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"content": "\u003cp>Elon Musk's rapid changes at Twitter are risking the safety of its most vulnerable users around the world, including human rights activists, free speech advocates and marginalized people in autocratic countries, according to the social network's former head of trust and safety. [aside postID=news_11930570 hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/10/GettyImages-1244262469-1-1020x578.jpg']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People need to very thoughtfully and carefully weigh the costs and benefits of using Twitter, given their personal security situation,\" Yoel Roth, who resigned from his position as Twitter's Head of Trust & Safety, told \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> host Ari Shapiro. \"And that's a terrifying prospect to have to come to terms with, especially for many people who have spent the better part of a decade building a platform and an audience and a community on Twitter.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Musk completed his $44 billion purchase of Twitter in late October, the billionaire has upended the company and the platform, sowing chaos and confusion for employees, users and the advertisers it depends on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk has rapidly transformed Twitter's previous approach to what is and isn't allowed. He reinstated accounts that had been barred for violating Twitter's rules, including that of former President Donald Trump, who was banned after the Jan. 6th, 2021, U.S. Capitol insurrection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, Musk announced a \"general amnesty\" for many suspended accounts (\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/12/01/1140166140/kanye-west-ye-parler\">although he also suspended Ye, the rapper formerly known as Kanye West, on Thursday after Ye posted an image of a swastika inside a Star of David\u003c/a>). This week, Twitter quietly updated its online rulebook to say \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/29/1139822833/twitter-covid-misinformation-policy-not-enforced\">it was no longer enforcing policies against misleading claims about COVID-19\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/17/1137413251/twitter-employees-quit-elon-musk\">Meanwhile Musk laid off half the company's staff and issued an ultimatum asking remaining employees to commit to a new \"hardcore\" Twitter or resign\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/30/1139924914/twitters-chaos-could-make-political-violence-worse-outside-of-the-u-s\">That's dramatically shrunk the number of people working to keep Twitter users safe\u003c/a>. The cuts include contract content moderators, the company's human rights team and investigators working to curb political manipulation and child sexual abuse material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's the real risk. You can't do this work with a skeleton crew,\" Roth said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twitter, which no longer has a communications staff, did not respond to a request for comment. \u003ca href=\"https://blog.twitter.com/en_us/topics/company/2022/twitter-2-0-our-continued-commitment-to-the-public-conversation\">In a blog post this week signed by \"The Twitter Team,\"\u003c/a> the company said its policies have not changed and that it \"continues its diligent work to keep the platform safe from hateful conduct, abusive behavior, and any violation of Twitter's rules.\" It said the trust and safety team \"remains strong and well-resourced.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roth said Twitter had been justifiably criticized for being too slow to change. But Musk's rapid transformation of the small, but highly influential, social network alarms him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In place of that perhaps overly slow culture, Mr. Musk is introducing a culture of moving quickly and, unfortunately, breaking things as a result,\" Roth said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the nearly eight years Roth spent at Twitter, he saw the company through a cascade of crises, from Russian interference in the 2016 election to the company's unprecedented decision to ban Trump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Musk took control, Roth was one of the few high-level executives remaining at the company as the new owner fired top management.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Musk on Twitter versus Musk in private\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Roth described a gap between Musk's public persona as a brash and capricious autocrat – Musk changed his bio to \"Chief Twit\" after closing the deal – and the seasoned executive whom Roth interacted with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Those caricatures weren't true to my experience with him,\" Roth said. \"A lot of the times in the weeks that we worked together, when a situation would come up and I would explain the rules, I would explain the factors influencing the situation, and I would suggest a course of action that was aligned with our policies, he would listen to and, oftentimes, accept that approach.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, one of Musk's first priorities was to bring back some controversial accounts, including the Babylon Bee, a conservative satirical site that was suspended for misgendering a Biden administration official.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roth and Musk discussed whether reinstating the account would entail a broader change to Twitter's rules against misgendering or be a singular exception.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"[Musk] was convinced ultimately that taking that kind of one-off action would undermine Twitter's rules and would create gaps in consistency of enforcement that would make Twitter a less trustworthy place,\" Roth said. (Musk would go on to reinstate the Babylon Bee's account along with others after Roth resigned).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as the days went on, Roth found that wasn't always the case. When Musk took over, Roth wrote down \"red lines\" he was unwilling to cross, including breaking the law and lying publicly. An important one: he would only stay as long as decisions were made based on Twitter's policies and principles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What matters to me, ultimately, is not the decision, but how the decision is made,\" he said. \"I wouldn't want to be a part of undermining [Twitter's approach to governing the platform] with capricious decision-making. And unfortunately, that's what happened.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roth resigned from Twitter on Nov. 10th, a day after Twitter's botched rollout of an $8 a month subscription plan giving users blue checkmarks. The checks previously indicated the company had verified the identity of high-profile users, but under the new program, Twitter wasn't making any effort to confirm subscribers were who they claimed to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That unleashed a flood of accounts impersonating politicians, celebrities and big brands, further inflaming relations with advertisers, who were already wary of the platform's direction under Musk. Roth's team had prepared a lengthy document warning how the feature could be abused in exactly this way, and proposing guardrails to mitigate those risks, but was largely ignored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just the day before he quit, Roth had appeared with Musk in a public Twitter audio chat where they attempted to reassure advertisers that the platform was still a safe place for their brands.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Advertisers flee, hate speech increases\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Less than a month after Musk took over, half of Twitter's top 100 advertisers appeared to have halted spending on the platform, according to data compiled by the liberal nonprofit \u003ca href=\"https://www.mediamatters.org/elon-musk/less-month-elon-musk-has-driven-away-half-twitters-top-100-advertisers\">Media Matters for America\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Civil rights groups have documented a rise in hate speech on Twitter since Musk took over. The company had said a trolling campaign originating on far-right message boards drove a surge in racist, homophobic and antisemitic slurs right after the deal closed, but that it had stepped up enforcement and banned many of the accounts responsible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday, Musk tweeted a graph showing \"impressions\" of hate speech – meaning how many times people saw such tweets – are lower than the level before he took control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a new report from the nonprofit Center for Countering Digital Hate found the daily number of tweets containing hateful terms was \"substantially higher\" in late November, compared to the baseline before he bought Twitter. The number of tweets with the n-word tripled in that time, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1598755659499044879\">Musk disputed CCDH's report as \"utterly false\"\u003c/a> and said \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1598758363650719756\">hate speech impressions are less than 0.1% of what's seen on Twitter\u003c/a>. He pledged to publish the rate of hate speech impressions weekly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roth said he and former colleagues are \"heartbroken\" to see what's happening to their efforts to keep Twitter users safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What happens on Twitter can move markets, can change elections, and it can impact the safety of millions of people around the world,\" he said. \"More than anything else, people [who have left the company] are worried about what will happen, given Twitter's importance in the world, if there isn't a team left to do that type of work.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org.\">npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Twitter%27s+former+safety+chief+warns+Musk+is+moving+fast+and+%22breaking+things%22&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People need to very thoughtfully and carefully weigh the costs and benefits of using Twitter, given their personal security situation,\" Yoel Roth, who resigned from his position as Twitter's Head of Trust & Safety, told \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> host Ari Shapiro. \"And that's a terrifying prospect to have to come to terms with, especially for many people who have spent the better part of a decade building a platform and an audience and a community on Twitter.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Musk completed his $44 billion purchase of Twitter in late October, the billionaire has upended the company and the platform, sowing chaos and confusion for employees, users and the advertisers it depends on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk has rapidly transformed Twitter's previous approach to what is and isn't allowed. He reinstated accounts that had been barred for violating Twitter's rules, including that of former President Donald Trump, who was banned after the Jan. 6th, 2021, U.S. Capitol insurrection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, Musk announced a \"general amnesty\" for many suspended accounts (\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/12/01/1140166140/kanye-west-ye-parler\">although he also suspended Ye, the rapper formerly known as Kanye West, on Thursday after Ye posted an image of a swastika inside a Star of David\u003c/a>). This week, Twitter quietly updated its online rulebook to say \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/29/1139822833/twitter-covid-misinformation-policy-not-enforced\">it was no longer enforcing policies against misleading claims about COVID-19\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/17/1137413251/twitter-employees-quit-elon-musk\">Meanwhile Musk laid off half the company's staff and issued an ultimatum asking remaining employees to commit to a new \"hardcore\" Twitter or resign\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/30/1139924914/twitters-chaos-could-make-political-violence-worse-outside-of-the-u-s\">That's dramatically shrunk the number of people working to keep Twitter users safe\u003c/a>. The cuts include contract content moderators, the company's human rights team and investigators working to curb political manipulation and child sexual abuse material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's the real risk. You can't do this work with a skeleton crew,\" Roth said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twitter, which no longer has a communications staff, did not respond to a request for comment. \u003ca href=\"https://blog.twitter.com/en_us/topics/company/2022/twitter-2-0-our-continued-commitment-to-the-public-conversation\">In a blog post this week signed by \"The Twitter Team,\"\u003c/a> the company said its policies have not changed and that it \"continues its diligent work to keep the platform safe from hateful conduct, abusive behavior, and any violation of Twitter's rules.\" It said the trust and safety team \"remains strong and well-resourced.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roth said Twitter had been justifiably criticized for being too slow to change. But Musk's rapid transformation of the small, but highly influential, social network alarms him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In place of that perhaps overly slow culture, Mr. Musk is introducing a culture of moving quickly and, unfortunately, breaking things as a result,\" Roth said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the nearly eight years Roth spent at Twitter, he saw the company through a cascade of crises, from Russian interference in the 2016 election to the company's unprecedented decision to ban Trump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Musk took control, Roth was one of the few high-level executives remaining at the company as the new owner fired top management.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Musk on Twitter versus Musk in private\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Roth described a gap between Musk's public persona as a brash and capricious autocrat – Musk changed his bio to \"Chief Twit\" after closing the deal – and the seasoned executive whom Roth interacted with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Those caricatures weren't true to my experience with him,\" Roth said. \"A lot of the times in the weeks that we worked together, when a situation would come up and I would explain the rules, I would explain the factors influencing the situation, and I would suggest a course of action that was aligned with our policies, he would listen to and, oftentimes, accept that approach.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, one of Musk's first priorities was to bring back some controversial accounts, including the Babylon Bee, a conservative satirical site that was suspended for misgendering a Biden administration official.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roth and Musk discussed whether reinstating the account would entail a broader change to Twitter's rules against misgendering or be a singular exception.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"[Musk] was convinced ultimately that taking that kind of one-off action would undermine Twitter's rules and would create gaps in consistency of enforcement that would make Twitter a less trustworthy place,\" Roth said. (Musk would go on to reinstate the Babylon Bee's account along with others after Roth resigned).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as the days went on, Roth found that wasn't always the case. When Musk took over, Roth wrote down \"red lines\" he was unwilling to cross, including breaking the law and lying publicly. An important one: he would only stay as long as decisions were made based on Twitter's policies and principles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What matters to me, ultimately, is not the decision, but how the decision is made,\" he said. \"I wouldn't want to be a part of undermining [Twitter's approach to governing the platform] with capricious decision-making. And unfortunately, that's what happened.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roth resigned from Twitter on Nov. 10th, a day after Twitter's botched rollout of an $8 a month subscription plan giving users blue checkmarks. The checks previously indicated the company had verified the identity of high-profile users, but under the new program, Twitter wasn't making any effort to confirm subscribers were who they claimed to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That unleashed a flood of accounts impersonating politicians, celebrities and big brands, further inflaming relations with advertisers, who were already wary of the platform's direction under Musk. Roth's team had prepared a lengthy document warning how the feature could be abused in exactly this way, and proposing guardrails to mitigate those risks, but was largely ignored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just the day before he quit, Roth had appeared with Musk in a public Twitter audio chat where they attempted to reassure advertisers that the platform was still a safe place for their brands.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Advertisers flee, hate speech increases\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Less than a month after Musk took over, half of Twitter's top 100 advertisers appeared to have halted spending on the platform, according to data compiled by the liberal nonprofit \u003ca href=\"https://www.mediamatters.org/elon-musk/less-month-elon-musk-has-driven-away-half-twitters-top-100-advertisers\">Media Matters for America\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Civil rights groups have documented a rise in hate speech on Twitter since Musk took over. The company had said a trolling campaign originating on far-right message boards drove a surge in racist, homophobic and antisemitic slurs right after the deal closed, but that it had stepped up enforcement and banned many of the accounts responsible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday, Musk tweeted a graph showing \"impressions\" of hate speech – meaning how many times people saw such tweets – are lower than the level before he took control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a new report from the nonprofit Center for Countering Digital Hate found the daily number of tweets containing hateful terms was \"substantially higher\" in late November, compared to the baseline before he bought Twitter. The number of tweets with the n-word tripled in that time, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1598755659499044879\">Musk disputed CCDH's report as \"utterly false\"\u003c/a> and said \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1598758363650719756\">hate speech impressions are less than 0.1% of what's seen on Twitter\u003c/a>. He pledged to publish the rate of hate speech impressions weekly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roth said he and former colleagues are \"heartbroken\" to see what's happening to their efforts to keep Twitter users safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What happens on Twitter can move markets, can change elections, and it can impact the safety of millions of people around the world,\" he said. \"More than anything else, people [who have left the company] are worried about what will happen, given Twitter's importance in the world, if there isn't a team left to do that type of work.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org.\">npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Twitter%27s+former+safety+chief+warns+Musk+is+moving+fast+and+%22breaking+things%22&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Impersonators paying for \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/25/1139218045/twitter-verification-subscription-relaunch-elon-musk\">blue “verified” checkmarks\u003c/a>. A \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/17/1137413251/twitter-employees-quit-elon-musk\">decimated team of workers\u003c/a> enforcing rules against hate speech and other violating posts. A \u003ca href=\"https://www.dailydot.com/debug/antifa-twitter-accounts-list-telegram/\">mass reporting campaign\u003c/a> by right-wing activists targeting political opponents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the chaotic changes unleashed by Elon Musk, Twitter users in the U.S. are confronting problems that have long plagued the social network in other parts of the world – and which are at risk of getting even worse under its new billionaire owner, according to human rights and freedom of expression advocates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is not clear to me at all that Musk knows the kinds of liability he’s creating with these sort of antics,” said Thenmozhi Soundararajan, executive director of Equality Labs, which advocates for the rights of Dalits, the community at the bottom of India’s caste hierarchy. “I think Musk lacks the cultural competency, he’s not getting proper legal advice around this issue, and so he’s endangering millions of people’s lives just for his whims,” she said.[aside label=\"related coverage\" tag=\"twitter\"]While Musk hasn’t publicly spoken about the implications of his vision for Twitter outside the U.S., activists and advocates point to a wealth of examples of how social media has enabled and exacerbated political, ethnic and religious conflicts, from \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/12/14/1064011279/facebook-is-being-sued-by-rohingya-refugees-over-myanmar-violence\">genocide in Myanmar\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/07/18/629731693/fake-news-turns-deadly-in-india\">mob killings in India\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/10/15/1046106922/social-media-misinformation-stokes-a-worsening-civil-war-in-ethiopia\">civil war in Ethiopia\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The majority world, the global south, is an expert in all of these issues,” said Mishi Choudhary, a lawyer and founder of the Software Freedom Law Center, an Indian digital rights organization. “I generally say that we have been watching the same reality TV show,” she added, and “India is two or three seasons ahead” of the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Layoffs decimate internationally-focused teams \u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Musk’s recent announcement that he will grant many suspended Twitter accounts \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/25/1139197362/elon-musk-says-he-will-grant-amnesty-to-suspended-twitter-accounts\">“amnesty,”\u003c/a> following an unscientific poll of Twitter users, is escalating alarm about how the platform could be abused. The company has already begun to reinstate some 62,000 accounts with more than 10,000 followers, according to the tech newsletter \u003ca href=\"https://www.platformer.news/p/why-some-tech-ceos-are-rooting-for\">Platformer\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Twitter and every other platform have always struggled to effectively enforce content moderation guidelines and other policies outside of the U.S. and especially in non-Western countries,” said Shannon McGregor, a communications professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. “They don’t have enough people who understand the language and the culture and the politics to be involved in these things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that was before Musk laid off more than half of Twitter’s staff, with \u003ca href=\"https://restofworld.org/2022/global-twitter-employees-layoffs/\">teams outside the U.S.\u003c/a> hit especially hard, and eliminated thousands of contractors, many of whom do the difficult daily work of monitoring millions of tweets. Hundreds more employees have resigned rather than commit to the CEO’s call for a new \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/16/1137105935/twitter-elon-musk-ultimatum\">“hardcore” Twitter\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twitter’s \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ShannonRSingh/status/1588591603622772736\">human rights team\u003c/a> is gone. So is a group of investigators tracking state-backed domestic manipulation efforts in high-risk countries including Honduras, Ethiopia and India, according to a former employee. Its team fighting propaganda has been “radically reduced,” the \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/11/27/twitter-china-spam-protests/\">\u003cem>Washington Post \u003c/em>reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twitter, which has laid off its communications staff, didn’t respond to NPR’s questions for this story. In a \u003ca href=\"https://blog.twitter.com/en_us/topics/company/2022/twitter-2-0-our-continued-commitment-to-the-public-conversation\">blog post\u003c/a> published Thursday, the company said its policies had not changed and it remained “committed to providing a safe, inclusive, entertaining, and informative experience for everyone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our Trust & Safety team continues its diligent work to keep the platform safe from hateful conduct, abusive behavior, and any violation of Twitter’s rules,” the post, signed by “The Twitter Team,” said. “The team remains strong and well-resourced, and automated detection plays an increasingly important role in eliminating abuse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But automation is not perfect: this week, Twitter’s software failed to detect newly posted videos of the 2019 attack on mosques in Christchurch, New Zealand. The company only removed the clips after it was alerted by the New Zealand government, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/nov/28/twitter-failed-to-detect-upload-of-christchurch-mosque-terror-attack-videos\">\u003cem>The Guardian\u003c/em>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Automated systems also require human input to reflect the cultural and linguistic challenges of a company that operates around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Before Musk acquired Twitter, it was understood within the company that markets in South Asia, including India, were countries in which mass atrocity was agreed to be occurring. … One tweet could set off a pogrom,” Soundararajan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of Twitter’s trust and safety council – an outside group of advisers – Soundararajan’s group worked with the company, giving feedback on potential risks of various features and developing lists of racist, casteist and sexist slurs used to help police the platform.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Musk took control, the trust and safety council group hasn’t met with or heard from the new owner – despite his claim he wanted to set up an outside \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/10/31/1132906782/elon-musk-twitter-pelosi-conspiracy\">“content moderation council.”\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve gotten an email early in November that basically acknowledged the staffing changes and let us know that they were going to reach back out in December,” Soundararajan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the Twitter staffers Soundararajan typically communicates with have disappeared. “Our emails bounce back,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Potential for blue checkmark abuse\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Against that backdrop, Musk’s plans to relaunch a subscription offering that would give accounts checkmark badges – previously used to indicate Twitter had verified the identity of high-profile accounts – are a source of additional concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The initial rollout of the feature allowed anyone to buy an $8 monthly subscription and receive a blue checkmark with no identity verification. Immediately, accounts popped up impersonating celebrities, companies and politicians, forcing Twitter to halt signups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk has said the feature will return, with different colored checkmarks for different kinds of accounts, and that going forward, all verified accounts will be “manually authenticated.” It’s not clear how Twitter will authenticate accounts or if it has sufficient staff to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Former employees and experts warn the risk of abuse is high, especially by those seeking to use the feature to influence public conversation, given that subscribers are being promised greater amplification on Twitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The possibility for different kinds of media manipulation and disinformation campaigns to proliferate is enormous,” said Joan Donovan, research director at Harvard’s Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Long before Musk actually put the checkmarks up for sale, Twitter has struggled with bad actors illicitly selling verified accounts in places like the Middle East, Turkey and Africa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Nigeria, for example, verified accounts have traded hands for at least $5,000 in the past, according to Rosemary Ajayi, lead researcher at the Digital Africa Research Lab. One account impersonating Nigeria’s ruling party managed to retain a verified check from 2015 to 2019, accumulating a million followers along the way, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s expensive, but people are doing it, in a country where there is a high level of poverty. So then how [many] more would buy it at the rate of $8 a month?” she asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The risk will only grow amid a slew of upcoming elections, from Nigeria, Turkey and Thailand in 2023, to India, Mexico, Taiwan, European Parliament and, of course, the U.S. presidential race in 2024.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Free speech outside of the U.S.\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Even as they worry about how Musk’s changes could make Twitter more dangerous, freedom of expression advocates are also left wondering what his avowed commitment to free speech will mean outside America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twitter is \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/05/business/twitter-india-lawsuit.html\">suing the Indian government\u003c/a> over orders to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/02/17/968641246/twitter-in-standoff-with-indias-government-over-free-speech-and-local-law\">censor critics\u003c/a> of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, and has resisted some of Modi’s efforts to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/06/10/1004387255/india-and-tech-companies-clash-over-censorship-privacy-and-digital-colonialism\">clamp down on social media\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“His free speech concerns seem to have only been about the people he thinks should be on this platform, who are U.S.-centric people with a certain kind of politics,” said Choudhary, the Indian digital-rights lawyer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though only a small proportion of India’s 1.4 billion people use Twitter, it’s influential among politicians, the media and activists. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said it’s unclear what Musk’s relationship with the Indian government will be like – especially considering he has other business interests in the country with his role as CEO of electric-car maker Tesla.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I rely on the fact that Twitter does not cave in to the pressure of my government and continues to allow me to speak, no matter what I’m speaking against them,” Choudhary said. “I don’t think that he has shown any indication that he’s going to be able to do that, or [that] he’s going to continue, whether it’s the lawsuit or any resistance against the government.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Twitter%27s+chaos+could+make+political+violence+worse+outside+of+the+U.S.&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Impersonators paying for \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/25/1139218045/twitter-verification-subscription-relaunch-elon-musk\">blue “verified” checkmarks\u003c/a>. A \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/17/1137413251/twitter-employees-quit-elon-musk\">decimated team of workers\u003c/a> enforcing rules against hate speech and other violating posts. A \u003ca href=\"https://www.dailydot.com/debug/antifa-twitter-accounts-list-telegram/\">mass reporting campaign\u003c/a> by right-wing activists targeting political opponents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the chaotic changes unleashed by Elon Musk, Twitter users in the U.S. are confronting problems that have long plagued the social network in other parts of the world – and which are at risk of getting even worse under its new billionaire owner, according to human rights and freedom of expression advocates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is not clear to me at all that Musk knows the kinds of liability he’s creating with these sort of antics,” said Thenmozhi Soundararajan, executive director of Equality Labs, which advocates for the rights of Dalits, the community at the bottom of India’s caste hierarchy. “I think Musk lacks the cultural competency, he’s not getting proper legal advice around this issue, and so he’s endangering millions of people’s lives just for his whims,” she said.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>While Musk hasn’t publicly spoken about the implications of his vision for Twitter outside the U.S., activists and advocates point to a wealth of examples of how social media has enabled and exacerbated political, ethnic and religious conflicts, from \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/12/14/1064011279/facebook-is-being-sued-by-rohingya-refugees-over-myanmar-violence\">genocide in Myanmar\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/07/18/629731693/fake-news-turns-deadly-in-india\">mob killings in India\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/10/15/1046106922/social-media-misinformation-stokes-a-worsening-civil-war-in-ethiopia\">civil war in Ethiopia\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The majority world, the global south, is an expert in all of these issues,” said Mishi Choudhary, a lawyer and founder of the Software Freedom Law Center, an Indian digital rights organization. “I generally say that we have been watching the same reality TV show,” she added, and “India is two or three seasons ahead” of the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Layoffs decimate internationally-focused teams \u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Musk’s recent announcement that he will grant many suspended Twitter accounts \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/25/1139197362/elon-musk-says-he-will-grant-amnesty-to-suspended-twitter-accounts\">“amnesty,”\u003c/a> following an unscientific poll of Twitter users, is escalating alarm about how the platform could be abused. The company has already begun to reinstate some 62,000 accounts with more than 10,000 followers, according to the tech newsletter \u003ca href=\"https://www.platformer.news/p/why-some-tech-ceos-are-rooting-for\">Platformer\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Twitter and every other platform have always struggled to effectively enforce content moderation guidelines and other policies outside of the U.S. and especially in non-Western countries,” said Shannon McGregor, a communications professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. “They don’t have enough people who understand the language and the culture and the politics to be involved in these things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that was before Musk laid off more than half of Twitter’s staff, with \u003ca href=\"https://restofworld.org/2022/global-twitter-employees-layoffs/\">teams outside the U.S.\u003c/a> hit especially hard, and eliminated thousands of contractors, many of whom do the difficult daily work of monitoring millions of tweets. Hundreds more employees have resigned rather than commit to the CEO’s call for a new \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/16/1137105935/twitter-elon-musk-ultimatum\">“hardcore” Twitter\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twitter’s \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ShannonRSingh/status/1588591603622772736\">human rights team\u003c/a> is gone. So is a group of investigators tracking state-backed domestic manipulation efforts in high-risk countries including Honduras, Ethiopia and India, according to a former employee. Its team fighting propaganda has been “radically reduced,” the \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/11/27/twitter-china-spam-protests/\">\u003cem>Washington Post \u003c/em>reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twitter, which has laid off its communications staff, didn’t respond to NPR’s questions for this story. In a \u003ca href=\"https://blog.twitter.com/en_us/topics/company/2022/twitter-2-0-our-continued-commitment-to-the-public-conversation\">blog post\u003c/a> published Thursday, the company said its policies had not changed and it remained “committed to providing a safe, inclusive, entertaining, and informative experience for everyone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our Trust & Safety team continues its diligent work to keep the platform safe from hateful conduct, abusive behavior, and any violation of Twitter’s rules,” the post, signed by “The Twitter Team,” said. “The team remains strong and well-resourced, and automated detection plays an increasingly important role in eliminating abuse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But automation is not perfect: this week, Twitter’s software failed to detect newly posted videos of the 2019 attack on mosques in Christchurch, New Zealand. The company only removed the clips after it was alerted by the New Zealand government, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/nov/28/twitter-failed-to-detect-upload-of-christchurch-mosque-terror-attack-videos\">\u003cem>The Guardian\u003c/em>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Automated systems also require human input to reflect the cultural and linguistic challenges of a company that operates around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Before Musk acquired Twitter, it was understood within the company that markets in South Asia, including India, were countries in which mass atrocity was agreed to be occurring. … One tweet could set off a pogrom,” Soundararajan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of Twitter’s trust and safety council – an outside group of advisers – Soundararajan’s group worked with the company, giving feedback on potential risks of various features and developing lists of racist, casteist and sexist slurs used to help police the platform.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Musk took control, the trust and safety council group hasn’t met with or heard from the new owner – despite his claim he wanted to set up an outside \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/10/31/1132906782/elon-musk-twitter-pelosi-conspiracy\">“content moderation council.”\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve gotten an email early in November that basically acknowledged the staffing changes and let us know that they were going to reach back out in December,” Soundararajan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the Twitter staffers Soundararajan typically communicates with have disappeared. “Our emails bounce back,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Potential for blue checkmark abuse\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Against that backdrop, Musk’s plans to relaunch a subscription offering that would give accounts checkmark badges – previously used to indicate Twitter had verified the identity of high-profile accounts – are a source of additional concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The initial rollout of the feature allowed anyone to buy an $8 monthly subscription and receive a blue checkmark with no identity verification. Immediately, accounts popped up impersonating celebrities, companies and politicians, forcing Twitter to halt signups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk has said the feature will return, with different colored checkmarks for different kinds of accounts, and that going forward, all verified accounts will be “manually authenticated.” It’s not clear how Twitter will authenticate accounts or if it has sufficient staff to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Former employees and experts warn the risk of abuse is high, especially by those seeking to use the feature to influence public conversation, given that subscribers are being promised greater amplification on Twitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The possibility for different kinds of media manipulation and disinformation campaigns to proliferate is enormous,” said Joan Donovan, research director at Harvard’s Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Long before Musk actually put the checkmarks up for sale, Twitter has struggled with bad actors illicitly selling verified accounts in places like the Middle East, Turkey and Africa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Nigeria, for example, verified accounts have traded hands for at least $5,000 in the past, according to Rosemary Ajayi, lead researcher at the Digital Africa Research Lab. One account impersonating Nigeria’s ruling party managed to retain a verified check from 2015 to 2019, accumulating a million followers along the way, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s expensive, but people are doing it, in a country where there is a high level of poverty. So then how [many] more would buy it at the rate of $8 a month?” she asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The risk will only grow amid a slew of upcoming elections, from Nigeria, Turkey and Thailand in 2023, to India, Mexico, Taiwan, European Parliament and, of course, the U.S. presidential race in 2024.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Free speech outside of the U.S.\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Even as they worry about how Musk’s changes could make Twitter more dangerous, freedom of expression advocates are also left wondering what his avowed commitment to free speech will mean outside America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twitter is \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/05/business/twitter-india-lawsuit.html\">suing the Indian government\u003c/a> over orders to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/02/17/968641246/twitter-in-standoff-with-indias-government-over-free-speech-and-local-law\">censor critics\u003c/a> of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, and has resisted some of Modi’s efforts to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/06/10/1004387255/india-and-tech-companies-clash-over-censorship-privacy-and-digital-colonialism\">clamp down on social media\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“His free speech concerns seem to have only been about the people he thinks should be on this platform, who are U.S.-centric people with a certain kind of politics,” said Choudhary, the Indian digital-rights lawyer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though only a small proportion of India’s 1.4 billion people use Twitter, it’s influential among politicians, the media and activists. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said it’s unclear what Musk’s relationship with the Indian government will be like – especially considering he has other business interests in the country with his role as CEO of electric-car maker Tesla.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I rely on the fact that Twitter does not cave in to the pressure of my government and continues to allow me to speak, no matter what I’m speaking against them,” Choudhary said. “I don’t think that he has shown any indication that he’s going to be able to do that, or [that] he’s going to continue, whether it’s the lawsuit or any resistance against the government.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Twitter%27s+chaos+could+make+political+violence+worse+outside+of+the+U.S.&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Rep. Hakeem Jeffries Elected First Black Democratic House Leader",
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"content": "\u003cp>The House Democratic Caucus has elected Rep. Hakeem Jeffries, D-N.Y., to lead their caucus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As House minority leader, Jeffries will become the first Black person to lead a major political party in Congress. He is among a new slate of leaders elected Wednesday to lead House Democrats in the next session of Congress, including Rep. Katherine Clark, D-Mass., as Jeffries' No. 2, and Rep. Pete Aguilar, D-Calif., as the third-ranking leader.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeffries, 52, who ran unopposed, is 30 years younger than House Speaker Nancy Pelosi. Pelosi announced earlier this month she would remain in Congress, but \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/17/1133397685/house-speaker-pelosi-step-down\">not run for the leadership post\u003c/a> she has held atop the Democratic caucus for nearly two decades after Republicans gained a razor-thin majority in the 2022 midterms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pelosi praised the leadership team following the caucus election Wednesday saying the new leaders will \"reinvigorate our Caucus with their new energy, ideas and perspective.\"[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Rep. Nanette Barragán\"]'He understands what it's like to be a person of color, the discrimination that we face — as he likes to say it's about standing up for the left behind and the folks who aren't really having that say at the table.'[/pullquote]Talking to reporters the night before the caucus vote, Jeffries said he hasn't had time to reflect on the historical marker. Focusing on \"the outside narratives or the magnitude of the moment\" would take away from his work planning how to shift the caucus from the majority to its new minority posture in January, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeffries added it's important for Congress to \"look like the American people.\" He added, \"when we get an opportunity as diverse leaders to serve in positions of consequence, the most meaningful thing we can do in the space is do an incredibly good job — that hopefully will encourage others to think about public service and alleviate concerns that folks who are skeptical may have about the ability of every type of American to operate successfully at the highest levels.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Clyburn calls the leadership change an 'evolution'\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Rep. Jim Clyburn, D-S.C., who is 82 and has served in party leadership, said Tuesday night the shift taking place with the current slate of leaders stepping aside to make way for a new generation has been in the works for several years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think that it was pretty clear to everybody that Pelosi, [Rep. Steny] Hoyer and myself would be making an exit from the leadership very soon, either under our own, or somebody carried us out,\" Clyburn said.[aside postID=news_11932554 hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/GettyImages-1442266796-1-1020x709.jpg']Clyburn called the low-drama leadership change that House Democrats executed relatively quickly after a team that held power for roughly 15 years an \"evolution.\" Typically, coveted leadership posts rarely open up and contested races can get personal with camps working furiously to secure votes in a race decided via a secret ballot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I have studied history long enough to know that evolutions are much better than revolutions,\" Clyburn said. \"And I think that anybody watching their caucus, our caucus over the years, could see the evolving leadership.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking the night before the leadership elections, Jeffries told reporters that after Democrats won back the majority in 2018 he, Clark, and Aguilar talked about joining the leadership table then and using the period to demonstrate they were up to the task to eventually move up the leadership ladder.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3 class=\"edTag\">A new generation vows 'bottom up' leadership style\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Rep. Jason Crow, D-Colo., told NPR \"one thing I've learned in leadership is that you don't get to choose your moment. The moment presents itself, and it's up to you to decide how and when you're going to lead.\" Crow said Jeffries has a \"bottom up style of leadership,\" adding, \"one of his greatest strengths is recognizing the tremendous talent around him.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pelosi held a very narrow majority during this session of Congress, and the divisions between progressives and centrists often spilled into the open and stalled action on top priorities. Those on the left often wanted bolder policy proposals and more generous federal spending, while centrists argued for positions they maintained were more in step with voters in purple districts they represented and helped the party regain the majority in 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeffries told reporters there's \"nothing more unifying then being in the majority\" and said he and his colleagues are squarely focused on taking back the gavel in 2024.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He acknowledged the caucus is \"a big family, and an enthusiastic family and sometimes a noisy family.\" In a veiled reference to the House GOP conference and its allegiance to former President Donald Trump, Jeffries added \"I'd much rather be a coalition than a cult.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One younger House Democrat, Rep. Nanette Barragán, D-Calif., who was elected in 2016, told NPR she was excited about the major shift in who will lead her party in the House. Barragán pointed out that she and Jeffries come from similar backgrounds, with working-class parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He understands what it's like to be a person of color, the discrimination that we face — as he likes to say it's about standing up for the left behind and the folks who aren't really having that say at the table.\" She said his style is to listen to the various factions inside the caucus and said he's traveled extensively around the country to visit with lawmakers in their districts.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Jeffries served as impeachment manager and legislator\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Pelosi tapped Jeffries to serve as an impeachment manager for the Senate trial in January of 2020 — a high profile position for those who would prosecute their case on national television. Crow was on the team and recounted a tense moment during the Senate trial when a protestor burst into the chamber during Jeffries' presentation and it was unclear if he had a weapon or would threaten the lawmakers inside. As the Capitol Police worked to remove the person Crow looked up at Jeffries, who \"stopped, he collected himself, he quoted a scripture verse about how the Lord will protect his flock and stand by you. And then he picked right up where he left off and finished presenting his case. It just is one illustration of how he handles things and stays calm under pressure.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeffries also showcased his Brooklyn roots during the trial when responding to Trump's lawyer who asked the House impeachment managers why they were even there pushing their case. He quoted Biggie Smalls, the rapper from his neighborhood known as \"the Notorious B.I.G.\" as he finished his closing statement about the president's abuse of power saying, \"and if you don't know, now you know.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crow said that episode shows that Jeffries \"knows where he's going, but he also knows where he's from. And I think that's important as a person and as important as a leader to never forget your background, never forget who you are.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>In working with House GOP leaders, Jeffries will keep an 'open mind'\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Jeffries said he has an \"open mind\" in terms of his relationship with the top House Republican, Rep. Kevin McCarthy, D-Calif., who was nominated to serve as the speaker. McCarthy is still working to secure the votes he needs to be elected by the full House. Jeffries said he has more experience with the incoming majority leader, Rep. Steve Scalise, R-La., and said he would look for areas of common ground. But he stressed that McCarthy has a lot of members Jeffries considers \"extreme\" and he is prepared to oppose GOP efforts to push far-right policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The House Democratic Caucus has elected Rep. Hakeem Jeffries, D-N.Y., to lead their caucus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As House minority leader, Jeffries will become the first Black person to lead a major political party in Congress. He is among a new slate of leaders elected Wednesday to lead House Democrats in the next session of Congress, including Rep. Katherine Clark, D-Mass., as Jeffries' No. 2, and Rep. Pete Aguilar, D-Calif., as the third-ranking leader.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeffries, 52, who ran unopposed, is 30 years younger than House Speaker Nancy Pelosi. Pelosi announced earlier this month she would remain in Congress, but \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/17/1133397685/house-speaker-pelosi-step-down\">not run for the leadership post\u003c/a> she has held atop the Democratic caucus for nearly two decades after Republicans gained a razor-thin majority in the 2022 midterms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pelosi praised the leadership team following the caucus election Wednesday saying the new leaders will \"reinvigorate our Caucus with their new energy, ideas and perspective.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Talking to reporters the night before the caucus vote, Jeffries said he hasn't had time to reflect on the historical marker. Focusing on \"the outside narratives or the magnitude of the moment\" would take away from his work planning how to shift the caucus from the majority to its new minority posture in January, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeffries added it's important for Congress to \"look like the American people.\" He added, \"when we get an opportunity as diverse leaders to serve in positions of consequence, the most meaningful thing we can do in the space is do an incredibly good job — that hopefully will encourage others to think about public service and alleviate concerns that folks who are skeptical may have about the ability of every type of American to operate successfully at the highest levels.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Clyburn calls the leadership change an 'evolution'\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Rep. Jim Clyburn, D-S.C., who is 82 and has served in party leadership, said Tuesday night the shift taking place with the current slate of leaders stepping aside to make way for a new generation has been in the works for several years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think that it was pretty clear to everybody that Pelosi, [Rep. Steny] Hoyer and myself would be making an exit from the leadership very soon, either under our own, or somebody carried us out,\" Clyburn said.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Clyburn called the low-drama leadership change that House Democrats executed relatively quickly after a team that held power for roughly 15 years an \"evolution.\" Typically, coveted leadership posts rarely open up and contested races can get personal with camps working furiously to secure votes in a race decided via a secret ballot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I have studied history long enough to know that evolutions are much better than revolutions,\" Clyburn said. \"And I think that anybody watching their caucus, our caucus over the years, could see the evolving leadership.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking the night before the leadership elections, Jeffries told reporters that after Democrats won back the majority in 2018 he, Clark, and Aguilar talked about joining the leadership table then and using the period to demonstrate they were up to the task to eventually move up the leadership ladder.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3 class=\"edTag\">A new generation vows 'bottom up' leadership style\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Rep. Jason Crow, D-Colo., told NPR \"one thing I've learned in leadership is that you don't get to choose your moment. The moment presents itself, and it's up to you to decide how and when you're going to lead.\" Crow said Jeffries has a \"bottom up style of leadership,\" adding, \"one of his greatest strengths is recognizing the tremendous talent around him.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pelosi held a very narrow majority during this session of Congress, and the divisions between progressives and centrists often spilled into the open and stalled action on top priorities. Those on the left often wanted bolder policy proposals and more generous federal spending, while centrists argued for positions they maintained were more in step with voters in purple districts they represented and helped the party regain the majority in 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeffries told reporters there's \"nothing more unifying then being in the majority\" and said he and his colleagues are squarely focused on taking back the gavel in 2024.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He acknowledged the caucus is \"a big family, and an enthusiastic family and sometimes a noisy family.\" In a veiled reference to the House GOP conference and its allegiance to former President Donald Trump, Jeffries added \"I'd much rather be a coalition than a cult.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One younger House Democrat, Rep. Nanette Barragán, D-Calif., who was elected in 2016, told NPR she was excited about the major shift in who will lead her party in the House. Barragán pointed out that she and Jeffries come from similar backgrounds, with working-class parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He understands what it's like to be a person of color, the discrimination that we face — as he likes to say it's about standing up for the left behind and the folks who aren't really having that say at the table.\" She said his style is to listen to the various factions inside the caucus and said he's traveled extensively around the country to visit with lawmakers in their districts.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Jeffries served as impeachment manager and legislator\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Pelosi tapped Jeffries to serve as an impeachment manager for the Senate trial in January of 2020 — a high profile position for those who would prosecute their case on national television. Crow was on the team and recounted a tense moment during the Senate trial when a protestor burst into the chamber during Jeffries' presentation and it was unclear if he had a weapon or would threaten the lawmakers inside. As the Capitol Police worked to remove the person Crow looked up at Jeffries, who \"stopped, he collected himself, he quoted a scripture verse about how the Lord will protect his flock and stand by you. And then he picked right up where he left off and finished presenting his case. It just is one illustration of how he handles things and stays calm under pressure.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeffries also showcased his Brooklyn roots during the trial when responding to Trump's lawyer who asked the House impeachment managers why they were even there pushing their case. He quoted Biggie Smalls, the rapper from his neighborhood known as \"the Notorious B.I.G.\" as he finished his closing statement about the president's abuse of power saying, \"and if you don't know, now you know.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crow said that episode shows that Jeffries \"knows where he's going, but he also knows where he's from. And I think that's important as a person and as important as a leader to never forget your background, never forget who you are.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>In working with House GOP leaders, Jeffries will keep an 'open mind'\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Jeffries said he has an \"open mind\" in terms of his relationship with the top House Republican, Rep. Kevin McCarthy, D-Calif., who was nominated to serve as the speaker. McCarthy is still working to secure the votes he needs to be elected by the full House. Jeffries said he has more experience with the incoming majority leader, Rep. Steve Scalise, R-La., and said he would look for areas of common ground. But he stressed that McCarthy has a lot of members Jeffries considers \"extreme\" and he is prepared to oppose GOP efforts to push far-right policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "The Mystery of Rising Prices: Are Greedy Corporations to Blame for Inflation?",
"title": "The Mystery of Rising Prices: Are Greedy Corporations to Blame for Inflation?",
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"content": "\u003cp>Everyone agrees inflation is happening. What they don't agree on is whodunit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most recent numbers show \u003ca href=\"https://www.bls.gov/news.release/ppi.htm\">prices up 7.7% over \u003c/a>2021. But for some items like eggs, health insurance and gasoline, prices have been rising much faster than that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inflation can be an elusive foe: quietly making off with our savings and chunks of our paychecks and stealing away everything from vacations to favorite foods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But who let this thief loose on the U.S. economy? What is the source of inflation? Let's examine the clues and the potential culprits.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The prime suspects\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The main suspects differ across party lines. Many economists and politicians on the right say inflation has been caused by government spending and various aid programs (stimulus checks, student debt forgiveness, Biden in the White House with the public purse).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many economists and politicians on the left point to the war in Ukraine (for pushing up oil prices, which bleeds into most everything else), \u003ca href=\"https://oversight.house.gov/sites/democrats.oversight.house.gov/files/2022.11.04%20ECP%20Staff%20Report%20re%20Excess%20Corporate%20Profits.pdf\">and also greedy companies\u003c/a>, many of which, despite tales of supply chain snarls and rising costs, have been bringing in record profits. (Corporations, in aisle 4, with the price gun.)\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The smoking price gun\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>As in any good mystery, we look to our clues. In the case of corporate greed, there are a couple of rather compelling ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, corporate profits: \u003ca href=\"https://tradingeconomics.com/united-states/corporate-profits#:~:text=Corporate%20Profits%20in%20the%20United%20States%20averaged%20567.25%20USD%20Billion,the%20first%20quarter%20of%201951.\">They reached an all time high this year.\u003c/a> Many companies saw profits hit record highs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This, naturally, raises some eyebrows. If companies are struggling with costs and supply chains so much, where are all of these billions in profits coming from?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It begins to seem like all of this corporate crying about rising costs might be a case of crocodile tears, as companies jack up prices for all of us.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Corporate confessions?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Rakeen Mabud is chief economist for the progressive think tank \u003ca href=\"https://groundworkcollaborative.org/\">Groundwork Collaborative\u003c/a>. \"Companies are taking a spoonful of sugar off the ... backs of families who are all really struggling to get by,\" she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mabud has sat in on dozens of corporate earnings calls and says she often hears CEOs bragging about how much they were able to raise prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grocery giant Kroger has \u003ca href=\"https://ir.kroger.com/CorporateProfile/press-releases/press-release/2022/Kroger-Reports-Second-Quarter-2022-Results-and-Raises-Full-Year-Guidance/default.aspx\">earned billions in profits over the last couple of years\u003c/a>. On a recent call with investors, Mabud heard CEO Rodney McMullen say, \"We view a little bit of inflation as always good in our business and we would expect to be able to pass that through.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AutoZone, which sells car parts and accessories, \u003ca href=\"https://www.investors.com/news/autozone-stock-rises-buy-zone-on-earnings-beat/#:~:text=Results%3A%20AutoZone%20earnings%20grew%2013,acceleration%20from%20the%20prior%20quarter.\">saw earnings jump 13%\u003c/a>. CFO Jamere Jackson called inflation \"a little bit of our friend in terms of what we see in terms of retail pricing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hostess has seen \u003ca href=\"https://www.hostessbrands.com/news/press-releases/detail/214/hostess-brands-reports-second-quarter-2022-results\">profits jump more than 15% this year\u003c/a>. CEO Andrew Callahan had this to say: \"We're also seeing the consumers experience a lot of disruption, and they haven't fully recognized or absorbed pricing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Et tu Twinkies?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Murder on the competition express\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Adding to the case against corporations is a lot of the consolidation we've seen in corporate America over the last 40 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Case in point: There are four companies in the U.S. that \u003ca href=\"https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2022/jun/30/abigail-spanberger/big-four-meat-packers-are-seeing-record-profits-sp/\">control about 80% \u003c/a>of the beef and poultry market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That kind of consolidation can mean companies don't have to compete as much for our business and there's less pressure to keep prices low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meat companies \u003ca href=\"https://fortune.com/2022/09/20/why-meat-prices-high-bacon-pork-jbs-price-fixing-settlement/\">have settled lawsuits over price-fixing just this year\u003c/a> and a proposed merger between grocery giants Kroger and Albertsons has raised concerns that \u003ca href=\"https://www.businessinsider.com/kroger-albertsons-merger-would-raise-grocery-prices-sanders-warren-say-2022-10\">it will mean higher prices for many consumers.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The alibi\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Of course, every suspect needs an alibi, and in the case of inflation, corporations have some pretty strong ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For one thing, companies really have seen their costs rising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prices of raw materials have been rising all year. They've been rising at about the same rate as the prices we've been paying in stores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Actually a bit more. Wholesale prices (the cost of the raw materials companies buy to make the stuff they sell to us) are up \u003ca href=\"https://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2022/producer-prices-up-8-0-percent-from-october-2021-to-october-2022.htm\">more than 8%\u003c/a> over last year, compared with consumer prices, which are up 7.7% over last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is powerful evidence that a lot of the higher prices we are paying in the store are just the higher cost of raw materials being passed along by manufacturers and retailers.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The twist\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>University of Michigan economist Justin Wolfers says corporate greed is a red herring and companies are not the source of inflation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My friend and economist Jason Furman says, 'Blaming inflation on greed is like blaming a plane crash on gravity,'\" says Wolfers. \"It is technically correct, but it entirely misses the point.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wolfers says companies are always trying to charge as much as they possibly can. In fact, the only reason we're not all paying $800 for a pair of socks or a cheeseburger is simply due to greed in another form: competition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That greed forces them to offer low prices because they're trying to muscle out their competitor,\" says Wolfers.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>So what's changed?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>So why are prices rising now? Clearly something has changed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wolfers says most companies have two main expenses: raw materials and workers' wages. Raw materials have gotten a lot more expensive, as we saw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wages, though, are another story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far this year, \u003ca href=\"https://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/eci.pdf\">wages have risen about 5%\u003c/a> compared to prices, which have risen 7.7%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Companies are not raising wages as fast as they're raising prices. Wolfers thinks that lag is where some of these corporate profits are coming from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Most economists are a little puzzled that wages haven't kept up a little more,\" says Wolfers. And it is puzzling. After all, workers have more power now than they have in decades. Why aren't they negotiating for more?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wolfers suspects they are, in fact, negotiating, just not always for more money. It could be for the ability to work remotely instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many workers, flexibility and other perks have been more valuable than money, so companies have been able to get away with offering lower wages, even at a moment when they are competing for workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>A crime of opportunity\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Still, Wolfers thinks wages lagging behind prices won't last for long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With prices rising at the same time unemployment is low and many companies competing to hire, workers are likely to push harder for higher pay. And companies will probably have to pay up to keep and attract talent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As soon as companies start paying out more in wages, those record profits CEOs are bragging about will likely go into workers' paychecks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What's happening in the interim is there's a bit of money that we might hope should go to workers,\" explains Wolfers. \"But it's staying in the boss's pocket instead.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wolfers predicts corporate profits will start coming back to normal levels as wages rise. But will prices?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>And the killer is ...\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>As it turns out, consumers might be the guilty party in the inflation mystery. We've at least been aiding and abetting. \"Inflation is coming from demand,\" says Wolfers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In spite of inflation, demand hasn't really blinked. Companies have been raising prices and we have been paying them. In fact, in many parts of the economy, spending has been rising right along with prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We're not necessarily buying more because we have more money, though. \u003ca href=\"https://www.marketwatch.com/story/americans-personal-savings-have-fallen-off-a-cliff-how-to-boost-your-savings-in-case-of-a-looming-recession-11666722275#:~:text=Adjusted%20for%20inflation%2C%20savings%20are,Federal%20Reserve%20Bank%20of%20St.\">Our collective savings has been shrinking\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.newyorkfed.org/microeconomics/hhdc.html\">household debt has been on the rise\u003c/a>. It's possible we're spending money we don't have to keep up with rising prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is likely not sustainable. And when our buying slows down, Wolfers says, companies will start lowering prices to entice us to buy: Prices will fall and inflation will ease. But, until demand drops, companies will push prices up as much as they can. It's elementary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=The+mystery+of+rising+prices.+Are+greedy+corporations+to+blame+for+inflation%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Everyone agrees inflation is happening. What they don't agree on is whodunit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most recent numbers show \u003ca href=\"https://www.bls.gov/news.release/ppi.htm\">prices up 7.7% over \u003c/a>2021. But for some items like eggs, health insurance and gasoline, prices have been rising much faster than that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inflation can be an elusive foe: quietly making off with our savings and chunks of our paychecks and stealing away everything from vacations to favorite foods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But who let this thief loose on the U.S. economy? What is the source of inflation? Let's examine the clues and the potential culprits.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The prime suspects\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The main suspects differ across party lines. Many economists and politicians on the right say inflation has been caused by government spending and various aid programs (stimulus checks, student debt forgiveness, Biden in the White House with the public purse).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many economists and politicians on the left point to the war in Ukraine (for pushing up oil prices, which bleeds into most everything else), \u003ca href=\"https://oversight.house.gov/sites/democrats.oversight.house.gov/files/2022.11.04%20ECP%20Staff%20Report%20re%20Excess%20Corporate%20Profits.pdf\">and also greedy companies\u003c/a>, many of which, despite tales of supply chain snarls and rising costs, have been bringing in record profits. (Corporations, in aisle 4, with the price gun.)\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The smoking price gun\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>As in any good mystery, we look to our clues. In the case of corporate greed, there are a couple of rather compelling ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, corporate profits: \u003ca href=\"https://tradingeconomics.com/united-states/corporate-profits#:~:text=Corporate%20Profits%20in%20the%20United%20States%20averaged%20567.25%20USD%20Billion,the%20first%20quarter%20of%201951.\">They reached an all time high this year.\u003c/a> Many companies saw profits hit record highs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This, naturally, raises some eyebrows. If companies are struggling with costs and supply chains so much, where are all of these billions in profits coming from?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It begins to seem like all of this corporate crying about rising costs might be a case of crocodile tears, as companies jack up prices for all of us.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Corporate confessions?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Rakeen Mabud is chief economist for the progressive think tank \u003ca href=\"https://groundworkcollaborative.org/\">Groundwork Collaborative\u003c/a>. \"Companies are taking a spoonful of sugar off the ... backs of families who are all really struggling to get by,\" she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mabud has sat in on dozens of corporate earnings calls and says she often hears CEOs bragging about how much they were able to raise prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grocery giant Kroger has \u003ca href=\"https://ir.kroger.com/CorporateProfile/press-releases/press-release/2022/Kroger-Reports-Second-Quarter-2022-Results-and-Raises-Full-Year-Guidance/default.aspx\">earned billions in profits over the last couple of years\u003c/a>. On a recent call with investors, Mabud heard CEO Rodney McMullen say, \"We view a little bit of inflation as always good in our business and we would expect to be able to pass that through.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AutoZone, which sells car parts and accessories, \u003ca href=\"https://www.investors.com/news/autozone-stock-rises-buy-zone-on-earnings-beat/#:~:text=Results%3A%20AutoZone%20earnings%20grew%2013,acceleration%20from%20the%20prior%20quarter.\">saw earnings jump 13%\u003c/a>. CFO Jamere Jackson called inflation \"a little bit of our friend in terms of what we see in terms of retail pricing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hostess has seen \u003ca href=\"https://www.hostessbrands.com/news/press-releases/detail/214/hostess-brands-reports-second-quarter-2022-results\">profits jump more than 15% this year\u003c/a>. CEO Andrew Callahan had this to say: \"We're also seeing the consumers experience a lot of disruption, and they haven't fully recognized or absorbed pricing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Et tu Twinkies?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Murder on the competition express\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Adding to the case against corporations is a lot of the consolidation we've seen in corporate America over the last 40 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Case in point: There are four companies in the U.S. that \u003ca href=\"https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2022/jun/30/abigail-spanberger/big-four-meat-packers-are-seeing-record-profits-sp/\">control about 80% \u003c/a>of the beef and poultry market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That kind of consolidation can mean companies don't have to compete as much for our business and there's less pressure to keep prices low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meat companies \u003ca href=\"https://fortune.com/2022/09/20/why-meat-prices-high-bacon-pork-jbs-price-fixing-settlement/\">have settled lawsuits over price-fixing just this year\u003c/a> and a proposed merger between grocery giants Kroger and Albertsons has raised concerns that \u003ca href=\"https://www.businessinsider.com/kroger-albertsons-merger-would-raise-grocery-prices-sanders-warren-say-2022-10\">it will mean higher prices for many consumers.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The alibi\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Of course, every suspect needs an alibi, and in the case of inflation, corporations have some pretty strong ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For one thing, companies really have seen their costs rising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prices of raw materials have been rising all year. They've been rising at about the same rate as the prices we've been paying in stores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Actually a bit more. Wholesale prices (the cost of the raw materials companies buy to make the stuff they sell to us) are up \u003ca href=\"https://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2022/producer-prices-up-8-0-percent-from-october-2021-to-october-2022.htm\">more than 8%\u003c/a> over last year, compared with consumer prices, which are up 7.7% over last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is powerful evidence that a lot of the higher prices we are paying in the store are just the higher cost of raw materials being passed along by manufacturers and retailers.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The twist\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>University of Michigan economist Justin Wolfers says corporate greed is a red herring and companies are not the source of inflation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My friend and economist Jason Furman says, 'Blaming inflation on greed is like blaming a plane crash on gravity,'\" says Wolfers. \"It is technically correct, but it entirely misses the point.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wolfers says companies are always trying to charge as much as they possibly can. In fact, the only reason we're not all paying $800 for a pair of socks or a cheeseburger is simply due to greed in another form: competition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That greed forces them to offer low prices because they're trying to muscle out their competitor,\" says Wolfers.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>So what's changed?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>So why are prices rising now? Clearly something has changed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wolfers says most companies have two main expenses: raw materials and workers' wages. Raw materials have gotten a lot more expensive, as we saw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wages, though, are another story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far this year, \u003ca href=\"https://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/eci.pdf\">wages have risen about 5%\u003c/a> compared to prices, which have risen 7.7%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Companies are not raising wages as fast as they're raising prices. Wolfers thinks that lag is where some of these corporate profits are coming from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Most economists are a little puzzled that wages haven't kept up a little more,\" says Wolfers. And it is puzzling. After all, workers have more power now than they have in decades. Why aren't they negotiating for more?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wolfers suspects they are, in fact, negotiating, just not always for more money. It could be for the ability to work remotely instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many workers, flexibility and other perks have been more valuable than money, so companies have been able to get away with offering lower wages, even at a moment when they are competing for workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>A crime of opportunity\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Still, Wolfers thinks wages lagging behind prices won't last for long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With prices rising at the same time unemployment is low and many companies competing to hire, workers are likely to push harder for higher pay. And companies will probably have to pay up to keep and attract talent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As soon as companies start paying out more in wages, those record profits CEOs are bragging about will likely go into workers' paychecks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What's happening in the interim is there's a bit of money that we might hope should go to workers,\" explains Wolfers. \"But it's staying in the boss's pocket instead.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wolfers predicts corporate profits will start coming back to normal levels as wages rise. But will prices?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>And the killer is ...\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>As it turns out, consumers might be the guilty party in the inflation mystery. We've at least been aiding and abetting. \"Inflation is coming from demand,\" says Wolfers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In spite of inflation, demand hasn't really blinked. Companies have been raising prices and we have been paying them. In fact, in many parts of the economy, spending has been rising right along with prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We're not necessarily buying more because we have more money, though. \u003ca href=\"https://www.marketwatch.com/story/americans-personal-savings-have-fallen-off-a-cliff-how-to-boost-your-savings-in-case-of-a-looming-recession-11666722275#:~:text=Adjusted%20for%20inflation%2C%20savings%20are,Federal%20Reserve%20Bank%20of%20St.\">Our collective savings has been shrinking\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.newyorkfed.org/microeconomics/hhdc.html\">household debt has been on the rise\u003c/a>. It's possible we're spending money we don't have to keep up with rising prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is likely not sustainable. And when our buying slows down, Wolfers says, companies will start lowering prices to entice us to buy: Prices will fall and inflation will ease. But, until demand drops, companies will push prices up as much as they can. It's elementary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=The+mystery+of+rising+prices.+Are+greedy+corporations+to+blame+for+inflation%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "San Francisco Considers Allowing Law Enforcement Robots to Use Lethal Force",
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"content": "\u003cp>Should robots working alongside law enforcement be used to deploy deadly force?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco Board of Supervisors is weighing that question this week as they consider a policy proposal that would allow the San Francisco Police Department (SFPD) to use robots as a deadly force against a suspect.[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Paul Scharre, author\"]'For the military, they're used in combat against an enemy and the purpose of that is to kill the enemy. That is not and should not be the purpose for police forces.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new California law became effective this year that requires every municipality in the state to list and define the authorized uses of all military-grade equipment in their local law enforcement agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The original draft of SFPD's policy was silent on the matter of robots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aaron Peskin, a member of the city's Board of Supervisors, added a line to SFPD's original draft policy that stated, \"Robots shall not be used as a Use of Force against any person.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SFPD crossed out that sentence with \u003ca href=\"https://sfgov.legistar.com/View.ashx?M=F&ID=11435108&GUID=2BDCB218-6FC9-4D6C-BB88-E8CB9C3AA0D9\">a red line\u003c/a> and returned the draft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their altered proposal outlines that \"robots will only be used as a deadly force option when risk of loss of life to members of the public or officers are imminent and outweigh any other force option available to the SFPD.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SFPD currently has 12 functioning robots. They are remote controlled and typically used to gain situational awareness and survey specific areas officers may not be able to reach. They are also used to investigate and defuse potential bombs, or aide in hostage negotiations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peskin says much of the military-grade equipment sold to cities for police departments to use was issued by the federal government, but there's not a lot of regulation surrounding how robots are to be used. \"It would be lovely if the federal government had instructions or guidance. Meanwhile, we are doing our best to get up to speed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea of robots being legally allowed to kill has garnered some controversy. In October, a number of robotics companies – \u003ca href=\"https://www.bostondynamics.com/open-letter-opposing-weaponization-general-purpose-robots\">including Hyundai's Boston Dynamics\u003c/a> – signed an open letter, saying that general purpose robots should not be weaponized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ryan Calo is a law and information science professor at the University of Washington and also studies robotics. He says he's long been concerned about the increasing militarization of police forces, but that police units across the country might be attracted to utilizing robots because \"it permits officers to incapacitate a dangerous individual without putting themselves in harm's way.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robots could also keep suspects safe too, Calo points out. When officers use lethal force at their own discretion, often the justification is that the officer felt unsafe and perceived a threat. But he notes, \"you send robots into a situation and there just isn't any reason to use lethal force because no one is actually endangered.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first time a robot was reported being used by law enforcement as a deadly force in the United States was in 2016 when the Dallas Police Department used a bomb-disposal robot armed with an explosive device to kill a suspect who had shot and killed five police officers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an email statement to NPR, SFPD public information officer Allison Maxie wrote, \"the SFPD does not own or operate robots outfitted with lethal force options and the Department has no plans to outfit robots with any type of firearm.\" Though robots can potentially be equipped with explosive charges to breach certain structures, they would only be used in extreme circumstances. The statement continued, \"No policy can anticipate every conceivable situation or exceptional circumstance which officers may face. The SFPD must be prepared, and have the ability, to respond proportionally.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Scharre is author of the book \u003cem>Army Of None: Autonomous Weapons And The Future Of War\u003c/em>. He helped create the U.S. policy for autonomous weapons used in war.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scharre notes there is an important distinction between how robots are used in the military versus law enforcement. For one, robots used by law enforcement are not autonomous, meaning they are still controlled by a human.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For the military, they're used in combat against an enemy and the purpose of that is to kill the enemy. That is not and should not be the purpose for police forces,\" Scharre says. \"They're there to protect citizens, and there may be situations where they need to use deadly force, but those should be absolutely a last resort.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is concerning about SFPD's proposal, Scharre says, is that it doesn't seem to be well thought out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Once you've authorized this kind of use, it can be very hard to walk that back.\" He says that this proposal sets up a false choice between using a robot for deadly force or putting law enforcement officers at risk. Scharre suggests that robots could instead be sent in with a non-lethal weapon to incapacitate a person without endangering officers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As someone who studies robotics, Ryan Calo says that the idea of 'killer robots' is a launchpad for a bigger discussion about our relationship to technology and AI.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to robots being out in the field, Calo thinks about what happens if the technology fails and a robot accidentally kills or injures a person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It becomes very difficult to disentangle who is responsible. Is it the people using the technology? Is it the people that design the technology?\" Calo asks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With people, we can unpack the social and cultural dynamics of a situation, something you can't do with a robot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They feel like entities to us in a way that other technology doesn't,\" Calo says. \"And so when you have a robot in the mix, all of a sudden not only do you have this question about who is responsible, which humans, you also have this strong sense that the robot is a participant.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if robots could be used to keep humans safe, Calo raises one more question: \"We have to ask ourselves do we want to be in a society where police kill people with robots? It feels so deeply dehumanizing and militaristic.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco Board of Supervisors meets Tuesday to discuss how robots could be used by the SFPD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story has been updated to include portions of an email statement to NPR by the SFPD.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=San+Francisco+considers+allowing+law+enforcement+robots+to+use+lethal+force&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new California law became effective this year that requires every municipality in the state to list and define the authorized uses of all military-grade equipment in their local law enforcement agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The original draft of SFPD's policy was silent on the matter of robots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aaron Peskin, a member of the city's Board of Supervisors, added a line to SFPD's original draft policy that stated, \"Robots shall not be used as a Use of Force against any person.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SFPD crossed out that sentence with \u003ca href=\"https://sfgov.legistar.com/View.ashx?M=F&ID=11435108&GUID=2BDCB218-6FC9-4D6C-BB88-E8CB9C3AA0D9\">a red line\u003c/a> and returned the draft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their altered proposal outlines that \"robots will only be used as a deadly force option when risk of loss of life to members of the public or officers are imminent and outweigh any other force option available to the SFPD.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SFPD currently has 12 functioning robots. They are remote controlled and typically used to gain situational awareness and survey specific areas officers may not be able to reach. They are also used to investigate and defuse potential bombs, or aide in hostage negotiations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peskin says much of the military-grade equipment sold to cities for police departments to use was issued by the federal government, but there's not a lot of regulation surrounding how robots are to be used. \"It would be lovely if the federal government had instructions or guidance. Meanwhile, we are doing our best to get up to speed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea of robots being legally allowed to kill has garnered some controversy. In October, a number of robotics companies – \u003ca href=\"https://www.bostondynamics.com/open-letter-opposing-weaponization-general-purpose-robots\">including Hyundai's Boston Dynamics\u003c/a> – signed an open letter, saying that general purpose robots should not be weaponized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ryan Calo is a law and information science professor at the University of Washington and also studies robotics. He says he's long been concerned about the increasing militarization of police forces, but that police units across the country might be attracted to utilizing robots because \"it permits officers to incapacitate a dangerous individual without putting themselves in harm's way.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robots could also keep suspects safe too, Calo points out. When officers use lethal force at their own discretion, often the justification is that the officer felt unsafe and perceived a threat. But he notes, \"you send robots into a situation and there just isn't any reason to use lethal force because no one is actually endangered.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first time a robot was reported being used by law enforcement as a deadly force in the United States was in 2016 when the Dallas Police Department used a bomb-disposal robot armed with an explosive device to kill a suspect who had shot and killed five police officers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an email statement to NPR, SFPD public information officer Allison Maxie wrote, \"the SFPD does not own or operate robots outfitted with lethal force options and the Department has no plans to outfit robots with any type of firearm.\" Though robots can potentially be equipped with explosive charges to breach certain structures, they would only be used in extreme circumstances. The statement continued, \"No policy can anticipate every conceivable situation or exceptional circumstance which officers may face. The SFPD must be prepared, and have the ability, to respond proportionally.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Scharre is author of the book \u003cem>Army Of None: Autonomous Weapons And The Future Of War\u003c/em>. He helped create the U.S. policy for autonomous weapons used in war.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scharre notes there is an important distinction between how robots are used in the military versus law enforcement. For one, robots used by law enforcement are not autonomous, meaning they are still controlled by a human.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For the military, they're used in combat against an enemy and the purpose of that is to kill the enemy. That is not and should not be the purpose for police forces,\" Scharre says. \"They're there to protect citizens, and there may be situations where they need to use deadly force, but those should be absolutely a last resort.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is concerning about SFPD's proposal, Scharre says, is that it doesn't seem to be well thought out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Once you've authorized this kind of use, it can be very hard to walk that back.\" He says that this proposal sets up a false choice between using a robot for deadly force or putting law enforcement officers at risk. Scharre suggests that robots could instead be sent in with a non-lethal weapon to incapacitate a person without endangering officers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As someone who studies robotics, Ryan Calo says that the idea of 'killer robots' is a launchpad for a bigger discussion about our relationship to technology and AI.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to robots being out in the field, Calo thinks about what happens if the technology fails and a robot accidentally kills or injures a person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It becomes very difficult to disentangle who is responsible. Is it the people using the technology? Is it the people that design the technology?\" Calo asks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With people, we can unpack the social and cultural dynamics of a situation, something you can't do with a robot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They feel like entities to us in a way that other technology doesn't,\" Calo says. \"And so when you have a robot in the mix, all of a sudden not only do you have this question about who is responsible, which humans, you also have this strong sense that the robot is a participant.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if robots could be used to keep humans safe, Calo raises one more question: \"We have to ask ourselves do we want to be in a society where police kill people with robots? It feels so deeply dehumanizing and militaristic.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco Board of Supervisors meets Tuesday to discuss how robots could be used by the SFPD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story has been updated to include portions of an email statement to NPR by the SFPD.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=San+Francisco+considers+allowing+law+enforcement+robots+to+use+lethal+force&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>DOHA, Qatar — One thing you hear over and over here at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/series/1134840606/fifa-world-cup-2022\">Qatar World Cup\u003c/a> is how football brings the world together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That motto is being put to perhaps its toughest test at Al Thumama stadium on Tuesday, where \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/01/31/690363402/how-the-cia-overthrew-irans-democracy-in-four-days\">historic foes\u003c/a> the United States and Iran play a crucial group stage match.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How crucial? Both national teams covet a spot in the knockout round, where the initial 32 World Cup teams is halved to 16. Iran has never made it that far. The U.S. has, but considers advancement to \u003cem>this\u003c/em> knockout stage a must, as a way to validate the last four years spent building a men's program after the disappointment of \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/10/11/557128715/revenge-shock-and-rage-after-u-s-mens-team-whiffs-on-world-cup\">failing to qualify\u003c/a> for the last World Cup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. has to beat Iran to advance. Four years come down to one match.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We said this team is going to be judged on what we do at the World Cup,\" American coach Gregg Berhalter said in Doha on Monday, \"so that's fine. We'll deal with it. We're focused on winning tomorrow.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As is Iran — who can still advance with a tie, though the team is expected to hold nothing back in pursuit of a win.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In their cocoons of team practices and meetings and meals, the focus is simple. But every time both teams have ventured outside, the match focus has been challenged by an escalating number of issues far from the tournament's pristine green football pitches.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>It started with a silent anthem\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>At first, the issues involved Iran alone, as the country's recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/24/1139147033/countries-worldwide-consider-how-to-help-protesters-in-iran\">turmoil\u003c/a> played out symbolically at this World Cup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It started before Iran's first match, against England, as the Iranian players \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/21/1138259076/iran-world-cup-anthem-protest\">stayed silent\u003c/a> during their national anthem. \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2022/11/28/football/iran-soccer-family-threats-intl-spt/index.html\">New reports\u003c/a> say that afterward, the team was called to a meeting with Iran's Revolutionary Guard Corps and told players' families would be jailed or tortured if the players refused to sing going forward, or joined in any other political protest against the Iranian government. Against Wales, the players sang. But at that match, Iran's domestic troubles began to play out in a more contentious way, among Iranian fans. The players' on-field euphoria after beating Wales 2-nil shared the spotlight with \u003ca href=\"https://www.espn.com/soccer/ir-iran/story/4813286/iran-supporters-confront-protesters-before-wc-game-vs-wales\">ugly confrontations\u003c/a> between fans supporting the protest movement back home, and fans supporting the Iranian government that's been \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/14/world/middleeast/iran-protests-children.html\">cracking down\u003c/a> on protesters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the flashpoints during those confrontations was over flags. Some of the protest movement supporters waved, or tried to wave, pre-revolution flags of Iran. Government supporters, with help from Qatari security, confiscated those flags, reportedly ripping some away, and waved flags of the current national Islamic Republic of Iran.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The controversy over flags became even more pointed when the U.S. entered the fray.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Be the Change ignites a firestorm\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In the lead-up to this World Cup, the U.S. Soccer Federation talked frequently about a mission statement it created in the aftermath of the police killing of George Floyd — a statement, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ussoccer.com/be-the-change\">Be the Change\u003c/a>, that promoted an awareness and dedication to speak out on social injustices in the U.S. and around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This past weekend, U.S. Soccer spoke out. And ignited a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/27/1139304827/usa-change-iran-flag-to-remove-islamic-republic-emblem-before-world-cup-clash\">political firestorm\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea was to post on social media images of Iran's flag scrubbed of its Islamic emblem and language saying \"God is great.\" It was the U.S. federation's way to show \"support for the women in Iran fighting for basic human rights.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The action drew support, but also anger and calls for the U.S. team, which had no prior knowledge of the federation's plan, to be \u003ca href=\"https://www.tasnimnews.com/en/news/2022/11/27/2812899/iran-to-file-complaint-to-fifa-ethics-committee-against-us-soccer-team\">kicked out\u003c/a> of the World Cup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The depictions of the doctored flags were removed from social media and the normal Iranian flag was restored. The federation said the removal wasn't because of pressure, but rather because \"we wanted to show our support for the women in Iran with our graphic for 24 hours.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They may have wanted the show of support to be short-lived, but with tensions already high, the controversy followed both teams to Monday's pre-match press conferences.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Trying to steer toward soccer\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Speaking to reporters on Monday, Berhalter willingly answered questions about football and Tuesday's match, and dutifully answered questions about the flag flap — often from openly hostile members of the Iranian media contingent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though he apologized on behalf of the players and team, Berhalter said several times that he and the team had no advance warning or involvement in the federation's plan to doctor the Iranian flag.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We had no idea about what U.S. Soccer put out,\" Berhalter said, adding, \"of course our thoughts are with the Iranian people, the whole country, the whole team, everyone. But our focus is on this match.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, questions came, going beyond flags.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the more contentious moments came when an Iranian journalist scolded U.S. team captain Tyler Adams for incorrectly saying \"eye-ran\" rather than \"ih-rahn.\" The 23-year old, who's Black, apologized for the mispronunciation and then thoughtfully answered a question about whether he was \"OK to be representing [the U.S.], which has so much discrimination against Black people?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's discrimination everywhere you go,\" said Adams, whose mother is white and who grew up in a white family. \"So I had a little bit of different cultures and I was very easily able to assimilate in different cultures. You know not everyone has that ease and the ability to do that. And obviously it takes longer to understand. And through education, I think it's super important. Like, you just educated me now in the pronunciation of your country. So, yeah, it's a process. I think as long as you see progress, that's the most important thing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Forget the mental games\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Even soccer questions had a political tint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Iranian team press conference, a British reporter asked coach Carlos Queiroz whether he'd use the flag controversy to motivate his players.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If after 42 years in this game as a coach,\" Queiroz said, \"I still believe that I could win games with those mental games, I think I did not learn nothing about the game.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rather than mental games, Adams expects Queiroz to repeat the aggressive, physical style of game Iran played in its last match — an impressive 2-0 win over Wales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You could tell from the mentality of the group. They were attacking, counterattacking, doing everything they needed to do,\" Adams said. \"Every single moment of the game looked like it could be their moment to score a goal.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both teams, Adams said, are treating this like a knockout game, where only the winner moves on. In fact, Iran can tie and still advance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As far as U.S. tactics, Berhalter praised his team's defense, especially in holding England scoreless \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/25/1139220807/usmnt-england-world-cup-tie-qatar\">in a 0-0 draw on Friday\u003c/a>. Berhalter has heard the criticism that his team needs to find a way to score — the U.S. only has one goal in the tournament — but he said the answer isn't in changing personnel among his offensive minded forwards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think they've done a decent job for us,\" Berhalter said. \"It's up to the rest of the group to give them quality [passes] that they can finish off some of these opportunities. We've been defending really well and that keeps you in games. And then we know in \u003cem>this\u003c/em> game we're going to need to score a goal, that's going to have to happen. So we stay calm, we have a plan, and we will go out and try to execute that plan.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calm. Hard to imagine anything about Tuesday's super charged match being calm. The players will try.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what about those watching?\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=What%27s+at+stake+as+the+U.S.+faces+Iran+at+the+World+Cup&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>DOHA, Qatar — One thing you hear over and over here at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/series/1134840606/fifa-world-cup-2022\">Qatar World Cup\u003c/a> is how football brings the world together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That motto is being put to perhaps its toughest test at Al Thumama stadium on Tuesday, where \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/01/31/690363402/how-the-cia-overthrew-irans-democracy-in-four-days\">historic foes\u003c/a> the United States and Iran play a crucial group stage match.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How crucial? Both national teams covet a spot in the knockout round, where the initial 32 World Cup teams is halved to 16. Iran has never made it that far. The U.S. has, but considers advancement to \u003cem>this\u003c/em> knockout stage a must, as a way to validate the last four years spent building a men's program after the disappointment of \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/10/11/557128715/revenge-shock-and-rage-after-u-s-mens-team-whiffs-on-world-cup\">failing to qualify\u003c/a> for the last World Cup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. has to beat Iran to advance. Four years come down to one match.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We said this team is going to be judged on what we do at the World Cup,\" American coach Gregg Berhalter said in Doha on Monday, \"so that's fine. We'll deal with it. We're focused on winning tomorrow.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As is Iran — who can still advance with a tie, though the team is expected to hold nothing back in pursuit of a win.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In their cocoons of team practices and meetings and meals, the focus is simple. But every time both teams have ventured outside, the match focus has been challenged by an escalating number of issues far from the tournament's pristine green football pitches.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>It started with a silent anthem\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>At first, the issues involved Iran alone, as the country's recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/24/1139147033/countries-worldwide-consider-how-to-help-protesters-in-iran\">turmoil\u003c/a> played out symbolically at this World Cup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It started before Iran's first match, against England, as the Iranian players \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/21/1138259076/iran-world-cup-anthem-protest\">stayed silent\u003c/a> during their national anthem. \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2022/11/28/football/iran-soccer-family-threats-intl-spt/index.html\">New reports\u003c/a> say that afterward, the team was called to a meeting with Iran's Revolutionary Guard Corps and told players' families would be jailed or tortured if the players refused to sing going forward, or joined in any other political protest against the Iranian government. Against Wales, the players sang. But at that match, Iran's domestic troubles began to play out in a more contentious way, among Iranian fans. The players' on-field euphoria after beating Wales 2-nil shared the spotlight with \u003ca href=\"https://www.espn.com/soccer/ir-iran/story/4813286/iran-supporters-confront-protesters-before-wc-game-vs-wales\">ugly confrontations\u003c/a> between fans supporting the protest movement back home, and fans supporting the Iranian government that's been \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/14/world/middleeast/iran-protests-children.html\">cracking down\u003c/a> on protesters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the flashpoints during those confrontations was over flags. Some of the protest movement supporters waved, or tried to wave, pre-revolution flags of Iran. Government supporters, with help from Qatari security, confiscated those flags, reportedly ripping some away, and waved flags of the current national Islamic Republic of Iran.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The controversy over flags became even more pointed when the U.S. entered the fray.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Be the Change ignites a firestorm\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In the lead-up to this World Cup, the U.S. Soccer Federation talked frequently about a mission statement it created in the aftermath of the police killing of George Floyd — a statement, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ussoccer.com/be-the-change\">Be the Change\u003c/a>, that promoted an awareness and dedication to speak out on social injustices in the U.S. and around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This past weekend, U.S. Soccer spoke out. And ignited a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/27/1139304827/usa-change-iran-flag-to-remove-islamic-republic-emblem-before-world-cup-clash\">political firestorm\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea was to post on social media images of Iran's flag scrubbed of its Islamic emblem and language saying \"God is great.\" It was the U.S. federation's way to show \"support for the women in Iran fighting for basic human rights.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The action drew support, but also anger and calls for the U.S. team, which had no prior knowledge of the federation's plan, to be \u003ca href=\"https://www.tasnimnews.com/en/news/2022/11/27/2812899/iran-to-file-complaint-to-fifa-ethics-committee-against-us-soccer-team\">kicked out\u003c/a> of the World Cup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The depictions of the doctored flags were removed from social media and the normal Iranian flag was restored. The federation said the removal wasn't because of pressure, but rather because \"we wanted to show our support for the women in Iran with our graphic for 24 hours.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They may have wanted the show of support to be short-lived, but with tensions already high, the controversy followed both teams to Monday's pre-match press conferences.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Trying to steer toward soccer\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Speaking to reporters on Monday, Berhalter willingly answered questions about football and Tuesday's match, and dutifully answered questions about the flag flap — often from openly hostile members of the Iranian media contingent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though he apologized on behalf of the players and team, Berhalter said several times that he and the team had no advance warning or involvement in the federation's plan to doctor the Iranian flag.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We had no idea about what U.S. Soccer put out,\" Berhalter said, adding, \"of course our thoughts are with the Iranian people, the whole country, the whole team, everyone. But our focus is on this match.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, questions came, going beyond flags.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the more contentious moments came when an Iranian journalist scolded U.S. team captain Tyler Adams for incorrectly saying \"eye-ran\" rather than \"ih-rahn.\" The 23-year old, who's Black, apologized for the mispronunciation and then thoughtfully answered a question about whether he was \"OK to be representing [the U.S.], which has so much discrimination against Black people?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's discrimination everywhere you go,\" said Adams, whose mother is white and who grew up in a white family. \"So I had a little bit of different cultures and I was very easily able to assimilate in different cultures. You know not everyone has that ease and the ability to do that. And obviously it takes longer to understand. And through education, I think it's super important. Like, you just educated me now in the pronunciation of your country. So, yeah, it's a process. I think as long as you see progress, that's the most important thing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Forget the mental games\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Even soccer questions had a political tint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Iranian team press conference, a British reporter asked coach Carlos Queiroz whether he'd use the flag controversy to motivate his players.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If after 42 years in this game as a coach,\" Queiroz said, \"I still believe that I could win games with those mental games, I think I did not learn nothing about the game.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rather than mental games, Adams expects Queiroz to repeat the aggressive, physical style of game Iran played in its last match — an impressive 2-0 win over Wales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You could tell from the mentality of the group. They were attacking, counterattacking, doing everything they needed to do,\" Adams said. \"Every single moment of the game looked like it could be their moment to score a goal.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both teams, Adams said, are treating this like a knockout game, where only the winner moves on. In fact, Iran can tie and still advance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As far as U.S. tactics, Berhalter praised his team's defense, especially in holding England scoreless \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/25/1139220807/usmnt-england-world-cup-tie-qatar\">in a 0-0 draw on Friday\u003c/a>. Berhalter has heard the criticism that his team needs to find a way to score — the U.S. only has one goal in the tournament — but he said the answer isn't in changing personnel among his offensive minded forwards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think they've done a decent job for us,\" Berhalter said. \"It's up to the rest of the group to give them quality [passes] that they can finish off some of these opportunities. We've been defending really well and that keeps you in games. And then we know in \u003cem>this\u003c/em> game we're going to need to score a goal, that's going to have to happen. So we stay calm, we have a plan, and we will go out and try to execute that plan.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calm. Hard to imagine anything about Tuesday's super charged match being calm. The players will try.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what about those watching?\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=What%27s+at+stake+as+the+U.S.+faces+Iran+at+the+World+Cup&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Elizabeth Holmes’ \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/18/1137606060/elizabeth-holmes-sentenced-11-years-prison\">11-year prison \u003c/a>sentence would not have been possible without the zeal the moneyed class has for Silicon Valley startups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When U.S. District Judge Edward Davila ordered prison time for the former CEO last week, one thing was pivotal: How much money\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>investors had lost because of her crimes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because federal sentencing guidelines, what judges use to determine appropriate punishments for people convicted of crimes, give more weight to the amount of money lost than anything else in fraud cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Theranos, like so many buzzy startups, was flush with investment cash. It raised some $945 million from the likes of media mogul Rupert Murdoch, Oracle founder Larry Ellison and former Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet Holmes was sentenced for just a fraction of the nearly $1 billion of investment Theranos had raised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Davila identified ten investors who were defrauded and came up with this number: $121 million, which the judge said was how much investors lost when offset by the amount Theranos stock would have been worth without Holmes’ deceit.[aside postID=science_1980842 hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/gettyimages-1442569803-607aa10932c5f5ac98fb17b7decccf1f9d953c9b-1020x765.jpg']To put it another way, Holmes received more than a decade in prison over just about 10% of what Theranos raised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The numbers in Silicon Valley are so out of whack with reality that these guideline sentences become enormous,” said Jeff Cohen, a former federal prosecutor who now teaches at Boston College Law School. “If she were running a widget factory by the same conduct, she would have received much less.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While other Silicon Valley executives have been accused of wrongdoing, Holmes is the first CEO of a major tech firm to be criminally prosecuted and sentenced to prison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means she is the first in the industry to learn that raising hundreds of millions of dollars will not just send a startup’s valuation soaring, but if convicted of fraud in federal court, it could make serious prison time all but inevitable — potentially a warning to other imploded tech firms \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/15/1136641651/ftx-bankruptcy-sam-bankman-fried-ftt-crypto-cryptocurrency-binance\">now under scrutiny\u003c/a>, like Sam Bankman-Fried’s cryptocurrency exchange FTX.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal sentencing guidelines consider the amount of money drained the most significant factor in punishing fraudsters because it allows authorities to target organized drug rings and large-scale institutional fraud, according to former federal prosecutor Bill Portanova.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For Silicon Valley, if at the end of the day, the music stops and there’s not enough chairs for everyone, the guidelines point to serious punishment,” said Portanova, who is now a defense lawyer in Sacramento, Calif.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holmes’ punishment does come amid signs of a tech sector becoming less frothy. Both Big Tech companies and startups are \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/14/1136659617/tech-layoffs-amazon-meta-twitter\">laying off\u003c/a> staff, new $1 billion companies are\u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/10/26/end-of-tech-unicorn-start-ups/\"> becoming harder to spot\u003c/a> and venture capital firms are \u003ca href=\"https://news.crunchbase.com/business/sequoia-warning-founders/\">warning\u003c/a> of a tough road ahead. Has the tech bubble burst, or is it about to burst? That determination, experts say, is easier made in hindsight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Tech bubbles don’t pop in the way a bubble pops from chewing gum,” said David Kirsch, management professor at the University of Maryland who wrote a book about bubbles and crashes. “Investment bubbles tend to deflate slowly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A long prison sentence for ‘a gross lie’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Holmes made patients, pharmacies and savvy investors believe Theranos could revolutionize the way blood tests detect diseases when it could do no such thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why did she do it? It’s a question even Davila mused over from the bench before announcing her punishment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What was it that caused Ms. Holmes, regrettably, to make those decisions that she did?” Davila said. “Was there a loss of moral compass here?” he said. “Was it hubris? What caused that? Was it intoxication with the fame that comes with being a young entrepreneur?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever drove her, as soon a jury convicted Holmes, she faced serious prison time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sentencing guidelines, after a multitude of factors are considered, spits out an offense level. Holmes’ level was 33 — 24 points of that was from the amount of money she defrauded.[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Steven Davidoff Solomon, UC Berkeley School of Law\"]‘In Silicon Valley, there has historically been a ‘don’t follow the rules’ mentality, because that’s how you get ahead. Holmes may be the first, but I suspect there are going to be more.’[/pullquote]And Davila, it could be argued, could have imposed an even tougher punishment. Based on her offense level, Holmes’ sentencing range was between 11 and 14 years behind bars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(For context: The U.S. Probation Office recommended 9 years; Prosecutors asked the judge that Holmes be imprisoned for 15 years. The maximum sentence under law was 20 years. Holmes’ legal team requested that she serve her sentence at home and avoid incarceration.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Portanova said Holmes’ punishment involved gobs of money, but her actions — repeatedly professing her technology could do what it was incapable of doing — was egregious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She wasn’t just an ambitious salesperson who got out over her skis,” he said. “She did substantial time because it was a gross lie and she had ample opportunities to stop and she didn’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Will ‘fake it till you make it’ in Silicon Valley ever change?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In their court filing to the judge ahead of the sentencing hearing, prosecutors argued that prison time for Holmes was necessary to “deter future startup fraud schemes” and to “rebuild the trust investors must have when funding innovation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But will Holmes’ incarceration have that effect?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some say the Theranos case could be the start of federal prosecutors policing Silicon Valley more aggressively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In Silicon Valley, there has historically been a ‘don’t follow the rules’ mentality, because that’s how you get ahead,” said Steven Davidoff Solomon of the U.C. Berkeley School of Law. “Holmes may be the first, but I suspect there are going to be more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet hyping up a product and exaggerating are not crimes, but what is a crime is knowingly deceiving investors. Sometimes the dividing line is not so clear, experts said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cohen at Boston College of Law said the boundary between embellishment and criminal fraud does indeed remain fuzzy to most in the tech world, so chances are slim that Holmes’ sentence will reverberate in a way that would drastically alter the culture of the industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“‘Fake it till you make it’ culture in Silicon Valley involves a certain amount of puffery, and here the jury has spoken that there was more than that: there was fraud,” Cohen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But I do think that it’s a really hard line to discern,” he added. “And I’m not hopeful that Silicon Valley will get the message.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kirsch, who studies tech entrepreneurs, was similarly skeptical about a major shakeup in the venture capital-backed tech startup world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The venture community is vulnerable to a shiny new story. They have been. They always will be,” he said. “We’re kidding ourselves if we think the recipe is going to change because Elizabeth Holmes goes to prison.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Elizabeth Holmes’ \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/18/1137606060/elizabeth-holmes-sentenced-11-years-prison\">11-year prison \u003c/a>sentence would not have been possible without the zeal the moneyed class has for Silicon Valley startups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When U.S. District Judge Edward Davila ordered prison time for the former CEO last week, one thing was pivotal: How much money\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>investors had lost because of her crimes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because federal sentencing guidelines, what judges use to determine appropriate punishments for people convicted of crimes, give more weight to the amount of money lost than anything else in fraud cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Theranos, like so many buzzy startups, was flush with investment cash. It raised some $945 million from the likes of media mogul Rupert Murdoch, Oracle founder Larry Ellison and former Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet Holmes was sentenced for just a fraction of the nearly $1 billion of investment Theranos had raised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Davila identified ten investors who were defrauded and came up with this number: $121 million, which the judge said was how much investors lost when offset by the amount Theranos stock would have been worth without Holmes’ deceit.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>To put it another way, Holmes received more than a decade in prison over just about 10% of what Theranos raised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The numbers in Silicon Valley are so out of whack with reality that these guideline sentences become enormous,” said Jeff Cohen, a former federal prosecutor who now teaches at Boston College Law School. “If she were running a widget factory by the same conduct, she would have received much less.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While other Silicon Valley executives have been accused of wrongdoing, Holmes is the first CEO of a major tech firm to be criminally prosecuted and sentenced to prison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means she is the first in the industry to learn that raising hundreds of millions of dollars will not just send a startup’s valuation soaring, but if convicted of fraud in federal court, it could make serious prison time all but inevitable — potentially a warning to other imploded tech firms \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/15/1136641651/ftx-bankruptcy-sam-bankman-fried-ftt-crypto-cryptocurrency-binance\">now under scrutiny\u003c/a>, like Sam Bankman-Fried’s cryptocurrency exchange FTX.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal sentencing guidelines consider the amount of money drained the most significant factor in punishing fraudsters because it allows authorities to target organized drug rings and large-scale institutional fraud, according to former federal prosecutor Bill Portanova.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For Silicon Valley, if at the end of the day, the music stops and there’s not enough chairs for everyone, the guidelines point to serious punishment,” said Portanova, who is now a defense lawyer in Sacramento, Calif.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holmes’ punishment does come amid signs of a tech sector becoming less frothy. Both Big Tech companies and startups are \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/14/1136659617/tech-layoffs-amazon-meta-twitter\">laying off\u003c/a> staff, new $1 billion companies are\u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/10/26/end-of-tech-unicorn-start-ups/\"> becoming harder to spot\u003c/a> and venture capital firms are \u003ca href=\"https://news.crunchbase.com/business/sequoia-warning-founders/\">warning\u003c/a> of a tough road ahead. Has the tech bubble burst, or is it about to burst? That determination, experts say, is easier made in hindsight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Tech bubbles don’t pop in the way a bubble pops from chewing gum,” said David Kirsch, management professor at the University of Maryland who wrote a book about bubbles and crashes. “Investment bubbles tend to deflate slowly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A long prison sentence for ‘a gross lie’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Holmes made patients, pharmacies and savvy investors believe Theranos could revolutionize the way blood tests detect diseases when it could do no such thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why did she do it? It’s a question even Davila mused over from the bench before announcing her punishment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What was it that caused Ms. Holmes, regrettably, to make those decisions that she did?” Davila said. “Was there a loss of moral compass here?” he said. “Was it hubris? What caused that? Was it intoxication with the fame that comes with being a young entrepreneur?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever drove her, as soon a jury convicted Holmes, she faced serious prison time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sentencing guidelines, after a multitude of factors are considered, spits out an offense level. Holmes’ level was 33 — 24 points of that was from the amount of money she defrauded.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>And Davila, it could be argued, could have imposed an even tougher punishment. Based on her offense level, Holmes’ sentencing range was between 11 and 14 years behind bars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(For context: The U.S. Probation Office recommended 9 years; Prosecutors asked the judge that Holmes be imprisoned for 15 years. The maximum sentence under law was 20 years. Holmes’ legal team requested that she serve her sentence at home and avoid incarceration.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Portanova said Holmes’ punishment involved gobs of money, but her actions — repeatedly professing her technology could do what it was incapable of doing — was egregious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She wasn’t just an ambitious salesperson who got out over her skis,” he said. “She did substantial time because it was a gross lie and she had ample opportunities to stop and she didn’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Will ‘fake it till you make it’ in Silicon Valley ever change?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In their court filing to the judge ahead of the sentencing hearing, prosecutors argued that prison time for Holmes was necessary to “deter future startup fraud schemes” and to “rebuild the trust investors must have when funding innovation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But will Holmes’ incarceration have that effect?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some say the Theranos case could be the start of federal prosecutors policing Silicon Valley more aggressively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In Silicon Valley, there has historically been a ‘don’t follow the rules’ mentality, because that’s how you get ahead,” said Steven Davidoff Solomon of the U.C. Berkeley School of Law. “Holmes may be the first, but I suspect there are going to be more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet hyping up a product and exaggerating are not crimes, but what is a crime is knowingly deceiving investors. Sometimes the dividing line is not so clear, experts said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cohen at Boston College of Law said the boundary between embellishment and criminal fraud does indeed remain fuzzy to most in the tech world, so chances are slim that Holmes’ sentence will reverberate in a way that would drastically alter the culture of the industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“‘Fake it till you make it’ culture in Silicon Valley involves a certain amount of puffery, and here the jury has spoken that there was more than that: there was fraud,” Cohen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But I do think that it’s a really hard line to discern,” he added. “And I’m not hopeful that Silicon Valley will get the message.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kirsch, who studies tech entrepreneurs, was similarly skeptical about a major shakeup in the venture capital-backed tech startup world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The venture community is vulnerable to a shiny new story. They have been. They always will be,” he said. “We’re kidding ourselves if we think the recipe is going to change because Elizabeth Holmes goes to prison.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Biden administration is extending its student loan repayment pause — which was set to expire at the end of the year — into 2023 while its \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/10/28/1132107116/biden-student-loans-debt-forgiveness-faq\">promise of federal relief\u003c/a> remains hung up in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Payments will resume 60 days after the debt cancellation program is implemented, 60 days after the lawsuits are resolved or 60 days after June 30, if litigation fails.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Borrowers have been off the hook for federal student loan payments more or less since the COVID-19 pandemic began in early 2020. The repayment pause has been extended multiple times since, and Biden’s previous extension to Dec. 31 was supposed to be the last.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tuesday’s extension, the White House said, will alleviate uncertainty for borrowers as the administration asks the Supreme Court to review lower-court orders blocking Biden’s student debt relief program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m confident that our student debt relief plan is legal. But it’s on hold because Republican officials want to block it,” Biden tweeted. “That’s why [Secretary of Education Miguel Cardona] is extending the payment pause to no later than [60 days after] June 30, 2023, giving the Supreme Court time to hear the case in its current term.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden announced his plan to relieve up to $10,000 in federal student loan for low-to-middle-income borrowers — up to $20,000 for qualifying Pell Grant recipients — in August, but was quickly met with Republican opposition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And earlier this month, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/10/1135940851/student-debt-relief-biden-blocked-texas-district-court\">a federal judge in Texas deemed Biden’s program unlawful\u003c/a>, though the Department of Justice has appealed the decision. Additionally, in a separate lawsuit, a federal appeals court issued an injunction to Biden’s relief on behalf of six states, which argued financial institutions would be harmed if borrowers didn’t have to pay their outstanding balances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2022/11/18/politics/student-debt-relief-supreme-court/index.html\">The Biden administration asked the Supreme Court to look into the matter\u003c/a> in hopes of pushing the program through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/08/24/fact-sheet-president-biden-announces-student-loan-relief-for-borrowers-who-need-it-most/\">statement \u003c/a>Tuesday, Secretary of Education Miguel Cardona called Republican efforts to block the relief “callous” and “just plain wrong.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I want borrowers to know that the Biden-Harris administration has their backs and we’re as committed as ever to fighting to deliver essential student debt relief to tens of millions of Americans,” Cardona said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=With+student+loan+relief+tied+up+in+court%2C+Biden+extends+repayment+pause+into+2023&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Biden administration is extending its student loan repayment pause — which was set to expire at the end of the year — into 2023 while its \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/10/28/1132107116/biden-student-loans-debt-forgiveness-faq\">promise of federal relief\u003c/a> remains hung up in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Payments will resume 60 days after the debt cancellation program is implemented, 60 days after the lawsuits are resolved or 60 days after June 30, if litigation fails.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Borrowers have been off the hook for federal student loan payments more or less since the COVID-19 pandemic began in early 2020. The repayment pause has been extended multiple times since, and Biden’s previous extension to Dec. 31 was supposed to be the last.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tuesday’s extension, the White House said, will alleviate uncertainty for borrowers as the administration asks the Supreme Court to review lower-court orders blocking Biden’s student debt relief program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m confident that our student debt relief plan is legal. But it’s on hold because Republican officials want to block it,” Biden tweeted. “That’s why [Secretary of Education Miguel Cardona] is extending the payment pause to no later than [60 days after] June 30, 2023, giving the Supreme Court time to hear the case in its current term.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden announced his plan to relieve up to $10,000 in federal student loan for low-to-middle-income borrowers — up to $20,000 for qualifying Pell Grant recipients — in August, but was quickly met with Republican opposition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And earlier this month, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/10/1135940851/student-debt-relief-biden-blocked-texas-district-court\">a federal judge in Texas deemed Biden’s program unlawful\u003c/a>, though the Department of Justice has appealed the decision. Additionally, in a separate lawsuit, a federal appeals court issued an injunction to Biden’s relief on behalf of six states, which argued financial institutions would be harmed if borrowers didn’t have to pay their outstanding balances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2022/11/18/politics/student-debt-relief-supreme-court/index.html\">The Biden administration asked the Supreme Court to look into the matter\u003c/a> in hopes of pushing the program through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/08/24/fact-sheet-president-biden-announces-student-loan-relief-for-borrowers-who-need-it-most/\">statement \u003c/a>Tuesday, Secretary of Education Miguel Cardona called Republican efforts to block the relief “callous” and “just plain wrong.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I want borrowers to know that the Biden-Harris administration has their backs and we’re as committed as ever to fighting to deliver essential student debt relief to tens of millions of Americans,” Cardona said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=With+student+loan+relief+tied+up+in+court%2C+Biden+extends+repayment+pause+into+2023&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Billionaire Elon Musk has owned Twitter for less than a month. But one thing is clear: It will never be the same social network that the world has come to know over nearly two decades.[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Desmond Upton Patton, professor of social policy, communications and psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania\"]'Twitter has problems that need to be fixed, but the tool has more hope and potential than negativity.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk has made radical decisions, seemingly single-handedly, such as selling blue verification checkmarks and reinstating accounts that had been banned for breaking Twitter's rules against violent or offensive speech, including that of former President Donald Trump. Long-time users and advertisers are fleeing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether the company survives the present chaos or not, the history of tweeting shows just how important the platform has been since co-founder Jack Dorsey transmitted the very first message on March 21, 2006.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There really is no other place where you can be any common individual with no political power, no monetary power, and yet you can story-tell using text, image and audio, you can link up and engage with people locally and globally around an issue, and then you can download your history and understand how all of this happened,\" said \u003ca href=\"https://www.sp2.upenn.edu/person/desmond-upton-patton/\">Desmond Upton Patton\u003c/a>, a professor of social policy, communications and psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvania who studies Twitter. \"That is truly amazing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Social Movements and Political Causes\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Over the years, Twitter has helped to galvanize a wide array of social movements and political causes across the world from the Arab Spring and the present human-rights protests in Iran to #BlackLivesMatter and #MeToo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seattle-based social media influencer \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/2morrowknight?lang=en\">Sean Gardner\u003c/a> points to this tweet by Twitter co-founder Dorsey as being emblematic of the platform's use as a tool to spread ideas and incite people to action:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Jack Dorsey's tweet is definitely something that sticks out,\" said Gardner. \"I thought that was just a brilliant tweet because that's exactly what Twitter has done.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The platform has been very influential abroad, with around \u003ca href=\"https://www.statista.com/statistics/242606/number-of-active-twitter-users-in-selected-countries/\">80 percent of users\u003c/a> living outside of the U.S. More than a decade ago, Twitter became a powerful tool for sharing information and reflections about the protests going on in Egypt and beyond during the Arab Spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And closer to home, tweeting helped galvanize millions of people in the wake of George Floyd's murder on May 25, 2020, with people sharing their anger and anguish using hashtags like #BlackLivesMatter and #JusticeForGeorge. News platforms used Twitter to report on the unfolding events.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Presidential Megaphone\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Soon after Twitter became a \"thing,\" some elected officials also started to see the platform as a useful way to reach people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Barack Obama was actually the first social media head of state,\" said Gardner of the former President. \"It was because of him that countries got on board, and people started talking with each other online.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it was Obama's successor who took tweeting to a whole new level. Gardner said Trump's hold on Twitter changed the face of politics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Trump is almost like a quarterback, and what he was doing was throwing the ball over to his wide receivers, which is basically people who were receptive to his particular message or stance,\" Gardner said. \"So it's not really one tweet with Trump. If you look back at it, it's probably thousands.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twitter removed Trump's account following the Jan. 6, 2021 attack on the U.S. Capitol. But a \u003ca href=\"https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/tweets-january-6-2021\">string of his tweets\u003c/a> from that date, preserved by U.C. Santa Barbara's \u003ca href=\"https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/\">American Presidency Project\u003c/a>, illustrate the ex-president's use of the platform.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump has not yet jumped back on since Musk reinstated his account on Nov. 19.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Twitter's Lighter Side\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>For the University of Pennsylvania's Patton, Twitter has always been a place to share a joke and a place to start a riot. He points to Black Twitter as a source of joy and resilience, especially during the holiday season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The holidays can make for a complicated time for dealing with family members,\" said Patton. \"Black Twitter can take a problematic moment and turn it into a fun meme or a fun joke with which everyone can resonate.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Patton reacted strongly to Musk's takeover of Twitter — a feeling shared by many after the new owner sent out a tweet on Oct. 26 announcing, in esoteric fashion, his presence at the company's San Francisco headquarters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Twitter has problems that need to be fixed, but the tool has more hope and potential than negativity,\" Patton said. \"It just feels like a wasted opportunity for Twitter to really do some good in the world.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+Twitter+became+one+of+the+world%27s+preferred+platforms+for+sharing+ideas&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk has made radical decisions, seemingly single-handedly, such as selling blue verification checkmarks and reinstating accounts that had been banned for breaking Twitter's rules against violent or offensive speech, including that of former President Donald Trump. Long-time users and advertisers are fleeing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether the company survives the present chaos or not, the history of tweeting shows just how important the platform has been since co-founder Jack Dorsey transmitted the very first message on March 21, 2006.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There really is no other place where you can be any common individual with no political power, no monetary power, and yet you can story-tell using text, image and audio, you can link up and engage with people locally and globally around an issue, and then you can download your history and understand how all of this happened,\" said \u003ca href=\"https://www.sp2.upenn.edu/person/desmond-upton-patton/\">Desmond Upton Patton\u003c/a>, a professor of social policy, communications and psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvania who studies Twitter. \"That is truly amazing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Social Movements and Political Causes\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Over the years, Twitter has helped to galvanize a wide array of social movements and political causes across the world from the Arab Spring and the present human-rights protests in Iran to #BlackLivesMatter and #MeToo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seattle-based social media influencer \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/2morrowknight?lang=en\">Sean Gardner\u003c/a> points to this tweet by Twitter co-founder Dorsey as being emblematic of the platform's use as a tool to spread ideas and incite people to action:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Jack Dorsey's tweet is definitely something that sticks out,\" said Gardner. \"I thought that was just a brilliant tweet because that's exactly what Twitter has done.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The platform has been very influential abroad, with around \u003ca href=\"https://www.statista.com/statistics/242606/number-of-active-twitter-users-in-selected-countries/\">80 percent of users\u003c/a> living outside of the U.S. More than a decade ago, Twitter became a powerful tool for sharing information and reflections about the protests going on in Egypt and beyond during the Arab Spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And closer to home, tweeting helped galvanize millions of people in the wake of George Floyd's murder on May 25, 2020, with people sharing their anger and anguish using hashtags like #BlackLivesMatter and #JusticeForGeorge. News platforms used Twitter to report on the unfolding events.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Presidential Megaphone\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Soon after Twitter became a \"thing,\" some elected officials also started to see the platform as a useful way to reach people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Barack Obama was actually the first social media head of state,\" said Gardner of the former President. \"It was because of him that countries got on board, and people started talking with each other online.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it was Obama's successor who took tweeting to a whole new level. Gardner said Trump's hold on Twitter changed the face of politics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Trump is almost like a quarterback, and what he was doing was throwing the ball over to his wide receivers, which is basically people who were receptive to his particular message or stance,\" Gardner said. \"So it's not really one tweet with Trump. If you look back at it, it's probably thousands.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twitter removed Trump's account following the Jan. 6, 2021 attack on the U.S. Capitol. But a \u003ca href=\"https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/tweets-january-6-2021\">string of his tweets\u003c/a> from that date, preserved by U.C. Santa Barbara's \u003ca href=\"https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/\">American Presidency Project\u003c/a>, illustrate the ex-president's use of the platform.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump has not yet jumped back on since Musk reinstated his account on Nov. 19.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Twitter's Lighter Side\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>For the University of Pennsylvania's Patton, Twitter has always been a place to share a joke and a place to start a riot. He points to Black Twitter as a source of joy and resilience, especially during the holiday season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The holidays can make for a complicated time for dealing with family members,\" said Patton. \"Black Twitter can take a problematic moment and turn it into a fun meme or a fun joke with which everyone can resonate.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Patton reacted strongly to Musk's takeover of Twitter — a feeling shared by many after the new owner sent out a tweet on Oct. 26 announcing, in esoteric fashion, his presence at the company's San Francisco headquarters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Twitter has problems that need to be fixed, but the tool has more hope and potential than negativity,\" Patton said. \"It just feels like a wasted opportunity for Twitter to really do some good in the world.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+Twitter+became+one+of+the+world%27s+preferred+platforms+for+sharing+ideas&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "What We Know So Far About the Shooting at a Colorado Springs LGBTQ Club",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"storyMajorUpdateDate\">\u003cstrong>Updated November 21, 2022 at 5:28 PM ET\u003c/strong>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Police continue to investigate after a gunman killed five people and injured 18 others at an \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/20/1138045219/colorado-springs-shooting-lgbtq-club-q-5-dead\">LGBTQ nightclub \u003c/a>late Saturday in Colorado Springs, Colo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seventeen people were injured because of a gunshot wound, while another victim sustained other injuries, police said Monday afternoon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least one other person and likely many others were victims with no visible injuries, police said. Police earlier said 25 people were injured.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials also identified Anderson Lee Aldrich, 22, as the suspect. He was taken into custody shortly after arriving on site at Club Q and is being treated at a local hospital as of Monday afternoon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Court records for the case have now been sealed. The El Paso County district attorney's director of communications Howard Black told NPR on Monday afternoon that no formal charges have been filed. He said the investigation is still active, and charges will be filed in due time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The attack comes six years after the deadliest attack on the LGBTQ community in modern U.S. history, when a gunman killed 49 people and wounded 53 others at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2016/06/16/482322488/orlando-shooting-what-happened-update\">Pulse nightclub\u003c/a> in Orlando, Fla.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's what we know about the Colorado Springs shooting.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Two patrons subdued the gunman\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Colorado Springs Police Chief Adrian Vasquez said the gunman began shooting as soon as he entered the nightclub. At least two people \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/20/1138045219/colorado-springs-shooting-lgbtq-club-q-5-dead\">helped subdue\u003c/a> the gunman, which the chief described as heroic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We owe them a great debt of thanks,\" he said at a news conference Sunday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colorado Springs Mayor John Suthers \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/20/1138127564/the-colorado-springs-mayor-reflects-on-the-club-q-shooting\">told NPR\u003c/a> that one of the patrons \"took the handgun from the [shooter] and hit him with the handgun to disable him.\"[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"President Joe Biden\"]'There is no place for violence, hatred, and bigotry in America. Yet, tragically, as last night's attack in Colorado Springs reminds us, too many LGBTQI+ people in the United States — and around the world — continue to face unconscionable attacks.'[/pullquote]Club Q wrote on \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/ClubQOnline/posts/pfbid07LSCxRLmdaV4ogdSs3SCyeh4fsVDwLe3vip3qjxKX4JozzdggibpuKag7Je6fBnul\">Facebook\u003c/a> that the patrons' \"quick reactions\" helped end the attack, which it called a hate attack, and prevented more people from being killed or injured.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Police said the first call came in at 11:57 p.m. local time after which the first officer arrived three minutes later. The suspect was taken into custody at 12:02 a.m. MT.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colorado Springs Police Chief Adrian Vasquez said the shooter carried an \"AR style platform\" long gun along with multiple magazines with ammunition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That speaks to the preparation that he took for before entering that club,\" Vasquez told NPR's Rachel Martin on \u003cem>Morning Edition.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Club Q has been a safe haven for Colorado Springs' LGBTQ community\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Club Q, which \u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/clubqcoloradosprings/?hl=en\">opened\u003c/a> in 2002, serves the Colorado Springs area with drag shows, karaoke, and dance parties for those 18 years and older.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Vasquez and Colorado Gov. Jared Polis called the club a \"safe haven\" for LGBTQ residents of Colorado Springs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Club Q has been a safe haven for the LGBTQ community in an area where it hasn't always been easy,\" Polis, who became the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/09/15/1037675898/colorados-polis-weds-marking-the-1st-same-sex-marriage-of-a-sitting-governor\">first openly gay governor\u003c/a> in the U.S. in 2018, said at a \u003ca href=\"https://krdo.com/news/2022/11/20/community-comes-together-after-colorado-springs-gay-nightclub-mass-shooting/\">church service \u003c/a>Sunday. \"It's a place where we can gather, dance, and share the joy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colorado Springs Police Lt. Pamela Castro said the department was shocked at the attack, as the nightclub had not been a problem spot for the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Club Q announced it will be closed until further notice.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The shooting came on the eve of Transgender Day of Remembrance\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The gunman targeted the club the night before Transgender Day of Remembrance, which occurs annually on Nov. 20 to honor victims of anti-trans violence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The day of remembrance had its start in 1999, when LGBTQ rights advocate Gwendolyn Ann Smith helped \u003ca href=\"https://www.glaad.org/tdor\">organize\u003c/a> a vigil for transgender women\u003ca href=\"https://www.wbur.org/news/2020/07/15/two-decades-after-her-death-rita-hesters-family-reflects-on-her-spirit\"> Rita Hester\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://mediakron.bc.edu/lgbtqboston/map/the-murder-of-chanelle-pickett/the-murder-of-chanelle-pickett\">Chanelle Pickett\u003c/a> of Massachusetts. Both were women of color.\u003cbr>\n[aside postID=news_11932882 hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/Before-Rally-1020x680.jpeg']\"No one I spoke with then knew who Chanelle Pickett was, even though the trial of her murderer, William Palmer, had ended only months before Hester's death,\" \u003ca href=\"https://www.huffpost.com/entry/transgender-day-of-remembrance-why-we-remember_b_2166234\">Ann Smith wrote in 2012\u003c/a>. \"It seemed clear to me then that we were forgetting our past, and were — to paraphrase George Santayana — doomed to repeat it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the investigation is in its early stages, Vasquez said it's not lost on him that the shooting took place in a LGBTQ nightclub and on the eve of Transgender Day of Remembrance. He added that those details will be taken seriously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think there's a lot of work to be done before we can come to that determination,\" he said on whether the shooting was a hate crime. \"But certainly it feels that way.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Biden and lawmakers respond, condemning anti-LGBTQ hate crimes\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Democratic Colorado Sen. Michael Bennet expressed his devastation upon hearing news of the shooting in his state and called for more protection and support of the LGBTQ community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As we seek justice for this unimaginable act, we must do more to protect the LGBTQ community and stand firm against discrimination and hate in every form,\" he wrote on Twitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11932924\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11932924\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/GettyImages-1443151877.jpg\" alt=\"Flowers at a memorial with a young woman placing a candle.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/GettyImages-1443151877.jpg 1024w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/GettyImages-1443151877-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/GettyImages-1443151877-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/GettyImages-1443151877-160x107.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">People hold a vigil at a makeshift memorial near the Club Q nightclub on November 20, 2022 in Colorado Springs, Colorado. \u003ccite>(Scott Olson/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>President Biden said in a statement: \"There is no place for violence, hatred, and bigotry in America. Yet, tragically, as last night's attack in Colorado Springs reminds us, too many LGBTQI+ people in the United States — and around the world — continue to face unconscionable attacks.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden called for Congress to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/live-updates/colorado-springs-club-q-shooting#president-biden-issues-another-statement-this-one-calling-for-passage-of-the-equality-act\">pass the Equality Act\u003c/a>, which would ban discrimination against people based on sexual orientation and gender identity. The bill stalled in the Senate after passing the House \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/02/24/969591569/house-to-vote-on-equality-act-heres-what-the-law-would-do\">in February 2021\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In June, Biden \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/06/25/1107626030/biden-signs-gun-safety-law\">signed\u003c/a> the first major gun safety law passed by Congress in nearly 30 years, a month after the mass shooting at an \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/series/1101183663/uvalde-elementary-school-shooting\">elementary school in Uvalde, Texas\u003c/a> that killed 19 children and two adults. The legislation expanded background checks on people between the ages of 18 and 21 seeking to buy a gun and expanded an existing law that prevents people convicted of domestic abuse from owning a gun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he said more must be done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We need to enact an assault weapons ban to get weapons of war off America's streets,\" Biden said in a White House press release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>NPR's Juliana Kim contributed reporting.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "The mass shooting that killed 5 and injured at least 25 at an LGBTQ club in Colorado Springs, Colo., on the eve of Transgender Day of Remembrance is being treated as a potential hate crime.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"storyMajorUpdateDate\">\u003cstrong>Updated November 21, 2022 at 5:28 PM ET\u003c/strong>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Police continue to investigate after a gunman killed five people and injured 18 others at an \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/20/1138045219/colorado-springs-shooting-lgbtq-club-q-5-dead\">LGBTQ nightclub \u003c/a>late Saturday in Colorado Springs, Colo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seventeen people were injured because of a gunshot wound, while another victim sustained other injuries, police said Monday afternoon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least one other person and likely many others were victims with no visible injuries, police said. Police earlier said 25 people were injured.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials also identified Anderson Lee Aldrich, 22, as the suspect. He was taken into custody shortly after arriving on site at Club Q and is being treated at a local hospital as of Monday afternoon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Court records for the case have now been sealed. The El Paso County district attorney's director of communications Howard Black told NPR on Monday afternoon that no formal charges have been filed. He said the investigation is still active, and charges will be filed in due time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The attack comes six years after the deadliest attack on the LGBTQ community in modern U.S. history, when a gunman killed 49 people and wounded 53 others at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2016/06/16/482322488/orlando-shooting-what-happened-update\">Pulse nightclub\u003c/a> in Orlando, Fla.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's what we know about the Colorado Springs shooting.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Two patrons subdued the gunman\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Colorado Springs Police Chief Adrian Vasquez said the gunman began shooting as soon as he entered the nightclub. At least two people \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/20/1138045219/colorado-springs-shooting-lgbtq-club-q-5-dead\">helped subdue\u003c/a> the gunman, which the chief described as heroic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We owe them a great debt of thanks,\" he said at a news conference Sunday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colorado Springs Mayor John Suthers \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/20/1138127564/the-colorado-springs-mayor-reflects-on-the-club-q-shooting\">told NPR\u003c/a> that one of the patrons \"took the handgun from the [shooter] and hit him with the handgun to disable him.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Club Q wrote on \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/ClubQOnline/posts/pfbid07LSCxRLmdaV4ogdSs3SCyeh4fsVDwLe3vip3qjxKX4JozzdggibpuKag7Je6fBnul\">Facebook\u003c/a> that the patrons' \"quick reactions\" helped end the attack, which it called a hate attack, and prevented more people from being killed or injured.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Police said the first call came in at 11:57 p.m. local time after which the first officer arrived three minutes later. The suspect was taken into custody at 12:02 a.m. MT.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colorado Springs Police Chief Adrian Vasquez said the shooter carried an \"AR style platform\" long gun along with multiple magazines with ammunition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That speaks to the preparation that he took for before entering that club,\" Vasquez told NPR's Rachel Martin on \u003cem>Morning Edition.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Club Q has been a safe haven for Colorado Springs' LGBTQ community\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Club Q, which \u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/clubqcoloradosprings/?hl=en\">opened\u003c/a> in 2002, serves the Colorado Springs area with drag shows, karaoke, and dance parties for those 18 years and older.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Vasquez and Colorado Gov. Jared Polis called the club a \"safe haven\" for LGBTQ residents of Colorado Springs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Club Q has been a safe haven for the LGBTQ community in an area where it hasn't always been easy,\" Polis, who became the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/09/15/1037675898/colorados-polis-weds-marking-the-1st-same-sex-marriage-of-a-sitting-governor\">first openly gay governor\u003c/a> in the U.S. in 2018, said at a \u003ca href=\"https://krdo.com/news/2022/11/20/community-comes-together-after-colorado-springs-gay-nightclub-mass-shooting/\">church service \u003c/a>Sunday. \"It's a place where we can gather, dance, and share the joy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colorado Springs Police Lt. Pamela Castro said the department was shocked at the attack, as the nightclub had not been a problem spot for the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Club Q announced it will be closed until further notice.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The shooting came on the eve of Transgender Day of Remembrance\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The gunman targeted the club the night before Transgender Day of Remembrance, which occurs annually on Nov. 20 to honor victims of anti-trans violence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The day of remembrance had its start in 1999, when LGBTQ rights advocate Gwendolyn Ann Smith helped \u003ca href=\"https://www.glaad.org/tdor\">organize\u003c/a> a vigil for transgender women\u003ca href=\"https://www.wbur.org/news/2020/07/15/two-decades-after-her-death-rita-hesters-family-reflects-on-her-spirit\"> Rita Hester\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://mediakron.bc.edu/lgbtqboston/map/the-murder-of-chanelle-pickett/the-murder-of-chanelle-pickett\">Chanelle Pickett\u003c/a> of Massachusetts. Both were women of color.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\"No one I spoke with then knew who Chanelle Pickett was, even though the trial of her murderer, William Palmer, had ended only months before Hester's death,\" \u003ca href=\"https://www.huffpost.com/entry/transgender-day-of-remembrance-why-we-remember_b_2166234\">Ann Smith wrote in 2012\u003c/a>. \"It seemed clear to me then that we were forgetting our past, and were — to paraphrase George Santayana — doomed to repeat it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the investigation is in its early stages, Vasquez said it's not lost on him that the shooting took place in a LGBTQ nightclub and on the eve of Transgender Day of Remembrance. He added that those details will be taken seriously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think there's a lot of work to be done before we can come to that determination,\" he said on whether the shooting was a hate crime. \"But certainly it feels that way.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Biden and lawmakers respond, condemning anti-LGBTQ hate crimes\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Democratic Colorado Sen. Michael Bennet expressed his devastation upon hearing news of the shooting in his state and called for more protection and support of the LGBTQ community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As we seek justice for this unimaginable act, we must do more to protect the LGBTQ community and stand firm against discrimination and hate in every form,\" he wrote on Twitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11932924\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11932924\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/GettyImages-1443151877.jpg\" alt=\"Flowers at a memorial with a young woman placing a candle.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/GettyImages-1443151877.jpg 1024w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/GettyImages-1443151877-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/GettyImages-1443151877-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/GettyImages-1443151877-160x107.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">People hold a vigil at a makeshift memorial near the Club Q nightclub on November 20, 2022 in Colorado Springs, Colorado. \u003ccite>(Scott Olson/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>President Biden said in a statement: \"There is no place for violence, hatred, and bigotry in America. Yet, tragically, as last night's attack in Colorado Springs reminds us, too many LGBTQI+ people in the United States — and around the world — continue to face unconscionable attacks.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden called for Congress to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/live-updates/colorado-springs-club-q-shooting#president-biden-issues-another-statement-this-one-calling-for-passage-of-the-equality-act\">pass the Equality Act\u003c/a>, which would ban discrimination against people based on sexual orientation and gender identity. The bill stalled in the Senate after passing the House \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/02/24/969591569/house-to-vote-on-equality-act-heres-what-the-law-would-do\">in February 2021\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In June, Biden \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/06/25/1107626030/biden-signs-gun-safety-law\">signed\u003c/a> the first major gun safety law passed by Congress in nearly 30 years, a month after the mass shooting at an \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/series/1101183663/uvalde-elementary-school-shooting\">elementary school in Uvalde, Texas\u003c/a> that killed 19 children and two adults. The legislation expanded background checks on people between the ages of 18 and 21 seeking to buy a gun and expanded an existing law that prevents people convicted of domestic abuse from owning a gun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he said more must be done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We need to enact an assault weapons ban to get weapons of war off America's streets,\" Biden said in a White House press release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>NPR's Juliana Kim contributed reporting.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"slug": "fda-gives-nod-to-no-kill-meat",
"title": "FDA Gives Safety Nod to 'No Kill' Meat, Bringing It Closer to Sale in the U.S.",
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"headTitle": "FDA Gives Safety Nod to ‘No Kill’ Meat, Bringing It Closer to Sale in the U.S. | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration has taken a first step towards allowing the sale of cultivated “no kill” meat in the U.S, giving a safety nod to Upside Foods, a San Francisco based start-up. The company produces meat grown from animal cells, without slaughtering the animal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The world is experiencing a food revolution and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-spurs-innovation-human-food-animal-cell-culture-technology\">FDA is committed to supporting innovation\u003c/a> in the food supply,” wrote FDA Commissioner Robert Califf and director of the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition Susan Mayne.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA reviewed more than 100 pages of documentation from \u003ca href=\"https://upsidefoods.com/\">Upside Foods\u003c/a>, and has now completed its pre-market consultation. The agency says it “has no further questions” about the firm’s conclusion that the products are safe to eat. This removes a key regulatory hurdle and could bring Upside Foods one step closer to selling its products in the U.S. The next steps are to work with the U.S. Department of Agriculture on labeling and inspection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Upside Foods was co-founded by \u003ca href=\"https://gfi.org/team/uma-valeti-m-d/\">Uma Valeti\u003c/a>, a cardiologist who dreamt of producing meat in a different way. Instead of raising livestock on farms and killing them in slaughterhouses, Valeti wanted to find a way to “grow” meat in a production facility, by culturing animal cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The concept for what’s now called “cultivated” meat came to Valeti when he was working with heart attack patients at the Mayo Clinic more than 15 years ago, growing human heart cells in a lab. It should be possible to grow meat with similar science, he realized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists could extract cells from an animal via a needle biopsy, place them in tanks, feed them the nutrients they need to proliferate, including fats, sugar, amino acids and vitamins, and end up with meat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has taken years of experimentation by a crew of biologists, biochemists and engineers to turn that concept into a product ready to eat. “People said it was science fiction,” Valeti told me as we toured the company’s new 70,000-square-foot facility. If it gets a green light to start selling its meat, Upside’s production facility in Emeryville, Calif., will be able to produce over 50,000 pounds of cultivated meat products per year. “This is real,” Valeti says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We suited up for the tour in gowns, goggles and hair nets to maintain food safety protocols and walked past shiny, brewery-style, stainless steel tanks reaching from floor to ceiling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11932331\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-10_custom-b9363fef708e8ecf48bf1dad490718569f63cccf-scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11932331\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-10_custom-b9363fef708e8ecf48bf1dad490718569f63cccf-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"A lobby of an office with long tables\" width=\"800\" height=\"532\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-10_custom-b9363fef708e8ecf48bf1dad490718569f63cccf-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-10_custom-b9363fef708e8ecf48bf1dad490718569f63cccf-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-10_custom-b9363fef708e8ecf48bf1dad490718569f63cccf-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-10_custom-b9363fef708e8ecf48bf1dad490718569f63cccf-1536x1022.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-10_custom-b9363fef708e8ecf48bf1dad490718569f63cccf-2048x1362.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-10_custom-b9363fef708e8ecf48bf1dad490718569f63cccf-1920x1277.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The lobby at Upside Foods is a dining area where one can see meat being produced through windows in a wall. \u003ccite>(Brian L. Frank for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But these tanks — called cultivators in this industry — “brew” meat, not beer. We saw the cell bank where the animal cell samples are stored, the pipes that pump nutrients into the tanks, and finally the raw meat as it emerged from the production facility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The process had a futuristic vibe but by the end of the tour, it felt somehow ordinary to me — like a kind of hydroponic gardening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The facility’s glass walls look out into a busy upscale neighborhood, filled with restaurants, apartments and offices. Valeti says the glass walls are intentional — to signal transparency. “To create a paradigm change, people should be able to walk through and see and believe it,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Upside Foods could have lots of competition once cultivated meats enter the market. More than \u003ca href=\"https://gfi.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/2021-Cultivated-Meat-State-of-the-Industry-Report-1.pdf\">80 companies (PDF)\u003c/a> are staking a future in the space. For instance, \u003ca href=\"https://www.goodmeat.co/\">Good Meat\u003c/a>, part of Eat Just, Inc., will serve its cultivated chicken at the COP-27 climate conference this week, after debuting its product \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-06-10/eat-just-to-open-asia-s-largest-cultivated-meat-facility-in-2023\">in Singapore\u003c/a>. Also, \u003ca href=\"https://scififoods.com/\">Sci-Fi Foods\u003c/a>, founded by self-proclaimed “burger-obsessed food lovers” aims to blend cultivated beef with a plant-based recipe to produce a hybrid burger that, they say, will be better for the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11932332\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/cultivation-room-upside-foods-2-_custom-aa793d289739ebdb2fba45aa3391dbc6734c0254.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11932332\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/cultivation-room-upside-foods-2-_custom-aa793d289739ebdb2fba45aa3391dbc6734c0254-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"tanks in a factory\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/cultivation-room-upside-foods-2-_custom-aa793d289739ebdb2fba45aa3391dbc6734c0254-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/cultivation-room-upside-foods-2-_custom-aa793d289739ebdb2fba45aa3391dbc6734c0254-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/cultivation-room-upside-foods-2-_custom-aa793d289739ebdb2fba45aa3391dbc6734c0254-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/cultivation-room-upside-foods-2-_custom-aa793d289739ebdb2fba45aa3391dbc6734c0254-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/cultivation-room-upside-foods-2-_custom-aa793d289739ebdb2fba45aa3391dbc6734c0254-1920x1279.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/cultivation-room-upside-foods-2-_custom-aa793d289739ebdb2fba45aa3391dbc6734c0254.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The cultivation room at Upside Foods. \u003ccite>(David Kay)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The acceleration in investment comes as more consumers connect the dots between what they eat and the environment. An estimated \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43016-021-00225-9\">one third of all human-induced greenhouse gas emissions\u003c/a> come from food production and scientists warn it’s nearly impossible to meet climate goals \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/08/08/748416223/to-slow-global-warming-u-n-warns-agriculture-must-change\">without changing agriculture\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say beef has an especially \u003ca href=\"https://www.wri.org/insights/6-pressing-questions-about-beef-and-climate-change-answered\">large environmental impact\u003c/a> because it requires a lot of land to graze animals and is a leading source of methane emissions. By comparison, it takes \u003ca href=\"https://www.wri.org/insights/2018-will-see-high-meat-consumption-us-american-diet-shifting\">much less land\u003c/a> and grain to raise chickens. However, concentrated poultry operations are linked to \u003ca href=\"https://stateimpact.npr.org/pennsylvania/2020/05/01/report-finds-poultry-farming-sends-more-pollution-to-chesapeake-bay-than-previously-thought/\">water pollution\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Furthermore, concentrated \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/npdes/animal-feeding-operations-afos\">animal feeding operations\u003c/a> are a risk factor for the emergence of diseases that spread between animals and people, as a U.N. report from 2020, \u003ca href=\"https://unsdg.un.org/sites/default/files/2020-07/UNEP-Preventing-the-next-pandemic.pdf\">Preventing the Next Pandemic (PDF)\u003c/a>, warned.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A move from medicine to meat\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Valeti’s leap from cardiology to food innovation was inspired by a belief that there was a better way to bring meat to the table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He recalls working in a campus dining hall in medical school. He was sent to a slaughterhouse where he saw hundreds of chickens hanging on a production line. “They were literally moving past at blazing speed, they’d be upside down with blood everywhere,” Valeti recalls. “That was an image that just stayed in my head.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He became a vegetarian, but he knew many people are resolute carnivores. Despite calls from climate change scientists to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/01/27/688765872/this-diet-is-better-for-the-planet-but-is-it-better-for-you-too\">eat less meat\u003c/a>, the globe is demanding more of it. Americans now eat \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalchickencouncil.org/about-the-industry/statistics/per-capita-consumption-of-poultry-and-livestock-1965-to-estimated-2012-in-pounds/\">more than 220 pounds of meat per person, per year\u003c/a>, compared to 193 pounds a year in the early 1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After his aha moment in the cardiology lab, Valeti became convinced he could develop a viable technique for cultivating meat from animal cells. “Once I got that idea into my head it was nearly impossible to get out,” Valeti recalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11932333\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-8_custom-8d426c3eab1dcbb8d0b1947f62bacb0dc7999c48-scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11932333\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-8_custom-8d426c3eab1dcbb8d0b1947f62bacb0dc7999c48-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"two men in an office smile over a plate of grilled chicken\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-8_custom-8d426c3eab1dcbb8d0b1947f62bacb0dc7999c48-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-8_custom-8d426c3eab1dcbb8d0b1947f62bacb0dc7999c48-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-8_custom-8d426c3eab1dcbb8d0b1947f62bacb0dc7999c48-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-8_custom-8d426c3eab1dcbb8d0b1947f62bacb0dc7999c48-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-8_custom-8d426c3eab1dcbb8d0b1947f62bacb0dc7999c48-2048x1364.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-8_custom-8d426c3eab1dcbb8d0b1947f62bacb0dc7999c48-1920x1278.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Upside Foods CEO Uma Valeti (right) prepares to sample a recently cooked chicken breast. \u003ccite>(Brian L. Frank for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He began raising money and started Upside (formerly called \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2020/01/22/798515259/ready-for-meat-grown-from-animal-cells-a-startup-plans-a-pilot-plant\">Memphis Meats\u003c/a>) in 2015. At the time his two children were young, and his wife, also a doctor, was supportive of the decision despite the risks involved in a start-up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s won over plenty of investors along the way, including Bill Gates and venture capitalist John Doerr, and the company is now \u003ca href=\"https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/upside-foods/company_financials\">valued\u003c/a> at more than a billion dollars. Some of the largest companies involved in traditional meat production, including Tyson and Cargill, have also invested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the idea of meat grown in tanks elicits an “ick” response from many people, the emerging industry sees market potential. According to consumer research, 88% of Gen Z consumers in the U.S. say they’d be somewhat \u003ca href=\"https://gfi.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/2021-Cultivated-Meat-State-of-the-Industry-Report-1.pdf\">open to trying cultivated meat (PDF)\u003c/a>, compared with about 72% of baby boomers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We feel super bullish on the prospects for plant-based meat as well as cultivated meat,” says \u003ca href=\"https://gfi.org/team/bruce-friedrich/\">Bruce Friedrich\u003c/a> of the Good Food Institute which tracks \u003ca href=\"https://gfi.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/2021-Cultivated-Meat-State-of-the-Industry-Report-1.pdf\">investment trends (PDF)\u003c/a> and lobbies for alternative proteins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate-conscious consumers would be likely early adopters, Friedrich says, but for the market to really take off, the products need to taste great and be cost-competitive, he says. “Until they get there, they’re going to stay niche,” Friedrich predicts. “Price and taste are why people make their food decisions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I asked Valeti about price parity with conventional meat he said the goal is to be price-competitive. “It will take time to build,” Valeti acknowledged. As for taste, he says his team is ready to wow consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11932334\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/trip_meat_4_custom-231578ab77af30396881277aa0d6bc316c65c3c8-scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11932334\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/trip_meat_4_custom-231578ab77af30396881277aa0d6bc316c65c3c8-800x978.jpg\" alt=\"fake chicken breast is prepared\" width=\"800\" height=\"978\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/trip_meat_4_custom-231578ab77af30396881277aa0d6bc316c65c3c8-800x978.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/trip_meat_4_custom-231578ab77af30396881277aa0d6bc316c65c3c8-1020x1247.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/trip_meat_4_custom-231578ab77af30396881277aa0d6bc316c65c3c8-160x196.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/trip_meat_4_custom-231578ab77af30396881277aa0d6bc316c65c3c8-1256x1536.jpg 1256w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/trip_meat_4_custom-231578ab77af30396881277aa0d6bc316c65c3c8-1675x2048.jpg 1675w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/trip_meat_4_custom-231578ab77af30396881277aa0d6bc316c65c3c8-1920x2347.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chicken breast is prepared at Upside Foods. Upside Foods is one of the biggest companies in the cultivated meats space, having raised upwards of $1 billion to continue research and development. \u003ccite>(Brian L. Frank for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>A visit to the test kitchen\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>During our visit, we stopped in the company’s state-of-the-art test kitchen for a taste of Upside Foods’ chicken. I was asked to sign a waiver before tasting it, because it’s not yet legal to sell cell-cultured meat in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was served a piece of their chicken, pan-fried in a white-wine butter sauce. My first reaction: “It’s delicious.” (Isn’t everything in wine-butter sauce?) And the texture was chewy, closely replicating the texture of chicken breast (minus bones, and tough bits or gristle.) “It tastes like chicken,” I said, to which Valeti quickly replied, “It\u003cem> is\u003c/em> chicken!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took Valeti and his team years to develop the technology behind these tasty bites. A key challenge was creating the feed for the cells. Cells need a mix of proteins, carbohydrates and fats (just as animals do) but, designing the exact formulation was part alchemy, and a lot of trial and error.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The feed needed to maximize growth, but also produce a good taste, texture and nutritional value. He quickly realized no single scientist had the skills to figure this out alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A muscle biologist can focus on growth, but he brought in nutritional biochemists and engineers to tackle the competing challenges linked to taste and growth. “We had to develop a multidisciplinary team of scientists,” Valeti says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA and the U.S. Department of Agriculture are working together on a \u003ca href=\"https://www.usda.gov/media/press-releases/2019/03/07/usda-and-fda-announce-formal-agreement-regulate-cell-cultured-food\">regulatory framework\u003c/a> “to help move these innovative products along into the U.S. market, as long as we’re making sure that everything can be done safely and with appropriate labeling,” Susan Mayne, Director of the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition at the FDA told NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Upside Food’s pre-market consultation was the first to be completed, and the FDA says it will review each company’s submission separately. “We encourage firms to have these conversations with us often and early in their product development phase,” an FDA spokesperson wrote in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2022/09/12/executive-order-on-advancing-biotechnology-and-biomanufacturing-innovation-for-a-sustainable-safe-and-secure-american-bioeconomy/\">executive order\u003c/a> from the Biden administration, which calls for advancing innovative solutions in climate change and food security, including “cultivating alternative food sources,” was viewed by many in the nascent cultivated food industry as a sign of increased momentum toward approval. The USDA is currently developing \u003ca href=\"https://www.usda.gov/media/press-releases/2021/09/02/usda-seeks-comments-labeling-meat-and-poultry-products-derived\">labeling requirements\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11932335\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-11_custom-43543ba672fed685d53a8e98946ca9b5421e0c87-scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11932335\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-11_custom-43543ba672fed685d53a8e98946ca9b5421e0c87-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"chicken breast prepared on a grill with tongs\" width=\"800\" height=\"532\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-11_custom-43543ba672fed685d53a8e98946ca9b5421e0c87-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-11_custom-43543ba672fed685d53a8e98946ca9b5421e0c87-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-11_custom-43543ba672fed685d53a8e98946ca9b5421e0c87-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-11_custom-43543ba672fed685d53a8e98946ca9b5421e0c87-1536x1022.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-11_custom-43543ba672fed685d53a8e98946ca9b5421e0c87-2048x1362.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-11_custom-43543ba672fed685d53a8e98946ca9b5421e0c87-1920x1277.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of Upside Foods’ many competitors, Good Meat, will serve its cultivated chicken at the COP-27 climate conference this week, after debuting its product in Singapore. Good Meat is one of the bigger companies in the cultivated meats space. \u003ccite>(Brian L. Frank for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Debates over health and environmental impact\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>There are debates about whether cultivated meat is healthy — or potentially healthier than conventional meat. “It’s a very nuanced question without a very simple answer,” explains \u003ca href=\"https://ph.ucla.edu/faculty/hunnes\">Dana Hunnes\u003c/a>, a registered dietitian at UCLA Medical Center. Opinions tend to reflect the range of views about meat in general.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hunnes says cultivated meat may not appeal to vegans or vegetarians. She points to the healthfulness of plant-based diets, which is the diet she follows, and says some people don’t want to eat meat, no matter how it’s produced. Also, the cultivated meat industry has relied on fetal bovine serum from cows as a growth medium for the cells, though Upside Foods has developed an \u003ca href=\"https://www.greenqueen.com.hk/upside-foods-acf-cell-media/\">animal component-free alternative\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But most Americans are meat-eaters, and dieticians say meat is a good source of protein and important micronutrients including B vitamins. Part of the intrigue of cultivated meat is that it can be altered for improved nutrition. For instance, if cells were fed omega-3 fatty acids during the growing process, then, in theory, these heart-healthy fats could be absorbed into the meat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is possible to create a so-called healthier version of the meat,” Hunnes says, though much of this has not yet been explored since the industry is so new.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11932337\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-5_custom-9f241d331200a3e8e91c0e4c0a3f889603b48b58-scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11932337\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-5_custom-9f241d331200a3e8e91c0e4c0a3f889603b48b58-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"scientists in a lab\" width=\"800\" height=\"532\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-5_custom-9f241d331200a3e8e91c0e4c0a3f889603b48b58-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-5_custom-9f241d331200a3e8e91c0e4c0a3f889603b48b58-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-5_custom-9f241d331200a3e8e91c0e4c0a3f889603b48b58-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-5_custom-9f241d331200a3e8e91c0e4c0a3f889603b48b58-1536x1022.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-5_custom-9f241d331200a3e8e91c0e4c0a3f889603b48b58-2048x1362.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-5_custom-9f241d331200a3e8e91c0e4c0a3f889603b48b58-1920x1277.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists at Good Meat work on cell cultures which will be used for the company’s cultivated meats. \u003ccite>(Brian L. Frank for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>From a public health perspective, a potential advantage of cultivated meat is the fact that without live animals to catch and spread disease, no antibiotics are needed in production facilities and there’s decreased likelihood of foodborne illness from intestinal pathogens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, salmonella, a bacteria that lives in animal intestines and is shed through their feces, would not be present in a cultivated meat production facility. “From a food safety standpoint, it probably has a one up” on the traditional meat industry, Hunnes says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because this is a new industry, there are potential unknowns. Some scientists say it’s possible that \u003ca href=\"https://ojs.qiu.edu.my/journal/index.php/qijmhs/article/view/48\">unforeseen biological mechanisms \u003c/a>could occur as the meat grows, such as cells multiplying in unpredictable ways. There’s a continued need for research as the industry heads toward commercialization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11932338\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 200px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-71_custom-54a2bbfc86d23316472489ee7440320ed2d61e54.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11932338\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-71_custom-54a2bbfc86d23316472489ee7440320ed2d61e54.jpg\" alt=\"a portrait of a man in a lab coat and glasses\" width=\"200\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-71_custom-54a2bbfc86d23316472489ee7440320ed2d61e54.jpg 200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-71_custom-54a2bbfc86d23316472489ee7440320ed2d61e54-160x240.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Upside Foods CEO Uma Valeti. \u003ccite>(Brian L. Frank for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first cultivated meat products were produced from cells biopsied directly from live animals. But this process isn’t efficient. Over the last few years, start-ups have worked to identify “immortalized” cell lines, that “can be grown almost indefinitely without having to go back to the animal,” explains David Kaplan, professor of biomedical engineering of Tufts University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His lab received a \u003ca href=\"https://now.tufts.edu/2021/10/15/tufts-receives-10-million-grant-help-develop-cultivated-meat\">$10 million grant \u003c/a>from the USDA to help develop the cultured meat industry. “We need more and more,” immortalized cell lines, Kaplan says, as the industry looks to expand to different types of meat, poultry and fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another unknown is the exact climate impact of cultivated meat. Researchers at the University of Oxford modeled the \u003ca href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2019.00005/full\">potential climate change impact of cattle compared to cultivated meat\u003c/a>. One advantage of cultivated meat is that it will not produce methane emissions, which is a potent greenhouse gas produced by cattle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the cultivated meat industry will contribute to CO2 emissions, given that its production facilities will use electricity. The researchers conclude that the relative impact will be determined by whether — or how quickly — the energy used to power the cultivated meat production facilities comes from clean-energy, or decarbonized energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Culinary future\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>For Valeti, the potential benefits of cultivated meat are too important not to try to overcome the obstacles. He sees a future with a better alternative to the current system of producing meat, and he’s determined to create it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valeti says, ultimately, as a doctor he might have been able to help a few thousand patients during his career. But, by taking the leap to cultivated meat, with its potential promise to overhaul meat production, he believes he can have a larger impact. “This could literally affect billions of human lives and save potentially trillions of animal lives,” Valeti says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While awaiting regulatory approval, he’s moving forward to bring the product to people’s plates. He has signed a partnership with \u003ca href=\"https://www.ateliercrenn.com/\">Dominique Crenn,\u003c/a> the co-owner and chef of the three-Michelin-starred restaurant Atelier Crenn in San Francisco, who has agreed to provide culinary consulting and recipe development and — once the new product is approved for market — to serve Upside’s cultivated chicken at her restaurant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=From+science+fiction+to+reality%2C+%27no+kill%27+meat+may+be+coming+soon&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration has taken a first step towards allowing the sale of cultivated “no kill” meat in the U.S, giving a safety nod to Upside Foods, a San Francisco based start-up. The company produces meat grown from animal cells, without slaughtering the animal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The world is experiencing a food revolution and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-spurs-innovation-human-food-animal-cell-culture-technology\">FDA is committed to supporting innovation\u003c/a> in the food supply,” wrote FDA Commissioner Robert Califf and director of the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition Susan Mayne.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA reviewed more than 100 pages of documentation from \u003ca href=\"https://upsidefoods.com/\">Upside Foods\u003c/a>, and has now completed its pre-market consultation. The agency says it “has no further questions” about the firm’s conclusion that the products are safe to eat. This removes a key regulatory hurdle and could bring Upside Foods one step closer to selling its products in the U.S. The next steps are to work with the U.S. Department of Agriculture on labeling and inspection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Upside Foods was co-founded by \u003ca href=\"https://gfi.org/team/uma-valeti-m-d/\">Uma Valeti\u003c/a>, a cardiologist who dreamt of producing meat in a different way. Instead of raising livestock on farms and killing them in slaughterhouses, Valeti wanted to find a way to “grow” meat in a production facility, by culturing animal cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The concept for what’s now called “cultivated” meat came to Valeti when he was working with heart attack patients at the Mayo Clinic more than 15 years ago, growing human heart cells in a lab. It should be possible to grow meat with similar science, he realized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists could extract cells from an animal via a needle biopsy, place them in tanks, feed them the nutrients they need to proliferate, including fats, sugar, amino acids and vitamins, and end up with meat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has taken years of experimentation by a crew of biologists, biochemists and engineers to turn that concept into a product ready to eat. “People said it was science fiction,” Valeti told me as we toured the company’s new 70,000-square-foot facility. If it gets a green light to start selling its meat, Upside’s production facility in Emeryville, Calif., will be able to produce over 50,000 pounds of cultivated meat products per year. “This is real,” Valeti says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We suited up for the tour in gowns, goggles and hair nets to maintain food safety protocols and walked past shiny, brewery-style, stainless steel tanks reaching from floor to ceiling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11932331\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-10_custom-b9363fef708e8ecf48bf1dad490718569f63cccf-scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11932331\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-10_custom-b9363fef708e8ecf48bf1dad490718569f63cccf-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"A lobby of an office with long tables\" width=\"800\" height=\"532\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-10_custom-b9363fef708e8ecf48bf1dad490718569f63cccf-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-10_custom-b9363fef708e8ecf48bf1dad490718569f63cccf-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-10_custom-b9363fef708e8ecf48bf1dad490718569f63cccf-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-10_custom-b9363fef708e8ecf48bf1dad490718569f63cccf-1536x1022.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-10_custom-b9363fef708e8ecf48bf1dad490718569f63cccf-2048x1362.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-10_custom-b9363fef708e8ecf48bf1dad490718569f63cccf-1920x1277.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The lobby at Upside Foods is a dining area where one can see meat being produced through windows in a wall. \u003ccite>(Brian L. Frank for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But these tanks — called cultivators in this industry — “brew” meat, not beer. We saw the cell bank where the animal cell samples are stored, the pipes that pump nutrients into the tanks, and finally the raw meat as it emerged from the production facility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The process had a futuristic vibe but by the end of the tour, it felt somehow ordinary to me — like a kind of hydroponic gardening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The facility’s glass walls look out into a busy upscale neighborhood, filled with restaurants, apartments and offices. Valeti says the glass walls are intentional — to signal transparency. “To create a paradigm change, people should be able to walk through and see and believe it,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Upside Foods could have lots of competition once cultivated meats enter the market. More than \u003ca href=\"https://gfi.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/2021-Cultivated-Meat-State-of-the-Industry-Report-1.pdf\">80 companies (PDF)\u003c/a> are staking a future in the space. For instance, \u003ca href=\"https://www.goodmeat.co/\">Good Meat\u003c/a>, part of Eat Just, Inc., will serve its cultivated chicken at the COP-27 climate conference this week, after debuting its product \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-06-10/eat-just-to-open-asia-s-largest-cultivated-meat-facility-in-2023\">in Singapore\u003c/a>. Also, \u003ca href=\"https://scififoods.com/\">Sci-Fi Foods\u003c/a>, founded by self-proclaimed “burger-obsessed food lovers” aims to blend cultivated beef with a plant-based recipe to produce a hybrid burger that, they say, will be better for the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11932332\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/cultivation-room-upside-foods-2-_custom-aa793d289739ebdb2fba45aa3391dbc6734c0254.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11932332\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/cultivation-room-upside-foods-2-_custom-aa793d289739ebdb2fba45aa3391dbc6734c0254-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"tanks in a factory\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/cultivation-room-upside-foods-2-_custom-aa793d289739ebdb2fba45aa3391dbc6734c0254-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/cultivation-room-upside-foods-2-_custom-aa793d289739ebdb2fba45aa3391dbc6734c0254-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/cultivation-room-upside-foods-2-_custom-aa793d289739ebdb2fba45aa3391dbc6734c0254-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/cultivation-room-upside-foods-2-_custom-aa793d289739ebdb2fba45aa3391dbc6734c0254-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/cultivation-room-upside-foods-2-_custom-aa793d289739ebdb2fba45aa3391dbc6734c0254-1920x1279.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/cultivation-room-upside-foods-2-_custom-aa793d289739ebdb2fba45aa3391dbc6734c0254.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The cultivation room at Upside Foods. \u003ccite>(David Kay)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The acceleration in investment comes as more consumers connect the dots between what they eat and the environment. An estimated \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43016-021-00225-9\">one third of all human-induced greenhouse gas emissions\u003c/a> come from food production and scientists warn it’s nearly impossible to meet climate goals \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/08/08/748416223/to-slow-global-warming-u-n-warns-agriculture-must-change\">without changing agriculture\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say beef has an especially \u003ca href=\"https://www.wri.org/insights/6-pressing-questions-about-beef-and-climate-change-answered\">large environmental impact\u003c/a> because it requires a lot of land to graze animals and is a leading source of methane emissions. By comparison, it takes \u003ca href=\"https://www.wri.org/insights/2018-will-see-high-meat-consumption-us-american-diet-shifting\">much less land\u003c/a> and grain to raise chickens. However, concentrated poultry operations are linked to \u003ca href=\"https://stateimpact.npr.org/pennsylvania/2020/05/01/report-finds-poultry-farming-sends-more-pollution-to-chesapeake-bay-than-previously-thought/\">water pollution\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Furthermore, concentrated \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/npdes/animal-feeding-operations-afos\">animal feeding operations\u003c/a> are a risk factor for the emergence of diseases that spread between animals and people, as a U.N. report from 2020, \u003ca href=\"https://unsdg.un.org/sites/default/files/2020-07/UNEP-Preventing-the-next-pandemic.pdf\">Preventing the Next Pandemic (PDF)\u003c/a>, warned.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A move from medicine to meat\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Valeti’s leap from cardiology to food innovation was inspired by a belief that there was a better way to bring meat to the table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He recalls working in a campus dining hall in medical school. He was sent to a slaughterhouse where he saw hundreds of chickens hanging on a production line. “They were literally moving past at blazing speed, they’d be upside down with blood everywhere,” Valeti recalls. “That was an image that just stayed in my head.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He became a vegetarian, but he knew many people are resolute carnivores. Despite calls from climate change scientists to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/01/27/688765872/this-diet-is-better-for-the-planet-but-is-it-better-for-you-too\">eat less meat\u003c/a>, the globe is demanding more of it. Americans now eat \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalchickencouncil.org/about-the-industry/statistics/per-capita-consumption-of-poultry-and-livestock-1965-to-estimated-2012-in-pounds/\">more than 220 pounds of meat per person, per year\u003c/a>, compared to 193 pounds a year in the early 1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After his aha moment in the cardiology lab, Valeti became convinced he could develop a viable technique for cultivating meat from animal cells. “Once I got that idea into my head it was nearly impossible to get out,” Valeti recalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11932333\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-8_custom-8d426c3eab1dcbb8d0b1947f62bacb0dc7999c48-scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11932333\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-8_custom-8d426c3eab1dcbb8d0b1947f62bacb0dc7999c48-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"two men in an office smile over a plate of grilled chicken\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-8_custom-8d426c3eab1dcbb8d0b1947f62bacb0dc7999c48-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-8_custom-8d426c3eab1dcbb8d0b1947f62bacb0dc7999c48-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-8_custom-8d426c3eab1dcbb8d0b1947f62bacb0dc7999c48-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-8_custom-8d426c3eab1dcbb8d0b1947f62bacb0dc7999c48-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-8_custom-8d426c3eab1dcbb8d0b1947f62bacb0dc7999c48-2048x1364.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-8_custom-8d426c3eab1dcbb8d0b1947f62bacb0dc7999c48-1920x1278.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Upside Foods CEO Uma Valeti (right) prepares to sample a recently cooked chicken breast. \u003ccite>(Brian L. Frank for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He began raising money and started Upside (formerly called \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2020/01/22/798515259/ready-for-meat-grown-from-animal-cells-a-startup-plans-a-pilot-plant\">Memphis Meats\u003c/a>) in 2015. At the time his two children were young, and his wife, also a doctor, was supportive of the decision despite the risks involved in a start-up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s won over plenty of investors along the way, including Bill Gates and venture capitalist John Doerr, and the company is now \u003ca href=\"https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/upside-foods/company_financials\">valued\u003c/a> at more than a billion dollars. Some of the largest companies involved in traditional meat production, including Tyson and Cargill, have also invested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the idea of meat grown in tanks elicits an “ick” response from many people, the emerging industry sees market potential. According to consumer research, 88% of Gen Z consumers in the U.S. say they’d be somewhat \u003ca href=\"https://gfi.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/2021-Cultivated-Meat-State-of-the-Industry-Report-1.pdf\">open to trying cultivated meat (PDF)\u003c/a>, compared with about 72% of baby boomers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We feel super bullish on the prospects for plant-based meat as well as cultivated meat,” says \u003ca href=\"https://gfi.org/team/bruce-friedrich/\">Bruce Friedrich\u003c/a> of the Good Food Institute which tracks \u003ca href=\"https://gfi.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/2021-Cultivated-Meat-State-of-the-Industry-Report-1.pdf\">investment trends (PDF)\u003c/a> and lobbies for alternative proteins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate-conscious consumers would be likely early adopters, Friedrich says, but for the market to really take off, the products need to taste great and be cost-competitive, he says. “Until they get there, they’re going to stay niche,” Friedrich predicts. “Price and taste are why people make their food decisions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I asked Valeti about price parity with conventional meat he said the goal is to be price-competitive. “It will take time to build,” Valeti acknowledged. As for taste, he says his team is ready to wow consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11932334\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/trip_meat_4_custom-231578ab77af30396881277aa0d6bc316c65c3c8-scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11932334\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/trip_meat_4_custom-231578ab77af30396881277aa0d6bc316c65c3c8-800x978.jpg\" alt=\"fake chicken breast is prepared\" width=\"800\" height=\"978\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/trip_meat_4_custom-231578ab77af30396881277aa0d6bc316c65c3c8-800x978.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/trip_meat_4_custom-231578ab77af30396881277aa0d6bc316c65c3c8-1020x1247.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/trip_meat_4_custom-231578ab77af30396881277aa0d6bc316c65c3c8-160x196.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/trip_meat_4_custom-231578ab77af30396881277aa0d6bc316c65c3c8-1256x1536.jpg 1256w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/trip_meat_4_custom-231578ab77af30396881277aa0d6bc316c65c3c8-1675x2048.jpg 1675w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/trip_meat_4_custom-231578ab77af30396881277aa0d6bc316c65c3c8-1920x2347.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chicken breast is prepared at Upside Foods. Upside Foods is one of the biggest companies in the cultivated meats space, having raised upwards of $1 billion to continue research and development. \u003ccite>(Brian L. Frank for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>A visit to the test kitchen\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>During our visit, we stopped in the company’s state-of-the-art test kitchen for a taste of Upside Foods’ chicken. I was asked to sign a waiver before tasting it, because it’s not yet legal to sell cell-cultured meat in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was served a piece of their chicken, pan-fried in a white-wine butter sauce. My first reaction: “It’s delicious.” (Isn’t everything in wine-butter sauce?) And the texture was chewy, closely replicating the texture of chicken breast (minus bones, and tough bits or gristle.) “It tastes like chicken,” I said, to which Valeti quickly replied, “It\u003cem> is\u003c/em> chicken!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took Valeti and his team years to develop the technology behind these tasty bites. A key challenge was creating the feed for the cells. Cells need a mix of proteins, carbohydrates and fats (just as animals do) but, designing the exact formulation was part alchemy, and a lot of trial and error.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The feed needed to maximize growth, but also produce a good taste, texture and nutritional value. He quickly realized no single scientist had the skills to figure this out alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A muscle biologist can focus on growth, but he brought in nutritional biochemists and engineers to tackle the competing challenges linked to taste and growth. “We had to develop a multidisciplinary team of scientists,” Valeti says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA and the U.S. Department of Agriculture are working together on a \u003ca href=\"https://www.usda.gov/media/press-releases/2019/03/07/usda-and-fda-announce-formal-agreement-regulate-cell-cultured-food\">regulatory framework\u003c/a> “to help move these innovative products along into the U.S. market, as long as we’re making sure that everything can be done safely and with appropriate labeling,” Susan Mayne, Director of the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition at the FDA told NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Upside Food’s pre-market consultation was the first to be completed, and the FDA says it will review each company’s submission separately. “We encourage firms to have these conversations with us often and early in their product development phase,” an FDA spokesperson wrote in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2022/09/12/executive-order-on-advancing-biotechnology-and-biomanufacturing-innovation-for-a-sustainable-safe-and-secure-american-bioeconomy/\">executive order\u003c/a> from the Biden administration, which calls for advancing innovative solutions in climate change and food security, including “cultivating alternative food sources,” was viewed by many in the nascent cultivated food industry as a sign of increased momentum toward approval. The USDA is currently developing \u003ca href=\"https://www.usda.gov/media/press-releases/2021/09/02/usda-seeks-comments-labeling-meat-and-poultry-products-derived\">labeling requirements\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11932335\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-11_custom-43543ba672fed685d53a8e98946ca9b5421e0c87-scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11932335\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-11_custom-43543ba672fed685d53a8e98946ca9b5421e0c87-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"chicken breast prepared on a grill with tongs\" width=\"800\" height=\"532\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-11_custom-43543ba672fed685d53a8e98946ca9b5421e0c87-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-11_custom-43543ba672fed685d53a8e98946ca9b5421e0c87-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-11_custom-43543ba672fed685d53a8e98946ca9b5421e0c87-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-11_custom-43543ba672fed685d53a8e98946ca9b5421e0c87-1536x1022.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-11_custom-43543ba672fed685d53a8e98946ca9b5421e0c87-2048x1362.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-11_custom-43543ba672fed685d53a8e98946ca9b5421e0c87-1920x1277.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of Upside Foods’ many competitors, Good Meat, will serve its cultivated chicken at the COP-27 climate conference this week, after debuting its product in Singapore. Good Meat is one of the bigger companies in the cultivated meats space. \u003ccite>(Brian L. Frank for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Debates over health and environmental impact\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>There are debates about whether cultivated meat is healthy — or potentially healthier than conventional meat. “It’s a very nuanced question without a very simple answer,” explains \u003ca href=\"https://ph.ucla.edu/faculty/hunnes\">Dana Hunnes\u003c/a>, a registered dietitian at UCLA Medical Center. Opinions tend to reflect the range of views about meat in general.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hunnes says cultivated meat may not appeal to vegans or vegetarians. She points to the healthfulness of plant-based diets, which is the diet she follows, and says some people don’t want to eat meat, no matter how it’s produced. Also, the cultivated meat industry has relied on fetal bovine serum from cows as a growth medium for the cells, though Upside Foods has developed an \u003ca href=\"https://www.greenqueen.com.hk/upside-foods-acf-cell-media/\">animal component-free alternative\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But most Americans are meat-eaters, and dieticians say meat is a good source of protein and important micronutrients including B vitamins. Part of the intrigue of cultivated meat is that it can be altered for improved nutrition. For instance, if cells were fed omega-3 fatty acids during the growing process, then, in theory, these heart-healthy fats could be absorbed into the meat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is possible to create a so-called healthier version of the meat,” Hunnes says, though much of this has not yet been explored since the industry is so new.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11932337\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-5_custom-9f241d331200a3e8e91c0e4c0a3f889603b48b58-scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11932337\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-5_custom-9f241d331200a3e8e91c0e4c0a3f889603b48b58-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"scientists in a lab\" width=\"800\" height=\"532\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-5_custom-9f241d331200a3e8e91c0e4c0a3f889603b48b58-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-5_custom-9f241d331200a3e8e91c0e4c0a3f889603b48b58-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-5_custom-9f241d331200a3e8e91c0e4c0a3f889603b48b58-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-5_custom-9f241d331200a3e8e91c0e4c0a3f889603b48b58-1536x1022.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-5_custom-9f241d331200a3e8e91c0e4c0a3f889603b48b58-2048x1362.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-5_custom-9f241d331200a3e8e91c0e4c0a3f889603b48b58-1920x1277.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists at Good Meat work on cell cultures which will be used for the company’s cultivated meats. \u003ccite>(Brian L. Frank for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>From a public health perspective, a potential advantage of cultivated meat is the fact that without live animals to catch and spread disease, no antibiotics are needed in production facilities and there’s decreased likelihood of foodborne illness from intestinal pathogens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, salmonella, a bacteria that lives in animal intestines and is shed through their feces, would not be present in a cultivated meat production facility. “From a food safety standpoint, it probably has a one up” on the traditional meat industry, Hunnes says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because this is a new industry, there are potential unknowns. Some scientists say it’s possible that \u003ca href=\"https://ojs.qiu.edu.my/journal/index.php/qijmhs/article/view/48\">unforeseen biological mechanisms \u003c/a>could occur as the meat grows, such as cells multiplying in unpredictable ways. There’s a continued need for research as the industry heads toward commercialization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11932338\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 200px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-71_custom-54a2bbfc86d23316472489ee7440320ed2d61e54.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11932338\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-71_custom-54a2bbfc86d23316472489ee7440320ed2d61e54.jpg\" alt=\"a portrait of a man in a lab coat and glasses\" width=\"200\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-71_custom-54a2bbfc86d23316472489ee7440320ed2d61e54.jpg 200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/homemt_edited-71_custom-54a2bbfc86d23316472489ee7440320ed2d61e54-160x240.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Upside Foods CEO Uma Valeti. \u003ccite>(Brian L. Frank for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first cultivated meat products were produced from cells biopsied directly from live animals. But this process isn’t efficient. Over the last few years, start-ups have worked to identify “immortalized” cell lines, that “can be grown almost indefinitely without having to go back to the animal,” explains David Kaplan, professor of biomedical engineering of Tufts University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His lab received a \u003ca href=\"https://now.tufts.edu/2021/10/15/tufts-receives-10-million-grant-help-develop-cultivated-meat\">$10 million grant \u003c/a>from the USDA to help develop the cultured meat industry. “We need more and more,” immortalized cell lines, Kaplan says, as the industry looks to expand to different types of meat, poultry and fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another unknown is the exact climate impact of cultivated meat. Researchers at the University of Oxford modeled the \u003ca href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2019.00005/full\">potential climate change impact of cattle compared to cultivated meat\u003c/a>. One advantage of cultivated meat is that it will not produce methane emissions, which is a potent greenhouse gas produced by cattle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the cultivated meat industry will contribute to CO2 emissions, given that its production facilities will use electricity. The researchers conclude that the relative impact will be determined by whether — or how quickly — the energy used to power the cultivated meat production facilities comes from clean-energy, or decarbonized energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Culinary future\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>For Valeti, the potential benefits of cultivated meat are too important not to try to overcome the obstacles. He sees a future with a better alternative to the current system of producing meat, and he’s determined to create it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valeti says, ultimately, as a doctor he might have been able to help a few thousand patients during his career. But, by taking the leap to cultivated meat, with its potential promise to overhaul meat production, he believes he can have a larger impact. “This could literally affect billions of human lives and save potentially trillions of animal lives,” Valeti says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While awaiting regulatory approval, he’s moving forward to bring the product to people’s plates. He has signed a partnership with \u003ca href=\"https://www.ateliercrenn.com/\">Dominique Crenn,\u003c/a> the co-owner and chef of the three-Michelin-starred restaurant Atelier Crenn in San Francisco, who has agreed to provide culinary consulting and recipe development and — once the new product is approved for market — to serve Upside’s cultivated chicken at her restaurant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=From+science+fiction+to+reality%2C+%27no+kill%27+meat+may+be+coming+soon&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>New owner Elon Musk has told remaining Twitter employees they will need to decide by Thursday afternoon whether to stay at the company or quit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an email to staff entitled \"A Fork in the Road,\" Musk said Twitter would \"need to be extremely hardcore\" to succeed. Those who choose to stay should expect long, intense hours of work. Those who leave will receive three months' severance pay, he wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the ultimatum, first reported by \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/11/16/musk-twitter-email-ultimatum-termination/\">\u003cem>The Washington Post\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, Musk wrote that he values engineers over designers, project managers and other staff in what he envisions will be \"a software and servers company.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The combative message is the latest sign of escalating tensions inside Twitter, a company that has been beset by chaos and confusion since the billionaire's $44 billion takeover in October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk immediately fired top executives. Since then, he's laid off about half of the staff, or roughly 3,700 employees, and fired others after they publicly criticized him. People who held key roles in divisions including content moderation, cybersecurity and legal compliance have resigned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk has claimed his shakeup is part of an effort to make Twitter more profitable, something that has long been a struggle for the platform. He also says the company needs to move away from advertising and derive most of its revenue from other sources, like Twitter Blue, the now-paused service that was revamped under Musk and had a tumultuous premiere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One issue hanging over the company: its financial outlook now that it is newly saddled with debt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk borrowed $13 billion to buy Twitter in a purchase widely seen as overpriced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ad sales, which make up nearly all of its revenue, have dropped as advertisers take a wait-and-see approach to both the broader economy and Musk's leadership of Twitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Twitter is estimated to have a $1 billion debt service payment on the debt Musk secured to complete his takeover, and the company's ability to make that payment has been in question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk has even floated the possibility of possible bankruptcy, which would allow Twitter to restructure its debt, but remains unclear how serious Musk was about that threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>NPR's Bobby Allyn contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>New owner Elon Musk has told remaining Twitter employees they will need to decide by Thursday afternoon whether to stay at the company or quit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an email to staff entitled \"A Fork in the Road,\" Musk said Twitter would \"need to be extremely hardcore\" to succeed. Those who choose to stay should expect long, intense hours of work. Those who leave will receive three months' severance pay, he wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the ultimatum, first reported by \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/11/16/musk-twitter-email-ultimatum-termination/\">\u003cem>The Washington Post\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, Musk wrote that he values engineers over designers, project managers and other staff in what he envisions will be \"a software and servers company.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The combative message is the latest sign of escalating tensions inside Twitter, a company that has been beset by chaos and confusion since the billionaire's $44 billion takeover in October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk immediately fired top executives. Since then, he's laid off about half of the staff, or roughly 3,700 employees, and fired others after they publicly criticized him. People who held key roles in divisions including content moderation, cybersecurity and legal compliance have resigned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk has claimed his shakeup is part of an effort to make Twitter more profitable, something that has long been a struggle for the platform. He also says the company needs to move away from advertising and derive most of its revenue from other sources, like Twitter Blue, the now-paused service that was revamped under Musk and had a tumultuous premiere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One issue hanging over the company: its financial outlook now that it is newly saddled with debt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk borrowed $13 billion to buy Twitter in a purchase widely seen as overpriced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ad sales, which make up nearly all of its revenue, have dropped as advertisers take a wait-and-see approach to both the broader economy and Musk's leadership of Twitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Twitter is estimated to have a $1 billion debt service payment on the debt Musk secured to complete his takeover, and the company's ability to make that payment has been in question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk has even floated the possibility of possible bankruptcy, which would allow Twitter to restructure its debt, but remains unclear how serious Musk was about that threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>NPR's Bobby Allyn contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"radiolab": {
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"reveal": {
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"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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},
"rightnowish": {
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"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"order": 16
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},
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"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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