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"title": "McConnell Says Republicans Will Block Effort to Replace Feinstein on Senate Judiciary Committee",
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"content": "\u003cp>Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell said that Republicans would block an effort by Democrats to temporarily replace California Democratic Sen. Dianne Feinstein on the Senate Judiciary Committee as she recovers from shingles at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McConnell said the bulk of President Biden’s judicial nominees have bipartisan support, but replacing Feinstein would allow Democrats to approve nominees he labeled “unqualified.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So let’s be clear: Senate Republicans will not take part in sidelining a temporary absent colleague off a committee just so Democrats can force through their very worst nominees,” McConnell said Tuesday, while also calling Feinstein “a dear friend,” a “titanic figure,” and a “stateswoman.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Feinstein, 89, has not voted since February, and says she needs more time to recuperate. Democrats have raised concerns that without her vote, Biden’s nominees are stalled in committee. California Democratic Rep. Ro Khanna called on Feinstein to resign last week, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/04/13/1169808282/as-the-longest-serving-u-s-senator-takes-a-break-another-dem-wants-her-out-for-g\">telling NPR\u003c/a> she was an “absentee” senator. Another House Democrat, Minnesota Rep. Dean Phillips, agreed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response, Feinstein released a statement saying her recovery was taking longer than she anticipated, and she requested that Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer replace her on the Judiciary panel until she can return for votes in Washington — a request McConnell said was “extremely unusual.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McConnell specified that there were “a small fraction” of nominees that cannot get any Republican votes in the committee. “The far left wants the full Senate to move a senator off a full committee so they can ram through a small sliver of nominees who are especially extreme or especially unqualified.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"more Dianne Feinstein coverage\" tag=\"dianne-feinstein\"]Schumer has said he wanted to vote this week to have another Democrat take Feinstein’s place on the committee. But any move to change committee assignments would need 60 votes to pass, and Democrats are operating with a slim 51-49 majority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Senate Democrats have broadly supported Feinstein’s request to give her more time to recover. But without GOP support to replace her, there will likely be new pressure on Feinstein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sen. Joni Ernst, R-Iowa, a member of the GOP leadership team, told reporters Monday, “I would not support [a replacement] at all. We’re not going to help the Democrats with that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another Republican, Maine Sen. Susan Collins, criticized Democrats, saying Feinstein has “been an extraordinary senator and she’s a good friend of mine. During the past two years, there’s been a concerted campaign to force her off of the Judiciary Committee and I will have no part of that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sen. Mazie Hirono, D-Hawaii, a member of the Judiciary Committee, said Monday, “I hope she comes back soon. I respect her a lot. Her voters voted her in for six years and I do think this is a decision that Dianne and her constituents should make.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sen. Richard Blumenthal, D-Connecticut, also a member of the Judiciary Committee, told NPR that the committee should press ahead with nominations and “we will use all of the rules and tools available.” He declined to give details but said Democrats have options. He also said Feinstein could be back “in a couple of weeks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michigan Democratic Sen. Debbie Stabenow told reporters, “I think that she’s anxious to come back and so we’ll have to see. I think that she has been such — over the years — such a force, such a role model for me and that I just want her to be treated with respect, like everybody else. She’ll make the right decision.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear if Democrats will follow through and still hold a vote on replacing Feinstein on the panel to put Republicans on the record. GOP lawmakers have also recently had absences due to medical issues. McConnell \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/03/13/1163232163/mitch-mcconnell-discharged-from-the-hospital-after-suffering-a-concussion-last-w\">recently missed\u003c/a> several weeks in the Senate after falling and suffering a concussion and a minor rib fracture in early March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=McConnell+says+Republicans+will+block+effort+to+replace+Feinstein+on+Judiciary+panel&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The top Senate Republican said GOP senators are opposed to efforts by Democrats to temporarily replace the 89-year-old California senator, who is recovering at home from shingles.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell said that Republicans would block an effort by Democrats to temporarily replace California Democratic Sen. Dianne Feinstein on the Senate Judiciary Committee as she recovers from shingles at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McConnell said the bulk of President Biden’s judicial nominees have bipartisan support, but replacing Feinstein would allow Democrats to approve nominees he labeled “unqualified.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So let’s be clear: Senate Republicans will not take part in sidelining a temporary absent colleague off a committee just so Democrats can force through their very worst nominees,” McConnell said Tuesday, while also calling Feinstein “a dear friend,” a “titanic figure,” and a “stateswoman.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Feinstein, 89, has not voted since February, and says she needs more time to recuperate. Democrats have raised concerns that without her vote, Biden’s nominees are stalled in committee. California Democratic Rep. Ro Khanna called on Feinstein to resign last week, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/04/13/1169808282/as-the-longest-serving-u-s-senator-takes-a-break-another-dem-wants-her-out-for-g\">telling NPR\u003c/a> she was an “absentee” senator. Another House Democrat, Minnesota Rep. Dean Phillips, agreed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response, Feinstein released a statement saying her recovery was taking longer than she anticipated, and she requested that Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer replace her on the Judiciary panel until she can return for votes in Washington — a request McConnell said was “extremely unusual.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McConnell specified that there were “a small fraction” of nominees that cannot get any Republican votes in the committee. “The far left wants the full Senate to move a senator off a full committee so they can ram through a small sliver of nominees who are especially extreme or especially unqualified.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Schumer has said he wanted to vote this week to have another Democrat take Feinstein’s place on the committee. But any move to change committee assignments would need 60 votes to pass, and Democrats are operating with a slim 51-49 majority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Senate Democrats have broadly supported Feinstein’s request to give her more time to recover. But without GOP support to replace her, there will likely be new pressure on Feinstein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sen. Joni Ernst, R-Iowa, a member of the GOP leadership team, told reporters Monday, “I would not support [a replacement] at all. We’re not going to help the Democrats with that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another Republican, Maine Sen. Susan Collins, criticized Democrats, saying Feinstein has “been an extraordinary senator and she’s a good friend of mine. During the past two years, there’s been a concerted campaign to force her off of the Judiciary Committee and I will have no part of that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sen. Mazie Hirono, D-Hawaii, a member of the Judiciary Committee, said Monday, “I hope she comes back soon. I respect her a lot. Her voters voted her in for six years and I do think this is a decision that Dianne and her constituents should make.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sen. Richard Blumenthal, D-Connecticut, also a member of the Judiciary Committee, told NPR that the committee should press ahead with nominations and “we will use all of the rules and tools available.” He declined to give details but said Democrats have options. He also said Feinstein could be back “in a couple of weeks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michigan Democratic Sen. Debbie Stabenow told reporters, “I think that she’s anxious to come back and so we’ll have to see. I think that she has been such — over the years — such a force, such a role model for me and that I just want her to be treated with respect, like everybody else. She’ll make the right decision.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear if Democrats will follow through and still hold a vote on replacing Feinstein on the panel to put Republicans on the record. GOP lawmakers have also recently had absences due to medical issues. McConnell \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/03/13/1163232163/mitch-mcconnell-discharged-from-the-hospital-after-suffering-a-concussion-last-w\">recently missed\u003c/a> several weeks in the Senate after falling and suffering a concussion and a minor rib fracture in early March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=McConnell+says+Republicans+will+block+effort+to+replace+Feinstein+on+Judiciary+panel&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "medication-abortion-is-still-possible-with-just-1-drug-heres-how-it-works",
"title": "Medication Abortion Is Still Possible With Just 1 Drug. Here's How It Works",
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"content": "\u003cp>On Friday, a federal \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/04/07/1159220452/abortion-pill-drug-mifepristone-judge-texas-amarillo\">judge in Texas ruled\u003c/a> that the Food and Drug Administration didn’t properly approve a drug which has been on the market for more than 20 years in the U.S. for medical abortions. The drug in question, mifepristone, is used along with one other drug in most medication abortions in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fallout of the ruling could mean that mifepristone becomes unavailable in the U.S. in the near future, though the ruling is being challenged in court. Depending how legal battles play out and how the FDA responds, the effects of this ruling may apply only in certain states, or may indeed curtail mifepristone use around the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If this happens, doctors say they will continue to offer medication abortions without mifepristone, using only the other drug, misoprostol. Here’s what to know about how misoprostol-only abortions work, how safe they are and how patients would access them.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How does the single-drug protocol differ from the current standard of care which uses two drugs?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Most medication abortions in the U.S. currently use both mifepristone and misoprostol because patients experience fewer side effects when the medications are combined. A regimen involving both medications is also used for miscarriages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But misoprostol alone can be used effectively for abortions — and is commonly prescribed in some countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This regimen is still incredibly safe and effective,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.acog.org/about/leadership-and-governance/get-involved/darney-landy-fellows\">Dr. Kristyn Brandi\u003c/a>, a New Jersey family planning specialist and spokesperson for the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. “Medication abortion and miscarriage management will not go away with the loss of mifepristone, but it may look a little different.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the two-drug regimen, patients first take mifepristone — which blocks the hormone progesterone — to end the pregnancy. Patients then take misoprostol 24–48 hours later, which causes the uterus to expel the pregnancy tissue. Patients experience bleeding and cramping, and usually pass the pregnancy within four to six hours after taking the misoprostol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://societyfp.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Medication-abortion-with-misoprostol-only_A-sample-protocol_2023.pdf\">In a misoprostol-alone abortion (PDF)\u003c/a>, patients start the process with misoprostol, using the same amount as is used in the two-drug regimen. Three hours later, they take misoprostol again, causing the uterus to contract. They repeat this for three to four doses until the pregnancy passes, which usually takes between nine and 12 hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In both cases, patients typically see a doctor or nurse, either in person or online, and then take the drugs at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Is the misoprostol-alone regime safe? What can patients expect to experience?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>There’s lots of research that shows the misoprostol-only protocol \u003ca href=\"https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/Abstract/2019/01000/Efficacy_of_Misoprostol_Alone_for_First_Trimester.19.aspx\">is as safe \u003c/a>as the two-medication protocol — but it does tend to cause more side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though the two-drug protocol is still preferred when possible, there’s ample evidence that misoprostol alone is a very effective alternative, \u003ca href=\"https://societyfp.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/SFP_ScienceSays_misoprostol.pdf\">according to the Society of Family Planning (PDF)\u003c/a>, an abortion research organization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Multiple organizations, like the \u003ca href=\"https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/practice-bulletin/articles/2020/10/medication-abortion-up-to-70-days-of-gestation\">American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://srhr.org/abortioncare/chapter-3/abortion-3-4/medical-management-of-induced-abortion-recommendations-27-30-3-4-2/\">World Health Organization\u003c/a>, say the one-medication protocol is an acceptable choice, particularly when mifepristone isn’t available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients using misoprostol alone, however, tend to experience more nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, and a longer duration of cramping and bleeding. That’s why it’s usually the second choice regimen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The misoprostol-only protocol is actually faster than the two-medication protocol, which takes about 30 hours total since patients take the second drug at least 24-hours after the first. In the misoprostol-alone regimen, the process usually only takes 9-12 hours, but patients typically experience cramping and bleeding for longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>When might a patient need to seek further medical help for a medication abortion?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>With either regimen, the reasons to seek follow up care are the same.[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Dr. Kristyn Brandi, spokesperson, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists\"]‘This regimen is still incredibly safe and effective … Medication abortion and miscarriage management will not go away with the loss of mifepristone, but it may look a little different.’[/pullquote]If patients experience heavy or prolonged bleeding – spotting that persists for over 2 weeks, for example, or bleeding so heavy they soak through more than two pads an hour for over two hours – they might need a procedure to complete the abortion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A prolonged fever above 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit is also a reason to seek medical care. While low-grade fevers and chills are an expected side effect of misoprostol and aren’t life threatening, if a fever persists for more than 24 hours after taking misoprostol, it could be a sign of infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, if a patient does not experience \u003cem>any \u003c/em>bleeding or cramping, the medication may not have worked to end the pregnancy, and she might need more misoprostol or a procedure to have a complete abortion.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How far along into the pregnancy does medication abortion work?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration has approved the two-drug regimen to \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/information-about-mifepristone-medical-termination-pregnancy-through-ten-weeks-gestation\">end pregnancies up to 10 weeks\u003c/a> gestational age, but the World Health Organization \u003ca href=\"https://srhr.org/abortioncare/chapter-3/abortion-3-4/medical-management-of-induced-abortion-recommendations-27-30-3-4-2/\">endorses it up to 12 weeks\u003c/a>. After that, they’re less likely to be effective and may cause more bleeding and cramping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For misoprostol-only abortion, it’s less clear cut. There’s some data showing that the regimen can be effective in ending pregnancies up to 22 weeks. That’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9359894/\">according to one study\u003c/a> that looked at patients having self-managed abortions, without the direct involvement of a doctor in countries that have had restrictive abortion laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in U.S. states where second trimester abortion is allowed, Brandi says, doctors will typically recommend a procedural abortion in a hospital rather than a medication-based abortion to end pregnancies after 12 weeks. That’s because second trimester misoprostol-only abortions can involve more bleeding and prolonged cramping. Doctors would probably only recommend misoprostol-alone in the second trimester in states where patients don’t have other legal options.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How do patients get prescriptions for medication abortions? Would they be able to get them for the one-drug regimen?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In states where abortion is legal in the first trimester, patients can speak to a health care provider and get a prescription for medication abortion via \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2022/05/20/1099179361/telehealth-abortions-are-simple-and-private-but-restricted-in-many-states\">telehealth abortion companies\u003c/a>, in-person at clinics that provide abortion like Planned Parenthood, and at many general OB/GYN and family medicine clinics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As long as mifepristone is still available, providers will usually give the two-drug regimen. If it becomes unavailable, many providers have indicated they’d start prescribing misoprostol alone.[aside label=\"Related Stories\" postID=\"news_11946193,news_11946073,news_11938516\"]Dr. Jamie Phifer, the medical director of \u003ca href=\"https://abortionondemand.org/\">Abortion on Demand\u003c/a>, says her team is waiting to see how the courts ultimately rule on mifepristone. They will continue to provide mifepristone and misoprostol combination abortions to their patients unless it becomes illegal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But we’re ready,” she adds. “We can make the switch [to misoprostol-only protocols] within hours.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, misoprostol is easier to access than mifepristone. Even before the Texas judge’s ruling, mifepristone was subject to \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/information-about-mifepristone-medical-termination-pregnancy-through-ten-weeks-gestation\">special FDA regulations\u003c/a> that meant that most commercial pharmacies did not carry it, and patients could only get it at clinics that provide abortions or via pharmacies that had specially registered with the FDA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Misoprostol, however, isn’t subject to these regulations, so it’s stocked in almost all pharmacies and hospitals.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Are patients able to get the medication in states where abortion is banned?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Neither the two-drug regime, nor misoprostol-alone medication abortions are available legally in these states. Misoprostol itself remains legal when used for other purposes, like treating ulcers or inducing labor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, there are a number of services that help patients in these states access abortion pills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, \u003ca href=\"https://www.mayday.health/\">Mayday.Health\u003c/a> offers step-by-step instructions for setting up a mail-forwarding address, so patients can list an address in a permissive state on their intake forms for a telehealth abortion, then get the pills sent along to an additional address somewhere else. \u003ca href=\"https://www.plancpills.org/\">Plan C\u003c/a> is a website that provides up-to-date information about how to get abortion pills at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.mahotline.org/\">The Miscarriage and Abortion Hotline\u003c/a> offers free consultations with clinicians if a patient has questions about a medication abortion, even if she had the abortion in a state where it’s illegal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other organizations openly flout the law to provide abortion medications in all 50 states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://aidaccess.org/en/\">Aid Access\u003c/a>, for example, is based in the Netherlands and will mail mifepristone and misoprostol to patients in states where abortion is banned. Pills sent from abroad are not subject to FDA approval and safety regulations. The organization also employs U.S.-based health care providers, who prescribe FDA-regulated abortion pills via telehealth in states where it’s allowed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "While the fate of mifepristone hangs in the balance following a Texas federal judge's ruling last week, and with a legal challenge to the ruling underway, experts explain that the other abortion drug it is used with — misoprostol — will still be available and is still effective for abortion treatment.",
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"description": "While the fate of mifepristone hangs in the balance following a Texas federal judge's ruling last week, and with a legal challenge to the ruling underway, experts explain that the other abortion drug it is used with — misoprostol — will still be available and is still effective for abortion treatment.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On Friday, a federal \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/04/07/1159220452/abortion-pill-drug-mifepristone-judge-texas-amarillo\">judge in Texas ruled\u003c/a> that the Food and Drug Administration didn’t properly approve a drug which has been on the market for more than 20 years in the U.S. for medical abortions. The drug in question, mifepristone, is used along with one other drug in most medication abortions in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fallout of the ruling could mean that mifepristone becomes unavailable in the U.S. in the near future, though the ruling is being challenged in court. Depending how legal battles play out and how the FDA responds, the effects of this ruling may apply only in certain states, or may indeed curtail mifepristone use around the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If this happens, doctors say they will continue to offer medication abortions without mifepristone, using only the other drug, misoprostol. Here’s what to know about how misoprostol-only abortions work, how safe they are and how patients would access them.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How does the single-drug protocol differ from the current standard of care which uses two drugs?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Most medication abortions in the U.S. currently use both mifepristone and misoprostol because patients experience fewer side effects when the medications are combined. A regimen involving both medications is also used for miscarriages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But misoprostol alone can be used effectively for abortions — and is commonly prescribed in some countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This regimen is still incredibly safe and effective,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.acog.org/about/leadership-and-governance/get-involved/darney-landy-fellows\">Dr. Kristyn Brandi\u003c/a>, a New Jersey family planning specialist and spokesperson for the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. “Medication abortion and miscarriage management will not go away with the loss of mifepristone, but it may look a little different.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the two-drug regimen, patients first take mifepristone — which blocks the hormone progesterone — to end the pregnancy. Patients then take misoprostol 24–48 hours later, which causes the uterus to expel the pregnancy tissue. Patients experience bleeding and cramping, and usually pass the pregnancy within four to six hours after taking the misoprostol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://societyfp.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Medication-abortion-with-misoprostol-only_A-sample-protocol_2023.pdf\">In a misoprostol-alone abortion (PDF)\u003c/a>, patients start the process with misoprostol, using the same amount as is used in the two-drug regimen. Three hours later, they take misoprostol again, causing the uterus to contract. They repeat this for three to four doses until the pregnancy passes, which usually takes between nine and 12 hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In both cases, patients typically see a doctor or nurse, either in person or online, and then take the drugs at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Is the misoprostol-alone regime safe? What can patients expect to experience?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>There’s lots of research that shows the misoprostol-only protocol \u003ca href=\"https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/Abstract/2019/01000/Efficacy_of_Misoprostol_Alone_for_First_Trimester.19.aspx\">is as safe \u003c/a>as the two-medication protocol — but it does tend to cause more side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though the two-drug protocol is still preferred when possible, there’s ample evidence that misoprostol alone is a very effective alternative, \u003ca href=\"https://societyfp.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/SFP_ScienceSays_misoprostol.pdf\">according to the Society of Family Planning (PDF)\u003c/a>, an abortion research organization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Multiple organizations, like the \u003ca href=\"https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/practice-bulletin/articles/2020/10/medication-abortion-up-to-70-days-of-gestation\">American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://srhr.org/abortioncare/chapter-3/abortion-3-4/medical-management-of-induced-abortion-recommendations-27-30-3-4-2/\">World Health Organization\u003c/a>, say the one-medication protocol is an acceptable choice, particularly when mifepristone isn’t available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients using misoprostol alone, however, tend to experience more nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, and a longer duration of cramping and bleeding. That’s why it’s usually the second choice regimen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The misoprostol-only protocol is actually faster than the two-medication protocol, which takes about 30 hours total since patients take the second drug at least 24-hours after the first. In the misoprostol-alone regimen, the process usually only takes 9-12 hours, but patients typically experience cramping and bleeding for longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>When might a patient need to seek further medical help for a medication abortion?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>With either regimen, the reasons to seek follow up care are the same.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘This regimen is still incredibly safe and effective … Medication abortion and miscarriage management will not go away with the loss of mifepristone, but it may look a little different.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>If patients experience heavy or prolonged bleeding – spotting that persists for over 2 weeks, for example, or bleeding so heavy they soak through more than two pads an hour for over two hours – they might need a procedure to complete the abortion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A prolonged fever above 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit is also a reason to seek medical care. While low-grade fevers and chills are an expected side effect of misoprostol and aren’t life threatening, if a fever persists for more than 24 hours after taking misoprostol, it could be a sign of infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, if a patient does not experience \u003cem>any \u003c/em>bleeding or cramping, the medication may not have worked to end the pregnancy, and she might need more misoprostol or a procedure to have a complete abortion.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How far along into the pregnancy does medication abortion work?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration has approved the two-drug regimen to \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/information-about-mifepristone-medical-termination-pregnancy-through-ten-weeks-gestation\">end pregnancies up to 10 weeks\u003c/a> gestational age, but the World Health Organization \u003ca href=\"https://srhr.org/abortioncare/chapter-3/abortion-3-4/medical-management-of-induced-abortion-recommendations-27-30-3-4-2/\">endorses it up to 12 weeks\u003c/a>. After that, they’re less likely to be effective and may cause more bleeding and cramping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For misoprostol-only abortion, it’s less clear cut. There’s some data showing that the regimen can be effective in ending pregnancies up to 22 weeks. That’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9359894/\">according to one study\u003c/a> that looked at patients having self-managed abortions, without the direct involvement of a doctor in countries that have had restrictive abortion laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in U.S. states where second trimester abortion is allowed, Brandi says, doctors will typically recommend a procedural abortion in a hospital rather than a medication-based abortion to end pregnancies after 12 weeks. That’s because second trimester misoprostol-only abortions can involve more bleeding and prolonged cramping. Doctors would probably only recommend misoprostol-alone in the second trimester in states where patients don’t have other legal options.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How do patients get prescriptions for medication abortions? Would they be able to get them for the one-drug regimen?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In states where abortion is legal in the first trimester, patients can speak to a health care provider and get a prescription for medication abortion via \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2022/05/20/1099179361/telehealth-abortions-are-simple-and-private-but-restricted-in-many-states\">telehealth abortion companies\u003c/a>, in-person at clinics that provide abortion like Planned Parenthood, and at many general OB/GYN and family medicine clinics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As long as mifepristone is still available, providers will usually give the two-drug regimen. If it becomes unavailable, many providers have indicated they’d start prescribing misoprostol alone.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Dr. Jamie Phifer, the medical director of \u003ca href=\"https://abortionondemand.org/\">Abortion on Demand\u003c/a>, says her team is waiting to see how the courts ultimately rule on mifepristone. They will continue to provide mifepristone and misoprostol combination abortions to their patients unless it becomes illegal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But we’re ready,” she adds. “We can make the switch [to misoprostol-only protocols] within hours.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, misoprostol is easier to access than mifepristone. Even before the Texas judge’s ruling, mifepristone was subject to \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/information-about-mifepristone-medical-termination-pregnancy-through-ten-weeks-gestation\">special FDA regulations\u003c/a> that meant that most commercial pharmacies did not carry it, and patients could only get it at clinics that provide abortions or via pharmacies that had specially registered with the FDA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Misoprostol, however, isn’t subject to these regulations, so it’s stocked in almost all pharmacies and hospitals.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Are patients able to get the medication in states where abortion is banned?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Neither the two-drug regime, nor misoprostol-alone medication abortions are available legally in these states. Misoprostol itself remains legal when used for other purposes, like treating ulcers or inducing labor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, there are a number of services that help patients in these states access abortion pills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, \u003ca href=\"https://www.mayday.health/\">Mayday.Health\u003c/a> offers step-by-step instructions for setting up a mail-forwarding address, so patients can list an address in a permissive state on their intake forms for a telehealth abortion, then get the pills sent along to an additional address somewhere else. \u003ca href=\"https://www.plancpills.org/\">Plan C\u003c/a> is a website that provides up-to-date information about how to get abortion pills at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.mahotline.org/\">The Miscarriage and Abortion Hotline\u003c/a> offers free consultations with clinicians if a patient has questions about a medication abortion, even if she had the abortion in a state where it’s illegal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other organizations openly flout the law to provide abortion medications in all 50 states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://aidaccess.org/en/\">Aid Access\u003c/a>, for example, is based in the Netherlands and will mail mifepristone and misoprostol to patients in states where abortion is banned. Pills sent from abroad are not subject to FDA approval and safety regulations. The organization also employs U.S.-based health care providers, who prescribe FDA-regulated abortion pills via telehealth in states where it’s allowed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Several states say they are stocking up on medications used to induce abortions as a major abortion pill appears poised to potentially become unavailable in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Gavin Newsom’s office says it’s made plans to secure an emergency stockpile of up to 2 million pills of misoprostol, a drug used in combination with another pill that is now the subject of legal battles in federal courts. Officials say the state currently has more than 250,000 of the pills already on hand, which were purchased for about $100,000.[aside label=\"Related Stories\" postID=\"news_11946073,news_11938516,news_11931860\"]“While California still believes Mifepristone is central to the preferred regimen for medication abortion, the State negotiated and purchased an emergency stockpile of Misoprostol in anticipation of Friday’s ruling by far-right federal judge Matthew Kacsmaryk to ensure that California remains a safe haven for safe, affordable, and accessible reproductive care,” Newsom’s office said in a statement provided to NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Massachusetts Gov. Maura Healy said Monday afternoon that her state has stockpiled some 15,000 mifepristone pills or more than a year’s worth of doses. Last week, Washington Gov. Jay Inslee announced his state had \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/04/04/1167867948/washington-state-stockpiles-thousands-of-abortion-pills\">prepared a stockpile\u003c/a> of about three years’ worth of mifepristone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the United States, most medication abortions involve two drugs: mifepristone followed by misoprostol, a protocol approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 2000. A coalition of anti-abortion-rights groups are \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/02/01/1153593174/mifepristone-abortion-pill-federal-texas-lawsuit-restrict-access-nationwide\">suing the FDA\u003c/a>, seeking to force mifepristone to be pulled from the market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last Friday, Kaczmaryk, a Trump-appointed federal judge in Texas with a long history of ties with conservative activists, ruled that the FDA should halt its approval. His nationwide order is scheduled to go into effect this Friday unless the 5th Circuit Court of Appeals intervenes.[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Gov. Gavin Newsom\"]‘While California still believes Mifepristone is central to the preferred regimen for medication abortion, the State negotiated and purchased an emergency stockpile of Misoprostol in anticipation of Friday’s ruling by far-right federal judge Matthew Kacsmaryk to ensure that California remains a safe haven for safe, affordable, and accessible reproductive care.’[/pullquote]More than half of abortions in the U.S. are now medication abortions, and the vast majority of those involve the two-drug protocol, which is considered the gold standard here. But the second medication in that regimen, misoprostol, also can be used alone to induce abortion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers say the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/02/24/1159075709/abortion-drug-mifepristone-misoprotol-texas-case\">single-drug approach\u003c/a> is slightly less effective and can be more painful for patients, but misoprostol alone is endorsed by the World Health Organization as an effective option.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom’s office says the pills were secured through the state’s CalRx prescription drug program, and California is providing information about its purchase agreement to other states that may be interested in taking similar action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pharmacies facing shortages will be directed to a state website where they can find information about how to request pills from the misoprostol supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Several states say they are stocking up on medications used to induce abortions as a major abortion pill appears poised to potentially become unavailable in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Gavin Newsom’s office says it’s made plans to secure an emergency stockpile of up to 2 million pills of misoprostol, a drug used in combination with another pill that is now the subject of legal battles in federal courts. Officials say the state currently has more than 250,000 of the pills already on hand, which were purchased for about $100,000.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“While California still believes Mifepristone is central to the preferred regimen for medication abortion, the State negotiated and purchased an emergency stockpile of Misoprostol in anticipation of Friday’s ruling by far-right federal judge Matthew Kacsmaryk to ensure that California remains a safe haven for safe, affordable, and accessible reproductive care,” Newsom’s office said in a statement provided to NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Massachusetts Gov. Maura Healy said Monday afternoon that her state has stockpiled some 15,000 mifepristone pills or more than a year’s worth of doses. Last week, Washington Gov. Jay Inslee announced his state had \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/04/04/1167867948/washington-state-stockpiles-thousands-of-abortion-pills\">prepared a stockpile\u003c/a> of about three years’ worth of mifepristone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the United States, most medication abortions involve two drugs: mifepristone followed by misoprostol, a protocol approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 2000. A coalition of anti-abortion-rights groups are \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/02/01/1153593174/mifepristone-abortion-pill-federal-texas-lawsuit-restrict-access-nationwide\">suing the FDA\u003c/a>, seeking to force mifepristone to be pulled from the market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last Friday, Kaczmaryk, a Trump-appointed federal judge in Texas with a long history of ties with conservative activists, ruled that the FDA should halt its approval. His nationwide order is scheduled to go into effect this Friday unless the 5th Circuit Court of Appeals intervenes.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Teresa Partain has a job few people know exists. She’s a content moderator for Google’s ads engine and many of her colleagues do the same work for Google Search. Their job is to make sure the results people see are accurate and not spam or scams. Google calls these workers “quality raters,” but Partain said they call themselves “ghost workers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most people — even at Google — have no idea that we exist,” Partain said. “They don’t know that there are human beings doing a lot of the work. They think that the software is magic and already perfect and doesn’t need maintenance. And that’s just not true.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now they want to be seen. They’ve written letters to Google executives, held a rally outside the company’s Silicon Valley headquarters and created a petition to demand benefits and better pay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Partain isn’t employed by Google directly, but by a subcontractor called Appen. And, she said, that employment setup is what has led to worker grievances — mainly low wages, no benefits and isolation from colleagues. Partain is one of at least 10,000 people worldwide doing this job, according to Google.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They work from home and even though they’re employed by subcontractors, they’re given assignments directly by Google. Partain evaluates the quality and placement of Google ads, while her colleagues rate the quality of Google Search results. Their tasks can range from confirming a search for “carrot cake recipe” brings up relevant results to making sure an airfare ad doesn’t appear next to a news story about a plane crash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without them, Google Search wouldn’t function smoothly. Google says it gets \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search/howsearchworks/how-search-works/rigorous-testing/\">billions of queries\u003c/a> every day and it’s constantly making improvements to ensure its algorithms keep up. Danny Sullivan, the company’s public liaison for Search, wrote in a\u003ca href=\"https://blog.google/products/search/raters-experiments-improve-google-search/\"> blog post\u003c/a> that getting feedback from raters is “a key part of our evaluation process.”[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Roberto Clack, executive director, Temp Worker Justice\"]‘A lot of people don’t really understand just how prevalent the subcontracting and staffing agency usage is. These models are really the driving force towards lower labor standards.’[/pullquote]Raters work on Google’s two most vital products — Search and ads. In 2022, Google made more than \u003ca href=\"https://abc.xyz/investor/static/pdf/20230203_alphabet_10K.pdf?cache=5ae4398\">$224 billion in revenue (PDF)\u003c/a> from Search and advertising, accounting for more than 79% of its total revenue. For comparison, that’s more than the entire gross domestic product of Greece.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We support billions of dollars of revenue,” Google rater Ed Stackhouse told NPR. “And we get paid less than your average fast food worker.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google raters who work for Appen make between $14 and $14.50 an hour and under company policy can’t work more than 29 hours a week. Raters who spoke with NPR said they have health conditions or family needs that require them to work from home and they appreciate they can do that. But, since they can’t work more than 29 hours a week, they’re not eligible for benefits like health care and sick leave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google spokesperson Courtenay Mencini told NPR in a statement that “Our suppliers manage all employment terms for the raters, including pay and benefits.” Appen, which is an Australian company that has other big tech clients such as Salesforce and LinkedIn, didn’t respond to multiple requests for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Ramping up the pressure\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>A group of about 50 Google workers gathered in an outdoor courtyard at the company’s sprawling California headquarters in February. Many of them wore red t-shirts that sported the Alphabet Workers Union logo, which is a labor group made up of people who work for Google and its parent company Alphabet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They unfurled a massive white cloth banner that read, “Google: End Rater Poverty” and chanted “Equal pay for equal work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raters had come from around the country to hand deliver a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ratersunion.org/\">petition\u003c/a> to Prabhakar Raghavan, Google’s senior vice president in charge of Search, ads and other divisions. The petition, which has now been signed by more than 850 raters, asks Raghavan to meet with them to discuss better pay and benefits.[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Ed Stackhouse, Google rater\"]‘We support billions of dollars of revenue. And we get paid less than your average fast food worker.’[/pullquote]Partain flew in from Kansas for the rally and said she’d been a rater for more than seven years and that she and her colleagues “want to be able to do our job well, earn a dignified wage and have access to basic benefits.” The raters were joined by worker advocates, local politicians and union representatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of people don’t really understand just how prevalent the subcontracting and staffing agency usage is,” said Roberto Clack, executive director of Temp Worker Justice, a nonprofit that advocates for contract workers. “These models are really the driving force towards lower labor standards.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google’s Mencini declined to provide numbers on the company’s subcontractor workforce. But, according to estimates from the Alphabet Workers Union, Alphabet has around 200,000 contract workers worldwide who do \u003ca href=\"https://everygoogleworker.alphabetworkersunion.org/\">all sorts of jobs\u003c/a>. That’s more than 50% of the company’s total workforce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>The raters’ pressure campaign on Google began last year. With the help of Alphabet Workers Union, they began meeting each other and organizing online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May, Alphabet Workers Union published an open letter to Raghavan demanding the company raise pay for raters. Then, in January of this year, raters who work for Appen \u003ca href=\"https://www.forbes.com/sites/richardnieva/2023/01/11/google-search-quality-rater-raise/\">got their first-ever raise\u003c/a> to $14 or $14.50 an hour, based on seniority. Previously, workers made roughly $10 to $13 an hour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the February rally, Appen raters were told they’d get another raise by the end of this year that would increase their pay to $15 an hour. Then, a couple weeks later, Appen sent them an email saying the hours they work could be extended from the previous maximum of 26 hours per week to what raters have now — 29 hours per week. Raters can work their own hours, but it can be no more than 29 per week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So, the magic 30 hours a week is what we can’t go past,” Partain said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google’s Mencini told NPR that the company’s \u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/support.google.com/corporate-suppliers/answer/10208902/*zippy=__;Iw!!Iwwt!Ub5DUC5iYYOJz9Y7sePkrMr9s_4Id4QlDovj04rf7c2RxXO5jdmw1TQ2oA5dU4_x1Qyq8MnV7RFg%24\">Wages and Benefits standards\u003c/a> — which would provide health care and sick leave to contractors — only apply to people who are assigned to Google at least 30 hours per week and have access to the company’s corporate systems or campuses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raters say that as long as they haven’t met that threshold, they’re going to keep up the pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re asking for now is just to be allowed to get the same benefits as people who work 30 hours a week are supposed to get,” Partain said. “And if we have to work 30 hours a week in order to get them, people would be happy to do that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As far as a response from Raghavan to meet with them, raters say they’re still waiting.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Partain isn’t employed by Google directly, but by a subcontractor called Appen. And, she said, that employment setup is what has led to worker grievances — mainly low wages, no benefits and isolation from colleagues. Partain is one of at least 10,000 people worldwide doing this job, according to Google.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They work from home and even though they’re employed by subcontractors, they’re given assignments directly by Google. Partain evaluates the quality and placement of Google ads, while her colleagues rate the quality of Google Search results. Their tasks can range from confirming a search for “carrot cake recipe” brings up relevant results to making sure an airfare ad doesn’t appear next to a news story about a plane crash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without them, Google Search wouldn’t function smoothly. Google says it gets \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search/howsearchworks/how-search-works/rigorous-testing/\">billions of queries\u003c/a> every day and it’s constantly making improvements to ensure its algorithms keep up. Danny Sullivan, the company’s public liaison for Search, wrote in a\u003ca href=\"https://blog.google/products/search/raters-experiments-improve-google-search/\"> blog post\u003c/a> that getting feedback from raters is “a key part of our evaluation process.”\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Raters work on Google’s two most vital products — Search and ads. In 2022, Google made more than \u003ca href=\"https://abc.xyz/investor/static/pdf/20230203_alphabet_10K.pdf?cache=5ae4398\">$224 billion in revenue (PDF)\u003c/a> from Search and advertising, accounting for more than 79% of its total revenue. For comparison, that’s more than the entire gross domestic product of Greece.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We support billions of dollars of revenue,” Google rater Ed Stackhouse told NPR. “And we get paid less than your average fast food worker.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google raters who work for Appen make between $14 and $14.50 an hour and under company policy can’t work more than 29 hours a week. Raters who spoke with NPR said they have health conditions or family needs that require them to work from home and they appreciate they can do that. But, since they can’t work more than 29 hours a week, they’re not eligible for benefits like health care and sick leave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google spokesperson Courtenay Mencini told NPR in a statement that “Our suppliers manage all employment terms for the raters, including pay and benefits.” Appen, which is an Australian company that has other big tech clients such as Salesforce and LinkedIn, didn’t respond to multiple requests for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Ramping up the pressure\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>A group of about 50 Google workers gathered in an outdoor courtyard at the company’s sprawling California headquarters in February. Many of them wore red t-shirts that sported the Alphabet Workers Union logo, which is a labor group made up of people who work for Google and its parent company Alphabet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They unfurled a massive white cloth banner that read, “Google: End Rater Poverty” and chanted “Equal pay for equal work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raters had come from around the country to hand deliver a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ratersunion.org/\">petition\u003c/a> to Prabhakar Raghavan, Google’s senior vice president in charge of Search, ads and other divisions. The petition, which has now been signed by more than 850 raters, asks Raghavan to meet with them to discuss better pay and benefits.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Partain flew in from Kansas for the rally and said she’d been a rater for more than seven years and that she and her colleagues “want to be able to do our job well, earn a dignified wage and have access to basic benefits.” The raters were joined by worker advocates, local politicians and union representatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of people don’t really understand just how prevalent the subcontracting and staffing agency usage is,” said Roberto Clack, executive director of Temp Worker Justice, a nonprofit that advocates for contract workers. “These models are really the driving force towards lower labor standards.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google’s Mencini declined to provide numbers on the company’s subcontractor workforce. But, according to estimates from the Alphabet Workers Union, Alphabet has around 200,000 contract workers worldwide who do \u003ca href=\"https://everygoogleworker.alphabetworkersunion.org/\">all sorts of jobs\u003c/a>. That’s more than 50% of the company’s total workforce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>The raters’ pressure campaign on Google began last year. With the help of Alphabet Workers Union, they began meeting each other and organizing online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May, Alphabet Workers Union published an open letter to Raghavan demanding the company raise pay for raters. Then, in January of this year, raters who work for Appen \u003ca href=\"https://www.forbes.com/sites/richardnieva/2023/01/11/google-search-quality-rater-raise/\">got their first-ever raise\u003c/a> to $14 or $14.50 an hour, based on seniority. Previously, workers made roughly $10 to $13 an hour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the February rally, Appen raters were told they’d get another raise by the end of this year that would increase their pay to $15 an hour. Then, a couple weeks later, Appen sent them an email saying the hours they work could be extended from the previous maximum of 26 hours per week to what raters have now — 29 hours per week. Raters can work their own hours, but it can be no more than 29 per week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So, the magic 30 hours a week is what we can’t go past,” Partain said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google’s Mencini told NPR that the company’s \u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/support.google.com/corporate-suppliers/answer/10208902/*zippy=__;Iw!!Iwwt!Ub5DUC5iYYOJz9Y7sePkrMr9s_4Id4QlDovj04rf7c2RxXO5jdmw1TQ2oA5dU4_x1Qyq8MnV7RFg%24\">Wages and Benefits standards\u003c/a> — which would provide health care and sick leave to contractors — only apply to people who are assigned to Google at least 30 hours per week and have access to the company’s corporate systems or campuses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raters say that as long as they haven’t met that threshold, they’re going to keep up the pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re asking for now is just to be allowed to get the same benefits as people who work 30 hours a week are supposed to get,” Partain said. “And if we have to work 30 hours a week in order to get them, people would be happy to do that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As far as a response from Raghavan to meet with them, raters say they’re still waiting.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Days after one of the largest bank failures in U.S. history, the fallout continues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the country’s top banking and financial regulators appeared before the Senate Banking Committee on Tuesday to testify about what led to the downfall of Silicon Valley Bank – and how to prevent the same thing from happening elsewhere.[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Michael Barr, vice chair for supervision, Federal Reserve\"]‘The [bank’s] risk model was not at all aligned with reality.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The collapse of the SVB, along with Signature Bank, has sparked scrutiny of the roles played by both bank managers and regulators. Policymakers will be debating whether new laws, rules or attitudes are needed to keep other banks from going under.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are five takeaways from Tuesday’s hearing:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Silicon Valley Bank’s management messed up\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Regulators had some tough words about SVB’s management at the hearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silicon Valley Bank more than tripled in size in the last three years, but its financial controls didn’t keep pace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The government bonds it was buying with depositors’ money tumbled in value as interest rates rose, but the bank seemed unconcerned by that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The [bank’s] risk model was not at all aligned with reality,” said Michael Barr, the Federal Reserve’s vice chair for supervision. “This is a textbook case of bank mismanagement,”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bank recognized the problem only belatedly and tried to raise cash by selling some of its bonds at a loss earlier this month. That merely alarmed depositors, sparking an unusually rapid run on the bank.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Regulators issued warnings, but the problems were not fixed\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>How much blame should be laid at regulators feet? That was a question that cropped up repeatedly during the hearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barr stressed that federal regulators had repeatedly warned the bank’s managers about the risks it was facing, at least as far back as October 2021. The bank was served with formal notices documenting “matters requiring attention” and “matters requiring immediate attention.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the risks remained and the Fed stopped short of ordering changes, which frustrated some of the senators in the Senate Banking Committee from both sides of the aisle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It looks to me like the regulators knew the problem, but nobody dropped the hammer,” said Sen. Jon Tester, D-Mont.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problems developed during a time when the Fed was generally pursuing a light touch in bank regulation. In 2021, for example, the Fed issued a rule — at the urging of bank lobbyists — noting that guidance from bank supervisors does not carry the force of law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That led some senators to call out colleagues who pushed for lighter rules, only to turn around and blame a lack of regulatory muscle for the bank’s failure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got a lot of folks that had been saying for months and years, ‘let’s rein in the bank supervisors,’ and now all of a sudden, it’s like, ‘Where were the supervisors? Why weren’t they being more aggressive?,'” said Sen. Chris Van Hollen, D-Md.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barr is leading a review of the way the Federal Reserve supervised both Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank. His report is expected by May 1.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Modern bank runs can happen really fast\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In their testimony, regulators also stressed the speed at which the banks collapsed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When big depositors got wind of the problems at Silicon Valley Bank, they raced to pull their money out, withdrawing $42 billion in a single day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s an extraordinary pace and scale,” Barr said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bank scrambled to borrow more money overnight, but it couldn’t keep up. By the following morning, depositors had signaled plans to withdraw another $100 billion — more than the bank could get its hands on, according to Barr.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They were not able to actually meet their obligations to pay their depositors over the course of that day and they were shut down,” Barr said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Other banks will pay for the failure, but maybe not all banks\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Also under scrutiny throughout the testimony, was the federal regulators’ decision to backstop all deposits at SVB as well as Signature Bank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silicon Valley bank was taken over by the FDIC on March 10, but fears of a more widespread bank run led regulators to announce days later they would guarantee all the deposits at both SVB and Signature Bank, not just the $250,000 per account that’s typically insured.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Making customers whole is expected to cost the deposit insurance fund $20 billion for Silicon Valley Bank and $2.5 billion for Signature Bank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By law, that money will come from a special assessment on other banks — and that’s left many senators unhappy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Wyoming’s community banks may end up paying for this,” complained Sen. Cynthia Lummis, R-Wyo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FDIC Chairman Martin Gruenberg stressed that the agency has some discretion in how those insurance costs are divided up among different categories of banks. A recommended formula will be announced in early May.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Bank executives could pay\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The role of SVB’s top executives came under scrutiny as well during the hearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawmakers expressed frustration at reports that executives at Silicon Valley Bank sold stock and received bonuses shortly before the bank’s collapse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the government doesn’t have explicit authority to claw back compensation, it does have the power to levy fines, order restitution and prohibit those executives from working at other banks, if wrongdoing is found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Almost every American would agree it’s simply wrong for the CEO and top executives to profit from their own mismanagement and then leave FDIC holding the bag,” Van Hollen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Biden this month urged Congress to pass legislation to increase the penalties on bank executives when mismanagement leads to bank failures, though it’s unclear whether lawmakers will act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=5+things+we+learned+from+the+Senate+hearing+on+the+Silicon+Valley+Bank+collapse&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Days after one of the largest bank failures in U.S. history, the fallout continues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the country’s top banking and financial regulators appeared before the Senate Banking Committee on Tuesday to testify about what led to the downfall of Silicon Valley Bank – and how to prevent the same thing from happening elsewhere.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The collapse of the SVB, along with Signature Bank, has sparked scrutiny of the roles played by both bank managers and regulators. Policymakers will be debating whether new laws, rules or attitudes are needed to keep other banks from going under.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are five takeaways from Tuesday’s hearing:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Silicon Valley Bank’s management messed up\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Regulators had some tough words about SVB’s management at the hearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silicon Valley Bank more than tripled in size in the last three years, but its financial controls didn’t keep pace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The government bonds it was buying with depositors’ money tumbled in value as interest rates rose, but the bank seemed unconcerned by that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The [bank’s] risk model was not at all aligned with reality,” said Michael Barr, the Federal Reserve’s vice chair for supervision. “This is a textbook case of bank mismanagement,”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bank recognized the problem only belatedly and tried to raise cash by selling some of its bonds at a loss earlier this month. That merely alarmed depositors, sparking an unusually rapid run on the bank.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Regulators issued warnings, but the problems were not fixed\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>How much blame should be laid at regulators feet? That was a question that cropped up repeatedly during the hearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barr stressed that federal regulators had repeatedly warned the bank’s managers about the risks it was facing, at least as far back as October 2021. The bank was served with formal notices documenting “matters requiring attention” and “matters requiring immediate attention.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the risks remained and the Fed stopped short of ordering changes, which frustrated some of the senators in the Senate Banking Committee from both sides of the aisle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It looks to me like the regulators knew the problem, but nobody dropped the hammer,” said Sen. Jon Tester, D-Mont.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problems developed during a time when the Fed was generally pursuing a light touch in bank regulation. In 2021, for example, the Fed issued a rule — at the urging of bank lobbyists — noting that guidance from bank supervisors does not carry the force of law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That led some senators to call out colleagues who pushed for lighter rules, only to turn around and blame a lack of regulatory muscle for the bank’s failure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got a lot of folks that had been saying for months and years, ‘let’s rein in the bank supervisors,’ and now all of a sudden, it’s like, ‘Where were the supervisors? Why weren’t they being more aggressive?,'” said Sen. Chris Van Hollen, D-Md.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barr is leading a review of the way the Federal Reserve supervised both Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank. His report is expected by May 1.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Modern bank runs can happen really fast\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In their testimony, regulators also stressed the speed at which the banks collapsed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When big depositors got wind of the problems at Silicon Valley Bank, they raced to pull their money out, withdrawing $42 billion in a single day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s an extraordinary pace and scale,” Barr said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bank scrambled to borrow more money overnight, but it couldn’t keep up. By the following morning, depositors had signaled plans to withdraw another $100 billion — more than the bank could get its hands on, according to Barr.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They were not able to actually meet their obligations to pay their depositors over the course of that day and they were shut down,” Barr said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Other banks will pay for the failure, but maybe not all banks\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Also under scrutiny throughout the testimony, was the federal regulators’ decision to backstop all deposits at SVB as well as Signature Bank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silicon Valley bank was taken over by the FDIC on March 10, but fears of a more widespread bank run led regulators to announce days later they would guarantee all the deposits at both SVB and Signature Bank, not just the $250,000 per account that’s typically insured.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Making customers whole is expected to cost the deposit insurance fund $20 billion for Silicon Valley Bank and $2.5 billion for Signature Bank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By law, that money will come from a special assessment on other banks — and that’s left many senators unhappy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Wyoming’s community banks may end up paying for this,” complained Sen. Cynthia Lummis, R-Wyo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FDIC Chairman Martin Gruenberg stressed that the agency has some discretion in how those insurance costs are divided up among different categories of banks. A recommended formula will be announced in early May.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Bank executives could pay\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The role of SVB’s top executives came under scrutiny as well during the hearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawmakers expressed frustration at reports that executives at Silicon Valley Bank sold stock and received bonuses shortly before the bank’s collapse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the government doesn’t have explicit authority to claw back compensation, it does have the power to levy fines, order restitution and prohibit those executives from working at other banks, if wrongdoing is found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Almost every American would agree it’s simply wrong for the CEO and top executives to profit from their own mismanagement and then leave FDIC holding the bag,” Van Hollen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Biden this month urged Congress to pass legislation to increase the penalties on bank executives when mismanagement leads to bank failures, though it’s unclear whether lawmakers will act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=5+things+we+learned+from+the+Senate+hearing+on+the+Silicon+Valley+Bank+collapse&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Top Climate Scientists Warn Planet on Track for 'Catastrophic Warming.' Here's What World Leaders Can Do Now",
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"headTitle": "Top Climate Scientists Warn Planet on Track for ‘Catastrophic Warming.’ Here’s What World Leaders Can Do Now | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>The planet is on track for catastrophic warming, but world leaders already have many options to reduce greenhouse gas pollution and protect people, according to a major new climate change report from the United Nations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report was drafted by top climate scientists and reviewed by delegates from nearly 200 countries. The authors hope it will provide crucial guidance to politicians around the world ahead of negotiations later this year aimed at reining in climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=news_11933485 hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Webp.net-resizeimage-5-1020x680.jpg']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The planet faces an increasingly dire situation, according to the report. Climate change is already disrupting daily life around the world. Extreme weather, including heat waves, droughts, floods, wildfires and hurricanes, is killing and displacing people worldwide, and causing massive economic damage. And the amount of carbon dioxide accumulating in the atmosphere is \u003ca href=\"https://gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/trends/\">still rising\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate change is a threat to human well-being and planetary health,” the report states. “There is a rapidly closing window of opportunity to secure a liveable and sustainable future for all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there are many choices readily available to policymakers who want to address climate change, the report makes clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those choices include straightforward, immediate solutions such as quickly adopting renewable sources of electricity and clamping down on new oil and gas extraction. They are also more aspirational ones, such as investing in research that could one day allow technology to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/04/04/1090577162/climate-change-un-ipcc-report\">suck carbon dioxide out of the air.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors of the report are not prescriptive. No solution is held up as the “right” one. Instead, scientists warn that \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/08/09/1025898341/major-report-warns-climate-change-is-accelerating-and-humans-must-cut-emissions-\">there is no time, and no reason, to delay action\u003c/a> on climate change. And every potential path forward includes reducing reliance on fossil fuels, the main driver of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Earth is really hot and getting hotter\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The report lays out \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/10/29/1045344199/cop26-glasgow-climate-summit\">sobering facts about the state of the Earth’s climate\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The planet is nearly 2 degrees Fahrenheit warmer than it was in the late 1800s, and is on track to exceed 5 degrees Fahrenheit of warming by the end of the century, it warns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That kind of extreme warming would spell disaster for billions of people, as well as critical ecosystems, and would lead to irreversible sea level rise and mass extinction of plants and animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it is still possible to change course, the report states. If humans can limit warming to no more than 2.7 degrees Fahrenheit (1.5 degrees Celsius), some of the more catastrophic effects of climate change can be avoided. Sea levels would rise a lot less. Heat waves and storms would be less deadly. And many ecosystems on land and in the oceans would be more able to adapt or recover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To achieve that goal, global emissions would need to be slashed in half by the end of the decade, something the report authors say is still possible if countries around the world quickly pivot away from fossil fuels. Right now, \u003ca href=\"https://www.c2es.org/content/international-emissions/\">total global emissions are not falling\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://apps.npr.org/dailygraphics/graphics/cop26-emissions-gap-20211019/?initialWidth=763&childId=responsive-embed-cop26-emissions-gap-20211019&parentTitle=Earth%20is%20on%20track%20for%20catastrophic%20warming%2C%20U.N.%20warns%20%3A%20NPR&parentUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2023%2F03%2F20%2F1162711459%2Fcut-emissions-quickly-to-save-lives-scientists-warn-in-a-new-u-n-report\" width=\"100%\" height=\"800\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A cheat sheet for world leaders to tackle climate change\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Over the last two years, hundreds of scientists working for the U.N.’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) have published three sprawling reports that highlighted the disproportionate effects of climate change on poor people, the need to cut emissions rapidly and the policy options available for doing so. Each of those documents ran hundreds of pages long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This latest report is the slim summary of all that work: a cheat-sheet for policymakers who face increasing pressure to address global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The timing of its publication coincides with an important deadline under the 2015 Paris Agreement, which aims to keep warming to less than 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit), and ideally to 1.5 degrees Celsius. The Paris Agreement requires countries to review their progress toward that goal at climate negotiations later this year in the United Arab Emirates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hope is that the new report will serve as a shared scientific foundation for those negotiations, as well as a menu of solutions available to world leaders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we talk about climate change it’s often really easy to focus on the bad outcomes, the things that are really scary,” says Solomon Hsiang, a climate scientist at the University of California, Berkeley who has worked with the IPCC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Solomon Hsiang, climate scientist, University of California, Berkeley\"]‘Investments in reducing emissions are investments in improving people’s health and education and economic opportunities, and protecting the people we care about.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says it’s important that policymakers, and the wider public, not lose hope in the face of relentless news about extreme weather and other dangerous effects of global warming. \u003ca href=\"https://impactlab.org/news-insights/lives-saved-calculator/\">Hsiang’s own research\u003c/a> has found that millions of lives, and billions of dollars, can be saved by reducing global reliance on fossil fuels, in part because extracting and burning fossil fuels releases enormous amounts of air and water pollution, on top of their damage to the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Investments in reducing emissions are investments in improving people’s health and education and economic opportunities, and protecting the people we care about,” he explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Poor people are most threatened by climate change\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The other big takeaway from the report is that people in developing countries, and poor people around the world, are disproportionately affected by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Vulnerable communities who have historically contributed the least to current climate change are disproportionately affected,” the report states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, “between 2010 and 2020, human mortality from floods, droughts and storms was 15 times higher in highly vulnerable regions, compared to regions with very low vulnerability,” the authors write.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most vulnerable communities include people who live in low-income countries, low-lying areas and island nations, and Indigenous groups around the world, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are not all in this together,” says Patricia Romero-Lankao, a climate researcher at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and the University of Chicago who works with the IPCC. “The poorest and most marginalized communities are the most vulnerable, in all cities and in all regions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reducing emissions will help protect such communities, now and in the future, says Romero-Lankao.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, investing in low-carbon public transit, designing communities to support walking or biking, building homes and other buildings to be resilient and building cleaner power plants can reduce air pollution and save lives in low-lying and low-income neighborhoods that are currently suffering disproportionate damage, the report notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/07/1133270753/climate-change-loss-damage-cop27\">biggest topics at international climate negotiations\u003c/a> later this year will be how much richer, industrialized countries will pay to help poorer countries transition to clean energy and recover from damage caused by climate change. The industrialized world has historically been the biggest contributor of the pollution now driving climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Cut+emissions+quickly+to+save+lives%2C+scientists+warn+in+a+new+U.N.+report&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The planet is on track for catastrophic warming, but world leaders already have many options to reduce greenhouse gas pollution and protect people, according to a major new climate change report from the United Nations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report was drafted by top climate scientists and reviewed by delegates from nearly 200 countries. The authors hope it will provide crucial guidance to politicians around the world ahead of negotiations later this year aimed at reining in climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The planet faces an increasingly dire situation, according to the report. Climate change is already disrupting daily life around the world. Extreme weather, including heat waves, droughts, floods, wildfires and hurricanes, is killing and displacing people worldwide, and causing massive economic damage. And the amount of carbon dioxide accumulating in the atmosphere is \u003ca href=\"https://gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/trends/\">still rising\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate change is a threat to human well-being and planetary health,” the report states. “There is a rapidly closing window of opportunity to secure a liveable and sustainable future for all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there are many choices readily available to policymakers who want to address climate change, the report makes clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those choices include straightforward, immediate solutions such as quickly adopting renewable sources of electricity and clamping down on new oil and gas extraction. They are also more aspirational ones, such as investing in research that could one day allow technology to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/04/04/1090577162/climate-change-un-ipcc-report\">suck carbon dioxide out of the air.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors of the report are not prescriptive. No solution is held up as the “right” one. Instead, scientists warn that \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/08/09/1025898341/major-report-warns-climate-change-is-accelerating-and-humans-must-cut-emissions-\">there is no time, and no reason, to delay action\u003c/a> on climate change. And every potential path forward includes reducing reliance on fossil fuels, the main driver of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Earth is really hot and getting hotter\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The report lays out \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/10/29/1045344199/cop26-glasgow-climate-summit\">sobering facts about the state of the Earth’s climate\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The planet is nearly 2 degrees Fahrenheit warmer than it was in the late 1800s, and is on track to exceed 5 degrees Fahrenheit of warming by the end of the century, it warns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That kind of extreme warming would spell disaster for billions of people, as well as critical ecosystems, and would lead to irreversible sea level rise and mass extinction of plants and animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it is still possible to change course, the report states. If humans can limit warming to no more than 2.7 degrees Fahrenheit (1.5 degrees Celsius), some of the more catastrophic effects of climate change can be avoided. Sea levels would rise a lot less. Heat waves and storms would be less deadly. And many ecosystems on land and in the oceans would be more able to adapt or recover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To achieve that goal, global emissions would need to be slashed in half by the end of the decade, something the report authors say is still possible if countries around the world quickly pivot away from fossil fuels. Right now, \u003ca href=\"https://www.c2es.org/content/international-emissions/\">total global emissions are not falling\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://apps.npr.org/dailygraphics/graphics/cop26-emissions-gap-20211019/?initialWidth=763&childId=responsive-embed-cop26-emissions-gap-20211019&parentTitle=Earth%20is%20on%20track%20for%20catastrophic%20warming%2C%20U.N.%20warns%20%3A%20NPR&parentUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2023%2F03%2F20%2F1162711459%2Fcut-emissions-quickly-to-save-lives-scientists-warn-in-a-new-u-n-report\" width=\"100%\" height=\"800\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A cheat sheet for world leaders to tackle climate change\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Over the last two years, hundreds of scientists working for the U.N.’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) have published three sprawling reports that highlighted the disproportionate effects of climate change on poor people, the need to cut emissions rapidly and the policy options available for doing so. Each of those documents ran hundreds of pages long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This latest report is the slim summary of all that work: a cheat-sheet for policymakers who face increasing pressure to address global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The timing of its publication coincides with an important deadline under the 2015 Paris Agreement, which aims to keep warming to less than 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit), and ideally to 1.5 degrees Celsius. The Paris Agreement requires countries to review their progress toward that goal at climate negotiations later this year in the United Arab Emirates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hope is that the new report will serve as a shared scientific foundation for those negotiations, as well as a menu of solutions available to world leaders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we talk about climate change it’s often really easy to focus on the bad outcomes, the things that are really scary,” says Solomon Hsiang, a climate scientist at the University of California, Berkeley who has worked with the IPCC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘Investments in reducing emissions are investments in improving people’s health and education and economic opportunities, and protecting the people we care about.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says it’s important that policymakers, and the wider public, not lose hope in the face of relentless news about extreme weather and other dangerous effects of global warming. \u003ca href=\"https://impactlab.org/news-insights/lives-saved-calculator/\">Hsiang’s own research\u003c/a> has found that millions of lives, and billions of dollars, can be saved by reducing global reliance on fossil fuels, in part because extracting and burning fossil fuels releases enormous amounts of air and water pollution, on top of their damage to the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Investments in reducing emissions are investments in improving people’s health and education and economic opportunities, and protecting the people we care about,” he explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Poor people are most threatened by climate change\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The other big takeaway from the report is that people in developing countries, and poor people around the world, are disproportionately affected by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Vulnerable communities who have historically contributed the least to current climate change are disproportionately affected,” the report states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, “between 2010 and 2020, human mortality from floods, droughts and storms was 15 times higher in highly vulnerable regions, compared to regions with very low vulnerability,” the authors write.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most vulnerable communities include people who live in low-income countries, low-lying areas and island nations, and Indigenous groups around the world, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are not all in this together,” says Patricia Romero-Lankao, a climate researcher at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and the University of Chicago who works with the IPCC. “The poorest and most marginalized communities are the most vulnerable, in all cities and in all regions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reducing emissions will help protect such communities, now and in the future, says Romero-Lankao.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, investing in low-carbon public transit, designing communities to support walking or biking, building homes and other buildings to be resilient and building cleaner power plants can reduce air pollution and save lives in low-lying and low-income neighborhoods that are currently suffering disproportionate damage, the report notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/07/1133270753/climate-change-loss-damage-cop27\">biggest topics at international climate negotiations\u003c/a> later this year will be how much richer, industrialized countries will pay to help poorer countries transition to clean energy and recover from damage caused by climate change. The industrialized world has historically been the biggest contributor of the pollution now driving climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Cut+emissions+quickly+to+save+lives%2C+scientists+warn+in+a+new+U.N.+report&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "California Lawmakers Aim to Remove Lowrider, Cruising Restrictions Statewide",
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"content": "\u003cp>California is the birthplace of lowrider culture. Modifying cars with advanced hydraulics systems and elaborate paint jobs and then taking them on a slow cruise down a main drag is a decades-old tradition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But certain lowrider vehicles are illegal in California, and many cities still have bans on cruising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some Golden State lawmakers want to change that with a new bill that would end restrictions on lowriders and effectively legalize cruising across the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our tagline is, 'cruising is not a crime,' \" Assemblymember David Alvarez, who sponsored the legislation, told NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240AB436\">The proposal\u003c/a> would do two things. First, it would end restrictions on lowrider vehicles in California state law. Right now, owners are barred from modifying their passenger vehicles so that the body of the car is closer to the ground than the bottom of the rims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Second, it would end any limits on cruising on California streets. Cities and towns across California are currently permitted to pass their own cruising bans, which several have done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jovita Arellano, with the United Lowrider Coalition, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=viRWdKZIwYs\">said at a press conference\u003c/a> that she's been cruising since she was a young girl and supports lifting the limits on the pastime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The passion for cruising has never left my heart. It's a part of who we are. And unfortunately, right now, on the books, it's being criminalized,\" Arellano said. \"We can't do that. We can't criminalize our culture.\"[aside label=\"Related Stories\" postID=\"arts_13923205,arts_13904550,news_11885160\"]Cruising and lowriders both have their roots in postwar Southern California, where Chicanos made an art form out of car customization and turned to driving as a means of socializing and community organizing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But among outsiders, lowriding developed a reputation for clogging traffic and having links to gang activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the late 1950s, California enacted a state law regulating lowriders. And in the late 1980s, the state began permitting cities and towns to put in place cruising bans over fears of traffic congestion and crime, lawmakers said. Lowriders have long argued that the ordinances designed to curb cruising unfairly targeted Latinos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year both houses of the California Legislature unanimously approved a resolution urging towns and cities across the state to drop their bans on cruising, but it didn't force any municipalities to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of California cities have recently scrapped their bans on cruising, from \u003ca href=\"https://ca.news.yahoo.com/sacramento-officials-voted-unanimously-repeal-051422241.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy8yMDIzLzAyLzE2LzExNTcyNzg3NjYvY2FsaWZvcm5pYS1sb3dyaWRlci1sYXctY3J1aXNpbmc&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAALe7bqSP1n6szKvHEvcX9skpn0UwQAF0pivx-Uu87AiofcPJtZQSZs5EHhGIjW00_NA181BjuFbA7vKHnYGcbUD_UdQ78Jf49ucsQqPhC53fYLIDIXhOhNJitPdO2CyX2FEuxbuPawo4dIuv9C3O5R5uGCXkvjJIOfOxKylcjIV5\">Sacramento\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"https://www.capradio.org/news/npr/story?storyid=1111771311\">San Jose\u003c/a>. And in several cities where cruising is outlawed in certain areas, such as \u003ca href=\"https://voiceofsandiego.org/2022/10/31/why-national-city-is-still-stuck-with-its-cruising-ban/\">National City\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.capradio.org/articles/2022/12/19/cruising-has-been-banned-in-modesto-for-30-years-one-group-is-trying-to-change-that/\">Modesto\u003c/a>, there are efforts underway to repeal the decades-old rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But bans remain on the books in places such as Los Angeles, Fresno and Santa Ana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alvarez said the bill has broad support and he expects it to become law, which would help undo stereotypes about cruising and lowriding and allow people to enjoy the custom legally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The reality is that people who are spending their time and their money — and these cars can be very expensive — they're not individuals who are looking to do any harm,\" Alvarez said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Acknowledging that this activity is part of our culture and not trying to erase that from our culture is important, especially when it's a positive activity,\" he added.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California is the birthplace of lowrider culture. Modifying cars with advanced hydraulics systems and elaborate paint jobs and then taking them on a slow cruise down a main drag is a decades-old tradition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But certain lowrider vehicles are illegal in California, and many cities still have bans on cruising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some Golden State lawmakers want to change that with a new bill that would end restrictions on lowriders and effectively legalize cruising across the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our tagline is, 'cruising is not a crime,' \" Assemblymember David Alvarez, who sponsored the legislation, told NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240AB436\">The proposal\u003c/a> would do two things. First, it would end restrictions on lowrider vehicles in California state law. Right now, owners are barred from modifying their passenger vehicles so that the body of the car is closer to the ground than the bottom of the rims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Second, it would end any limits on cruising on California streets. Cities and towns across California are currently permitted to pass their own cruising bans, which several have done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jovita Arellano, with the United Lowrider Coalition, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=viRWdKZIwYs\">said at a press conference\u003c/a> that she's been cruising since she was a young girl and supports lifting the limits on the pastime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The passion for cruising has never left my heart. It's a part of who we are. And unfortunately, right now, on the books, it's being criminalized,\" Arellano said. \"We can't do that. We can't criminalize our culture.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Cruising and lowriders both have their roots in postwar Southern California, where Chicanos made an art form out of car customization and turned to driving as a means of socializing and community organizing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But among outsiders, lowriding developed a reputation for clogging traffic and having links to gang activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the late 1950s, California enacted a state law regulating lowriders. And in the late 1980s, the state began permitting cities and towns to put in place cruising bans over fears of traffic congestion and crime, lawmakers said. Lowriders have long argued that the ordinances designed to curb cruising unfairly targeted Latinos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year both houses of the California Legislature unanimously approved a resolution urging towns and cities across the state to drop their bans on cruising, but it didn't force any municipalities to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of California cities have recently scrapped their bans on cruising, from \u003ca href=\"https://ca.news.yahoo.com/sacramento-officials-voted-unanimously-repeal-051422241.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy8yMDIzLzAyLzE2LzExNTcyNzg3NjYvY2FsaWZvcm5pYS1sb3dyaWRlci1sYXctY3J1aXNpbmc&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAALe7bqSP1n6szKvHEvcX9skpn0UwQAF0pivx-Uu87AiofcPJtZQSZs5EHhGIjW00_NA181BjuFbA7vKHnYGcbUD_UdQ78Jf49ucsQqPhC53fYLIDIXhOhNJitPdO2CyX2FEuxbuPawo4dIuv9C3O5R5uGCXkvjJIOfOxKylcjIV5\">Sacramento\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"https://www.capradio.org/news/npr/story?storyid=1111771311\">San Jose\u003c/a>. And in several cities where cruising is outlawed in certain areas, such as \u003ca href=\"https://voiceofsandiego.org/2022/10/31/why-national-city-is-still-stuck-with-its-cruising-ban/\">National City\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.capradio.org/articles/2022/12/19/cruising-has-been-banned-in-modesto-for-30-years-one-group-is-trying-to-change-that/\">Modesto\u003c/a>, there are efforts underway to repeal the decades-old rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But bans remain on the books in places such as Los Angeles, Fresno and Santa Ana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alvarez said the bill has broad support and he expects it to become law, which would help undo stereotypes about cruising and lowriding and allow people to enjoy the custom legally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The reality is that people who are spending their time and their money — and these cars can be very expensive — they're not individuals who are looking to do any harm,\" Alvarez said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Acknowledging that this activity is part of our culture and not trying to erase that from our culture is important, especially when it's a positive activity,\" he added.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "What We Know About the Killing of Tyre Nichols",
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"content": "\u003cp>Mostly peaceful protests over police brutality were carried out around the country after the public release of body camera footage brought the Memphis police killing of Tyre Nichols into clearer picture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nichols, a 29-year-old Black motorist, was pulled over Jan. 7 for what police said was reckless driving. After attempting to flee on foot, Nichols was aggressively beaten by police, newly released police video shows. Three days later, he died in the hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's what else we know.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Who was Tyre Nichols?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Nichols, a father of a 4-year-old son, was known to his family as an avid skateboarder and nature photographer from Sacramento, Calif., according to \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/tyre-nichols-profile-memphis-3104f3cdbaf568daf6647eca080d4001\">The Associated Press\u003c/a>. He arrived in Memphis just before the pandemic, and later started a job with FedEx, a major employer there. Nichols had been with the company for about nine months before his death, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/26/us/who-was-tyre-nichols.html\">\u003cem>The New York Times\u003c/em> reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He was one of those people who made everyone around them happy,\" Nichols' step-grandmother Lucille Washington\u003ca href=\"https://www.localmemphis.com/article/news/local/tyre-nichols-memorial-service-gathers-family-friends-and-supporters/522-579006f3-3ee9-4c50-bfe8-ae307e64f60b\"> said at a memorial service\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Police bodycam video shows a violent arrest\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Police said on Jan. 8 that Nichols was taken into custody after a traffic stop that involved two confrontations with officers. During the initial confrontation, Nichols fled the scene of the traffic stop, police said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following the arrest, Nichols then complained of shortness of breath, according to authorities, and was taken to the hospital in critical condition, where he died on Jan. 10.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11939627\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11939627\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1460149255-800x534.jpg\" alt='A young Black man speaks into a loudspeaker with a young Black woman standing behind him holding a sign that reads \"Stop Police Terror.\"' width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1460149255-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1460149255-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1460149255-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1460149255.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Demonstrators protest the death of Tyre Nichols on Jan. 27, 2023, in Memphis, Tenn. \u003ccite>(Scott Olson/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>His family has said the police beat him so severely that he was unrecognizable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.scdag.com/news-releases/statement-from-shelby-county-district-attorneys-office-regarding-tyre-nichols-investigation\">Shelby County District Attorney's Office said\u003c/a> in a statement earlier this week that it understood the \"reasonable request from the public\" to view the video of Nichols' death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city of Memphis released the four-part footage on Vimeo on Friday evening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the videos, officers are seen dragging Nichols from his car and shouting profanities throughout the confrontation. An officer tries to deploy a Taser at Nichols and then begins to chase him on foot. \"I'm just trying to go home,\" Nichols is heard saying. Later, officers are seen repeatedly kicking, punching and using a baton to strike Nichols as he lies on the ground. At one point he's heard yelling \"Mom.\" Lawyers for the Nichols family say this encounter happened within 100 yards of the family's home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ben Crump, the family's attorney, compared the footage to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/04/26/524744989/when-la-erupted-in-anger-a-look-back-at-the-rodney-king-riots\">video of the 1991 Los Angeles police beating of Rodney King\u003c/a>, another Black motorist.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Protests were held in several cities following release of police video\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Mostly peaceful protests broke out \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/pictureshow/2023/01/27/1152198276/photos-protests-tyre-nichols-memphis-police\">in cities across the U.S.\u003c/a> following the release of the videos, with demonstrators leading marches and chants against police brutality and shutting down highways and intersections in some cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Memphis, a group of demonstrators gathered at a downtown park and then took to the streets, shutting down the I-55 bridge over the Mississippi River between Memphis and West Memphis. They chanted \"no justice, no peace\" and \"justice for Tyre,\" closing the bridge for nearly three hours before peacefully disbanding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11939626\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11939626\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1246604504-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"Crowd of protestors of different races rallying with three people in front with fists in the air.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1246604504-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1246604504-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1246604504-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1246604504.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Protesters rally against the fatal police assault of Tyre Nichols, at Times Square in New York City, on Jan. 27, 2023. \u003ccite>(YUKI IWAMURA/AFP via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In other parts of Memphis, people gathered in churches or small groups to reflect on the wrenching and somber moment for the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A protest in downtown Los Angeles became tense when a small group protesters demonstrated outside of Los Angeles Police Department headquarters, which was blocked by police in riot gear, \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2023-01-27/los-angeles-vigil-protest-tyre-nichols-keenan-anderson\">according to the\u003cem> Los Angeles Times\u003c/em>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other small, but mostly peaceful protests, were also held in Times Square in New York City, near the White House in Washington, D.C., in Seattle, Detroit and Atlanta, as well as in other cities from the East Coast to the West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Organizers are planning vigils, marches and demonstrations across the U.S. over the weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Five former officers were indicted and jailed in connection to Nichols' death\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Tadarrius Bean, Demetrius Haley, Emmitt Martin III, Desmond Mills Jr. and Justin Smith \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/01/26/1151721800/memphis-officers-charged-tyre-nichols-murder\">each face several charges\u003c/a>, including second-degree murder, aggravated assault, aggravated kidnapping, official misconduct and official oppression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Nichols, all of the former officers — who were fired before Thursday's indictments — are Black.[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Ben Crump, Nichols family attorney\"]'This tragedy meets the absolute definition of a needless and unnecessary death. Tyre's loved ones' lives were forever changed when he was beaten to death, and we will keep saying his name until justice is served.'[/pullquote]On Wednesday, Memphis Police Chief Cerelyn Davis released a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpD2FDjBBr8\">video statement\u003c/a> discussing \"the horrific circumstances\" of Nichols' death. She called it a professional failing and said \"the incident was heinous, reckless and inhumane.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During a news conference announcing the indictments of the five officers, prosecutors gave new details about what happened during the traffic stop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shelby County District Attorney Steve Mulroy said that while each of the five officers played a different role, \"the actions of all of them resulted in the death of Tyre Nichols, and they are all responsible.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A grand jury returned indictments and delivered all five officers the same exact charges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than three hours after officials released the body cam footage, Shelby County \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ShelbyTNSheriff/status/1619156679878393856\">Sheriff Floyd Bonner said\u003c/a> two deputies who appeared at the scene of the arrest had been relieved of their duties pending the outcome of an internal investigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Memphis police officers were \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/01/27/1151957933/tyre-nichols-video-protest-\">part of a specialized team\u003c/a> known as the SCORPION unit, an acronym for Street Crimes Operations to Restore Peace in Our Neighborhoods, that the department launched in 2021. A day after the release of the body cam video of Nichols' arrest, the Memphis Police Department \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MEM_PoliceDept/status/1619446919683796992?s=20&t=O8bGWi8x7RWlCBaEpAqtjg\">said it would permanently disband\u003c/a> the unit.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Other agencies are involved in the case\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Crump, one of the family's attorneys, said during a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o-JExNfIDlQ\">news conference earlier this week \u003c/a>that police used a stun gun and pepper spray on Nichols in addition to restraining him during the arrest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Yet again, we're seeing evidence of what happens to Black and brown people from simple traffic stops,\" Crump said. \"You should not be killed because of a simple traffic stop.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11939630\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11939630\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1460129538-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"A man stomps on a police car windshield in a crowd of people on a busy city street.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1460129538-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1460129538-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1460129538-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1460129538.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A demonstrator stomps on the window of an NYPD car as people protest the death of Tyre Nichols on Jan. 27, 2023, in New York City. \u003ccite>(Michael M. Santiago/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a statement following Thursday's news conference, Crump said although the five officers have been indicted, policing in the U.S. needs a great deal of reform.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This tragedy meets the absolute definition of a needless and unnecessary death. Tyre's loved ones' lives were forever changed when he was beaten to death, and we will keep saying his name until justice is served,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The police chief \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MEM_PoliceDept/status/1616595013927845889?s=20&t=j0kKAMjkzWau3epTHxVZiw\">said earlier this week\u003c/a> that the five officers violated multiple department policies, \"including excessive use of force, duty to intervene, and duty to render aid.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two Memphis Fire Department employees were \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/01/24/1151150396/tyre-nichols-memphis-fire-department-employees\">also \"relieved of duty\"\u003c/a> as an internal investigation is being conducted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Memphis Fire Department spokesperson Qwanesha Ward told NPR that the employees — who were not identified — were \"involved in the initial patient care\" of Nichols. She did not go into further details.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Justice Department and the FBI have also \u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/usao-wdtn/pr/statement-united-states-attorney-kevin-g-ritz\">launched a civil rights investigation\u003c/a> into Nichols' death and the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/TBInvestigation/status/1612214960414724097\">Tennessee Bureau of Investigation\u003c/a> launched a separate investigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>NPR's Joe Hernandez contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "As the nation tries to process the horrific details and circumstances that led to Tyre Nichols' death, here is a look at what we know so far about Nichols, the Memphis police officers involved, and the demonstrations that have been happening across the US.",
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"description": "As the nation tries to process the horrific details and circumstances that led to Tyre Nichols' death, here is a look at what we know so far about Nichols, the Memphis police officers involved, and the demonstrations that have been happening across the US.",
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"nprByline": "\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/people/1019412563/jonathan-franklin\">Jonathan Franklin\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/people/543959056/emma-bowman\">Emma Bowman\u003c/a>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Mostly peaceful protests over police brutality were carried out around the country after the public release of body camera footage brought the Memphis police killing of Tyre Nichols into clearer picture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nichols, a 29-year-old Black motorist, was pulled over Jan. 7 for what police said was reckless driving. After attempting to flee on foot, Nichols was aggressively beaten by police, newly released police video shows. Three days later, he died in the hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's what else we know.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Who was Tyre Nichols?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Nichols, a father of a 4-year-old son, was known to his family as an avid skateboarder and nature photographer from Sacramento, Calif., according to \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/tyre-nichols-profile-memphis-3104f3cdbaf568daf6647eca080d4001\">The Associated Press\u003c/a>. He arrived in Memphis just before the pandemic, and later started a job with FedEx, a major employer there. Nichols had been with the company for about nine months before his death, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/26/us/who-was-tyre-nichols.html\">\u003cem>The New York Times\u003c/em> reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He was one of those people who made everyone around them happy,\" Nichols' step-grandmother Lucille Washington\u003ca href=\"https://www.localmemphis.com/article/news/local/tyre-nichols-memorial-service-gathers-family-friends-and-supporters/522-579006f3-3ee9-4c50-bfe8-ae307e64f60b\"> said at a memorial service\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Police bodycam video shows a violent arrest\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Police said on Jan. 8 that Nichols was taken into custody after a traffic stop that involved two confrontations with officers. During the initial confrontation, Nichols fled the scene of the traffic stop, police said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following the arrest, Nichols then complained of shortness of breath, according to authorities, and was taken to the hospital in critical condition, where he died on Jan. 10.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11939627\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11939627\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1460149255-800x534.jpg\" alt='A young Black man speaks into a loudspeaker with a young Black woman standing behind him holding a sign that reads \"Stop Police Terror.\"' width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1460149255-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1460149255-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1460149255-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1460149255.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Demonstrators protest the death of Tyre Nichols on Jan. 27, 2023, in Memphis, Tenn. \u003ccite>(Scott Olson/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>His family has said the police beat him so severely that he was unrecognizable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.scdag.com/news-releases/statement-from-shelby-county-district-attorneys-office-regarding-tyre-nichols-investigation\">Shelby County District Attorney's Office said\u003c/a> in a statement earlier this week that it understood the \"reasonable request from the public\" to view the video of Nichols' death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city of Memphis released the four-part footage on Vimeo on Friday evening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the videos, officers are seen dragging Nichols from his car and shouting profanities throughout the confrontation. An officer tries to deploy a Taser at Nichols and then begins to chase him on foot. \"I'm just trying to go home,\" Nichols is heard saying. Later, officers are seen repeatedly kicking, punching and using a baton to strike Nichols as he lies on the ground. At one point he's heard yelling \"Mom.\" Lawyers for the Nichols family say this encounter happened within 100 yards of the family's home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ben Crump, the family's attorney, compared the footage to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/04/26/524744989/when-la-erupted-in-anger-a-look-back-at-the-rodney-king-riots\">video of the 1991 Los Angeles police beating of Rodney King\u003c/a>, another Black motorist.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Protests were held in several cities following release of police video\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Mostly peaceful protests broke out \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/pictureshow/2023/01/27/1152198276/photos-protests-tyre-nichols-memphis-police\">in cities across the U.S.\u003c/a> following the release of the videos, with demonstrators leading marches and chants against police brutality and shutting down highways and intersections in some cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Memphis, a group of demonstrators gathered at a downtown park and then took to the streets, shutting down the I-55 bridge over the Mississippi River between Memphis and West Memphis. They chanted \"no justice, no peace\" and \"justice for Tyre,\" closing the bridge for nearly three hours before peacefully disbanding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11939626\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11939626\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1246604504-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"Crowd of protestors of different races rallying with three people in front with fists in the air.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1246604504-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1246604504-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1246604504-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1246604504.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Protesters rally against the fatal police assault of Tyre Nichols, at Times Square in New York City, on Jan. 27, 2023. \u003ccite>(YUKI IWAMURA/AFP via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In other parts of Memphis, people gathered in churches or small groups to reflect on the wrenching and somber moment for the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A protest in downtown Los Angeles became tense when a small group protesters demonstrated outside of Los Angeles Police Department headquarters, which was blocked by police in riot gear, \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2023-01-27/los-angeles-vigil-protest-tyre-nichols-keenan-anderson\">according to the\u003cem> Los Angeles Times\u003c/em>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other small, but mostly peaceful protests, were also held in Times Square in New York City, near the White House in Washington, D.C., in Seattle, Detroit and Atlanta, as well as in other cities from the East Coast to the West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Organizers are planning vigils, marches and demonstrations across the U.S. over the weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Five former officers were indicted and jailed in connection to Nichols' death\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Tadarrius Bean, Demetrius Haley, Emmitt Martin III, Desmond Mills Jr. and Justin Smith \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/01/26/1151721800/memphis-officers-charged-tyre-nichols-murder\">each face several charges\u003c/a>, including second-degree murder, aggravated assault, aggravated kidnapping, official misconduct and official oppression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Nichols, all of the former officers — who were fired before Thursday's indictments — are Black.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>On Wednesday, Memphis Police Chief Cerelyn Davis released a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpD2FDjBBr8\">video statement\u003c/a> discussing \"the horrific circumstances\" of Nichols' death. She called it a professional failing and said \"the incident was heinous, reckless and inhumane.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During a news conference announcing the indictments of the five officers, prosecutors gave new details about what happened during the traffic stop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shelby County District Attorney Steve Mulroy said that while each of the five officers played a different role, \"the actions of all of them resulted in the death of Tyre Nichols, and they are all responsible.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A grand jury returned indictments and delivered all five officers the same exact charges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than three hours after officials released the body cam footage, Shelby County \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ShelbyTNSheriff/status/1619156679878393856\">Sheriff Floyd Bonner said\u003c/a> two deputies who appeared at the scene of the arrest had been relieved of their duties pending the outcome of an internal investigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Memphis police officers were \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/01/27/1151957933/tyre-nichols-video-protest-\">part of a specialized team\u003c/a> known as the SCORPION unit, an acronym for Street Crimes Operations to Restore Peace in Our Neighborhoods, that the department launched in 2021. A day after the release of the body cam video of Nichols' arrest, the Memphis Police Department \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MEM_PoliceDept/status/1619446919683796992?s=20&t=O8bGWi8x7RWlCBaEpAqtjg\">said it would permanently disband\u003c/a> the unit.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Other agencies are involved in the case\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Crump, one of the family's attorneys, said during a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o-JExNfIDlQ\">news conference earlier this week \u003c/a>that police used a stun gun and pepper spray on Nichols in addition to restraining him during the arrest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Yet again, we're seeing evidence of what happens to Black and brown people from simple traffic stops,\" Crump said. \"You should not be killed because of a simple traffic stop.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11939630\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11939630\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1460129538-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"A man stomps on a police car windshield in a crowd of people on a busy city street.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1460129538-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1460129538-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1460129538-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1460129538.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A demonstrator stomps on the window of an NYPD car as people protest the death of Tyre Nichols on Jan. 27, 2023, in New York City. \u003ccite>(Michael M. Santiago/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a statement following Thursday's news conference, Crump said although the five officers have been indicted, policing in the U.S. needs a great deal of reform.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This tragedy meets the absolute definition of a needless and unnecessary death. Tyre's loved ones' lives were forever changed when he was beaten to death, and we will keep saying his name until justice is served,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The police chief \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MEM_PoliceDept/status/1616595013927845889?s=20&t=j0kKAMjkzWau3epTHxVZiw\">said earlier this week\u003c/a> that the five officers violated multiple department policies, \"including excessive use of force, duty to intervene, and duty to render aid.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two Memphis Fire Department employees were \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/01/24/1151150396/tyre-nichols-memphis-fire-department-employees\">also \"relieved of duty\"\u003c/a> as an internal investigation is being conducted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Memphis Fire Department spokesperson Qwanesha Ward told NPR that the employees — who were not identified — were \"involved in the initial patient care\" of Nichols. She did not go into further details.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Justice Department and the FBI have also \u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/usao-wdtn/pr/statement-united-states-attorney-kevin-g-ritz\">launched a civil rights investigation\u003c/a> into Nichols' death and the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/TBInvestigation/status/1612214960414724097\">Tennessee Bureau of Investigation\u003c/a> launched a separate investigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>NPR's Joe Hernandez contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Video footage of the moments leading up to Tyre Nichols' death, for which five Memphis police officers \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/01/26/1151721800/memphis-officers-charged-tyre-nichols-murder\">have been charged\u003c/a>, is expected \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/01/27/1152029954/tyre-nichols-body-camera-footage-release\">to be released\u003c/a> later Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monnica Williams, a clinical psychologist and expert on race-based trauma, said videos containing violence and death are incredibly stressful and should be viewed sparingly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Seeing things that happen like this to other people from your community broadly can have some traumatizing effects, especially if you're part of a stigmatized of minoritized group that's often dealing with trauma like this,\" Williams told NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nichols, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/01/23/1150767524/tyre-nichols-family-will-view-unreleased-video-footage-related-to-his-death\">29-year-old Black man\u003c/a>, was beaten severely after being pulled over on suspicion of reckless driving on Jan. 7. He died in a hospital three days later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Memphis Police Chief Cerelyn Davis said the recordings, which include body cam, dash cam and other surveillance footage, will be made public out of transparency sometime after 7 p.m. ET Friday. But she warned that the incident was \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/01/26/1151621971/tyre-nichols-memphis-police-chief\">\"heinous, reckless and inhumane.\" \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are some helpful reminders on how to cope.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Remember, you don't have to watch the video to stay informed about the case\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Williams' main advice is to not watch the footage if you can.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is really the message I want people to have: Don't watch them,\" she said. \"If you want to watch it, you should ask yourself, why do I want to watch this?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She understands some people may be obligated to see it, depending on their job or connection to the case, but for the vast majority of people, violent videos tend to do more harm than good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams added that there are other ways to stay informed on the case without seeing graphic videos or images, which tend to have a stronger effect on the brain than simply reading an article about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These videos are not good for your mental health and they don't make us a better society,\" Williams said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Before the footage is released, check in with yourself\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In anticipation of the video and descriptions around it, Williams urges people to pause to assess how much information they can handle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Anxious or stressed or nervous? These might be good signs that you want to take it easy and maybe you don't need to watch it,\" she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams also recommends digesting the news and content in moderation depending on how they are feeling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People can wait until they feel ready. They don't have to do it right now,\" she said. \"Or they can decide that they only want a small amount of information about what happened.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Signs of stress and trauma can show up immediately or in a few weeks\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>People can experience forms of post-traumatic stress disorder from watching distressing videos, Williams said. Those symptoms include trouble sleeping, having images replaying in your mind, or feeling jumpy, restless or moody.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes, those symptoms do not show up until later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams pointed to a 2018 study in \u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)31130-9/fulltext\">\u003cem>The Lancet\u003c/em>\u003c/a> about police killings and their spillover effects on the mental health of Black Americans. Research showed that Black people continued to be affected by a fatal encounter between police and an unarmed Black person months after first hearing about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Feeling numb can also be a sign of trauma and it should be taken as seriously as other symptoms, Williams added.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Lean on people you can trust and who can relate to how you're feeling\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>One of the best ways to deal with this kind of trauma is to talk to other people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Have conversations with people who get it and who are going to be a source of support and comfort,\" Williams said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is also important to \"rebalance your sense of equilibrium,\" by taking time out of the office, going on a walk or a drive and spending time away from the news cycle and social media, she added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Videos+like+the+Tyre+Nichols+footage+can+be+traumatic.+An+expert+shares+ways+to+cope&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Video footage of the moments leading up to Tyre Nichols' death, for which five Memphis police officers \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/01/26/1151721800/memphis-officers-charged-tyre-nichols-murder\">have been charged\u003c/a>, is expected \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/01/27/1152029954/tyre-nichols-body-camera-footage-release\">to be released\u003c/a> later Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monnica Williams, a clinical psychologist and expert on race-based trauma, said videos containing violence and death are incredibly stressful and should be viewed sparingly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Seeing things that happen like this to other people from your community broadly can have some traumatizing effects, especially if you're part of a stigmatized of minoritized group that's often dealing with trauma like this,\" Williams told NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nichols, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/01/23/1150767524/tyre-nichols-family-will-view-unreleased-video-footage-related-to-his-death\">29-year-old Black man\u003c/a>, was beaten severely after being pulled over on suspicion of reckless driving on Jan. 7. He died in a hospital three days later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Memphis Police Chief Cerelyn Davis said the recordings, which include body cam, dash cam and other surveillance footage, will be made public out of transparency sometime after 7 p.m. ET Friday. But she warned that the incident was \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/01/26/1151621971/tyre-nichols-memphis-police-chief\">\"heinous, reckless and inhumane.\" \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are some helpful reminders on how to cope.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Remember, you don't have to watch the video to stay informed about the case\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Williams' main advice is to not watch the footage if you can.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is really the message I want people to have: Don't watch them,\" she said. \"If you want to watch it, you should ask yourself, why do I want to watch this?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She understands some people may be obligated to see it, depending on their job or connection to the case, but for the vast majority of people, violent videos tend to do more harm than good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams added that there are other ways to stay informed on the case without seeing graphic videos or images, which tend to have a stronger effect on the brain than simply reading an article about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These videos are not good for your mental health and they don't make us a better society,\" Williams said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Before the footage is released, check in with yourself\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In anticipation of the video and descriptions around it, Williams urges people to pause to assess how much information they can handle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Anxious or stressed or nervous? These might be good signs that you want to take it easy and maybe you don't need to watch it,\" she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams also recommends digesting the news and content in moderation depending on how they are feeling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People can wait until they feel ready. They don't have to do it right now,\" she said. \"Or they can decide that they only want a small amount of information about what happened.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Signs of stress and trauma can show up immediately or in a few weeks\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>People can experience forms of post-traumatic stress disorder from watching distressing videos, Williams said. Those symptoms include trouble sleeping, having images replaying in your mind, or feeling jumpy, restless or moody.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes, those symptoms do not show up until later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams pointed to a 2018 study in \u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)31130-9/fulltext\">\u003cem>The Lancet\u003c/em>\u003c/a> about police killings and their spillover effects on the mental health of Black Americans. Research showed that Black people continued to be affected by a fatal encounter between police and an unarmed Black person months after first hearing about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Feeling numb can also be a sign of trauma and it should be taken as seriously as other symptoms, Williams added.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Lean on people you can trust and who can relate to how you're feeling\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>One of the best ways to deal with this kind of trauma is to talk to other people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Have conversations with people who get it and who are going to be a source of support and comfort,\" Williams said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is also important to \"rebalance your sense of equilibrium,\" by taking time out of the office, going on a walk or a drive and spending time away from the news cycle and social media, she added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Videos+like+the+Tyre+Nichols+footage+can+be+traumatic.+An+expert+shares+ways+to+cope&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration is considering a major shift in the nation’s COVID-19 vaccine strategy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal is to simplify vaccination against COVID and perhaps adopt an approach similar to what is used for the flu vaccine, with annual updates to match whatever strain of the virus is circulating. This is according to a federal official who spoke under the condition of anonymity because they were not authorized to speak publicly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR reported the proposed shift early Monday morning, and later Monday the FDA outlined it publicly in \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/advisory-committees/advisory-committee-calendar/vaccines-and-related-biological-products-advisory-committee-january-26-2023-meeting-announcement#event-materials\">a set of documents released\u003c/a> in advance of a meeting Thursday of the agency’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/advisory-committees/advisory-committee-calendar/vaccines-and-related-biological-products-advisory-committee-january-26-2023-meeting-announcement\">Vaccine and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee\u003c/a> (VRBPAC). The committee will vote on the agency’s proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, people who want to be fully vaccinated against COVID have to first get their primary vaccinations — two shots of the original vaccine spaced weeks apart. That’s followed at least two months later by a booster, currently the bivalent shot that’s tailored to protect against omicron.[aside label=\"Related Stories\" tag=\"coronavirus\"]Under the new approach, most people would be advised to simply get whatever the latest version of the vaccine is annually each fall like the flu vaccine. They wouldn’t have to worry about how many shots they’ve already gotten and which one they got when. Those who still need to receive two doses initially, such as young children and older people, would use the same formulation for all three shots. Vaccine makers would update the annual shot through a process that would begin each spring to try a match the vaccine as closely as possible to whatever variant will likely be dominant in the coming winter. That’s how the flu vaccine is formulated each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“FDA anticipates conducting an assessment of SARS-CoV-2 strains at least annually and to engage VRBPAC in about early June of each year regarding strain selection for the fall season,” the FDA wrote in its briefing document, adding that updated vaccines would be readied for use by September each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency notes that if a more dangerous COVID variant were to emerge, it might reconsider the vaccine strain at other times of the year on an “as-needed and emergent basis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some immunologists and vaccine researchers say simplifying the process along the lines of the flu vaccine is appropriate at this point in the pandemic. However, many questions remain about emerging booster strategy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As far as the tools that we have right now, I think it just makes the most sense to plan to update each year as close as we can to the currently circulating variant,” says Deepta Bhattacharya, an immunologist at the University of Arizona. “So I think all the things the FDA is considering make a lot of sense.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Questions about efficacy of updated shots\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>There’s an intense debate about the wisdom of updating the COVID vaccines regularly to try to match new variants. Some researchers question whether that really makes the vaccines more effective. They also argue that the low demand for the latest booster shows the public has little appetite for continued boosting with the vaccines, even if they’ve been updated with new strains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The public is voting with their arms if you will and said, ‘No. I’m not going to get this. This doesn’t make sense to us,'” says Dr. Gregory Poland, a vaccine researcher at the Mayo Clinic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While endorsing continued boosters for those at high risk, such as the elderly, some question whether the current bivalent vaccines updated to target omicron have enhanced protection compared to the original vaccines. Most people are still well-protected against severe disease by the immunity they already have, they say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have no solid data about the performance of the bivalent boosters,” says John Moore, an immunologist at Weill Cornell Medical College. “The hard evidence is lacking, and the evidence that is out there is at the very least inconclusive and to me trends towards saying the bivalent boosters were little if no better.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore and others argue that the virus is changing so fast that it’s pointless to constantly try to match the vaccines to the latest variants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We shouldn’t really be chasing these variants, which are evanescent and are often gone by the time you’ve created the vaccine,” says Dr. Paul Offit of the University of Pennsylvania, one of the FDA’s advisers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Offit and others also question whether everyone will necessarily need to be boosted regularly, or just those at high risk, like the elderly.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Arguments for alternate vaccine strategies\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Critics of the FDA’s proposed new strategy argue that it would be better to invest in developing better vaccines that might be more appealing to people, and in campaigns to get more people vaccinated. Better vaccines could include those that could keep people from catching the virus in the first place not just from getting seriously ill — such as a nasal spray vaccine. Or perhaps vaccines that provide longer protection or are administered in pill form, to make them more acceptable to the needle-averse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Particularly now when Congress is not allocating new funds for COVID response, we have to be especially judicious in how we spend our money and what would be most cost-effective,” says Dr. Celine Gounder, a senior fellow at the Kaiser Family Foundation. “It’s unclear whether updating the booster formulations and repeatedly boosting people is the most effective approach to controlling COVID at this stage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another concern some researchers have is that the FDA continues to rely on antibody levels to test vaccine efficacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we need to raise the bar and require more evidence of clinical efficacy,” says Dr. Eric Rubin, a professor of immunology and infectious diseases at Harvard who is also a member of the advisory committee. For instance, Rubin says the FDA should require proof the updated vaccines are actually reducing the risk of getting infected, getting sick, hospitalized and dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others say updating the vaccines make sense to make sure people are as well-protected as possible while researchers continue to try to develop new vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even if you don’t have a booster that matches 100% what’s circulating, you will have a booster that matches 75% to 80% to 90% of what’s circulating,” says David Martinez, an immunologist at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. “And that will be good enough. It would probably benefit most people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The FDA looks ahead to endemic COVID\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Some researchers think it’s too soon to rely on annual boosters. COVID hasn’t quite settled into a seasonal pattern like the flu, they note, and the SARS-CoV2 virus is changing more quickly than the flu virus. So people may need to be boosted more frequently, especially since protection against severe disease may only last about four to six months, they say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to be reaching that pretty soon with the early adopters of the bivalent boosters, like myself,” says Dr. Peter Hotez, co-director of the Center for Vaccine Development at Texas Children’s Hospital and dean of the National School of Tropical Medicine at Baylor College of Medicine. “I don’t know if an annual strategy is going to cut it.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration is considering a major shift in the nation’s COVID-19 vaccine strategy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal is to simplify vaccination against COVID and perhaps adopt an approach similar to what is used for the flu vaccine, with annual updates to match whatever strain of the virus is circulating. This is according to a federal official who spoke under the condition of anonymity because they were not authorized to speak publicly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR reported the proposed shift early Monday morning, and later Monday the FDA outlined it publicly in \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/advisory-committees/advisory-committee-calendar/vaccines-and-related-biological-products-advisory-committee-january-26-2023-meeting-announcement#event-materials\">a set of documents released\u003c/a> in advance of a meeting Thursday of the agency’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/advisory-committees/advisory-committee-calendar/vaccines-and-related-biological-products-advisory-committee-january-26-2023-meeting-announcement\">Vaccine and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee\u003c/a> (VRBPAC). The committee will vote on the agency’s proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, people who want to be fully vaccinated against COVID have to first get their primary vaccinations — two shots of the original vaccine spaced weeks apart. That’s followed at least two months later by a booster, currently the bivalent shot that’s tailored to protect against omicron.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Under the new approach, most people would be advised to simply get whatever the latest version of the vaccine is annually each fall like the flu vaccine. They wouldn’t have to worry about how many shots they’ve already gotten and which one they got when. Those who still need to receive two doses initially, such as young children and older people, would use the same formulation for all three shots. Vaccine makers would update the annual shot through a process that would begin each spring to try a match the vaccine as closely as possible to whatever variant will likely be dominant in the coming winter. That’s how the flu vaccine is formulated each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“FDA anticipates conducting an assessment of SARS-CoV-2 strains at least annually and to engage VRBPAC in about early June of each year regarding strain selection for the fall season,” the FDA wrote in its briefing document, adding that updated vaccines would be readied for use by September each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency notes that if a more dangerous COVID variant were to emerge, it might reconsider the vaccine strain at other times of the year on an “as-needed and emergent basis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some immunologists and vaccine researchers say simplifying the process along the lines of the flu vaccine is appropriate at this point in the pandemic. However, many questions remain about emerging booster strategy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As far as the tools that we have right now, I think it just makes the most sense to plan to update each year as close as we can to the currently circulating variant,” says Deepta Bhattacharya, an immunologist at the University of Arizona. “So I think all the things the FDA is considering make a lot of sense.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Questions about efficacy of updated shots\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>There’s an intense debate about the wisdom of updating the COVID vaccines regularly to try to match new variants. Some researchers question whether that really makes the vaccines more effective. They also argue that the low demand for the latest booster shows the public has little appetite for continued boosting with the vaccines, even if they’ve been updated with new strains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The public is voting with their arms if you will and said, ‘No. I’m not going to get this. This doesn’t make sense to us,'” says Dr. Gregory Poland, a vaccine researcher at the Mayo Clinic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While endorsing continued boosters for those at high risk, such as the elderly, some question whether the current bivalent vaccines updated to target omicron have enhanced protection compared to the original vaccines. Most people are still well-protected against severe disease by the immunity they already have, they say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have no solid data about the performance of the bivalent boosters,” says John Moore, an immunologist at Weill Cornell Medical College. “The hard evidence is lacking, and the evidence that is out there is at the very least inconclusive and to me trends towards saying the bivalent boosters were little if no better.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore and others argue that the virus is changing so fast that it’s pointless to constantly try to match the vaccines to the latest variants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We shouldn’t really be chasing these variants, which are evanescent and are often gone by the time you’ve created the vaccine,” says Dr. Paul Offit of the University of Pennsylvania, one of the FDA’s advisers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Offit and others also question whether everyone will necessarily need to be boosted regularly, or just those at high risk, like the elderly.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Arguments for alternate vaccine strategies\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Critics of the FDA’s proposed new strategy argue that it would be better to invest in developing better vaccines that might be more appealing to people, and in campaigns to get more people vaccinated. Better vaccines could include those that could keep people from catching the virus in the first place not just from getting seriously ill — such as a nasal spray vaccine. Or perhaps vaccines that provide longer protection or are administered in pill form, to make them more acceptable to the needle-averse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Particularly now when Congress is not allocating new funds for COVID response, we have to be especially judicious in how we spend our money and what would be most cost-effective,” says Dr. Celine Gounder, a senior fellow at the Kaiser Family Foundation. “It’s unclear whether updating the booster formulations and repeatedly boosting people is the most effective approach to controlling COVID at this stage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another concern some researchers have is that the FDA continues to rely on antibody levels to test vaccine efficacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we need to raise the bar and require more evidence of clinical efficacy,” says Dr. Eric Rubin, a professor of immunology and infectious diseases at Harvard who is also a member of the advisory committee. For instance, Rubin says the FDA should require proof the updated vaccines are actually reducing the risk of getting infected, getting sick, hospitalized and dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others say updating the vaccines make sense to make sure people are as well-protected as possible while researchers continue to try to develop new vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even if you don’t have a booster that matches 100% what’s circulating, you will have a booster that matches 75% to 80% to 90% of what’s circulating,” says David Martinez, an immunologist at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. “And that will be good enough. It would probably benefit most people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The FDA looks ahead to endemic COVID\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Some researchers think it’s too soon to rely on annual boosters. COVID hasn’t quite settled into a seasonal pattern like the flu, they note, and the SARS-CoV2 virus is changing more quickly than the flu virus. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to be reaching that pretty soon with the early adopters of the bivalent boosters, like myself,” says Dr. Peter Hotez, co-director of the Center for Vaccine Development at Texas Children’s Hospital and dean of the National School of Tropical Medicine at Baylor College of Medicine. “I don’t know if an annual strategy is going to cut it.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "are-at-home-rapid-covid-tests-still-reliable-heres-what-you-need-to-know",
"title": "Are At-Home Rapid COVID Tests Still Reliable? What You Need to Know",
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"content": "\u003cp>As the COVID-19 pandemic enters its fourth year, a negative result on a little plastic at-home test feels a bit less comforting than it once did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, you dutifully swab your nostrils before dinner parties, wait 15 minutes for the all-clear and then text the host “negative!” before leaving your KN95 mask at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It feels like the right thing to do, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The virus has mutated and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2023/01/06/1147372029/new-covid-omicron-subvariant-spreading-fast-data\">then mutated again\u003c/a>, with the tests offering at least some sense of control as the Greek letters pile up. But some experts caution against putting too much faith in a negative result.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it’s only fitting to do a reality check on what those rapid COVID-19 tests, also called antigen tests, can do — and what they can’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Is the latest omicron variant tripping up at-home tests?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>For the most part, the answer is no.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because as the virus evolves, scientists are mainly seeing changes in its spike protein, which is what the virus uses to attack and enter healthy cells. But the rapid antigen tests aren’t actually looking for that spike protein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[The tests] rely on detection of the nucleocapsid protein, which is the protein that is directly encapsulating the viral RNA,” says \u003ca href=\"https://connects.catalyst.harvard.edu/Profiles/display/Person/32693\">Dr. Robin Colgrove\u003c/a>, a professor at Harvard Medical School and chair of the Diagnostics Committee of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says this interior protein really hasn’t changed much as the virus has mutated over the years. So, at least for now, the rapid tests can detect it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal health agencies are monitoring the situation in case that changes. The Food and Drug Administration is working with the National Institutes of Health to study just how well the at-home tests work as the virus continues to evolve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, the agencies have identified only one test — the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/coronavirus-covid-19-and-medical-devices/sars-cov-2-viral-mutations-impact-covid-19-tests#63c123b8800ae\">Luminostics Inc. Clip COVID Rapid Antigen Test\u003c/a> — that has been rendered less reliable in the face of new variants. And even then, the FDA says “the impact does not appear to be significant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Are antigen tests taking longer to show a positive?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Some people report having negative antigen test results for days, despite having a known COVID-19 exposure and the telltale symptoms. Eventually, they test positive, but it can sometimes take as long as a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The phenomenon is somewhat mysterious, says Colgrove. He acknowledges that doctors are seeing it, but so far, it’s only anecdotal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What kind of an experiment would you have to do to answer that question?” he says, explaining that it would be difficult to study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"related coverage\" tag=\"covid\"]Many factors could make it seem as though home tests are taking longer to register a positive result, such as the virus multiplying faster somewhere other than the nostrils in some patients, says \u003ca href=\"https://dlmp.uw.edu/faculty/baird\">Dr. Geoffrey Baird\u003c/a>, chair of the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology at the University of Washington School of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Baird says perhaps the biggest factor is human error. After all, people doing these tests at home make mistakes and aren’t trained like those who are doing COVID-19 tests in a lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s going to be some people who stick it in their mouth,” he says, explaining that not everyone follows the testing instructions as written. Some people even get mucus on the swab, mistakenly thinking mucus will have plenty of virus in it. “Actually you don’t want snot on the thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while, on average, people will get a positive antigen test result around the time they become infectious, Baird says it’s important to remember that there will always be plenty of people on either side of that average: those who test positive much earlier than most and those who test positive much later.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How well do these tests really work?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Antigen tests can be useful in certain situations (more on that in a minute), but Baird stresses that they have their limits. That was true even before the pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Similar technology has existed for influenza for years and the recommendation was not to use them,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Antigen tests look for specific proteins inside the virus. Users typically swab their nostrils, and the tests take about 15 minutes to render a positive or negative result. But these at-home tests need much more virus to generate a positive result than a PCR test, which is done in a lab and involves letting trace amounts of viral genetic material “amplify” over time — usually a day or so. So even if very little virus is present, there should be enough to trigger a positive result (PCR tests may also keep turning up positive long after someone has cleared the infection).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both kinds of tests have their advantages and disadvantages. And there are two measures of test performance to know about: \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/04/15/834497497/antibody-tests-for-coronavirus-can-miss-the-mark\">specificity and sensitivity\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Specificity is how good the test is at avoiding false positives. And sensitivity is how good the test is at finding the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/lab/resources/antigen-tests-guidelines.html#table1\">According to the CDC\u003c/a>, antigen and PCR tests are both good at avoiding false positives, but PCR tests are generally more sensitive than home tests. That means antigen tests aren’t all that useful for ruling \u003cem>out \u003c/em>COVID-19, but they can be valuable for confirming that cold really \u003cem>is \u003c/em>COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you don’t have any symptoms though, don’t count on antigen tests to give you a definitive answer on whether or not you’re in the clear. This is also what researchers found when they took a look at more than 100 studies of antigen tests and \u003ca href=\"https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD013705.pub3/full\">published their findings\u003c/a> in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews this past July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rapid antigen tests are considerably less accurate when they are used in people with no signs or symptoms of infection, but do perform better in people who have been in contact with someone who has confirmed COVID‐19,” they wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same researchers also found that not all home tests were equally accurate. Their review included 49 different kinds of tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We saw a lot of variation in the sensitivity of different brands of tests and our overall results combine findings from different studies that evaluated the same tests,” lead author Jacqueline Dinnes from the University of Birmingham \u003ca href=\"https://www.cochrane.org/podcasts/10.1002/14651858.CD013705.pub3\">said in a podcast\u003c/a> about the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>So what are these tests actually good for?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Even though it seems like a good idea to have everyone take a rapid COVID-19 test the day of a gathering to make sure they’re negative, experts say that’s not how the tests were meant to be used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A positive test is almost always true,” Colgrove says. “So in a person with an exposure or a person with suggestive symptoms, if they do a test and it’s positive, you’re done. You have your diagnosis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2022/06/30/1108615724/positive-test-isolation\">slightly different story\u003c/a> if you are getting over COVID-19 and are testing to see whether you’re still positive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a negative “does not rule out” a COVID-19 infection, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/testing.html\">according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a>. If someone tests negative, they’re supposed to take another antigen test 48 hours later to see if it turns positive. And if that person has a \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/safety-communications/home-covid-19-antigen-tests-take-steps-reduce-your-risk-false-negative-results-fda-safety\">known COVID exposure or symptoms\u003c/a>, the FDA \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/08/11/1117060962/covid-19-home-tests-fda\">recommends a third test \u003c/a>48 hours after that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best way to use the tests is to know their limits and follow instructions for retesting when you get a negative result.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In a person who had suggestive symptoms now, in the middle of the epidemic where the prevalence of the infection is high, a single negative test is not enough to rule out infection,” Colgrove says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you have COVID-19 symptoms, even if your test is negative, it’s a good idea to be cautious and just stay home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Is+it+time+for+a+reality+check+on+rapid+COVID+tests%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As the COVID-19 pandemic enters its fourth year, a negative result on a little plastic at-home test feels a bit less comforting than it once did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, you dutifully swab your nostrils before dinner parties, wait 15 minutes for the all-clear and then text the host “negative!” before leaving your KN95 mask at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It feels like the right thing to do, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The virus has mutated and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2023/01/06/1147372029/new-covid-omicron-subvariant-spreading-fast-data\">then mutated again\u003c/a>, with the tests offering at least some sense of control as the Greek letters pile up. But some experts caution against putting too much faith in a negative result.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it’s only fitting to do a reality check on what those rapid COVID-19 tests, also called antigen tests, can do — and what they can’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Is the latest omicron variant tripping up at-home tests?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>For the most part, the answer is no.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because as the virus evolves, scientists are mainly seeing changes in its spike protein, which is what the virus uses to attack and enter healthy cells. But the rapid antigen tests aren’t actually looking for that spike protein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[The tests] rely on detection of the nucleocapsid protein, which is the protein that is directly encapsulating the viral RNA,” says \u003ca href=\"https://connects.catalyst.harvard.edu/Profiles/display/Person/32693\">Dr. Robin Colgrove\u003c/a>, a professor at Harvard Medical School and chair of the Diagnostics Committee of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says this interior protein really hasn’t changed much as the virus has mutated over the years. So, at least for now, the rapid tests can detect it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal health agencies are monitoring the situation in case that changes. The Food and Drug Administration is working with the National Institutes of Health to study just how well the at-home tests work as the virus continues to evolve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, the agencies have identified only one test — the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/coronavirus-covid-19-and-medical-devices/sars-cov-2-viral-mutations-impact-covid-19-tests#63c123b8800ae\">Luminostics Inc. Clip COVID Rapid Antigen Test\u003c/a> — that has been rendered less reliable in the face of new variants. And even then, the FDA says “the impact does not appear to be significant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Are antigen tests taking longer to show a positive?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Some people report having negative antigen test results for days, despite having a known COVID-19 exposure and the telltale symptoms. Eventually, they test positive, but it can sometimes take as long as a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The phenomenon is somewhat mysterious, says Colgrove. He acknowledges that doctors are seeing it, but so far, it’s only anecdotal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What kind of an experiment would you have to do to answer that question?” he says, explaining that it would be difficult to study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Many factors could make it seem as though home tests are taking longer to register a positive result, such as the virus multiplying faster somewhere other than the nostrils in some patients, says \u003ca href=\"https://dlmp.uw.edu/faculty/baird\">Dr. Geoffrey Baird\u003c/a>, chair of the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology at the University of Washington School of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Baird says perhaps the biggest factor is human error. After all, people doing these tests at home make mistakes and aren’t trained like those who are doing COVID-19 tests in a lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s going to be some people who stick it in their mouth,” he says, explaining that not everyone follows the testing instructions as written. Some people even get mucus on the swab, mistakenly thinking mucus will have plenty of virus in it. “Actually you don’t want snot on the thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while, on average, people will get a positive antigen test result around the time they become infectious, Baird says it’s important to remember that there will always be plenty of people on either side of that average: those who test positive much earlier than most and those who test positive much later.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How well do these tests really work?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Antigen tests can be useful in certain situations (more on that in a minute), but Baird stresses that they have their limits. That was true even before the pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Similar technology has existed for influenza for years and the recommendation was not to use them,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Antigen tests look for specific proteins inside the virus. Users typically swab their nostrils, and the tests take about 15 minutes to render a positive or negative result. But these at-home tests need much more virus to generate a positive result than a PCR test, which is done in a lab and involves letting trace amounts of viral genetic material “amplify” over time — usually a day or so. So even if very little virus is present, there should be enough to trigger a positive result (PCR tests may also keep turning up positive long after someone has cleared the infection).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both kinds of tests have their advantages and disadvantages. And there are two measures of test performance to know about: \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/04/15/834497497/antibody-tests-for-coronavirus-can-miss-the-mark\">specificity and sensitivity\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Specificity is how good the test is at avoiding false positives. And sensitivity is how good the test is at finding the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/lab/resources/antigen-tests-guidelines.html#table1\">According to the CDC\u003c/a>, antigen and PCR tests are both good at avoiding false positives, but PCR tests are generally more sensitive than home tests. That means antigen tests aren’t all that useful for ruling \u003cem>out \u003c/em>COVID-19, but they can be valuable for confirming that cold really \u003cem>is \u003c/em>COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you don’t have any symptoms though, don’t count on antigen tests to give you a definitive answer on whether or not you’re in the clear. This is also what researchers found when they took a look at more than 100 studies of antigen tests and \u003ca href=\"https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD013705.pub3/full\">published their findings\u003c/a> in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews this past July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rapid antigen tests are considerably less accurate when they are used in people with no signs or symptoms of infection, but do perform better in people who have been in contact with someone who has confirmed COVID‐19,” they wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same researchers also found that not all home tests were equally accurate. Their review included 49 different kinds of tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We saw a lot of variation in the sensitivity of different brands of tests and our overall results combine findings from different studies that evaluated the same tests,” lead author Jacqueline Dinnes from the University of Birmingham \u003ca href=\"https://www.cochrane.org/podcasts/10.1002/14651858.CD013705.pub3\">said in a podcast\u003c/a> about the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>So what are these tests actually good for?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Even though it seems like a good idea to have everyone take a rapid COVID-19 test the day of a gathering to make sure they’re negative, experts say that’s not how the tests were meant to be used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A positive test is almost always true,” Colgrove says. “So in a person with an exposure or a person with suggestive symptoms, if they do a test and it’s positive, you’re done. You have your diagnosis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2022/06/30/1108615724/positive-test-isolation\">slightly different story\u003c/a> if you are getting over COVID-19 and are testing to see whether you’re still positive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a negative “does not rule out” a COVID-19 infection, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/testing.html\">according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a>. If someone tests negative, they’re supposed to take another antigen test 48 hours later to see if it turns positive. And if that person has a \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/safety-communications/home-covid-19-antigen-tests-take-steps-reduce-your-risk-false-negative-results-fda-safety\">known COVID exposure or symptoms\u003c/a>, the FDA \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/08/11/1117060962/covid-19-home-tests-fda\">recommends a third test \u003c/a>48 hours after that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best way to use the tests is to know their limits and follow instructions for retesting when you get a negative result.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In a person who had suggestive symptoms now, in the middle of the epidemic where the prevalence of the infection is high, a single negative test is not enough to rule out infection,” Colgrove says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you have COVID-19 symptoms, even if your test is negative, it’s a good idea to be cautious and just stay home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Is+it+time+for+a+reality+check+on+rapid+COVID+tests%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"slug": "the-us-faces-unprecedented-uncertainty-regarding-abortion-law-legal-scholar-says",
"title": "The US Faces 'Unprecedented Uncertainty' Regarding Abortion Law, Legal Scholar Says",
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"headTitle": "The US Faces ‘Unprecedented Uncertainty’ Regarding Abortion Law, Legal Scholar Says | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>In June 2022, the U.S. Supreme Court’s ruling in \u003cem>Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/06/24/1102305878/supreme-court-abortion-roe-v-wade-decision-overturn\">struck down\u003c/a> \u003cem>Roe v. Wade\u003c/em>, the 1973 landmark ruling that guaranteed the right to an abortion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without \u003cem>Roe\u003c/em>, the Court’s decision left it up to the states to decide on the legality of abortion and the restrictions surrounding it. Legal scholar \u003ca href=\"https://law.ucdavis.edu/people/mary-ziegler\">Mary Ziegler \u003c/a>chronicles the legal, political and cultural debate around abortion in the new book, \u003cem>Roe: The History of a National Obsession\u003c/em>. She says the battle over abortion rights is far from over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re at a moment of really almost unprecedented uncertainty in the United States when it comes to abortion,” Ziegler says. “Lots of people are waking up to the reality that what was a constitutional right not very long ago is now a crime in large swaths of the country.”[aside label=\"Related Stories\" postID=\"news_11931183,news_11926949,news_11931860\"]Some states, including \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/09/1134833374/california-results-abortion-contraception-amendment-midterms\">California\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/09/1134834724/michigan-abortion-amendment-midterm-results\">Michigan\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/2022-live-primary-election-race-results/2022/08/02/1115317596/kansas-voters-abortion-legal-reject-constitutional-amendment\">Kansas \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/09/08/1121940025/south-carolina-senators-reject-a-near-total-abortion-ban\">South Carolina\u003c/a>, have responded to the \u003cem>Dobbs \u003c/em>decision by protecting legal access to abortion. Meanwhile, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2022/06/24/1107126432/abortion-bans-supreme-court-roe-v-wade\">more than a dozen other states\u003c/a>, including \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/09/12/1122481691/idahos-extensive-abortion-ban-is-impacting-neighboring-washington\">Idaho\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/08/22/1118635642/abortion-trigger-ban-tennessee-idaho-texas\">Tennessee\u003c/a>, Arkansas and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2022/07/26/1111280165/because-of-texas-abortion-law-her-wanted-pregnancy-became-a-medical-nightmare\">Texas\u003c/a>, have moved to enact sweeping abortion bans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Texas, for instance, abortion is a felony punishable by up to life in prison. The state’s law explicitly prohibits criminally prosecuting people seeking abortions. Instead, it focuses on abortion providers, as well as people who aid or abet them — including those who help fund abortions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there are states where abortion is legal, but hasn’t been explicitly protected as a right in a state’s constitution or by court decisions. Ziegler points to Florida, which, because it has more liberal abortion laws than its neighboring states, is considered a “receiving state,” for people seeking abortion. “Florida, at the moment, has a 15-week ban, but nothing more than that,” she says. “We expect to see some of those states [like Florida] become battlegrounds in the years ahead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Ziegler acknowledges that no one knows what the future of abortion rights in the U.S. will look like, one thing is certain: This is a story that’s larger than one court decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The story of our abortion politics has always been one about more than the Supreme Court telling us what to do,” she says. “It’s been grassroots movements. It’s been ordinary voters, it’s been legislatures, it’s been state courts. And that’s going to continue to be true. So I think we’re at the very beginning of something very confusing, but also something that is far, far from over.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Interview highlights\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how confusion about abortion law can stop people from exercising their right to an abortion\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of people, if they’re not sure what is and is not OK, may make the decision to not come close to crossing the line. They may be scared away from exercising a right they do, in fact, have. But I think we’re at a moment of really almost unprecedented uncertainty in the United States when it comes to abortion. That’s true of the laws. It’s true of the way abortion care is delivered. It’s true, frankly, of the strategies that are being pursued by both movements. I think the kind of old hierarchies in the movements on both sides were shaken up by the \u003cem>Dobbs \u003c/em>decision and the political developments of the past couple of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On Texas prosecutors targeting abortion funds\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abortion funds kind of emerged because it was very difficult for low-income people to pay for abortions because of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/05/31/1001881788/bidens-budget-proposal-reverses-a-decades-long-ban-on-abortion-funding\">Hyde Amendment\u003c/a>, which bans federal Medicaid monies being used for reimbursement for abortions. So these abortion funds have been an important part of the funding reality for decades. And these demand letters that were sent to the abortion funds in Texas essentially suggested that they had been aiding and abetting a criminal act and demanded, among other things, details about their patients’ information.[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Mary Ziegler, author, 'Roe: The History of a National Obsession'\"]‘We’re at a moment of really almost unprecedented uncertainty in the United States when it comes to abortion. Lots of people are waking up to the reality that what was a constitutional right not very long ago is now a crime in large swaths of the country.’[/pullquote]And I think this has been frightening for people who support abortion rights, not only because of what it would mean for abortion funds, which, as I mentioned, are kind of the only way that low-income people have been able to reliably access money for abortion, but also because they suggest at least the possibility that people who have abortions will be somehow swept into the criminal system too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how federal health privacy law doesn’t protect a lot of digital privacy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s lots of information related to reproductive health services that doesn’t come from HIPAA-protected sources. Abortion funds are not medical providers. If you’re on Facebook talking to your friends about whether you’re going to have an abortion, that’s not protected by HIPAA. If you’re using your phone and you’re using Google Maps to get to a clinic and Google sells that data to various advertisers, there’s nothing theoretically stopping law enforcement from purchasing the same data. So in a world where abortion is a crime, it’s a reminder of how little digital privacy many of us already have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how are anti-abortion activists using the \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/07/07/1013592570/how-an-anti-vice-crusader-sabotaged-the-early-birth-control-movement\">\u003cstrong>Comstock Act\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong> (an 1873 law that prohibits mailing “obscene” materials) to target pills by mail\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The anti-abortion movement read the Comstock Act to say that it’s illegal to mail abortion pills anywhere — full stop — for any purpose. And so that would be tantamount to saying abortion pills themselves are entirely illegal because all abortion pills that any patient in the United States takes have been in the mail in some way or another. Abortion clinics are not manufacturing their own pills; they’re purchasing them from drug companies, pharmacies or getting them in the mail. People having telehealth procedures are getting them in the mail for the moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11938539\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11938539\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1446517756-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"A woman of color with a megaphone gets close to the face of an angry stone-faced white man as she speaks into the megaphone\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1446517756-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1446517756-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1446517756-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1446517756.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pro-abortion-rights and anti-abortion demonstrators clash in what has become a monthly ritual, as anti-abortion activists attempt to walk from the Old St. Patrick’s Church to a Planned Parenthood clinic, Dec. 3, 2022, in New York City, New York. \u003ccite>(Andrew Lichtenstein/Corbis via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This argument isn’t going to go anywhere, likely because the Justice Department just put out a memorandum saying that, for the time being, the federal government interprets the Comstock Act to only apply to people who are mailing abortion [pills] with criminal intention. That is to say, deliberately trying to violate laws against those abortion pills, which would make it much harder to prosecute anyone under the Comstock Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But anti-abortion activists who are invoking the Comstock Act are really playing the long game. They’re hoping either, 1) through lawsuits to get arguments about the Comstock Act before the Supreme Court, which is very conservative on abortion and may agree with anti-abortion activists’ interpretation of the Comstock Act, or, 2) just bide time until a Republican is in the White House and a Republican [Department of Justice] takes a different interpretation of the Comstock Act. So we’re seeing this argument crop up in lawsuits. We’re seeing it crop up in local ordinances passed by small towns in blue, red and purple states that mention the Comstock Act. So it’s become a kind of central part of strategy in some quarters in the anti-abortion movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On questions around the legality of traveling out of state for an abortion\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are pre-file bills in places like Texas and Missouri that try to put a stop to out-of-state travel for abortion. For the most part, based on the pre-file bills we’re seeing, states are not directly saying, “We’re going to criminalize travel or allow people to be sued for traveling.” They’re going more kind of indirect routes where they’re either allowing kind of SB8 [\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/07/11/1107741175/texas-abortion-bounty-law\">Texas Senate Bill 8.\u003c/a>]-style “bounties” against people who help others travel for abortion, people who maybe perform abortions for people from states where it’s criminal, kind of focusing on doctors and aiders or abettors. What’s unusual about that, obviously, is that one state usually can’t tell another state what to do.[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Mary Ziegler, author, 'Roe: The History of a National Obsession'\"]‘I think we’re at the very beginning of something very confusing, but also something that is far, far from over.’[/pullquote]Imagine a woman from Mississippi travels to South Carolina where there’s now going to have to be legal abortion and has an abortion. And then Mississippi says, “Well, we’re going to prosecute the doctor in Mississippi for this abortion.” Usually we don’t do things like that. We haven’t done things like that really since before the Civil War, when there were fugitive slave laws in place. So it creates all kinds of uncertainty about whose law would apply. Would it be Mississippi’s or South Carolina’s in that hypothetical? Would it be constitutional for Mississippi to tell South Carolina doctors what to do? Or would that raise all kinds of red flags constitutionally? We don’t know any of the answers to that. And again, the one thing we do know is that they would most likely land before the same U.S. Supreme Court that reversed \u003cem>Roe v. Wade\u003c/em>, which is why state legislators are willing to try things out that are unprecedented in recent history and potentially constitutionally questionable as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the anti-abortion movement’s crack down on free speech and information\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If people don’t know what their options are, in other words, they don’t know where the clinic out of state is, they don’t know how to get abortion pills in the mail, or they don’t know how to use them safely, or how late in pregnancy it’s safe to do so, some people quite simply aren’t going to have those abortions. And so I think the effort to crack down on speech has not just been about advocacy, it’s been about access to information — online as well as offline. … There’s been a kind of concerted effort to … prevent people from accessing kind of basic information about what medication abortion involves or what kinds of services might be available in nearby states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Sam Briger and Susan Nyakundi produced and edited this interview for broadcast. Bridget Bentz, Molly Seavy-Nesper and Carmel Wroth adapted it for the web.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Legal scholar Mary Ziegler, who chronicles the legal, political and cultural debate around abortion in her new book, says the battle over abortion rights is far from over and that it's a story that's larger than one court decision.",
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"title": "The US Faces 'Unprecedented Uncertainty' Regarding Abortion Law, Legal Scholar Says | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In June 2022, the U.S. Supreme Court’s ruling in \u003cem>Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/06/24/1102305878/supreme-court-abortion-roe-v-wade-decision-overturn\">struck down\u003c/a> \u003cem>Roe v. Wade\u003c/em>, the 1973 landmark ruling that guaranteed the right to an abortion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without \u003cem>Roe\u003c/em>, the Court’s decision left it up to the states to decide on the legality of abortion and the restrictions surrounding it. Legal scholar \u003ca href=\"https://law.ucdavis.edu/people/mary-ziegler\">Mary Ziegler \u003c/a>chronicles the legal, political and cultural debate around abortion in the new book, \u003cem>Roe: The History of a National Obsession\u003c/em>. She says the battle over abortion rights is far from over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re at a moment of really almost unprecedented uncertainty in the United States when it comes to abortion,” Ziegler says. “Lots of people are waking up to the reality that what was a constitutional right not very long ago is now a crime in large swaths of the country.”\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Some states, including \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/09/1134833374/california-results-abortion-contraception-amendment-midterms\">California\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/09/1134834724/michigan-abortion-amendment-midterm-results\">Michigan\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/2022-live-primary-election-race-results/2022/08/02/1115317596/kansas-voters-abortion-legal-reject-constitutional-amendment\">Kansas \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/09/08/1121940025/south-carolina-senators-reject-a-near-total-abortion-ban\">South Carolina\u003c/a>, have responded to the \u003cem>Dobbs \u003c/em>decision by protecting legal access to abortion. Meanwhile, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2022/06/24/1107126432/abortion-bans-supreme-court-roe-v-wade\">more than a dozen other states\u003c/a>, including \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/09/12/1122481691/idahos-extensive-abortion-ban-is-impacting-neighboring-washington\">Idaho\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/08/22/1118635642/abortion-trigger-ban-tennessee-idaho-texas\">Tennessee\u003c/a>, Arkansas and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2022/07/26/1111280165/because-of-texas-abortion-law-her-wanted-pregnancy-became-a-medical-nightmare\">Texas\u003c/a>, have moved to enact sweeping abortion bans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Texas, for instance, abortion is a felony punishable by up to life in prison. The state’s law explicitly prohibits criminally prosecuting people seeking abortions. Instead, it focuses on abortion providers, as well as people who aid or abet them — including those who help fund abortions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there are states where abortion is legal, but hasn’t been explicitly protected as a right in a state’s constitution or by court decisions. Ziegler points to Florida, which, because it has more liberal abortion laws than its neighboring states, is considered a “receiving state,” for people seeking abortion. “Florida, at the moment, has a 15-week ban, but nothing more than that,” she says. “We expect to see some of those states [like Florida] become battlegrounds in the years ahead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Ziegler acknowledges that no one knows what the future of abortion rights in the U.S. will look like, one thing is certain: This is a story that’s larger than one court decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The story of our abortion politics has always been one about more than the Supreme Court telling us what to do,” she says. “It’s been grassroots movements. It’s been ordinary voters, it’s been legislatures, it’s been state courts. And that’s going to continue to be true. So I think we’re at the very beginning of something very confusing, but also something that is far, far from over.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Interview highlights\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how confusion about abortion law can stop people from exercising their right to an abortion\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of people, if they’re not sure what is and is not OK, may make the decision to not come close to crossing the line. They may be scared away from exercising a right they do, in fact, have. But I think we’re at a moment of really almost unprecedented uncertainty in the United States when it comes to abortion. That’s true of the laws. It’s true of the way abortion care is delivered. It’s true, frankly, of the strategies that are being pursued by both movements. I think the kind of old hierarchies in the movements on both sides were shaken up by the \u003cem>Dobbs \u003c/em>decision and the political developments of the past couple of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On Texas prosecutors targeting abortion funds\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abortion funds kind of emerged because it was very difficult for low-income people to pay for abortions because of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/05/31/1001881788/bidens-budget-proposal-reverses-a-decades-long-ban-on-abortion-funding\">Hyde Amendment\u003c/a>, which bans federal Medicaid monies being used for reimbursement for abortions. So these abortion funds have been an important part of the funding reality for decades. And these demand letters that were sent to the abortion funds in Texas essentially suggested that they had been aiding and abetting a criminal act and demanded, among other things, details about their patients’ information.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>And I think this has been frightening for people who support abortion rights, not only because of what it would mean for abortion funds, which, as I mentioned, are kind of the only way that low-income people have been able to reliably access money for abortion, but also because they suggest at least the possibility that people who have abortions will be somehow swept into the criminal system too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how federal health privacy law doesn’t protect a lot of digital privacy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s lots of information related to reproductive health services that doesn’t come from HIPAA-protected sources. Abortion funds are not medical providers. If you’re on Facebook talking to your friends about whether you’re going to have an abortion, that’s not protected by HIPAA. If you’re using your phone and you’re using Google Maps to get to a clinic and Google sells that data to various advertisers, there’s nothing theoretically stopping law enforcement from purchasing the same data. So in a world where abortion is a crime, it’s a reminder of how little digital privacy many of us already have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how are anti-abortion activists using the \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/07/07/1013592570/how-an-anti-vice-crusader-sabotaged-the-early-birth-control-movement\">\u003cstrong>Comstock Act\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong> (an 1873 law that prohibits mailing “obscene” materials) to target pills by mail\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The anti-abortion movement read the Comstock Act to say that it’s illegal to mail abortion pills anywhere — full stop — for any purpose. And so that would be tantamount to saying abortion pills themselves are entirely illegal because all abortion pills that any patient in the United States takes have been in the mail in some way or another. Abortion clinics are not manufacturing their own pills; they’re purchasing them from drug companies, pharmacies or getting them in the mail. People having telehealth procedures are getting them in the mail for the moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11938539\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11938539\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1446517756-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"A woman of color with a megaphone gets close to the face of an angry stone-faced white man as she speaks into the megaphone\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1446517756-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1446517756-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1446517756-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1446517756.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pro-abortion-rights and anti-abortion demonstrators clash in what has become a monthly ritual, as anti-abortion activists attempt to walk from the Old St. Patrick’s Church to a Planned Parenthood clinic, Dec. 3, 2022, in New York City, New York. \u003ccite>(Andrew Lichtenstein/Corbis via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This argument isn’t going to go anywhere, likely because the Justice Department just put out a memorandum saying that, for the time being, the federal government interprets the Comstock Act to only apply to people who are mailing abortion [pills] with criminal intention. That is to say, deliberately trying to violate laws against those abortion pills, which would make it much harder to prosecute anyone under the Comstock Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But anti-abortion activists who are invoking the Comstock Act are really playing the long game. They’re hoping either, 1) through lawsuits to get arguments about the Comstock Act before the Supreme Court, which is very conservative on abortion and may agree with anti-abortion activists’ interpretation of the Comstock Act, or, 2) just bide time until a Republican is in the White House and a Republican [Department of Justice] takes a different interpretation of the Comstock Act. So we’re seeing this argument crop up in lawsuits. We’re seeing it crop up in local ordinances passed by small towns in blue, red and purple states that mention the Comstock Act. So it’s become a kind of central part of strategy in some quarters in the anti-abortion movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On questions around the legality of traveling out of state for an abortion\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are pre-file bills in places like Texas and Missouri that try to put a stop to out-of-state travel for abortion. For the most part, based on the pre-file bills we’re seeing, states are not directly saying, “We’re going to criminalize travel or allow people to be sued for traveling.” They’re going more kind of indirect routes where they’re either allowing kind of SB8 [\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/07/11/1107741175/texas-abortion-bounty-law\">Texas Senate Bill 8.\u003c/a>]-style “bounties” against people who help others travel for abortion, people who maybe perform abortions for people from states where it’s criminal, kind of focusing on doctors and aiders or abettors. What’s unusual about that, obviously, is that one state usually can’t tell another state what to do.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Imagine a woman from Mississippi travels to South Carolina where there’s now going to have to be legal abortion and has an abortion. And then Mississippi says, “Well, we’re going to prosecute the doctor in Mississippi for this abortion.” Usually we don’t do things like that. We haven’t done things like that really since before the Civil War, when there were fugitive slave laws in place. So it creates all kinds of uncertainty about whose law would apply. Would it be Mississippi’s or South Carolina’s in that hypothetical? Would it be constitutional for Mississippi to tell South Carolina doctors what to do? Or would that raise all kinds of red flags constitutionally? We don’t know any of the answers to that. And again, the one thing we do know is that they would most likely land before the same U.S. Supreme Court that reversed \u003cem>Roe v. Wade\u003c/em>, which is why state legislators are willing to try things out that are unprecedented in recent history and potentially constitutionally questionable as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the anti-abortion movement’s crack down on free speech and information\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If people don’t know what their options are, in other words, they don’t know where the clinic out of state is, they don’t know how to get abortion pills in the mail, or they don’t know how to use them safely, or how late in pregnancy it’s safe to do so, some people quite simply aren’t going to have those abortions. And so I think the effort to crack down on speech has not just been about advocacy, it’s been about access to information — online as well as offline. … There’s been a kind of concerted effort to … prevent people from accessing kind of basic information about what medication abortion involves or what kinds of services might be available in nearby states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Sam Briger and Susan Nyakundi produced and edited this interview for broadcast. Bridget Bentz, Molly Seavy-Nesper and Carmel Wroth adapted it for the web.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.",
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"title": "American Suburb: The Podcast",
"tagline": "The flip side of gentrification, told through one town",
"info": "Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?",
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},
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"id": "baycurious",
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"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
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},
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},
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},
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"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"order": 8
},
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},
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"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"order": 1
},
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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}
},
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"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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