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"content": "\u003cp>Teresa Partain has a job few people know exists. She’s a content moderator for Google’s ads engine and many of her colleagues do the same work for Google Search. Their job is to make sure the results people see are accurate and not spam or scams. Google calls these workers “quality raters,” but Partain said they call themselves “ghost workers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most people — even at Google — have no idea that we exist,” Partain said. “They don’t know that there are human beings doing a lot of the work. They think that the software is magic and already perfect and doesn’t need maintenance. And that’s just not true.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now they want to be seen. They’ve written letters to Google executives, held a rally outside the company’s Silicon Valley headquarters and created a petition to demand benefits and better pay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Partain isn’t employed by Google directly, but by a subcontractor called Appen. And, she said, that employment setup is what has led to worker grievances — mainly low wages, no benefits and isolation from colleagues. Partain is one of at least 10,000 people worldwide doing this job, according to Google.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They work from home and even though they’re employed by subcontractors, they’re given assignments directly by Google. Partain evaluates the quality and placement of Google ads, while her colleagues rate the quality of Google Search results. Their tasks can range from confirming a search for “carrot cake recipe” brings up relevant results to making sure an airfare ad doesn’t appear next to a news story about a plane crash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without them, Google Search wouldn’t function smoothly. Google says it gets \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search/howsearchworks/how-search-works/rigorous-testing/\">billions of queries\u003c/a> every day and it’s constantly making improvements to ensure its algorithms keep up. Danny Sullivan, the company’s public liaison for Search, wrote in a\u003ca href=\"https://blog.google/products/search/raters-experiments-improve-google-search/\"> blog post\u003c/a> that getting feedback from raters is “a key part of our evaluation process.”[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Roberto Clack, executive director, Temp Worker Justice\"]‘A lot of people don’t really understand just how prevalent the subcontracting and staffing agency usage is. These models are really the driving force towards lower labor standards.’[/pullquote]Raters work on Google’s two most vital products — Search and ads. In 2022, Google made more than \u003ca href=\"https://abc.xyz/investor/static/pdf/20230203_alphabet_10K.pdf?cache=5ae4398\">$224 billion in revenue (PDF)\u003c/a> from Search and advertising, accounting for more than 79% of its total revenue. For comparison, that’s more than the entire gross domestic product of Greece.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We support billions of dollars of revenue,” Google rater Ed Stackhouse told NPR. “And we get paid less than your average fast food worker.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google raters who work for Appen make between $14 and $14.50 an hour and under company policy can’t work more than 29 hours a week. Raters who spoke with NPR said they have health conditions or family needs that require them to work from home and they appreciate they can do that. But, since they can’t work more than 29 hours a week, they’re not eligible for benefits like health care and sick leave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google spokesperson Courtenay Mencini told NPR in a statement that “Our suppliers manage all employment terms for the raters, including pay and benefits.” Appen, which is an Australian company that has other big tech clients such as Salesforce and LinkedIn, didn’t respond to multiple requests for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Ramping up the pressure\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>A group of about 50 Google workers gathered in an outdoor courtyard at the company’s sprawling California headquarters in February. Many of them wore red t-shirts that sported the Alphabet Workers Union logo, which is a labor group made up of people who work for Google and its parent company Alphabet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They unfurled a massive white cloth banner that read, “Google: End Rater Poverty” and chanted “Equal pay for equal work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raters had come from around the country to hand deliver a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ratersunion.org/\">petition\u003c/a> to Prabhakar Raghavan, Google’s senior vice president in charge of Search, ads and other divisions. The petition, which has now been signed by more than 850 raters, asks Raghavan to meet with them to discuss better pay and benefits.[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Ed Stackhouse, Google rater\"]‘We support billions of dollars of revenue. And we get paid less than your average fast food worker.’[/pullquote]Partain flew in from Kansas for the rally and said she’d been a rater for more than seven years and that she and her colleagues “want to be able to do our job well, earn a dignified wage and have access to basic benefits.” The raters were joined by worker advocates, local politicians and union representatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of people don’t really understand just how prevalent the subcontracting and staffing agency usage is,” said Roberto Clack, executive director of Temp Worker Justice, a nonprofit that advocates for contract workers. “These models are really the driving force towards lower labor standards.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google’s Mencini declined to provide numbers on the company’s subcontractor workforce. But, according to estimates from the Alphabet Workers Union, Alphabet has around 200,000 contract workers worldwide who do \u003ca href=\"https://everygoogleworker.alphabetworkersunion.org/\">all sorts of jobs\u003c/a>. That’s more than 50% of the company’s total workforce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>The raters’ pressure campaign on Google began last year. With the help of Alphabet Workers Union, they began meeting each other and organizing online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May, Alphabet Workers Union published an open letter to Raghavan demanding the company raise pay for raters. Then, in January of this year, raters who work for Appen \u003ca href=\"https://www.forbes.com/sites/richardnieva/2023/01/11/google-search-quality-rater-raise/\">got their first-ever raise\u003c/a> to $14 or $14.50 an hour, based on seniority. Previously, workers made roughly $10 to $13 an hour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the February rally, Appen raters were told they’d get another raise by the end of this year that would increase their pay to $15 an hour. Then, a couple weeks later, Appen sent them an email saying the hours they work could be extended from the previous maximum of 26 hours per week to what raters have now — 29 hours per week. Raters can work their own hours, but it can be no more than 29 per week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So, the magic 30 hours a week is what we can’t go past,” Partain said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google’s Mencini told NPR that the company’s \u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/support.google.com/corporate-suppliers/answer/10208902/*zippy=__;Iw!!Iwwt!Ub5DUC5iYYOJz9Y7sePkrMr9s_4Id4QlDovj04rf7c2RxXO5jdmw1TQ2oA5dU4_x1Qyq8MnV7RFg%24\">Wages and Benefits standards\u003c/a> — which would provide health care and sick leave to contractors — only apply to people who are assigned to Google at least 30 hours per week and have access to the company’s corporate systems or campuses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raters say that as long as they haven’t met that threshold, they’re going to keep up the pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re asking for now is just to be allowed to get the same benefits as people who work 30 hours a week are supposed to get,” Partain said. “And if we have to work 30 hours a week in order to get them, people would be happy to do that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As far as a response from Raghavan to meet with them, raters say they’re still waiting.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Partain isn’t employed by Google directly, but by a subcontractor called Appen. And, she said, that employment setup is what has led to worker grievances — mainly low wages, no benefits and isolation from colleagues. Partain is one of at least 10,000 people worldwide doing this job, according to Google.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They work from home and even though they’re employed by subcontractors, they’re given assignments directly by Google. Partain evaluates the quality and placement of Google ads, while her colleagues rate the quality of Google Search results. Their tasks can range from confirming a search for “carrot cake recipe” brings up relevant results to making sure an airfare ad doesn’t appear next to a news story about a plane crash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without them, Google Search wouldn’t function smoothly. Google says it gets \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search/howsearchworks/how-search-works/rigorous-testing/\">billions of queries\u003c/a> every day and it’s constantly making improvements to ensure its algorithms keep up. Danny Sullivan, the company’s public liaison for Search, wrote in a\u003ca href=\"https://blog.google/products/search/raters-experiments-improve-google-search/\"> blog post\u003c/a> that getting feedback from raters is “a key part of our evaluation process.”\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Raters work on Google’s two most vital products — Search and ads. In 2022, Google made more than \u003ca href=\"https://abc.xyz/investor/static/pdf/20230203_alphabet_10K.pdf?cache=5ae4398\">$224 billion in revenue (PDF)\u003c/a> from Search and advertising, accounting for more than 79% of its total revenue. For comparison, that’s more than the entire gross domestic product of Greece.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We support billions of dollars of revenue,” Google rater Ed Stackhouse told NPR. “And we get paid less than your average fast food worker.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google raters who work for Appen make between $14 and $14.50 an hour and under company policy can’t work more than 29 hours a week. Raters who spoke with NPR said they have health conditions or family needs that require them to work from home and they appreciate they can do that. But, since they can’t work more than 29 hours a week, they’re not eligible for benefits like health care and sick leave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google spokesperson Courtenay Mencini told NPR in a statement that “Our suppliers manage all employment terms for the raters, including pay and benefits.” Appen, which is an Australian company that has other big tech clients such as Salesforce and LinkedIn, didn’t respond to multiple requests for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Ramping up the pressure\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>A group of about 50 Google workers gathered in an outdoor courtyard at the company’s sprawling California headquarters in February. Many of them wore red t-shirts that sported the Alphabet Workers Union logo, which is a labor group made up of people who work for Google and its parent company Alphabet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They unfurled a massive white cloth banner that read, “Google: End Rater Poverty” and chanted “Equal pay for equal work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raters had come from around the country to hand deliver a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ratersunion.org/\">petition\u003c/a> to Prabhakar Raghavan, Google’s senior vice president in charge of Search, ads and other divisions. The petition, which has now been signed by more than 850 raters, asks Raghavan to meet with them to discuss better pay and benefits.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Partain flew in from Kansas for the rally and said she’d been a rater for more than seven years and that she and her colleagues “want to be able to do our job well, earn a dignified wage and have access to basic benefits.” The raters were joined by worker advocates, local politicians and union representatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of people don’t really understand just how prevalent the subcontracting and staffing agency usage is,” said Roberto Clack, executive director of Temp Worker Justice, a nonprofit that advocates for contract workers. “These models are really the driving force towards lower labor standards.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google’s Mencini declined to provide numbers on the company’s subcontractor workforce. But, according to estimates from the Alphabet Workers Union, Alphabet has around 200,000 contract workers worldwide who do \u003ca href=\"https://everygoogleworker.alphabetworkersunion.org/\">all sorts of jobs\u003c/a>. That’s more than 50% of the company’s total workforce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>The raters’ pressure campaign on Google began last year. With the help of Alphabet Workers Union, they began meeting each other and organizing online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May, Alphabet Workers Union published an open letter to Raghavan demanding the company raise pay for raters. Then, in January of this year, raters who work for Appen \u003ca href=\"https://www.forbes.com/sites/richardnieva/2023/01/11/google-search-quality-rater-raise/\">got their first-ever raise\u003c/a> to $14 or $14.50 an hour, based on seniority. Previously, workers made roughly $10 to $13 an hour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the February rally, Appen raters were told they’d get another raise by the end of this year that would increase their pay to $15 an hour. Then, a couple weeks later, Appen sent them an email saying the hours they work could be extended from the previous maximum of 26 hours per week to what raters have now — 29 hours per week. Raters can work their own hours, but it can be no more than 29 per week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So, the magic 30 hours a week is what we can’t go past,” Partain said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google’s Mencini told NPR that the company’s \u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/support.google.com/corporate-suppliers/answer/10208902/*zippy=__;Iw!!Iwwt!Ub5DUC5iYYOJz9Y7sePkrMr9s_4Id4QlDovj04rf7c2RxXO5jdmw1TQ2oA5dU4_x1Qyq8MnV7RFg%24\">Wages and Benefits standards\u003c/a> — which would provide health care and sick leave to contractors — only apply to people who are assigned to Google at least 30 hours per week and have access to the company’s corporate systems or campuses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raters say that as long as they haven’t met that threshold, they’re going to keep up the pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re asking for now is just to be allowed to get the same benefits as people who work 30 hours a week are supposed to get,” Partain said. “And if we have to work 30 hours a week in order to get them, people would be happy to do that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As far as a response from Raghavan to meet with them, raters say they’re still waiting.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Days after one of the largest bank failures in U.S. history, the fallout continues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the country’s top banking and financial regulators appeared before the Senate Banking Committee on Tuesday to testify about what led to the downfall of Silicon Valley Bank – and how to prevent the same thing from happening elsewhere.[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Michael Barr, vice chair for supervision, Federal Reserve\"]‘The [bank’s] risk model was not at all aligned with reality.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The collapse of the SVB, along with Signature Bank, has sparked scrutiny of the roles played by both bank managers and regulators. Policymakers will be debating whether new laws, rules or attitudes are needed to keep other banks from going under.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are five takeaways from Tuesday’s hearing:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Silicon Valley Bank’s management messed up\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Regulators had some tough words about SVB’s management at the hearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silicon Valley Bank more than tripled in size in the last three years, but its financial controls didn’t keep pace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The government bonds it was buying with depositors’ money tumbled in value as interest rates rose, but the bank seemed unconcerned by that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The [bank’s] risk model was not at all aligned with reality,” said Michael Barr, the Federal Reserve’s vice chair for supervision. “This is a textbook case of bank mismanagement,”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bank recognized the problem only belatedly and tried to raise cash by selling some of its bonds at a loss earlier this month. That merely alarmed depositors, sparking an unusually rapid run on the bank.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Regulators issued warnings, but the problems were not fixed\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>How much blame should be laid at regulators feet? That was a question that cropped up repeatedly during the hearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barr stressed that federal regulators had repeatedly warned the bank’s managers about the risks it was facing, at least as far back as October 2021. The bank was served with formal notices documenting “matters requiring attention” and “matters requiring immediate attention.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the risks remained and the Fed stopped short of ordering changes, which frustrated some of the senators in the Senate Banking Committee from both sides of the aisle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It looks to me like the regulators knew the problem, but nobody dropped the hammer,” said Sen. Jon Tester, D-Mont.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problems developed during a time when the Fed was generally pursuing a light touch in bank regulation. In 2021, for example, the Fed issued a rule — at the urging of bank lobbyists — noting that guidance from bank supervisors does not carry the force of law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That led some senators to call out colleagues who pushed for lighter rules, only to turn around and blame a lack of regulatory muscle for the bank’s failure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got a lot of folks that had been saying for months and years, ‘let’s rein in the bank supervisors,’ and now all of a sudden, it’s like, ‘Where were the supervisors? Why weren’t they being more aggressive?,'” said Sen. Chris Van Hollen, D-Md.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barr is leading a review of the way the Federal Reserve supervised both Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank. His report is expected by May 1.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Modern bank runs can happen really fast\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In their testimony, regulators also stressed the speed at which the banks collapsed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When big depositors got wind of the problems at Silicon Valley Bank, they raced to pull their money out, withdrawing $42 billion in a single day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s an extraordinary pace and scale,” Barr said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bank scrambled to borrow more money overnight, but it couldn’t keep up. By the following morning, depositors had signaled plans to withdraw another $100 billion — more than the bank could get its hands on, according to Barr.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They were not able to actually meet their obligations to pay their depositors over the course of that day and they were shut down,” Barr said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Other banks will pay for the failure, but maybe not all banks\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Also under scrutiny throughout the testimony, was the federal regulators’ decision to backstop all deposits at SVB as well as Signature Bank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silicon Valley bank was taken over by the FDIC on March 10, but fears of a more widespread bank run led regulators to announce days later they would guarantee all the deposits at both SVB and Signature Bank, not just the $250,000 per account that’s typically insured.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Making customers whole is expected to cost the deposit insurance fund $20 billion for Silicon Valley Bank and $2.5 billion for Signature Bank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By law, that money will come from a special assessment on other banks — and that’s left many senators unhappy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Wyoming’s community banks may end up paying for this,” complained Sen. Cynthia Lummis, R-Wyo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FDIC Chairman Martin Gruenberg stressed that the agency has some discretion in how those insurance costs are divided up among different categories of banks. A recommended formula will be announced in early May.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Bank executives could pay\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The role of SVB’s top executives came under scrutiny as well during the hearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawmakers expressed frustration at reports that executives at Silicon Valley Bank sold stock and received bonuses shortly before the bank’s collapse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the government doesn’t have explicit authority to claw back compensation, it does have the power to levy fines, order restitution and prohibit those executives from working at other banks, if wrongdoing is found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Almost every American would agree it’s simply wrong for the CEO and top executives to profit from their own mismanagement and then leave FDIC holding the bag,” Van Hollen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Biden this month urged Congress to pass legislation to increase the penalties on bank executives when mismanagement leads to bank failures, though it’s unclear whether lawmakers will act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=5+things+we+learned+from+the+Senate+hearing+on+the+Silicon+Valley+Bank+collapse&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Days after one of the largest bank failures in U.S. history, the fallout continues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the country’s top banking and financial regulators appeared before the Senate Banking Committee on Tuesday to testify about what led to the downfall of Silicon Valley Bank – and how to prevent the same thing from happening elsewhere.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The collapse of the SVB, along with Signature Bank, has sparked scrutiny of the roles played by both bank managers and regulators. Policymakers will be debating whether new laws, rules or attitudes are needed to keep other banks from going under.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are five takeaways from Tuesday’s hearing:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Silicon Valley Bank’s management messed up\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Regulators had some tough words about SVB’s management at the hearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silicon Valley Bank more than tripled in size in the last three years, but its financial controls didn’t keep pace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The government bonds it was buying with depositors’ money tumbled in value as interest rates rose, but the bank seemed unconcerned by that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The [bank’s] risk model was not at all aligned with reality,” said Michael Barr, the Federal Reserve’s vice chair for supervision. “This is a textbook case of bank mismanagement,”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bank recognized the problem only belatedly and tried to raise cash by selling some of its bonds at a loss earlier this month. That merely alarmed depositors, sparking an unusually rapid run on the bank.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Regulators issued warnings, but the problems were not fixed\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>How much blame should be laid at regulators feet? That was a question that cropped up repeatedly during the hearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barr stressed that federal regulators had repeatedly warned the bank’s managers about the risks it was facing, at least as far back as October 2021. The bank was served with formal notices documenting “matters requiring attention” and “matters requiring immediate attention.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the risks remained and the Fed stopped short of ordering changes, which frustrated some of the senators in the Senate Banking Committee from both sides of the aisle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It looks to me like the regulators knew the problem, but nobody dropped the hammer,” said Sen. Jon Tester, D-Mont.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problems developed during a time when the Fed was generally pursuing a light touch in bank regulation. In 2021, for example, the Fed issued a rule — at the urging of bank lobbyists — noting that guidance from bank supervisors does not carry the force of law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That led some senators to call out colleagues who pushed for lighter rules, only to turn around and blame a lack of regulatory muscle for the bank’s failure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got a lot of folks that had been saying for months and years, ‘let’s rein in the bank supervisors,’ and now all of a sudden, it’s like, ‘Where were the supervisors? Why weren’t they being more aggressive?,'” said Sen. Chris Van Hollen, D-Md.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barr is leading a review of the way the Federal Reserve supervised both Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank. His report is expected by May 1.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Modern bank runs can happen really fast\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In their testimony, regulators also stressed the speed at which the banks collapsed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When big depositors got wind of the problems at Silicon Valley Bank, they raced to pull their money out, withdrawing $42 billion in a single day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s an extraordinary pace and scale,” Barr said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bank scrambled to borrow more money overnight, but it couldn’t keep up. By the following morning, depositors had signaled plans to withdraw another $100 billion — more than the bank could get its hands on, according to Barr.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They were not able to actually meet their obligations to pay their depositors over the course of that day and they were shut down,” Barr said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Other banks will pay for the failure, but maybe not all banks\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Also under scrutiny throughout the testimony, was the federal regulators’ decision to backstop all deposits at SVB as well as Signature Bank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silicon Valley bank was taken over by the FDIC on March 10, but fears of a more widespread bank run led regulators to announce days later they would guarantee all the deposits at both SVB and Signature Bank, not just the $250,000 per account that’s typically insured.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Making customers whole is expected to cost the deposit insurance fund $20 billion for Silicon Valley Bank and $2.5 billion for Signature Bank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By law, that money will come from a special assessment on other banks — and that’s left many senators unhappy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Wyoming’s community banks may end up paying for this,” complained Sen. Cynthia Lummis, R-Wyo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FDIC Chairman Martin Gruenberg stressed that the agency has some discretion in how those insurance costs are divided up among different categories of banks. A recommended formula will be announced in early May.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Bank executives could pay\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The role of SVB’s top executives came under scrutiny as well during the hearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawmakers expressed frustration at reports that executives at Silicon Valley Bank sold stock and received bonuses shortly before the bank’s collapse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the government doesn’t have explicit authority to claw back compensation, it does have the power to levy fines, order restitution and prohibit those executives from working at other banks, if wrongdoing is found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Almost every American would agree it’s simply wrong for the CEO and top executives to profit from their own mismanagement and then leave FDIC holding the bag,” Van Hollen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Biden this month urged Congress to pass legislation to increase the penalties on bank executives when mismanagement leads to bank failures, though it’s unclear whether lawmakers will act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=5+things+we+learned+from+the+Senate+hearing+on+the+Silicon+Valley+Bank+collapse&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Top Climate Scientists Warn Planet on Track for 'Catastrophic Warming.' Here's What World Leaders Can Do Now",
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"headTitle": "Top Climate Scientists Warn Planet on Track for ‘Catastrophic Warming.’ Here’s What World Leaders Can Do Now | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>The planet is on track for catastrophic warming, but world leaders already have many options to reduce greenhouse gas pollution and protect people, according to a major new climate change report from the United Nations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report was drafted by top climate scientists and reviewed by delegates from nearly 200 countries. The authors hope it will provide crucial guidance to politicians around the world ahead of negotiations later this year aimed at reining in climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=news_11933485 hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Webp.net-resizeimage-5-1020x680.jpg']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The planet faces an increasingly dire situation, according to the report. Climate change is already disrupting daily life around the world. Extreme weather, including heat waves, droughts, floods, wildfires and hurricanes, is killing and displacing people worldwide, and causing massive economic damage. And the amount of carbon dioxide accumulating in the atmosphere is \u003ca href=\"https://gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/trends/\">still rising\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate change is a threat to human well-being and planetary health,” the report states. “There is a rapidly closing window of opportunity to secure a liveable and sustainable future for all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there are many choices readily available to policymakers who want to address climate change, the report makes clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those choices include straightforward, immediate solutions such as quickly adopting renewable sources of electricity and clamping down on new oil and gas extraction. They are also more aspirational ones, such as investing in research that could one day allow technology to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/04/04/1090577162/climate-change-un-ipcc-report\">suck carbon dioxide out of the air.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors of the report are not prescriptive. No solution is held up as the “right” one. Instead, scientists warn that \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/08/09/1025898341/major-report-warns-climate-change-is-accelerating-and-humans-must-cut-emissions-\">there is no time, and no reason, to delay action\u003c/a> on climate change. And every potential path forward includes reducing reliance on fossil fuels, the main driver of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Earth is really hot and getting hotter\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The report lays out \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/10/29/1045344199/cop26-glasgow-climate-summit\">sobering facts about the state of the Earth’s climate\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The planet is nearly 2 degrees Fahrenheit warmer than it was in the late 1800s, and is on track to exceed 5 degrees Fahrenheit of warming by the end of the century, it warns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That kind of extreme warming would spell disaster for billions of people, as well as critical ecosystems, and would lead to irreversible sea level rise and mass extinction of plants and animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it is still possible to change course, the report states. If humans can limit warming to no more than 2.7 degrees Fahrenheit (1.5 degrees Celsius), some of the more catastrophic effects of climate change can be avoided. Sea levels would rise a lot less. Heat waves and storms would be less deadly. And many ecosystems on land and in the oceans would be more able to adapt or recover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To achieve that goal, global emissions would need to be slashed in half by the end of the decade, something the report authors say is still possible if countries around the world quickly pivot away from fossil fuels. Right now, \u003ca href=\"https://www.c2es.org/content/international-emissions/\">total global emissions are not falling\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://apps.npr.org/dailygraphics/graphics/cop26-emissions-gap-20211019/?initialWidth=763&childId=responsive-embed-cop26-emissions-gap-20211019&parentTitle=Earth%20is%20on%20track%20for%20catastrophic%20warming%2C%20U.N.%20warns%20%3A%20NPR&parentUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2023%2F03%2F20%2F1162711459%2Fcut-emissions-quickly-to-save-lives-scientists-warn-in-a-new-u-n-report\" width=\"100%\" height=\"800\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A cheat sheet for world leaders to tackle climate change\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Over the last two years, hundreds of scientists working for the U.N.’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) have published three sprawling reports that highlighted the disproportionate effects of climate change on poor people, the need to cut emissions rapidly and the policy options available for doing so. Each of those documents ran hundreds of pages long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This latest report is the slim summary of all that work: a cheat-sheet for policymakers who face increasing pressure to address global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The timing of its publication coincides with an important deadline under the 2015 Paris Agreement, which aims to keep warming to less than 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit), and ideally to 1.5 degrees Celsius. The Paris Agreement requires countries to review their progress toward that goal at climate negotiations later this year in the United Arab Emirates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hope is that the new report will serve as a shared scientific foundation for those negotiations, as well as a menu of solutions available to world leaders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we talk about climate change it’s often really easy to focus on the bad outcomes, the things that are really scary,” says Solomon Hsiang, a climate scientist at the University of California, Berkeley who has worked with the IPCC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Solomon Hsiang, climate scientist, University of California, Berkeley\"]‘Investments in reducing emissions are investments in improving people’s health and education and economic opportunities, and protecting the people we care about.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says it’s important that policymakers, and the wider public, not lose hope in the face of relentless news about extreme weather and other dangerous effects of global warming. \u003ca href=\"https://impactlab.org/news-insights/lives-saved-calculator/\">Hsiang’s own research\u003c/a> has found that millions of lives, and billions of dollars, can be saved by reducing global reliance on fossil fuels, in part because extracting and burning fossil fuels releases enormous amounts of air and water pollution, on top of their damage to the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Investments in reducing emissions are investments in improving people’s health and education and economic opportunities, and protecting the people we care about,” he explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Poor people are most threatened by climate change\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The other big takeaway from the report is that people in developing countries, and poor people around the world, are disproportionately affected by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Vulnerable communities who have historically contributed the least to current climate change are disproportionately affected,” the report states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, “between 2010 and 2020, human mortality from floods, droughts and storms was 15 times higher in highly vulnerable regions, compared to regions with very low vulnerability,” the authors write.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most vulnerable communities include people who live in low-income countries, low-lying areas and island nations, and Indigenous groups around the world, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are not all in this together,” says Patricia Romero-Lankao, a climate researcher at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and the University of Chicago who works with the IPCC. “The poorest and most marginalized communities are the most vulnerable, in all cities and in all regions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reducing emissions will help protect such communities, now and in the future, says Romero-Lankao.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, investing in low-carbon public transit, designing communities to support walking or biking, building homes and other buildings to be resilient and building cleaner power plants can reduce air pollution and save lives in low-lying and low-income neighborhoods that are currently suffering disproportionate damage, the report notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/07/1133270753/climate-change-loss-damage-cop27\">biggest topics at international climate negotiations\u003c/a> later this year will be how much richer, industrialized countries will pay to help poorer countries transition to clean energy and recover from damage caused by climate change. The industrialized world has historically been the biggest contributor of the pollution now driving climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Cut+emissions+quickly+to+save+lives%2C+scientists+warn+in+a+new+U.N.+report&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The planet is on track for catastrophic warming, but world leaders already have many options to reduce greenhouse gas pollution and protect people, according to a major new climate change report from the United Nations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report was drafted by top climate scientists and reviewed by delegates from nearly 200 countries. The authors hope it will provide crucial guidance to politicians around the world ahead of negotiations later this year aimed at reining in climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The planet faces an increasingly dire situation, according to the report. Climate change is already disrupting daily life around the world. Extreme weather, including heat waves, droughts, floods, wildfires and hurricanes, is killing and displacing people worldwide, and causing massive economic damage. And the amount of carbon dioxide accumulating in the atmosphere is \u003ca href=\"https://gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/trends/\">still rising\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate change is a threat to human well-being and planetary health,” the report states. “There is a rapidly closing window of opportunity to secure a liveable and sustainable future for all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there are many choices readily available to policymakers who want to address climate change, the report makes clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those choices include straightforward, immediate solutions such as quickly adopting renewable sources of electricity and clamping down on new oil and gas extraction. They are also more aspirational ones, such as investing in research that could one day allow technology to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/04/04/1090577162/climate-change-un-ipcc-report\">suck carbon dioxide out of the air.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors of the report are not prescriptive. No solution is held up as the “right” one. Instead, scientists warn that \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/08/09/1025898341/major-report-warns-climate-change-is-accelerating-and-humans-must-cut-emissions-\">there is no time, and no reason, to delay action\u003c/a> on climate change. And every potential path forward includes reducing reliance on fossil fuels, the main driver of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Earth is really hot and getting hotter\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The report lays out \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/10/29/1045344199/cop26-glasgow-climate-summit\">sobering facts about the state of the Earth’s climate\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The planet is nearly 2 degrees Fahrenheit warmer than it was in the late 1800s, and is on track to exceed 5 degrees Fahrenheit of warming by the end of the century, it warns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That kind of extreme warming would spell disaster for billions of people, as well as critical ecosystems, and would lead to irreversible sea level rise and mass extinction of plants and animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it is still possible to change course, the report states. If humans can limit warming to no more than 2.7 degrees Fahrenheit (1.5 degrees Celsius), some of the more catastrophic effects of climate change can be avoided. Sea levels would rise a lot less. Heat waves and storms would be less deadly. And many ecosystems on land and in the oceans would be more able to adapt or recover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To achieve that goal, global emissions would need to be slashed in half by the end of the decade, something the report authors say is still possible if countries around the world quickly pivot away from fossil fuels. Right now, \u003ca href=\"https://www.c2es.org/content/international-emissions/\">total global emissions are not falling\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://apps.npr.org/dailygraphics/graphics/cop26-emissions-gap-20211019/?initialWidth=763&childId=responsive-embed-cop26-emissions-gap-20211019&parentTitle=Earth%20is%20on%20track%20for%20catastrophic%20warming%2C%20U.N.%20warns%20%3A%20NPR&parentUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2023%2F03%2F20%2F1162711459%2Fcut-emissions-quickly-to-save-lives-scientists-warn-in-a-new-u-n-report\" width=\"100%\" height=\"800\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A cheat sheet for world leaders to tackle climate change\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Over the last two years, hundreds of scientists working for the U.N.’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) have published three sprawling reports that highlighted the disproportionate effects of climate change on poor people, the need to cut emissions rapidly and the policy options available for doing so. Each of those documents ran hundreds of pages long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This latest report is the slim summary of all that work: a cheat-sheet for policymakers who face increasing pressure to address global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The timing of its publication coincides with an important deadline under the 2015 Paris Agreement, which aims to keep warming to less than 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit), and ideally to 1.5 degrees Celsius. The Paris Agreement requires countries to review their progress toward that goal at climate negotiations later this year in the United Arab Emirates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hope is that the new report will serve as a shared scientific foundation for those negotiations, as well as a menu of solutions available to world leaders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we talk about climate change it’s often really easy to focus on the bad outcomes, the things that are really scary,” says Solomon Hsiang, a climate scientist at the University of California, Berkeley who has worked with the IPCC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘Investments in reducing emissions are investments in improving people’s health and education and economic opportunities, and protecting the people we care about.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says it’s important that policymakers, and the wider public, not lose hope in the face of relentless news about extreme weather and other dangerous effects of global warming. \u003ca href=\"https://impactlab.org/news-insights/lives-saved-calculator/\">Hsiang’s own research\u003c/a> has found that millions of lives, and billions of dollars, can be saved by reducing global reliance on fossil fuels, in part because extracting and burning fossil fuels releases enormous amounts of air and water pollution, on top of their damage to the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Investments in reducing emissions are investments in improving people’s health and education and economic opportunities, and protecting the people we care about,” he explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Poor people are most threatened by climate change\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The other big takeaway from the report is that people in developing countries, and poor people around the world, are disproportionately affected by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Vulnerable communities who have historically contributed the least to current climate change are disproportionately affected,” the report states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, “between 2010 and 2020, human mortality from floods, droughts and storms was 15 times higher in highly vulnerable regions, compared to regions with very low vulnerability,” the authors write.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most vulnerable communities include people who live in low-income countries, low-lying areas and island nations, and Indigenous groups around the world, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are not all in this together,” says Patricia Romero-Lankao, a climate researcher at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and the University of Chicago who works with the IPCC. “The poorest and most marginalized communities are the most vulnerable, in all cities and in all regions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reducing emissions will help protect such communities, now and in the future, says Romero-Lankao.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, investing in low-carbon public transit, designing communities to support walking or biking, building homes and other buildings to be resilient and building cleaner power plants can reduce air pollution and save lives in low-lying and low-income neighborhoods that are currently suffering disproportionate damage, the report notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/07/1133270753/climate-change-loss-damage-cop27\">biggest topics at international climate negotiations\u003c/a> later this year will be how much richer, industrialized countries will pay to help poorer countries transition to clean energy and recover from damage caused by climate change. The industrialized world has historically been the biggest contributor of the pollution now driving climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Cut+emissions+quickly+to+save+lives%2C+scientists+warn+in+a+new+U.N.+report&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "California Lawmakers Aim to Remove Lowrider, Cruising Restrictions Statewide",
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"content": "\u003cp>California is the birthplace of lowrider culture. Modifying cars with advanced hydraulics systems and elaborate paint jobs and then taking them on a slow cruise down a main drag is a decades-old tradition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But certain lowrider vehicles are illegal in California, and many cities still have bans on cruising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some Golden State lawmakers want to change that with a new bill that would end restrictions on lowriders and effectively legalize cruising across the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our tagline is, 'cruising is not a crime,' \" Assemblymember David Alvarez, who sponsored the legislation, told NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240AB436\">The proposal\u003c/a> would do two things. First, it would end restrictions on lowrider vehicles in California state law. Right now, owners are barred from modifying their passenger vehicles so that the body of the car is closer to the ground than the bottom of the rims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Second, it would end any limits on cruising on California streets. Cities and towns across California are currently permitted to pass their own cruising bans, which several have done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jovita Arellano, with the United Lowrider Coalition, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=viRWdKZIwYs\">said at a press conference\u003c/a> that she's been cruising since she was a young girl and supports lifting the limits on the pastime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The passion for cruising has never left my heart. It's a part of who we are. And unfortunately, right now, on the books, it's being criminalized,\" Arellano said. \"We can't do that. We can't criminalize our culture.\"[aside label=\"Related Stories\" postID=\"arts_13923205,arts_13904550,news_11885160\"]Cruising and lowriders both have their roots in postwar Southern California, where Chicanos made an art form out of car customization and turned to driving as a means of socializing and community organizing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But among outsiders, lowriding developed a reputation for clogging traffic and having links to gang activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the late 1950s, California enacted a state law regulating lowriders. And in the late 1980s, the state began permitting cities and towns to put in place cruising bans over fears of traffic congestion and crime, lawmakers said. Lowriders have long argued that the ordinances designed to curb cruising unfairly targeted Latinos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year both houses of the California Legislature unanimously approved a resolution urging towns and cities across the state to drop their bans on cruising, but it didn't force any municipalities to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of California cities have recently scrapped their bans on cruising, from \u003ca href=\"https://ca.news.yahoo.com/sacramento-officials-voted-unanimously-repeal-051422241.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy8yMDIzLzAyLzE2LzExNTcyNzg3NjYvY2FsaWZvcm5pYS1sb3dyaWRlci1sYXctY3J1aXNpbmc&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAALe7bqSP1n6szKvHEvcX9skpn0UwQAF0pivx-Uu87AiofcPJtZQSZs5EHhGIjW00_NA181BjuFbA7vKHnYGcbUD_UdQ78Jf49ucsQqPhC53fYLIDIXhOhNJitPdO2CyX2FEuxbuPawo4dIuv9C3O5R5uGCXkvjJIOfOxKylcjIV5\">Sacramento\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"https://www.capradio.org/news/npr/story?storyid=1111771311\">San Jose\u003c/a>. And in several cities where cruising is outlawed in certain areas, such as \u003ca href=\"https://voiceofsandiego.org/2022/10/31/why-national-city-is-still-stuck-with-its-cruising-ban/\">National City\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.capradio.org/articles/2022/12/19/cruising-has-been-banned-in-modesto-for-30-years-one-group-is-trying-to-change-that/\">Modesto\u003c/a>, there are efforts underway to repeal the decades-old rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But bans remain on the books in places such as Los Angeles, Fresno and Santa Ana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alvarez said the bill has broad support and he expects it to become law, which would help undo stereotypes about cruising and lowriding and allow people to enjoy the custom legally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The reality is that people who are spending their time and their money — and these cars can be very expensive — they're not individuals who are looking to do any harm,\" Alvarez said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Acknowledging that this activity is part of our culture and not trying to erase that from our culture is important, especially when it's a positive activity,\" he added.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California is the birthplace of lowrider culture. Modifying cars with advanced hydraulics systems and elaborate paint jobs and then taking them on a slow cruise down a main drag is a decades-old tradition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But certain lowrider vehicles are illegal in California, and many cities still have bans on cruising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some Golden State lawmakers want to change that with a new bill that would end restrictions on lowriders and effectively legalize cruising across the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our tagline is, 'cruising is not a crime,' \" Assemblymember David Alvarez, who sponsored the legislation, told NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240AB436\">The proposal\u003c/a> would do two things. First, it would end restrictions on lowrider vehicles in California state law. Right now, owners are barred from modifying their passenger vehicles so that the body of the car is closer to the ground than the bottom of the rims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Second, it would end any limits on cruising on California streets. Cities and towns across California are currently permitted to pass their own cruising bans, which several have done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jovita Arellano, with the United Lowrider Coalition, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=viRWdKZIwYs\">said at a press conference\u003c/a> that she's been cruising since she was a young girl and supports lifting the limits on the pastime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The passion for cruising has never left my heart. It's a part of who we are. And unfortunately, right now, on the books, it's being criminalized,\" Arellano said. \"We can't do that. We can't criminalize our culture.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Cruising and lowriders both have their roots in postwar Southern California, where Chicanos made an art form out of car customization and turned to driving as a means of socializing and community organizing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But among outsiders, lowriding developed a reputation for clogging traffic and having links to gang activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the late 1950s, California enacted a state law regulating lowriders. And in the late 1980s, the state began permitting cities and towns to put in place cruising bans over fears of traffic congestion and crime, lawmakers said. Lowriders have long argued that the ordinances designed to curb cruising unfairly targeted Latinos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year both houses of the California Legislature unanimously approved a resolution urging towns and cities across the state to drop their bans on cruising, but it didn't force any municipalities to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of California cities have recently scrapped their bans on cruising, from \u003ca href=\"https://ca.news.yahoo.com/sacramento-officials-voted-unanimously-repeal-051422241.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy8yMDIzLzAyLzE2LzExNTcyNzg3NjYvY2FsaWZvcm5pYS1sb3dyaWRlci1sYXctY3J1aXNpbmc&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAALe7bqSP1n6szKvHEvcX9skpn0UwQAF0pivx-Uu87AiofcPJtZQSZs5EHhGIjW00_NA181BjuFbA7vKHnYGcbUD_UdQ78Jf49ucsQqPhC53fYLIDIXhOhNJitPdO2CyX2FEuxbuPawo4dIuv9C3O5R5uGCXkvjJIOfOxKylcjIV5\">Sacramento\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"https://www.capradio.org/news/npr/story?storyid=1111771311\">San Jose\u003c/a>. And in several cities where cruising is outlawed in certain areas, such as \u003ca href=\"https://voiceofsandiego.org/2022/10/31/why-national-city-is-still-stuck-with-its-cruising-ban/\">National City\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.capradio.org/articles/2022/12/19/cruising-has-been-banned-in-modesto-for-30-years-one-group-is-trying-to-change-that/\">Modesto\u003c/a>, there are efforts underway to repeal the decades-old rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But bans remain on the books in places such as Los Angeles, Fresno and Santa Ana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alvarez said the bill has broad support and he expects it to become law, which would help undo stereotypes about cruising and lowriding and allow people to enjoy the custom legally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The reality is that people who are spending their time and their money — and these cars can be very expensive — they're not individuals who are looking to do any harm,\" Alvarez said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Acknowledging that this activity is part of our culture and not trying to erase that from our culture is important, especially when it's a positive activity,\" he added.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "What We Know About the Killing of Tyre Nichols",
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"content": "\u003cp>Mostly peaceful protests over police brutality were carried out around the country after the public release of body camera footage brought the Memphis police killing of Tyre Nichols into clearer picture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nichols, a 29-year-old Black motorist, was pulled over Jan. 7 for what police said was reckless driving. After attempting to flee on foot, Nichols was aggressively beaten by police, newly released police video shows. Three days later, he died in the hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's what else we know.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Who was Tyre Nichols?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Nichols, a father of a 4-year-old son, was known to his family as an avid skateboarder and nature photographer from Sacramento, Calif., according to \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/tyre-nichols-profile-memphis-3104f3cdbaf568daf6647eca080d4001\">The Associated Press\u003c/a>. He arrived in Memphis just before the pandemic, and later started a job with FedEx, a major employer there. Nichols had been with the company for about nine months before his death, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/26/us/who-was-tyre-nichols.html\">\u003cem>The New York Times\u003c/em> reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He was one of those people who made everyone around them happy,\" Nichols' step-grandmother Lucille Washington\u003ca href=\"https://www.localmemphis.com/article/news/local/tyre-nichols-memorial-service-gathers-family-friends-and-supporters/522-579006f3-3ee9-4c50-bfe8-ae307e64f60b\"> said at a memorial service\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Police bodycam video shows a violent arrest\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Police said on Jan. 8 that Nichols was taken into custody after a traffic stop that involved two confrontations with officers. During the initial confrontation, Nichols fled the scene of the traffic stop, police said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following the arrest, Nichols then complained of shortness of breath, according to authorities, and was taken to the hospital in critical condition, where he died on Jan. 10.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11939627\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11939627\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1460149255-800x534.jpg\" alt='A young Black man speaks into a loudspeaker with a young Black woman standing behind him holding a sign that reads \"Stop Police Terror.\"' width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1460149255-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1460149255-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1460149255-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1460149255.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Demonstrators protest the death of Tyre Nichols on Jan. 27, 2023, in Memphis, Tenn. \u003ccite>(Scott Olson/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>His family has said the police beat him so severely that he was unrecognizable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.scdag.com/news-releases/statement-from-shelby-county-district-attorneys-office-regarding-tyre-nichols-investigation\">Shelby County District Attorney's Office said\u003c/a> in a statement earlier this week that it understood the \"reasonable request from the public\" to view the video of Nichols' death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city of Memphis released the four-part footage on Vimeo on Friday evening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the videos, officers are seen dragging Nichols from his car and shouting profanities throughout the confrontation. An officer tries to deploy a Taser at Nichols and then begins to chase him on foot. \"I'm just trying to go home,\" Nichols is heard saying. Later, officers are seen repeatedly kicking, punching and using a baton to strike Nichols as he lies on the ground. At one point he's heard yelling \"Mom.\" Lawyers for the Nichols family say this encounter happened within 100 yards of the family's home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ben Crump, the family's attorney, compared the footage to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/04/26/524744989/when-la-erupted-in-anger-a-look-back-at-the-rodney-king-riots\">video of the 1991 Los Angeles police beating of Rodney King\u003c/a>, another Black motorist.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Protests were held in several cities following release of police video\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Mostly peaceful protests broke out \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/pictureshow/2023/01/27/1152198276/photos-protests-tyre-nichols-memphis-police\">in cities across the U.S.\u003c/a> following the release of the videos, with demonstrators leading marches and chants against police brutality and shutting down highways and intersections in some cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Memphis, a group of demonstrators gathered at a downtown park and then took to the streets, shutting down the I-55 bridge over the Mississippi River between Memphis and West Memphis. They chanted \"no justice, no peace\" and \"justice for Tyre,\" closing the bridge for nearly three hours before peacefully disbanding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11939626\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11939626\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1246604504-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"Crowd of protestors of different races rallying with three people in front with fists in the air.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1246604504-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1246604504-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1246604504-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1246604504.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Protesters rally against the fatal police assault of Tyre Nichols, at Times Square in New York City, on Jan. 27, 2023. \u003ccite>(YUKI IWAMURA/AFP via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In other parts of Memphis, people gathered in churches or small groups to reflect on the wrenching and somber moment for the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A protest in downtown Los Angeles became tense when a small group protesters demonstrated outside of Los Angeles Police Department headquarters, which was blocked by police in riot gear, \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2023-01-27/los-angeles-vigil-protest-tyre-nichols-keenan-anderson\">according to the\u003cem> Los Angeles Times\u003c/em>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other small, but mostly peaceful protests, were also held in Times Square in New York City, near the White House in Washington, D.C., in Seattle, Detroit and Atlanta, as well as in other cities from the East Coast to the West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Organizers are planning vigils, marches and demonstrations across the U.S. over the weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Five former officers were indicted and jailed in connection to Nichols' death\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Tadarrius Bean, Demetrius Haley, Emmitt Martin III, Desmond Mills Jr. and Justin Smith \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/01/26/1151721800/memphis-officers-charged-tyre-nichols-murder\">each face several charges\u003c/a>, including second-degree murder, aggravated assault, aggravated kidnapping, official misconduct and official oppression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Nichols, all of the former officers — who were fired before Thursday's indictments — are Black.[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Ben Crump, Nichols family attorney\"]'This tragedy meets the absolute definition of a needless and unnecessary death. Tyre's loved ones' lives were forever changed when he was beaten to death, and we will keep saying his name until justice is served.'[/pullquote]On Wednesday, Memphis Police Chief Cerelyn Davis released a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpD2FDjBBr8\">video statement\u003c/a> discussing \"the horrific circumstances\" of Nichols' death. She called it a professional failing and said \"the incident was heinous, reckless and inhumane.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During a news conference announcing the indictments of the five officers, prosecutors gave new details about what happened during the traffic stop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shelby County District Attorney Steve Mulroy said that while each of the five officers played a different role, \"the actions of all of them resulted in the death of Tyre Nichols, and they are all responsible.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A grand jury returned indictments and delivered all five officers the same exact charges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than three hours after officials released the body cam footage, Shelby County \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ShelbyTNSheriff/status/1619156679878393856\">Sheriff Floyd Bonner said\u003c/a> two deputies who appeared at the scene of the arrest had been relieved of their duties pending the outcome of an internal investigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Memphis police officers were \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/01/27/1151957933/tyre-nichols-video-protest-\">part of a specialized team\u003c/a> known as the SCORPION unit, an acronym for Street Crimes Operations to Restore Peace in Our Neighborhoods, that the department launched in 2021. A day after the release of the body cam video of Nichols' arrest, the Memphis Police Department \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MEM_PoliceDept/status/1619446919683796992?s=20&t=O8bGWi8x7RWlCBaEpAqtjg\">said it would permanently disband\u003c/a> the unit.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Other agencies are involved in the case\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Crump, one of the family's attorneys, said during a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o-JExNfIDlQ\">news conference earlier this week \u003c/a>that police used a stun gun and pepper spray on Nichols in addition to restraining him during the arrest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Yet again, we're seeing evidence of what happens to Black and brown people from simple traffic stops,\" Crump said. \"You should not be killed because of a simple traffic stop.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11939630\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11939630\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1460129538-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"A man stomps on a police car windshield in a crowd of people on a busy city street.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1460129538-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1460129538-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1460129538-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1460129538.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A demonstrator stomps on the window of an NYPD car as people protest the death of Tyre Nichols on Jan. 27, 2023, in New York City. \u003ccite>(Michael M. Santiago/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a statement following Thursday's news conference, Crump said although the five officers have been indicted, policing in the U.S. needs a great deal of reform.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This tragedy meets the absolute definition of a needless and unnecessary death. Tyre's loved ones' lives were forever changed when he was beaten to death, and we will keep saying his name until justice is served,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The police chief \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MEM_PoliceDept/status/1616595013927845889?s=20&t=j0kKAMjkzWau3epTHxVZiw\">said earlier this week\u003c/a> that the five officers violated multiple department policies, \"including excessive use of force, duty to intervene, and duty to render aid.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two Memphis Fire Department employees were \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/01/24/1151150396/tyre-nichols-memphis-fire-department-employees\">also \"relieved of duty\"\u003c/a> as an internal investigation is being conducted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Memphis Fire Department spokesperson Qwanesha Ward told NPR that the employees — who were not identified — were \"involved in the initial patient care\" of Nichols. She did not go into further details.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Justice Department and the FBI have also \u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/usao-wdtn/pr/statement-united-states-attorney-kevin-g-ritz\">launched a civil rights investigation\u003c/a> into Nichols' death and the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/TBInvestigation/status/1612214960414724097\">Tennessee Bureau of Investigation\u003c/a> launched a separate investigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>NPR's Joe Hernandez contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "As the nation tries to process the horrific details and circumstances that led to Tyre Nichols' death, here is a look at what we know so far about Nichols, the Memphis police officers involved, and the demonstrations that have been happening across the US.",
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"description": "As the nation tries to process the horrific details and circumstances that led to Tyre Nichols' death, here is a look at what we know so far about Nichols, the Memphis police officers involved, and the demonstrations that have been happening across the US.",
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"nprByline": "\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/people/1019412563/jonathan-franklin\">Jonathan Franklin\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/people/543959056/emma-bowman\">Emma Bowman\u003c/a>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Mostly peaceful protests over police brutality were carried out around the country after the public release of body camera footage brought the Memphis police killing of Tyre Nichols into clearer picture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nichols, a 29-year-old Black motorist, was pulled over Jan. 7 for what police said was reckless driving. After attempting to flee on foot, Nichols was aggressively beaten by police, newly released police video shows. Three days later, he died in the hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's what else we know.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Who was Tyre Nichols?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Nichols, a father of a 4-year-old son, was known to his family as an avid skateboarder and nature photographer from Sacramento, Calif., according to \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/tyre-nichols-profile-memphis-3104f3cdbaf568daf6647eca080d4001\">The Associated Press\u003c/a>. He arrived in Memphis just before the pandemic, and later started a job with FedEx, a major employer there. Nichols had been with the company for about nine months before his death, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/26/us/who-was-tyre-nichols.html\">\u003cem>The New York Times\u003c/em> reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He was one of those people who made everyone around them happy,\" Nichols' step-grandmother Lucille Washington\u003ca href=\"https://www.localmemphis.com/article/news/local/tyre-nichols-memorial-service-gathers-family-friends-and-supporters/522-579006f3-3ee9-4c50-bfe8-ae307e64f60b\"> said at a memorial service\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Police bodycam video shows a violent arrest\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Police said on Jan. 8 that Nichols was taken into custody after a traffic stop that involved two confrontations with officers. During the initial confrontation, Nichols fled the scene of the traffic stop, police said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following the arrest, Nichols then complained of shortness of breath, according to authorities, and was taken to the hospital in critical condition, where he died on Jan. 10.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11939627\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11939627\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1460149255-800x534.jpg\" alt='A young Black man speaks into a loudspeaker with a young Black woman standing behind him holding a sign that reads \"Stop Police Terror.\"' width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1460149255-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1460149255-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1460149255-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1460149255.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Demonstrators protest the death of Tyre Nichols on Jan. 27, 2023, in Memphis, Tenn. \u003ccite>(Scott Olson/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>His family has said the police beat him so severely that he was unrecognizable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.scdag.com/news-releases/statement-from-shelby-county-district-attorneys-office-regarding-tyre-nichols-investigation\">Shelby County District Attorney's Office said\u003c/a> in a statement earlier this week that it understood the \"reasonable request from the public\" to view the video of Nichols' death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city of Memphis released the four-part footage on Vimeo on Friday evening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the videos, officers are seen dragging Nichols from his car and shouting profanities throughout the confrontation. An officer tries to deploy a Taser at Nichols and then begins to chase him on foot. \"I'm just trying to go home,\" Nichols is heard saying. Later, officers are seen repeatedly kicking, punching and using a baton to strike Nichols as he lies on the ground. At one point he's heard yelling \"Mom.\" Lawyers for the Nichols family say this encounter happened within 100 yards of the family's home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ben Crump, the family's attorney, compared the footage to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/04/26/524744989/when-la-erupted-in-anger-a-look-back-at-the-rodney-king-riots\">video of the 1991 Los Angeles police beating of Rodney King\u003c/a>, another Black motorist.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Protests were held in several cities following release of police video\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Mostly peaceful protests broke out \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/pictureshow/2023/01/27/1152198276/photos-protests-tyre-nichols-memphis-police\">in cities across the U.S.\u003c/a> following the release of the videos, with demonstrators leading marches and chants against police brutality and shutting down highways and intersections in some cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Memphis, a group of demonstrators gathered at a downtown park and then took to the streets, shutting down the I-55 bridge over the Mississippi River between Memphis and West Memphis. They chanted \"no justice, no peace\" and \"justice for Tyre,\" closing the bridge for nearly three hours before peacefully disbanding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11939626\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11939626\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1246604504-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"Crowd of protestors of different races rallying with three people in front with fists in the air.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1246604504-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1246604504-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1246604504-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1246604504.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Protesters rally against the fatal police assault of Tyre Nichols, at Times Square in New York City, on Jan. 27, 2023. \u003ccite>(YUKI IWAMURA/AFP via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In other parts of Memphis, people gathered in churches or small groups to reflect on the wrenching and somber moment for the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A protest in downtown Los Angeles became tense when a small group protesters demonstrated outside of Los Angeles Police Department headquarters, which was blocked by police in riot gear, \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2023-01-27/los-angeles-vigil-protest-tyre-nichols-keenan-anderson\">according to the\u003cem> Los Angeles Times\u003c/em>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other small, but mostly peaceful protests, were also held in Times Square in New York City, near the White House in Washington, D.C., in Seattle, Detroit and Atlanta, as well as in other cities from the East Coast to the West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Organizers are planning vigils, marches and demonstrations across the U.S. over the weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Five former officers were indicted and jailed in connection to Nichols' death\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Tadarrius Bean, Demetrius Haley, Emmitt Martin III, Desmond Mills Jr. and Justin Smith \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/01/26/1151721800/memphis-officers-charged-tyre-nichols-murder\">each face several charges\u003c/a>, including second-degree murder, aggravated assault, aggravated kidnapping, official misconduct and official oppression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Nichols, all of the former officers — who were fired before Thursday's indictments — are Black.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>On Wednesday, Memphis Police Chief Cerelyn Davis released a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpD2FDjBBr8\">video statement\u003c/a> discussing \"the horrific circumstances\" of Nichols' death. She called it a professional failing and said \"the incident was heinous, reckless and inhumane.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During a news conference announcing the indictments of the five officers, prosecutors gave new details about what happened during the traffic stop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shelby County District Attorney Steve Mulroy said that while each of the five officers played a different role, \"the actions of all of them resulted in the death of Tyre Nichols, and they are all responsible.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A grand jury returned indictments and delivered all five officers the same exact charges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than three hours after officials released the body cam footage, Shelby County \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ShelbyTNSheriff/status/1619156679878393856\">Sheriff Floyd Bonner said\u003c/a> two deputies who appeared at the scene of the arrest had been relieved of their duties pending the outcome of an internal investigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Memphis police officers were \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/01/27/1151957933/tyre-nichols-video-protest-\">part of a specialized team\u003c/a> known as the SCORPION unit, an acronym for Street Crimes Operations to Restore Peace in Our Neighborhoods, that the department launched in 2021. A day after the release of the body cam video of Nichols' arrest, the Memphis Police Department \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MEM_PoliceDept/status/1619446919683796992?s=20&t=O8bGWi8x7RWlCBaEpAqtjg\">said it would permanently disband\u003c/a> the unit.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Other agencies are involved in the case\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Crump, one of the family's attorneys, said during a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o-JExNfIDlQ\">news conference earlier this week \u003c/a>that police used a stun gun and pepper spray on Nichols in addition to restraining him during the arrest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Yet again, we're seeing evidence of what happens to Black and brown people from simple traffic stops,\" Crump said. \"You should not be killed because of a simple traffic stop.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11939630\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11939630\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1460129538-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"A man stomps on a police car windshield in a crowd of people on a busy city street.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1460129538-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1460129538-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1460129538-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1460129538.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A demonstrator stomps on the window of an NYPD car as people protest the death of Tyre Nichols on Jan. 27, 2023, in New York City. \u003ccite>(Michael M. Santiago/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a statement following Thursday's news conference, Crump said although the five officers have been indicted, policing in the U.S. needs a great deal of reform.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This tragedy meets the absolute definition of a needless and unnecessary death. Tyre's loved ones' lives were forever changed when he was beaten to death, and we will keep saying his name until justice is served,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The police chief \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MEM_PoliceDept/status/1616595013927845889?s=20&t=j0kKAMjkzWau3epTHxVZiw\">said earlier this week\u003c/a> that the five officers violated multiple department policies, \"including excessive use of force, duty to intervene, and duty to render aid.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two Memphis Fire Department employees were \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/01/24/1151150396/tyre-nichols-memphis-fire-department-employees\">also \"relieved of duty\"\u003c/a> as an internal investigation is being conducted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Memphis Fire Department spokesperson Qwanesha Ward told NPR that the employees — who were not identified — were \"involved in the initial patient care\" of Nichols. She did not go into further details.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Justice Department and the FBI have also \u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/usao-wdtn/pr/statement-united-states-attorney-kevin-g-ritz\">launched a civil rights investigation\u003c/a> into Nichols' death and the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/TBInvestigation/status/1612214960414724097\">Tennessee Bureau of Investigation\u003c/a> launched a separate investigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>NPR's Joe Hernandez contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Video footage of the moments leading up to Tyre Nichols' death, for which five Memphis police officers \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/01/26/1151721800/memphis-officers-charged-tyre-nichols-murder\">have been charged\u003c/a>, is expected \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/01/27/1152029954/tyre-nichols-body-camera-footage-release\">to be released\u003c/a> later Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monnica Williams, a clinical psychologist and expert on race-based trauma, said videos containing violence and death are incredibly stressful and should be viewed sparingly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Seeing things that happen like this to other people from your community broadly can have some traumatizing effects, especially if you're part of a stigmatized of minoritized group that's often dealing with trauma like this,\" Williams told NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nichols, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/01/23/1150767524/tyre-nichols-family-will-view-unreleased-video-footage-related-to-his-death\">29-year-old Black man\u003c/a>, was beaten severely after being pulled over on suspicion of reckless driving on Jan. 7. He died in a hospital three days later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Memphis Police Chief Cerelyn Davis said the recordings, which include body cam, dash cam and other surveillance footage, will be made public out of transparency sometime after 7 p.m. ET Friday. But she warned that the incident was \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/01/26/1151621971/tyre-nichols-memphis-police-chief\">\"heinous, reckless and inhumane.\" \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are some helpful reminders on how to cope.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Remember, you don't have to watch the video to stay informed about the case\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Williams' main advice is to not watch the footage if you can.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is really the message I want people to have: Don't watch them,\" she said. \"If you want to watch it, you should ask yourself, why do I want to watch this?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She understands some people may be obligated to see it, depending on their job or connection to the case, but for the vast majority of people, violent videos tend to do more harm than good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams added that there are other ways to stay informed on the case without seeing graphic videos or images, which tend to have a stronger effect on the brain than simply reading an article about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These videos are not good for your mental health and they don't make us a better society,\" Williams said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Before the footage is released, check in with yourself\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In anticipation of the video and descriptions around it, Williams urges people to pause to assess how much information they can handle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Anxious or stressed or nervous? These might be good signs that you want to take it easy and maybe you don't need to watch it,\" she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams also recommends digesting the news and content in moderation depending on how they are feeling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People can wait until they feel ready. They don't have to do it right now,\" she said. \"Or they can decide that they only want a small amount of information about what happened.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Signs of stress and trauma can show up immediately or in a few weeks\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>People can experience forms of post-traumatic stress disorder from watching distressing videos, Williams said. Those symptoms include trouble sleeping, having images replaying in your mind, or feeling jumpy, restless or moody.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes, those symptoms do not show up until later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams pointed to a 2018 study in \u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)31130-9/fulltext\">\u003cem>The Lancet\u003c/em>\u003c/a> about police killings and their spillover effects on the mental health of Black Americans. Research showed that Black people continued to be affected by a fatal encounter between police and an unarmed Black person months after first hearing about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Feeling numb can also be a sign of trauma and it should be taken as seriously as other symptoms, Williams added.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Lean on people you can trust and who can relate to how you're feeling\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>One of the best ways to deal with this kind of trauma is to talk to other people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Have conversations with people who get it and who are going to be a source of support and comfort,\" Williams said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is also important to \"rebalance your sense of equilibrium,\" by taking time out of the office, going on a walk or a drive and spending time away from the news cycle and social media, she added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Videos+like+the+Tyre+Nichols+footage+can+be+traumatic.+An+expert+shares+ways+to+cope&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Video footage of the moments leading up to Tyre Nichols' death, for which five Memphis police officers \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/01/26/1151721800/memphis-officers-charged-tyre-nichols-murder\">have been charged\u003c/a>, is expected \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/01/27/1152029954/tyre-nichols-body-camera-footage-release\">to be released\u003c/a> later Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monnica Williams, a clinical psychologist and expert on race-based trauma, said videos containing violence and death are incredibly stressful and should be viewed sparingly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Seeing things that happen like this to other people from your community broadly can have some traumatizing effects, especially if you're part of a stigmatized of minoritized group that's often dealing with trauma like this,\" Williams told NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nichols, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/01/23/1150767524/tyre-nichols-family-will-view-unreleased-video-footage-related-to-his-death\">29-year-old Black man\u003c/a>, was beaten severely after being pulled over on suspicion of reckless driving on Jan. 7. He died in a hospital three days later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Memphis Police Chief Cerelyn Davis said the recordings, which include body cam, dash cam and other surveillance footage, will be made public out of transparency sometime after 7 p.m. ET Friday. But she warned that the incident was \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/01/26/1151621971/tyre-nichols-memphis-police-chief\">\"heinous, reckless and inhumane.\" \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are some helpful reminders on how to cope.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Remember, you don't have to watch the video to stay informed about the case\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Williams' main advice is to not watch the footage if you can.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is really the message I want people to have: Don't watch them,\" she said. \"If you want to watch it, you should ask yourself, why do I want to watch this?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She understands some people may be obligated to see it, depending on their job or connection to the case, but for the vast majority of people, violent videos tend to do more harm than good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams added that there are other ways to stay informed on the case without seeing graphic videos or images, which tend to have a stronger effect on the brain than simply reading an article about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These videos are not good for your mental health and they don't make us a better society,\" Williams said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Before the footage is released, check in with yourself\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In anticipation of the video and descriptions around it, Williams urges people to pause to assess how much information they can handle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Anxious or stressed or nervous? These might be good signs that you want to take it easy and maybe you don't need to watch it,\" she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams also recommends digesting the news and content in moderation depending on how they are feeling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People can wait until they feel ready. They don't have to do it right now,\" she said. \"Or they can decide that they only want a small amount of information about what happened.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Signs of stress and trauma can show up immediately or in a few weeks\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>People can experience forms of post-traumatic stress disorder from watching distressing videos, Williams said. Those symptoms include trouble sleeping, having images replaying in your mind, or feeling jumpy, restless or moody.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes, those symptoms do not show up until later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams pointed to a 2018 study in \u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)31130-9/fulltext\">\u003cem>The Lancet\u003c/em>\u003c/a> about police killings and their spillover effects on the mental health of Black Americans. Research showed that Black people continued to be affected by a fatal encounter between police and an unarmed Black person months after first hearing about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Feeling numb can also be a sign of trauma and it should be taken as seriously as other symptoms, Williams added.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Lean on people you can trust and who can relate to how you're feeling\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>One of the best ways to deal with this kind of trauma is to talk to other people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Have conversations with people who get it and who are going to be a source of support and comfort,\" Williams said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is also important to \"rebalance your sense of equilibrium,\" by taking time out of the office, going on a walk or a drive and spending time away from the news cycle and social media, she added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Videos+like+the+Tyre+Nichols+footage+can+be+traumatic.+An+expert+shares+ways+to+cope&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration is considering a major shift in the nation’s COVID-19 vaccine strategy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal is to simplify vaccination against COVID and perhaps adopt an approach similar to what is used for the flu vaccine, with annual updates to match whatever strain of the virus is circulating. This is according to a federal official who spoke under the condition of anonymity because they were not authorized to speak publicly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR reported the proposed shift early Monday morning, and later Monday the FDA outlined it publicly in \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/advisory-committees/advisory-committee-calendar/vaccines-and-related-biological-products-advisory-committee-january-26-2023-meeting-announcement#event-materials\">a set of documents released\u003c/a> in advance of a meeting Thursday of the agency’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/advisory-committees/advisory-committee-calendar/vaccines-and-related-biological-products-advisory-committee-january-26-2023-meeting-announcement\">Vaccine and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee\u003c/a> (VRBPAC). The committee will vote on the agency’s proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, people who want to be fully vaccinated against COVID have to first get their primary vaccinations — two shots of the original vaccine spaced weeks apart. That’s followed at least two months later by a booster, currently the bivalent shot that’s tailored to protect against omicron.[aside label=\"Related Stories\" tag=\"coronavirus\"]Under the new approach, most people would be advised to simply get whatever the latest version of the vaccine is annually each fall like the flu vaccine. They wouldn’t have to worry about how many shots they’ve already gotten and which one they got when. Those who still need to receive two doses initially, such as young children and older people, would use the same formulation for all three shots. Vaccine makers would update the annual shot through a process that would begin each spring to try a match the vaccine as closely as possible to whatever variant will likely be dominant in the coming winter. That’s how the flu vaccine is formulated each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“FDA anticipates conducting an assessment of SARS-CoV-2 strains at least annually and to engage VRBPAC in about early June of each year regarding strain selection for the fall season,” the FDA wrote in its briefing document, adding that updated vaccines would be readied for use by September each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency notes that if a more dangerous COVID variant were to emerge, it might reconsider the vaccine strain at other times of the year on an “as-needed and emergent basis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some immunologists and vaccine researchers say simplifying the process along the lines of the flu vaccine is appropriate at this point in the pandemic. However, many questions remain about emerging booster strategy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As far as the tools that we have right now, I think it just makes the most sense to plan to update each year as close as we can to the currently circulating variant,” says Deepta Bhattacharya, an immunologist at the University of Arizona. “So I think all the things the FDA is considering make a lot of sense.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Questions about efficacy of updated shots\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>There’s an intense debate about the wisdom of updating the COVID vaccines regularly to try to match new variants. Some researchers question whether that really makes the vaccines more effective. They also argue that the low demand for the latest booster shows the public has little appetite for continued boosting with the vaccines, even if they’ve been updated with new strains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The public is voting with their arms if you will and said, ‘No. I’m not going to get this. This doesn’t make sense to us,'” says Dr. Gregory Poland, a vaccine researcher at the Mayo Clinic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While endorsing continued boosters for those at high risk, such as the elderly, some question whether the current bivalent vaccines updated to target omicron have enhanced protection compared to the original vaccines. Most people are still well-protected against severe disease by the immunity they already have, they say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have no solid data about the performance of the bivalent boosters,” says John Moore, an immunologist at Weill Cornell Medical College. “The hard evidence is lacking, and the evidence that is out there is at the very least inconclusive and to me trends towards saying the bivalent boosters were little if no better.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore and others argue that the virus is changing so fast that it’s pointless to constantly try to match the vaccines to the latest variants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We shouldn’t really be chasing these variants, which are evanescent and are often gone by the time you’ve created the vaccine,” says Dr. Paul Offit of the University of Pennsylvania, one of the FDA’s advisers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Offit and others also question whether everyone will necessarily need to be boosted regularly, or just those at high risk, like the elderly.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Arguments for alternate vaccine strategies\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Critics of the FDA’s proposed new strategy argue that it would be better to invest in developing better vaccines that might be more appealing to people, and in campaigns to get more people vaccinated. Better vaccines could include those that could keep people from catching the virus in the first place not just from getting seriously ill — such as a nasal spray vaccine. Or perhaps vaccines that provide longer protection or are administered in pill form, to make them more acceptable to the needle-averse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Particularly now when Congress is not allocating new funds for COVID response, we have to be especially judicious in how we spend our money and what would be most cost-effective,” says Dr. Celine Gounder, a senior fellow at the Kaiser Family Foundation. “It’s unclear whether updating the booster formulations and repeatedly boosting people is the most effective approach to controlling COVID at this stage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another concern some researchers have is that the FDA continues to rely on antibody levels to test vaccine efficacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we need to raise the bar and require more evidence of clinical efficacy,” says Dr. Eric Rubin, a professor of immunology and infectious diseases at Harvard who is also a member of the advisory committee. For instance, Rubin says the FDA should require proof the updated vaccines are actually reducing the risk of getting infected, getting sick, hospitalized and dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others say updating the vaccines make sense to make sure people are as well-protected as possible while researchers continue to try to develop new vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even if you don’t have a booster that matches 100% what’s circulating, you will have a booster that matches 75% to 80% to 90% of what’s circulating,” says David Martinez, an immunologist at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. “And that will be good enough. It would probably benefit most people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The FDA looks ahead to endemic COVID\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Some researchers think it’s too soon to rely on annual boosters. COVID hasn’t quite settled into a seasonal pattern like the flu, they note, and the SARS-CoV2 virus is changing more quickly than the flu virus. So people may need to be boosted more frequently, especially since protection against severe disease may only last about four to six months, they say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to be reaching that pretty soon with the early adopters of the bivalent boosters, like myself,” says Dr. Peter Hotez, co-director of the Center for Vaccine Development at Texas Children’s Hospital and dean of the National School of Tropical Medicine at Baylor College of Medicine. “I don’t know if an annual strategy is going to cut it.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration is considering a major shift in the nation’s COVID-19 vaccine strategy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal is to simplify vaccination against COVID and perhaps adopt an approach similar to what is used for the flu vaccine, with annual updates to match whatever strain of the virus is circulating. This is according to a federal official who spoke under the condition of anonymity because they were not authorized to speak publicly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR reported the proposed shift early Monday morning, and later Monday the FDA outlined it publicly in \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/advisory-committees/advisory-committee-calendar/vaccines-and-related-biological-products-advisory-committee-january-26-2023-meeting-announcement#event-materials\">a set of documents released\u003c/a> in advance of a meeting Thursday of the agency’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/advisory-committees/advisory-committee-calendar/vaccines-and-related-biological-products-advisory-committee-january-26-2023-meeting-announcement\">Vaccine and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee\u003c/a> (VRBPAC). The committee will vote on the agency’s proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, people who want to be fully vaccinated against COVID have to first get their primary vaccinations — two shots of the original vaccine spaced weeks apart. That’s followed at least two months later by a booster, currently the bivalent shot that’s tailored to protect against omicron.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Under the new approach, most people would be advised to simply get whatever the latest version of the vaccine is annually each fall like the flu vaccine. They wouldn’t have to worry about how many shots they’ve already gotten and which one they got when. Those who still need to receive two doses initially, such as young children and older people, would use the same formulation for all three shots. Vaccine makers would update the annual shot through a process that would begin each spring to try a match the vaccine as closely as possible to whatever variant will likely be dominant in the coming winter. That’s how the flu vaccine is formulated each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“FDA anticipates conducting an assessment of SARS-CoV-2 strains at least annually and to engage VRBPAC in about early June of each year regarding strain selection for the fall season,” the FDA wrote in its briefing document, adding that updated vaccines would be readied for use by September each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency notes that if a more dangerous COVID variant were to emerge, it might reconsider the vaccine strain at other times of the year on an “as-needed and emergent basis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some immunologists and vaccine researchers say simplifying the process along the lines of the flu vaccine is appropriate at this point in the pandemic. However, many questions remain about emerging booster strategy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As far as the tools that we have right now, I think it just makes the most sense to plan to update each year as close as we can to the currently circulating variant,” says Deepta Bhattacharya, an immunologist at the University of Arizona. “So I think all the things the FDA is considering make a lot of sense.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Questions about efficacy of updated shots\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>There’s an intense debate about the wisdom of updating the COVID vaccines regularly to try to match new variants. Some researchers question whether that really makes the vaccines more effective. They also argue that the low demand for the latest booster shows the public has little appetite for continued boosting with the vaccines, even if they’ve been updated with new strains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The public is voting with their arms if you will and said, ‘No. I’m not going to get this. This doesn’t make sense to us,'” says Dr. Gregory Poland, a vaccine researcher at the Mayo Clinic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While endorsing continued boosters for those at high risk, such as the elderly, some question whether the current bivalent vaccines updated to target omicron have enhanced protection compared to the original vaccines. Most people are still well-protected against severe disease by the immunity they already have, they say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have no solid data about the performance of the bivalent boosters,” says John Moore, an immunologist at Weill Cornell Medical College. “The hard evidence is lacking, and the evidence that is out there is at the very least inconclusive and to me trends towards saying the bivalent boosters were little if no better.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore and others argue that the virus is changing so fast that it’s pointless to constantly try to match the vaccines to the latest variants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We shouldn’t really be chasing these variants, which are evanescent and are often gone by the time you’ve created the vaccine,” says Dr. Paul Offit of the University of Pennsylvania, one of the FDA’s advisers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Offit and others also question whether everyone will necessarily need to be boosted regularly, or just those at high risk, like the elderly.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Arguments for alternate vaccine strategies\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Critics of the FDA’s proposed new strategy argue that it would be better to invest in developing better vaccines that might be more appealing to people, and in campaigns to get more people vaccinated. Better vaccines could include those that could keep people from catching the virus in the first place not just from getting seriously ill — such as a nasal spray vaccine. Or perhaps vaccines that provide longer protection or are administered in pill form, to make them more acceptable to the needle-averse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Particularly now when Congress is not allocating new funds for COVID response, we have to be especially judicious in how we spend our money and what would be most cost-effective,” says Dr. Celine Gounder, a senior fellow at the Kaiser Family Foundation. “It’s unclear whether updating the booster formulations and repeatedly boosting people is the most effective approach to controlling COVID at this stage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another concern some researchers have is that the FDA continues to rely on antibody levels to test vaccine efficacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we need to raise the bar and require more evidence of clinical efficacy,” says Dr. Eric Rubin, a professor of immunology and infectious diseases at Harvard who is also a member of the advisory committee. For instance, Rubin says the FDA should require proof the updated vaccines are actually reducing the risk of getting infected, getting sick, hospitalized and dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others say updating the vaccines make sense to make sure people are as well-protected as possible while researchers continue to try to develop new vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even if you don’t have a booster that matches 100% what’s circulating, you will have a booster that matches 75% to 80% to 90% of what’s circulating,” says David Martinez, an immunologist at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. “And that will be good enough. It would probably benefit most people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The FDA looks ahead to endemic COVID\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Some researchers think it’s too soon to rely on annual boosters. COVID hasn’t quite settled into a seasonal pattern like the flu, they note, and the SARS-CoV2 virus is changing more quickly than the flu virus. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to be reaching that pretty soon with the early adopters of the bivalent boosters, like myself,” says Dr. Peter Hotez, co-director of the Center for Vaccine Development at Texas Children’s Hospital and dean of the National School of Tropical Medicine at Baylor College of Medicine. “I don’t know if an annual strategy is going to cut it.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "are-at-home-rapid-covid-tests-still-reliable-heres-what-you-need-to-know",
"title": "Are At-Home Rapid COVID Tests Still Reliable? What You Need to Know",
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"content": "\u003cp>As the COVID-19 pandemic enters its fourth year, a negative result on a little plastic at-home test feels a bit less comforting than it once did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, you dutifully swab your nostrils before dinner parties, wait 15 minutes for the all-clear and then text the host “negative!” before leaving your KN95 mask at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It feels like the right thing to do, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The virus has mutated and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2023/01/06/1147372029/new-covid-omicron-subvariant-spreading-fast-data\">then mutated again\u003c/a>, with the tests offering at least some sense of control as the Greek letters pile up. But some experts caution against putting too much faith in a negative result.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it’s only fitting to do a reality check on what those rapid COVID-19 tests, also called antigen tests, can do — and what they can’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Is the latest omicron variant tripping up at-home tests?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>For the most part, the answer is no.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because as the virus evolves, scientists are mainly seeing changes in its spike protein, which is what the virus uses to attack and enter healthy cells. But the rapid antigen tests aren’t actually looking for that spike protein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[The tests] rely on detection of the nucleocapsid protein, which is the protein that is directly encapsulating the viral RNA,” says \u003ca href=\"https://connects.catalyst.harvard.edu/Profiles/display/Person/32693\">Dr. Robin Colgrove\u003c/a>, a professor at Harvard Medical School and chair of the Diagnostics Committee of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says this interior protein really hasn’t changed much as the virus has mutated over the years. So, at least for now, the rapid tests can detect it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal health agencies are monitoring the situation in case that changes. The Food and Drug Administration is working with the National Institutes of Health to study just how well the at-home tests work as the virus continues to evolve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, the agencies have identified only one test — the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/coronavirus-covid-19-and-medical-devices/sars-cov-2-viral-mutations-impact-covid-19-tests#63c123b8800ae\">Luminostics Inc. Clip COVID Rapid Antigen Test\u003c/a> — that has been rendered less reliable in the face of new variants. And even then, the FDA says “the impact does not appear to be significant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Are antigen tests taking longer to show a positive?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Some people report having negative antigen test results for days, despite having a known COVID-19 exposure and the telltale symptoms. Eventually, they test positive, but it can sometimes take as long as a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The phenomenon is somewhat mysterious, says Colgrove. He acknowledges that doctors are seeing it, but so far, it’s only anecdotal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What kind of an experiment would you have to do to answer that question?” he says, explaining that it would be difficult to study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"related coverage\" tag=\"covid\"]Many factors could make it seem as though home tests are taking longer to register a positive result, such as the virus multiplying faster somewhere other than the nostrils in some patients, says \u003ca href=\"https://dlmp.uw.edu/faculty/baird\">Dr. Geoffrey Baird\u003c/a>, chair of the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology at the University of Washington School of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Baird says perhaps the biggest factor is human error. After all, people doing these tests at home make mistakes and aren’t trained like those who are doing COVID-19 tests in a lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s going to be some people who stick it in their mouth,” he says, explaining that not everyone follows the testing instructions as written. Some people even get mucus on the swab, mistakenly thinking mucus will have plenty of virus in it. “Actually you don’t want snot on the thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while, on average, people will get a positive antigen test result around the time they become infectious, Baird says it’s important to remember that there will always be plenty of people on either side of that average: those who test positive much earlier than most and those who test positive much later.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How well do these tests really work?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Antigen tests can be useful in certain situations (more on that in a minute), but Baird stresses that they have their limits. That was true even before the pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Similar technology has existed for influenza for years and the recommendation was not to use them,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Antigen tests look for specific proteins inside the virus. Users typically swab their nostrils, and the tests take about 15 minutes to render a positive or negative result. But these at-home tests need much more virus to generate a positive result than a PCR test, which is done in a lab and involves letting trace amounts of viral genetic material “amplify” over time — usually a day or so. So even if very little virus is present, there should be enough to trigger a positive result (PCR tests may also keep turning up positive long after someone has cleared the infection).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both kinds of tests have their advantages and disadvantages. And there are two measures of test performance to know about: \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/04/15/834497497/antibody-tests-for-coronavirus-can-miss-the-mark\">specificity and sensitivity\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Specificity is how good the test is at avoiding false positives. And sensitivity is how good the test is at finding the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/lab/resources/antigen-tests-guidelines.html#table1\">According to the CDC\u003c/a>, antigen and PCR tests are both good at avoiding false positives, but PCR tests are generally more sensitive than home tests. That means antigen tests aren’t all that useful for ruling \u003cem>out \u003c/em>COVID-19, but they can be valuable for confirming that cold really \u003cem>is \u003c/em>COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you don’t have any symptoms though, don’t count on antigen tests to give you a definitive answer on whether or not you’re in the clear. This is also what researchers found when they took a look at more than 100 studies of antigen tests and \u003ca href=\"https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD013705.pub3/full\">published their findings\u003c/a> in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews this past July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rapid antigen tests are considerably less accurate when they are used in people with no signs or symptoms of infection, but do perform better in people who have been in contact with someone who has confirmed COVID‐19,” they wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same researchers also found that not all home tests were equally accurate. Their review included 49 different kinds of tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We saw a lot of variation in the sensitivity of different brands of tests and our overall results combine findings from different studies that evaluated the same tests,” lead author Jacqueline Dinnes from the University of Birmingham \u003ca href=\"https://www.cochrane.org/podcasts/10.1002/14651858.CD013705.pub3\">said in a podcast\u003c/a> about the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>So what are these tests actually good for?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Even though it seems like a good idea to have everyone take a rapid COVID-19 test the day of a gathering to make sure they’re negative, experts say that’s not how the tests were meant to be used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A positive test is almost always true,” Colgrove says. “So in a person with an exposure or a person with suggestive symptoms, if they do a test and it’s positive, you’re done. You have your diagnosis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2022/06/30/1108615724/positive-test-isolation\">slightly different story\u003c/a> if you are getting over COVID-19 and are testing to see whether you’re still positive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a negative “does not rule out” a COVID-19 infection, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/testing.html\">according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a>. If someone tests negative, they’re supposed to take another antigen test 48 hours later to see if it turns positive. And if that person has a \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/safety-communications/home-covid-19-antigen-tests-take-steps-reduce-your-risk-false-negative-results-fda-safety\">known COVID exposure or symptoms\u003c/a>, the FDA \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/08/11/1117060962/covid-19-home-tests-fda\">recommends a third test \u003c/a>48 hours after that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best way to use the tests is to know their limits and follow instructions for retesting when you get a negative result.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In a person who had suggestive symptoms now, in the middle of the epidemic where the prevalence of the infection is high, a single negative test is not enough to rule out infection,” Colgrove says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you have COVID-19 symptoms, even if your test is negative, it’s a good idea to be cautious and just stay home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Is+it+time+for+a+reality+check+on+rapid+COVID+tests%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As the COVID-19 pandemic enters its fourth year, a negative result on a little plastic at-home test feels a bit less comforting than it once did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, you dutifully swab your nostrils before dinner parties, wait 15 minutes for the all-clear and then text the host “negative!” before leaving your KN95 mask at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It feels like the right thing to do, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The virus has mutated and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2023/01/06/1147372029/new-covid-omicron-subvariant-spreading-fast-data\">then mutated again\u003c/a>, with the tests offering at least some sense of control as the Greek letters pile up. But some experts caution against putting too much faith in a negative result.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it’s only fitting to do a reality check on what those rapid COVID-19 tests, also called antigen tests, can do — and what they can’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Is the latest omicron variant tripping up at-home tests?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>For the most part, the answer is no.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because as the virus evolves, scientists are mainly seeing changes in its spike protein, which is what the virus uses to attack and enter healthy cells. But the rapid antigen tests aren’t actually looking for that spike protein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[The tests] rely on detection of the nucleocapsid protein, which is the protein that is directly encapsulating the viral RNA,” says \u003ca href=\"https://connects.catalyst.harvard.edu/Profiles/display/Person/32693\">Dr. Robin Colgrove\u003c/a>, a professor at Harvard Medical School and chair of the Diagnostics Committee of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says this interior protein really hasn’t changed much as the virus has mutated over the years. So, at least for now, the rapid tests can detect it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal health agencies are monitoring the situation in case that changes. The Food and Drug Administration is working with the National Institutes of Health to study just how well the at-home tests work as the virus continues to evolve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, the agencies have identified only one test — the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/coronavirus-covid-19-and-medical-devices/sars-cov-2-viral-mutations-impact-covid-19-tests#63c123b8800ae\">Luminostics Inc. Clip COVID Rapid Antigen Test\u003c/a> — that has been rendered less reliable in the face of new variants. And even then, the FDA says “the impact does not appear to be significant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Are antigen tests taking longer to show a positive?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Some people report having negative antigen test results for days, despite having a known COVID-19 exposure and the telltale symptoms. Eventually, they test positive, but it can sometimes take as long as a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The phenomenon is somewhat mysterious, says Colgrove. He acknowledges that doctors are seeing it, but so far, it’s only anecdotal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What kind of an experiment would you have to do to answer that question?” he says, explaining that it would be difficult to study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Many factors could make it seem as though home tests are taking longer to register a positive result, such as the virus multiplying faster somewhere other than the nostrils in some patients, says \u003ca href=\"https://dlmp.uw.edu/faculty/baird\">Dr. Geoffrey Baird\u003c/a>, chair of the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology at the University of Washington School of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Baird says perhaps the biggest factor is human error. After all, people doing these tests at home make mistakes and aren’t trained like those who are doing COVID-19 tests in a lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s going to be some people who stick it in their mouth,” he says, explaining that not everyone follows the testing instructions as written. Some people even get mucus on the swab, mistakenly thinking mucus will have plenty of virus in it. “Actually you don’t want snot on the thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while, on average, people will get a positive antigen test result around the time they become infectious, Baird says it’s important to remember that there will always be plenty of people on either side of that average: those who test positive much earlier than most and those who test positive much later.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How well do these tests really work?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Antigen tests can be useful in certain situations (more on that in a minute), but Baird stresses that they have their limits. That was true even before the pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Similar technology has existed for influenza for years and the recommendation was not to use them,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Antigen tests look for specific proteins inside the virus. Users typically swab their nostrils, and the tests take about 15 minutes to render a positive or negative result. But these at-home tests need much more virus to generate a positive result than a PCR test, which is done in a lab and involves letting trace amounts of viral genetic material “amplify” over time — usually a day or so. So even if very little virus is present, there should be enough to trigger a positive result (PCR tests may also keep turning up positive long after someone has cleared the infection).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both kinds of tests have their advantages and disadvantages. And there are two measures of test performance to know about: \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/04/15/834497497/antibody-tests-for-coronavirus-can-miss-the-mark\">specificity and sensitivity\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Specificity is how good the test is at avoiding false positives. And sensitivity is how good the test is at finding the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/lab/resources/antigen-tests-guidelines.html#table1\">According to the CDC\u003c/a>, antigen and PCR tests are both good at avoiding false positives, but PCR tests are generally more sensitive than home tests. That means antigen tests aren’t all that useful for ruling \u003cem>out \u003c/em>COVID-19, but they can be valuable for confirming that cold really \u003cem>is \u003c/em>COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you don’t have any symptoms though, don’t count on antigen tests to give you a definitive answer on whether or not you’re in the clear. This is also what researchers found when they took a look at more than 100 studies of antigen tests and \u003ca href=\"https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD013705.pub3/full\">published their findings\u003c/a> in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews this past July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rapid antigen tests are considerably less accurate when they are used in people with no signs or symptoms of infection, but do perform better in people who have been in contact with someone who has confirmed COVID‐19,” they wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same researchers also found that not all home tests were equally accurate. Their review included 49 different kinds of tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We saw a lot of variation in the sensitivity of different brands of tests and our overall results combine findings from different studies that evaluated the same tests,” lead author Jacqueline Dinnes from the University of Birmingham \u003ca href=\"https://www.cochrane.org/podcasts/10.1002/14651858.CD013705.pub3\">said in a podcast\u003c/a> about the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>So what are these tests actually good for?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Even though it seems like a good idea to have everyone take a rapid COVID-19 test the day of a gathering to make sure they’re negative, experts say that’s not how the tests were meant to be used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A positive test is almost always true,” Colgrove says. “So in a person with an exposure or a person with suggestive symptoms, if they do a test and it’s positive, you’re done. You have your diagnosis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2022/06/30/1108615724/positive-test-isolation\">slightly different story\u003c/a> if you are getting over COVID-19 and are testing to see whether you’re still positive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a negative “does not rule out” a COVID-19 infection, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/testing.html\">according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a>. If someone tests negative, they’re supposed to take another antigen test 48 hours later to see if it turns positive. And if that person has a \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/safety-communications/home-covid-19-antigen-tests-take-steps-reduce-your-risk-false-negative-results-fda-safety\">known COVID exposure or symptoms\u003c/a>, the FDA \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/08/11/1117060962/covid-19-home-tests-fda\">recommends a third test \u003c/a>48 hours after that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best way to use the tests is to know their limits and follow instructions for retesting when you get a negative result.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In a person who had suggestive symptoms now, in the middle of the epidemic where the prevalence of the infection is high, a single negative test is not enough to rule out infection,” Colgrove says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you have COVID-19 symptoms, even if your test is negative, it’s a good idea to be cautious and just stay home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Is+it+time+for+a+reality+check+on+rapid+COVID+tests%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"slug": "the-us-faces-unprecedented-uncertainty-regarding-abortion-law-legal-scholar-says",
"title": "The US Faces 'Unprecedented Uncertainty' Regarding Abortion Law, Legal Scholar Says",
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"headTitle": "The US Faces ‘Unprecedented Uncertainty’ Regarding Abortion Law, Legal Scholar Says | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>In June 2022, the U.S. Supreme Court’s ruling in \u003cem>Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/06/24/1102305878/supreme-court-abortion-roe-v-wade-decision-overturn\">struck down\u003c/a> \u003cem>Roe v. Wade\u003c/em>, the 1973 landmark ruling that guaranteed the right to an abortion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without \u003cem>Roe\u003c/em>, the Court’s decision left it up to the states to decide on the legality of abortion and the restrictions surrounding it. Legal scholar \u003ca href=\"https://law.ucdavis.edu/people/mary-ziegler\">Mary Ziegler \u003c/a>chronicles the legal, political and cultural debate around abortion in the new book, \u003cem>Roe: The History of a National Obsession\u003c/em>. She says the battle over abortion rights is far from over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re at a moment of really almost unprecedented uncertainty in the United States when it comes to abortion,” Ziegler says. “Lots of people are waking up to the reality that what was a constitutional right not very long ago is now a crime in large swaths of the country.”[aside label=\"Related Stories\" postID=\"news_11931183,news_11926949,news_11931860\"]Some states, including \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/09/1134833374/california-results-abortion-contraception-amendment-midterms\">California\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/09/1134834724/michigan-abortion-amendment-midterm-results\">Michigan\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/2022-live-primary-election-race-results/2022/08/02/1115317596/kansas-voters-abortion-legal-reject-constitutional-amendment\">Kansas \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/09/08/1121940025/south-carolina-senators-reject-a-near-total-abortion-ban\">South Carolina\u003c/a>, have responded to the \u003cem>Dobbs \u003c/em>decision by protecting legal access to abortion. Meanwhile, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2022/06/24/1107126432/abortion-bans-supreme-court-roe-v-wade\">more than a dozen other states\u003c/a>, including \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/09/12/1122481691/idahos-extensive-abortion-ban-is-impacting-neighboring-washington\">Idaho\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/08/22/1118635642/abortion-trigger-ban-tennessee-idaho-texas\">Tennessee\u003c/a>, Arkansas and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2022/07/26/1111280165/because-of-texas-abortion-law-her-wanted-pregnancy-became-a-medical-nightmare\">Texas\u003c/a>, have moved to enact sweeping abortion bans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Texas, for instance, abortion is a felony punishable by up to life in prison. The state’s law explicitly prohibits criminally prosecuting people seeking abortions. Instead, it focuses on abortion providers, as well as people who aid or abet them — including those who help fund abortions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there are states where abortion is legal, but hasn’t been explicitly protected as a right in a state’s constitution or by court decisions. Ziegler points to Florida, which, because it has more liberal abortion laws than its neighboring states, is considered a “receiving state,” for people seeking abortion. “Florida, at the moment, has a 15-week ban, but nothing more than that,” she says. “We expect to see some of those states [like Florida] become battlegrounds in the years ahead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Ziegler acknowledges that no one knows what the future of abortion rights in the U.S. will look like, one thing is certain: This is a story that’s larger than one court decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The story of our abortion politics has always been one about more than the Supreme Court telling us what to do,” she says. “It’s been grassroots movements. It’s been ordinary voters, it’s been legislatures, it’s been state courts. And that’s going to continue to be true. So I think we’re at the very beginning of something very confusing, but also something that is far, far from over.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Interview highlights\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how confusion about abortion law can stop people from exercising their right to an abortion\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of people, if they’re not sure what is and is not OK, may make the decision to not come close to crossing the line. They may be scared away from exercising a right they do, in fact, have. But I think we’re at a moment of really almost unprecedented uncertainty in the United States when it comes to abortion. That’s true of the laws. It’s true of the way abortion care is delivered. It’s true, frankly, of the strategies that are being pursued by both movements. I think the kind of old hierarchies in the movements on both sides were shaken up by the \u003cem>Dobbs \u003c/em>decision and the political developments of the past couple of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On Texas prosecutors targeting abortion funds\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abortion funds kind of emerged because it was very difficult for low-income people to pay for abortions because of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/05/31/1001881788/bidens-budget-proposal-reverses-a-decades-long-ban-on-abortion-funding\">Hyde Amendment\u003c/a>, which bans federal Medicaid monies being used for reimbursement for abortions. So these abortion funds have been an important part of the funding reality for decades. And these demand letters that were sent to the abortion funds in Texas essentially suggested that they had been aiding and abetting a criminal act and demanded, among other things, details about their patients’ information.[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Mary Ziegler, author, 'Roe: The History of a National Obsession'\"]‘We’re at a moment of really almost unprecedented uncertainty in the United States when it comes to abortion. Lots of people are waking up to the reality that what was a constitutional right not very long ago is now a crime in large swaths of the country.’[/pullquote]And I think this has been frightening for people who support abortion rights, not only because of what it would mean for abortion funds, which, as I mentioned, are kind of the only way that low-income people have been able to reliably access money for abortion, but also because they suggest at least the possibility that people who have abortions will be somehow swept into the criminal system too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how federal health privacy law doesn’t protect a lot of digital privacy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s lots of information related to reproductive health services that doesn’t come from HIPAA-protected sources. Abortion funds are not medical providers. If you’re on Facebook talking to your friends about whether you’re going to have an abortion, that’s not protected by HIPAA. If you’re using your phone and you’re using Google Maps to get to a clinic and Google sells that data to various advertisers, there’s nothing theoretically stopping law enforcement from purchasing the same data. So in a world where abortion is a crime, it’s a reminder of how little digital privacy many of us already have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how are anti-abortion activists using the \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/07/07/1013592570/how-an-anti-vice-crusader-sabotaged-the-early-birth-control-movement\">\u003cstrong>Comstock Act\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong> (an 1873 law that prohibits mailing “obscene” materials) to target pills by mail\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The anti-abortion movement read the Comstock Act to say that it’s illegal to mail abortion pills anywhere — full stop — for any purpose. And so that would be tantamount to saying abortion pills themselves are entirely illegal because all abortion pills that any patient in the United States takes have been in the mail in some way or another. Abortion clinics are not manufacturing their own pills; they’re purchasing them from drug companies, pharmacies or getting them in the mail. People having telehealth procedures are getting them in the mail for the moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11938539\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11938539\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1446517756-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"A woman of color with a megaphone gets close to the face of an angry stone-faced white man as she speaks into the megaphone\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1446517756-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1446517756-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1446517756-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1446517756.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pro-abortion-rights and anti-abortion demonstrators clash in what has become a monthly ritual, as anti-abortion activists attempt to walk from the Old St. Patrick’s Church to a Planned Parenthood clinic, Dec. 3, 2022, in New York City, New York. \u003ccite>(Andrew Lichtenstein/Corbis via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This argument isn’t going to go anywhere, likely because the Justice Department just put out a memorandum saying that, for the time being, the federal government interprets the Comstock Act to only apply to people who are mailing abortion [pills] with criminal intention. That is to say, deliberately trying to violate laws against those abortion pills, which would make it much harder to prosecute anyone under the Comstock Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But anti-abortion activists who are invoking the Comstock Act are really playing the long game. They’re hoping either, 1) through lawsuits to get arguments about the Comstock Act before the Supreme Court, which is very conservative on abortion and may agree with anti-abortion activists’ interpretation of the Comstock Act, or, 2) just bide time until a Republican is in the White House and a Republican [Department of Justice] takes a different interpretation of the Comstock Act. So we’re seeing this argument crop up in lawsuits. We’re seeing it crop up in local ordinances passed by small towns in blue, red and purple states that mention the Comstock Act. So it’s become a kind of central part of strategy in some quarters in the anti-abortion movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On questions around the legality of traveling out of state for an abortion\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are pre-file bills in places like Texas and Missouri that try to put a stop to out-of-state travel for abortion. For the most part, based on the pre-file bills we’re seeing, states are not directly saying, “We’re going to criminalize travel or allow people to be sued for traveling.” They’re going more kind of indirect routes where they’re either allowing kind of SB8 [\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/07/11/1107741175/texas-abortion-bounty-law\">Texas Senate Bill 8.\u003c/a>]-style “bounties” against people who help others travel for abortion, people who maybe perform abortions for people from states where it’s criminal, kind of focusing on doctors and aiders or abettors. What’s unusual about that, obviously, is that one state usually can’t tell another state what to do.[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Mary Ziegler, author, 'Roe: The History of a National Obsession'\"]‘I think we’re at the very beginning of something very confusing, but also something that is far, far from over.’[/pullquote]Imagine a woman from Mississippi travels to South Carolina where there’s now going to have to be legal abortion and has an abortion. And then Mississippi says, “Well, we’re going to prosecute the doctor in Mississippi for this abortion.” Usually we don’t do things like that. We haven’t done things like that really since before the Civil War, when there were fugitive slave laws in place. So it creates all kinds of uncertainty about whose law would apply. Would it be Mississippi’s or South Carolina’s in that hypothetical? Would it be constitutional for Mississippi to tell South Carolina doctors what to do? Or would that raise all kinds of red flags constitutionally? We don’t know any of the answers to that. And again, the one thing we do know is that they would most likely land before the same U.S. Supreme Court that reversed \u003cem>Roe v. Wade\u003c/em>, which is why state legislators are willing to try things out that are unprecedented in recent history and potentially constitutionally questionable as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the anti-abortion movement’s crack down on free speech and information\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If people don’t know what their options are, in other words, they don’t know where the clinic out of state is, they don’t know how to get abortion pills in the mail, or they don’t know how to use them safely, or how late in pregnancy it’s safe to do so, some people quite simply aren’t going to have those abortions. And so I think the effort to crack down on speech has not just been about advocacy, it’s been about access to information — online as well as offline. … There’s been a kind of concerted effort to … prevent people from accessing kind of basic information about what medication abortion involves or what kinds of services might be available in nearby states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Sam Briger and Susan Nyakundi produced and edited this interview for broadcast. Bridget Bentz, Molly Seavy-Nesper and Carmel Wroth adapted it for the web.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Legal scholar Mary Ziegler, who chronicles the legal, political and cultural debate around abortion in her new book, says the battle over abortion rights is far from over and that it's a story that's larger than one court decision.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In June 2022, the U.S. Supreme Court’s ruling in \u003cem>Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/06/24/1102305878/supreme-court-abortion-roe-v-wade-decision-overturn\">struck down\u003c/a> \u003cem>Roe v. Wade\u003c/em>, the 1973 landmark ruling that guaranteed the right to an abortion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without \u003cem>Roe\u003c/em>, the Court’s decision left it up to the states to decide on the legality of abortion and the restrictions surrounding it. Legal scholar \u003ca href=\"https://law.ucdavis.edu/people/mary-ziegler\">Mary Ziegler \u003c/a>chronicles the legal, political and cultural debate around abortion in the new book, \u003cem>Roe: The History of a National Obsession\u003c/em>. She says the battle over abortion rights is far from over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re at a moment of really almost unprecedented uncertainty in the United States when it comes to abortion,” Ziegler says. “Lots of people are waking up to the reality that what was a constitutional right not very long ago is now a crime in large swaths of the country.”\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Some states, including \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/09/1134833374/california-results-abortion-contraception-amendment-midterms\">California\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/09/1134834724/michigan-abortion-amendment-midterm-results\">Michigan\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/2022-live-primary-election-race-results/2022/08/02/1115317596/kansas-voters-abortion-legal-reject-constitutional-amendment\">Kansas \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/09/08/1121940025/south-carolina-senators-reject-a-near-total-abortion-ban\">South Carolina\u003c/a>, have responded to the \u003cem>Dobbs \u003c/em>decision by protecting legal access to abortion. Meanwhile, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2022/06/24/1107126432/abortion-bans-supreme-court-roe-v-wade\">more than a dozen other states\u003c/a>, including \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/09/12/1122481691/idahos-extensive-abortion-ban-is-impacting-neighboring-washington\">Idaho\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/08/22/1118635642/abortion-trigger-ban-tennessee-idaho-texas\">Tennessee\u003c/a>, Arkansas and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2022/07/26/1111280165/because-of-texas-abortion-law-her-wanted-pregnancy-became-a-medical-nightmare\">Texas\u003c/a>, have moved to enact sweeping abortion bans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Texas, for instance, abortion is a felony punishable by up to life in prison. The state’s law explicitly prohibits criminally prosecuting people seeking abortions. Instead, it focuses on abortion providers, as well as people who aid or abet them — including those who help fund abortions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there are states where abortion is legal, but hasn’t been explicitly protected as a right in a state’s constitution or by court decisions. Ziegler points to Florida, which, because it has more liberal abortion laws than its neighboring states, is considered a “receiving state,” for people seeking abortion. “Florida, at the moment, has a 15-week ban, but nothing more than that,” she says. “We expect to see some of those states [like Florida] become battlegrounds in the years ahead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Ziegler acknowledges that no one knows what the future of abortion rights in the U.S. will look like, one thing is certain: This is a story that’s larger than one court decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The story of our abortion politics has always been one about more than the Supreme Court telling us what to do,” she says. “It’s been grassroots movements. It’s been ordinary voters, it’s been legislatures, it’s been state courts. And that’s going to continue to be true. So I think we’re at the very beginning of something very confusing, but also something that is far, far from over.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Interview highlights\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how confusion about abortion law can stop people from exercising their right to an abortion\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of people, if they’re not sure what is and is not OK, may make the decision to not come close to crossing the line. They may be scared away from exercising a right they do, in fact, have. But I think we’re at a moment of really almost unprecedented uncertainty in the United States when it comes to abortion. That’s true of the laws. It’s true of the way abortion care is delivered. It’s true, frankly, of the strategies that are being pursued by both movements. I think the kind of old hierarchies in the movements on both sides were shaken up by the \u003cem>Dobbs \u003c/em>decision and the political developments of the past couple of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On Texas prosecutors targeting abortion funds\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abortion funds kind of emerged because it was very difficult for low-income people to pay for abortions because of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/05/31/1001881788/bidens-budget-proposal-reverses-a-decades-long-ban-on-abortion-funding\">Hyde Amendment\u003c/a>, which bans federal Medicaid monies being used for reimbursement for abortions. So these abortion funds have been an important part of the funding reality for decades. And these demand letters that were sent to the abortion funds in Texas essentially suggested that they had been aiding and abetting a criminal act and demanded, among other things, details about their patients’ information.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>And I think this has been frightening for people who support abortion rights, not only because of what it would mean for abortion funds, which, as I mentioned, are kind of the only way that low-income people have been able to reliably access money for abortion, but also because they suggest at least the possibility that people who have abortions will be somehow swept into the criminal system too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how federal health privacy law doesn’t protect a lot of digital privacy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s lots of information related to reproductive health services that doesn’t come from HIPAA-protected sources. Abortion funds are not medical providers. If you’re on Facebook talking to your friends about whether you’re going to have an abortion, that’s not protected by HIPAA. If you’re using your phone and you’re using Google Maps to get to a clinic and Google sells that data to various advertisers, there’s nothing theoretically stopping law enforcement from purchasing the same data. So in a world where abortion is a crime, it’s a reminder of how little digital privacy many of us already have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how are anti-abortion activists using the \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/07/07/1013592570/how-an-anti-vice-crusader-sabotaged-the-early-birth-control-movement\">\u003cstrong>Comstock Act\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong> (an 1873 law that prohibits mailing “obscene” materials) to target pills by mail\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The anti-abortion movement read the Comstock Act to say that it’s illegal to mail abortion pills anywhere — full stop — for any purpose. And so that would be tantamount to saying abortion pills themselves are entirely illegal because all abortion pills that any patient in the United States takes have been in the mail in some way or another. Abortion clinics are not manufacturing their own pills; they’re purchasing them from drug companies, pharmacies or getting them in the mail. People having telehealth procedures are getting them in the mail for the moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11938539\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11938539\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1446517756-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"A woman of color with a megaphone gets close to the face of an angry stone-faced white man as she speaks into the megaphone\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1446517756-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1446517756-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1446517756-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1446517756.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pro-abortion-rights and anti-abortion demonstrators clash in what has become a monthly ritual, as anti-abortion activists attempt to walk from the Old St. Patrick’s Church to a Planned Parenthood clinic, Dec. 3, 2022, in New York City, New York. \u003ccite>(Andrew Lichtenstein/Corbis via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This argument isn’t going to go anywhere, likely because the Justice Department just put out a memorandum saying that, for the time being, the federal government interprets the Comstock Act to only apply to people who are mailing abortion [pills] with criminal intention. That is to say, deliberately trying to violate laws against those abortion pills, which would make it much harder to prosecute anyone under the Comstock Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But anti-abortion activists who are invoking the Comstock Act are really playing the long game. They’re hoping either, 1) through lawsuits to get arguments about the Comstock Act before the Supreme Court, which is very conservative on abortion and may agree with anti-abortion activists’ interpretation of the Comstock Act, or, 2) just bide time until a Republican is in the White House and a Republican [Department of Justice] takes a different interpretation of the Comstock Act. So we’re seeing this argument crop up in lawsuits. We’re seeing it crop up in local ordinances passed by small towns in blue, red and purple states that mention the Comstock Act. So it’s become a kind of central part of strategy in some quarters in the anti-abortion movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On questions around the legality of traveling out of state for an abortion\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are pre-file bills in places like Texas and Missouri that try to put a stop to out-of-state travel for abortion. For the most part, based on the pre-file bills we’re seeing, states are not directly saying, “We’re going to criminalize travel or allow people to be sued for traveling.” They’re going more kind of indirect routes where they’re either allowing kind of SB8 [\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/07/11/1107741175/texas-abortion-bounty-law\">Texas Senate Bill 8.\u003c/a>]-style “bounties” against people who help others travel for abortion, people who maybe perform abortions for people from states where it’s criminal, kind of focusing on doctors and aiders or abettors. What’s unusual about that, obviously, is that one state usually can’t tell another state what to do.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Imagine a woman from Mississippi travels to South Carolina where there’s now going to have to be legal abortion and has an abortion. And then Mississippi says, “Well, we’re going to prosecute the doctor in Mississippi for this abortion.” Usually we don’t do things like that. We haven’t done things like that really since before the Civil War, when there were fugitive slave laws in place. So it creates all kinds of uncertainty about whose law would apply. Would it be Mississippi’s or South Carolina’s in that hypothetical? Would it be constitutional for Mississippi to tell South Carolina doctors what to do? Or would that raise all kinds of red flags constitutionally? We don’t know any of the answers to that. And again, the one thing we do know is that they would most likely land before the same U.S. Supreme Court that reversed \u003cem>Roe v. Wade\u003c/em>, which is why state legislators are willing to try things out that are unprecedented in recent history and potentially constitutionally questionable as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the anti-abortion movement’s crack down on free speech and information\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If people don’t know what their options are, in other words, they don’t know where the clinic out of state is, they don’t know how to get abortion pills in the mail, or they don’t know how to use them safely, or how late in pregnancy it’s safe to do so, some people quite simply aren’t going to have those abortions. And so I think the effort to crack down on speech has not just been about advocacy, it’s been about access to information — online as well as offline. … There’s been a kind of concerted effort to … prevent people from accessing kind of basic information about what medication abortion involves or what kinds of services might be available in nearby states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Sam Briger and Susan Nyakundi produced and edited this interview for broadcast. Bridget Bentz, Molly Seavy-Nesper and Carmel Wroth adapted it for the web.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Are you in need of some mid-century modern furniture, industrial kitchen equipment or audio-visual systems? Or looking to brighten up your apartment with a giant neon bird sign?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then you're in luck. Twitter's San Francisco headquarters \u003ca href=\"https://bid.hgpauction.com/auctions/8421/herita10194?page=1&pageSize=60\">is auctioning off \"surplus corporate office assets\"\u003c/a> online for a fleeting 27 hours, giving potential lucky bidders the chance to take a piece of the struggling company home with them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Auction house Global Heritage Partners is running the de facto fire sale, which will close at 10 a.m. PT (1 p.m. ET) on Wednesday and charges a buyer's premium of 18%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 631 lots include office supplies like projectors and massive white boards (in both \u003ca href=\"https://bid.hgpauction.com/auctions/8421/herita10194/lot-details/15d7592f-719e-431c-9125-af8200045f53\">old-school\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://bid.hgpauction.com/auctions/8421/herita10194/lot-details/8617dff3-0418-42d0-8569-af640116906d\">digital form)\u003c/a>, kitchen equipment from espresso machines to refrigerators (including \u003ca href=\"https://bid.hgpauction.com/auctions/8421/herita10194/lot-details/74019a73-ac15-4102-9969-af6401169068\">a kegerator\u003c/a> beer dispenser), a wide variety of chairs and couches and miscellaneous modern-day workplace staples like assorted \u003ca href=\"https://bid.hgpauction.com/auctions/8421/herita10194/lot-details/9011317c-240f-4792-99f6-af830179062e\">power adapters\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://bid.hgpauction.com/auctions/8421/herita10194/lot-details/e43a009c-7e06-4df0-a27a-af890180b184\">KN95 masks\u003c/a> in bulk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's also a bit of Twitter-specific memorabilia, including a six-foot-tall \"@\"-shaped \u003ca href=\"https://bid.hgpauction.com/auctions/8421/herita10194/lot-details/7488c826-21ce-49f1-acbe-af6600531ecc\">planter sculpture\u003c/a> filled with artificial flowers (with a high bid of $8,250), a \u003ca href=\"https://bid.hgpauction.com/auctions/8421/herita10194/lot-details/6db3e1b4-a543-4c6f-a7fb-af6c006a275f\">blue neon sign\u003c/a> in the shape of the app's bird logo ($22,500) and a smaller, sturdier \u003ca href=\"https://bid.hgpauction.com/auctions/8421/herita10194/lot-details/d329a468-4356-4b5b-9025-af6401169064\">bird statue\u003c/a> ($20,500).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other notable items include \u003ca href=\"https://bid.hgpauction.com/auctions/8421/herita10194/lot-details/87bb71f9-2140-42aa-bfbb-af6401169068\">a pizza oven\u003c/a> ($10,000), a \u003ca href=\"https://bid.hgpauction.com/auctions/8421/herita10194/lot-details/1ec7c981-1c19-4715-a2b1-af8800f3cca6\">conference room-sized booth\u003c/a> ($7,250) and several \u003ca href=\"https://bid.hgpauction.com/auctions/8421/herita10194/?term=soundproof+phone+booths\">individual \u003c/a>soundproof phone booths, packs of high-end \u003ca href=\"https://bid.hgpauction.com/auctions/8421/herita10194/lot-details/43b89ce3-36b4-45c3-a343-af6401169072\">desk chairs\u003c/a> ($4,900) and \u003ca href=\"https://bid.hgpauction.com/auctions/8421/herita10194/lot-details/61521093-cd88-41c7-bdd7-af6501242e1b\">sit-stand desks\u003c/a> ($900) and two stationary bikes that double as \u003ca href=\"https://bid.hgpauction.com/auctions/8421/herita10194/lot-details/741e512b-bf81-4b2c-a54e-af6401169064\">recharging stations\u003c/a> ($2,400).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, an eclectic assortment of goods and a jarring sight for those who once used them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Weird to see the Twitter office on auction,\" \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/kevinweil/status/1614663954365829124?s=20&t=2pYfdoXK1jubg6IuwVckbA\">tweeted Kevin Weil\u003c/a>, the company's former senior vice president of product. \"Great memories from a different era.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scott Budman, an NBC News tech and business reporter, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/scottbudman/status/1615573183960346625?s=20&t=et4c8s_mN9IYkmur8Ci0jw\">pointed out\u003c/a> some familiar items: A table where he interviewed former Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey got a bid for $1,000, the espresso machine where former editorial director Karen Wickre offered him coffee is going for $1,700.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Good luck, I guess,\" he wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ross Dove, chief executive of Heritage Global, the parent company of Heritage Global Partners, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/17/business/twitter-office-auction.html\">told the New York Times\u003c/a> that more than 20,000 people had registered to bid online — the most of any of the firm's auctions over the last 90 years and a fact he attributes to the public's fascination with Twitter and Musk himself. He estimated that the auction would net Twitter some $1.5 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The auction comes at a tough time for the company, which \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/25/1139180002/twitter-loses-50-top-advertisers-elon-musk\">lost many major advertisers\u003c/a> — as well as employees, thanks to layoffs and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/17/1137413251/twitter-employees-quit-elon-musk\">mass resignations\u003c/a> — after Elon Musk took over in October and has since sought to aggressively cut costs and raise revenue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk — who has announced his \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/12/20/1144182209/twitter-elon-musk-resigns\">plans to resign\u003c/a> as CEO — \u003ca href=\"https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-twitter-no-longer-in-fast-lane-to-bankruptcy-2022-12\">said in December\u003c/a> that the company was \"not, like, in the fast lane to bankruptcy anymore.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, its financial outlook remains murky, with \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/13/technology/elon-musk-twitter-shakeup.html\">the New York Times reporting\u003c/a> that same month that Twitter had not paid rent for its San Francisco headquarters or any global offices for weeks and was considering denying people severance payments. Employees have also discussed the possibility of selling usernames to make money, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/11/technology/twitter-user-names-elon-musk.html\">\u003cem>Times reported\u003c/em>\u003c/a> last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This month, Guinness World Records confirmed that Musk had \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/01/12/1148634966/elon-musk-guinness-world-records#:~:text=Musk%20lost%20between%20%24180%20billion,level%20of%20about%20%24147%20billion.\">broken the record\u003c/a> for largest amount of money lost by one individual. He lost between $180 billion and $200 billion since November 2021, largely due to the poor performance of Tesla stocks in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk remains the second-richest person in the world and, as of this week, is \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/01/17/1149410747/elon-musk-tesla-tweet-trial\">on trial for securities fraud\u003c/a> over a series of 2018 tweets teasing a Tesla buyout that never happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">[ad fullwidth]\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Twitter+is+auctioning+off+office+supplies%2C+including+a+pizza+oven+and+neon+bird+sign&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Are you in need of some mid-century modern furniture, industrial kitchen equipment or audio-visual systems? Or looking to brighten up your apartment with a giant neon bird sign?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then you're in luck. Twitter's San Francisco headquarters \u003ca href=\"https://bid.hgpauction.com/auctions/8421/herita10194?page=1&pageSize=60\">is auctioning off \"surplus corporate office assets\"\u003c/a> online for a fleeting 27 hours, giving potential lucky bidders the chance to take a piece of the struggling company home with them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Auction house Global Heritage Partners is running the de facto fire sale, which will close at 10 a.m. PT (1 p.m. ET) on Wednesday and charges a buyer's premium of 18%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 631 lots include office supplies like projectors and massive white boards (in both \u003ca href=\"https://bid.hgpauction.com/auctions/8421/herita10194/lot-details/15d7592f-719e-431c-9125-af8200045f53\">old-school\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://bid.hgpauction.com/auctions/8421/herita10194/lot-details/8617dff3-0418-42d0-8569-af640116906d\">digital form)\u003c/a>, kitchen equipment from espresso machines to refrigerators (including \u003ca href=\"https://bid.hgpauction.com/auctions/8421/herita10194/lot-details/74019a73-ac15-4102-9969-af6401169068\">a kegerator\u003c/a> beer dispenser), a wide variety of chairs and couches and miscellaneous modern-day workplace staples like assorted \u003ca href=\"https://bid.hgpauction.com/auctions/8421/herita10194/lot-details/9011317c-240f-4792-99f6-af830179062e\">power adapters\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://bid.hgpauction.com/auctions/8421/herita10194/lot-details/e43a009c-7e06-4df0-a27a-af890180b184\">KN95 masks\u003c/a> in bulk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's also a bit of Twitter-specific memorabilia, including a six-foot-tall \"@\"-shaped \u003ca href=\"https://bid.hgpauction.com/auctions/8421/herita10194/lot-details/7488c826-21ce-49f1-acbe-af6600531ecc\">planter sculpture\u003c/a> filled with artificial flowers (with a high bid of $8,250), a \u003ca href=\"https://bid.hgpauction.com/auctions/8421/herita10194/lot-details/6db3e1b4-a543-4c6f-a7fb-af6c006a275f\">blue neon sign\u003c/a> in the shape of the app's bird logo ($22,500) and a smaller, sturdier \u003ca href=\"https://bid.hgpauction.com/auctions/8421/herita10194/lot-details/d329a468-4356-4b5b-9025-af6401169064\">bird statue\u003c/a> ($20,500).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other notable items include \u003ca href=\"https://bid.hgpauction.com/auctions/8421/herita10194/lot-details/87bb71f9-2140-42aa-bfbb-af6401169068\">a pizza oven\u003c/a> ($10,000), a \u003ca href=\"https://bid.hgpauction.com/auctions/8421/herita10194/lot-details/1ec7c981-1c19-4715-a2b1-af8800f3cca6\">conference room-sized booth\u003c/a> ($7,250) and several \u003ca href=\"https://bid.hgpauction.com/auctions/8421/herita10194/?term=soundproof+phone+booths\">individual \u003c/a>soundproof phone booths, packs of high-end \u003ca href=\"https://bid.hgpauction.com/auctions/8421/herita10194/lot-details/43b89ce3-36b4-45c3-a343-af6401169072\">desk chairs\u003c/a> ($4,900) and \u003ca href=\"https://bid.hgpauction.com/auctions/8421/herita10194/lot-details/61521093-cd88-41c7-bdd7-af6501242e1b\">sit-stand desks\u003c/a> ($900) and two stationary bikes that double as \u003ca href=\"https://bid.hgpauction.com/auctions/8421/herita10194/lot-details/741e512b-bf81-4b2c-a54e-af6401169064\">recharging stations\u003c/a> ($2,400).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, an eclectic assortment of goods and a jarring sight for those who once used them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Weird to see the Twitter office on auction,\" \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/kevinweil/status/1614663954365829124?s=20&t=2pYfdoXK1jubg6IuwVckbA\">tweeted Kevin Weil\u003c/a>, the company's former senior vice president of product. \"Great memories from a different era.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scott Budman, an NBC News tech and business reporter, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/scottbudman/status/1615573183960346625?s=20&t=et4c8s_mN9IYkmur8Ci0jw\">pointed out\u003c/a> some familiar items: A table where he interviewed former Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey got a bid for $1,000, the espresso machine where former editorial director Karen Wickre offered him coffee is going for $1,700.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Good luck, I guess,\" he wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ross Dove, chief executive of Heritage Global, the parent company of Heritage Global Partners, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/17/business/twitter-office-auction.html\">told the New York Times\u003c/a> that more than 20,000 people had registered to bid online — the most of any of the firm's auctions over the last 90 years and a fact he attributes to the public's fascination with Twitter and Musk himself. He estimated that the auction would net Twitter some $1.5 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The auction comes at a tough time for the company, which \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/25/1139180002/twitter-loses-50-top-advertisers-elon-musk\">lost many major advertisers\u003c/a> — as well as employees, thanks to layoffs and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/17/1137413251/twitter-employees-quit-elon-musk\">mass resignations\u003c/a> — after Elon Musk took over in October and has since sought to aggressively cut costs and raise revenue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk — who has announced his \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/12/20/1144182209/twitter-elon-musk-resigns\">plans to resign\u003c/a> as CEO — \u003ca href=\"https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-twitter-no-longer-in-fast-lane-to-bankruptcy-2022-12\">said in December\u003c/a> that the company was \"not, like, in the fast lane to bankruptcy anymore.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, its financial outlook remains murky, with \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/13/technology/elon-musk-twitter-shakeup.html\">the New York Times reporting\u003c/a> that same month that Twitter had not paid rent for its San Francisco headquarters or any global offices for weeks and was considering denying people severance payments. Employees have also discussed the possibility of selling usernames to make money, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/11/technology/twitter-user-names-elon-musk.html\">\u003cem>Times reported\u003c/em>\u003c/a> last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This month, Guinness World Records confirmed that Musk had \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/01/12/1148634966/elon-musk-guinness-world-records#:~:text=Musk%20lost%20between%20%24180%20billion,level%20of%20about%20%24147%20billion.\">broken the record\u003c/a> for largest amount of money lost by one individual. He lost between $180 billion and $200 billion since November 2021, largely due to the poor performance of Tesla stocks in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk remains the second-richest person in the world and, as of this week, is \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/01/17/1149410747/elon-musk-tesla-tweet-trial\">on trial for securities fraud\u003c/a> over a series of 2018 tweets teasing a Tesla buyout that never happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Here's What's at Stake in Elon Musk's Tesla Tweet Trial",
"headTitle": "NPR | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>In 2018, before Elon Musk was making headlines for his role in running Twitter, he was making headlines for another Twitter-related controversy: allegedly using the platform to commit fraud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back then, a series of tweets about a possible $72-billion Tesla buyout that never materialized got Musk, the electric vehicle maker's CEO, in trouble with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. \u003ca href=\"https://www.sec.gov/news/press-release/2018-226\">The SEC said the billionaire knew a deal wasn't on the horizon. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, a civil trial stemming from those tweets is being watched as a window into Musk's behavior, past and present, which means the trial could produce new controversies of its own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trial starts Tuesday in San Francisco with jury selection. Here's what else you need to know.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>First, a quick refresher on what happened with the buyout tweets\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>On August 7, 2018, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1026872652290379776\">Musk tweeted that he had secured the funding\u003c/a> needed to pay for a potential buyout of Tesla at $420 per share. He \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1026914941004001280?s=20&t=Le2qlAEifbYrHqt8OFXqxQ\">tweeted again on the same day\u003c/a>, implying that the move was imminent: The \"only reason\" why the move was not certain is because it's contingent upon a shareholder vote, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the buyout never happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a week-long roller coaster in Tesla's stock price, \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/2018/8/13/17683316/elon-musk-tesla-private-saudi-arabia-funding-secured-sec\">the company said it didn't have the funding secured after all.\u003c/a> Musk said it was feedback from shareholders that made him change his mind about the deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An investigation by the SEC commission \u003ca href=\"https://www.sec.gov/news/press-release/2018-226\">led to a settlement with the company\u003c/a>, which included a $40 million fine, split evenly between Tesla and Musk, and Musk's relinquishment of his chairman role for at least three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SEC also said then that Musk wasn't even close to locking up the billions needed to pull off the buyout he teased on Twitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cdZZpaB2kDM\">Musk has since said \u003c/a>that he really believed he had the funding and that he entered into the SEC agreement under duress.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What's the deal with this trial?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The trial stems from a class-action lawsuit brought by investors who owned Tesla stock during a 10-day period (Aug. 7-17) that began the same day as Musk's tweets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>District Judge Edward Chen has already ruled that Musk's initial tweets were \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/judge-rules-musks-tweets-over-taking-tesla-private-were-false-investors-say-2022-04-16/\">knowingly false and misleading\u003c/a>. A jury will now decide whether Musk acted recklessly by posting them, as well as whether he caused financial harm to Tesla shareholders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tesla's stock prices swung by roughly $14 billion during the 10-day period covered in the lawsuit, the shareholders say.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What's happened to Tesla stock since the 2018 drama?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The August 2018 shareholder loss wasn't sustained for long: When adjusting for two stock splits, Tesla's shares are now worth roughly six times more than their 2018 values.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, recent investors have also lost a lot more than the $14 billion at the heart of the case. After a meteoric rise, Tesla shares started to plummet last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It lost 65% of its value in 2022 alone, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/01/06/1146941980/tesla-shares-elon-musk-twitter-electric-cars\">a dip partly due\u003c/a> to a tough year for the overall automobile industry and partly because of widespread disapproval of Musk's Twitter takeover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk himself has broken the record for the most amount of money lost by one person in the shortest amount of time, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/01/12/1148634966/elon-musk-guinness-world-records\">according to Guinness World Records.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His fortune went from an estimated $320 billion in 2021 to its current level of roughly $147 billion, though he's still one of the richest people in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What's at stake for Musk?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The CEO could lose another chunk of change after this trial, depending on its outcome. The shareholders say Musk should pay damages for the financial risk he put them in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while Tesla's stock price isn't directly on the line in this case, it could be swayed by another factor at stake: Musk's reputation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a time when shareholders are losing faith in Musk, we're likely to learn a thing or two about his management style from a witness lineup that includes top Tesla executives and Silicon Valley stars such as Oracle co-founder Larry Ellison, \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/elon-musk-technology-san-francisco-business-f6f0e8de56e2ac55a7a0d4ab9d6f1758\">according to The Associated Press\u003cem>. \u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trial has already turned into a bit of a referendum on Musk's likeability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, Judge Chen rejected the billionaire's bid to transfer the trial to Texas, which has been the site of Tesla headquarters since 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk's lawyers said that he wouldn't get a fair trial in San Francisco due to the jury pool's probable biases against Musk related to his Twitter takeover, which included \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/17/1137413251/twitter-employees-quit-elon-musk\">laying off over 3,750 employees.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/elon-musk-technology-texas-san-francisco-business-6ac6780b84fa446c43821e1fffeaf930\">The judge sided with the shareholders' lawyers\u003c/a>, who said Musk had only himself to blame for any negative perceptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Here%27s+what%27s+at+stake+in+Elon+Musk%27s+Tesla+tweet+trial&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "In 2018, Musk tweeted that he had secured enough funding to take Tesla private, but a deal never materialized. A trial over the risk he brought to shareholders could further tarnish the CEO's reputation.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In 2018, before Elon Musk was making headlines for his role in running Twitter, he was making headlines for another Twitter-related controversy: allegedly using the platform to commit fraud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back then, a series of tweets about a possible $72-billion Tesla buyout that never materialized got Musk, the electric vehicle maker's CEO, in trouble with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. \u003ca href=\"https://www.sec.gov/news/press-release/2018-226\">The SEC said the billionaire knew a deal wasn't on the horizon. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, a civil trial stemming from those tweets is being watched as a window into Musk's behavior, past and present, which means the trial could produce new controversies of its own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trial starts Tuesday in San Francisco with jury selection. Here's what else you need to know.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>First, a quick refresher on what happened with the buyout tweets\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>On August 7, 2018, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1026872652290379776\">Musk tweeted that he had secured the funding\u003c/a> needed to pay for a potential buyout of Tesla at $420 per share. He \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1026914941004001280?s=20&t=Le2qlAEifbYrHqt8OFXqxQ\">tweeted again on the same day\u003c/a>, implying that the move was imminent: The \"only reason\" why the move was not certain is because it's contingent upon a shareholder vote, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the buyout never happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a week-long roller coaster in Tesla's stock price, \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/2018/8/13/17683316/elon-musk-tesla-private-saudi-arabia-funding-secured-sec\">the company said it didn't have the funding secured after all.\u003c/a> Musk said it was feedback from shareholders that made him change his mind about the deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An investigation by the SEC commission \u003ca href=\"https://www.sec.gov/news/press-release/2018-226\">led to a settlement with the company\u003c/a>, which included a $40 million fine, split evenly between Tesla and Musk, and Musk's relinquishment of his chairman role for at least three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SEC also said then that Musk wasn't even close to locking up the billions needed to pull off the buyout he teased on Twitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cdZZpaB2kDM\">Musk has since said \u003c/a>that he really believed he had the funding and that he entered into the SEC agreement under duress.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What's the deal with this trial?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The trial stems from a class-action lawsuit brought by investors who owned Tesla stock during a 10-day period (Aug. 7-17) that began the same day as Musk's tweets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>District Judge Edward Chen has already ruled that Musk's initial tweets were \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/judge-rules-musks-tweets-over-taking-tesla-private-were-false-investors-say-2022-04-16/\">knowingly false and misleading\u003c/a>. A jury will now decide whether Musk acted recklessly by posting them, as well as whether he caused financial harm to Tesla shareholders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tesla's stock prices swung by roughly $14 billion during the 10-day period covered in the lawsuit, the shareholders say.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What's happened to Tesla stock since the 2018 drama?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The August 2018 shareholder loss wasn't sustained for long: When adjusting for two stock splits, Tesla's shares are now worth roughly six times more than their 2018 values.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, recent investors have also lost a lot more than the $14 billion at the heart of the case. After a meteoric rise, Tesla shares started to plummet last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It lost 65% of its value in 2022 alone, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/01/06/1146941980/tesla-shares-elon-musk-twitter-electric-cars\">a dip partly due\u003c/a> to a tough year for the overall automobile industry and partly because of widespread disapproval of Musk's Twitter takeover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk himself has broken the record for the most amount of money lost by one person in the shortest amount of time, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/01/12/1148634966/elon-musk-guinness-world-records\">according to Guinness World Records.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His fortune went from an estimated $320 billion in 2021 to its current level of roughly $147 billion, though he's still one of the richest people in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What's at stake for Musk?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The CEO could lose another chunk of change after this trial, depending on its outcome. The shareholders say Musk should pay damages for the financial risk he put them in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while Tesla's stock price isn't directly on the line in this case, it could be swayed by another factor at stake: Musk's reputation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a time when shareholders are losing faith in Musk, we're likely to learn a thing or two about his management style from a witness lineup that includes top Tesla executives and Silicon Valley stars such as Oracle co-founder Larry Ellison, \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/elon-musk-technology-san-francisco-business-f6f0e8de56e2ac55a7a0d4ab9d6f1758\">according to The Associated Press\u003cem>. \u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trial has already turned into a bit of a referendum on Musk's likeability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, Judge Chen rejected the billionaire's bid to transfer the trial to Texas, which has been the site of Tesla headquarters since 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk's lawyers said that he wouldn't get a fair trial in San Francisco due to the jury pool's probable biases against Musk related to his Twitter takeover, which included \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/17/1137413251/twitter-employees-quit-elon-musk\">laying off over 3,750 employees.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/elon-musk-technology-texas-san-francisco-business-6ac6780b84fa446c43821e1fffeaf930\">The judge sided with the shareholders' lawyers\u003c/a>, who said Musk had only himself to blame for any negative perceptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Here%27s+what%27s+at+stake+in+Elon+Musk%27s+Tesla+tweet+trial&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>California this week pushed ahead with controversial efforts to dismantle the largest death row system in America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under Gov. Gavin Newsom, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdcr.ca.gov/news/2023/01/11/cdcr-submits-regulations-for-the-transfer-of-condemned-inmates-from-death-row-housing-units/\">the state is moving to\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>make the transfer of condemned people permanent and mandatory\u003c/a> after what the state’s Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) calls a successful pilot program that voluntarily moved 101 condemned people off death row into general population prisons across the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effort is in keeping with Newsom’s belief that the death penalty in America is unjust, is racially and class biased and has little connection to justice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a hell of a thing: The prospect of your ending up on death row has more to do with your wealth and race than it does your guilt or innocence,” the Democratic governor said last year. “Think about that. We talk about justice, we preach justice. But as a nation, we don’t practice it on death row.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>a 45-day public comment period and a public hearing in March, the state hopes to start moving all 671 people on death row — 650 men and 21 women — into several other prisons across the state with high-security units.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of those people will be able to get jobs or cellmates if they are mainstreamed into the general prison population.[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Gov. Gavin Newsom\"]‘The prospect of your ending up on death row has more to do with your wealth and race than it does your guilt or innocence. Think about that. We talk about justice, we preach justice. But as a nation, we don’t practice it on death row.’[/pullquote]The CDCR says the move allows the state “to phase out the practice of segregating people on death row based solely on their sentence.” No people will be resentenced and no death row commutations offered, officials say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technically, the death penalty still exists in California. Prosecutors can still seek it. But \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdcr.ca.gov/capital-punishment/inmates-executed-1978-to-present/executed-inmate-summary-clarence-ray-allen/%20\">no one has been put to death in the state in 17 years\u003c/a>. And in 2019, Newsom imposed \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2019/03/13/governor-gavin-newsom-orders-a-halt-to-the-death-penalty-in-california/%20\">a moratorium on executions\u003c/a> and closed the death chamber at San Quentin, the decrepit and still heavily used 19th-century prison overlooking San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those who get prison jobs — as clerks, or laundry or kitchen helpers — will see 70% of their pay go to victims’ families, as required under Proposition 66. That 2016 voter-passed initiative amended California’s Penal Code to require people sentenced to death to work and pay restitution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anti-capital punishment groups are elated that the state with the largest condemned population is moving forward with efforts to, in effect, join the \u003ca href=\"https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/state-and-federal-info/state-by-state%20\">23 other states that have abolished their death rows\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“\u003c/em>I’m thrilled. Gavin Newsom is doing a very smart thing and a very positive thing,” says actor Mike Farrell, a long-time activist on the issue who chairs the group \u003ca href=\"https://deathpenalty.org/\">Death Penalty Focus\u003c/a>. “It will continue to show people that the death penalty is neither necessary nor is it doing us any good.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farrell calls capital punishment barbaric and biased against Black and brown people and those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. While he wholly supports\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>Newsom’s move, he points out that many people on death row face serious psychological hurdles, which will complicate the process of mainstreaming people on death row.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to be very difficult. There are many people on death row with serious mental issues,” he told NPR\u003cstrong>, \u003c/strong>noting many have been isolated for decades. “I think it’s a very good move on [Newsom’s] part. I just think that it has to be done extraordinarily carefully and very, very humanely.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Some families of murder victim are opposed\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>But death penalty proponents and victims’ rights advocates are frustrated and angry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To hear this news is devastating,” says Sandra Friend. She described feeling victimized all over again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her \u003ca href=\"https://www.change.org/p/forever-fighting-in-memory-of-michael-lyons%20%20\">8-year-old son, Michael Lyons\u003c/a>, was making his way home from school in Yuba City in 1996 when he was abducted and sodomized by serial killer Robert Boyd Rhoades, who dumped the child’s body in a riverbed.[aside label=\"Related Stories\" postID=\"news_10833493,news_11903391,news_11732471\"]“He [Rhoades] tortured Michael for 10 hours. He stabbed him 70 to 80 times,” she says. “And he was 8 years old. Just the little boy full of life, full of dreams.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rhoades was convicted of Lyons’ murder in 1998 and later sentenced to die by lethal injection. But that never happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In part, California’s death penalty reforms grew out of 2016’s Prop. 66, which promised to speed up the time between a death sentence and an execution. The successful ballot measure also required condemned people to work and pay restitution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now death penalty proponents accuse Newsom of exploiting a lesser-known section of Prop. 66 for his own ideological and political purposes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The governor has taken loopholes and nuances in the law and used them to give criminals — the worst criminals — a break,” says Michael Rushford, president of the conservative \u003ca href=\"https://www.cjlf.org/\">Criminal Justice Legal Foundation\u003c/a>. “To start mainstreaming people like \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-05-01-me-2666-story.html\">Tiequon Cox\u003c/a>, who killed an entire family in Los Angeles after going to the wrong address to do a gang hit, is an abandonment of justice. Injecting politics into criminal justice and public safety is insane. It’s unjust, unfair and it’s stupid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Other states have taken similar measures\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In recent years, governors in Pennsylvania and Oregon also have imposed moratoriums on the death penalty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oregon’s Kate Brown extended her predecessor’s moratorium. And in one of her last acts as governor last month, \u003ca href=\"https://www.opb.org/article/2022/12/15/oregon-gov-kate-brown-explains-why-she-commuted-all-of-her-state-s-death-sentences/\">she commuted the sentences of all 17 people on death row to life in prison with no possibility of parole\u003c/a>. She also ordered corrections officials to begin dismantling the state’s execution chamber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I believe that there are many Oregonians that share my values that it is inequitable, immoral and doesn’t make sense for the state to take a life, particularly when it is irreversible,” she said, after announcing her decision shortly before the holiday break.[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Mike Farrell, actor/activist, Death Penalty Focus\"]‘I’m thrilled. Gavin Newsom is doing a very smart thing and a very positive thing. It will continue to show people that the death penalty is neither necessary nor is it doing us any good.’[/pullquote]Nationally, \u003ca href=\"https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/facts-and-research/dpic-reports/dpic-year-end-reports/the-death-penalty-in-2022-year-end-report\">five-year averages of executions and new death sentences in America have hit decade lows\u003c/a>, according to the recently published annual report by the nonpartisan and nonprofit Death Penalty Information Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gallup polling shows \u003ca href=\"https://news.gallup.com/poll/404975/steady-americans-support-death-penalty-murderers.aspx\">a majority 55% of Americans are in favor of the death penalty for people convicted of murder\u003c/a>. But that’s in stark contrast to the consistent 60% to 80% support recorded between 1976 and 2016, Gallup data shows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, Sandra Friend says it’s outrageous that killers like Rhoades may “get rewarded,” as she puts it, with expanded work options, even a cellmate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For him to be able to leave death row and go into a cushier prison, having maybe possibly a cellie, having a job, is terrifying because he is the worst of the worst. 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A public hearing on the issue is scheduled in Sacramento for March 8.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m definitely going to make Michael’s voice heard,” she says, “because he’s the one that is getting lost in all of this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California this week pushed ahead with controversial efforts to dismantle the largest death row system in America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under Gov. Gavin Newsom, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdcr.ca.gov/news/2023/01/11/cdcr-submits-regulations-for-the-transfer-of-condemned-inmates-from-death-row-housing-units/\">the state is moving to\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>make the transfer of condemned people permanent and mandatory\u003c/a> after what the state’s Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) calls a successful pilot program that voluntarily moved 101 condemned people off death row into general population prisons across the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effort is in keeping with Newsom’s belief that the death penalty in America is unjust, is racially and class biased and has little connection to justice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a hell of a thing: The prospect of your ending up on death row has more to do with your wealth and race than it does your guilt or innocence,” the Democratic governor said last year. “Think about that. We talk about justice, we preach justice. But as a nation, we don’t practice it on death row.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>a 45-day public comment period and a public hearing in March, the state hopes to start moving all 671 people on death row — 650 men and 21 women — into several other prisons across the state with high-security units.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of those people will be able to get jobs or cellmates if they are mainstreamed into the general prison population.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘The prospect of your ending up on death row has more to do with your wealth and race than it does your guilt or innocence. Think about that. We talk about justice, we preach justice. But as a nation, we don’t practice it on death row.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The CDCR says the move allows the state “to phase out the practice of segregating people on death row based solely on their sentence.” No people will be resentenced and no death row commutations offered, officials say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technically, the death penalty still exists in California. Prosecutors can still seek it. But \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdcr.ca.gov/capital-punishment/inmates-executed-1978-to-present/executed-inmate-summary-clarence-ray-allen/%20\">no one has been put to death in the state in 17 years\u003c/a>. And in 2019, Newsom imposed \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2019/03/13/governor-gavin-newsom-orders-a-halt-to-the-death-penalty-in-california/%20\">a moratorium on executions\u003c/a> and closed the death chamber at San Quentin, the decrepit and still heavily used 19th-century prison overlooking San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those who get prison jobs — as clerks, or laundry or kitchen helpers — will see 70% of their pay go to victims’ families, as required under Proposition 66. That 2016 voter-passed initiative amended California’s Penal Code to require people sentenced to death to work and pay restitution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anti-capital punishment groups are elated that the state with the largest condemned population is moving forward with efforts to, in effect, join the \u003ca href=\"https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/state-and-federal-info/state-by-state%20\">23 other states that have abolished their death rows\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“\u003c/em>I’m thrilled. Gavin Newsom is doing a very smart thing and a very positive thing,” says actor Mike Farrell, a long-time activist on the issue who chairs the group \u003ca href=\"https://deathpenalty.org/\">Death Penalty Focus\u003c/a>. “It will continue to show people that the death penalty is neither necessary nor is it doing us any good.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farrell calls capital punishment barbaric and biased against Black and brown people and those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. While he wholly supports\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>Newsom’s move, he points out that many people on death row face serious psychological hurdles, which will complicate the process of mainstreaming people on death row.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to be very difficult. There are many people on death row with serious mental issues,” he told NPR\u003cstrong>, \u003c/strong>noting many have been isolated for decades. “I think it’s a very good move on [Newsom’s] part. I just think that it has to be done extraordinarily carefully and very, very humanely.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Some families of murder victim are opposed\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>But death penalty proponents and victims’ rights advocates are frustrated and angry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To hear this news is devastating,” says Sandra Friend. She described feeling victimized all over again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her \u003ca href=\"https://www.change.org/p/forever-fighting-in-memory-of-michael-lyons%20%20\">8-year-old son, Michael Lyons\u003c/a>, was making his way home from school in Yuba City in 1996 when he was abducted and sodomized by serial killer Robert Boyd Rhoades, who dumped the child’s body in a riverbed.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“He [Rhoades] tortured Michael for 10 hours. He stabbed him 70 to 80 times,” she says. “And he was 8 years old. Just the little boy full of life, full of dreams.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rhoades was convicted of Lyons’ murder in 1998 and later sentenced to die by lethal injection. But that never happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In part, California’s death penalty reforms grew out of 2016’s Prop. 66, which promised to speed up the time between a death sentence and an execution. The successful ballot measure also required condemned people to work and pay restitution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now death penalty proponents accuse Newsom of exploiting a lesser-known section of Prop. 66 for his own ideological and political purposes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The governor has taken loopholes and nuances in the law and used them to give criminals — the worst criminals — a break,” says Michael Rushford, president of the conservative \u003ca href=\"https://www.cjlf.org/\">Criminal Justice Legal Foundation\u003c/a>. “To start mainstreaming people like \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-05-01-me-2666-story.html\">Tiequon Cox\u003c/a>, who killed an entire family in Los Angeles after going to the wrong address to do a gang hit, is an abandonment of justice. Injecting politics into criminal justice and public safety is insane. It’s unjust, unfair and it’s stupid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Other states have taken similar measures\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In recent years, governors in Pennsylvania and Oregon also have imposed moratoriums on the death penalty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oregon’s Kate Brown extended her predecessor’s moratorium. And in one of her last acts as governor last month, \u003ca href=\"https://www.opb.org/article/2022/12/15/oregon-gov-kate-brown-explains-why-she-commuted-all-of-her-state-s-death-sentences/\">she commuted the sentences of all 17 people on death row to life in prison with no possibility of parole\u003c/a>. She also ordered corrections officials to begin dismantling the state’s execution chamber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I believe that there are many Oregonians that share my values that it is inequitable, immoral and doesn’t make sense for the state to take a life, particularly when it is irreversible,” she said, after announcing her decision shortly before the holiday break.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Nationally, \u003ca href=\"https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/facts-and-research/dpic-reports/dpic-year-end-reports/the-death-penalty-in-2022-year-end-report\">five-year averages of executions and new death sentences in America have hit decade lows\u003c/a>, according to the recently published annual report by the nonpartisan and nonprofit Death Penalty Information Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gallup polling shows \u003ca href=\"https://news.gallup.com/poll/404975/steady-americans-support-death-penalty-murderers.aspx\">a majority 55% of Americans are in favor of the death penalty for people convicted of murder\u003c/a>. But that’s in stark contrast to the consistent 60% to 80% support recorded between 1976 and 2016, Gallup data shows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, Sandra Friend says it’s outrageous that killers like Rhoades may “get rewarded,” as she puts it, with expanded work options, even a cellmate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For him to be able to leave death row and go into a cushier prison, having maybe possibly a cellie, having a job, is terrifying because he is the worst of the worst. He is a monster,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials underscore that transfers of people on death row and their housing will depend on the specific facts of each incarcerated person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Their housing would depend on their individual case factors, and it’s what the multidisciplinary teams will be evaluating,” says CDCR spokesperson Vicky Waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Friend and other victims’ families worry that simply allowing people on death row to mingle with other incarcerated people who will eventually be released is dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just to think about [Rhoades] interacting with other inmates and having the opportunity to teach those skills and those methods of keeping, you know, under the radar is terrifying,” Friend says. “He is a great threat to our society, our children.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state hopes to permanently empty California’s death row by this fall, a CDCR official says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Friend vows to fight the effort. A public hearing on the issue is scheduled in Sacramento for March 8.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m definitely going to make Michael’s voice heard,” she says, “because he’s the one that is getting lost in all of this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"hyphenacion": {
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"jerrybrown": {
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"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
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},
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"title": "Latino USA",
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"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
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"source": "American Public Media"
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"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
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},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"meta": {
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"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
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"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
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"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
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},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
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"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
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"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
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"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
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},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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