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"title": "Exxon Climate Predictions Were Accurate Decades Ago. Still, the Company Sowed Doubt",
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"content": "\u003cp>Decades of research by scientists at \u003ca href=\"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abk0063\">Exxon accurately predicted how much global warming would occur from burning fossil fuels\u003c/a>, according to a new study in the journal \u003cem>Science.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings clash with an enormously successful campaign that Exxon spearheaded and funded for more than 30 years that cast doubt on human-driven climate change and the science underpinning it. That narrative helped delay federal and international action on climate change, even as the impacts of climate change worsened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last few years, journalists and researchers revealed that Exxon did in-house research that showed it knew that human-caused climate change is real. The new study looked at Exxon's research and compared it to the warming that has actually happened.[aside label=\"Related Stories\" postID=\"news_11933853,science_1921232\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at Harvard University and the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research analyzed Exxon's climate studies from 1977 to 2003. The researchers show the company, now called ExxonMobil, produced climate research that was at least as accurate as work by independent academics and governments — and occasionally surpassed it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's important because ExxonMobil and the broader fossil fuel industry face lawsuits nationwide claiming they misled the public on the harmful effects of their products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The bottom line is we found that they were modeling and predicting global warming with, frankly, shocking levels of skill and accuracy, especially for a company that then spent the next couple of decades denying that very climate science,\" says lead author Geoffrey Supran, who now is an associate professor of environmental science and policy at the University of Miami.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/world-of-change/global-temperatures\">Earth already has warmed a little more than 1 degree Celsius\u003c/a> (about 2 degrees Fahrenheit) compared to preindustrial times of the late 1800s. That \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/01/09/1147805696/climate-change-makes-heat-waves-storms-and-droughts-worse-climate-report-confirm\">warming has led to extreme weather\u003c/a> in recent years, including heat waves, droughts and floods. The researchers found, for example, that Exxon's own modeling charted this kind of temperature increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Specifically, what we've done is to actually put a number for the first time on what Exxon knew, which is that the burning of their fossil fuel products would heat the planet by something like 0.2 [degrees] Celsius every single decade,\" Supran says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://apps.npr.org/datawrapper/44gcY/6/?initialWidth=763&childId=responsive-embed-44gcY&parentTitle=Exxon%20scientists%20accurately%20predicted%20global%20warming%20from%20burning%20fossil%20fuels.%20%3A%20NPR&parentUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2023%2F01%2F12%2F1148376084%2Fexxon-climate-predictions-were-accurate-decades-ago-still-it-sowed-doubt\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>ExxonMobil's response\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>While ExxonMobil has not addressed the specifics in this paper, the company did respond before the research was published.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This issue has come up several times in recent years and, in each case, our answer is the same: those who talk about how 'Exxon Knew' are wrong in their conclusions,\" wrote ExxonMobil spokesperson Todd Spitler in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The campaign to reveal what ExxonMobil knew and when has coalesced on social media under the hashtag #ExxonKnew.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"ExxonMobil's understanding of climate science has developed along with that of the broader scientific community,\" said Spitler. He said \"well intended, internal policy debates\" have been recast by some \"as an attempted company disinformation campaign.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spitler pointed to a related 2019 case ExxonMobil won in New York and specifically highlighted a section on page 37 of the \u003ca href=\"https://corporate.exxonmobil.com/-/media/global/files/climate-change/nyag-verdict-dec-2019.pdf?la=en&hash=F637D3B0273F4FFA7816E3766A1A49F0AEB8666E\">55-page ruling (PDF)\u003c/a>, in which Justice Barry Ostrager of the New York State Supreme Court wrote:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"What the evidence at trial revealed is that ExxonMobil executives and employees were uniformly committed to rigorously discharging their duties in the most comprehensive and meticulous manner possible. ... The testimony of these witnesses demonstrated that ExxonMobil has a culture of disciplined analysis, planning, accounting, and reporting.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>In that case, the New York Attorney General's Office failed to show that the company broke state law and deceived investors by allegedly downplaying the effects climate change would have on ExxonMobil's finances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/12/10/780317799/exxon-wins-new-york-climate-change-case\">NPR reported at the time\u003c/a>, Ostrager also wrote, \"Nothing in this opinion is intended to absolve ExxonMobil from responsibility for contributing to climate change through the emission of greenhouse gasses in the production of its fossil fuel products.\" And Ostranger added, \"this is a securities fraud case, not a climate change case.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Research could aid climate lawsuits\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>ExxonMobil has a lot at stake in arguing that it did not mislead investors or the public about what it knew about the climate-warming effects of fossil fuels, and when.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company faces more than 20 lawsuits brought by states and local governments for damages caused by climate change. \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/01/25/1075560742/oil-lawsuit-climate-change-baltimore\">Baltimore was among the first.\u003c/a> And last year, \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/dec/20/big-oil-is-behind-conspiracy-to-deceive-public-first-climate-racketeering-lawsuit-says?ICID=ref_fark\">cities in Puerto Rico filed a racketeering lawsuit against fossil fuel companies\u003c/a>, industry groups and others claiming they conspired to mislead the public about climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This new research could provide more evidence for those cases as they progress through the courts, says Karen Sokol, a law professor at Loyola University in New Orleans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What Exxon scientists found and what they communicated to company executives was nothing short of horrifying,\" says Sokol. Given how science works, she says that should have prompted the company to raise an alarm to the public and policymakers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Imagine that world and the different trajectory that consumers, investors and policymakers would have taken when we still had time, versus now when we're entrenched in a fossil fuel-based economy that's getting increasingly expensive and difficult to exit,\" says Sokol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says that provides \"significant evidence\" of the kind of deception and law-breaking that many of the lawsuits are based on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://climateintegrity.org/news/new-report-pushing-preemption\">ExxonMobil and the broader fossil fuel industry have sought to stop lawsuits\u003c/a> by getting states to pass laws to block municipalities from suing, according to the watchdog group Center for Climate Integrity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The industry also has tried to move the cases to potentially friendlier federal courts, arguing they're of national significance. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Decades of research by scientists at \u003ca href=\"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abk0063\">Exxon accurately predicted how much global warming would occur from burning fossil fuels\u003c/a>, according to a new study in the journal \u003cem>Science.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings clash with an enormously successful campaign that Exxon spearheaded and funded for more than 30 years that cast doubt on human-driven climate change and the science underpinning it. That narrative helped delay federal and international action on climate change, even as the impacts of climate change worsened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last few years, journalists and researchers revealed that Exxon did in-house research that showed it knew that human-caused climate change is real. The new study looked at Exxon's research and compared it to the warming that has actually happened.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at Harvard University and the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research analyzed Exxon's climate studies from 1977 to 2003. The researchers show the company, now called ExxonMobil, produced climate research that was at least as accurate as work by independent academics and governments — and occasionally surpassed it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's important because ExxonMobil and the broader fossil fuel industry face lawsuits nationwide claiming they misled the public on the harmful effects of their products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The bottom line is we found that they were modeling and predicting global warming with, frankly, shocking levels of skill and accuracy, especially for a company that then spent the next couple of decades denying that very climate science,\" says lead author Geoffrey Supran, who now is an associate professor of environmental science and policy at the University of Miami.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/world-of-change/global-temperatures\">Earth already has warmed a little more than 1 degree Celsius\u003c/a> (about 2 degrees Fahrenheit) compared to preindustrial times of the late 1800s. That \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/01/09/1147805696/climate-change-makes-heat-waves-storms-and-droughts-worse-climate-report-confirm\">warming has led to extreme weather\u003c/a> in recent years, including heat waves, droughts and floods. The researchers found, for example, that Exxon's own modeling charted this kind of temperature increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Specifically, what we've done is to actually put a number for the first time on what Exxon knew, which is that the burning of their fossil fuel products would heat the planet by something like 0.2 [degrees] Celsius every single decade,\" Supran says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://apps.npr.org/datawrapper/44gcY/6/?initialWidth=763&childId=responsive-embed-44gcY&parentTitle=Exxon%20scientists%20accurately%20predicted%20global%20warming%20from%20burning%20fossil%20fuels.%20%3A%20NPR&parentUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2023%2F01%2F12%2F1148376084%2Fexxon-climate-predictions-were-accurate-decades-ago-still-it-sowed-doubt\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>ExxonMobil's response\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>While ExxonMobil has not addressed the specifics in this paper, the company did respond before the research was published.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This issue has come up several times in recent years and, in each case, our answer is the same: those who talk about how 'Exxon Knew' are wrong in their conclusions,\" wrote ExxonMobil spokesperson Todd Spitler in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The campaign to reveal what ExxonMobil knew and when has coalesced on social media under the hashtag #ExxonKnew.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"ExxonMobil's understanding of climate science has developed along with that of the broader scientific community,\" said Spitler. He said \"well intended, internal policy debates\" have been recast by some \"as an attempted company disinformation campaign.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spitler pointed to a related 2019 case ExxonMobil won in New York and specifically highlighted a section on page 37 of the \u003ca href=\"https://corporate.exxonmobil.com/-/media/global/files/climate-change/nyag-verdict-dec-2019.pdf?la=en&hash=F637D3B0273F4FFA7816E3766A1A49F0AEB8666E\">55-page ruling (PDF)\u003c/a>, in which Justice Barry Ostrager of the New York State Supreme Court wrote:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"What the evidence at trial revealed is that ExxonMobil executives and employees were uniformly committed to rigorously discharging their duties in the most comprehensive and meticulous manner possible. ... The testimony of these witnesses demonstrated that ExxonMobil has a culture of disciplined analysis, planning, accounting, and reporting.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>In that case, the New York Attorney General's Office failed to show that the company broke state law and deceived investors by allegedly downplaying the effects climate change would have on ExxonMobil's finances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/12/10/780317799/exxon-wins-new-york-climate-change-case\">NPR reported at the time\u003c/a>, Ostrager also wrote, \"Nothing in this opinion is intended to absolve ExxonMobil from responsibility for contributing to climate change through the emission of greenhouse gasses in the production of its fossil fuel products.\" And Ostranger added, \"this is a securities fraud case, not a climate change case.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Research could aid climate lawsuits\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>ExxonMobil has a lot at stake in arguing that it did not mislead investors or the public about what it knew about the climate-warming effects of fossil fuels, and when.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company faces more than 20 lawsuits brought by states and local governments for damages caused by climate change. \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/01/25/1075560742/oil-lawsuit-climate-change-baltimore\">Baltimore was among the first.\u003c/a> And last year, \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/dec/20/big-oil-is-behind-conspiracy-to-deceive-public-first-climate-racketeering-lawsuit-says?ICID=ref_fark\">cities in Puerto Rico filed a racketeering lawsuit against fossil fuel companies\u003c/a>, industry groups and others claiming they conspired to mislead the public about climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This new research could provide more evidence for those cases as they progress through the courts, says Karen Sokol, a law professor at Loyola University in New Orleans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What Exxon scientists found and what they communicated to company executives was nothing short of horrifying,\" says Sokol. Given how science works, she says that should have prompted the company to raise an alarm to the public and policymakers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Imagine that world and the different trajectory that consumers, investors and policymakers would have taken when we still had time, versus now when we're entrenched in a fossil fuel-based economy that's getting increasingly expensive and difficult to exit,\" says Sokol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says that provides \"significant evidence\" of the kind of deception and law-breaking that many of the lawsuits are based on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://climateintegrity.org/news/new-report-pushing-preemption\">ExxonMobil and the broader fossil fuel industry have sought to stop lawsuits\u003c/a> by getting states to pass laws to block municipalities from suing, according to the watchdog group Center for Climate Integrity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The industry also has tried to move the cases to potentially friendlier federal courts, arguing they're of national significance. In August the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/08/18/1118188330/federal-judges-deal-the-oil-industry-another-setback-in-climate-litigation\">U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in Philadelphia declined to do that for a 2020 case\u003c/a> brought by the state of Delaware and city of Hoboken, N.J. Delaware sought compensation for lost property value because of climate-induced sea level rise and flooding. Hoboken wants money to pay for current and future costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the largest U.S. oil company, ExxonMobil often faces more scrutiny from activists. The company now says it's \"committed to being part of the solution to climate change and the risks it poses.\" Climate activists are skeptical, but one thing is clear: Questions over the company's history of stalling climate action will be the subject of legal battles for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Exxon+climate+predictions+were+accurate+decades+ago.+Still+it+sowed+doubt+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>If you sit at your computer all day and then lounge on the sofa for more screen time in the evening, your health can take a hit. A \u003ca href=\"https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000440\">body of evidence\u003c/a> links sedentary lifestyles to an increased risk of diabetes, dementia and death from heart disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here’s a wake-up call: One study found, irrespective of whether a person exercised, if they sat for more than 12–13 hours a day, they were more than \u003ca href=\"https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M17-0212\">twice as likely to die\u003c/a> early, compared to people who sat the least.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new study finds you can cut that risk with strikingly small amounts of activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researcher \u003ca href=\"https://www.columbiacardiology.org/profile/keith-diaz-phd\">Keith Diaz of Columbia University Medical Center\u003c/a> and his colleagues set out to find out what’s the\u003cem> least\u003c/em> amount of physical activity a person must do to offset the health risks of sitting. They recruited volunteers to come to their lab and emulate a typical work day.[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Keith Diaz, Associate Professor of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center\"]‘We found that a 5-minute walk every half-hour was able to offset a lot of the harms of sitting.’[/pullquote]“They’d come in and sit for eight hours,” Diaz explains. The volunteers were hooked up to continuous glucose monitors to measure blood sugar levels, and their blood pressure was measured, too. Then, the participants took walking breaks of varying lengths and frequency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found that a five minute walk every half-hour was able to offset a lot of the harms of sitting,” Diaz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The participants walked on a treadmill at a leisurely pace — about 1.9 miles per hour. “We were really struck by just how powerful the effects were,” Diaz says. People who moved five minutes every half-hour, saw blood sugar spikes after a meal reduced by almost 60%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is surprising to me,” says \u003ca href=\"https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/southern-california/physicians/robert-sallis-6452925\">Robert Sallis, a family medicine doctor\u003c/a> at Kaiser Permanente, and the past president of the American College of Sports Medicine. It’s well known that exercise can help control blood sugar, but he says what’s new here is how beneficial frequent, short bouts of movement can be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have never seen that kind of a drop in blood sugar, other than with medication,” Sallis says. He says he’s impressed by the findings, which are published in an American College of Sports Medicine journal, \u003ca href=\"https://journals.lww.com/acsm-msse/Abstract/9900/Breaking_Up_Prolonged_Sitting_to_Improve.200.aspx\">\u003cem>Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise.\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/basics/prediabetes.html\">one out of every three adults in the U.S. has prediabetes\u003c/a>, and nearly \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/bloodpressure/facts.htm#:~:text=Nearly%20half%20of%20adults%20in,are%20taking%20medication%20for%20hypertension.\">half of adults have high blood pressure\u003c/a>, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Both conditions increase the risk of heart disease which is the top cause of death in the U.S. So, Sallis says many people can benefit from small, frequent movement breaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each week, adults are advised to get 150 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity. The CDC says \u003ca href=\"https://health.gov/our-work/nutrition-physical-activity/physical-activity-guidelines/current-guidelines\">you can break this up into smaller chunks\u003c/a>, 30 minutes a day, five times a week for example or even shorter breaks that are more frequent. “I think it’s easier to find small amounts of time to get some exercise,” Sallis says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pace of walking in the study was likely too leisurely to count as ‘moderate-intensity’ for most people, but \u003ca href=\"https://publichealth.gwu.edu/departments/exercise-and-nutrition-sciences/loretta-dipietro\">Loretta DiPietro, a professor at the Milken Institute School of Public Health\u003c/a>, says there are simple ways to increase the intensity, including walking faster. “Add some stairs in,” she says. “Swing your arms,” which will help engage more muscles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11937908\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11937908\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1278673059-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Male and female business colleagues working against window in office, a woman walks past them in the foreground.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1278673059-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1278673059-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1278673059-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1278673059-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1278673059-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1278673059-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers found that walking five minutes every half-hour can reduce the risk of high blood pressure, diabetes and heart disease. \u003ccite>(Maskot/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another tip: turn on some music, since the beat can prompt you to step up the pace. You may not lose weight with short breaks, but “this is a wonderful way to improve your metabolic profile,” DiPietro says, which is so key to good health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DiPietro was not involved in the new study, but her prior research has also shown that \u003ca href=\"https://diabetesjournals.org/care/article/36/10/3262/30770/Three-15-min-Bouts-of-Moderate-Postmeal-Walking\">strolls after meals\u003c/a> help improve blood sugar control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She explains the mechanism by which exercise leads to this benefit is well understood: When we exercise, our muscles require glucose — sugar — as the fuel source. DiPietro says when we contract our muscles, our bodies use \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3258103/#:~:text=GLUT4%20is%20an%20insulin%2Dregulated,GLUT4%https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3258103/#:~:text=GLUT4%20is%20an%20insulin%2Dregulated,GLUT4%20storage%20vesicles%20(GSVs).20storage%20vesicles%20(GSVs).\">GLUT4 transporter proteins\u003c/a> which rise to the surface of the muscle cell and escort glucose molecules into the cell. So, physical activity helps to clear glucose out of the bloodstream into the muscle where it can be stored and utilized. And this helps lower blood sugar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a time when employers are looking for ways to retain workers, DiPietro says encouraging movement during the work day has clear benefits. “The human body was not designed to sit for eight hours at a time,” DiPietro says. “What employers can do is provide options for people,” she says, such as encouraging walking meetings and promoting more flexibility, which has become more common since the pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Employers should be aware that there’s another likely benefit to short, frequent breaks: “People were in a better mood because they took those breaks,” says \u003ca href=\"https://clas.uiowa.edu/hhp/people/kathleen-janz\">Kathleen Janz, professor emeritus \u003c/a>at the University of Iowa who focuses on health promotion. She reviewed the results of the new study for NPR and noted that participants in the study felt less fatigued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a reminder that moving our bodies during the work day isn’t a waste of time, Janz says. In fact it could make us better workers and make us healthier at the same time. “It can be a win-win,” says Janz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you sit at your computer all day and then lounge on the sofa for more screen time in the evening, your health can take a hit. A \u003ca href=\"https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000440\">body of evidence\u003c/a> links sedentary lifestyles to an increased risk of diabetes, dementia and death from heart disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here’s a wake-up call: One study found, irrespective of whether a person exercised, if they sat for more than 12–13 hours a day, they were more than \u003ca href=\"https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M17-0212\">twice as likely to die\u003c/a> early, compared to people who sat the least.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new study finds you can cut that risk with strikingly small amounts of activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researcher \u003ca href=\"https://www.columbiacardiology.org/profile/keith-diaz-phd\">Keith Diaz of Columbia University Medical Center\u003c/a> and his colleagues set out to find out what’s the\u003cem> least\u003c/em> amount of physical activity a person must do to offset the health risks of sitting. They recruited volunteers to come to their lab and emulate a typical work day.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“They’d come in and sit for eight hours,” Diaz explains. The volunteers were hooked up to continuous glucose monitors to measure blood sugar levels, and their blood pressure was measured, too. Then, the participants took walking breaks of varying lengths and frequency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found that a five minute walk every half-hour was able to offset a lot of the harms of sitting,” Diaz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The participants walked on a treadmill at a leisurely pace — about 1.9 miles per hour. “We were really struck by just how powerful the effects were,” Diaz says. People who moved five minutes every half-hour, saw blood sugar spikes after a meal reduced by almost 60%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is surprising to me,” says \u003ca href=\"https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/southern-california/physicians/robert-sallis-6452925\">Robert Sallis, a family medicine doctor\u003c/a> at Kaiser Permanente, and the past president of the American College of Sports Medicine. It’s well known that exercise can help control blood sugar, but he says what’s new here is how beneficial frequent, short bouts of movement can be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have never seen that kind of a drop in blood sugar, other than with medication,” Sallis says. He says he’s impressed by the findings, which are published in an American College of Sports Medicine journal, \u003ca href=\"https://journals.lww.com/acsm-msse/Abstract/9900/Breaking_Up_Prolonged_Sitting_to_Improve.200.aspx\">\u003cem>Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise.\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/basics/prediabetes.html\">one out of every three adults in the U.S. has prediabetes\u003c/a>, and nearly \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/bloodpressure/facts.htm#:~:text=Nearly%20half%20of%20adults%20in,are%20taking%20medication%20for%20hypertension.\">half of adults have high blood pressure\u003c/a>, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Both conditions increase the risk of heart disease which is the top cause of death in the U.S. So, Sallis says many people can benefit from small, frequent movement breaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each week, adults are advised to get 150 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity. The CDC says \u003ca href=\"https://health.gov/our-work/nutrition-physical-activity/physical-activity-guidelines/current-guidelines\">you can break this up into smaller chunks\u003c/a>, 30 minutes a day, five times a week for example or even shorter breaks that are more frequent. “I think it’s easier to find small amounts of time to get some exercise,” Sallis says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pace of walking in the study was likely too leisurely to count as ‘moderate-intensity’ for most people, but \u003ca href=\"https://publichealth.gwu.edu/departments/exercise-and-nutrition-sciences/loretta-dipietro\">Loretta DiPietro, a professor at the Milken Institute School of Public Health\u003c/a>, says there are simple ways to increase the intensity, including walking faster. “Add some stairs in,” she says. “Swing your arms,” which will help engage more muscles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11937908\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11937908\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1278673059-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Male and female business colleagues working against window in office, a woman walks past them in the foreground.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1278673059-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1278673059-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1278673059-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1278673059-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1278673059-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/01/GettyImages-1278673059-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers found that walking five minutes every half-hour can reduce the risk of high blood pressure, diabetes and heart disease. \u003ccite>(Maskot/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another tip: turn on some music, since the beat can prompt you to step up the pace. You may not lose weight with short breaks, but “this is a wonderful way to improve your metabolic profile,” DiPietro says, which is so key to good health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DiPietro was not involved in the new study, but her prior research has also shown that \u003ca href=\"https://diabetesjournals.org/care/article/36/10/3262/30770/Three-15-min-Bouts-of-Moderate-Postmeal-Walking\">strolls after meals\u003c/a> help improve blood sugar control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She explains the mechanism by which exercise leads to this benefit is well understood: When we exercise, our muscles require glucose — sugar — as the fuel source. DiPietro says when we contract our muscles, our bodies use \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3258103/#:~:text=GLUT4%20is%20an%20insulin%2Dregulated,GLUT4%https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3258103/#:~:text=GLUT4%20is%20an%20insulin%2Dregulated,GLUT4%20storage%20vesicles%20(GSVs).20storage%20vesicles%20(GSVs).\">GLUT4 transporter proteins\u003c/a> which rise to the surface of the muscle cell and escort glucose molecules into the cell. So, physical activity helps to clear glucose out of the bloodstream into the muscle where it can be stored and utilized. And this helps lower blood sugar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a time when employers are looking for ways to retain workers, DiPietro says encouraging movement during the work day has clear benefits. “The human body was not designed to sit for eight hours at a time,” DiPietro says. “What employers can do is provide options for people,” she says, such as encouraging walking meetings and promoting more flexibility, which has become more common since the pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Employers should be aware that there’s another likely benefit to short, frequent breaks: “People were in a better mood because they took those breaks,” says \u003ca href=\"https://clas.uiowa.edu/hhp/people/kathleen-janz\">Kathleen Janz, professor emeritus \u003c/a>at the University of Iowa who focuses on health promotion. She reviewed the results of the new study for NPR and noted that participants in the study felt less fatigued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a reminder that moving our bodies during the work day isn’t a waste of time, Janz says. In fact it could make us better workers and make us healthier at the same time. “It can be a win-win,” says Janz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "New Nation, New Ideas: A Study Finds Immigrants Out-Innovate US-Born Workers",
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"content": "\u003cp>Sergey Brin, co-founder Google; Satya Nadella, head of Microsoft; Hedy Lamarr, a Hollywood actress who, quite incredibly, was also \u003ca href=\"https://click.nl.npr.org/?qs=5376e94d21d1a7480b1f8de2759b1673c82f94b07848c965672cda9f0830336b83c712850c5b59fcdaa08354c129b496ceb2331555ef855b\">a pioneering inventor\u003c/a> behind Wi-Fi and bluetooth; Elon Musk; Chien-Shiung Wu, who helped America build the first atom bomb; Alexander Graham Bell, the inventor of the telephone; James Naismith, the inventor of basketball; Nikola Tesla, one of the most important minds behind the creation of electricity and radio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What do all these innovators have in common? They were all immigrants to the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://click.nl.npr.org/?qs=5376e94d21d1a74815046887c07d22fe6452924c8064c92004e656216fc44ea4ac4010ae46b17cacb7d7490895a1035d4ac444be9e431f2b\">Many\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://click.nl.npr.org/?qs=5376e94d21d1a7486190ab481fdf4f902a04f3528c1cf71fa1faffda3548d703fda553dcff3eb59c1645679d54cc8ac335a0f28fd1dfda12\">studies\u003c/a> over the years have suggested that immigrants are vital to our nation’s technological and economic progress. Today, around a quarter of all workers in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) fields are immigrants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while there’s plenty of evidence suggesting that immigrants play an important role in American innovation, a group of economists — Shai Bernstein, Rebecca Diamond, Abhisit Jiranaphawiboon, Timothy McQuade, and Beatriz Pousada — wanted to find a more precise estimate of how much immigrants contribute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a fascinating \u003ca href=\"https://click.nl.npr.org/?qs=5376e94d21d1a74841f2951aa128f1aa4d21e0bffb815ff9dd769791afdef1fbdc3cbe3fc4cc511b34eeb61e203d8d2440e1d4ce1cbbd8cb\">new working paper\u003c/a>, the economists link patent records to more than 230 \u003cem>million\u003c/em> Social Security numbers. With this incredible dataset, they are able to suss out who among patent-holders are immigrants (by cross-referencing their year of birth and the year they were assigned their Social Security number).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The economists find that, between 1990 and 2016, 16% of all US inventors were immigrants. More than that, they find that the “average immigrant is substantially more productive than the average US-born inventor.” Immigrant inventors produced almost a quarter of all patents during this period. These patents were disproportionately likely to be cited (a sign that they were valuable to their fields) and seem to have more financial value than the typical native-born patent. The economists also find evidence suggesting that immigrant inventors help native-born inventors become more productive. All in all, the economists estimate that immigrants are responsible for roughly 36% of innovation in America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for why immigrant inventors tend to be so productive and innovative, the economists entertain various explanations. Immigrant innovators may be motivated to come — and are able to come — to the United States because there’s something special about their character, intelligence, or motivation. Or maybe it’s because they live, work, and think differently when they come here. The economists find these immigrants tend to move to the most productive areas of the country. They tend to have a greater number of collaborators when they work here. And, as the economists write, they also “appear to facilitate the importation of foreign knowledge into the United States, with immigrant inventors relying more heavily on foreign technologies and collaborating more with foreign inventors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Immigrants, they suggest, help create a melting pot of knowledge and ideas, which has clear benefits when it comes to innovation.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>It’s Hard Being An Immigrant These Days\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Many immigrants working in innovation sectors are here on H1-B visas, which allow \u003ca href=\"https://click.nl.npr.org/?qs=5376e94d21d1a7486d337ce136f21bfc21c09d7dc82849bba03a968b18f33477746cef51b7530c2ef29e5e3c5bc740c0352695a89ca8ccec\">around 85,000 people\u003c/a> to come to the United States each year, and create a potential pathway for them to become legal permanent residents. These visas tether immigrants to a particular job. But, as our \u003cem>NPR\u003c/em> colleague \u003ca href=\"https://click.nl.npr.org/?qs=5376e94d21d1a748c1305d168b37ce8bd06a127122e786975178a0d0300f35b410930f48160f1fdcb464b585aee02ebfc1f4b87ad508cf8c\">Stacey Vanek Smith reported\u003c/a> last month, “if they lose that job, a countdown clock starts.” They have 60 days to find a new job or they must exit the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With financial turmoil roiling the tech sector, companies have been laying off tons of workers. As Stacey reported, there are now thousands of unemployed H1-B visa holders frantically trying to find new jobs so they can stay in the country. But ongoing layoffs and hiring freezes are making that particularly difficult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"https://click.nl.npr.org/?qs=5376e94d21d1a7485b430b13603a584382e786b0a0c40b61b036436840f4fdf564c6dcdd661ffeeb61347f2ac9101086560b6c452623f7bf\">a recent editorial\u003c/a>, the editors of \u003cem>Bloomberg\u003c/em> argue that the current struggle of immigrants in tech “underscores how a flawed system is jeopardizing America’s ability to attract and retain the foreign-born talent it needs.” This system, they argue, is “not only cruel but self-defeating… rather than expanding the pipeline for skilled foreign workers, the US’s onerous policies are increasingly pushing them away, with pro-immigration countries like Canada and Australia becoming more attractive destinations for global talent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the United States taking an increasingly nativist turn in recent years, it’s become more common to hear anti-immigrant rhetoric, about them taking jobs, committing crimes, and “replacing” us. The economists’ new study serves as another potent reminder that immigrants have tremendous value for our economy. Not just as a cheap labor force, but as a group of innovators who help us build new businesses, create jobs, make our companies more productive, and produce products and ideas that enrich our lives and improve our standard of living. Call it the Great Enhancement Theory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=New+nation%2C+new+ideas%3A+A+study+finds+immigrants+out-innovate+native-born+Americans&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Sergey Brin, co-founder Google; Satya Nadella, head of Microsoft; Hedy Lamarr, a Hollywood actress who, quite incredibly, was also \u003ca href=\"https://click.nl.npr.org/?qs=5376e94d21d1a7480b1f8de2759b1673c82f94b07848c965672cda9f0830336b83c712850c5b59fcdaa08354c129b496ceb2331555ef855b\">a pioneering inventor\u003c/a> behind Wi-Fi and bluetooth; Elon Musk; Chien-Shiung Wu, who helped America build the first atom bomb; Alexander Graham Bell, the inventor of the telephone; James Naismith, the inventor of basketball; Nikola Tesla, one of the most important minds behind the creation of electricity and radio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What do all these innovators have in common? They were all immigrants to the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://click.nl.npr.org/?qs=5376e94d21d1a74815046887c07d22fe6452924c8064c92004e656216fc44ea4ac4010ae46b17cacb7d7490895a1035d4ac444be9e431f2b\">Many\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://click.nl.npr.org/?qs=5376e94d21d1a7486190ab481fdf4f902a04f3528c1cf71fa1faffda3548d703fda553dcff3eb59c1645679d54cc8ac335a0f28fd1dfda12\">studies\u003c/a> over the years have suggested that immigrants are vital to our nation’s technological and economic progress. Today, around a quarter of all workers in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) fields are immigrants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while there’s plenty of evidence suggesting that immigrants play an important role in American innovation, a group of economists — Shai Bernstein, Rebecca Diamond, Abhisit Jiranaphawiboon, Timothy McQuade, and Beatriz Pousada — wanted to find a more precise estimate of how much immigrants contribute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a fascinating \u003ca href=\"https://click.nl.npr.org/?qs=5376e94d21d1a74841f2951aa128f1aa4d21e0bffb815ff9dd769791afdef1fbdc3cbe3fc4cc511b34eeb61e203d8d2440e1d4ce1cbbd8cb\">new working paper\u003c/a>, the economists link patent records to more than 230 \u003cem>million\u003c/em> Social Security numbers. With this incredible dataset, they are able to suss out who among patent-holders are immigrants (by cross-referencing their year of birth and the year they were assigned their Social Security number).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The economists find that, between 1990 and 2016, 16% of all US inventors were immigrants. More than that, they find that the “average immigrant is substantially more productive than the average US-born inventor.” Immigrant inventors produced almost a quarter of all patents during this period. These patents were disproportionately likely to be cited (a sign that they were valuable to their fields) and seem to have more financial value than the typical native-born patent. The economists also find evidence suggesting that immigrant inventors help native-born inventors become more productive. All in all, the economists estimate that immigrants are responsible for roughly 36% of innovation in America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for why immigrant inventors tend to be so productive and innovative, the economists entertain various explanations. Immigrant innovators may be motivated to come — and are able to come — to the United States because there’s something special about their character, intelligence, or motivation. Or maybe it’s because they live, work, and think differently when they come here. The economists find these immigrants tend to move to the most productive areas of the country. They tend to have a greater number of collaborators when they work here. And, as the economists write, they also “appear to facilitate the importation of foreign knowledge into the United States, with immigrant inventors relying more heavily on foreign technologies and collaborating more with foreign inventors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Immigrants, they suggest, help create a melting pot of knowledge and ideas, which has clear benefits when it comes to innovation.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>It’s Hard Being An Immigrant These Days\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Many immigrants working in innovation sectors are here on H1-B visas, which allow \u003ca href=\"https://click.nl.npr.org/?qs=5376e94d21d1a7486d337ce136f21bfc21c09d7dc82849bba03a968b18f33477746cef51b7530c2ef29e5e3c5bc740c0352695a89ca8ccec\">around 85,000 people\u003c/a> to come to the United States each year, and create a potential pathway for them to become legal permanent residents. These visas tether immigrants to a particular job. But, as our \u003cem>NPR\u003c/em> colleague \u003ca href=\"https://click.nl.npr.org/?qs=5376e94d21d1a748c1305d168b37ce8bd06a127122e786975178a0d0300f35b410930f48160f1fdcb464b585aee02ebfc1f4b87ad508cf8c\">Stacey Vanek Smith reported\u003c/a> last month, “if they lose that job, a countdown clock starts.” They have 60 days to find a new job or they must exit the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With financial turmoil roiling the tech sector, companies have been laying off tons of workers. As Stacey reported, there are now thousands of unemployed H1-B visa holders frantically trying to find new jobs so they can stay in the country. But ongoing layoffs and hiring freezes are making that particularly difficult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"https://click.nl.npr.org/?qs=5376e94d21d1a7485b430b13603a584382e786b0a0c40b61b036436840f4fdf564c6dcdd661ffeeb61347f2ac9101086560b6c452623f7bf\">a recent editorial\u003c/a>, the editors of \u003cem>Bloomberg\u003c/em> argue that the current struggle of immigrants in tech “underscores how a flawed system is jeopardizing America’s ability to attract and retain the foreign-born talent it needs.” This system, they argue, is “not only cruel but self-defeating… rather than expanding the pipeline for skilled foreign workers, the US’s onerous policies are increasingly pushing them away, with pro-immigration countries like Canada and Australia becoming more attractive destinations for global talent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the United States taking an increasingly nativist turn in recent years, it’s become more common to hear anti-immigrant rhetoric, about them taking jobs, committing crimes, and “replacing” us. The economists’ new study serves as another potent reminder that immigrants have tremendous value for our economy. Not just as a cheap labor force, but as a group of innovators who help us build new businesses, create jobs, make our companies more productive, and produce products and ideas that enrich our lives and improve our standard of living. Call it the Great Enhancement Theory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=New+nation%2C+new+ideas%3A+A+study+finds+immigrants+out-innovate+native-born+Americans&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Billionaire Elon Musk says he will step down as chief executive of Twitter as soon as he finds someone “foolish enough” to succeed him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1605372724800393216\">tweet\u003c/a> on Tuesday, Musk confirmed that he is searching for his replacement, but he gave no timeline for the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk’s tweet comes two days after he launched a poll on the social network. The majority of respondents voted for his ouster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even when Musk finds a new person to head Twitter, he will still be the owner and ultimate decision-maker at the company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk indicated as much in his tweet, saying he would “just run the software & servers teams.” Last month, he \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/16/1137105935/twitter-elon-musk-ultimatum\">told Twitter employees\u003c/a> that Twitter would become “a software and servers company” under his ownership.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Musk \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/12/15/1143291081/twitter-suspends-journalists-elon-musk-jet\">received broad blowback\u003c/a> for suspending the Twitter accounts of several journalists, the billionaire took to his platform Sunday to pose a question: “Should I step down as head of Twitter? I will abide by the results of this poll.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some 17 million voted in the unscientific poll, and nearly 58% of participants supported Musk stepping down as CEO.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As the saying goes, be careful what you wish, as you might get it,” Musk tweeted after launching the poll.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk has previously said it was never his intention to stay CEO of Twitter for the long term, but his tweet on Tuesday comes amid renewed scrutiny of his ability to lead the social media company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"related coverage\" tag=\"twitter\"]Since Musk took over Twitter in late October, there has been a constant barrage of erratic decisions and turmoil at the company. From laying off more than half of the staff to reinstating the account of former President Trump, Musk has ruled Twitter based on what seem to be his ever-changing whims, with few checks on his decisions. Nearly all of Twitter’s top executives have either been fired or quit since Musk took the reins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amid the chaos, major advertisers have fled the platform, just as Musk has repeatedly suggested Twitter could be on the verge of bankruptcy. But longtime analysts of the site doubt that, and suggest Musk could be floating the idea of bankruptcy as cover for his cost-cutting measures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The confusion and disarray at Twitter had some Tesla investors fretting that Musk was too distracted to lead both companies. The electric car company accounts for most of Musk’s wealth, but Twitter has been eating up Musk’s schedule. Tesla shares have fallen 56% this year, with some investors suggesting Musk needed to stop trying to juggle leading both operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, Tesla investor Ross Gerber \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/GerberKawasaki/status/1602685634044477442\">told\u003c/a> Tesla’s board of directors to “wake up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gerber\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/GerberKawasaki/status/1602685634044477442\"> added\u003c/a> in the tweet: “Who is running tesla and when is Elon coming back?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gerber \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/21/1138064606/elon-musk-twitter-investors-fans\">told NPR\u003c/a> in November that he thought Musk had made a number of mistakes since buying Twitter, but that he continued to support him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m never betting against this guy,” Gerber said at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A brief policy shift leads to broad outcry\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Twitter announced a new policy on Sunday that took many users aback: It said tweets including links to other social media sites would no longer be allowed, calling such posts “free promotion.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The policy was quickly reversed, but not before upsetting some of Musk’s most ardent supporters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twitter co-founder Jack Dorsey, who previously voiced support for Musk’s takeover of the platform, questioned the policy, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/jack/status/1604554444544393216\">saying on Twitter\u003c/a> that it “doesn’t make sense.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others who had backed Musk’s bid for Twitter appeared frustrated at the decision. Venture capitalist Paul Graham wrote of the policy, “This is the last straw. I give up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/paulg/status/1604556563338887168\">tweet\u003c/a>, also explaining how people could find Graham on rival social media site Mastodon, triggered a brief suspension of his Twitter account.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk offered a rare apology in response to the outcry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Going forward, there will be a vote for major policy changes. My apologies. Won’t happen again,” Musk \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1604616863673208832?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">tweeted\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three minutes later, Musk launched the poll asking whether it was time for him to step down as head of Twitter, and promising to abide by the poll results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Elon+Musk+says+he+will+resign+as+Twitter+CEO+once+he+finds+a+replacement&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Billionaire Elon Musk says he will step down as chief executive of Twitter as soon as he finds someone “foolish enough” to succeed him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1605372724800393216\">tweet\u003c/a> on Tuesday, Musk confirmed that he is searching for his replacement, but he gave no timeline for the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk’s tweet comes two days after he launched a poll on the social network. The majority of respondents voted for his ouster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even when Musk finds a new person to head Twitter, he will still be the owner and ultimate decision-maker at the company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk indicated as much in his tweet, saying he would “just run the software & servers teams.” Last month, he \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/16/1137105935/twitter-elon-musk-ultimatum\">told Twitter employees\u003c/a> that Twitter would become “a software and servers company” under his ownership.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Musk \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/12/15/1143291081/twitter-suspends-journalists-elon-musk-jet\">received broad blowback\u003c/a> for suspending the Twitter accounts of several journalists, the billionaire took to his platform Sunday to pose a question: “Should I step down as head of Twitter? I will abide by the results of this poll.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some 17 million voted in the unscientific poll, and nearly 58% of participants supported Musk stepping down as CEO.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As the saying goes, be careful what you wish, as you might get it,” Musk tweeted after launching the poll.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk has previously said it was never his intention to stay CEO of Twitter for the long term, but his tweet on Tuesday comes amid renewed scrutiny of his ability to lead the social media company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Since Musk took over Twitter in late October, there has been a constant barrage of erratic decisions and turmoil at the company. From laying off more than half of the staff to reinstating the account of former President Trump, Musk has ruled Twitter based on what seem to be his ever-changing whims, with few checks on his decisions. Nearly all of Twitter’s top executives have either been fired or quit since Musk took the reins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amid the chaos, major advertisers have fled the platform, just as Musk has repeatedly suggested Twitter could be on the verge of bankruptcy. But longtime analysts of the site doubt that, and suggest Musk could be floating the idea of bankruptcy as cover for his cost-cutting measures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The confusion and disarray at Twitter had some Tesla investors fretting that Musk was too distracted to lead both companies. The electric car company accounts for most of Musk’s wealth, but Twitter has been eating up Musk’s schedule. Tesla shares have fallen 56% this year, with some investors suggesting Musk needed to stop trying to juggle leading both operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, Tesla investor Ross Gerber \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/GerberKawasaki/status/1602685634044477442\">told\u003c/a> Tesla’s board of directors to “wake up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gerber\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/GerberKawasaki/status/1602685634044477442\"> added\u003c/a> in the tweet: “Who is running tesla and when is Elon coming back?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gerber \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/21/1138064606/elon-musk-twitter-investors-fans\">told NPR\u003c/a> in November that he thought Musk had made a number of mistakes since buying Twitter, but that he continued to support him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m never betting against this guy,” Gerber said at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A brief policy shift leads to broad outcry\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Twitter announced a new policy on Sunday that took many users aback: It said tweets including links to other social media sites would no longer be allowed, calling such posts “free promotion.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The policy was quickly reversed, but not before upsetting some of Musk’s most ardent supporters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twitter co-founder Jack Dorsey, who previously voiced support for Musk’s takeover of the platform, questioned the policy, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/jack/status/1604554444544393216\">saying on Twitter\u003c/a> that it “doesn’t make sense.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others who had backed Musk’s bid for Twitter appeared frustrated at the decision. Venture capitalist Paul Graham wrote of the policy, “This is the last straw. I give up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/paulg/status/1604556563338887168\">tweet\u003c/a>, also explaining how people could find Graham on rival social media site Mastodon, triggered a brief suspension of his Twitter account.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk offered a rare apology in response to the outcry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Going forward, there will be a vote for major policy changes. My apologies. Won’t happen again,” Musk \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1604616863673208832?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">tweeted\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three minutes later, Musk launched the poll asking whether it was time for him to step down as head of Twitter, and promising to abide by the poll results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Elon+Musk+says+he+will+resign+as+Twitter+CEO+once+he+finds+a+replacement&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>America’s official time is kept at a government laboratory in Boulder, Colo., and according to the clock at the entrance, I was seven minutes behind schedule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I rush across the campus of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and arrive at the end of a long hallway where physicist \u003ca href=\"https://www.nist.gov/people/jeffrey-sherman\">Jeff Sherman\u003c/a> was waiting patiently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sorry I’m running late,” I tell him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s OK, we only measure the nanoseconds,” Sherman jokes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s never been easier to know what time it is. NIST broadcasts the time to points across the country. It’s fed through computer networks and cell phone towers to our personal gadgets, which tick in perfect synchrony. Humanity’s ever-improving agreement on the time smooths communication, transportation, and lubricates our economy.[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Chanda Prescod-Weinstein, theoretical physicist, University of New Hampshire\"]‘The management of what counts as correct time and what time it is in any given place is deeply related to authority.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But time has another side to it, one that the clocks don’t show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of us grow up being fed this idea of time as absolute,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.cprescodweinstein.com/\">Chanda Prescod-Weinstein\u003c/a>, a theoretical physicist at the University of New Hampshire. But Prescod-Weinstein says the time we’re experiencing is a social construct. Real time is actually something quite different. In some of the odder corners of the Universe, space and time can stretch and slow – and sometimes even break down completely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many people, this unruly version of time is “radical,” she says. But as technology to better count the time grows ever more sophisticated, our everyday understanding of time itself may need to start changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A Sisyphean task\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>To get a sense of where the rigid time that governs most of our lives comes from, Sherman takes me into a beige-colored laboratory crammed with experimental equipment and computers. There are three big boxes looming above lab benches, holding three high-precision atomic clocks. Each box is labeled with a name: One’s called George, another Fiona, and the third is Elvis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They all have quirks and personalities,” Sherman explains. “When they fail at 2 a.m. you want to have a little bit of compassion for them, so you give them names.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>George, Fiona and Elvis are just part of the 21-clock ensemble NIST uses to generate the official time. These three clocks tick using hydrogen atoms. The atoms are excited using radiofrequency energy and then sent into a chamber. Once inside, they decay, emitting a specific frequency of light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think of it as striking an atomic tuning fork, Sherman says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The excited hydrogen emits “a tone of light,” he says. The rest of the clock “is an instrument that tries to sample – tries to listen – to a little bit of that light and count the cycles of oscillation in that light.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those light cycles are the “tick” of the clock. By averaging a subset of the 21 clocks together, NIST has created a system that can count the time to within one quadrillionth of a second. That means the government’s clock can keep time to within a second over the course of about 30 million years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In another room, that timing signal is sent out across the United States, and via satellite to other government laboratories in other parts of the world with clocks of their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s an impressive system, but there’s a catch. You’ve got to keep counting. If you stop, if you blink, you don’t know the time anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In exchange for this wonderful idea,” Sherman says, “you’re now beholden to count forever and not lose track.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The MAN in ‘time management’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The ever-advancing NIST clock is one way to understand time. But theoretical physicist Prescod-Weinstein bristles at that definition. She says this version of time is just the time the government wants you to think about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The management of what counts as correct time and what time it is in any given place is deeply related to authority,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The time from this lab is used to run our lives. It says when planes take off and land, when markets open and close, when schoolchildren arrive at class. It controls computer networks, navigation tools and much, much more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Governments around the world aren’t just providing the time as an altruistic service to citizens, Prescod-Weinstein argues. It’s about keeping society organized and efficient. It’s about increasing economic productivity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this is why people feel so tense about the time – it’s actually a technology being thrust upon them. “Capitalism sucks, and I think a lot of people’s relationship to why time is not cool, is structured by the resource pressures that we feel,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Wibbly-wobbly timey-wimey\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>True time is actually much more flexible than most people realize, Prescod-Weinstein says. According to Einstein’s general theory of relativity, space and time are tied together, and space-time can bend and curve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The way to think about it is that that curvature is stretching out time,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As time stretches, it slows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best-known force that stretches time is gravity. The more gravity somebody experiences, the slower time passes for them when compared to someone in a lower gravitational field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effect is miniscule compared to a human lifespan, but it is real and measurable. Boulder, Colo. is a mile above sea level. That means the gravitational field is slightly weaker, and time ticks by a little faster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But modern technology can’t deal with flowy time like this. As a result, the timekeepers at Boulder and elsewhere make corrections to ensure these different flows of time look like they’re ticking in lock-step. The same goes for satellites farther from Earth, like those that make up the Global Positioning System. The system works by measuring the time difference between several satellites carrying clocks in space to the time that people measure on the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without correctly calibrating for the difference of the ticking clocks inside the GPS satellites, the system wouldn’t be as accurate, Prescod-Weinstein says. “Any kind of system that uses GPS requires general relativity,” she says. “You have to understand what time flow of the satellite is like and how that is different from time flow from Earth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Far-out time\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Even farther from Earth, time gets really freaky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In places where gravity is very strong, time as we understand it can break down completely. At the edge of black holes, for example, the powerful gravitational pull slows time dramatically, says Prescod-Weinstein. And upon crossing the black hole’s point of no return, known as its event-horizon, she says space and time flip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You end up in a region where space now has an arrow, and it’s one direction… and time doesn’t have an arrow like it did before,” she says. “There’s really no sense of time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the edge of the observable Universe, there’s something else happening, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.astrokatie.com/\">Katie Mack\u003c/a>, an astrophysicist at the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics in Canada. The Universe is expanding from the Big Bang, and that expansion is stretching time too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you see things in the really distant Universe, because of the expansion of the Universe, it takes longer for things to happen,” she says. The effect is known as cosmological time dilation and it’s far more powerful than the tiny time changes seen near Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Compare for example two identical stars that explode: One nearby, and one far away. “If we see a star exploding, and that star takes about 10 days to go from the brightest part of the explosion to dim again; if we look at it in the very distant Universe it might take 20-30 days,” Mack says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The far away star isn’t exploding more slowly, time is ticking more slowly, at least from our perspective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mack, who’s written a book called \u003cem>The End of Everything (Astrophysically Speaking)\u003c/em>, says that many billions of years into the future, time could get stranger still. The Universe is expanding, and because of entropy, energy and matter are becoming more and more evenly spread out across the ever-growing void. In its final state, the Universe may end up as an inert cloud of energy and matter, where everything is evenly distributed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this gray nothingness, “there is no future, there’s no arrow of time anymore,” she says. At that point time has no real meaning, she says. “It has no direction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Subatomic madness\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>So time, as we understand it, has some really big problems, but it also has some really tiny ones, too. In fact, some scientists who study the microscopic interactions of fundamental particles are questioning the idea of time itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Space-time is doomed,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.ias.edu/sns/arkani\">Nima Arkani-Hamed\u003c/a>, a physicist at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arkani-Hamed has reached this conclusion over the past decade, as he’s tried to gain a better understanding of what’s happening inside the world’s most powerful atom-smashers. These giant devices use huge amounts of energy to collide together subatomic particles. Calculating each collision as it happens should, according to quantum mechanics, require hundreds of pages of complex mathematics. Yet inexplicably, a much simpler equation can work just as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arkani-Hamed believes the concept of time itself may be behind the discrepancy. In physics equations, time is used to keep track of the sequence of things as events unfold. But he has come to believe that organizing particle collisions according to “when” unnecessarily complicates the mathematics. Instead, he’s experimenting with abstract geometric shapes that can describe events without using time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arkani-Hamed says that these shapes can’t yet replace the idea of time, but he believes that at some point time itself will be supplanted by some other theory of what makes the Universe tick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s unlikely to survive in the fundamental principles of an even deeper understanding of physics,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Tick-tock, tick-tock\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The scientists back at NIST are well aware of all the problems with time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are really focused on measuring time, but… it’s pretty hard to really define it in a satisfactory way,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.nist.gov/people/john-kitching\">John Kitching\u003c/a>, who heads the atomic devices and instrumentation group at NIST.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kitching takes me to a lab where his team is developing their latest marvel – an atomic clock that can be mass-produced and put on a microchip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The vision for this type of clock is to essentially enable atomic timing to be used everywhere,” he says. “Imagine – an atomic clock in every computer and in every cell phone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just as humans keep improving their maps, they must improve their clocks, Kitching says. Better clocks can make GPS more accurate, computer networks faster, and enable new technologies in everything from stock trading to astronomy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s important because in the end, Kitching says, he actually agrees with Chanda Prescod-Weinstein, the theoretical physicist who believes that time as we experience it is a technology rather than a fundamental part of the universe. He too sees time is a human affair – a result of neurons firing and memories formed and books written.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s my belief that the forward passage of time is mostly a human construct,” he says. “From a physics sense, it doesn’t have that much value.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yet, he adds, the NIST lab’s relentless counting of seconds, minutes, hours and days is being used for everything from navigation to power production. For humans, there is enormous social value in trying to tame nature’s unruly sense of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to arrange to meet at a certain place at a certain time, ” he says. “If we don’t have those two pieces of information, then we’re going to miss each other.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of our periodic science series “Finding Time — a journey through the fourth dimension to learn what makes us tick.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Researchers+say+time+is+an+illusion.+So+why+are+we+all+obsessed+with+it%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>America’s official time is kept at a government laboratory in Boulder, Colo., and according to the clock at the entrance, I was seven minutes behind schedule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I rush across the campus of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and arrive at the end of a long hallway where physicist \u003ca href=\"https://www.nist.gov/people/jeffrey-sherman\">Jeff Sherman\u003c/a> was waiting patiently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sorry I’m running late,” I tell him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s OK, we only measure the nanoseconds,” Sherman jokes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s never been easier to know what time it is. NIST broadcasts the time to points across the country. It’s fed through computer networks and cell phone towers to our personal gadgets, which tick in perfect synchrony. Humanity’s ever-improving agreement on the time smooths communication, transportation, and lubricates our economy.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But time has another side to it, one that the clocks don’t show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of us grow up being fed this idea of time as absolute,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.cprescodweinstein.com/\">Chanda Prescod-Weinstein\u003c/a>, a theoretical physicist at the University of New Hampshire. But Prescod-Weinstein says the time we’re experiencing is a social construct. Real time is actually something quite different. In some of the odder corners of the Universe, space and time can stretch and slow – and sometimes even break down completely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many people, this unruly version of time is “radical,” she says. But as technology to better count the time grows ever more sophisticated, our everyday understanding of time itself may need to start changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A Sisyphean task\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>To get a sense of where the rigid time that governs most of our lives comes from, Sherman takes me into a beige-colored laboratory crammed with experimental equipment and computers. There are three big boxes looming above lab benches, holding three high-precision atomic clocks. Each box is labeled with a name: One’s called George, another Fiona, and the third is Elvis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They all have quirks and personalities,” Sherman explains. “When they fail at 2 a.m. you want to have a little bit of compassion for them, so you give them names.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>George, Fiona and Elvis are just part of the 21-clock ensemble NIST uses to generate the official time. These three clocks tick using hydrogen atoms. The atoms are excited using radiofrequency energy and then sent into a chamber. Once inside, they decay, emitting a specific frequency of light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think of it as striking an atomic tuning fork, Sherman says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The excited hydrogen emits “a tone of light,” he says. The rest of the clock “is an instrument that tries to sample – tries to listen – to a little bit of that light and count the cycles of oscillation in that light.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those light cycles are the “tick” of the clock. By averaging a subset of the 21 clocks together, NIST has created a system that can count the time to within one quadrillionth of a second. That means the government’s clock can keep time to within a second over the course of about 30 million years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In another room, that timing signal is sent out across the United States, and via satellite to other government laboratories in other parts of the world with clocks of their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s an impressive system, but there’s a catch. You’ve got to keep counting. If you stop, if you blink, you don’t know the time anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In exchange for this wonderful idea,” Sherman says, “you’re now beholden to count forever and not lose track.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The MAN in ‘time management’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The ever-advancing NIST clock is one way to understand time. But theoretical physicist Prescod-Weinstein bristles at that definition. She says this version of time is just the time the government wants you to think about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The management of what counts as correct time and what time it is in any given place is deeply related to authority,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The time from this lab is used to run our lives. It says when planes take off and land, when markets open and close, when schoolchildren arrive at class. It controls computer networks, navigation tools and much, much more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Governments around the world aren’t just providing the time as an altruistic service to citizens, Prescod-Weinstein argues. It’s about keeping society organized and efficient. It’s about increasing economic productivity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this is why people feel so tense about the time – it’s actually a technology being thrust upon them. “Capitalism sucks, and I think a lot of people’s relationship to why time is not cool, is structured by the resource pressures that we feel,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Wibbly-wobbly timey-wimey\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>True time is actually much more flexible than most people realize, Prescod-Weinstein says. According to Einstein’s general theory of relativity, space and time are tied together, and space-time can bend and curve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The way to think about it is that that curvature is stretching out time,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As time stretches, it slows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best-known force that stretches time is gravity. The more gravity somebody experiences, the slower time passes for them when compared to someone in a lower gravitational field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effect is miniscule compared to a human lifespan, but it is real and measurable. Boulder, Colo. is a mile above sea level. That means the gravitational field is slightly weaker, and time ticks by a little faster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But modern technology can’t deal with flowy time like this. As a result, the timekeepers at Boulder and elsewhere make corrections to ensure these different flows of time look like they’re ticking in lock-step. The same goes for satellites farther from Earth, like those that make up the Global Positioning System. The system works by measuring the time difference between several satellites carrying clocks in space to the time that people measure on the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without correctly calibrating for the difference of the ticking clocks inside the GPS satellites, the system wouldn’t be as accurate, Prescod-Weinstein says. “Any kind of system that uses GPS requires general relativity,” she says. “You have to understand what time flow of the satellite is like and how that is different from time flow from Earth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Far-out time\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Even farther from Earth, time gets really freaky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In places where gravity is very strong, time as we understand it can break down completely. At the edge of black holes, for example, the powerful gravitational pull slows time dramatically, says Prescod-Weinstein. And upon crossing the black hole’s point of no return, known as its event-horizon, she says space and time flip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You end up in a region where space now has an arrow, and it’s one direction… and time doesn’t have an arrow like it did before,” she says. “There’s really no sense of time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the edge of the observable Universe, there’s something else happening, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.astrokatie.com/\">Katie Mack\u003c/a>, an astrophysicist at the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics in Canada. The Universe is expanding from the Big Bang, and that expansion is stretching time too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you see things in the really distant Universe, because of the expansion of the Universe, it takes longer for things to happen,” she says. The effect is known as cosmological time dilation and it’s far more powerful than the tiny time changes seen near Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Compare for example two identical stars that explode: One nearby, and one far away. “If we see a star exploding, and that star takes about 10 days to go from the brightest part of the explosion to dim again; if we look at it in the very distant Universe it might take 20-30 days,” Mack says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The far away star isn’t exploding more slowly, time is ticking more slowly, at least from our perspective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mack, who’s written a book called \u003cem>The End of Everything (Astrophysically Speaking)\u003c/em>, says that many billions of years into the future, time could get stranger still. The Universe is expanding, and because of entropy, energy and matter are becoming more and more evenly spread out across the ever-growing void. In its final state, the Universe may end up as an inert cloud of energy and matter, where everything is evenly distributed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this gray nothingness, “there is no future, there’s no arrow of time anymore,” she says. At that point time has no real meaning, she says. “It has no direction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Subatomic madness\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>So time, as we understand it, has some really big problems, but it also has some really tiny ones, too. In fact, some scientists who study the microscopic interactions of fundamental particles are questioning the idea of time itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Space-time is doomed,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.ias.edu/sns/arkani\">Nima Arkani-Hamed\u003c/a>, a physicist at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arkani-Hamed has reached this conclusion over the past decade, as he’s tried to gain a better understanding of what’s happening inside the world’s most powerful atom-smashers. These giant devices use huge amounts of energy to collide together subatomic particles. Calculating each collision as it happens should, according to quantum mechanics, require hundreds of pages of complex mathematics. Yet inexplicably, a much simpler equation can work just as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arkani-Hamed believes the concept of time itself may be behind the discrepancy. In physics equations, time is used to keep track of the sequence of things as events unfold. But he has come to believe that organizing particle collisions according to “when” unnecessarily complicates the mathematics. Instead, he’s experimenting with abstract geometric shapes that can describe events without using time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arkani-Hamed says that these shapes can’t yet replace the idea of time, but he believes that at some point time itself will be supplanted by some other theory of what makes the Universe tick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s unlikely to survive in the fundamental principles of an even deeper understanding of physics,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Tick-tock, tick-tock\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The scientists back at NIST are well aware of all the problems with time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are really focused on measuring time, but… it’s pretty hard to really define it in a satisfactory way,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.nist.gov/people/john-kitching\">John Kitching\u003c/a>, who heads the atomic devices and instrumentation group at NIST.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kitching takes me to a lab where his team is developing their latest marvel – an atomic clock that can be mass-produced and put on a microchip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The vision for this type of clock is to essentially enable atomic timing to be used everywhere,” he says. “Imagine – an atomic clock in every computer and in every cell phone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just as humans keep improving their maps, they must improve their clocks, Kitching says. Better clocks can make GPS more accurate, computer networks faster, and enable new technologies in everything from stock trading to astronomy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s important because in the end, Kitching says, he actually agrees with Chanda Prescod-Weinstein, the theoretical physicist who believes that time as we experience it is a technology rather than a fundamental part of the universe. He too sees time is a human affair – a result of neurons firing and memories formed and books written.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s my belief that the forward passage of time is mostly a human construct,” he says. “From a physics sense, it doesn’t have that much value.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yet, he adds, the NIST lab’s relentless counting of seconds, minutes, hours and days is being used for everything from navigation to power production. For humans, there is enormous social value in trying to tame nature’s unruly sense of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to arrange to meet at a certain place at a certain time, ” he says. “If we don’t have those two pieces of information, then we’re going to miss each other.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of our periodic science series “Finding Time — a journey through the fourth dimension to learn what makes us tick.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Researchers+say+time+is+an+illusion.+So+why+are+we+all+obsessed+with+it%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Amid intense backlash and accusations of violating press freedom, Twitter has reinstated the accounts of \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/12/15/1143291081/twitter-suspends-journalists-elon-musk-jet\">several journalists who were suspended\u003c/a> earlier this week, though at least one remains suspended.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday night, the social media platform suspended several reporters who had tweeted or written about Elon Musk’s ownership of the company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The accounts that went dark included Donie O’Sullivan of CNN; Ryan Mac of \u003cem>The New York Times\u003c/em>; Drew Harwell of \u003cem>The Washington Post\u003c/em>; Micah Lee of The Intercept; and journalist Aaron Rupar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday evening, Musk put the decision of whether to reinstate suspended accounts up for a public vote. He \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1603600001057185792\">tweeted\u003c/a> an informal poll which asked Twitter users to choose when to “unsuspend accounts who doxxed my exact location in real-time.”[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Linette Lopez, reporter, Business Insider\"]‘It’s funny that Elon suddenly has a problem with doxxing and harassing people because he has a history of doing that before people were paying such close attention to him.’[/pullquote]According to the poll, 58.7% of voters favored lifting the suspensions immediately over 41.3% of respondents who said Musk should wait seven more days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rupar, whose account was reinstated on Friday, said the suspensions signaled Twitter’s instability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a clear illustration that it is no longer a rules-based company,” Rupar told NPR. “It’s basically a company based on Elon Musk’s whims and the terms of service depend on his mood each day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joan Donovan, the research director at Harvard’s Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy, thinks this week’s spree of suspensions is only the beginning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The way Musk is targeting particular mainstream journalists, I think we’re going to see more of these shenanigans, and not less, over the next couple of months,” she told NPR’s Michel Martin on \u003cem>All Things Considered.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Linette Lopez, a Business Insider reporter who previously covered Musk, said her account was suspended on Friday after she tweeted court documents that revealed Musk had hacked and doxxed people in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s funny that Elon suddenly has a problem with doxxing and harassing people because he has a history of doing that before people were paying such close attention to him,” she told NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lopez’s account remains suspended. As of Saturday afternoon, Lopez said she still has not heard from Twitter as to why.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR has reached out to Twitter and Musk but has not gotten a response.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 class=\"edTag\">It all started with a jet-tracking Twitter account\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Prior to suspending the accounts of the journalists, Musk took issue with several accounts that tracked the movement of private planes used by billionaires, government officials and others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk was particularly concerned with the jet-tracking account, @ElonJet, run by a 20-year-old University of Central Florida student, which Musk alleges was used by a “\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1603190155107794944\">crazy stalker\u003c/a>” in Los Angeles to follow one of Musk’s children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Journalists who tweeted or wrote about Musk’s rift with the account found themselves later suspended.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk, a self-professed “free speech absolutist,” has denied accusations that the suspensions were in retaliation for critical coverage. Instead, he argued that the accounts are a “physical safety violation” and can lead to “doxxing,” or sharing of personal information to encourage harassers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Criticizing me all day long is totally fine, but doxxing my real-time location and endangering my family is not,” Musk \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1603575877538680832\">tweeted\u003c/a> Thursday night.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 class=\"edTag\">Musk’s crackdown was condemned by the UN and EU\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>A number of organizations around the globe have criticized Musk’s apparent silencing of high-profile journalists on Twitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melissa Fleming, the United Nations undersecretary-general for global communications, said she was “deeply disturbed” by the suspensions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Media freedom is not a toy. A free press is the cornerstone of democratic societies and a key tool in the fight against harmful disinformation,” Fleming \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MelissaFleming/status/1603763517642907655\">tweeted\u003c/a> on Friday.[aside postID=news_11935529 hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/12/GettyImages-1240652428-1020x763.jpg']Věra Jourová, the European Commission vice president, warned Twitter of potentially violating the European Union’s Digital Services Act and Media Freedom Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are red lines. And sanctions, soon,” Jourová \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/VeraJourova/status/1603689440710369281?s=20&t=dUR9L5132TApMsXHmrkMQQ\">tweeted\u003c/a> Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The suspensions have also drawn outrage from several news organizations that are demanding explanations for why their reporters were temporarily banned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Twitter’s increasing instability and volatility should be of incredible concern for everyone who uses the platform,” CNN said in a \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/CNNPR/status/1603579612612665344\">statement \u003c/a>on Thursday. “We will reevaluate our relationship based on that response.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Rupar, though he was initially worried about how the Twitter ban would negatively impact his career, the opposite turned out to be true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The consequences for me were pretty positive overall,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the hours following his suspension, Rupar said he received an onslaught of support and a mass of followers on his newly created \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/10/1135243276/mastodon-twitter-elon-musk\">Mastodon\u003c/a> account — which he plans to use more frequently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even though I’m back on Twitter, in light of this experience, it seems like a good time to spend more energy developing a following elsewhere,” Rupar said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Amid intense backlash and accusations of violating press freedom, Twitter has reinstated the accounts of \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/12/15/1143291081/twitter-suspends-journalists-elon-musk-jet\">several journalists who were suspended\u003c/a> earlier this week, though at least one remains suspended.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday night, the social media platform suspended several reporters who had tweeted or written about Elon Musk’s ownership of the company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The accounts that went dark included Donie O’Sullivan of CNN; Ryan Mac of \u003cem>The New York Times\u003c/em>; Drew Harwell of \u003cem>The Washington Post\u003c/em>; Micah Lee of The Intercept; and journalist Aaron Rupar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday evening, Musk put the decision of whether to reinstate suspended accounts up for a public vote. He \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1603600001057185792\">tweeted\u003c/a> an informal poll which asked Twitter users to choose when to “unsuspend accounts who doxxed my exact location in real-time.”\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>According to the poll, 58.7% of voters favored lifting the suspensions immediately over 41.3% of respondents who said Musk should wait seven more days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rupar, whose account was reinstated on Friday, said the suspensions signaled Twitter’s instability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a clear illustration that it is no longer a rules-based company,” Rupar told NPR. “It’s basically a company based on Elon Musk’s whims and the terms of service depend on his mood each day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joan Donovan, the research director at Harvard’s Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy, thinks this week’s spree of suspensions is only the beginning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The way Musk is targeting particular mainstream journalists, I think we’re going to see more of these shenanigans, and not less, over the next couple of months,” she told NPR’s Michel Martin on \u003cem>All Things Considered.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Linette Lopez, a Business Insider reporter who previously covered Musk, said her account was suspended on Friday after she tweeted court documents that revealed Musk had hacked and doxxed people in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s funny that Elon suddenly has a problem with doxxing and harassing people because he has a history of doing that before people were paying such close attention to him,” she told NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lopez’s account remains suspended. As of Saturday afternoon, Lopez said she still has not heard from Twitter as to why.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR has reached out to Twitter and Musk but has not gotten a response.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 class=\"edTag\">It all started with a jet-tracking Twitter account\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Prior to suspending the accounts of the journalists, Musk took issue with several accounts that tracked the movement of private planes used by billionaires, government officials and others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk was particularly concerned with the jet-tracking account, @ElonJet, run by a 20-year-old University of Central Florida student, which Musk alleges was used by a “\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1603190155107794944\">crazy stalker\u003c/a>” in Los Angeles to follow one of Musk’s children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Journalists who tweeted or wrote about Musk’s rift with the account found themselves later suspended.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk, a self-professed “free speech absolutist,” has denied accusations that the suspensions were in retaliation for critical coverage. Instead, he argued that the accounts are a “physical safety violation” and can lead to “doxxing,” or sharing of personal information to encourage harassers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Criticizing me all day long is totally fine, but doxxing my real-time location and endangering my family is not,” Musk \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1603575877538680832\">tweeted\u003c/a> Thursday night.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 class=\"edTag\">Musk’s crackdown was condemned by the UN and EU\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>A number of organizations around the globe have criticized Musk’s apparent silencing of high-profile journalists on Twitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melissa Fleming, the United Nations undersecretary-general for global communications, said she was “deeply disturbed” by the suspensions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Media freedom is not a toy. A free press is the cornerstone of democratic societies and a key tool in the fight against harmful disinformation,” Fleming \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MelissaFleming/status/1603763517642907655\">tweeted\u003c/a> on Friday.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Věra Jourová, the European Commission vice president, warned Twitter of potentially violating the European Union’s Digital Services Act and Media Freedom Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are red lines. And sanctions, soon,” Jourová \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/VeraJourova/status/1603689440710369281?s=20&t=dUR9L5132TApMsXHmrkMQQ\">tweeted\u003c/a> Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The suspensions have also drawn outrage from several news organizations that are demanding explanations for why their reporters were temporarily banned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Twitter’s increasing instability and volatility should be of incredible concern for everyone who uses the platform,” CNN said in a \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/CNNPR/status/1603579612612665344\">statement \u003c/a>on Thursday. “We will reevaluate our relationship based on that response.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Rupar, though he was initially worried about how the Twitter ban would negatively impact his career, the opposite turned out to be true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The consequences for me were pretty positive overall,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the hours following his suspension, Rupar said he received an onslaught of support and a mass of followers on his newly created \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/10/1135243276/mastodon-twitter-elon-musk\">Mastodon\u003c/a> account — which he plans to use more frequently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even though I’m back on Twitter, in light of this experience, it seems like a good time to spend more energy developing a following elsewhere,” Rupar said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "'Alarming Decline': New Doctors Shun Infectious Diseases Specialty, Leaving Nearly Half of Training Programs Unfilled",
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"content": "\u003cp>Thousands of doctors ready to continue their training celebrated \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrmp.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Medicine-and-Peds-Specialties-MRS-Report.pdf\">Match Day (PDF)\u003c/a> for specialty fellowships on Nov. 30, but one group lamented its results: infectious diseases physicians. Despite its central role in the COVID pandemic, the infectious diseases specialty saw 44% of its training programs go unfilled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm bummed out,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://vaccines.emory.edu/faculty/primary-faculty/delrio-carlos.html\">Dr. Carlos Del Rio\u003c/a>, a professor at the Emory School of Medicine and president of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.idsociety.org/news--publications-new/articles/2022/idsa-statement-on-id-fellowship-match-rates/\">Infectious Diseases Society of America\u003c/a>. \"I love my field, I love what I do. And it's upsetting to know that my field may not be as attractive to trainees as I would like it to be.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the University of Washington, which has one of the nation's \u003ca href=\"https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/united-states/infectious-diseases\">top-ranked programs\u003c/a>, administrators were scrambling to find suitable candidates for two fellowship spots that were still open after the match process. \"It feels unsettling,\" says Dr. Paul Pottinger, director of UW's infectious diseases fellowship training program, \"Typically, we match our full eight slots on the first go.\"[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Dr. Daniel Bourque, Boston Medical Center\"]'COVID has had a tremendous impact on human life, and it continues to have an impact. I do believe that can and should inspire people to pursue careers in infectious diseases.'[/pullquote]At Boston Medical Center, affiliated with Boston University, none of their three fellowship positions got filled in this year's Match — a \"challenging\" and unprecedented situation for \u003ca href=\"https://www.bumc.bu.edu/medicine/profile/daniel-bourque/\">Dr. Daniel Bourque\u003c/a>, who runs their fellowship program: \"There was a decrease in the number of applicants this year, and that decrease appears to be a trend.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Becoming an infectious diseases specialist takes years of training. Generally, after four years of medical school, followed by several years in a medical residency, an aspiring ID physician applies to a fellowship program of at least two years. The field hit a \u003ca href=\"https://www.idsociety.org/globalassets/ektron-import/idsa/careers_and_training/program_director_resources/match/infectious-disease-match-and-trends-report\">low point\u003c/a> in recruiting for fellowships in 2016. In the past five years, it was somewhat stable, with around 65%–70% of training programs getting filled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But 2020 was the exception, when a flood of applicants yielded a record match rate — a phenomenon dubbed the \"Fauci effect.\" As infectious diseases dominated the news, \"a lot of us saw it as a [sign of] reinvigorated interest in ID\" due to the pandemic, says \u003ca href=\"https://providers.emoryhealthcare.org/provider/Boghuma+Kabisen+Titanji/2216539\">Dr. Boghuma Titanji\u003c/a>, an infectious diseases physician at Emory University. But the slide since then — capped off by \u003ca href=\"https://www.idsociety.org/news--publications-new/articles/2022/idsa-statement-on-id-fellowship-match-rates/\">this year's \"alarming decline\"\u003c/a> — shows that the pandemic boost may have been a blip in the specialty's long-term struggles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite guiding colleagues and the public through the COVID pandemic and the recent mpox outbreak; despite their lifesaving work in keeping hard-to-treat infections from spreading in hospitals; despite \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/ofid/article/6/4/ofz092/5364554\">high job satisfaction\u003c/a> and a profession that many described to NPR as \"never boring\": new doctors are not choosing to specialize in infectious diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a decline that has the field's top experts searching for explanations.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Training more to get paid less\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The most obvious reason is that the pay is low compared with other specialties, says Titanji at Emory University, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Boghuma/status/1598106987442900992\">whose Tweet\u003c/a> kicked off a robust discussion about the Match Day results. \"We're talking about a six-figure pay difference,\" she says, citing a \u003ca href=\"https://www.medscape.com/slideshow/2022-compensation-overview-6015043?faf=1#3\">2022 Medscape report\u003c/a> that infectious diseases specialists earn an average of $260k a year, which is more than $100,000 less than the average salary for all specialists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some cases, doctors who specialize in infectious diseases end up making less than they would have \u003cem>before\u003c/em> the extra two to three years of training — for instance, as a hospitalist, which is an internal medicine doctor that sees patients in the hospital. One can \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29578550/\">become a hospitalist\u003c/a> — making between $200,000–$300,000 a year — after completing medical school and residency training, with no additional specialty fellowships required. \"I get paid less to work more hours than I did as a hospitalist,\" \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hannahnammd\">Dr. Hannah Nam\u003c/a>, an infectious diseases physician at UC Irvine, tweeted. \"My student debt isn't going anywhere. Don't regret my choice but don't fault anyone for not choosing it either.\"[aside label=\"Related Stories\" postID=\"news_11934066,news_11933882,news_11935249\"]The pay disparities are rooted in the way the U.S. medical system is structured, Titanji and others say. \"A lot of the medical compensation system is based on doing procedures or interventions that are highly reimbursed,\" Titanji says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Infectious diseases doctors, on the other hand, examine and interview patients and consult with colleagues — \"we think for a living,\" Pottinger, at the University of Washington, says, \"And because we don't have a surgery to do, I think that's where this legacy of reduced pay has come from.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if the pay is less than other specialties, \"it's \u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/other/state-indicator/median-annual-income/?currentTimeframe=0&sortModel=%7B%22colId%22:%22Median%20Annual%20Household%20Income%22,%22sort%22:%22asc%22%7D\">still very good\u003c/a>,\" Pottinger says. \"There's plenty of money in it, both in academic [settings] and in private practice, and our pay is rising over time.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the prospect of getting extra training to take a pay cut deters many from choosing the field. \"Medical education in the U.S. is incredibly expensive,\" says Del Rio from Emory. \"If you graduate with a lot of debt, you're not going to go to a specialty that doesn't pay as much as others.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Long hours and public criticism\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The relatively low pay is \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/63/2/155/1745334?login=false\">not the only issue\u003c/a>, experts say. The field has long been understaffed, leading to long hours — a problem supercharged by the strain of the pandemic. \"Every infectious diseases doctor can tell you that the first year of the pandemic felt like being on call 24/7 because everyone was calling you — and relying on the knowledge that you had — to be able to respond to this,\" Titanji says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The current class of doctors largely started their post-graduate residencies in the summer of 2020. All of their training happened during the COVID pandemic, Bourque from Boston Medical Center notes. The long hours and poor work-life balance they observed in ID doctors — and \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2790791\">physicians leaving\u003c/a> the field in droves due to burnout — may have cut the appeal. \"Long hours and low pay are a dreadful combination,\" del Rio says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The COVID spotlight also made prominent ID doctors targets for bitter vitriol from people who disagreed with them. \"Many of us, myself included, have been attacked in the media and other places,\" for sharing thoughts on COVID, del Rio says. Dr. Anthony Fauci, a top COVID adviser to President Donald Trump and President Biden, was a lightning rod for criticism — and even death threats. \"People [considering the field] realize there's a personal risk. When the chief infectious diseases doctor for the nation has to have bodyguards, that doesn't necessarily make you think 'Oh, this is a great profession,'\" del Rio says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Loan forgiveness could help\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Infectious diseases had a recruiting problem before the pandemic, too: 2016 was an especially disappointing year, recalls Marcelin at University of Nebraska, who was going through her specialty training at the time. That year, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrmp.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Results-and-Data-SMS-2016_Final.pdf\">57% of programs (PDF)\u003c/a> went unfilled. \"A lot of the conversations that happened then, are happening again now,\" Marcelin says.[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Dr. Carlos Del Rio, president, Infectious Diseases Society of America\"]'I love my field, I love what I do. And it's upsetting to know that my field may not be as attractive to trainees as I would like it to be.'[/pullquote]It spawned some soul-searching for the field, with \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/63/2/155/1745334?login=false\">researchers trying to figure out\u003c/a> how to attract more doctors. On the money front, medical associations like the \u003ca href=\"https://www.idsociety.org/news--publications-new/articles/2022/id-loan-repayment-advances-in-senate-prevent-pandemics-act/\">IDSA have lobbied\u003c/a> Congress for student loan repayment programs, to reduce the medical school debt for doctors who choose the field. They're also advocating for \u003ca href=\"https://www.idsociety.org/policy--advocacy/access-and-reimbursement/\">higher reimbursement rates\u003c/a> for the work ID doctors do. If the pay gap for infectious diseases decreases, \"that may make it more worthwhile for trainees to consider it as a career path,\" Titanji says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They've also stepped up their efforts to bring new candidates into the infectious diseases field, with grants and \u003ca href=\"https://idweek.org/attendees/residents/\">mentorship programs\u003c/a>. Still, over the past five years, \"despite our recruitment and mentorship efforts, we have made minimal progress in reversing this trend,\" IDSA leaders \u003ca href=\"https://www.idsociety.org/globalassets/healthy-futures-tf-security-rfi-idsa-response_dm-jph.pdf\">wrote to Congress (PDF)\u003c/a> earlier this year. In 2020, \u003ca href=\"https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/full/10.7326/M20-2684\">a research paper\u003c/a> co-authored by Dr. Rochelle Walensky, then chief of the infectious diseases division at Massachusetts General Hospital and now the CDC's director, found that 80% of U.S. counties had no infectious diseases doctors — including most counties that were hit hard by COVID in the first year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What I'm learning is that it's a long road ahead,\" says Marcelin at University of Nebraska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the stakes are high, leaving the nation unprepared against outbreaks and health emergencies. \"If we don't have enough infectious diseases physicians moving forward, it's going to impact our ability to deal with everything from recognizing and diagnosing a disease, to informing the public, to creating guidance and administering proper treatments,\" Marcelin says. Then there are the less visible impacts — disease outbreaks in hospitals that could have been prevented in consultation with ID physicians; deaths from infections with treatment-resistant bacteria and viruses that could have been stopped by ID physicians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That the COVID pandemic hasn't yet inspired more doctors to go into infectious diseases might not be the end of it, says Bourque, looking back at the galvanizing effect the HIV/AIDS crisis had on the field. \"There was a point in time where it felt like [infectious diseases] may be a dying subspecialty, and then HIV/AIDS demonstrated the importance of the infectious diseases specialist and really spawned a generation of doctors,\" including Bourque, to choose it as a career. He says COVID's effects are still unfolding: \"COVID has had a tremendous impact on human life, and it continues to have an impact. I do believe that can and should inspire people to pursue careers in infectious diseases.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>At Boston Medical Center, affiliated with Boston University, none of their three fellowship positions got filled in this year's Match — a \"challenging\" and unprecedented situation for \u003ca href=\"https://www.bumc.bu.edu/medicine/profile/daniel-bourque/\">Dr. Daniel Bourque\u003c/a>, who runs their fellowship program: \"There was a decrease in the number of applicants this year, and that decrease appears to be a trend.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Becoming an infectious diseases specialist takes years of training. Generally, after four years of medical school, followed by several years in a medical residency, an aspiring ID physician applies to a fellowship program of at least two years. The field hit a \u003ca href=\"https://www.idsociety.org/globalassets/ektron-import/idsa/careers_and_training/program_director_resources/match/infectious-disease-match-and-trends-report\">low point\u003c/a> in recruiting for fellowships in 2016. In the past five years, it was somewhat stable, with around 65%–70% of training programs getting filled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But 2020 was the exception, when a flood of applicants yielded a record match rate — a phenomenon dubbed the \"Fauci effect.\" As infectious diseases dominated the news, \"a lot of us saw it as a [sign of] reinvigorated interest in ID\" due to the pandemic, says \u003ca href=\"https://providers.emoryhealthcare.org/provider/Boghuma+Kabisen+Titanji/2216539\">Dr. Boghuma Titanji\u003c/a>, an infectious diseases physician at Emory University. But the slide since then — capped off by \u003ca href=\"https://www.idsociety.org/news--publications-new/articles/2022/idsa-statement-on-id-fellowship-match-rates/\">this year's \"alarming decline\"\u003c/a> — shows that the pandemic boost may have been a blip in the specialty's long-term struggles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite guiding colleagues and the public through the COVID pandemic and the recent mpox outbreak; despite their lifesaving work in keeping hard-to-treat infections from spreading in hospitals; despite \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/ofid/article/6/4/ofz092/5364554\">high job satisfaction\u003c/a> and a profession that many described to NPR as \"never boring\": new doctors are not choosing to specialize in infectious diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a decline that has the field's top experts searching for explanations.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Training more to get paid less\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The most obvious reason is that the pay is low compared with other specialties, says Titanji at Emory University, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Boghuma/status/1598106987442900992\">whose Tweet\u003c/a> kicked off a robust discussion about the Match Day results. \"We're talking about a six-figure pay difference,\" she says, citing a \u003ca href=\"https://www.medscape.com/slideshow/2022-compensation-overview-6015043?faf=1#3\">2022 Medscape report\u003c/a> that infectious diseases specialists earn an average of $260k a year, which is more than $100,000 less than the average salary for all specialists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some cases, doctors who specialize in infectious diseases end up making less than they would have \u003cem>before\u003c/em> the extra two to three years of training — for instance, as a hospitalist, which is an internal medicine doctor that sees patients in the hospital. One can \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29578550/\">become a hospitalist\u003c/a> — making between $200,000–$300,000 a year — after completing medical school and residency training, with no additional specialty fellowships required. \"I get paid less to work more hours than I did as a hospitalist,\" \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hannahnammd\">Dr. Hannah Nam\u003c/a>, an infectious diseases physician at UC Irvine, tweeted. \"My student debt isn't going anywhere. Don't regret my choice but don't fault anyone for not choosing it either.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The pay disparities are rooted in the way the U.S. medical system is structured, Titanji and others say. \"A lot of the medical compensation system is based on doing procedures or interventions that are highly reimbursed,\" Titanji says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Infectious diseases doctors, on the other hand, examine and interview patients and consult with colleagues — \"we think for a living,\" Pottinger, at the University of Washington, says, \"And because we don't have a surgery to do, I think that's where this legacy of reduced pay has come from.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if the pay is less than other specialties, \"it's \u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/other/state-indicator/median-annual-income/?currentTimeframe=0&sortModel=%7B%22colId%22:%22Median%20Annual%20Household%20Income%22,%22sort%22:%22asc%22%7D\">still very good\u003c/a>,\" Pottinger says. \"There's plenty of money in it, both in academic [settings] and in private practice, and our pay is rising over time.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the prospect of getting extra training to take a pay cut deters many from choosing the field. \"Medical education in the U.S. is incredibly expensive,\" says Del Rio from Emory. \"If you graduate with a lot of debt, you're not going to go to a specialty that doesn't pay as much as others.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Long hours and public criticism\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The relatively low pay is \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/63/2/155/1745334?login=false\">not the only issue\u003c/a>, experts say. The field has long been understaffed, leading to long hours — a problem supercharged by the strain of the pandemic. \"Every infectious diseases doctor can tell you that the first year of the pandemic felt like being on call 24/7 because everyone was calling you — and relying on the knowledge that you had — to be able to respond to this,\" Titanji says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The current class of doctors largely started their post-graduate residencies in the summer of 2020. All of their training happened during the COVID pandemic, Bourque from Boston Medical Center notes. The long hours and poor work-life balance they observed in ID doctors — and \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2790791\">physicians leaving\u003c/a> the field in droves due to burnout — may have cut the appeal. \"Long hours and low pay are a dreadful combination,\" del Rio says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The COVID spotlight also made prominent ID doctors targets for bitter vitriol from people who disagreed with them. \"Many of us, myself included, have been attacked in the media and other places,\" for sharing thoughts on COVID, del Rio says. Dr. Anthony Fauci, a top COVID adviser to President Donald Trump and President Biden, was a lightning rod for criticism — and even death threats. \"People [considering the field] realize there's a personal risk. When the chief infectious diseases doctor for the nation has to have bodyguards, that doesn't necessarily make you think 'Oh, this is a great profession,'\" del Rio says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Loan forgiveness could help\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Infectious diseases had a recruiting problem before the pandemic, too: 2016 was an especially disappointing year, recalls Marcelin at University of Nebraska, who was going through her specialty training at the time. That year, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrmp.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Results-and-Data-SMS-2016_Final.pdf\">57% of programs (PDF)\u003c/a> went unfilled. \"A lot of the conversations that happened then, are happening again now,\" Marcelin says.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>It spawned some soul-searching for the field, with \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/63/2/155/1745334?login=false\">researchers trying to figure out\u003c/a> how to attract more doctors. On the money front, medical associations like the \u003ca href=\"https://www.idsociety.org/news--publications-new/articles/2022/id-loan-repayment-advances-in-senate-prevent-pandemics-act/\">IDSA have lobbied\u003c/a> Congress for student loan repayment programs, to reduce the medical school debt for doctors who choose the field. They're also advocating for \u003ca href=\"https://www.idsociety.org/policy--advocacy/access-and-reimbursement/\">higher reimbursement rates\u003c/a> for the work ID doctors do. If the pay gap for infectious diseases decreases, \"that may make it more worthwhile for trainees to consider it as a career path,\" Titanji says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They've also stepped up their efforts to bring new candidates into the infectious diseases field, with grants and \u003ca href=\"https://idweek.org/attendees/residents/\">mentorship programs\u003c/a>. Still, over the past five years, \"despite our recruitment and mentorship efforts, we have made minimal progress in reversing this trend,\" IDSA leaders \u003ca href=\"https://www.idsociety.org/globalassets/healthy-futures-tf-security-rfi-idsa-response_dm-jph.pdf\">wrote to Congress (PDF)\u003c/a> earlier this year. In 2020, \u003ca href=\"https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/full/10.7326/M20-2684\">a research paper\u003c/a> co-authored by Dr. Rochelle Walensky, then chief of the infectious diseases division at Massachusetts General Hospital and now the CDC's director, found that 80% of U.S. counties had no infectious diseases doctors — including most counties that were hit hard by COVID in the first year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What I'm learning is that it's a long road ahead,\" says Marcelin at University of Nebraska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the stakes are high, leaving the nation unprepared against outbreaks and health emergencies. \"If we don't have enough infectious diseases physicians moving forward, it's going to impact our ability to deal with everything from recognizing and diagnosing a disease, to informing the public, to creating guidance and administering proper treatments,\" Marcelin says. Then there are the less visible impacts — disease outbreaks in hospitals that could have been prevented in consultation with ID physicians; deaths from infections with treatment-resistant bacteria and viruses that could have been stopped by ID physicians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That the COVID pandemic hasn't yet inspired more doctors to go into infectious diseases might not be the end of it, says Bourque, looking back at the galvanizing effect the HIV/AIDS crisis had on the field. \"There was a point in time where it felt like [infectious diseases] may be a dying subspecialty, and then HIV/AIDS demonstrated the importance of the infectious diseases specialist and really spawned a generation of doctors,\" including Bourque, to choose it as a career. He says COVID's effects are still unfolding: \"COVID has had a tremendous impact on human life, and it continues to have an impact. I do believe that can and should inspire people to pursue careers in infectious diseases.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Biden Signs Respect for Marriage Act, Reflecting His and America's Evolution",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"storyMajorUpdateDate\">\u003cstrong>Updated December 13, 2022 at 4:36 PM ET\u003c/strong>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>President Biden on Tuesday signed into law a bipartisan bill that codifies same-sex and interracial marriages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a celebration on the South Lawn of the White House, the president spoke before a crowd of thousands gathered to celebrate the federal protections in the Respect for Marriage Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The road to this moment has been long, but those who believe in equality and justice – you never gave up,\" Biden said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That long road is one Biden and the country have been on together. In 2004, just 42% of Americans said they were in support of same-sex marriage, according to \u003ca href=\"https://news.gallup.com/poll/393197/same-sex-marriage-support-inches-new-high.aspx\">Gallup\u003c/a>. Today, it's 68%, according to an NPR/PBS NewsHour/Marist poll to be released Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A dozen Republican senators (out of 50) and 39 Republican House members (out of 208) voted in favor of the legislation. That's far from a majority of Republicans, and it's reflective of the fact that rank-and-file Republican voters have lagged in support of same-sex marriage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2004, according to \u003ca href=\"https://news.gallup.com/poll/350486/record-high-support-same-sex-marriage.aspx\">Gallup\u003c/a>, just 19% of Republicans were in favor. This week's NPR/PBS \u003cem>NewsHour\u003c/em>/Marist poll found now that number has more than doubled to 43%, but is still shy of a majority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://apps.npr.org/datawrapper/AHzVD/4/?initialWidth=763&childId=responsive-embed-AHzVD&parentTitle=Same%20sex%20marriage%20bill%20will%20be%20signed%20into%20law%20by%20President%20Biden%20%3A%20NPR&parentUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2022%2F12%2F13%2F1142331501%2Fbiden-to-sign-respect-for-marriage-act-reflecting-his-and-the-countrys-evolution\" width=\"800\" height=\"400\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A massive cultural shift on interracial marriage\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>When it comes to interracial marriage, the country has seen a wholesale change in public opinion and societal acceptance since 1967 when the Supreme Court ruled in Loving v. Virginia that prohibitions on interracial marriages were unconstitutional.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1958, when \u003ca href=\"https://news.gallup.com/poll/354638/approval-interracial-marriage-new-high.aspx\">Gallup \u003c/a>first asked the question, just 4% said they approved of marriage between Black people and white people. Through the mid-'90s, Americans were still split on the subject.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But by the late-'90s and early 2000s, support for interracial marriage soared and, by 2021, approval hit a sky-high 94%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in 1967, just 3% of Americans were in interracial marriages, and that's up to at least 19%, as of last year, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/02/25/in-vice-president-kamala-harris-we-can-see-how-america-has-changed/\">Pew Research Center\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Biden's evolution on gay rights and same-sex marriage\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>On almost no other issue has American public opinion shifted so dramatically so quickly. Biden, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/21/us/politics/biden-gay-rights-lgbt.html\">who has a grandchild who identifies as LGBTQ\u003c/a>, is included in that evolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1973, as a young senator, a gay rights activist confronted Biden about discriminatory federal regulations. Biden was taken aback.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My gut reaction is they are security risks,\" \u003ca href=\"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/53510488/the-morning-news/\">Biden said\u003c/a> of people who were gay in the military and Civil Service, \"but I'll admit, I haven't given this much thought.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1990s, like many other senators, Biden cast a series of votes that hurt the push for gay rights — from cutting off funding from public schools that were \"\u003ca href=\"https://webarchive.loc.gov/congressional-record/20160316130607/http:/thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/D?r103:30:./temp/~r103NHPJaT::\">encouraging or supporting homosexuality as a positive lifestyle alternative\u003c/a>\" to the Defense of Marriage Act in 1996. DOMA defined marriage as between a man and a woman and blocked federal recognition of same-sex marriages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, as president, Biden rebuked the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/03/28/1089221657/dont-say-gay-florida-desantis\">Florida law that constrains teachers talking about sexual orientation or gender identity\u003c/a>, calling it \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-60326418\">hateful\u003c/a>\" and vowed to \"continue to fight for the protections and safety you deserve.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And his signing of the Respect for Marriage Act Tuesday repeals DOMA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's been quite the turnabout — and really it's come in the last 10 years.[aside label=\"related coverage\" tag=\"same-sex-marriage\"]During the 2008 campaign, Biden, as former President Barack Obama's running mate, \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-politics-gaymarriage/palin-biden-agree-on-gay-rights-at-debate-idUSTRE49212F20081003\">affirmed in a vice-presidential debate\u003c/a>, \"No. Barack Obama nor I support redefining from a civil side what constitutes marriage.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a delicate line the Democrats were walking then. In 2004, the issue of same-sex marriage was a lightning rod. Anti-same-sex marriage amendments were put on various state ballots. Then-President George W. Bush backed a constitutional ban on same-sex marriage, and white Christian evangelicals helped Bush win reelection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democrats had moved toward the half-measure of civil unions — giving legal rights to gay couples, but, largely because of the politics, were not ready to come out fully in support of \"marriage.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All that changed with Biden in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As vice president, Biden got out ahead of President Obama in advocating for same-sex marriage — on national television.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marriage is about \"who do you love?\" Biden \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna47311900\">said on NBC's \u003cem>Meet the Press\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. \"And will you be loyal to the person you love? ... whether they're marriages of lesbians or gay men or heterosexuals.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He continued: \"Look, I am vice president of the United States of America. The president sets the policy. I am absolutely comfortable with the fact that men marrying men, women marrying women, and heterosexual men and women marrying another are entitled to the same exact rights, all the civil rights, all the civil liberties. And quite frankly, I don't see much of a distinction beyond that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/vyjYg3ZYFfQ\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With that, Biden endeared himself to the LGBTQI+ community and pushed Obama to publicly embrace the position.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Days later, Obama went on ABC's \u003cem>Good Morning America\u003c/em>, saying Biden's \"probably got a little bit over his skis, but out of generosity of spirit.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Would I have preferred to have done this in my own way, in my own terms, without there being a lot of notice to everybody?\" Obama \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/post/obama-says-he-decided-to-support-same-sex-marriage-before-bidens-comments/2012/05/10/gIQALwLIFU_blog.html\">said\u003c/a>. \"Sure, but all's well that ends well.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden's appearance came at something of an inflection point. This was in an election year and at a time when the country was still split on acceptance of same-sex marriage. Three days before he went on \u003cem>Meet the Press\u003c/em>, Gallup found 50% of Americans approved of same-sex marriage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Afterward, support continued to rise. In June 2015, the Supreme Court ruled in the \u003cem>Obergefell \u003c/em>case that same-sex marriage is constitutionally protected by the 14th Amendment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That night, the White House \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/06/26/417731614/obama-supreme-court-ruling-on-gay-marriage-a-victory-for-america\">lit up in rainbow colors\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What the bill does and doesn't do\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>For advocates of the Respect for Marriage Act and the White House, Tuesday \u003cstrong>was \u003c/strong>a big day. But the bill's potential impact is limited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"No, I am not celebrating,\" Jim Obergefell, of the \u003cem>Obergefell \u003c/em>case that won the right to same-sex marriage, said on \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/videos/politics/2022/11/30/senate-same-sex-marriage-bill-obergefell-sot-cnnt-vpx.cnn\">CNN\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This bill does not guarantee the right to marry. It makes it so that other states have to recognize same-sex marriages across state lines and that same-sex couples are entitled to the same federal benefits of any other married couple, like \u003ca href=\"https://www.aclu.org/news/lgbtq-rights/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-respect-for-marriage-act\">Social Security survivor benefits\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I will say I'm happy that at least something has been done, something that we will have to fall back on should the Supreme Court overturn \u003cem>Obergefell\u003c/em> in the future, but this act, I find it curious that it's called the Respect for Marriage Act because this act does not respect LGBTQ+ community, our marriages, our relationships or our families.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's because, though the bill attempts to buttress key Supreme Court decisions, it does nothing to prevent same-sex marriages from becoming illegal again in states that might oppose them if the Supreme Court decides to overturn \u003cem>Obergefell\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The potential for its overturning was the impetus for passing the Respect for Marriage Act in the first place. In the \u003cem>Dobbs\u003c/em> decision, which overturned the right to an abortion earlier this year, Justice Clarence Thomas wrote that the court \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/06/24/1102305878/supreme-court-abortion-roe-v-wade-decision-overturn\">should reconsider\u003c/a>\" decisions that legalized same-sex marriage and even protected the rights of married people to have access to contraception.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/12/08/1140808263/what-does-the-respect-for-marriage-act-do-the-answer-will-vary-by-state\">As NPR has reported\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"If the Court were to overturn \u003cem>Obergefell\u003c/em>, the legality of same-sex marriages would revert to state law — and the majority of states would prohibit it. The Respect for Marriage Act wouldn't change that, but it requires all states to recognize same-sex marriages performed in other states and federally recognizes these marriages.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://apps.npr.org/dailygraphics/graphics/rfma-state-laws-20221130/?initialWidth=763&childId=responsive-embed-rfma-state-laws-20221130&parentTitle=Same%20sex%20marriage%20bill%20will%20be%20signed%20into%20law%20by%20President%20Biden%20%3A%20NPR&parentUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2022%2F12%2F13%2F1142331501%2Fbiden-to-sign-respect-for-marriage-act-reflecting-his-and-the-countrys-evolution\" width=\"800\" height=\"880\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But others see this as an important step to be celebrated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We saw after the \u003cem>Dobbs\u003c/em> decision, that in so many ways, too many of our rights are just one Supreme Court decision from being lost,\" Kelley Robinson, president of the Human Rights Campaign, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/12/12/1142320308/hrc-president-reacts-to-respect-for-marriage-act-ahead-of-signing\">told NPR's \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em>\u003c/a> Monday. \"As a queer woman, as a queer woman of color in this country, who's married, I was worried that at some point that the courts would also invalidate my marriage. Now, I'm relieved because that's not the case. Congress has taken action to ensure that our marriages are valid, that our love will be respected.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Biden+signs+Respect+for+Marriage+Act%2C+reflecting+his+and+the+country%27s+evolution&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"storyMajorUpdateDate\">\u003cstrong>Updated December 13, 2022 at 4:36 PM ET\u003c/strong>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>President Biden on Tuesday signed into law a bipartisan bill that codifies same-sex and interracial marriages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a celebration on the South Lawn of the White House, the president spoke before a crowd of thousands gathered to celebrate the federal protections in the Respect for Marriage Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The road to this moment has been long, but those who believe in equality and justice – you never gave up,\" Biden said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That long road is one Biden and the country have been on together. In 2004, just 42% of Americans said they were in support of same-sex marriage, according to \u003ca href=\"https://news.gallup.com/poll/393197/same-sex-marriage-support-inches-new-high.aspx\">Gallup\u003c/a>. Today, it's 68%, according to an NPR/PBS NewsHour/Marist poll to be released Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A dozen Republican senators (out of 50) and 39 Republican House members (out of 208) voted in favor of the legislation. That's far from a majority of Republicans, and it's reflective of the fact that rank-and-file Republican voters have lagged in support of same-sex marriage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2004, according to \u003ca href=\"https://news.gallup.com/poll/350486/record-high-support-same-sex-marriage.aspx\">Gallup\u003c/a>, just 19% of Republicans were in favor. This week's NPR/PBS \u003cem>NewsHour\u003c/em>/Marist poll found now that number has more than doubled to 43%, but is still shy of a majority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://apps.npr.org/datawrapper/AHzVD/4/?initialWidth=763&childId=responsive-embed-AHzVD&parentTitle=Same%20sex%20marriage%20bill%20will%20be%20signed%20into%20law%20by%20President%20Biden%20%3A%20NPR&parentUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2022%2F12%2F13%2F1142331501%2Fbiden-to-sign-respect-for-marriage-act-reflecting-his-and-the-countrys-evolution\" width=\"800\" height=\"400\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A massive cultural shift on interracial marriage\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>When it comes to interracial marriage, the country has seen a wholesale change in public opinion and societal acceptance since 1967 when the Supreme Court ruled in Loving v. Virginia that prohibitions on interracial marriages were unconstitutional.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1958, when \u003ca href=\"https://news.gallup.com/poll/354638/approval-interracial-marriage-new-high.aspx\">Gallup \u003c/a>first asked the question, just 4% said they approved of marriage between Black people and white people. Through the mid-'90s, Americans were still split on the subject.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But by the late-'90s and early 2000s, support for interracial marriage soared and, by 2021, approval hit a sky-high 94%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in 1967, just 3% of Americans were in interracial marriages, and that's up to at least 19%, as of last year, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/02/25/in-vice-president-kamala-harris-we-can-see-how-america-has-changed/\">Pew Research Center\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Biden's evolution on gay rights and same-sex marriage\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>On almost no other issue has American public opinion shifted so dramatically so quickly. Biden, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/21/us/politics/biden-gay-rights-lgbt.html\">who has a grandchild who identifies as LGBTQ\u003c/a>, is included in that evolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1973, as a young senator, a gay rights activist confronted Biden about discriminatory federal regulations. Biden was taken aback.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My gut reaction is they are security risks,\" \u003ca href=\"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/53510488/the-morning-news/\">Biden said\u003c/a> of people who were gay in the military and Civil Service, \"but I'll admit, I haven't given this much thought.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1990s, like many other senators, Biden cast a series of votes that hurt the push for gay rights — from cutting off funding from public schools that were \"\u003ca href=\"https://webarchive.loc.gov/congressional-record/20160316130607/http:/thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/D?r103:30:./temp/~r103NHPJaT::\">encouraging or supporting homosexuality as a positive lifestyle alternative\u003c/a>\" to the Defense of Marriage Act in 1996. DOMA defined marriage as between a man and a woman and blocked federal recognition of same-sex marriages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, as president, Biden rebuked the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/03/28/1089221657/dont-say-gay-florida-desantis\">Florida law that constrains teachers talking about sexual orientation or gender identity\u003c/a>, calling it \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-60326418\">hateful\u003c/a>\" and vowed to \"continue to fight for the protections and safety you deserve.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And his signing of the Respect for Marriage Act Tuesday repeals DOMA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's been quite the turnabout — and really it's come in the last 10 years.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>During the 2008 campaign, Biden, as former President Barack Obama's running mate, \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-politics-gaymarriage/palin-biden-agree-on-gay-rights-at-debate-idUSTRE49212F20081003\">affirmed in a vice-presidential debate\u003c/a>, \"No. Barack Obama nor I support redefining from a civil side what constitutes marriage.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a delicate line the Democrats were walking then. In 2004, the issue of same-sex marriage was a lightning rod. Anti-same-sex marriage amendments were put on various state ballots. Then-President George W. Bush backed a constitutional ban on same-sex marriage, and white Christian evangelicals helped Bush win reelection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democrats had moved toward the half-measure of civil unions — giving legal rights to gay couples, but, largely because of the politics, were not ready to come out fully in support of \"marriage.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All that changed with Biden in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As vice president, Biden got out ahead of President Obama in advocating for same-sex marriage — on national television.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marriage is about \"who do you love?\" Biden \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna47311900\">said on NBC's \u003cem>Meet the Press\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. \"And will you be loyal to the person you love? ... whether they're marriages of lesbians or gay men or heterosexuals.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He continued: \"Look, I am vice president of the United States of America. The president sets the policy. I am absolutely comfortable with the fact that men marrying men, women marrying women, and heterosexual men and women marrying another are entitled to the same exact rights, all the civil rights, all the civil liberties. And quite frankly, I don't see much of a distinction beyond that.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/vyjYg3ZYFfQ'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/vyjYg3ZYFfQ'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>With that, Biden endeared himself to the LGBTQI+ community and pushed Obama to publicly embrace the position.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Days later, Obama went on ABC's \u003cem>Good Morning America\u003c/em>, saying Biden's \"probably got a little bit over his skis, but out of generosity of spirit.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Would I have preferred to have done this in my own way, in my own terms, without there being a lot of notice to everybody?\" Obama \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/post/obama-says-he-decided-to-support-same-sex-marriage-before-bidens-comments/2012/05/10/gIQALwLIFU_blog.html\">said\u003c/a>. \"Sure, but all's well that ends well.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden's appearance came at something of an inflection point. This was in an election year and at a time when the country was still split on acceptance of same-sex marriage. Three days before he went on \u003cem>Meet the Press\u003c/em>, Gallup found 50% of Americans approved of same-sex marriage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Afterward, support continued to rise. In June 2015, the Supreme Court ruled in the \u003cem>Obergefell \u003c/em>case that same-sex marriage is constitutionally protected by the 14th Amendment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That night, the White House \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/06/26/417731614/obama-supreme-court-ruling-on-gay-marriage-a-victory-for-america\">lit up in rainbow colors\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What the bill does and doesn't do\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>For advocates of the Respect for Marriage Act and the White House, Tuesday \u003cstrong>was \u003c/strong>a big day. But the bill's potential impact is limited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"No, I am not celebrating,\" Jim Obergefell, of the \u003cem>Obergefell \u003c/em>case that won the right to same-sex marriage, said on \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/videos/politics/2022/11/30/senate-same-sex-marriage-bill-obergefell-sot-cnnt-vpx.cnn\">CNN\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This bill does not guarantee the right to marry. It makes it so that other states have to recognize same-sex marriages across state lines and that same-sex couples are entitled to the same federal benefits of any other married couple, like \u003ca href=\"https://www.aclu.org/news/lgbtq-rights/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-respect-for-marriage-act\">Social Security survivor benefits\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I will say I'm happy that at least something has been done, something that we will have to fall back on should the Supreme Court overturn \u003cem>Obergefell\u003c/em> in the future, but this act, I find it curious that it's called the Respect for Marriage Act because this act does not respect LGBTQ+ community, our marriages, our relationships or our families.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's because, though the bill attempts to buttress key Supreme Court decisions, it does nothing to prevent same-sex marriages from becoming illegal again in states that might oppose them if the Supreme Court decides to overturn \u003cem>Obergefell\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The potential for its overturning was the impetus for passing the Respect for Marriage Act in the first place. In the \u003cem>Dobbs\u003c/em> decision, which overturned the right to an abortion earlier this year, Justice Clarence Thomas wrote that the court \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/06/24/1102305878/supreme-court-abortion-roe-v-wade-decision-overturn\">should reconsider\u003c/a>\" decisions that legalized same-sex marriage and even protected the rights of married people to have access to contraception.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/12/08/1140808263/what-does-the-respect-for-marriage-act-do-the-answer-will-vary-by-state\">As NPR has reported\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"If the Court were to overturn \u003cem>Obergefell\u003c/em>, the legality of same-sex marriages would revert to state law — and the majority of states would prohibit it. The Respect for Marriage Act wouldn't change that, but it requires all states to recognize same-sex marriages performed in other states and federally recognizes these marriages.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://apps.npr.org/dailygraphics/graphics/rfma-state-laws-20221130/?initialWidth=763&childId=responsive-embed-rfma-state-laws-20221130&parentTitle=Same%20sex%20marriage%20bill%20will%20be%20signed%20into%20law%20by%20President%20Biden%20%3A%20NPR&parentUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2022%2F12%2F13%2F1142331501%2Fbiden-to-sign-respect-for-marriage-act-reflecting-his-and-the-countrys-evolution\" width=\"800\" height=\"880\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But others see this as an important step to be celebrated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We saw after the \u003cem>Dobbs\u003c/em> decision, that in so many ways, too many of our rights are just one Supreme Court decision from being lost,\" Kelley Robinson, president of the Human Rights Campaign, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/12/12/1142320308/hrc-president-reacts-to-respect-for-marriage-act-ahead-of-signing\">told NPR's \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em>\u003c/a> Monday. \"As a queer woman, as a queer woman of color in this country, who's married, I was worried that at some point that the courts would also invalidate my marriage. Now, I'm relieved because that's not the case. Congress has taken action to ensure that our marriages are valid, that our love will be respected.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Biden+signs+Respect+for+Marriage+Act%2C+reflecting+his+and+the+country%27s+evolution&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Who Is Viktor Bout, the Russian Prisoner the US Traded for Brittney Griner?",
"headTitle": "NPR | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"storyMajorUpdateDate\">\u003cem>Updated Dec. 8, 2022, at 9:02 a.m. ET\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Editor's note:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003cem> This story was initially published in July. It has been updated with the Viktor Bout's release from a U.S. prison in exchange for U.S. basketball star Brittney Griner, who was held in Russia.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where most people saw chaos, Viktor Bout saw opportunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bout, a 55-year-old Russian, was the world's most notorious arms dealer before a U.S. court convicted him in 2011 and sent him to a prison in Illinois.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"related coverage\" tag=\"brittney-griner\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, the U.S. freed Bout in an exchange \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/12/08/1141503355/brittney-griner-freed\">for U.S. basketball star Brittney Griner\u003c/a>, who has been held in Russia for the past 10 months. The Biden administration also was seeking to free another imprisoned American, Paul Whelan, but he was not part of the swap and remains jailed in Russia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bout was in his mid-20s when the Soviet Union fractured in 1991, leaving vast quantities of Soviet military hardware scattered across 15 newly minted countries. Most all of them were ill-equipped to pay their troops or keep track of the weapons they'd just inherited. Almost anything was available for a price.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trained by the Soviet military as a linguist, Bout began acquiring Soviet military transport planes and loaded them up with weapons. The U.S. says he sold them all over the world. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/17/magazine/arms-and-the-man.html\">Various reports\u003c/a> linked him to wars in Afghanistan, Angola, Congo, Lebanon, Somalia, Yemen and more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was entrepreneurial, not ideological, selling to governments that were fighting rebels, and to rebels who were fighting governments. Separating fact from fiction has often been difficult when documenting Bout's work, but many reports said he even sold arms to both sides in the same conflict.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bout always denied he was selling weapons, claiming he was flying flowers and frozen chickens to some of the world's most violent places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was always hard to pin down, but he lived openly in Moscow, traveled widely, occasionally spoke to reporters and seemed to welcome at least some of the attention. He became so notorious that Hollywood made a 2005 movie loosely based on his life, called the \u003cem>Lord of War\u003c/em>, starring Nicolas Cage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bout was nicknamed \"The Merchant of Death,\" which was also the title of a \u003ca href=\"https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/10/16/the-merchant-of-death/\">biography.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite facing international sanctions and threats of arrest, Bout managed to stay a step ahead of law enforcement until 2008, when he was captured in a sting operation in Thailand, organized by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Thais extradited Bout to the U.S. two years later, where he was charged with conspiring to kill Americans. He was convicted in a Manhattan court in 2011, and received a 25-year sentence that he was serving in Marion, Ill.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Kremlin's angle\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>So why did Russian leader Vladimir Putin want to bring Bout back?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After all, he made his money selling weapons that had been intended for use by the Soviet Union's military and successor countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When CIA director William Burns was asked this question in July at the Aspen Security Forum, he said succinctly: \"That's a good question, because Viktor Bout's a creep.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dan Hoffman, a former CIA officer who served in Russia, said Putin's motives should be viewed through the lens of his ongoing battle with the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Every opportunity he gets, Vladimir Putin wants to show that he can go toe-to-toe with Russia's main enemy,\" Hoffman said. \"It's a real good public relations move for him to show that he's taking care of his own.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. and Russia have a history of working out deals to gain the return of their own citizens. In April, the U.S. released a Russian pilot convicted of conspiring to bring drugs into the U.S., and Russia freed \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/04/27/1094988296/trevor-reed-russia-prisoner-exchange\">Trevor Reed\u003c/a>, a former Marine who'd been convicted of assaulting a Moscow police officer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More commonly, the countries kicked out suspected spies in tit-for-tat deals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the current negotiations appear uneven in some respects. The U.S. would be freeing a convicted arms smuggler who operated on an international scale for close to two decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Secretary of State Antony Blinken said earlier this year that the two Americans, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/07/27/1113970880/brittney-griner-testifies-drug-trial\">Brittney Griner\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/06/15/876966569/american-paul-whelan-held-in-russia-on-spy-charges-is-sentenced-to-16-years\">Paul Whelan\u003c/a> had been \"wrongfully detained and must be allowed to come home.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Griner, 32, is the pro basketball star who has pleaded guilty to having hashish oil in her suitcase at a Moscow airport in February. Whelan, 52, a former Marine who traveled openly to Russia for years, was arrested in 2018 and convicted on espionage charges in a secret trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Limited options\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Dan Hoffman said this summer that he supported the efforts to win the release of the Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These are dirty deals, but there's two bad options,\" he said. \"One is letting American citizens get sick, and potentially even worse, in jail. And the other one is make essentially a dirty deal. If it's me, I'll get my U.S. citizens out.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in July, Blinken said he had presented a plan to Russia for the return of two Americans, though he did not mention Bout by name. The Russians were initially cool to the offer in their public statements, but showed signs of interest in the deal more recently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A U.S.-Russian prisoner swap signals the two countries can still do business on some level despite the terrible state of relations and the backdrop of the war in Ukraine, where the Americans are the leading arms supplier to the Ukrainians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But analysts say there's no real prospect that the overall atmosphere — which has been going from bad to worse — is likely to improve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Greg Myre is an NPR national security correspondent. Follow him \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/gregmyre1\">\u003cem>@gregmyre1\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Who+is+Viktor+Bout%2C+the+Russian+prisoner+the+U.S.+traded+for+Brittney+Griner%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"storyMajorUpdateDate\">\u003cem>Updated Dec. 8, 2022, at 9:02 a.m. ET\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Editor's note:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003cem> This story was initially published in July. It has been updated with the Viktor Bout's release from a U.S. prison in exchange for U.S. basketball star Brittney Griner, who was held in Russia.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where most people saw chaos, Viktor Bout saw opportunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bout, a 55-year-old Russian, was the world's most notorious arms dealer before a U.S. court convicted him in 2011 and sent him to a prison in Illinois.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, the U.S. freed Bout in an exchange \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/12/08/1141503355/brittney-griner-freed\">for U.S. basketball star Brittney Griner\u003c/a>, who has been held in Russia for the past 10 months. The Biden administration also was seeking to free another imprisoned American, Paul Whelan, but he was not part of the swap and remains jailed in Russia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bout was in his mid-20s when the Soviet Union fractured in 1991, leaving vast quantities of Soviet military hardware scattered across 15 newly minted countries. Most all of them were ill-equipped to pay their troops or keep track of the weapons they'd just inherited. Almost anything was available for a price.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trained by the Soviet military as a linguist, Bout began acquiring Soviet military transport planes and loaded them up with weapons. The U.S. says he sold them all over the world. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/17/magazine/arms-and-the-man.html\">Various reports\u003c/a> linked him to wars in Afghanistan, Angola, Congo, Lebanon, Somalia, Yemen and more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was entrepreneurial, not ideological, selling to governments that were fighting rebels, and to rebels who were fighting governments. Separating fact from fiction has often been difficult when documenting Bout's work, but many reports said he even sold arms to both sides in the same conflict.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bout always denied he was selling weapons, claiming he was flying flowers and frozen chickens to some of the world's most violent places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was always hard to pin down, but he lived openly in Moscow, traveled widely, occasionally spoke to reporters and seemed to welcome at least some of the attention. He became so notorious that Hollywood made a 2005 movie loosely based on his life, called the \u003cem>Lord of War\u003c/em>, starring Nicolas Cage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bout was nicknamed \"The Merchant of Death,\" which was also the title of a \u003ca href=\"https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/10/16/the-merchant-of-death/\">biography.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite facing international sanctions and threats of arrest, Bout managed to stay a step ahead of law enforcement until 2008, when he was captured in a sting operation in Thailand, organized by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Thais extradited Bout to the U.S. two years later, where he was charged with conspiring to kill Americans. He was convicted in a Manhattan court in 2011, and received a 25-year sentence that he was serving in Marion, Ill.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Kremlin's angle\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>So why did Russian leader Vladimir Putin want to bring Bout back?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After all, he made his money selling weapons that had been intended for use by the Soviet Union's military and successor countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When CIA director William Burns was asked this question in July at the Aspen Security Forum, he said succinctly: \"That's a good question, because Viktor Bout's a creep.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dan Hoffman, a former CIA officer who served in Russia, said Putin's motives should be viewed through the lens of his ongoing battle with the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Every opportunity he gets, Vladimir Putin wants to show that he can go toe-to-toe with Russia's main enemy,\" Hoffman said. \"It's a real good public relations move for him to show that he's taking care of his own.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. and Russia have a history of working out deals to gain the return of their own citizens. In April, the U.S. released a Russian pilot convicted of conspiring to bring drugs into the U.S., and Russia freed \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/04/27/1094988296/trevor-reed-russia-prisoner-exchange\">Trevor Reed\u003c/a>, a former Marine who'd been convicted of assaulting a Moscow police officer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More commonly, the countries kicked out suspected spies in tit-for-tat deals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the current negotiations appear uneven in some respects. The U.S. would be freeing a convicted arms smuggler who operated on an international scale for close to two decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Secretary of State Antony Blinken said earlier this year that the two Americans, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/07/27/1113970880/brittney-griner-testifies-drug-trial\">Brittney Griner\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/06/15/876966569/american-paul-whelan-held-in-russia-on-spy-charges-is-sentenced-to-16-years\">Paul Whelan\u003c/a> had been \"wrongfully detained and must be allowed to come home.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Griner, 32, is the pro basketball star who has pleaded guilty to having hashish oil in her suitcase at a Moscow airport in February. Whelan, 52, a former Marine who traveled openly to Russia for years, was arrested in 2018 and convicted on espionage charges in a secret trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Limited options\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Dan Hoffman said this summer that he supported the efforts to win the release of the Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These are dirty deals, but there's two bad options,\" he said. \"One is letting American citizens get sick, and potentially even worse, in jail. And the other one is make essentially a dirty deal. If it's me, I'll get my U.S. citizens out.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in July, Blinken said he had presented a plan to Russia for the return of two Americans, though he did not mention Bout by name. The Russians were initially cool to the offer in their public statements, but showed signs of interest in the deal more recently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A U.S.-Russian prisoner swap signals the two countries can still do business on some level despite the terrible state of relations and the backdrop of the war in Ukraine, where the Americans are the leading arms supplier to the Ukrainians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But analysts say there's no real prospect that the overall atmosphere — which has been going from bad to worse — is likely to improve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Greg Myre is an NPR national security correspondent. Follow him \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/gregmyre1\">\u003cem>@gregmyre1\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. 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"title": "Bill Protecting Same-Sex and Interracial Marriage Clears Congress With Bipartisan Support",
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"content": "\u003cp>Both the House and the Senate have passed the Respect for Marriage Act, which codifies same-sex and interracial marriages. The bill will head\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>to President Joe Biden’s desk to be signed into law, which is expected to happen soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legislation passed 258-169\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>in the House Thursday with bipartisan support, after passing through the Senate last week with \u003ca href=\"https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_votes/vote1172/vote_117_2_00362.htm\">a 61-36 vote\u003c/a>. Twelve Republican senators voted in favor of the bill.[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Rep. Mark Takano (D-CA)\"]‘This bill will pass today but it is a reminder of the necessity of our vigilance in the fight for the human rights and need to hold the judicial branch accountable. We must rise to the challenge and we will prevail.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several LGBTQ members of Congress spoke on the House floor ahead of the vote, including Rep. Mark Takano, D-Calif., \u003ca href=\"https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CDOC-108hdoc226/pdf/GPO-CDOC-108hdoc226-3-14.pdf\">the first (PDF)\u003c/a> openly gay person of color in Congress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This bill will pass today but it is a reminder of the necessity of our vigilance in the fight for the human rights and need to hold the judicial branch accountable,” Takano said. “We must rise to the challenge and we will prevail.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill would require that all states recognize same-sex and interracial marriages performed in any other state. It would not require that states individually allow these marriages to be performed. The measure also would recognize these marriages for consideration of federal benefits such as Medicare and Social Security.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amendments to the original House-passed bill, led by GOP negotiators Sens. Susan Collins, Thom Tillis and Rob Portman, make sure that nonprofit religious organizations are not required to help perform a same-sex marriage.[aside label=\"Related Stories\" postID=\"news_11919970,news_11933522,news_11922040\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The measure was first born out of the House this summer following the Supreme Court’s decision in \u003cem>Dobbs v. Jackson\u003c/em>, which held that access to abortion was not a constitutional right. Marriage rights advocates and Democrats expressed concern that the reversal could call other decisions regarding civil liberties into question, including marriage equality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his concurring opinion of the \u003cem>Dobbs \u003c/em>case,\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/16/1137250797/same-sex-marriage-bill-advances-in-the-senate-with-bipartisan-support\"> Justice Clarence Thomas made a point to say \u003c/a>that the landmark 2015 case that legalized same-sex marriage, \u003cem>Obergefell v. Hodges\u003c/em>, rests on the same legal principles that underscored \u003cem>Roe\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While no case challenging the right to marry has yet made it to the Supreme Court, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/06/27/1107961494/lgbtq-advocate-jim-obergefell-fears-other-rights-are-at-risk-with-roe-overturned\">advocates feared \u003c/a>Thomas was setting the stage for \u003cem>Obergefell\u003c/em>‘s reversal.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The legislative victory comes as somewhat of a surprise\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>House Democrats brought up the legislation months before the midterm election with little to no expectation that it would become law so quickly, but rather to put Republicans on record on a social issue that has the vast support of American society. But when a notable number of House Republicans joined with Democrats to pass the bill, it ultimately forced the Senate to act on legislation that Democratic leaders did not initially have on their Fall agenda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In November, after the dozen Republican senators voiced support for the legislation in a vote that ended debate on the measure, it permitted the legislation to advance toward a final vote in the upper chamber, which was held last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As vice president, Biden publicly broke with then-President Barack Obama to voice support for same-sex marriage rights in 2012. Obama \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2012/05/10/152396814/obama-endorses-same-sex-marriage\">ultimately\u003c/a> joined him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Both the House and the Senate have passed the Respect for Marriage Act, which codifies same-sex and interracial marriages. The bill will head\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>to President Joe Biden’s desk to be signed into law, which is expected to happen soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legislation passed 258-169\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>in the House Thursday with bipartisan support, after passing through the Senate last week with \u003ca href=\"https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_votes/vote1172/vote_117_2_00362.htm\">a 61-36 vote\u003c/a>. Twelve Republican senators voted in favor of the bill.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘This bill will pass today but it is a reminder of the necessity of our vigilance in the fight for the human rights and need to hold the judicial branch accountable. We must rise to the challenge and we will prevail.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several LGBTQ members of Congress spoke on the House floor ahead of the vote, including Rep. Mark Takano, D-Calif., \u003ca href=\"https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CDOC-108hdoc226/pdf/GPO-CDOC-108hdoc226-3-14.pdf\">the first (PDF)\u003c/a> openly gay person of color in Congress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This bill will pass today but it is a reminder of the necessity of our vigilance in the fight for the human rights and need to hold the judicial branch accountable,” Takano said. “We must rise to the challenge and we will prevail.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill would require that all states recognize same-sex and interracial marriages performed in any other state. It would not require that states individually allow these marriages to be performed. The measure also would recognize these marriages for consideration of federal benefits such as Medicare and Social Security.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amendments to the original House-passed bill, led by GOP negotiators Sens. Susan Collins, Thom Tillis and Rob Portman, make sure that nonprofit religious organizations are not required to help perform a same-sex marriage.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The measure was first born out of the House this summer following the Supreme Court’s decision in \u003cem>Dobbs v. Jackson\u003c/em>, which held that access to abortion was not a constitutional right. Marriage rights advocates and Democrats expressed concern that the reversal could call other decisions regarding civil liberties into question, including marriage equality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his concurring opinion of the \u003cem>Dobbs \u003c/em>case,\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/16/1137250797/same-sex-marriage-bill-advances-in-the-senate-with-bipartisan-support\"> Justice Clarence Thomas made a point to say \u003c/a>that the landmark 2015 case that legalized same-sex marriage, \u003cem>Obergefell v. Hodges\u003c/em>, rests on the same legal principles that underscored \u003cem>Roe\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While no case challenging the right to marry has yet made it to the Supreme Court, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/06/27/1107961494/lgbtq-advocate-jim-obergefell-fears-other-rights-are-at-risk-with-roe-overturned\">advocates feared \u003c/a>Thomas was setting the stage for \u003cem>Obergefell\u003c/em>‘s reversal.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The legislative victory comes as somewhat of a surprise\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>House Democrats brought up the legislation months before the midterm election with little to no expectation that it would become law so quickly, but rather to put Republicans on record on a social issue that has the vast support of American society. But when a notable number of House Republicans joined with Democrats to pass the bill, it ultimately forced the Senate to act on legislation that Democratic leaders did not initially have on their Fall agenda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In November, after the dozen Republican senators voiced support for the legislation in a vote that ended debate on the measure, it permitted the legislation to advance toward a final vote in the upper chamber, which was held last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As vice president, Biden publicly broke with then-President Barack Obama to voice support for same-sex marriage rights in 2012. Obama \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2012/05/10/152396814/obama-endorses-same-sex-marriage\">ultimately\u003c/a> joined him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "WNBA Star Brittney Griner Has Been Freed From a Russian Prison",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"storyMajorUpdateDate\">\u003cem>Updated Dec. 8, 2022, at 11:37 a.m. ET\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>President Biden says WNBA star Brittney Griner has been freed from a Russian prison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Standing alongside Griner's wife, Cherelle Griner, at the White House, Biden said it was a day that \"we worked toward for a long time.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"She's safe. She's on a plane. She's on her way home after months of being unjustly detained in Russia, held under intolerable conditions,\" Biden said from the Roosevelt Room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden spoke with Griner from the Oval Office just before making the announcement. He said she was in good spirits, but was experiencing \"trauma\" and would need time to heal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Brittney will soon be back in the arms of her loved ones and she should have been there all along,\" Biden said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Russia's Foreign Ministry confirmed Thursday in a press release that Griner was swapped at the Abu Dhabi airport for convicted Russian arms trader Viktor Bout.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As a result of intense efforts, we managed to agree with the American side on organization of an exchange of Bout for Griner,\" the foreign ministry said in a statement. \"The Russian citizen has been returned to his homeland.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. government has long resisted prisoner swaps out of concern that it could encourage the imprisonment of more Americans abroad. The exchange for Bout should not be interpreted as a new normal practice, but that there are times where there are no alternatives, a Biden official said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The official said the administration felt a \"moral obligation,\" as well as a policy obligation, to bring people who are being held hostage or detained home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We start by asking ourselves this question: How is it acceptable for someone like Brittney Griner to be put through sham proceedings and forced to spend [time] ... in a Russian penal colony, in horrific circumstances that she did not deserve? And we regard that as unacceptable,\" the official said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"related coverage\" tag=\"brittney-griner\"]The exchange did not include former U.S. Marine Paul Whelan, who remains imprisoned in Russia on espionage charges that the U.S. says are false.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"While we have not yet succeeded in securing Paul's release, we are not giving up,\" Biden said Thursday. \"We will never give up.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Senior administration officials told reporters on a conference call later that the agreement to secure Griner's release was made in recent days after months of talks and a variety of proposals — proposals that were aimed at also trying to secure Whelan's release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Russians refused to consider Whelan's release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This was not a situation where we had a choice of which American to bring home,\" an official told reporters on a conference call. \"It was a choice between bringing home one particular American — Brittney Griner — or bringing home none.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cherelle Griner said she was overwhelmed by emotions, expressing gratitude to Biden, Vice President Harris and other members of the administration involved in securing her wife's release. She thanked the WNBA, Griner's agent and others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"BG and I will remain committed to the work of getting every American home, including Paul,\" she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Griner's detention had been a top priority for Biden and his administration — and he was under increasing pressure to secure her release. In July, she sent him a handwritten letter, saying \"I'm terrified I might be here forever.\" Biden said last month that he hoped Russian President Vladimir Putin would be more willing to discuss a prisoner exchange after the U.S. midterm elections were over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Griner, who plays for the Phoenix Mercury, is a seven-time WNBA All-Star, a two-time Olympic gold medalist and the first openly gay athlete signed to an endorsement contract by Nike. She also \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/03/07/1084945010/brittney-griner-russia-wnba\">played for Russia's UMMC Ekaterinburg \u003c/a>basketball team during the WNBA's offseason.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She was sentenced last August by a Russian court to nine years in prison for carrying less than a gram of hash oil into Russia when she arrived in February of this year for play in the Russian women's professional basketball league. Last month, she was transferred to a prison colony in Mordovia — 300 miles southeast of Moscow — to begin serving out her sentence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In court, Griner admitted to mistakenly packing two vape cartridges in her rush to pack her luggage — but provided documents that showed the hash oil was legally prescribed by her U.S. doctor for pain management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her arrest in February was just days before Russia invaded Ukraine as tensions between the United States and Moscow were rising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. government had labeled Griner \"wrongfully detained\" and sought a prisoner swap with Russia involving Griner and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/09/16/1123397409/joe-biden-brittney-griner-paul-whelan\">Whelan\u003c/a>. The White House said it made a \"substantial offer\" over the summer in exchange for Griner and Whelan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A U.S. official visited Whelan's sister on Wednesday to share the news about Griner, and a U.S. official also spoke to Whelan himself in prison to share the news. Biden intends to speak with Whelan's family as well, the official told reporters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden said his team continues to work for his release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Sadly for totally illegitimate reasons Russia is treating Paul's case different than Brittney's,\" Biden said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=WNBA+star+Brittney+Griner+has+been+freed+from+a+Russian+prison&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"storyMajorUpdateDate\">\u003cem>Updated Dec. 8, 2022, at 11:37 a.m. ET\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>President Biden says WNBA star Brittney Griner has been freed from a Russian prison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Standing alongside Griner's wife, Cherelle Griner, at the White House, Biden said it was a day that \"we worked toward for a long time.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"She's safe. She's on a plane. She's on her way home after months of being unjustly detained in Russia, held under intolerable conditions,\" Biden said from the Roosevelt Room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden spoke with Griner from the Oval Office just before making the announcement. He said she was in good spirits, but was experiencing \"trauma\" and would need time to heal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Brittney will soon be back in the arms of her loved ones and she should have been there all along,\" Biden said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Russia's Foreign Ministry confirmed Thursday in a press release that Griner was swapped at the Abu Dhabi airport for convicted Russian arms trader Viktor Bout.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As a result of intense efforts, we managed to agree with the American side on organization of an exchange of Bout for Griner,\" the foreign ministry said in a statement. \"The Russian citizen has been returned to his homeland.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. government has long resisted prisoner swaps out of concern that it could encourage the imprisonment of more Americans abroad. The exchange for Bout should not be interpreted as a new normal practice, but that there are times where there are no alternatives, a Biden official said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The official said the administration felt a \"moral obligation,\" as well as a policy obligation, to bring people who are being held hostage or detained home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We start by asking ourselves this question: How is it acceptable for someone like Brittney Griner to be put through sham proceedings and forced to spend [time] ... in a Russian penal colony, in horrific circumstances that she did not deserve? And we regard that as unacceptable,\" the official said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The exchange did not include former U.S. Marine Paul Whelan, who remains imprisoned in Russia on espionage charges that the U.S. says are false.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"While we have not yet succeeded in securing Paul's release, we are not giving up,\" Biden said Thursday. \"We will never give up.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Senior administration officials told reporters on a conference call later that the agreement to secure Griner's release was made in recent days after months of talks and a variety of proposals — proposals that were aimed at also trying to secure Whelan's release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Russians refused to consider Whelan's release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This was not a situation where we had a choice of which American to bring home,\" an official told reporters on a conference call. \"It was a choice between bringing home one particular American — Brittney Griner — or bringing home none.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cherelle Griner said she was overwhelmed by emotions, expressing gratitude to Biden, Vice President Harris and other members of the administration involved in securing her wife's release. She thanked the WNBA, Griner's agent and others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"BG and I will remain committed to the work of getting every American home, including Paul,\" she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Griner's detention had been a top priority for Biden and his administration — and he was under increasing pressure to secure her release. In July, she sent him a handwritten letter, saying \"I'm terrified I might be here forever.\" Biden said last month that he hoped Russian President Vladimir Putin would be more willing to discuss a prisoner exchange after the U.S. midterm elections were over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Griner, who plays for the Phoenix Mercury, is a seven-time WNBA All-Star, a two-time Olympic gold medalist and the first openly gay athlete signed to an endorsement contract by Nike. She also \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/03/07/1084945010/brittney-griner-russia-wnba\">played for Russia's UMMC Ekaterinburg \u003c/a>basketball team during the WNBA's offseason.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She was sentenced last August by a Russian court to nine years in prison for carrying less than a gram of hash oil into Russia when she arrived in February of this year for play in the Russian women's professional basketball league. Last month, she was transferred to a prison colony in Mordovia — 300 miles southeast of Moscow — to begin serving out her sentence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In court, Griner admitted to mistakenly packing two vape cartridges in her rush to pack her luggage — but provided documents that showed the hash oil was legally prescribed by her U.S. doctor for pain management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her arrest in February was just days before Russia invaded Ukraine as tensions between the United States and Moscow were rising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. government had labeled Griner \"wrongfully detained\" and sought a prisoner swap with Russia involving Griner and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/09/16/1123397409/joe-biden-brittney-griner-paul-whelan\">Whelan\u003c/a>. The White House said it made a \"substantial offer\" over the summer in exchange for Griner and Whelan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A U.S. official visited Whelan's sister on Wednesday to share the news about Griner, and a U.S. official also spoke to Whelan himself in prison to share the news. Biden intends to speak with Whelan's family as well, the official told reporters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden said his team continues to work for his release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Sadly for totally illegitimate reasons Russia is treating Paul's case different than Brittney's,\" Biden said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=WNBA+star+Brittney+Griner+has+been+freed+from+a+Russian+prison&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "'It's a World of Difference': Why Warnock’s Senate Win Matters for Democrats",
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"content": "\u003cp>Incumbent Sen. Raphael Warnock’s win in the Georgia Senate runoff could have far-reaching consequences legislatively and politically for Democrats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The truth is it’s not a 1% difference,” Senate Democratic leader Chuck Schumer of New York said earlier this week. “It’s a world of difference.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warnock’s victory over former NFL and University of Georgia star Herschel Walker came after a shortened four-week runoff following a hotly contested election. Neither candidate got more than 50%, which pushed the race to a runoff.[aside postID=news_11934416 hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/12/ap22339677222875_wide-0af19219ab41258231acabc15a5d4f6e572b6b96-1020x574.jpg']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between the general election and the runoff, this race was the most expensive of the 2022 election cycle with some $425 million spent between the campaigns and outside groups supporting them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though the result only expands the Democratic majority by one, from 50-50 to 51-49, party leadership and interest groups spent the kind of money they did because they clearly saw it as critically important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warnock’s win now gives Democrats firm control of the Senate and makes life easier for them in a number of ways. It gives them a cushion in trying to pass bills, assured committee control and eliminates procedural hurdles to carry on the business of the Senate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s how else that two-seat majority could make a big difference for Democrats in the Senate:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Avoiding power-sharing negotiations\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>For Schumer, Warnock’s triumph means he does not have to again negotiate a power-sharing arrangement with Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2020, Schumer and McConnell settled on an agreement to share power in the evenly split chamber after an early stalemate that stalled the confirmation of President Biden’s cabinet nominees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, McConnell insisted that Democrats maintain the Senate filibuster requiring 60 members — instead of a simple majority — to end debate on the floor before moving to vote.[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"President Joe Biden\"]‘It’s always better with 51 … It’s just simply better. The bigger the numbers, the better.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McConnell only dropped his demand after moderate Democrats Kyrsten Sinema of Arizona and Joe Manchin of West Virginia said they wouldn’t vote to undercut the filibuster, leaving Schumer short of 51 votes needed to kill the minority party protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without McConnell’s capitulation, the chamber would have been paralyzed, with Senate Democrats unable to take full control despite being in the majority.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>No one-senator ‘veto’ power\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Democrats now have enough wiggle room to lose one vote in their caucus and still move bills through the chamber without issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only will Vice President Harris not likely have to be called in for as many tie-breaking votes, the extra seat has also changed how they factor Manchin into their political calculus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The West Virginia moderate often held his party hostage in the early years of Biden’s term, leveraging Democrats’ narrow majority to trim some of the president’s legislative priorities on votes that needed complete Democratic unity to pass. Manchin often cites not being comfortable voting against the will of his constituents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have always said, ‘If I can’t go back home and explain it, I can’t vote for it,'” Manchin wrote in a 2021 statement explaining his opposition to Biden’s Build Back Better Act as it was initially pitched.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the bill eventually passed that November, Manchin forced negotiations that reduced its size, scope and cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Decisive committee makeup\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Because the current power-sharing agreement equally splits the Senate committees, tied votes must undergo an additional vote on the Senate floor to move ahead with bills or nominees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Warnock’s win means Democrats will likely have an extra seat on every committee, clearing an open path to passage when senators ubiquitously break on party lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With 51, we can go bolder and quicker — to show Americans what Democrats stand for,” said Schumer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the next two years in Congress will likely look different than the last two. Republicans have captured the House majority and with it, waned Democrats’ potential to pass major legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As such, the party will likely seek to confirm as many judges as it can before 2024, and a 51st seat makes that easier too. A rules change introduced in 2013 by the former Democratic Majority Leader Harry Reid allows just a simple majority for these confirmations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking ahead of Warnock’s election, Biden plainly forecasted what a 51st seat would mean for his party. “It’s always better with 51,” he said, mostly weighing the potential for committee compositions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the committees aside, Warnock’s win offers Democrats a clear path for action for the final years of Biden’s term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And every one of those seats is going to matter if Democrats have any hope of holding onto the Senate beyond 2024. The party faces a difficult landscape to hold onto control of the chamber in two years with incumbent Senate Democrats up for reelection in places like West Virginia, Montana and Ohio, all Republican-leaning states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>NPR senior political editor/correspondent Domenico Montanaro contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Sen. Warnock's win in the Georgia Senate, which gives the Democrats a 51–49 majority in the Senate, will have far-reaching consequences legislatively and politically for the Democratic Party.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Incumbent Sen. Raphael Warnock’s win in the Georgia Senate runoff could have far-reaching consequences legislatively and politically for Democrats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The truth is it’s not a 1% difference,” Senate Democratic leader Chuck Schumer of New York said earlier this week. “It’s a world of difference.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warnock’s victory over former NFL and University of Georgia star Herschel Walker came after a shortened four-week runoff following a hotly contested election. Neither candidate got more than 50%, which pushed the race to a runoff.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between the general election and the runoff, this race was the most expensive of the 2022 election cycle with some $425 million spent between the campaigns and outside groups supporting them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though the result only expands the Democratic majority by one, from 50-50 to 51-49, party leadership and interest groups spent the kind of money they did because they clearly saw it as critically important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warnock’s win now gives Democrats firm control of the Senate and makes life easier for them in a number of ways. It gives them a cushion in trying to pass bills, assured committee control and eliminates procedural hurdles to carry on the business of the Senate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s how else that two-seat majority could make a big difference for Democrats in the Senate:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Avoiding power-sharing negotiations\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>For Schumer, Warnock’s triumph means he does not have to again negotiate a power-sharing arrangement with Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2020, Schumer and McConnell settled on an agreement to share power in the evenly split chamber after an early stalemate that stalled the confirmation of President Biden’s cabinet nominees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, McConnell insisted that Democrats maintain the Senate filibuster requiring 60 members — instead of a simple majority — to end debate on the floor before moving to vote.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McConnell only dropped his demand after moderate Democrats Kyrsten Sinema of Arizona and Joe Manchin of West Virginia said they wouldn’t vote to undercut the filibuster, leaving Schumer short of 51 votes needed to kill the minority party protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without McConnell’s capitulation, the chamber would have been paralyzed, with Senate Democrats unable to take full control despite being in the majority.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>No one-senator ‘veto’ power\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Democrats now have enough wiggle room to lose one vote in their caucus and still move bills through the chamber without issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only will Vice President Harris not likely have to be called in for as many tie-breaking votes, the extra seat has also changed how they factor Manchin into their political calculus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The West Virginia moderate often held his party hostage in the early years of Biden’s term, leveraging Democrats’ narrow majority to trim some of the president’s legislative priorities on votes that needed complete Democratic unity to pass. Manchin often cites not being comfortable voting against the will of his constituents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have always said, ‘If I can’t go back home and explain it, I can’t vote for it,'” Manchin wrote in a 2021 statement explaining his opposition to Biden’s Build Back Better Act as it was initially pitched.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the bill eventually passed that November, Manchin forced negotiations that reduced its size, scope and cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Decisive committee makeup\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Because the current power-sharing agreement equally splits the Senate committees, tied votes must undergo an additional vote on the Senate floor to move ahead with bills or nominees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Warnock’s win means Democrats will likely have an extra seat on every committee, clearing an open path to passage when senators ubiquitously break on party lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With 51, we can go bolder and quicker — to show Americans what Democrats stand for,” said Schumer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the next two years in Congress will likely look different than the last two. Republicans have captured the House majority and with it, waned Democrats’ potential to pass major legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As such, the party will likely seek to confirm as many judges as it can before 2024, and a 51st seat makes that easier too. A rules change introduced in 2013 by the former Democratic Majority Leader Harry Reid allows just a simple majority for these confirmations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking ahead of Warnock’s election, Biden plainly forecasted what a 51st seat would mean for his party. “It’s always better with 51,” he said, mostly weighing the potential for committee compositions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the committees aside, Warnock’s win offers Democrats a clear path for action for the final years of Biden’s term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And every one of those seats is going to matter if Democrats have any hope of holding onto the Senate beyond 2024. The party faces a difficult landscape to hold onto control of the chamber in two years with incumbent Senate Democrats up for reelection in places like West Virginia, Montana and Ohio, all Republican-leaning states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>NPR senior political editor/correspondent Domenico Montanaro contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"order": 9
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"order": 15
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"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 18
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"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
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"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
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"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
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"meta": {
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"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 11
},
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"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
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"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
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},
"perspectives": {
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"order": 14
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"planet-money": {
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
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},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
"subscribe": {
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
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