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"disqusTitle": "Criminals Target Migrants in Mexico Seeking U.S. Asylum",
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"content": "\u003cp>One day last week in Nuevo Laredo, Mexico, a fearsome gun battle broke out on the main boulevard to the airport, as drivers careened off the thoroughfare in terror while rival narcos blasted away at each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Cartel of the Northeast operates with impunity here, cruising around town in armored, olive-drab pickups with \u003cem>Tropas del Infierno\u003c/em>, Spanish for \"Soldiers from Hell,\" emblazoned on the doors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a pastor named Aaron Mendez remains missing after being kidnapped from the Love Migrant House, a shelter he operated. One news report says extortionists grabbed Mendez when he refused to turn over Cuban migrants they wanted to shake down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=\"news_11730590,news_11726721,news_11758516,news_11763389\" label=\"The 'Remain in Mexico' Policy\"]This is where the U.S. is sending migrants who have asked for asylum after crossing the Rio Grande near Laredo, Texas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 30,000 migrants have been sent back to Mexican border cities to await their day in U.S. immigration court under the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11758516/fear-confusion-and-separation-as-trump-administration-sends-migrants-back-to-mexico\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\"remain in Mexico\" program\u003c/a>. They are sent back from U.S. ports of entry and given a date — generally two to four months in the future — to return and make their case for asylum before an immigration judge on a video link. About 4,500 of them have been sent to Nuevo Laredo, where mayhem is rampant and extorting migrants has become the cartel's latest income stream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program is officially known as the Migrant Protection Protocols, or MPP. In Spanish, the acronym is PPM.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For me, it's P-M-M, or Plan of Lies to Migrants,\" says Father Julio Lopez, director of the Nazareth Migrant House. \"Because there is no protection.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lopez is anxious these days. He won't talk about organized crime in his city — it's too risky. But he has plenty to say about MPP. He's seen firsthand the asylum-seekers who cower in fear in the city's six shelters, including his own, leaving only briefly to buy food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mexico's National Immigration Institute has been providing migrants with free bus trips to Monterrey, two-and-a-half hours away, and Tapachula, 36 hours away, to get them out of crime-ridden Nuevo Laredo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11770292\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2048px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2019/08/27/criminals-target-migrants-in-mexico-seeking-u-s-asylum/liceth-and-leytan-morales-asylum-seekers-from-honduras-have-decided-to-return-home-after-they-were-kidnapped-for-three-weeks-in-nuevo-laredo-and-their-family-in-texas-paid-8000-ransom-for-their-fr/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11770292\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/img_8637_custom-c8ff8f4f7e543ce1ab813c3b96c2a8180f0d3b1d.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1535\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11770292\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/img_8637_custom-c8ff8f4f7e543ce1ab813c3b96c2a8180f0d3b1d.jpg 2048w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/img_8637_custom-c8ff8f4f7e543ce1ab813c3b96c2a8180f0d3b1d-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/img_8637_custom-c8ff8f4f7e543ce1ab813c3b96c2a8180f0d3b1d-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/img_8637_custom-c8ff8f4f7e543ce1ab813c3b96c2a8180f0d3b1d-1020x764.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/img_8637_custom-c8ff8f4f7e543ce1ab813c3b96c2a8180f0d3b1d-1200x899.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/img_8637_custom-c8ff8f4f7e543ce1ab813c3b96c2a8180f0d3b1d-1920x1439.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/img_8637_custom-c8ff8f4f7e543ce1ab813c3b96c2a8180f0d3b1d-1832x1374.jpg 1832w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/img_8637_custom-c8ff8f4f7e543ce1ab813c3b96c2a8180f0d3b1d-1376x1032.jpg 1376w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/img_8637_custom-c8ff8f4f7e543ce1ab813c3b96c2a8180f0d3b1d-1044x783.jpg 1044w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/img_8637_custom-c8ff8f4f7e543ce1ab813c3b96c2a8180f0d3b1d-632x474.jpg 632w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/img_8637_custom-c8ff8f4f7e543ce1ab813c3b96c2a8180f0d3b1d-536x402.jpg 536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Liceth and Leytan Morales, asylum-seekers from Honduras, have decided to return home after they were kidnapped for three weeks in Nuevo Laredo and their family in Texas paid $8,000 ransom for their freedom. \u003ccite>(John Burnett/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But even that may not be safe. According to a witness account, several pickups full of mafiosos recently screeched to a stop in front of a government-contracted bus that had just left the central bus station. They ordered a dozen migrants off the bus, ordered them into their vehicles, and drove off, leaving the rest of the passengers shocked and frantic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cesar Antunes was on an earlier bus that departed, just before the bus that was ambushed. Antunes said he learned what happened to the second bus when both buses arrived in Monterrey and he spoke with one of the remaining passengers who witnessed the abductions. Antunes related the terrifying tale to NPR on his mobile phone from a city in Northern Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Nuevo Laredo is more dangerous than San Pedro Sula, Honduras,\" Antunes says, \"which is where I fled from.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mexican government has been cooperating with Trump's immigration agenda after the president threatened that country with steep tariffs in June. In addition to accepting migrants returned under MPP, Mexico has deployed security forces to its own borders to block migrants from going north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Acting Commissioner of Customs and Border Protection Mark Morgan called Mexico's help \"a game changer.\" As a result, the number of migrants in U.S. Border Patrol custody \u003ca href=\"https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/sw-border-migration\">has dropped dramatically\u003c/a> in the past two months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet Morgan says he was unaware asylum-seekers waiting in Mexico are being disappeared and extorted by gangsters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I haven't heard anything like that,\" he said in a recent roundtable with reporters, \"not with respect to the MPP program.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CBP chief may be getting his misinformation from Mexican officials. The chief investigator for the Office for Disappeared Persons in Nuevo Laredo, Edwin Aceves Garcia, said in an interview: \"We have received no reports of kidnappings and extortion of migrants. Those are just rumors. You can't believe everything those people say.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the case of Aaron Mendez, the kidnapped pastor, a spokesman for the state prosecutor's office in Ciudad Victoria said he remains missing and the investigation continues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the brazen crimes committed against migrants stuck in Nuevo Laredo, some of them are abandoning their asylum requests and returning home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's dangerous here. Lots of things can happen,\" says Liceth Morales, her lip trembling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 40-year-old Honduran woman fled the city of Choluteca with her 6-year-old son, Leytan, when thugs repeatedly robbed her small store. Then, as she tells it, when they arrived at the Nuevo Laredo bus station last month, young men with tattoos and ball caps grabbed her and her son and held them prisoner for three weeks in a succession of safe houses. Ultimately, she says, her family in San Antonio paid $8,000 in ransom for her freedom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=\"news_11763710\" hero=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/ap_19207735646765_wide-e0458159c833b52d1f6398b8ff43c79ae0cadd0c-1-1020x574.jpg\"]\"When they released us, we immediately crossed the bridge to the U.S. to ask for asylum,\" she says. \"But they sent me right back over here.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contemplating a two-month wait in this treacherous border city for her court hearing in Laredo, Liceth and Leytan Morales decided to go back to Choluteca via the free daily bus to southern Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lopez, the shelter operator, says most of the other migrants in his shelter are choosing to do the same — return home. The Mexican government points to crime and violence in Nuevo Laredo as a reason for migrants to consider leaving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lopez and others said they believe the bus trips to Tapachula, a city near the Mexico-Guatemala border, are a transparent attempt by Mexican authorities to persuade migrants to return to their homes in Central America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crime in Nuevo Laredo \"is the perfect excuse to get rid of them because the government doesn't want them here,\" said the priest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2019 \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>This is where the U.S. is sending migrants who have asked for asylum after crossing the Rio Grande near Laredo, Texas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 30,000 migrants have been sent back to Mexican border cities to await their day in U.S. immigration court under the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11758516/fear-confusion-and-separation-as-trump-administration-sends-migrants-back-to-mexico\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\"remain in Mexico\" program\u003c/a>. They are sent back from U.S. ports of entry and given a date — generally two to four months in the future — to return and make their case for asylum before an immigration judge on a video link. About 4,500 of them have been sent to Nuevo Laredo, where mayhem is rampant and extorting migrants has become the cartel's latest income stream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program is officially known as the Migrant Protection Protocols, or MPP. In Spanish, the acronym is PPM.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For me, it's P-M-M, or Plan of Lies to Migrants,\" says Father Julio Lopez, director of the Nazareth Migrant House. \"Because there is no protection.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lopez is anxious these days. He won't talk about organized crime in his city — it's too risky. But he has plenty to say about MPP. He's seen firsthand the asylum-seekers who cower in fear in the city's six shelters, including his own, leaving only briefly to buy food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mexico's National Immigration Institute has been providing migrants with free bus trips to Monterrey, two-and-a-half hours away, and Tapachula, 36 hours away, to get them out of crime-ridden Nuevo Laredo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11770292\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2048px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2019/08/27/criminals-target-migrants-in-mexico-seeking-u-s-asylum/liceth-and-leytan-morales-asylum-seekers-from-honduras-have-decided-to-return-home-after-they-were-kidnapped-for-three-weeks-in-nuevo-laredo-and-their-family-in-texas-paid-8000-ransom-for-their-fr/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11770292\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/img_8637_custom-c8ff8f4f7e543ce1ab813c3b96c2a8180f0d3b1d.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1535\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11770292\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/img_8637_custom-c8ff8f4f7e543ce1ab813c3b96c2a8180f0d3b1d.jpg 2048w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/img_8637_custom-c8ff8f4f7e543ce1ab813c3b96c2a8180f0d3b1d-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/img_8637_custom-c8ff8f4f7e543ce1ab813c3b96c2a8180f0d3b1d-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/img_8637_custom-c8ff8f4f7e543ce1ab813c3b96c2a8180f0d3b1d-1020x764.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/img_8637_custom-c8ff8f4f7e543ce1ab813c3b96c2a8180f0d3b1d-1200x899.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/img_8637_custom-c8ff8f4f7e543ce1ab813c3b96c2a8180f0d3b1d-1920x1439.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/img_8637_custom-c8ff8f4f7e543ce1ab813c3b96c2a8180f0d3b1d-1832x1374.jpg 1832w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/img_8637_custom-c8ff8f4f7e543ce1ab813c3b96c2a8180f0d3b1d-1376x1032.jpg 1376w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/img_8637_custom-c8ff8f4f7e543ce1ab813c3b96c2a8180f0d3b1d-1044x783.jpg 1044w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/img_8637_custom-c8ff8f4f7e543ce1ab813c3b96c2a8180f0d3b1d-632x474.jpg 632w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/img_8637_custom-c8ff8f4f7e543ce1ab813c3b96c2a8180f0d3b1d-536x402.jpg 536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Liceth and Leytan Morales, asylum-seekers from Honduras, have decided to return home after they were kidnapped for three weeks in Nuevo Laredo and their family in Texas paid $8,000 ransom for their freedom. \u003ccite>(John Burnett/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But even that may not be safe. According to a witness account, several pickups full of mafiosos recently screeched to a stop in front of a government-contracted bus that had just left the central bus station. They ordered a dozen migrants off the bus, ordered them into their vehicles, and drove off, leaving the rest of the passengers shocked and frantic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cesar Antunes was on an earlier bus that departed, just before the bus that was ambushed. Antunes said he learned what happened to the second bus when both buses arrived in Monterrey and he spoke with one of the remaining passengers who witnessed the abductions. Antunes related the terrifying tale to NPR on his mobile phone from a city in Northern Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Nuevo Laredo is more dangerous than San Pedro Sula, Honduras,\" Antunes says, \"which is where I fled from.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mexican government has been cooperating with Trump's immigration agenda after the president threatened that country with steep tariffs in June. In addition to accepting migrants returned under MPP, Mexico has deployed security forces to its own borders to block migrants from going north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Acting Commissioner of Customs and Border Protection Mark Morgan called Mexico's help \"a game changer.\" As a result, the number of migrants in U.S. Border Patrol custody \u003ca href=\"https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/sw-border-migration\">has dropped dramatically\u003c/a> in the past two months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet Morgan says he was unaware asylum-seekers waiting in Mexico are being disappeared and extorted by gangsters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I haven't heard anything like that,\" he said in a recent roundtable with reporters, \"not with respect to the MPP program.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CBP chief may be getting his misinformation from Mexican officials. The chief investigator for the Office for Disappeared Persons in Nuevo Laredo, Edwin Aceves Garcia, said in an interview: \"We have received no reports of kidnappings and extortion of migrants. Those are just rumors. You can't believe everything those people say.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the case of Aaron Mendez, the kidnapped pastor, a spokesman for the state prosecutor's office in Ciudad Victoria said he remains missing and the investigation continues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the brazen crimes committed against migrants stuck in Nuevo Laredo, some of them are abandoning their asylum requests and returning home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's dangerous here. Lots of things can happen,\" says Liceth Morales, her lip trembling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 40-year-old Honduran woman fled the city of Choluteca with her 6-year-old son, Leytan, when thugs repeatedly robbed her small store. Then, as she tells it, when they arrived at the Nuevo Laredo bus station last month, young men with tattoos and ball caps grabbed her and her son and held them prisoner for three weeks in a succession of safe houses. Ultimately, she says, her family in San Antonio paid $8,000 in ransom for her freedom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\"When they released us, we immediately crossed the bridge to the U.S. to ask for asylum,\" she says. \"But they sent me right back over here.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contemplating a two-month wait in this treacherous border city for her court hearing in Laredo, Liceth and Leytan Morales decided to go back to Choluteca via the free daily bus to southern Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lopez, the shelter operator, says most of the other migrants in his shelter are choosing to do the same — return home. The Mexican government points to crime and violence in Nuevo Laredo as a reason for migrants to consider leaving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lopez and others said they believe the bus trips to Tapachula, a city near the Mexico-Guatemala border, are a transparent attempt by Mexican authorities to persuade migrants to return to their homes in Central America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crime in Nuevo Laredo \"is the perfect excuse to get rid of them because the government doesn't want them here,\" said the priest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2019 \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "My Grandfather, A Killer",
"title": "My Grandfather, A Killer",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>On rare occasions, Dad and I would get together for lunch. It was 2014, and I had just started a job at NPR. Dad was retired and lived 60 miles away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From what I remember, we ate dim sum, which meant driving through the heart of downtown Los Angeles, the massive skyscrapers glistening in the afternoon sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was quiet in the car. I was thinking about how Mom and Dad used to make this commute to LA every day for work. Two hours in the morning, two hours at night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=\"news_11767453\" label=\"Bay Area Activist Shot in PI\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dad interrupted my thoughts, pointing to a building on the side of the freeway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Did you know that my dad killed somebody in that place?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Wait, what?\" I responded, almost missing the moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I never met my grandfather, Lolo Vicente, but I'd heard stories about him. On our living room wall, there's a picture of him. He was handsome. Dad said he was strict, but he never talked about him coming to America, much less that he killed someone. When I asked Dad why it had taken him so long to tell me, he said it's because I never asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A million thoughts raced through my head. Lolo was in America? Why was Lolo in America? Who did he kill? Did he go to prison?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the main question tugging at me was what this all meant for the story of my family's history in America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11768295\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0087_custom-c0585b545430b16710a9af0cf79faf63be15644e-e1566155580832.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11768295\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0087_custom-c0585b545430b16710a9af0cf79faf63be15644e-e1566155580832.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1222\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The author's father, Manolo Guerra, stands for a portrait at his home in Moreno Valley, Calif., on Aug. 7. \u003ccite>(Kat Kaye/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The murder had suddenly shattered my view of the quintessential immigrant narrative — the story my parents embodied. They both came to the United States from the Philippines in the 1980s looking for a better life. Dad became a citizen; Mom, a green card holder. They worked hard, bought a house in the suburbs and raised three children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My grandfather had taken a darker path. The fact that this violence was a part of my American story scared me. I hated how it might feed into the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/03/30/upshot/crime-immigration-myth.html?module=inline\">false\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/13/upshot/illegal-immigration-crime-rates-research.html\">narrative\u003c/a> that immigrants drive up crime rates. The story also enticed me. I needed to find answers to my questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the story of my Lolo — which means \"grandfather\" in Tagalog, a language native to the Philippines. The reason I'm here is because of him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11768296\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0125_custom-c9645c2e7b06ad2ca7ca309cb317dc0510e8d865-e1566155627245.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11768296\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0125_custom-c9645c2e7b06ad2ca7ca309cb317dc0510e8d865-e1566155627245.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1332\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Trophies and ribbons won by the Guerra sisters are on display in the garage of their father, Manolo Guerra. \u003ccite>(Kat Kaye/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>America's \"Little Brown Brothers\" \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I first found Lolo's mug shot, I thought he looked handsome. He was only 24, with soft features and slick black hair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He had come to America six years earlier, in 1926. He grew up poor in a small province in the Philippines and was part of a mass migration that, \u003ca href=\"https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/philippines-culture-migration\">by one estimate\u003c/a>, brought 150,000 Filipinos to America between 1907 and 1930. These were mostly single young men who boarded steamships to travel thousands of miles from the Philippines to the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, it was relatively easy to immigrate to the U.S. from the Philippines, which in the 1930s was still \u003ca href=\"https://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/APA/Historical-Essays/Exclusion-and-Empire/The-Philippines/\">a U.S. territory\u003c/a>. The agricultural sector needed cheap labor, and Filipinos, who were considered noncitizen nationals, fulfilled that role.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11768297\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0006_custom-1882b5ad05ee6114c851da325a2def1eb5d017ee-e1566155844678.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11768297\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0006_custom-1882b5ad05ee6114c851da325a2def1eb5d017ee-e1566155844678.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Manolo Guerra points himself out in an old family portrait. He's standing in the photo with his father, Vicente Guerra, his mother, Isabel Guerra, and his older brother Greg. \u003ccite>(Kat Kaye/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11768298\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0103_custom-628870066d5a5490411611fdb6372e0377ff79a8-e1566155896220.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11768298\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0103_custom-628870066d5a5490411611fdb6372e0377ff79a8-e1566155896220.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1332\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A family photo at the home of Manolo Guerra. The author, Denise Guerra, appears on the far left alongside her sister, mother, father, sister and brother-in-law. Her two nieces appear seated in the front row. \u003ccite>(Kat Kaye/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While most of these Filipinos worked in farming, men like my grandfather ended up in cities as low-wage domestic workers. In Los Angeles, he became a \"houseboy.\" Family lore said he cleaned house for actor George Raft, who appeared in the original \u003cem>Scarface\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For newly arrived immigrants like Lolo, life in America was hard, and the reception was not always warm. Filipino men were known as America's \"little brown brothers,\" a phrase coined by William Howard Taft, who before winning the White House in the 1908 election, served as the first American governor-general of the Philippines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=\"perspectives_201601138926\" label=\"Perspectives: Filipino Pride\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>White America's view could be summed up in a 1929 \u003cem>Los Angeles Times \u003c/em>op-ed titled \"The Filipino Invasion.\" The author describes Filipinos as \"good boys, most of them trained on battleships or as houseboys to neatness, cleanliness and quiet courtesy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I can only imagine how emasculating this must have felt for Lolo and other young Filipino men. But you wouldn't be able to tell by looking at photographs of them from the time. Outside of work they wore fedoras, \u003ca href=\"https://www.esquiremag.ph/style/fashion/filipino-mens-fashion-a2289-20190401-lfrm6\">pressed zoot suits\u003c/a> and shiny wingtip shoes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anthony Ocampo, a sociologist at California State Polytechnic University and author of the book \u003cem>The Latinos of Asia: How Filipino Americans Break the Rules of Race, \u003c/em>said dressing like that offered a form of mental self-preservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think part of the reason they did that is because having traveled 7,000 miles across the Pacific Ocean, being able to present themselves in that way gave them some sort of dignity,\" Ocampo said. \"That the journey was worth it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11768306\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0320_custom-175badc4bdaff2881b5f935ef6b6505fd46bb2fd-s800-c85.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11768306\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0320_custom-175badc4bdaff2881b5f935ef6b6505fd46bb2fd-s800-c85.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0320_custom-175badc4bdaff2881b5f935ef6b6505fd46bb2fd-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0320_custom-175badc4bdaff2881b5f935ef6b6505fd46bb2fd-s800-c85-160x107.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Guerra sits at his home. In the 1980s, Guerra immigrated to the U.S. from the Philippines in search of a better life. \u003ccite>(Kat Kaye/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Of course, it wasn't strictly about self-preservation, said Ocampo. They also did it to attract women, especially at the local taxi-dance halls, where men could hire women to dance with them. The dance halls gave immigrants an outlet to socialize with one another and spend some of their hard-earned money — typically 10 cents per dance — in hopes of finding some companionship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The women were usually white, and given racist attitudes and miscegenation laws, that dynamic would eventually spark violence against the Filipino community by white men enraged over the \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=_yD8ND6gMUsC&pg=PA21#v=onepage&q&f=false\">influx of migrant laborers in the area\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most notorious incident happened in Watsonville, an agricultural community in Northern California. In 1930, a mob of about 500 white men and youth opened fire at a dance hall popular with the local Filipino community where white women were being employed. Over five days, roaming mobs assaulted Filipinos with pistols, clubs and whips. They dragged Filipinos from their homes and beat them. Filipinos were thrown off bridges. One man, Fermin Tobera, 22, was shot to death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was out to run the Filipinos out of the country,\" one participant told the \u003cem>Oakland Tribune\u003c/em>. \"We're going to get rid of them, that's what.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Murder \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next year, a woman would again be at the center of violence involving Filipinos. This time, it involved my Lolo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To this day, no one in my family can say for certain what drove my grandfather to murder. But according to an Associated Press report dated Sept. 23, 1931, it all had to do with \"an American girl.\" The headline of the story read, \"Oriental Killed, One Shot in Love Feud.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to my dad, Lolo was in a restaurant bathroom when two men cornered him and slit his neck, leaving Lolo bleeding and facedown on a toilet. Someone found Lolo and was able to get help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dad doesn't know what prompted the attack, but he remembers the scar that it left on the back of Lolo's neck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After his recovery, Lolo went looking for his attackers, and one day, while cruising the streets of a busy downtown corridor, Lolo spotted two men leaving a theater. He told a friend to get the car ready. Lolo had a gun and was set on revenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shooting took place close to a popular dance hall where Filipinos hung out, near city hall. His victims were John Lopez, shot in the leg, and Joseph Retotar, a Filipino, who died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Records for the two men are hard to come by. Based on what I could find, Retotar was about the same age as Lolo. And that love feud? While the article suggests it was over an American, no one in the family can say for sure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years I agonized. If only I had her name or the details of the others involved, then just maybe I could figure out what really happened. It had to be in the case file. I went to the Los Angeles County Hall of Records to look for it, but when the archivist took the decades-old microfilm out of its box, it fell apart. This mystery woman was now a ghost on decrepit microfilm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11768307\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0455_custom-84a3de002f71d533d87bdc201dafbf8875775473-s800-c85.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11768307\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0455_custom-84a3de002f71d533d87bdc201dafbf8875775473-s800-c85.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0455_custom-84a3de002f71d533d87bdc201dafbf8875775473-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0455_custom-84a3de002f71d533d87bdc201dafbf8875775473-s800-c85-160x107.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Guerra and wife's house in the suburban community of Moreno Valley. The couple bought the home after immigrating to the U.S. and raised three children there. \u003ccite>(Kat Kaye/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Return to the Philippines\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lolo was caught, tried by a jury and found guilty of second-degree murder. He was sentenced to five years to life at San Quentin State Prison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was out in seven years. Dad said Lolo talked about marking his cell with chalk every year he spent there. When he was released, he took his hand, swiped the chalk marks off the wall and cried aloud, \"Goodbye!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's unclear why Lolo was released from prison so early, but a handwritten note in his prison records offers a clue. It appears to read, \"repat Paroled 5/5/39.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Repat\" is a likely reference to the government's efforts to repatriate Filipinos under a 1935 law signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in response to anger among white workers about Filipino men taking U.S. jobs. The measure came a year after the Tydings-McDuffie Act — a law that set the Philippines on the path to independence but that also reclassified Filipinos already in the U.S. as \"aliens.\" Taken together, the two laws were blamed for separating Filipino families, given that Tydings-McDuffie capped Filipino immigration at 50 people per year, making it near impossible for anyone who was repatriated to return.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Lolo was heading back to the Philippines in 1939, World War II was raging in Europe. In the Pacific, Japanese forces had taken over several Chinese cities. The U.S. was on guard — its interests in the Philippines could be next.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lolo's niece, my Tita Letty Francisco, remembers that the war may be the reason for Lolo's parole. Back then, it was common for prisoners to be recruited to fight the Japanese.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1941, Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Within hours, it invaded the Philippines. Lolo became a second lieutenant in the guerrilla army fighting the Japanese alongside U.S. forces. He even got a new nickname. Instead of Vicente Guerra, they called him Vicente Bakal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11768304\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/img_2491-copy-84559d54d634a915727b2c66a1b2c6f8f924956c-s800-c85.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11768304\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/img_2491-copy-84559d54d634a915727b2c66a1b2c6f8f924956c-s800-c85.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/img_2491-copy-84559d54d634a915727b2c66a1b2c6f8f924956c-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/img_2491-copy-84559d54d634a915727b2c66a1b2c6f8f924956c-s800-c85-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/img_2491-copy-84559d54d634a915727b2c66a1b2c6f8f924956c-s800-c85-632x474.jpg 632w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/img_2491-copy-84559d54d634a915727b2c66a1b2c6f8f924956c-s800-c85-536x402.jpg 536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vicente Guerra is pictured during his time as a second lieutenant in the guerilla force fighting the Japanese in World War II. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Denise Guerra)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Bakal is iron,\" said Tita Letty. She said he could be loving toward his family, but when it came to war, Lolo showed no remorse for killing the Japanese. She remembers Lolo's fury after the Japanese bombed the home he shared with the woman he ended up marrying in the Philippines, Lola Isabel. He'd even brag about how many lives he took, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But according to Dad, there was at least one death that troubled Lolo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the time he was tasked with killing a Filipina who had been accused of working as an informant for the Japanese. She was labeled a \"Makapili,\" the name Filipinos gave those who aided the Japanese.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the war, the Japanese would take informants, place bags over their heads, cut two holes for their eyes and ask them to identify Filipinos. Once identified, the Japanese would shoot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lolo's secret mission to kill this woman meant he couldn't use a gun, because it would make noise, so he and others used a piece of wood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"' They keep hitting her and hitting her, and she won't die,'\" Dad remembered Lolo telling him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So what they did, they just digged a hole. But when they put her there, she's still alive. So they keep hitting her,\" Dad said, his tone solemn like I imagine Lolo's must have been when recounting the story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After that, Lolo asked his boss to transfer him to another assignment. He couldn't take it anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I think back on this story, it makes me angry. How could he have killed someone so brutally? Even if it was in the service of his country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dad takes me back to reality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is war,\" he said. \"What did you expect?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Enforcer \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was about five years after our car ride that Dad and I went to where the murder took place in downtown LA. The street corner looks like a restored loft with some shops. It's loud, bustling. Traffic and construction noise fills the air. In one direction, I see homeless men. In another, a man on a dockless scooter riding by.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's here, almost a century ago, that Lolo's life in America took a turn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dad's silent, taking it all in. My thoughts are elsewhere, and I wonder how Lolo's environment shaped his actions. Did life in America encourage the worst in him? Turn him more angry? More violent? What if he had never come to the U.S.? Would he have avoided all the bloodshed? Or was it all inevitable?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think about another influence in Lolo's life, Ted Lewin. He was an American who built one of the biggest gaming operations in Manila. In a 1959 profile, \u003ca href=\"http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,865128,00.html\">\u003cem>Time\u003c/em> magazine described\u003c/a> Lewin, saying he had \"a taste for dark shirts, penthouses, air-conditioned Cadillacs and shadowy wheelings and dealings. In and out of Manila, in the past two decades, he has turned many a fast peso.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside tag=\"filipino-americans\" label=\"Related Coverage\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lolo worked for Lewin as an enforcer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When they see something or they found out something in the casino that you are cheating, they would beat the hell out of them,\" said Dad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dad said Lolo would tell him stories about taking a hammer and smashing each finger of a cheater's hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lolo became a top boss for Lewin. He was feared and respected. When Lewin was forced out of the trade by the Philippine government, Lolo took his experience and used it to establish his own businesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He had a fleet of taxis and operated distilleries. Ever the hustler, he at one point took a job at customs, where he accepted bribes for letting folks smuggle goods into the islands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This allowed him to give his kids the opportunity to attend college in the Philippines, drive nice cars and establish political and business connections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dad used that to build his own business selling electronics in the Philippines. It did well at first but then fell into bankruptcy. He looked at America and saw a second chance. And thanks in part to Lolo's war service, Dad was eventually able to gain citizenship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He's retired now, after 40 years in manufacturing. He and my mom worked all the time, and because of that, my family enjoyed full bellies and college educations. The quintessential American Dream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>My family, my country \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Dad why his life in America was so different from Lolo's. He said it's because each generation will be better off than the one before it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Remember during [his] time, they are all illiterate. They didn't go to high school,\" Dad said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You go to another country, especially an industrialized country like America, most of them turned out to be drivers, busboys or work as a maid because they don't have schooling.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dad never went back to the Philippines, even for Lolo's funeral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Even when I die, I already bought our family plot, because most people when they die, they go home, but this is my home, so I will just stay here,\" Dad said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My parents are already dead. My only brother is dead. So there's no more thing for me to go to the Philippines.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11768305\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0155_custom-fb92a686c357b8bd1b2269c5e9a242486348174e-s800-c85.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11768305\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0155_custom-fb92a686c357b8bd1b2269c5e9a242486348174e-s800-c85.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"550\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0155_custom-fb92a686c357b8bd1b2269c5e9a242486348174e-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0155_custom-fb92a686c357b8bd1b2269c5e9a242486348174e-s800-c85-160x110.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Guerra says a prayer in the chapel he constructed in his garage. He has never returned to the Philippines since coming to America in the 1980s. \"My parents are already dead. My only brother is dead. So there's no more thing for me to go to the Philippines,\" he said. \u003ccite>(Kat Kaye/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When I think about Lolo's history in America — the murder, the war, his thuggery — my biggest question is still whether he was a monster. Or would he have made different choices if America had been kinder? If you exist in a land where you're constantly seen as a villain, do you inevitably become one?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite Lolo's violence, Dad believes he was a good father, a good friend. Tita Letty remembers him as kind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I'm not so sure. But the blood he shed is part of my family's story. It's part of America's.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">https://www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=My+Grandfather%2C+A+Killer+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Denise Guerra, a second-generation Filipino American, never met her grandfather. When she finally learned a long-held family secret, it shattered her view of the quintessential immigrant narrative.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On rare occasions, Dad and I would get together for lunch. It was 2014, and I had just started a job at NPR. Dad was retired and lived 60 miles away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From what I remember, we ate dim sum, which meant driving through the heart of downtown Los Angeles, the massive skyscrapers glistening in the afternoon sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was quiet in the car. I was thinking about how Mom and Dad used to make this commute to LA every day for work. Two hours in the morning, two hours at night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dad interrupted my thoughts, pointing to a building on the side of the freeway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Did you know that my dad killed somebody in that place?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Wait, what?\" I responded, almost missing the moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I never met my grandfather, Lolo Vicente, but I'd heard stories about him. On our living room wall, there's a picture of him. He was handsome. Dad said he was strict, but he never talked about him coming to America, much less that he killed someone. When I asked Dad why it had taken him so long to tell me, he said it's because I never asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A million thoughts raced through my head. Lolo was in America? Why was Lolo in America? Who did he kill? Did he go to prison?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the main question tugging at me was what this all meant for the story of my family's history in America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11768295\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0087_custom-c0585b545430b16710a9af0cf79faf63be15644e-e1566155580832.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11768295\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0087_custom-c0585b545430b16710a9af0cf79faf63be15644e-e1566155580832.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1222\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The author's father, Manolo Guerra, stands for a portrait at his home in Moreno Valley, Calif., on Aug. 7. \u003ccite>(Kat Kaye/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The murder had suddenly shattered my view of the quintessential immigrant narrative — the story my parents embodied. They both came to the United States from the Philippines in the 1980s looking for a better life. Dad became a citizen; Mom, a green card holder. They worked hard, bought a house in the suburbs and raised three children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My grandfather had taken a darker path. The fact that this violence was a part of my American story scared me. I hated how it might feed into the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/03/30/upshot/crime-immigration-myth.html?module=inline\">false\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/13/upshot/illegal-immigration-crime-rates-research.html\">narrative\u003c/a> that immigrants drive up crime rates. The story also enticed me. I needed to find answers to my questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the story of my Lolo — which means \"grandfather\" in Tagalog, a language native to the Philippines. The reason I'm here is because of him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11768296\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0125_custom-c9645c2e7b06ad2ca7ca309cb317dc0510e8d865-e1566155627245.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11768296\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0125_custom-c9645c2e7b06ad2ca7ca309cb317dc0510e8d865-e1566155627245.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1332\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Trophies and ribbons won by the Guerra sisters are on display in the garage of their father, Manolo Guerra. \u003ccite>(Kat Kaye/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>America's \"Little Brown Brothers\" \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I first found Lolo's mug shot, I thought he looked handsome. He was only 24, with soft features and slick black hair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He had come to America six years earlier, in 1926. He grew up poor in a small province in the Philippines and was part of a mass migration that, \u003ca href=\"https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/philippines-culture-migration\">by one estimate\u003c/a>, brought 150,000 Filipinos to America between 1907 and 1930. These were mostly single young men who boarded steamships to travel thousands of miles from the Philippines to the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, it was relatively easy to immigrate to the U.S. from the Philippines, which in the 1930s was still \u003ca href=\"https://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/APA/Historical-Essays/Exclusion-and-Empire/The-Philippines/\">a U.S. territory\u003c/a>. The agricultural sector needed cheap labor, and Filipinos, who were considered noncitizen nationals, fulfilled that role.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11768297\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0006_custom-1882b5ad05ee6114c851da325a2def1eb5d017ee-e1566155844678.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11768297\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0006_custom-1882b5ad05ee6114c851da325a2def1eb5d017ee-e1566155844678.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Manolo Guerra points himself out in an old family portrait. He's standing in the photo with his father, Vicente Guerra, his mother, Isabel Guerra, and his older brother Greg. \u003ccite>(Kat Kaye/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11768298\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0103_custom-628870066d5a5490411611fdb6372e0377ff79a8-e1566155896220.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11768298\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0103_custom-628870066d5a5490411611fdb6372e0377ff79a8-e1566155896220.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1332\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A family photo at the home of Manolo Guerra. The author, Denise Guerra, appears on the far left alongside her sister, mother, father, sister and brother-in-law. Her two nieces appear seated in the front row. \u003ccite>(Kat Kaye/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While most of these Filipinos worked in farming, men like my grandfather ended up in cities as low-wage domestic workers. In Los Angeles, he became a \"houseboy.\" Family lore said he cleaned house for actor George Raft, who appeared in the original \u003cem>Scarface\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For newly arrived immigrants like Lolo, life in America was hard, and the reception was not always warm. Filipino men were known as America's \"little brown brothers,\" a phrase coined by William Howard Taft, who before winning the White House in the 1908 election, served as the first American governor-general of the Philippines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>White America's view could be summed up in a 1929 \u003cem>Los Angeles Times \u003c/em>op-ed titled \"The Filipino Invasion.\" The author describes Filipinos as \"good boys, most of them trained on battleships or as houseboys to neatness, cleanliness and quiet courtesy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I can only imagine how emasculating this must have felt for Lolo and other young Filipino men. But you wouldn't be able to tell by looking at photographs of them from the time. Outside of work they wore fedoras, \u003ca href=\"https://www.esquiremag.ph/style/fashion/filipino-mens-fashion-a2289-20190401-lfrm6\">pressed zoot suits\u003c/a> and shiny wingtip shoes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anthony Ocampo, a sociologist at California State Polytechnic University and author of the book \u003cem>The Latinos of Asia: How Filipino Americans Break the Rules of Race, \u003c/em>said dressing like that offered a form of mental self-preservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think part of the reason they did that is because having traveled 7,000 miles across the Pacific Ocean, being able to present themselves in that way gave them some sort of dignity,\" Ocampo said. \"That the journey was worth it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11768306\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0320_custom-175badc4bdaff2881b5f935ef6b6505fd46bb2fd-s800-c85.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11768306\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0320_custom-175badc4bdaff2881b5f935ef6b6505fd46bb2fd-s800-c85.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0320_custom-175badc4bdaff2881b5f935ef6b6505fd46bb2fd-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0320_custom-175badc4bdaff2881b5f935ef6b6505fd46bb2fd-s800-c85-160x107.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Guerra sits at his home. In the 1980s, Guerra immigrated to the U.S. from the Philippines in search of a better life. \u003ccite>(Kat Kaye/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Of course, it wasn't strictly about self-preservation, said Ocampo. They also did it to attract women, especially at the local taxi-dance halls, where men could hire women to dance with them. The dance halls gave immigrants an outlet to socialize with one another and spend some of their hard-earned money — typically 10 cents per dance — in hopes of finding some companionship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The women were usually white, and given racist attitudes and miscegenation laws, that dynamic would eventually spark violence against the Filipino community by white men enraged over the \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=_yD8ND6gMUsC&pg=PA21#v=onepage&q&f=false\">influx of migrant laborers in the area\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most notorious incident happened in Watsonville, an agricultural community in Northern California. In 1930, a mob of about 500 white men and youth opened fire at a dance hall popular with the local Filipino community where white women were being employed. Over five days, roaming mobs assaulted Filipinos with pistols, clubs and whips. They dragged Filipinos from their homes and beat them. Filipinos were thrown off bridges. One man, Fermin Tobera, 22, was shot to death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was out to run the Filipinos out of the country,\" one participant told the \u003cem>Oakland Tribune\u003c/em>. \"We're going to get rid of them, that's what.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Murder \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next year, a woman would again be at the center of violence involving Filipinos. This time, it involved my Lolo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To this day, no one in my family can say for certain what drove my grandfather to murder. But according to an Associated Press report dated Sept. 23, 1931, it all had to do with \"an American girl.\" The headline of the story read, \"Oriental Killed, One Shot in Love Feud.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to my dad, Lolo was in a restaurant bathroom when two men cornered him and slit his neck, leaving Lolo bleeding and facedown on a toilet. Someone found Lolo and was able to get help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dad doesn't know what prompted the attack, but he remembers the scar that it left on the back of Lolo's neck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After his recovery, Lolo went looking for his attackers, and one day, while cruising the streets of a busy downtown corridor, Lolo spotted two men leaving a theater. He told a friend to get the car ready. Lolo had a gun and was set on revenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shooting took place close to a popular dance hall where Filipinos hung out, near city hall. His victims were John Lopez, shot in the leg, and Joseph Retotar, a Filipino, who died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Records for the two men are hard to come by. Based on what I could find, Retotar was about the same age as Lolo. And that love feud? While the article suggests it was over an American, no one in the family can say for sure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years I agonized. If only I had her name or the details of the others involved, then just maybe I could figure out what really happened. It had to be in the case file. I went to the Los Angeles County Hall of Records to look for it, but when the archivist took the decades-old microfilm out of its box, it fell apart. This mystery woman was now a ghost on decrepit microfilm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11768307\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0455_custom-84a3de002f71d533d87bdc201dafbf8875775473-s800-c85.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11768307\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0455_custom-84a3de002f71d533d87bdc201dafbf8875775473-s800-c85.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0455_custom-84a3de002f71d533d87bdc201dafbf8875775473-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0455_custom-84a3de002f71d533d87bdc201dafbf8875775473-s800-c85-160x107.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Guerra and wife's house in the suburban community of Moreno Valley. The couple bought the home after immigrating to the U.S. and raised three children there. \u003ccite>(Kat Kaye/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Return to the Philippines\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lolo was caught, tried by a jury and found guilty of second-degree murder. He was sentenced to five years to life at San Quentin State Prison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was out in seven years. Dad said Lolo talked about marking his cell with chalk every year he spent there. When he was released, he took his hand, swiped the chalk marks off the wall and cried aloud, \"Goodbye!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's unclear why Lolo was released from prison so early, but a handwritten note in his prison records offers a clue. It appears to read, \"repat Paroled 5/5/39.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Repat\" is a likely reference to the government's efforts to repatriate Filipinos under a 1935 law signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in response to anger among white workers about Filipino men taking U.S. jobs. The measure came a year after the Tydings-McDuffie Act — a law that set the Philippines on the path to independence but that also reclassified Filipinos already in the U.S. as \"aliens.\" Taken together, the two laws were blamed for separating Filipino families, given that Tydings-McDuffie capped Filipino immigration at 50 people per year, making it near impossible for anyone who was repatriated to return.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Lolo was heading back to the Philippines in 1939, World War II was raging in Europe. In the Pacific, Japanese forces had taken over several Chinese cities. The U.S. was on guard — its interests in the Philippines could be next.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lolo's niece, my Tita Letty Francisco, remembers that the war may be the reason for Lolo's parole. Back then, it was common for prisoners to be recruited to fight the Japanese.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1941, Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Within hours, it invaded the Philippines. Lolo became a second lieutenant in the guerrilla army fighting the Japanese alongside U.S. forces. He even got a new nickname. Instead of Vicente Guerra, they called him Vicente Bakal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11768304\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/img_2491-copy-84559d54d634a915727b2c66a1b2c6f8f924956c-s800-c85.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11768304\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/img_2491-copy-84559d54d634a915727b2c66a1b2c6f8f924956c-s800-c85.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/img_2491-copy-84559d54d634a915727b2c66a1b2c6f8f924956c-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/img_2491-copy-84559d54d634a915727b2c66a1b2c6f8f924956c-s800-c85-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/img_2491-copy-84559d54d634a915727b2c66a1b2c6f8f924956c-s800-c85-632x474.jpg 632w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/img_2491-copy-84559d54d634a915727b2c66a1b2c6f8f924956c-s800-c85-536x402.jpg 536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vicente Guerra is pictured during his time as a second lieutenant in the guerilla force fighting the Japanese in World War II. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Denise Guerra)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Bakal is iron,\" said Tita Letty. She said he could be loving toward his family, but when it came to war, Lolo showed no remorse for killing the Japanese. She remembers Lolo's fury after the Japanese bombed the home he shared with the woman he ended up marrying in the Philippines, Lola Isabel. He'd even brag about how many lives he took, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But according to Dad, there was at least one death that troubled Lolo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the time he was tasked with killing a Filipina who had been accused of working as an informant for the Japanese. She was labeled a \"Makapili,\" the name Filipinos gave those who aided the Japanese.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the war, the Japanese would take informants, place bags over their heads, cut two holes for their eyes and ask them to identify Filipinos. Once identified, the Japanese would shoot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lolo's secret mission to kill this woman meant he couldn't use a gun, because it would make noise, so he and others used a piece of wood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"' They keep hitting her and hitting her, and she won't die,'\" Dad remembered Lolo telling him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So what they did, they just digged a hole. But when they put her there, she's still alive. So they keep hitting her,\" Dad said, his tone solemn like I imagine Lolo's must have been when recounting the story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After that, Lolo asked his boss to transfer him to another assignment. He couldn't take it anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I think back on this story, it makes me angry. How could he have killed someone so brutally? Even if it was in the service of his country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dad takes me back to reality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is war,\" he said. \"What did you expect?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Enforcer \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was about five years after our car ride that Dad and I went to where the murder took place in downtown LA. The street corner looks like a restored loft with some shops. It's loud, bustling. Traffic and construction noise fills the air. In one direction, I see homeless men. In another, a man on a dockless scooter riding by.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's here, almost a century ago, that Lolo's life in America took a turn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dad's silent, taking it all in. My thoughts are elsewhere, and I wonder how Lolo's environment shaped his actions. Did life in America encourage the worst in him? Turn him more angry? More violent? What if he had never come to the U.S.? Would he have avoided all the bloodshed? Or was it all inevitable?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think about another influence in Lolo's life, Ted Lewin. He was an American who built one of the biggest gaming operations in Manila. In a 1959 profile, \u003ca href=\"http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,865128,00.html\">\u003cem>Time\u003c/em> magazine described\u003c/a> Lewin, saying he had \"a taste for dark shirts, penthouses, air-conditioned Cadillacs and shadowy wheelings and dealings. In and out of Manila, in the past two decades, he has turned many a fast peso.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lolo worked for Lewin as an enforcer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When they see something or they found out something in the casino that you are cheating, they would beat the hell out of them,\" said Dad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dad said Lolo would tell him stories about taking a hammer and smashing each finger of a cheater's hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lolo became a top boss for Lewin. He was feared and respected. When Lewin was forced out of the trade by the Philippine government, Lolo took his experience and used it to establish his own businesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He had a fleet of taxis and operated distilleries. Ever the hustler, he at one point took a job at customs, where he accepted bribes for letting folks smuggle goods into the islands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This allowed him to give his kids the opportunity to attend college in the Philippines, drive nice cars and establish political and business connections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dad used that to build his own business selling electronics in the Philippines. It did well at first but then fell into bankruptcy. He looked at America and saw a second chance. And thanks in part to Lolo's war service, Dad was eventually able to gain citizenship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He's retired now, after 40 years in manufacturing. He and my mom worked all the time, and because of that, my family enjoyed full bellies and college educations. The quintessential American Dream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>My family, my country \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Dad why his life in America was so different from Lolo's. He said it's because each generation will be better off than the one before it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Remember during [his] time, they are all illiterate. They didn't go to high school,\" Dad said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You go to another country, especially an industrialized country like America, most of them turned out to be drivers, busboys or work as a maid because they don't have schooling.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dad never went back to the Philippines, even for Lolo's funeral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Even when I die, I already bought our family plot, because most people when they die, they go home, but this is my home, so I will just stay here,\" Dad said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My parents are already dead. My only brother is dead. So there's no more thing for me to go to the Philippines.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11768305\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0155_custom-fb92a686c357b8bd1b2269c5e9a242486348174e-s800-c85.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11768305\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0155_custom-fb92a686c357b8bd1b2269c5e9a242486348174e-s800-c85.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"550\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0155_custom-fb92a686c357b8bd1b2269c5e9a242486348174e-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/npr_kat_kaye_mg_0155_custom-fb92a686c357b8bd1b2269c5e9a242486348174e-s800-c85-160x110.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Guerra says a prayer in the chapel he constructed in his garage. He has never returned to the Philippines since coming to America in the 1980s. \"My parents are already dead. My only brother is dead. So there's no more thing for me to go to the Philippines,\" he said. \u003ccite>(Kat Kaye/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When I think about Lolo's history in America — the murder, the war, his thuggery — my biggest question is still whether he was a monster. Or would he have made different choices if America had been kinder? If you exist in a land where you're constantly seen as a villain, do you inevitably become one?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite Lolo's violence, Dad believes he was a good father, a good friend. Tita Letty remembers him as kind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I'm not so sure. But the blood he shed is part of my family's story. It's part of America's.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">https://www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=My+Grandfather%2C+A+Killer+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Netflix Curbs Tobacco Use Onscreen, But Not Pot. What's Up With That?",
"title": "Netflix Curbs Tobacco Use Onscreen, But Not Pot. What's Up With That?",
"headTitle": "NPR | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>When is it wrong to show cigarette smoking on television, but OK to depict people smoking cannabis products, particularly in programming popular among young teenagers?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Netflix recently announced it would curb depictions of cigarette smoking in original programming intended for general audiences, after a \u003ca href=\"https://truthinitiative.org/research-resources/tobacco-pop-culture/while-you-were-streaming-smoking-demand\">Truth Initiative study\u003c/a> showed its monster summer hit, \u003cem>Stranger Things, \u003c/em>featured more tobacco use than any other program on streaming, broadcast or cable. There's tobacco in every single episode.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tobacco advertising has been banned on TV and in the movies for decades; when it comes to characters smoking cigarettes onscreen, restrictions are largely self-imposed. The Walt Disney Company is one of the few studios with a comprehensive and public policy about \u003ca href=\"https://www.thewaltdisneycompany.com/wp-content/uploads/Smoking-in-Movies.pdf\">depicting tobacco use in movies\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside tag=\"marijuana\" label=\"Coverage of Marijuana in California\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what about smoking pot? The Netflix show \u003cem>On My Block\u003c/em> is rated TV-14, for audiences, aged 14 and older — exactly the same rating as \u003cem>Stranger Things\u003c/em>. The very first scene of \u003cem>On My Block\u003c/em>, about high school students in Los Angeles, features kids doing bong hits at a party. There's a loveable, pot-smoking grandma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the Netflix romantic comedy, \u003cem>Always Be My Maybe\u003c/em> is rated PG-13. One of its main characters smokes weed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This troubles Stanton Glantz, a professor of medicine at the University of California, San Francisco, who for years has studied the cardiovascular effects of tobacco smoke, and the effects of tobacco marketing — direct and indirect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Rating a film for 14 year olds that's promoting substance abuse — it's like the peak of risk,\" he says. Glantz says although pot is widely regarded as holistic and harmless, compared to cigarettes, that's not accurate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Marijuana is not harmless,\" he says. \"Secondhand marijuana smoke has the same kind of adverse effects on your blood vessels that smoking a cigarette does. Chemically it's not all that different from cigarette smoke, except that the psychoactive agent is different.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Study after study has shown a correlation between kids' exposure to cigarettes in the media and their later use of tobacco, Glantz says. There aren't as many similar studies about pot, although some have \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3008330/\">begun to emerge\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as pot legalization gains momentum, using it is becoming normalized in popular culture. A couple of years ago, Netflix showed up at a pop-up event at a West Hollywood dispensary and provided \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2017/aug/25/netflix-marijuana-strains-original-shows\">weed varieties based on some of its most popular shows.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These days, cannabis — as opposed to tobacco — can help make a certain kind of company seem cool, says \u003cem>Washington Post\u003c/em> opinion writer Alyssa Rosenberg. \"Marijuana has sort of a better lobbying message right now than tobacco does,\" she observes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' align='right' citation='Stanton Glantz, professor of medicine at the University of California, San Francisco']'Netflix ought to be adopting a policy that, you know, is not only based on the bombproof science we have on tobacco, but brings common sense into the discussion for these other exposures.'[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Rosenberg points out that for much of the 20th century, Big Tobacco actively — and successfully — promoted cigarettes in movies and on TV. \"They were planting stories about how Paul Newman was learning to light two cigarettes at a time for a role,\" she says. \"They supplied green rooms [with cigarettes]. They focused on trying to get stars to smoke on-air during tapings of \u003cem>The Merv Griffin Show\u003c/em>. They tried to push fashion editorials to show models smoking.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, Rosenberg says, it's perhaps disingenuous for filmmakers or studios to argue, as Netflix does today, that smoking onscreen is an artistic expression when much of it, historically, came out of marketing departments — product placement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glantz worries that kind of product placement might happen again with weed, once it becomes widely commercialized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And Netflix ought to be adopting a policy that, you know, is not only based on the bombproof science we have on tobacco,\" he says, \"but brings common sense into the discussion for these other exposures.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, Netflix isn't the only company with a role to play here. Other leading streaming companies haven't made public any policies about the onscreen use of tobacco or cannabis.Netflix, Hulu and Amazon did not respond to NPR's requests for comment in regards to such policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But earlier this month, attorneys general from 43 states and territories \u003ca href=\"https://www.naag.org/assets/redesign/files/2019-08-06%20NAAG%20Letter%20to%20Producers%20--.pdf\">signed a letter sent\u003c/a> to streaming companies, asking for better practices when it comes to showing tobacco use on screen. Some public health experts think pot should be next on the agenda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https://www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Netflix+Curbs+Tobacco+Use+Onscreen%2C+But+Not+Pot.+What%27s+Up+With+That%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "TV networks have standards that minimize tobacco use on shows, and Netflix now does, too. But streaming companies lack public policies about smoking cannabis onscreen, and doctors say that hurts kids.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When is it wrong to show cigarette smoking on television, but OK to depict people smoking cannabis products, particularly in programming popular among young teenagers?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Netflix recently announced it would curb depictions of cigarette smoking in original programming intended for general audiences, after a \u003ca href=\"https://truthinitiative.org/research-resources/tobacco-pop-culture/while-you-were-streaming-smoking-demand\">Truth Initiative study\u003c/a> showed its monster summer hit, \u003cem>Stranger Things, \u003c/em>featured more tobacco use than any other program on streaming, broadcast or cable. There's tobacco in every single episode.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tobacco advertising has been banned on TV and in the movies for decades; when it comes to characters smoking cigarettes onscreen, restrictions are largely self-imposed. The Walt Disney Company is one of the few studios with a comprehensive and public policy about \u003ca href=\"https://www.thewaltdisneycompany.com/wp-content/uploads/Smoking-in-Movies.pdf\">depicting tobacco use in movies\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what about smoking pot? The Netflix show \u003cem>On My Block\u003c/em> is rated TV-14, for audiences, aged 14 and older — exactly the same rating as \u003cem>Stranger Things\u003c/em>. The very first scene of \u003cem>On My Block\u003c/em>, about high school students in Los Angeles, features kids doing bong hits at a party. There's a loveable, pot-smoking grandma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the Netflix romantic comedy, \u003cem>Always Be My Maybe\u003c/em> is rated PG-13. One of its main characters smokes weed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This troubles Stanton Glantz, a professor of medicine at the University of California, San Francisco, who for years has studied the cardiovascular effects of tobacco smoke, and the effects of tobacco marketing — direct and indirect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Rating a film for 14 year olds that's promoting substance abuse — it's like the peak of risk,\" he says. Glantz says although pot is widely regarded as holistic and harmless, compared to cigarettes, that's not accurate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Marijuana is not harmless,\" he says. \"Secondhand marijuana smoke has the same kind of adverse effects on your blood vessels that smoking a cigarette does. Chemically it's not all that different from cigarette smoke, except that the psychoactive agent is different.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Study after study has shown a correlation between kids' exposure to cigarettes in the media and their later use of tobacco, Glantz says. There aren't as many similar studies about pot, although some have \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3008330/\">begun to emerge\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as pot legalization gains momentum, using it is becoming normalized in popular culture. A couple of years ago, Netflix showed up at a pop-up event at a West Hollywood dispensary and provided \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2017/aug/25/netflix-marijuana-strains-original-shows\">weed varieties based on some of its most popular shows.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These days, cannabis — as opposed to tobacco — can help make a certain kind of company seem cool, says \u003cem>Washington Post\u003c/em> opinion writer Alyssa Rosenberg. \"Marijuana has sort of a better lobbying message right now than tobacco does,\" she observes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Rosenberg points out that for much of the 20th century, Big Tobacco actively — and successfully — promoted cigarettes in movies and on TV. \"They were planting stories about how Paul Newman was learning to light two cigarettes at a time for a role,\" she says. \"They supplied green rooms [with cigarettes]. They focused on trying to get stars to smoke on-air during tapings of \u003cem>The Merv Griffin Show\u003c/em>. They tried to push fashion editorials to show models smoking.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, Rosenberg says, it's perhaps disingenuous for filmmakers or studios to argue, as Netflix does today, that smoking onscreen is an artistic expression when much of it, historically, came out of marketing departments — product placement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glantz worries that kind of product placement might happen again with weed, once it becomes widely commercialized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And Netflix ought to be adopting a policy that, you know, is not only based on the bombproof science we have on tobacco,\" he says, \"but brings common sense into the discussion for these other exposures.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, Netflix isn't the only company with a role to play here. Other leading streaming companies haven't made public any policies about the onscreen use of tobacco or cannabis.Netflix, Hulu and Amazon did not respond to NPR's requests for comment in regards to such policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But earlier this month, attorneys general from 43 states and territories \u003ca href=\"https://www.naag.org/assets/redesign/files/2019-08-06%20NAAG%20Letter%20to%20Producers%20--.pdf\">signed a letter sent\u003c/a> to streaming companies, asking for better practices when it comes to showing tobacco use on screen. Some public health experts think pot should be next on the agenda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https://www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Netflix+Curbs+Tobacco+Use+Onscreen%2C+But+Not+Pot.+What%27s+Up+With+That%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "California's Largest Legal Weed Farms Face Conflict From Winemakers",
"title": "California's Largest Legal Weed Farms Face Conflict From Winemakers",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Santa Rita Hills, nestled in Santa Barbara County, are ideal for pinot noir, a notoriously finicky grape. That's why Kathy Joseph came here to plant Fiddlestix Vineyard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside tag=\"marijuana\" label=\"More Coverage of Marijuana in California\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The plants are over 20 years old, which comes through in the wines we make. The topography is just right; the proximity to the ocean is incredible,\" Joseph says. \"Difficult to find a pinot noir district this good.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neighboring grape vines extend to the west as far as the eye can see. In the other direction, there's a new neighbor in town. This spring, a cannabis farmer started building hoop houses on the 100-acre parcel. So far, a quarter of the land is growing pot. Joseph has seen plenty of vegetable farms there before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We've lived together with other vegetables, lettuces and cauliflower, and broccoli and snap peas, and walnuts very happily,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this new crop is different. In June, Joseph learned that the fungicide she has been spraying on her grapes for decades could be drifting onto the cannabis. Unlike food crops, cannabis can't be sold if there's any trace of fungicide or pesticide in it,\u003ca href=\"https://bcc.ca.gov/about_us/documents/17-261_required_testing_chart.pdf\"> according to state law\u003c/a>. So while the county investigates, she's using a more expensive and far less effective spray on the grapevines that are nearest to the cannabis farm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11767540\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/kathy-joseph-800x599.jpg\" alt=\"Kathy Joseph looks out over the recently planted cannabis farm from her ATV. Her pinot noir grapevines are growing to her right.\" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11767540\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/kathy-joseph.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/kathy-joseph-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/kathy-joseph-632x474.jpg 632w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/kathy-joseph-536x402.jpg 536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kathy Joseph looks out over the recently planted cannabis farm from her ATV. Her pinot noir grapevines are growing to her right. \u003ccite>(Claire Heddles/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"We may lose crop because we can't protect it,\" Joseph says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joseph, and other Santa Barbara County\u003ca href=\"https://www.concernedcarpinterians.com/uploads/1/2/4/0/124047528/press_release__hoops_litigation_.pdf\"> residents in the southern city of Carpinteria\u003c/a>, say the county has been excessively permissive toward cannabis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11767541\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/kathy-joseph2-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Vintner Kathy Joseph has learned that the fungicide she has been spraying on her grapes for decades could be drifting onto the cannabis, forcing her to use a more expensive and far less effective spray on the grapevines that are nearest to the cannabis farm.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11767541\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/kathy-joseph2-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/kathy-joseph2-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/kathy-joseph2-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/kathy-joseph2.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/kathy-joseph2-1044x783.jpg 1044w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/kathy-joseph2-632x474.jpg 632w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/kathy-joseph2-536x402.jpg 536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vintner Kathy Joseph has learned that the fungicide she has been spraying on her grapes for decades could be drifting onto the cannabis, forcing her to use a more expensive and far less effective spray on the grapevines that are nearest to the cannabis farm. \u003ccite>(Claire Heddles/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"I have nothing against cannabis. It existed whether it was legal or not legal, and this just allows it to be controlled a little bit more responsibly,\" Joseph says. \"But that isn't what happened.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB64\"> passed Proposition 64 in 2016\u003c/a> with 57% of voters in favor of legalizing recreational marijuana, but regulation of cannabis cultivation was left largely up to the counties. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than half of California's counties decided to ban recreational cannabis cultivation, \u003ca href=\"https://www.counties.org/county-cannabis-ordinances\">according to local ordinances\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the counties that do permit cannabis cultivation, Santa Barbara has issued the most legal permits in the state. Proposition 64 banned licenses for over\u003ca href=\"https://static.cdfa.ca.gov/MCCP/document/2017%201228%20Licensing%20Workshop%20Presentation.pdf\"> 1 acre of land until 2023\u003c/a>, but farmers can still \"stack\" licenses or combine small permits for neighboring plots of land. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"560\" height=\"800\" src=\"https://apps.npr.org/dailygraphics/graphics/ca-cannabis-permits-20190808/\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's what the cannabis farmer neighboring Fiddlestix Vineyard did. John De Friel has nearly 100 separate permits for neighboring plots of land, creating two of the largest legal pot farms in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says conflicts with other farmers are as old as agriculture itself. He's just the latest newcomer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's just farmers learning to farm next to each other, which is not new for California,\" De Friel says of his Raw Garden farm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the heart of his operation, there is a warehouse full of shipping container-sized refrigerators. Here, he and his team examine and crossbreed thousands of seeds in pursuit of the perfect cannabis plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our focus really has been just asking what can this plant do?\" De Friel says. \"How many different traits are there to make measurements on? How do we make the best measurements?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He takes the same scientific and strategic approach to most things. For example, when California legalized recreational pot, he called each of the Santa Barbara County supervisors and went to 65 planning meetings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11767542\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/fiddlestix-vineyards-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Fiddlestix Vineyard sits right next to John De Friel's cannabis farm's hoop houses.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11767542\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/fiddlestix-vineyards.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/fiddlestix-vineyards-160x90.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fiddlestix Vineyard sits right next to John De Friel's cannabis farm's hoop houses. \u003ccite>(Claire Heddles/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"We participated in the political process, we went to public meetings, we gave feedback,\" De Friel says, \"We exercised our First Amendment right to the freedom of speech.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The county listened to De Friel and other cannabis farmers and passed one of the most\u003ca href=\"http://cannabis.countyofsb.org/\"> cultivation-friendly ordinances\u003c/a> in the state. Up until July, Santa Barbara didn't have a cap on the number of acres that could be cultivated countywide. County Supervisor Das Williams says the county aimed to bring as much cannabis farming as possible into the legal sector. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Maybe we were a little too permissive at first,\" Williams says. \"Now we're getting to be more restrictive.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other traditional California agriculture is also facing challenges living side by side with the new crop. In Carpinteria, avocado farmers are facing a similar dilemma as north county winemakers. Scott Van Der Kar has an avocado, lemon and cherimoya farm and can't spray the pesticides he has been using for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11767544\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/scott-van-der-kar-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Scott Van Der Kar shows the scarring caused by avocado thrips after he couldn't spray his usual pesticides.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11767544\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/scott-van-der-kar-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/scott-van-der-kar-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/scott-van-der-kar-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/scott-van-der-kar.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/scott-van-der-kar-1044x783.jpg 1044w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/scott-van-der-kar-632x474.jpg 632w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/scott-van-der-kar-536x402.jpg 536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scott Van Der Kar shows the scarring caused by avocado thrips after he couldn't spray his usual pesticides. \u003ccite>(Claire Heddles/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Trying to accommodate the cannabis growers is really difficult for us, the growers who have been here who have a food crop,\" Van Der Kar says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But cannabis isn't a new crop to California or Santa Barbara County, it's just newly regulated and newly taxable. Peter Rupert teaches economics at UC Santa Barbara and studies the economics of cannabis. His findings suggest the county's wine is\u003ca href=\"https://www.sbcountywines.com/uploads/2/2/1/6/22166752/2018.pdf\"> valued at about $120 million\u003c/a>, while its cannabis is worth about $180 million, but on a tiny\u003ca href=\"https://efp.ucsb.edu/Cannabis/implan_InitialAssessment.pdf\"> fraction of the land\u003c/a>. He says the county is positioning itself to earn significant tax dollars from cannabis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Growing here in California is easy,\" Rupert says. \"My guess is once they open interstate commerce in cannabis, you know California will really take over.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But farmers and winemakers like Kathy Joseph say they hope the budding industry won't hurt traditional crops in the meantime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Unlike food crops, cannabis can't be sold if there's any trace of fungicide or pesticide in it, according to state law.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Santa Rita Hills, nestled in Santa Barbara County, are ideal for pinot noir, a notoriously finicky grape. That's why Kathy Joseph came here to plant Fiddlestix Vineyard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The plants are over 20 years old, which comes through in the wines we make. The topography is just right; the proximity to the ocean is incredible,\" Joseph says. \"Difficult to find a pinot noir district this good.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neighboring grape vines extend to the west as far as the eye can see. In the other direction, there's a new neighbor in town. This spring, a cannabis farmer started building hoop houses on the 100-acre parcel. So far, a quarter of the land is growing pot. Joseph has seen plenty of vegetable farms there before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We've lived together with other vegetables, lettuces and cauliflower, and broccoli and snap peas, and walnuts very happily,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this new crop is different. In June, Joseph learned that the fungicide she has been spraying on her grapes for decades could be drifting onto the cannabis. Unlike food crops, cannabis can't be sold if there's any trace of fungicide or pesticide in it,\u003ca href=\"https://bcc.ca.gov/about_us/documents/17-261_required_testing_chart.pdf\"> according to state law\u003c/a>. So while the county investigates, she's using a more expensive and far less effective spray on the grapevines that are nearest to the cannabis farm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11767540\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/kathy-joseph-800x599.jpg\" alt=\"Kathy Joseph looks out over the recently planted cannabis farm from her ATV. Her pinot noir grapevines are growing to her right.\" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11767540\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/kathy-joseph.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/kathy-joseph-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/kathy-joseph-632x474.jpg 632w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/kathy-joseph-536x402.jpg 536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kathy Joseph looks out over the recently planted cannabis farm from her ATV. Her pinot noir grapevines are growing to her right. \u003ccite>(Claire Heddles/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"We may lose crop because we can't protect it,\" Joseph says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joseph, and other Santa Barbara County\u003ca href=\"https://www.concernedcarpinterians.com/uploads/1/2/4/0/124047528/press_release__hoops_litigation_.pdf\"> residents in the southern city of Carpinteria\u003c/a>, say the county has been excessively permissive toward cannabis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11767541\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/kathy-joseph2-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Vintner Kathy Joseph has learned that the fungicide she has been spraying on her grapes for decades could be drifting onto the cannabis, forcing her to use a more expensive and far less effective spray on the grapevines that are nearest to the cannabis farm.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11767541\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/kathy-joseph2-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/kathy-joseph2-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/kathy-joseph2-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/kathy-joseph2.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/kathy-joseph2-1044x783.jpg 1044w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/kathy-joseph2-632x474.jpg 632w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/kathy-joseph2-536x402.jpg 536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vintner Kathy Joseph has learned that the fungicide she has been spraying on her grapes for decades could be drifting onto the cannabis, forcing her to use a more expensive and far less effective spray on the grapevines that are nearest to the cannabis farm. \u003ccite>(Claire Heddles/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"I have nothing against cannabis. It existed whether it was legal or not legal, and this just allows it to be controlled a little bit more responsibly,\" Joseph says. \"But that isn't what happened.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB64\"> passed Proposition 64 in 2016\u003c/a> with 57% of voters in favor of legalizing recreational marijuana, but regulation of cannabis cultivation was left largely up to the counties. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than half of California's counties decided to ban recreational cannabis cultivation, \u003ca href=\"https://www.counties.org/county-cannabis-ordinances\">according to local ordinances\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the counties that do permit cannabis cultivation, Santa Barbara has issued the most legal permits in the state. Proposition 64 banned licenses for over\u003ca href=\"https://static.cdfa.ca.gov/MCCP/document/2017%201228%20Licensing%20Workshop%20Presentation.pdf\"> 1 acre of land until 2023\u003c/a>, but farmers can still \"stack\" licenses or combine small permits for neighboring plots of land. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"560\" height=\"800\" src=\"https://apps.npr.org/dailygraphics/graphics/ca-cannabis-permits-20190808/\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's what the cannabis farmer neighboring Fiddlestix Vineyard did. John De Friel has nearly 100 separate permits for neighboring plots of land, creating two of the largest legal pot farms in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says conflicts with other farmers are as old as agriculture itself. He's just the latest newcomer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's just farmers learning to farm next to each other, which is not new for California,\" De Friel says of his Raw Garden farm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the heart of his operation, there is a warehouse full of shipping container-sized refrigerators. Here, he and his team examine and crossbreed thousands of seeds in pursuit of the perfect cannabis plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our focus really has been just asking what can this plant do?\" De Friel says. \"How many different traits are there to make measurements on? How do we make the best measurements?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He takes the same scientific and strategic approach to most things. For example, when California legalized recreational pot, he called each of the Santa Barbara County supervisors and went to 65 planning meetings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11767542\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/fiddlestix-vineyards-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Fiddlestix Vineyard sits right next to John De Friel's cannabis farm's hoop houses.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11767542\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/fiddlestix-vineyards.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/fiddlestix-vineyards-160x90.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fiddlestix Vineyard sits right next to John De Friel's cannabis farm's hoop houses. \u003ccite>(Claire Heddles/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"We participated in the political process, we went to public meetings, we gave feedback,\" De Friel says, \"We exercised our First Amendment right to the freedom of speech.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The county listened to De Friel and other cannabis farmers and passed one of the most\u003ca href=\"http://cannabis.countyofsb.org/\"> cultivation-friendly ordinances\u003c/a> in the state. Up until July, Santa Barbara didn't have a cap on the number of acres that could be cultivated countywide. County Supervisor Das Williams says the county aimed to bring as much cannabis farming as possible into the legal sector. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Maybe we were a little too permissive at first,\" Williams says. \"Now we're getting to be more restrictive.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other traditional California agriculture is also facing challenges living side by side with the new crop. In Carpinteria, avocado farmers are facing a similar dilemma as north county winemakers. Scott Van Der Kar has an avocado, lemon and cherimoya farm and can't spray the pesticides he has been using for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11767544\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/scott-van-der-kar-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Scott Van Der Kar shows the scarring caused by avocado thrips after he couldn't spray his usual pesticides.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11767544\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/scott-van-der-kar-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/scott-van-der-kar-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/scott-van-der-kar-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/scott-van-der-kar.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/scott-van-der-kar-1044x783.jpg 1044w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/scott-van-der-kar-632x474.jpg 632w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/scott-van-der-kar-536x402.jpg 536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scott Van Der Kar shows the scarring caused by avocado thrips after he couldn't spray his usual pesticides. \u003ccite>(Claire Heddles/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Trying to accommodate the cannabis growers is really difficult for us, the growers who have been here who have a food crop,\" Van Der Kar says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But cannabis isn't a new crop to California or Santa Barbara County, it's just newly regulated and newly taxable. Peter Rupert teaches economics at UC Santa Barbara and studies the economics of cannabis. His findings suggest the county's wine is\u003ca href=\"https://www.sbcountywines.com/uploads/2/2/1/6/22166752/2018.pdf\"> valued at about $120 million\u003c/a>, while its cannabis is worth about $180 million, but on a tiny\u003ca href=\"https://efp.ucsb.edu/Cannabis/implan_InitialAssessment.pdf\"> fraction of the land\u003c/a>. He says the county is positioning itself to earn significant tax dollars from cannabis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Growing here in California is easy,\" Rupert says. \"My guess is once they open interstate commerce in cannabis, you know California will really take over.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But farmers and winemakers like Kathy Joseph say they hope the budding industry won't hurt traditional crops in the meantime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Trump Says He Supports 'Intelligent' Background Checks",
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"headTitle": "Trump Says He Supports ‘Intelligent’ Background Checks | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>President Trump on Friday indicated that he supported new legislation on “intelligent” background checks for gun purchases after recent mass shootings in California, Texas and Ohio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On background checks, we have tremendous support for really common-sense, sensible, important background checks,” Trump told reporters at the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The president said the issue “isn’t a question of NRA, Republican or Democrat,” and added that he had spoken with the head of the National Rifle Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We will see where NRA will be, but we need meaningful background checks,” Trump said. “We don’t want people who are mentally ill, people who are sick, having guns.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump touted his “great relationship” with the gun rights group, despite his apparent willingness to break from it on gun legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' align='right' citation='House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, D-Calif.']‘This extraordinary moment in our history requires all of us to take extraordinary action to save lives.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They supported me very early and that’s been a great decision they made — we have Justice Kavanaugh, we have Justice Gorsuch, and they feel very strongly about the Second Amendment,” he said, referring to the two justices he got confirmed to the Supreme Court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s remarks come one day after House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, D-Calif., penned a \u003ca href=\"https://www.speaker.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/08.08.19-Trump-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">letter\u003c/a> to urge the president to use his constitutional powers to call the Senate back into session to consider two gun control bills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The House of Representatives passed the legislation in February, which would strengthen existing background check laws to include guns sold at shows, online and through person-to-person sales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This extraordinary moment in our history requires all of us to take extraordinary action to save lives,” Pelosi wrote to Trump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, R-Ky. has so far refused to take the legislation for a vote in the Senate. He said Thursday \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/749570316\">the Senate would discuss various gun control measures\u003c/a> when it returns to Washington in September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The president told reporters that McConnell is “on board.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I will tell you I spoke to Mitch McConnell yesterday,” Trump said. “He’s totally on board. He said, ‘I’ve been waiting for your call.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"More on Gun Control\" tag=\"gun-control\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an interview with \u003ca href=\"https://www.whas11.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WHAS\u003c/a> radio in Kentucky, McConnell said the Senate would likely debate background checks, “red flag” laws and assault weapons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we can’t do is fail to pass something,” McConnell said, adding, “The urgency of this is not lost on any of us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democrats and Republicans in the Senate are likely to disagree about what proposals to focus on, but Trump told reporters he had a “great talk” with Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer, D-N.Y., and House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, D-Calif., about the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that the Republicans are going to be great and lead the charge, along with the Democrats,” Trump said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked what Trump would tell students who may be nervous about starting school after mass shootings, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ABCPolitics/status/1159845634993618944\">the president said\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Go and really study hard, and some day you’ll grow up and maybe be President of the United States or do something else that’s fantastic. They have nothing to fear, they have nothing to worry about.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">https://www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Trump+Says+He+Supports+%27Intelligent%27+Background+Checks&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "This comes one day after House Speaker Nancy Pelosi urged him to order the Senate back into session to consider gun control legislation.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>President Trump on Friday indicated that he supported new legislation on “intelligent” background checks for gun purchases after recent mass shootings in California, Texas and Ohio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On background checks, we have tremendous support for really common-sense, sensible, important background checks,” Trump told reporters at the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The president said the issue “isn’t a question of NRA, Republican or Democrat,” and added that he had spoken with the head of the National Rifle Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We will see where NRA will be, but we need meaningful background checks,” Trump said. “We don’t want people who are mentally ill, people who are sick, having guns.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump touted his “great relationship” with the gun rights group, despite his apparent willingness to break from it on gun legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They supported me very early and that’s been a great decision they made — we have Justice Kavanaugh, we have Justice Gorsuch, and they feel very strongly about the Second Amendment,” he said, referring to the two justices he got confirmed to the Supreme Court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s remarks come one day after House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, D-Calif., penned a \u003ca href=\"https://www.speaker.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/08.08.19-Trump-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">letter\u003c/a> to urge the president to use his constitutional powers to call the Senate back into session to consider two gun control bills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The House of Representatives passed the legislation in February, which would strengthen existing background check laws to include guns sold at shows, online and through person-to-person sales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This extraordinary moment in our history requires all of us to take extraordinary action to save lives,” Pelosi wrote to Trump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, R-Ky. has so far refused to take the legislation for a vote in the Senate. He said Thursday \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/749570316\">the Senate would discuss various gun control measures\u003c/a> when it returns to Washington in September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The president told reporters that McConnell is “on board.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I will tell you I spoke to Mitch McConnell yesterday,” Trump said. “He’s totally on board. He said, ‘I’ve been waiting for your call.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>When Facebook announced plans in June to launch a new digital currency called Libra, the news sent monetary officials scrambling in China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because since 2014, the People’s Bank of China has been looking into building its own, centrally controlled cryptocurrency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' align='right' citation='Martin Chorzempa, a research fellow at the Peterson Institute of International Economics']‘If Facebook is able to attract and turn a good number of its current users of Facebook and WhatsApp into Libra coin holders and users, it could immediately leapfrog all of what China has done in terms of building up users.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We will keep a close eye on the new global digital currency,” Wang Xin, research director at China’s central bank, said of Libra at a conference in early July in Beijing. “We had an early start … but lots of work is needed to consolidate our lead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A digital currency would allow China’s central bank to record every single transaction with high precision in real time. China’s mobile payments already capture vast troves of data; estimates of nearly 2 billion accounts are registered between the two major platforms, Alibaba’s Alipay and Tencent’s WeChat Pay\u003cem>. \u003c/em>A centralized digital currency would further cement China’s dominance in financial technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“China relies on the mobile payments sector immensely. We have had a long lead time [over Libra] with the success of WeChat and Alipay, but Libra represents a huge threat on mobile payments,” says Chuanwei Zou, chief economist at Bitmain, a large Chinese company that sells equipment used to create or “mine” cryptocurrencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Facebook hopes to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/06/18/733809352/facebook-announces-plans-for-libra-its-own-cryptocurrency\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">roll out Libra\u003c/a> in the first half of 2020, presenting the most significant competition to China’s cryptocurrency ambitions. The U.S. social media company has 2.5 billion users, more than twice the amount commanded by WeChat. That gives Facebook an immediate leg up in the race for a global cryptocurrency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If Facebook is able to attract and turn a good number of its current users of Facebook and WhatsApp into Libra coin holders and users, it could immediately leapfrog all of what China has done in terms of building up users,” says Martin Chorzempa, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.piie.com/experts/senior-research-staff/martin-chorzempa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research fellow at\u003c/a> the Peterson Institute of International Economics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Facebook is building a global coalition of partners, each with a stake in the Libra Association, a nonprofit organization registered in Switzerland that will manage the cryptocurrency day to day. Facebook says it has already signed on 27 partners, including Visa, PayPal and Lyft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' align='right' citation='Chuanwei Zou, chief economist at Bitmain']‘Having a global currency is a demonstration of a country’s influence. It reflects the competitiveness of your country’s economy.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At stake in the cryptocurrency competition is control over financial data collection and the ability to conduct trade worldwide. The United States currently has an effective veto power over the global financial transactions system because so much of the world’s commerce is done in U.S. dollars, allowing it to sanction its enemies and let its companies operate globally with little to no transaction costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>China has long sought to unseat the dollar as the world’s top currency with the yuan, also known as the renminbi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Having a global currency is a demonstration of a country’s influence. It reflects the competitiveness of your country’s economy,” says Bitmain’s Zou. “The fear is that Libra might replace renminbi’s position in the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Libra will draw its value from a combination of major currencies, such as the dollar and the euro. Facebook has not said whether the yuan will be included. Depending on the final ratio, the new money could rely heavily on the dollar for stability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>China was once the biggest miner of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies, thanks to the country’s cheap and plentiful hydropower used to fuel the processing power needed to create new digital coins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in 2017, Chinese regulators began a crackdown on Bitcoin and other digital currencies that persists to this day. The authorities wiped out private exchanges and banned the creation of new cryptocurrencies, over concerns that they would enable an exodus of money and destabilize the economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID='news_11756199,news_11755366,forum_2010101866365' label='KQED coverage of cryptocurrency']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Should Libra take off, China might be convinced to loosen up its restrictive cryptocurrency regulations to allow big Chinese technology companies such as Alibaba and Tencent to issue competing digital currencies. Zhou Xiaochuan, the former director of the People’s Bank of China, floated the idea of allowing “commercial entities” to issue tokens in a speech this month, according to a transcript.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, China could also ban Libra from its cyberspace, just as it has already barred access to Facebook and its suite of products, Instagram and WhatsApp. But such a gamble might only work if Libra is not widely adopted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The problem for China is if Libra is really successful around the world and it’s banned in China then China is in a losing position and its companies might be in a disadvantage in the digital economy versus companies that are able to accept Libra,” says the Peterson Institute’s Chorzempa. “That’s quite a scary prospect.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Facebook executives are framing Libra as a necessary move to challenge China’s advances in cryptocurrencies and the new money’s record-keeping technology known as blockchain. “I believe that if America does not lead innovation in the digital currency and payments area, others will,” David Marcus, the man in charge of making Libra happen, told members of the House Financial Services Committee in \u003ca href=\"https://financialservices.house.gov/uploadedfiles/hhrg-116-ba00-wstate-marcusd-20190717.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">prepared testimony\u003c/a> on July 17.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, bipartisan \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2019/07/15/treasury-secretary-mnuchin-will-hold-a-news-conference-on-cryptocurrencies-at-2-pm-et.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">concerns over the potential\u003c/a> use of the Libra in illicit activities could delay its launch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https://www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Facebook%27s+Digital+Money+Plan+Raises+Stakes+For+China%27s+Cryptocurrency+Ambitions&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Should Libra take off, China might be convinced to loosen up its restrictive cryptocurrency regulations to allow big Chinese technology companies such as Alibaba and Tencent to issue competing digital currencies. Zhou Xiaochuan, the former director of the People’s Bank of China, floated the idea of allowing “commercial entities” to issue tokens in a speech this month, according to a transcript.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, China could also ban Libra from its cyberspace, just as it has already barred access to Facebook and its suite of products, Instagram and WhatsApp. But such a gamble might only work if Libra is not widely adopted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The problem for China is if Libra is really successful around the world and it’s banned in China then China is in a losing position and its companies might be in a disadvantage in the digital economy versus companies that are able to accept Libra,” says the Peterson Institute’s Chorzempa. “That’s quite a scary prospect.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Facebook executives are framing Libra as a necessary move to challenge China’s advances in cryptocurrencies and the new money’s record-keeping technology known as blockchain. “I believe that if America does not lead innovation in the digital currency and payments area, others will,” David Marcus, the man in charge of making Libra happen, told members of the House Financial Services Committee in \u003ca href=\"https://financialservices.house.gov/uploadedfiles/hhrg-116-ba00-wstate-marcusd-20190717.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">prepared testimony\u003c/a> on July 17.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, bipartisan \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2019/07/15/treasury-secretary-mnuchin-will-hold-a-news-conference-on-cryptocurrencies-at-2-pm-et.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">concerns over the potential\u003c/a> use of the Libra in illicit activities could delay its launch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https://www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Facebook%27s+Digital+Money+Plan+Raises+Stakes+For+China%27s+Cryptocurrency+Ambitions&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Updated at 5:22 p.m. ET\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Trump announced Friday that Guatemala has agreed to sign a “\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/WhiteHouse/status/1154861528539160576?s=20\">safe third-country asylum agreement\u003c/a>” as part of his strategy for reducing the flow of migrants to the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump made the announcement before reporters in the Oval Office as Guatemalan interior minister Enrique Degenhart signed the agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He called it “a very important” signing. “It’s going to be terrific for them and terrific for the United States,” Trump said, adding the agreement “will usher in a new era and investment and growth for Guatemala.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agreement comes after days of threats by Trump to Guatemala that included potential tariffs on Guatemalan goods, taxes on remittances sent home by Guatemalans living in the U.S. and, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/07/25/745132775/trump-administration-considering-travel-ban-on-guatemalans-after-asylum-snub\">a potential travel ban on Guatemalan nationals to the U.S. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the agreement, migrants traveling through Guatemala from countries such as Honduras and El Salvador would have to claim asylum in Guatemala instead of the U.S. Getting Guatemala to sign the agreement was a key component of Trump’s strategy for reducing illegal migration to the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside tag='asylum' label='crisis at the border']Earlier this month, Guatemala’s high court blocked its government from signing the deal with the United States, which led to Trump’s threats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s not clear whether the agreement is legal or how it will be implemented. The Guatemalan Congress is supposed to ratify such treaties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Guatemalan business leaders had pressured the government of President Jimmy Morales to make a deal with Trump. The U.S. is Guatemala’s top trading partner, and tariffs on Guatemalan goods coming into the U.S. could devastate the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump said another component of the deal will make it easier for Guatemalans to legally come to the U.S. as farmworkers. He said other countries would also soon be signing similar asylum agreements with the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Refugees International President Eric Schwartz said Guatemala is “in no way safe for refugees and asylum-seekers.” He said the agreement “also violates U.S. law and will put some of the most vulnerable people in Central America in grave danger. At the moment, it is not clear exactly what arrangement has been reached in light of the Guatemalan Constitutional Court’s provisional decision against a third-country agreement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Trump+Signs+Agreement+With+Guatemala+To+Limit+Asylum+Seekers&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Updated at 5:22 p.m. ET\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Trump announced Friday that Guatemala has agreed to sign a “\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/WhiteHouse/status/1154861528539160576?s=20\">safe third-country asylum agreement\u003c/a>” as part of his strategy for reducing the flow of migrants to the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump made the announcement before reporters in the Oval Office as Guatemalan interior minister Enrique Degenhart signed the agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He called it “a very important” signing. “It’s going to be terrific for them and terrific for the United States,” Trump said, adding the agreement “will usher in a new era and investment and growth for Guatemala.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agreement comes after days of threats by Trump to Guatemala that included potential tariffs on Guatemalan goods, taxes on remittances sent home by Guatemalans living in the U.S. and, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/07/25/745132775/trump-administration-considering-travel-ban-on-guatemalans-after-asylum-snub\">a potential travel ban on Guatemalan nationals to the U.S. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Earlier this month, Guatemala’s high court blocked its government from signing the deal with the United States, which led to Trump’s threats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s not clear whether the agreement is legal or how it will be implemented. The Guatemalan Congress is supposed to ratify such treaties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Guatemalan business leaders had pressured the government of President Jimmy Morales to make a deal with Trump. The U.S. is Guatemala’s top trading partner, and tariffs on Guatemalan goods coming into the U.S. could devastate the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump said another component of the deal will make it easier for Guatemalans to legally come to the U.S. as farmworkers. He said other countries would also soon be signing similar asylum agreements with the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Refugees International President Eric Schwartz said Guatemala is “in no way safe for refugees and asylum-seekers.” He said the agreement “also violates U.S. law and will put some of the most vulnerable people in Central America in grave danger. At the moment, it is not clear exactly what arrangement has been reached in light of the Guatemalan Constitutional Court’s provisional decision against a third-country agreement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Trump+Signs+Agreement+With+Guatemala+To+Limit+Asylum+Seekers&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Trump Administration Considering 'Travel Ban' on Guatemalans After Asylum Snub",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Trump administration is actively investigating imposing a travel ban against Guatemala unless the Central American nation takes significant steps to curb illegal migration northward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a move reminiscent of the pressure campaign President Trump launched against Mexico over immigration, the travel ban is the most explosive option of three that the administration says it’s considering against the Central American nation, according to White House and other U.S. sources familiar with the plans. Trump charged Guatemala with backing out on an immigration deal with the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID='news_11763374' label='Guatemalans in the Bay Area'] “If Guatemala doesn’t take significant action to help protect our borders, then we will, of course, look at all manner of solutions to the serious crisis we face,” a White House official told NPR, “whether it’s a travel ban, significant actions on remittances and/or tariffs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The White House is looking at the authority already granted to the executive branch to suspend the entry of classes of people when it’s considered detrimental to national interests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump said Wednesday that the United States was planning to take “severe” action against the government of Guatemala after, he said, it broke a deal with the United States to serve as a safe third-party country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003cbr>\nOne of Trump’s strategies for reducing the number of people crossing the border is to get them to go through the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/07/15/741769333/u-s-sets-new-asylum-rule-telling-potential-refugees-to-apply-elsewhere\">asylum process outside the United States\u003c/a>. Guatemala was particularly important for that strategy; the deal would have obligated migrants who traveled through Guatemala to seek protection there instead of traveling to the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This month, Guatemala’s high court blocked its government from signing the deal with the United States. Trump said he didn’t believe that the court acted independently of the Guatemalan government and that the United States would take action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re looking at something very severe with respect to Guatemala,” Trump said Wednesday as he was leaving the White House on his way to a fundraiser in West Virginia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The White House didn’t share specific details of how the travel ban would be implemented, such as whether it would apply to all Guatemalans or only certain groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But officials are looking at the same powers to control the U.S. borders that Trump cited when he banned travel from several predominantly Muslim nations shortly after becoming president.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' align='right' citation='Leon Fresco, immigration assistant attorney during the Obama administration']‘The president is not going to be able to show that law-abiding Guatemalans doing trade and commerce in the United States are in any way detrimental to the interest of the United States.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under a provision of immigration law, Congress has given the president sweeping power to indefinitely block “the entry of any class of aliens into the United States” that he or she thinks would be “detrimental to the interests of the United States.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jessica Vaughan, director of policy studies for the Center for Immigration Studies, who speaks regularly with the administration, said the situation is “long past out of control.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The president is frustrated that Congress and some lower court judges are blocking his efforts to address the border crisis, and his options are limited, so he is willing to push the envelope to get results,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Targeting remittances \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump made similar threats against Mexico if it didn’t take greater steps to slow migration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This spring, Trump threatened to impose new tariffs starting at 5% that would climb to 25% against Mexico if its government didn’t stop the flow of migrants to the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump abandoned the threat when, he said, Mexico agreed to strengthen patrols on the border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Guatemalan government did not immediately respond to questions about the possibility of a travel ban.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11763470\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11763470\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/gettyimages-1157206925_slide-2c839eb73235c229c203731388477eefed96a880-s1600-c85-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A Mexican migration officer checks the identification documents of Guatemalan migrants who crossed to Ciudad Hidalgo in Mexico on Monday.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/gettyimages-1157206925_slide-2c839eb73235c229c203731388477eefed96a880-s1600-c85-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/gettyimages-1157206925_slide-2c839eb73235c229c203731388477eefed96a880-s1600-c85-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/gettyimages-1157206925_slide-2c839eb73235c229c203731388477eefed96a880-s1600-c85-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/gettyimages-1157206925_slide-2c839eb73235c229c203731388477eefed96a880-s1600-c85-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/gettyimages-1157206925_slide-2c839eb73235c229c203731388477eefed96a880-s1600-c85.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Mexican migration officer checks the identification documents of Guatemalan migrants who crossed to Ciudad Hidalgo in Mexico on Monday. \u003ccite>(Alfredo Estrella/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But Guatemalan President Jimmy Morales said in a statement that the government was aware of the possible measures that the Trump administration could take and blamed the country’s court for damaging the “good relationship” the government has with the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All this jeopardizes the bilateral relationship with the United States that will lead to possible sanctions,” Morales said on social media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A fee or tax on Guatemalan remittances could be devastating to the Guatemalan economy. Guatemalan nationals living abroad sent back $9.5 billion in 2018, making up 12% of the country’s GDP, according to World Bank data. Most of that money comes from the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not the first time Trump has floated the idea of targeting remittances. As a candidate, he promised that Mexico would pay for a wall along the U.S.-Mexico border without equivocation or nuance and proposed a six-step plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On day 2 Mexico will immediately protest,” the campaign wrote in a two-page briefing. “They receive approximately $24 billion a year in remittances from Mexican nationals working in the United States. The majority of that amount comes from illegal aliens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Legal challenges expected\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the Trump administration’s previous bans against several Muslim-majority nations, any action taken against Guatemala is likely to trigger a legal battle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' align='right' citation='Immigration specialist David Bier']‘This would be a far broader use of the travel ban authority that we’ve seen by any prior president.’[/pullquote] But that threat is unlikely to sway Trump. He reminded a group of conservative youths on Tuesday that his administration eventually won the nearly year-and-a-half-long legal fight over a revised version of that first travel ban in the Supreme Court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People don’t realize we won the ban,” Trump said Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leon Fresco, who served as deputy assistant attorney general for the Office of Immigration Litigation in the Obama administration, said the Trump administration is likely to face a greater legal challenge if it seeks to block Guatemalans conducting legitimate business in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There will be lawsuits because the standard for a travel ban is that you have to show that the entry of law-abiding Guatemalans would be detrimental to the interest of the United States,” Fresco said. “And the president is not going to be able to show that law-abiding Guatemalans doing trade and commerce in the United States are in any way detrimental to the interest of the United States. There is no security threat of any kind from Guatemala toward the United States.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The White House official emphasized that the Trump administration would simply use long-standing powers taken by \u003ca href=\"https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2004-01-14/pdf/04-957.pdf\">many past administrations\u003c/a> to block citizens of some countries from entering the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside tag='asylum' label='the remittances angle']In 1986, President Ronald Reagan \u003ca href=\"https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/codification/proclamations/05517.html\">imposed a ban on Cuban nationals\u003c/a> and, in 1988, on \u003ca href=\"https://www.cato.org/blog/prior-presidents-travel-bans-are-different-president-trumps-ban\">certain Nicaraguan officials\u003c/a> for the “unjustified expulsion from Nicaragua of the United States ambassador and seven other United States diplomats.” The Clinton and Obama administrations also blocked some foreign nationals from entering the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But immigration specialists, such as David Bier of the Cato Institute, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cato.org/blog/prior-presidents-travel-bans-are-different-president-trumps-ban\">argue that no president\u003c/a> has used the provision on the same scale as Trump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No prior ban had ever targeted multiple nationalities at the same time,” Bier told NPR. “And only one earlier ban in 1986 had included an entire nationality and that one only did so for a few months. This would be a far broader use of the travel ban authority that we’ve seen by any prior president.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. sources familiar with the administration’s plans to take action against Guatemala caution that nothing is final until Trump signs the paperwork. But they say the plans show Trump’s comments were not just a mere threat after Guatemala backed out of the deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not like a gleam in anyone’s eyes. It’s in the works,” said a source familiar with details of some of the remittance plans. “This is not just some random comment from Trump. It’s a reflection of policies that they’re looking to implement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Trump administration is actively investigating imposing a travel ban against Guatemala unless the Central American nation takes significant steps to curb illegal migration northward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a move reminiscent of the pressure campaign President Trump launched against Mexico over immigration, the travel ban is the most explosive option of three that the administration says it’s considering against the Central American nation, according to White House and other U.S. sources familiar with the plans. Trump charged Guatemala with backing out on an immigration deal with the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp> “If Guatemala doesn’t take significant action to help protect our borders, then we will, of course, look at all manner of solutions to the serious crisis we face,” a White House official told NPR, “whether it’s a travel ban, significant actions on remittances and/or tariffs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The White House is looking at the authority already granted to the executive branch to suspend the entry of classes of people when it’s considered detrimental to national interests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump said Wednesday that the United States was planning to take “severe” action against the government of Guatemala after, he said, it broke a deal with the United States to serve as a safe third-party country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cbr>\nOne of Trump’s strategies for reducing the number of people crossing the border is to get them to go through the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/07/15/741769333/u-s-sets-new-asylum-rule-telling-potential-refugees-to-apply-elsewhere\">asylum process outside the United States\u003c/a>. Guatemala was particularly important for that strategy; the deal would have obligated migrants who traveled through Guatemala to seek protection there instead of traveling to the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This month, Guatemala’s high court blocked its government from signing the deal with the United States. Trump said he didn’t believe that the court acted independently of the Guatemalan government and that the United States would take action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re looking at something very severe with respect to Guatemala,” Trump said Wednesday as he was leaving the White House on his way to a fundraiser in West Virginia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The White House didn’t share specific details of how the travel ban would be implemented, such as whether it would apply to all Guatemalans or only certain groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But officials are looking at the same powers to control the U.S. borders that Trump cited when he banned travel from several predominantly Muslim nations shortly after becoming president.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘The president is not going to be able to show that law-abiding Guatemalans doing trade and commerce in the United States are in any way detrimental to the interest of the United States.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under a provision of immigration law, Congress has given the president sweeping power to indefinitely block “the entry of any class of aliens into the United States” that he or she thinks would be “detrimental to the interests of the United States.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jessica Vaughan, director of policy studies for the Center for Immigration Studies, who speaks regularly with the administration, said the situation is “long past out of control.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The president is frustrated that Congress and some lower court judges are blocking his efforts to address the border crisis, and his options are limited, so he is willing to push the envelope to get results,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Targeting remittances \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump made similar threats against Mexico if it didn’t take greater steps to slow migration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This spring, Trump threatened to impose new tariffs starting at 5% that would climb to 25% against Mexico if its government didn’t stop the flow of migrants to the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump abandoned the threat when, he said, Mexico agreed to strengthen patrols on the border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Guatemalan government did not immediately respond to questions about the possibility of a travel ban.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11763470\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11763470\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/gettyimages-1157206925_slide-2c839eb73235c229c203731388477eefed96a880-s1600-c85-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A Mexican migration officer checks the identification documents of Guatemalan migrants who crossed to Ciudad Hidalgo in Mexico on Monday.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/gettyimages-1157206925_slide-2c839eb73235c229c203731388477eefed96a880-s1600-c85-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/gettyimages-1157206925_slide-2c839eb73235c229c203731388477eefed96a880-s1600-c85-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/gettyimages-1157206925_slide-2c839eb73235c229c203731388477eefed96a880-s1600-c85-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/gettyimages-1157206925_slide-2c839eb73235c229c203731388477eefed96a880-s1600-c85-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/gettyimages-1157206925_slide-2c839eb73235c229c203731388477eefed96a880-s1600-c85.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Mexican migration officer checks the identification documents of Guatemalan migrants who crossed to Ciudad Hidalgo in Mexico on Monday. \u003ccite>(Alfredo Estrella/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But Guatemalan President Jimmy Morales said in a statement that the government was aware of the possible measures that the Trump administration could take and blamed the country’s court for damaging the “good relationship” the government has with the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All this jeopardizes the bilateral relationship with the United States that will lead to possible sanctions,” Morales said on social media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A fee or tax on Guatemalan remittances could be devastating to the Guatemalan economy. Guatemalan nationals living abroad sent back $9.5 billion in 2018, making up 12% of the country’s GDP, according to World Bank data. Most of that money comes from the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not the first time Trump has floated the idea of targeting remittances. As a candidate, he promised that Mexico would pay for a wall along the U.S.-Mexico border without equivocation or nuance and proposed a six-step plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On day 2 Mexico will immediately protest,” the campaign wrote in a two-page briefing. “They receive approximately $24 billion a year in remittances from Mexican nationals working in the United States. The majority of that amount comes from illegal aliens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Legal challenges expected\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the Trump administration’s previous bans against several Muslim-majority nations, any action taken against Guatemala is likely to trigger a legal battle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp> But that threat is unlikely to sway Trump. He reminded a group of conservative youths on Tuesday that his administration eventually won the nearly year-and-a-half-long legal fight over a revised version of that first travel ban in the Supreme Court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People don’t realize we won the ban,” Trump said Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leon Fresco, who served as deputy assistant attorney general for the Office of Immigration Litigation in the Obama administration, said the Trump administration is likely to face a greater legal challenge if it seeks to block Guatemalans conducting legitimate business in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There will be lawsuits because the standard for a travel ban is that you have to show that the entry of law-abiding Guatemalans would be detrimental to the interest of the United States,” Fresco said. “And the president is not going to be able to show that law-abiding Guatemalans doing trade and commerce in the United States are in any way detrimental to the interest of the United States. There is no security threat of any kind from Guatemala toward the United States.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The White House official emphasized that the Trump administration would simply use long-standing powers taken by \u003ca href=\"https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2004-01-14/pdf/04-957.pdf\">many past administrations\u003c/a> to block citizens of some countries from entering the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>In 1986, President Ronald Reagan \u003ca href=\"https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/codification/proclamations/05517.html\">imposed a ban on Cuban nationals\u003c/a> and, in 1988, on \u003ca href=\"https://www.cato.org/blog/prior-presidents-travel-bans-are-different-president-trumps-ban\">certain Nicaraguan officials\u003c/a> for the “unjustified expulsion from Nicaragua of the United States ambassador and seven other United States diplomats.” The Clinton and Obama administrations also blocked some foreign nationals from entering the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But immigration specialists, such as David Bier of the Cato Institute, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cato.org/blog/prior-presidents-travel-bans-are-different-president-trumps-ban\">argue that no president\u003c/a> has used the provision on the same scale as Trump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No prior ban had ever targeted multiple nationalities at the same time,” Bier told NPR. “And only one earlier ban in 1986 had included an entire nationality and that one only did so for a few months. This would be a far broader use of the travel ban authority that we’ve seen by any prior president.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. sources familiar with the administration’s plans to take action against Guatemala caution that nothing is final until Trump signs the paperwork. But they say the plans show Trump’s comments were not just a mere threat after Guatemala backed out of the deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not like a gleam in anyone’s eyes. It’s in the works,” said a source familiar with details of some of the remittance plans. “This is not just some random comment from Trump. It’s a reflection of policies that they’re looking to implement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp> “The Justice Department upholds the rule of law — and we owe it to the victims and their families to carry forward the sentence imposed by our justice system,” Barr said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal execution protocol had previously utilized a three-drug cocktail; the DOJ says that it will now use just one drug, pentobarbital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as NPR Justice Correspondent Carrie Johnson reports, one reason the U.S. government has not carried out executions since 2003 was because of problems obtaining the previous three-drug protocol. “There have been shortages for at least one of those drugs,” she adds, and that scarcity has made it difficult for the federal system to actually carry out death sentences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barr says federal courts have upheld using pentobarbital alone in execution as consistent with the Eighth Amendment, which prohibits cruel and unusual punishment. Other combinations of drugs have faced significant legal challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first of the federal executions is scheduled to take place on Dec. 9. Daniel Lewis Lee was found guilty of murdering three members of a family, including an 8-year-old child. According to the DOJ, Lee is a member of a white supremacist group, and he was convicted by a jury at a federal court in Arkansas in 1999.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past 10 years, at least five states — New Mexico, Illinois, Connecticut, Maryland and New Hampshire — have abolished the death penalty, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/civil-and-criminal-justice/death-penalty.aspx\">National Conference of State Legislatures\u003c/a>. And in March, California Gov. Gavin Newsom \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/03/12/702873258/gov-gavin-newsom-suspends-death-penalty-in-california\">put an executive moratorium\u003c/a> on his state’s death penalty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of March 2019, there were 737 condemned inmates on California’s death row, the largest in the nation. Newsom’s order prevented the state from putting them to death by granting temporary reprieves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In two more states — Washington and Delaware — courts recently ruled that their capital punishment laws are unconstitutional.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Updated at 4:26 p.m. ET\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Get Caught Up:\u003c/strong> Republicans and Democrats took their questions for former special counsel Robert Mueller in sharply different directions on Wednesday. Mueller appeared before both the House judiciary and intelligence committees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Mueller reinforced that he had not \"exculpated\" President Trump and said he believed Trump could be charged with obstruction of justice when out of office.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Mueller said he thought that future political campaigns should report contacts with foreign agents and that they could be, \"depending on the circumstances, a crime.\"\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>As to Trump's praise of WikiLeaks in 2016 as it was revealing material stolen by Russian cyberattackers: \"Problematic would be an understatement,\" Mueller said.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/07/24/744174570/read-robert-muellers-opening-statement-before-congressional-hearings\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Read Mueller's opening statement\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Watch Mueller's testimony and analysis from PBS NewsHour.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/vI6zefu_kss\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peril from foreign interference in American elections will persist through the 2020 presidential race, former special counsel Robert Mueller warned on Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked whether Russia would attempt to attack future U.S. elections, as it did in 2016, Mueller replied: \"They're doing it as we sit here.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mueller didn't detail a prescription for how he believes Congress or the United States should respond, but he recommended generally that intelligence and law enforcement agencies should work together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They should use the full resources that we have to address this,\" Mueller said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That warning followed hours of hearings before two committees in which Democrats sought to underscore that Mueller had not cleared Trump of obstruction allegations and that he had found many contacts between Trump's campaign and the Russian interference in the 2016 election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Did you actually totally exonerate the president?\" asked House Judiciary Committee Chairman Jerry Nadler, D-N.Y.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"No,\" Mueller said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rMsmGrlv060\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exchange made the point that Democrats have repeated since Mueller filed his report: His findings don't boil down to a vindication or an inoculation for Trump, as the president claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What isn't clear is what they will mean in terms of actions by the president's opponents. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mueller studiously avoided being drawn into questions about prospective impeachment proceedings — which divide the Democrats that control the House majority — although he admitted that a prosecutor still might charge Trump with a crime after he's no longer in office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rep. Ken Buck, R-Colo., asked Mueller whether he believed there was sufficient evidence for a charge when Trump no longer enjoys the protection of the Justice Department policy that forbids indicting a president.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, Mueller said. But for the Office of Legal Counsel's opinion that bars charging a president, the former special counsel said to Rep. Ted Lieu, D-Calif., that he and his office might have decided whether to try to bring an indictment against Trump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K459NBUK_GU\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some Democratic presidential candidates \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/06/08/730941386/harris-justice-dept-would-have-no-choice-but-to-prosecute-trump-after-presidency\">have endorsed doing so\u003c/a> if they're elected next year, but no president has ever been prosecuted after the fact for actions in office — another political minefield for the party to navigate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other Democrats on Wednesday emphasized what they called key findings from the special counsel's investigation, including the details about Trump's then-campaign chairman, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/03/13/702743703/paul-manafort-to-serve-total-of-more-than-7-years-following-d-c-guilty-plea\">Paul Manafort\u003c/a>, meeting with a Russian contact who has been linked with Russia's intelligence agencies — and giving him polling and other material from the Trump campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Mueller also stressed that he would not go beyond what he has already said or written or violate the guidelines the Justice Department has imposed on what he can reveal on Wednesday. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Time and time again, he declined to associate himself with whatever characterization was being drawn by a lawmaker questioning him and on a few occasions he responded curtly: \"I take your question.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Collins and Co. for the Minority\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Republicans used their time with Mueller to emphasize that the special counsel established no conspiracy between the Trump campaign and the Russian attack on the election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>House Judiciary Committee Ranking Member Doug Collins, R-Ga., sought to underscore the thoroughness of Mueller's report — and the conclusion, supported by that thoroughness, that there had been no conspiracy between Trump's campaign in 2016 and the Russians who interfered in the election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other members attacked the former special counsel for what they called malpractice and bias. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rep. John Ratcliffe, R-Texas, told Mueller that he had failed to fulfill his responsibilities as a prosecutor by writing that he could neither charge Trump nor \"exonerate him\" — because exoneration is not a prosecutor's job, Ratcliffe said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His job is to determine whether sufficient evidence exists to bring a charge and, if he can't, not only mustn't he bring the charge, he also must not reveal what he uncovered because there won't be an indictment, Ratcliffe said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You managed to violate every principle and most sacred tradition for prosecutors,\" the Texas congressman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rLmpAbr6h5c\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ratcliffe asked Mueller whether he could cite a written Justice Department policy that permitted the specific actions he had taken with his investigation and his report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I cannot,\" Mueller said, \"but this is a unique situation.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rep. Steve Chabot, R-Ohio, sought to draw Mueller out about some of the more salacious aspects of the Russia imbroglio, including \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/04/25/586040491/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-russia-investigations-the-dossier\">the so-called Russia dossier\u003c/a> produced by former British intelligence officer Christopher Steele. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Mueller wouldn't go there. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said that matter was being handled by others inside the Justice Department and, at one point, said he didn't know either the names Fusion GPS — the political intelligence firm that commissioned the Steele material — or Glenn Simpson, its founder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mueller deferred again in the session with the House intelligence committee to address alternative hypothesis propounded by Ranking Member Devin Nunes, R-Calif., and other members about the early phase of the Russia investigation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's also being \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/05/24/726593232/barr-is-investigating-the-investigators-will-he-find-wrongdoing-or-political-fue\">investigated by others in the Justice Department\u003c/a>, Mueller said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KNIipT35Eh4\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The former special counsel also tried to dispute accusations that members of his team were politically biased because of their work with Democrats or political contributions. Mueller said he picked the most effective people for the job. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Justice Department calls for officials not to consider employees' political views when hiring or making assignment. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Reluctant Witness\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The white-haired former G-man didn't want to testify before Congress. He gave many one-word or monosyllabic answers, asked members of Congress to repeat themselves, and frequently responded by saying, \"I'd refer you to the report.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mueller \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/05/29/727847695/special-counsel-mueller-to-deliver-statement-on-russia-investigation\">said in a brief statement\u003c/a> at the Justice Department earlier this year that his report was his testimony and that he didn't think it would be appropriate for him to star in a big set piece event on Capitol Hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"Robert Mueller\" tag=\"robert-mueller\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The longtime prosecutor also sometimes appeared to struggle to follow which members of Congress were questioning him and he wasn't able to recount precisely, at one point, which presidents in the past had nominated him for which of the roles he has served.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democrats had insisted that Mueller appear. They negotiated for months and eventually compelled him with a subpoena. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nadler believed it would be valuable for more Americans to see and hear Mueller on TV describing what he found in his investigation, given that many people haven't read \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/04/18/708850903/read-the-full-mueller-report-with-redactions\">his report\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mueller documented a vast wave of interference by Russia's government in the 2016 presidential election with the object of hurting candidate Hillary Clinton and helping Trump get elected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The special counsel's office also documented many contacts between Trump's campaign and Russians during that time but did not establish a criminal conspiracy related to the election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rep. Jim Himes, D-Conn., mentioned during the intelligence committee hearing that national security officials — including, earlier this week, FBI Director Christopher Wray — have warned that election interference will continue through the 2020 presidential race.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knowing what Americans know today, Himes said, should a campaign contacted by foreign agents report that to the FBI?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It should and it can be — depending on the circumstances — a crime,\" Mueller said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As to Trump's praise for WikiLeaks in 2016 while it was revealing politically embarrassing material stolen by Russian government cyberattackers, Mueller was asked about his reaction to those comments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Problematic is an understatement,\" Mueller said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volume II of Mueller's report details a number of instances that Democrats and other critics have called obstruction of justice, including attempts by Trump to remove Mueller himself — and then cover up those efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>President Sanguine\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Trump and his aides insisted they were unconcerned about Mueller's testimony.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/05/29/582724398/special-counsel-robert-mueller-steps-down-after-leading-russia-inquiry\">special counsel's office closed\u003c/a> without bringing any more \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/12/09/643444815/all-the-criminal-charges-to-emerge-so-far-from-robert-muellers-investigation\">criminal charges\u003c/a> against Trump's inner circle, and Trump has stressed that he views Mueller's report — which explicitly does not exonerate the president — as an exoneration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump's private lawyer, Jay Sekulow, said ahead of the hearing that the legal team wouldn't have a \"war room\" running to countermessage Mueller's testimony. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump allies inside and outside the White House said they expected that the former special counsel wouldn't stray beyond his report, but still they faulted Mueller's hearings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This morning's testimony exposed the troubling deficiencies of the special counsel's investigation,\" Sekulow said Wednesday. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The testimony revealed that this probe was conducted by a small group of politically biased prosecutors who, as hard as they tried, we're unable to establish either obstruction, conspiracy, or collusion between the Trump campaign and Russia.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump revisited some of his old attacks on Mueller as being \"conflicted\" and a \"never Trumper\" leading up to the testimony, but he also sought to appear calm about the hearings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All the same, the president \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1153997249497772032\">offered his own commentary\u003c/a> about the pre-gavel coverage before Mueller's opening statement on Wednesday: \"NO COLLUSION, NO OBSTRUCTION!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1153997249497772032\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only thing on Trump's schedule for Wednesday is a private fundraiser later in the day in West Virginia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The president had said he wasn't planning to tune in to see Mueller — and then also said, \"Maybe I'll see a little bit of it.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, Trump tweeted and retweeted videos and commentary on the hearing throughout the day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>NPR White House correspondent Tamara Keith contributed to this report.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Mueller+On+Election+Interference%3A+%27They%27re+Doing+It+As+We+Sit+Here%27&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Updated at 4:26 p.m. ET\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Get Caught Up:\u003c/strong> Republicans and Democrats took their questions for former special counsel Robert Mueller in sharply different directions on Wednesday. Mueller appeared before both the House judiciary and intelligence committees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Mueller reinforced that he had not \"exculpated\" President Trump and said he believed Trump could be charged with obstruction of justice when out of office.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Mueller said he thought that future political campaigns should report contacts with foreign agents and that they could be, \"depending on the circumstances, a crime.\"\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>As to Trump's praise of WikiLeaks in 2016 as it was revealing material stolen by Russian cyberattackers: \"Problematic would be an understatement,\" Mueller said.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/07/24/744174570/read-robert-muellers-opening-statement-before-congressional-hearings\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Read Mueller's opening statement\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Watch Mueller's testimony and analysis from PBS NewsHour.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/vI6zefu_kss'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/vI6zefu_kss'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Peril from foreign interference in American elections will persist through the 2020 presidential race, former special counsel Robert Mueller warned on Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked whether Russia would attempt to attack future U.S. elections, as it did in 2016, Mueller replied: \"They're doing it as we sit here.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mueller didn't detail a prescription for how he believes Congress or the United States should respond, but he recommended generally that intelligence and law enforcement agencies should work together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They should use the full resources that we have to address this,\" Mueller said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That warning followed hours of hearings before two committees in which Democrats sought to underscore that Mueller had not cleared Trump of obstruction allegations and that he had found many contacts between Trump's campaign and the Russian interference in the 2016 election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Did you actually totally exonerate the president?\" asked House Judiciary Committee Chairman Jerry Nadler, D-N.Y.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"No,\" Mueller said.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/rMsmGrlv060'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/rMsmGrlv060'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>The exchange made the point that Democrats have repeated since Mueller filed his report: His findings don't boil down to a vindication or an inoculation for Trump, as the president claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What isn't clear is what they will mean in terms of actions by the president's opponents. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mueller studiously avoided being drawn into questions about prospective impeachment proceedings — which divide the Democrats that control the House majority — although he admitted that a prosecutor still might charge Trump with a crime after he's no longer in office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rep. Ken Buck, R-Colo., asked Mueller whether he believed there was sufficient evidence for a charge when Trump no longer enjoys the protection of the Justice Department policy that forbids indicting a president.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, Mueller said. But for the Office of Legal Counsel's opinion that bars charging a president, the former special counsel said to Rep. Ted Lieu, D-Calif., that he and his office might have decided whether to try to bring an indictment against Trump.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/K459NBUK_GU'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/K459NBUK_GU'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Some Democratic presidential candidates \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/06/08/730941386/harris-justice-dept-would-have-no-choice-but-to-prosecute-trump-after-presidency\">have endorsed doing so\u003c/a> if they're elected next year, but no president has ever been prosecuted after the fact for actions in office — another political minefield for the party to navigate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other Democrats on Wednesday emphasized what they called key findings from the special counsel's investigation, including the details about Trump's then-campaign chairman, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/03/13/702743703/paul-manafort-to-serve-total-of-more-than-7-years-following-d-c-guilty-plea\">Paul Manafort\u003c/a>, meeting with a Russian contact who has been linked with Russia's intelligence agencies — and giving him polling and other material from the Trump campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Mueller also stressed that he would not go beyond what he has already said or written or violate the guidelines the Justice Department has imposed on what he can reveal on Wednesday. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Time and time again, he declined to associate himself with whatever characterization was being drawn by a lawmaker questioning him and on a few occasions he responded curtly: \"I take your question.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Collins and Co. for the Minority\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Republicans used their time with Mueller to emphasize that the special counsel established no conspiracy between the Trump campaign and the Russian attack on the election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>House Judiciary Committee Ranking Member Doug Collins, R-Ga., sought to underscore the thoroughness of Mueller's report — and the conclusion, supported by that thoroughness, that there had been no conspiracy between Trump's campaign in 2016 and the Russians who interfered in the election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other members attacked the former special counsel for what they called malpractice and bias. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rep. John Ratcliffe, R-Texas, told Mueller that he had failed to fulfill his responsibilities as a prosecutor by writing that he could neither charge Trump nor \"exonerate him\" — because exoneration is not a prosecutor's job, Ratcliffe said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His job is to determine whether sufficient evidence exists to bring a charge and, if he can't, not only mustn't he bring the charge, he also must not reveal what he uncovered because there won't be an indictment, Ratcliffe said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You managed to violate every principle and most sacred tradition for prosecutors,\" the Texas congressman said.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/rLmpAbr6h5c'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/rLmpAbr6h5c'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Ratcliffe asked Mueller whether he could cite a written Justice Department policy that permitted the specific actions he had taken with his investigation and his report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I cannot,\" Mueller said, \"but this is a unique situation.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rep. Steve Chabot, R-Ohio, sought to draw Mueller out about some of the more salacious aspects of the Russia imbroglio, including \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/04/25/586040491/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-russia-investigations-the-dossier\">the so-called Russia dossier\u003c/a> produced by former British intelligence officer Christopher Steele. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Mueller wouldn't go there. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said that matter was being handled by others inside the Justice Department and, at one point, said he didn't know either the names Fusion GPS — the political intelligence firm that commissioned the Steele material — or Glenn Simpson, its founder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mueller deferred again in the session with the House intelligence committee to address alternative hypothesis propounded by Ranking Member Devin Nunes, R-Calif., and other members about the early phase of the Russia investigation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's also being \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/05/24/726593232/barr-is-investigating-the-investigators-will-he-find-wrongdoing-or-political-fue\">investigated by others in the Justice Department\u003c/a>, Mueller said.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/KNIipT35Eh4'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/KNIipT35Eh4'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>The former special counsel also tried to dispute accusations that members of his team were politically biased because of their work with Democrats or political contributions. Mueller said he picked the most effective people for the job. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Justice Department calls for officials not to consider employees' political views when hiring or making assignment. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Reluctant Witness\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The white-haired former G-man didn't want to testify before Congress. He gave many one-word or monosyllabic answers, asked members of Congress to repeat themselves, and frequently responded by saying, \"I'd refer you to the report.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mueller \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/05/29/727847695/special-counsel-mueller-to-deliver-statement-on-russia-investigation\">said in a brief statement\u003c/a> at the Justice Department earlier this year that his report was his testimony and that he didn't think it would be appropriate for him to star in a big set piece event on Capitol Hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The longtime prosecutor also sometimes appeared to struggle to follow which members of Congress were questioning him and he wasn't able to recount precisely, at one point, which presidents in the past had nominated him for which of the roles he has served.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democrats had insisted that Mueller appear. They negotiated for months and eventually compelled him with a subpoena. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nadler believed it would be valuable for more Americans to see and hear Mueller on TV describing what he found in his investigation, given that many people haven't read \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/04/18/708850903/read-the-full-mueller-report-with-redactions\">his report\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mueller documented a vast wave of interference by Russia's government in the 2016 presidential election with the object of hurting candidate Hillary Clinton and helping Trump get elected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The special counsel's office also documented many contacts between Trump's campaign and Russians during that time but did not establish a criminal conspiracy related to the election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rep. Jim Himes, D-Conn., mentioned during the intelligence committee hearing that national security officials — including, earlier this week, FBI Director Christopher Wray — have warned that election interference will continue through the 2020 presidential race.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knowing what Americans know today, Himes said, should a campaign contacted by foreign agents report that to the FBI?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It should and it can be — depending on the circumstances — a crime,\" Mueller said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As to Trump's praise for WikiLeaks in 2016 while it was revealing politically embarrassing material stolen by Russian government cyberattackers, Mueller was asked about his reaction to those comments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Problematic is an understatement,\" Mueller said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volume II of Mueller's report details a number of instances that Democrats and other critics have called obstruction of justice, including attempts by Trump to remove Mueller himself — and then cover up those efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>President Sanguine\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Trump and his aides insisted they were unconcerned about Mueller's testimony.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/05/29/582724398/special-counsel-robert-mueller-steps-down-after-leading-russia-inquiry\">special counsel's office closed\u003c/a> without bringing any more \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/12/09/643444815/all-the-criminal-charges-to-emerge-so-far-from-robert-muellers-investigation\">criminal charges\u003c/a> against Trump's inner circle, and Trump has stressed that he views Mueller's report — which explicitly does not exonerate the president — as an exoneration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump's private lawyer, Jay Sekulow, said ahead of the hearing that the legal team wouldn't have a \"war room\" running to countermessage Mueller's testimony. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump allies inside and outside the White House said they expected that the former special counsel wouldn't stray beyond his report, but still they faulted Mueller's hearings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This morning's testimony exposed the troubling deficiencies of the special counsel's investigation,\" Sekulow said Wednesday. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The testimony revealed that this probe was conducted by a small group of politically biased prosecutors who, as hard as they tried, we're unable to establish either obstruction, conspiracy, or collusion between the Trump campaign and Russia.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump revisited some of his old attacks on Mueller as being \"conflicted\" and a \"never Trumper\" leading up to the testimony, but he also sought to appear calm about the hearings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All the same, the president \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1153997249497772032\">offered his own commentary\u003c/a> about the pre-gavel coverage before Mueller's opening statement on Wednesday: \"NO COLLUSION, NO OBSTRUCTION!\"\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>The only thing on Trump's schedule for Wednesday is a private fundraiser later in the day in West Virginia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The president had said he wasn't planning to tune in to see Mueller — and then also said, \"Maybe I'll see a little bit of it.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, Trump tweeted and retweeted videos and commentary on the hearing throughout the day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>NPR White House correspondent Tamara Keith contributed to this report.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Mueller+On+Election+Interference%3A+%27They%27re+Doing+It+As+We+Sit+Here%27&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "FTC to Hold Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg Liable for Any Future Privacy Violations",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Updated at 9:07 a.m. ET\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg will have to personally answer to federal regulators under an agreement to settle a privacy case with the Federal Trade Commission that includes a $5 billion penalty for the giant social media company, the agency announced Wednesday. Separately, Facebook will \u003ca href=\"https://www.sec.gov/news/press-release/2019-140\">pay $100 million\u003c/a> to settle a case with the Securities and Exchange Commission for making misleading disclosures about the risk that users' data would be misused, the SEC said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under \u003ca href=\"https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2019/07/ftc-imposes-5-billion-penalty-sweeping-new-privacy-restrictions\">the FTC agreement\u003c/a>, Zuckerberg will be required to submit quarterly compliance reports directly to the federal regulators and to Facebook's board of directors. If the Facebook co-founder or \"designated compliance officers\" violate the agreement, they could be subject to civil and criminal penalties, the FTC said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's no way that the CEO can bury his head in the sand,\" James Kohm, head of the FTC's enforcement unit, told NPR. \"There's no ostrich defense.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside tag=\"facebook\" label=\"More Facebook Coverage\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to FTC investigators, Facebook violated the terms of its \u003ca href=\"https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2011/11/facebook-settles-ftc-charges-it-deceived-consumers-failing-keep\">2011 settlement\u003c/a> with the agency, in which it promised to protect user data from broad sharing with third-party apps. The company also committed new violations, they said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kohm described two major incidents in which Facebook effectively lied to users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, the company solicited phone numbers, saying they were being collected to verify users' identity if a password needed to be reset. Millions of people trusted the company, and then Facebook took those phone numbers and used them not just for security, but also for advertising purposes, the FTC said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, according to regulators, the company conducted facial recognition tracking on 60 million users without proper consent. Facebook must notify users who were affected and offer to delete the data collected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"https://newsroom.fb.com/news/2019/07/ftc-agreement/\">a blog post\u003c/a> Wednesday, Facebook said the FTC agreement \"is not only about regulators, it's about rebuilding trust with people. ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have heard that words and apologies are not enough and that we need to show action. By resolving both the SEC and the FTC investigations, we hope to close this chapter and turn our focus and resources toward the future,\" the company said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a separate post, Zuckerberg wrote: \"We have a responsibility to protect people's privacy. We already work hard to live up to this responsibility, but now we're going to set a completely new standard for our industry.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an earnings call earlier this year, Facebook disclosed it was expected to pay a multibillion-dollar fine to regulators. Following the company's announcement, the stock price jumped. Investors continued to have faith in the business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some critics charge the FTC fine is too small, but Kohm said it sends a tough message.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The idea that $5 billion is a slap on the wrist just doesn't pass the laugh test. It is an enormous amount of profits,\" he said. \"[Facebook] didn't give it up easily. It is way higher than any case in U.S. history other than Deepwater Horizon [the Gulf of Mexico oil spill], where there was massive amounts of harm.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data privacy harm is less tangible than oil spill harm. But the FTC says the $5 billion is for deterrence — to send a message to other tech companies. Kohm says Facebook fought against it, though the company didn't want to litigate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The settlement comes as big tech companies such as Facebook, Google and Amazon face increased calls for regulation amid scrutiny over whether they're too big and powerful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It follows by one day \u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-reviewing-practices-market-leading-online-platforms\">the Justice Department's announcement\u003c/a> that its antitrust division is reviewing \"whether and how market-leading online platforms have achieved market power and are engaging in practices that have reduced competition, stifled innovation, or otherwise harmed consumers.\" The department did not say which companies are under review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FTC's investigation of Facebook began more than a year ago in the wake of revelations that Cambridge Analytica, a firm that had worked with President Trump's 2016 campaign, had gathered \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/05/02/607782799/cambridge-analytica-is-shutting-down-after-facebook-data-controversy\">personal data\u003c/a> from up to 87 million Facebook users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Facebook had been in negotiations with the FTC following concerns that the social media giant violated the 2011 consent decree in which it promised to give consumers \"clear and prominent notice\" when sharing their data with others and to get \"express consent.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And on Wednesday, the company settled a case with securities regulators over the Cambridge Analytica matter. The SEC said Facebook \"discovered the misuse of its users' information in 2015, but did not correct its existing disclosure for more than two years.\" Instead, the agency said, \"Facebook continued to tell investors that \"our users' data may be improperly accessed, used or disclosed.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Facebook presented the risk of misuse of user data as hypothetical when they knew user data had in fact been misused,\" Stephanie Avakian, co-director of the SEC's Enforcement Division, said in a statement. \"Public companies must have procedures in place to make accurate disclosures about material business risks.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Facebook told investors in April that it \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/04/24/716886822/facebook-could-face-up-to-5-billion-fine-for-privacy-violations\">expected to pay\u003c/a> a fine of up to $5 billion in a settlement with the FTC. By comparison, the company reported $55.8 billion in revenues and a profit of $22.1 billion last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Facebook is one of NPR's financial sponsors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zuckerberg faced \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/04/10/599808766/i-m-responsible-for-what-happens-at-facebook-mark-zuckerberg-will-tell-senate\">hours of questioning\u003c/a> in congressional hearings in April 2018 over the Cambridge Analytica scandal and how Facebook handled user data. \"We didn't take a broad enough view of our responsibility, and that was a big mistake. It was my mistake, and I'm sorry,\" he told lawmakers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Days earlier, Facebook Chief Operating Officer Sheryl Sandberg\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/04/05/599770568/facebooks-sheryl-sandberg-on-data-privacy-fail-we-were-way-too-idealistic\"> told NPR\u003c/a> in an interview: \"We really believed in protecting privacy. But we were way too idealistic. We did not think enough about the abuse cases.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March 2019, Zuckerberg promised to bring encryption and self-destruct features to Messenger and other Facebook apps, in a move meant to signal the company's \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/03/06/700896972/facebook-promises-more-private-and-self-destructing-messages\">commitment to privacy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Facebook \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/06/04/616792341/facebook-defends-giving-device-makers-access-to-users-data-for-years\">denied reports\u003c/a> in June 2018 that the company exposed its users' private information to other big tech companies as part of a plan to become ubiquitous on mobile devices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, several groups that advocate for children's rights and privacy rights asked the FTC to investigate whether Facebook illegally \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/02/21/696430478/advocates-ask-ftc-to-investigate-facebook-deception-over-kids-in-game-purchases\">enticed children to spend money\u003c/a> on in-game purchases without their parents' consent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Facebook's plan to launch a digital currency has \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/07/16/742168185/tech-firms-to-face-lawmakers-over-antitrust-digital-currency\">drawn skepticism from lawmakers\u003c/a>, who cited the company's repeated missteps over privacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Updated at 9:07 a.m. ET\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg will have to personally answer to federal regulators under an agreement to settle a privacy case with the Federal Trade Commission that includes a $5 billion penalty for the giant social media company, the agency announced Wednesday. Separately, Facebook will \u003ca href=\"https://www.sec.gov/news/press-release/2019-140\">pay $100 million\u003c/a> to settle a case with the Securities and Exchange Commission for making misleading disclosures about the risk that users' data would be misused, the SEC said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under \u003ca href=\"https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2019/07/ftc-imposes-5-billion-penalty-sweeping-new-privacy-restrictions\">the FTC agreement\u003c/a>, Zuckerberg will be required to submit quarterly compliance reports directly to the federal regulators and to Facebook's board of directors. If the Facebook co-founder or \"designated compliance officers\" violate the agreement, they could be subject to civil and criminal penalties, the FTC said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's no way that the CEO can bury his head in the sand,\" James Kohm, head of the FTC's enforcement unit, told NPR. \"There's no ostrich defense.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to FTC investigators, Facebook violated the terms of its \u003ca href=\"https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2011/11/facebook-settles-ftc-charges-it-deceived-consumers-failing-keep\">2011 settlement\u003c/a> with the agency, in which it promised to protect user data from broad sharing with third-party apps. The company also committed new violations, they said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kohm described two major incidents in which Facebook effectively lied to users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, the company solicited phone numbers, saying they were being collected to verify users' identity if a password needed to be reset. Millions of people trusted the company, and then Facebook took those phone numbers and used them not just for security, but also for advertising purposes, the FTC said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, according to regulators, the company conducted facial recognition tracking on 60 million users without proper consent. Facebook must notify users who were affected and offer to delete the data collected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"https://newsroom.fb.com/news/2019/07/ftc-agreement/\">a blog post\u003c/a> Wednesday, Facebook said the FTC agreement \"is not only about regulators, it's about rebuilding trust with people. ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have heard that words and apologies are not enough and that we need to show action. By resolving both the SEC and the FTC investigations, we hope to close this chapter and turn our focus and resources toward the future,\" the company said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a separate post, Zuckerberg wrote: \"We have a responsibility to protect people's privacy. We already work hard to live up to this responsibility, but now we're going to set a completely new standard for our industry.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an earnings call earlier this year, Facebook disclosed it was expected to pay a multibillion-dollar fine to regulators. Following the company's announcement, the stock price jumped. Investors continued to have faith in the business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some critics charge the FTC fine is too small, but Kohm said it sends a tough message.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The idea that $5 billion is a slap on the wrist just doesn't pass the laugh test. It is an enormous amount of profits,\" he said. \"[Facebook] didn't give it up easily. It is way higher than any case in U.S. history other than Deepwater Horizon [the Gulf of Mexico oil spill], where there was massive amounts of harm.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data privacy harm is less tangible than oil spill harm. But the FTC says the $5 billion is for deterrence — to send a message to other tech companies. Kohm says Facebook fought against it, though the company didn't want to litigate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The settlement comes as big tech companies such as Facebook, Google and Amazon face increased calls for regulation amid scrutiny over whether they're too big and powerful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It follows by one day \u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-reviewing-practices-market-leading-online-platforms\">the Justice Department's announcement\u003c/a> that its antitrust division is reviewing \"whether and how market-leading online platforms have achieved market power and are engaging in practices that have reduced competition, stifled innovation, or otherwise harmed consumers.\" The department did not say which companies are under review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FTC's investigation of Facebook began more than a year ago in the wake of revelations that Cambridge Analytica, a firm that had worked with President Trump's 2016 campaign, had gathered \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/05/02/607782799/cambridge-analytica-is-shutting-down-after-facebook-data-controversy\">personal data\u003c/a> from up to 87 million Facebook users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Facebook had been in negotiations with the FTC following concerns that the social media giant violated the 2011 consent decree in which it promised to give consumers \"clear and prominent notice\" when sharing their data with others and to get \"express consent.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And on Wednesday, the company settled a case with securities regulators over the Cambridge Analytica matter. The SEC said Facebook \"discovered the misuse of its users' information in 2015, but did not correct its existing disclosure for more than two years.\" Instead, the agency said, \"Facebook continued to tell investors that \"our users' data may be improperly accessed, used or disclosed.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Facebook presented the risk of misuse of user data as hypothetical when they knew user data had in fact been misused,\" Stephanie Avakian, co-director of the SEC's Enforcement Division, said in a statement. \"Public companies must have procedures in place to make accurate disclosures about material business risks.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Facebook told investors in April that it \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/04/24/716886822/facebook-could-face-up-to-5-billion-fine-for-privacy-violations\">expected to pay\u003c/a> a fine of up to $5 billion in a settlement with the FTC. By comparison, the company reported $55.8 billion in revenues and a profit of $22.1 billion last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Facebook is one of NPR's financial sponsors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zuckerberg faced \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/04/10/599808766/i-m-responsible-for-what-happens-at-facebook-mark-zuckerberg-will-tell-senate\">hours of questioning\u003c/a> in congressional hearings in April 2018 over the Cambridge Analytica scandal and how Facebook handled user data. \"We didn't take a broad enough view of our responsibility, and that was a big mistake. It was my mistake, and I'm sorry,\" he told lawmakers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Days earlier, Facebook Chief Operating Officer Sheryl Sandberg\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/04/05/599770568/facebooks-sheryl-sandberg-on-data-privacy-fail-we-were-way-too-idealistic\"> told NPR\u003c/a> in an interview: \"We really believed in protecting privacy. But we were way too idealistic. We did not think enough about the abuse cases.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March 2019, Zuckerberg promised to bring encryption and self-destruct features to Messenger and other Facebook apps, in a move meant to signal the company's \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/03/06/700896972/facebook-promises-more-private-and-self-destructing-messages\">commitment to privacy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Facebook \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/06/04/616792341/facebook-defends-giving-device-makers-access-to-users-data-for-years\">denied reports\u003c/a> in June 2018 that the company exposed its users' private information to other big tech companies as part of a plan to become ubiquitous on mobile devices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, several groups that advocate for children's rights and privacy rights asked the FTC to investigate whether Facebook illegally \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/02/21/696430478/advocates-ask-ftc-to-investigate-facebook-deception-over-kids-in-game-purchases\">enticed children to spend money\u003c/a> on in-game purchases without their parents' consent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Facebook's plan to launch a digital currency has \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/07/16/742168185/tech-firms-to-face-lawmakers-over-antitrust-digital-currency\">drawn skepticism from lawmakers\u003c/a>, who cited the company's repeated missteps over privacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Equifax will pay up to $700 million in fines and monetary relief to consumers over a 2017 data breach at the credit reporting bureau that affected nearly 150 million people, including 15 million Californians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/documents/cfpb_equifax-inc_proposed-stipulated-order_2019-07.pdf\">proposed settlement\u003c/a>, which is subject to approval by a federal court, was \u003ca href=\"https://www.consumerfinance.gov/about-us/newsroom/cfpb-ftc-states-announce-settlement-with-equifax-over-2017-data-breach/\">announced Monday\u003c/a> by the company, the Federal Trade Commission, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, 48 states, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On top of holding Equifax accountable for one of the most devastating data breaches to face our nation, we have now recovered hundreds of millions of dollars to help our families who fell victim,” said California Attorney General Becerra, who led the multistate coalition, \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/news/press-releases/attorney-general-becerra-announces-settlement-against-equifax-providing-600\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in a statement\u003c/a>. “Equifax, one of only three major credit reporting agencies, had a responsibility to secure and protect Americans’ data. Instead, it breached public trust.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"Related Coverage\" tag=\"online-privacy\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The consumer data exposed in the breach included Social Security numbers, birthdates and addresses and, in some cases, driver’s license numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CFPB Director Kathleen Kraninger said the settlement includes $425 million to cover the “time and money [people affected by the breach] spent to protect themselves from potential threats of identity theft or addressing incidents of identity theft as a result of the breach.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Equifax \u003ca href=\"https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2019/07/equifax-pay-575-million-part-settlement-ftc-cfpb-states-related\">also agreed\u003c/a> to pay $175 million to the states, including more than $18.7 million to California, and $100 million to the CFPB in civil penalties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, starting in January, Equifax “will provide all U.S. consumers with six free credit reports each year for seven years,” the FTC said. That’s in addition to the free annual credit reports that Equifax, and the two other nationwide credit reporting agencies — Experian and TransUnion — currently provide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the settlement, affected consumers will be eligible for free credit monitoring. Those who already have credit monitoring services for at least six months can request a $125 cash payment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our credit status impacts nearly every aspect of our lives — from purchasing a home or a car to finding a job,” Becerra said. “The same Americans who had to immediately protect themselves from fraudsters or identify thieves will have to be vigilant for the rest of their lives. We encourage every eligible person to apply for the relief they are entitled to as part of our settlement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People affected by the breach may also qualify for cash payments of up to $20,000 for: the time they spent dealing with fraud, identity theft or other misuses of their personal information, or taking preventative steps such as placing or removing security freezes; for out-of-pocket losses; and for 25% of the cost of Equifax credit or identity-monitoring products they paid for in the year before the breach was announced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Equifax failed to take basic steps that may have prevented the breach,” FTC Chairman Joe Simons said in the agency’s announcement. “This settlement requires that the company take steps to improve its data security.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FTC alleges that Equifax “failed to patch its network after being alerted in March 2017 to a critical security vulnerability” and that the company didn’t discover that its database was unpatched until four months later, when it detected suspicious traffic on its network. Multiple hackers were able to exploit the vulnerability, the FTC said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"https://investor.equifax.com/news-and-events/news/2019/07-22-2019-125543228\">a statement\u003c/a>, Equifax called the proposed settlement “a positive step for U.S. consumers.” Equifax CEO Mark Begor said the $425 million consumer fund “reinforces our commitment to putting consumers first and safeguarding their data — and reflects the seriousness with which we take this matter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some consumer advocates said the proposed settlement didn’t go far enough, given the long-term harm the breach inflicted. “The shelf life of financial DNA is forever so this sounds like a sweetheart deal for a company that failed to do its basic job: protect consumer data,” the U.S. Public Interest Research Group said \u003ca href=\"https://uspirg.org/news/usp/equifax-penalty-%E2%80%9Csweetheart-deal%E2%80%9D-leaves-consumers-risk\">in a statement\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But others praised the agreement. Justin Brookman, director of privacy and technology policy for Consumer Reports, said the FTC \u003ca href=\"https://www.consumerreports.org/credit-bureaus/equifax-settlement/\">was able to force Equifax\u003c/a> to “spend a fair amount of money as far as improving security, paying for credit monitoring, and reimbursing consumers for their expenses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sen. Mark Warner, D-Va., a member of the Senate Banking Committee, said in a statement that he was happy consumers will be compensated but added, “we need structural reforms and increased oversight of credit reporting agencies in order to make sure that this never happens again.” Warner is co-sponsoring legislation that would give the FTC more authority to supervise data security at the credit agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED’s Don Clyde contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Equifax will pay up to $700 million in fines and monetary relief to consumers over a 2017 data breach at the credit reporting bureau that affected nearly 150 million people, including 15 million Californians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/documents/cfpb_equifax-inc_proposed-stipulated-order_2019-07.pdf\">proposed settlement\u003c/a>, which is subject to approval by a federal court, was \u003ca href=\"https://www.consumerfinance.gov/about-us/newsroom/cfpb-ftc-states-announce-settlement-with-equifax-over-2017-data-breach/\">announced Monday\u003c/a> by the company, the Federal Trade Commission, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, 48 states, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On top of holding Equifax accountable for one of the most devastating data breaches to face our nation, we have now recovered hundreds of millions of dollars to help our families who fell victim,” said California Attorney General Becerra, who led the multistate coalition, \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/news/press-releases/attorney-general-becerra-announces-settlement-against-equifax-providing-600\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in a statement\u003c/a>. “Equifax, one of only three major credit reporting agencies, had a responsibility to secure and protect Americans’ data. Instead, it breached public trust.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The consumer data exposed in the breach included Social Security numbers, birthdates and addresses and, in some cases, driver’s license numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CFPB Director Kathleen Kraninger said the settlement includes $425 million to cover the “time and money [people affected by the breach] spent to protect themselves from potential threats of identity theft or addressing incidents of identity theft as a result of the breach.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Equifax \u003ca href=\"https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2019/07/equifax-pay-575-million-part-settlement-ftc-cfpb-states-related\">also agreed\u003c/a> to pay $175 million to the states, including more than $18.7 million to California, and $100 million to the CFPB in civil penalties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, starting in January, Equifax “will provide all U.S. consumers with six free credit reports each year for seven years,” the FTC said. That’s in addition to the free annual credit reports that Equifax, and the two other nationwide credit reporting agencies — Experian and TransUnion — currently provide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the settlement, affected consumers will be eligible for free credit monitoring. Those who already have credit monitoring services for at least six months can request a $125 cash payment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our credit status impacts nearly every aspect of our lives — from purchasing a home or a car to finding a job,” Becerra said. “The same Americans who had to immediately protect themselves from fraudsters or identify thieves will have to be vigilant for the rest of their lives. We encourage every eligible person to apply for the relief they are entitled to as part of our settlement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People affected by the breach may also qualify for cash payments of up to $20,000 for: the time they spent dealing with fraud, identity theft or other misuses of their personal information, or taking preventative steps such as placing or removing security freezes; for out-of-pocket losses; and for 25% of the cost of Equifax credit or identity-monitoring products they paid for in the year before the breach was announced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Equifax failed to take basic steps that may have prevented the breach,” FTC Chairman Joe Simons said in the agency’s announcement. “This settlement requires that the company take steps to improve its data security.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FTC alleges that Equifax “failed to patch its network after being alerted in March 2017 to a critical security vulnerability” and that the company didn’t discover that its database was unpatched until four months later, when it detected suspicious traffic on its network. Multiple hackers were able to exploit the vulnerability, the FTC said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"https://investor.equifax.com/news-and-events/news/2019/07-22-2019-125543228\">a statement\u003c/a>, Equifax called the proposed settlement “a positive step for U.S. consumers.” Equifax CEO Mark Begor said the $425 million consumer fund “reinforces our commitment to putting consumers first and safeguarding their data — and reflects the seriousness with which we take this matter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some consumer advocates said the proposed settlement didn’t go far enough, given the long-term harm the breach inflicted. “The shelf life of financial DNA is forever so this sounds like a sweetheart deal for a company that failed to do its basic job: protect consumer data,” the U.S. Public Interest Research Group said \u003ca href=\"https://uspirg.org/news/usp/equifax-penalty-%E2%80%9Csweetheart-deal%E2%80%9D-leaves-consumers-risk\">in a statement\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But others praised the agreement. Justin Brookman, director of privacy and technology policy for Consumer Reports, said the FTC \u003ca href=\"https://www.consumerreports.org/credit-bureaus/equifax-settlement/\">was able to force Equifax\u003c/a> to “spend a fair amount of money as far as improving security, paying for credit monitoring, and reimbursing consumers for their expenses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sen. Mark Warner, D-Va., a member of the Senate Banking Committee, said in a statement that he was happy consumers will be compensated but added, “we need structural reforms and increased oversight of credit reporting agencies in order to make sure that this never happens again.” Warner is co-sponsoring legislation that would give the FTC more authority to supervise data security at the credit agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED’s Don Clyde contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"tagline": "The flip side of gentrification, told through one town",
"info": "Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?",
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},
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"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
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},
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"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"order": 8
},
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},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"order": 1
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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}
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"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
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"source": "NPR"
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"jerrybrown": {
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"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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