3252px) 100vw, 3252px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Portsmouth Square, 1851 \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Library of Congress)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When the Mexican-American War broke out in 1846 many Americans believed it was their Manifest Destiny to expand West, and Yerba Buena was one of those desired territories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Capt. John Montgomery lands near Portsmouth Square and symbolically raised a flag to signal this was an American occupation,” said Pollock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shortly after, Montgomery renamed the square after his ship, the USS Portsmouth.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>A Very Distinguished Square\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Beyond being the first city square, a historic park and a hub for the local Chinese community, Portsmouth Square has a few other claims to fame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11787747\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 760px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2019/11/21/the-rich-history-of-san-franciscos-first-plaza/nypl-digitalcollections-510d47e0-43ef-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99-001-w/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11787747\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11787747 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/nypl.digitalcollections.510d47e0-43ef-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99.001.w.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"760\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/nypl.digitalcollections.510d47e0-43ef-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99.001.w.jpg 760w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/nypl.digitalcollections.510d47e0-43ef-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99.001.w-160x84.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 760px) 100vw, 760px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Portsmouth Square \u003ccite>(Courtesy of New York Public Library)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A year after the Americans claimed the territory, the first public school in California was built at the square’s southwest corner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some anecdotal stories say not many attended in the beginning. Trying to rope people into education was far from their thoughts at the time, and they didn’t have any truancy offers to chase down people who didn’t attend,” said Pollock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The square also has ties to the Gold Rush. According to local lore, Portsmouth Square was where the discovery of gold was first announced. As news spread, thousands of prospective miners migrated to the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fast forward to 1873 and the city gets its first cable cars. The inventor, Andrew Smith Hallidie, piloted the cars by driving past Portsmouth Square.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11787811\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11787811 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/earthquake.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/earthquake.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/11/earthquake-160x83.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Soldiers being served supper at Portsmouth Square after the 1906 earthquake. \u003ccite>(Library of Congress)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Then the 1906 earthquake and fire devastated the city. 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"tagline": "The flip side of gentrification, told through one town",
"info": "Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?",
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},
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"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
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},
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"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"order": 8
},
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},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"order": 1
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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}
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"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
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"source": "NPR"
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"jerrybrown": {
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"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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