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"slug": "the-suffrage-and-civil-rights-organizer-who-guided-women-to-the-polls",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dropcap]T[/dropcap]he schism was glaring. In 1915, San Francisco’s Panama-Pacific International Exposition heralded itself as a showcase of modernity and progress. But for the duration of its nearly yearlong run, the world’s fair sold tickets to games and presentations so blatantly racist they sparked a Black-led demonstration that reverberated across the Bay area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the amusement section of the fair—known as the Joy Zone—booths like \u003ca href=\"http://davegilson.com/african-dip.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The African Dip\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://davegilson.com/african-dip.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Soa Kum\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12138-019-00531-5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Dixieland\u003c/a> used enormous racist effigies on their exteriors to attract visitors. The Dixieland booth even peddled old lies about “the antebellum days in the South,” when “the slaves were about the happiest and carefree beings on earth.” Nearby, in the Palace of Food Products, at the Sperry Flour Booth, Black women sold pancakes while dressed in full “mammy” attire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postid='arts_13881675']After four months of witnessing these displays, Black communities from around the Bay Area converged on San Francisco’s Ferry Building and formed a parade. The turnout was enormous; the \u003cem>Oakland Sunshine\u003c/em> reported, “Everybody shut up shop and [got] themselves across the channel.” A jubilant demonstration of flower-covered floats, choirs, flag-waving schoolchildren, streetcars full of Black women’s clubs and everyday workers moved down Market Street and, at Van Ness, entered the Joy Zone. The parade then proudly marched across the entire fair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was Alameda County Day: an event intricately organized not just to dispel the stereotypes on show at the fair, but to illustrate Black people’s contributions to the city, county and state. Leaving race out of the event’s title was a very specific decision—organizers had scrapped plans for a “Negro Day” just months earlier. Participants had no interest in being tokenized. This wasn’t merely about skin tone; it was a demand to be seen and treated as fellow, equal citizens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, the \u003cem>San Francisco Chronicle\u003c/em> called the event “a revelation.” Journalist \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/pop/102326/rebel-girls-from-bay-area-history-delilah-l-beasley-pioneering-journalist\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Delilah L. Beasley\u003c/a> wrote in the \u003cem>Oakland Sunshine\u003c/em>: “The mere fact that colored children marched through the streets of San Francisco, carrying the Stars and Stripes, showed a decided advance and change of feeling toward the colored race in these parts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chairman of the committee that organized Alameda County Day wasn’t a man at all. She was a Black woman by the name of Myra Virginia Simmons. Her day jobs might have been decidedly low-key—the 35-year-old Oakland resident sold newspapers and worked as a domestic cook. But, to women and people of color around the Bay Area, she was a formidable campaigner and community leader.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13884866\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 522px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13884866\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2020/08/Screen-Shot-2020-08-14-at-2.54.49-PM.png\" alt=\"A postcard commemorating the Panama–Pacific International Exposition. Its nickname, Jewel City, was the invention of a young girl named Virginia Stephens who had won a competition held by PPIE officials, to name the fair. Only when she participated in Alameda County Day did they find out she was Black.\" width=\"522\" height=\"338\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/08/Screen-Shot-2020-08-14-at-2.54.49-PM.png 522w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/08/Screen-Shot-2020-08-14-at-2.54.49-PM-160x104.png 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 522px) 100vw, 522px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A postcard commemorating the Panama–Pacific International Exposition. Its nickname, Jewel City, was the invention of a young girl named Virginia Stephens who had won a competition held by PPIE officials, to name the fair. Only when she participated in Alameda County Day did they find out she was Black.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[dropcap]S[/dropcap]immons had already served in an impressive number of capacities by the time Alameda County Day occurred on June 10, 1915. She was chair of the Women’s Civic and Progressive League in Oakland; president of the Colored American Equal Suffrage League; a sometimes speaker before the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union; a leader of the Alameda County Colored Americans; and president of the Civic Center Auxiliary, a Black women’s club.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postid='pop_102326']Prior to Alameda County Day, the Civic Center Auxiliary had also taken the lead in a large protest against the conditions in San Quentin for inmates of color. Later it led protests alongside the NAACP against the glorification of the KKK and vilification of Black men in the 1916 movie \u003cem>The Birth of a Nation\u003c/em>. But the majority of Simmons’ activist energy was spent on gaining voting rights for women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After California women narrowly earned the right to vote in 1911—by a margin of just \u003ca href=\"https://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/celebrating-womens-suffrage/california-women-suffrage-centennial/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">3,587 votes\u003c/a>—Simmons only worked harder. A Nov. 23, 1911 edition of the \u003cem>San Francisco Call\u003c/em> newspaper reported that she was actively educating women about their voting rights and encouraging them to be politically active. She even went on to serve as a \u003ca href=\"https://elenorrooseveltdemocrats.org/?page_id=299\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">precinct captain\u003c/a> during the first California election open to women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The national battle for women’s suffrage, however, was still to be won, and women’s clubs were of vital importance, both socially and politically, in achieving this. Black women’s clubs, like Simmons’ Civic Center Auxiliary, and Oakland’s Fannie Jackson Coppin Club (named after the first Black woman to become a school principal) were focused on both civil and voting rights. Other women’s clubs, like San Francisco’s Votes For Women (led by the Pacific coast’s first female lawyer, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/arts/13863165/the-wests-first-lady-lawyer-opened-doors-for-women-in-law\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Clara Shortridge Foltz\u003c/a>) were more singular in their focus. San Jose’s interracial Suffrage Amendment League was one of several examples of women working together across racial boundaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920 was made possible by the dogged work of these women’s organizational and outreach efforts. Simmons herself was such an active campaigner that her name regularly showed up in newspapers around the Bay, as she led high-profile planning meetings with her peers. (On just one page of the March 29, 1915 issue of the \u003cem>Oakland Sunshine\u003c/em>, she is mentioned in \u003ca href=\"https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth523614/m1/3/?q=Myra%20Virginia%20Simmons\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">three separate stories\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postid='arts_13892514']Many thousands of women fought for suffrage in the first decades of the 20th century, but Simmons went above and beyond; she was a natural born leader for whom no civic challenge was too great. She spent much of her later life in San Francisco, and lived to see the passage of 1964’s Civil Rights Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Myra Virginia Simmons died one year later at the age of 84. As is so often the case with suffragists of the period, photos of her remain elusive. Yet it seems highly likely she would have been present for the Oakland gathering of the California Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs in July 1915, as pictured at the top of this article. Though we cannot know which woman she is in the photo, in many ways she is all of them: determined, proud and poised to make a change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-12127869\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-800x78.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"78\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-400x39.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-768x75.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For stories on other Rebel Girls from Bay Area History, click \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/rebelgirls\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A book celebrating women from the Rebel Girls series, \u003ca href=\"https://citylights.com/politics-current-events-history/unsung-heroines35-women-who-changed/\">‘Unsung Heroines: 35 Women Who Changed the Bay Area,’\u003c/a> is available now from City Lights.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__dropcapShortcode__dropcap\">T\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>he schism was glaring. In 1915, San Francisco’s Panama-Pacific International Exposition heralded itself as a showcase of modernity and progress. But for the duration of its nearly yearlong run, the world’s fair sold tickets to games and presentations so blatantly racist they sparked a Black-led demonstration that reverberated across the Bay area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the amusement section of the fair—known as the Joy Zone—booths like \u003ca href=\"http://davegilson.com/african-dip.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The African Dip\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://davegilson.com/african-dip.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Soa Kum\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12138-019-00531-5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Dixieland\u003c/a> used enormous racist effigies on their exteriors to attract visitors. The Dixieland booth even peddled old lies about “the antebellum days in the South,” when “the slaves were about the happiest and carefree beings on earth.” Nearby, in the Palace of Food Products, at the Sperry Flour Booth, Black women sold pancakes while dressed in full “mammy” attire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>After four months of witnessing these displays, Black communities from around the Bay Area converged on San Francisco’s Ferry Building and formed a parade. The turnout was enormous; the \u003cem>Oakland Sunshine\u003c/em> reported, “Everybody shut up shop and [got] themselves across the channel.” A jubilant demonstration of flower-covered floats, choirs, flag-waving schoolchildren, streetcars full of Black women’s clubs and everyday workers moved down Market Street and, at Van Ness, entered the Joy Zone. The parade then proudly marched across the entire fair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was Alameda County Day: an event intricately organized not just to dispel the stereotypes on show at the fair, but to illustrate Black people’s contributions to the city, county and state. Leaving race out of the event’s title was a very specific decision—organizers had scrapped plans for a “Negro Day” just months earlier. Participants had no interest in being tokenized. This wasn’t merely about skin tone; it was a demand to be seen and treated as fellow, equal citizens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, the \u003cem>San Francisco Chronicle\u003c/em> called the event “a revelation.” Journalist \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/pop/102326/rebel-girls-from-bay-area-history-delilah-l-beasley-pioneering-journalist\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Delilah L. Beasley\u003c/a> wrote in the \u003cem>Oakland Sunshine\u003c/em>: “The mere fact that colored children marched through the streets of San Francisco, carrying the Stars and Stripes, showed a decided advance and change of feeling toward the colored race in these parts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chairman of the committee that organized Alameda County Day wasn’t a man at all. She was a Black woman by the name of Myra Virginia Simmons. Her day jobs might have been decidedly low-key—the 35-year-old Oakland resident sold newspapers and worked as a domestic cook. But, to women and people of color around the Bay Area, she was a formidable campaigner and community leader.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13884866\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 522px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13884866\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2020/08/Screen-Shot-2020-08-14-at-2.54.49-PM.png\" alt=\"A postcard commemorating the Panama–Pacific International Exposition. Its nickname, Jewel City, was the invention of a young girl named Virginia Stephens who had won a competition held by PPIE officials, to name the fair. Only when she participated in Alameda County Day did they find out she was Black.\" width=\"522\" height=\"338\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/08/Screen-Shot-2020-08-14-at-2.54.49-PM.png 522w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/08/Screen-Shot-2020-08-14-at-2.54.49-PM-160x104.png 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 522px) 100vw, 522px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A postcard commemorating the Panama–Pacific International Exposition. Its nickname, Jewel City, was the invention of a young girl named Virginia Stephens who had won a competition held by PPIE officials, to name the fair. Only when she participated in Alameda County Day did they find out she was Black.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__dropcapShortcode__dropcap\">S\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>immons had already served in an impressive number of capacities by the time Alameda County Day occurred on June 10, 1915. She was chair of the Women’s Civic and Progressive League in Oakland; president of the Colored American Equal Suffrage League; a sometimes speaker before the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union; a leader of the Alameda County Colored Americans; and president of the Civic Center Auxiliary, a Black women’s club.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Prior to Alameda County Day, the Civic Center Auxiliary had also taken the lead in a large protest against the conditions in San Quentin for inmates of color. Later it led protests alongside the NAACP against the glorification of the KKK and vilification of Black men in the 1916 movie \u003cem>The Birth of a Nation\u003c/em>. But the majority of Simmons’ activist energy was spent on gaining voting rights for women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After California women narrowly earned the right to vote in 1911—by a margin of just \u003ca href=\"https://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/celebrating-womens-suffrage/california-women-suffrage-centennial/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">3,587 votes\u003c/a>—Simmons only worked harder. A Nov. 23, 1911 edition of the \u003cem>San Francisco Call\u003c/em> newspaper reported that she was actively educating women about their voting rights and encouraging them to be politically active. She even went on to serve as a \u003ca href=\"https://elenorrooseveltdemocrats.org/?page_id=299\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">precinct captain\u003c/a> during the first California election open to women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The national battle for women’s suffrage, however, was still to be won, and women’s clubs were of vital importance, both socially and politically, in achieving this. Black women’s clubs, like Simmons’ Civic Center Auxiliary, and Oakland’s Fannie Jackson Coppin Club (named after the first Black woman to become a school principal) were focused on both civil and voting rights. Other women’s clubs, like San Francisco’s Votes For Women (led by the Pacific coast’s first female lawyer, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/arts/13863165/the-wests-first-lady-lawyer-opened-doors-for-women-in-law\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Clara Shortridge Foltz\u003c/a>) were more singular in their focus. San Jose’s interracial Suffrage Amendment League was one of several examples of women working together across racial boundaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920 was made possible by the dogged work of these women’s organizational and outreach efforts. Simmons herself was such an active campaigner that her name regularly showed up in newspapers around the Bay, as she led high-profile planning meetings with her peers. (On just one page of the March 29, 1915 issue of the \u003cem>Oakland Sunshine\u003c/em>, she is mentioned in \u003ca href=\"https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth523614/m1/3/?q=Myra%20Virginia%20Simmons\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">three separate stories\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Many thousands of women fought for suffrage in the first decades of the 20th century, but Simmons went above and beyond; she was a natural born leader for whom no civic challenge was too great. She spent much of her later life in San Francisco, and lived to see the passage of 1964’s Civil Rights Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Myra Virginia Simmons died one year later at the age of 84. As is so often the case with suffragists of the period, photos of her remain elusive. Yet it seems highly likely she would have been present for the Oakland gathering of the California Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs in July 1915, as pictured at the top of this article. Though we cannot know which woman she is in the photo, in many ways she is all of them: determined, proud and poised to make a change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-12127869\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-800x78.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"78\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-400x39.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-768x75.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For stories on other Rebel Girls from Bay Area History, click \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/rebelgirls\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>When Annie Burke died in 1962, she left her daughter with an important but daunting request.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Annie and her daughter Elsie Allen were Pomo—a Native people whose traditions dictated that women’s intricately hand-crafted baskets were always buried with them or other relatives. Burke asked her daughter to instead keep her baskets, pass them down, and use them to educate future generations of both Pomo people \u003cem>and\u003c/em> the outsiders who looked down on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only did Elsie Allen fulfill her mother’s dying wish, she also built a platform to fight for Native American civil rights, equal education opportunities, and greater visibility in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elsie Allen was born on Sept. 22, 1899 in Cloverdale, north of Santa Rosa, to farm laborers George and Annie Comanche. Though the first few years of her life were fairly idyllic, Allen encountered hardship early. Her father died when she was eight. By the time she turned 10, she was working in the fields alongside her mother. At the age of 11, she was forced by the government to attend an English-speaking boarding school 80 miles north of her Hopland home, despite having only ever spoken Pomo. She, like many Native children forced into the “\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=16516865\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Indian Boarding Schools\u003c/a>” of the time, struggled there and later counted it as one of the worst times of her life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13883687\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 466px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13883687\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2020/07/105_053_websize_bw.jpg\" alt=\"Elsie Allen cutting willow at Warm Springs Dam site, Sonoma County, 1980. \" width=\"466\" height=\"586\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/07/105_053_websize_bw.jpg 466w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/07/105_053_websize_bw-160x201.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 466px) 100vw, 466px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Elsie Allen cutting willow at Warm Springs Dam site, Sonoma County, 1980. \u003ccite>(Scott M. Patterson)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once a new school opened in Hopland, Allen was able to return home, learn English and receive a formal education. But she never stopped working, throughout her teens as a farm laborer and, once she was 18, as a domestic servant in San Francisco. She enjoyed neither the tight household restrictions nor the discrimination to which she was subjected, and within a year, went to work as a custodian at St. Joseph’s Hospital in San Francisco instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1919, Allen met her husband Arthur, and eventually had four children—two girls (Genevieve and Dorothy) and two boys (Leonard and George). She busied herself with raising a family and returned to farm work while she did so. But Allen always found time for activism on behalf of her people. [aside postid='pop_102633']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She was a member of both the Pomo and Hintil Women’s Clubs—organizations that fought segregation and performed charitable outreach. This included providing scholarships for deserving members of the community, for which Allen raised money through the making and selling of baskets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the time her mother asked her to begin saving the baskets of her family, it wasn’t hard for Allen to get on board with the idea. Despite members of her community pleading with her to stick with tradition, she had long been frustrated by her labors of love ending up in the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the first few years of my married life,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.notablebiographies.com/supp/Supplement-A-Bu-and-Obituaries/Allen-Elsie.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Allen said\u003c/a> later, “I made a basket that was buried with my grandmother. My next basket was buried with my great uncle. A third basket was passed all around to relatives… [and was finally] buried with my brother-in-law. I didn’t have a good feeling about making baskets after that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pomo baskets, whether they be decorative or functional, are extraordinary feats of engineering. Some can take years to construct. First, the materials—willow, redbud bark, various roots, sedges, feathers—must be gathered. (No easy task when many of these plants were labeled as weeds and subsequently destroyed when white settlers arrived.) Then those materials must be cured and prepped. Finally there’s the weaving—so intricate and precise, it can easily be mistaken for machine work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13883636\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13883636\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2020/07/Elsie-Allen-Santa-Rosa-Junior-College-800x444.jpg\" alt='Intricate items from the Elsie Allen Pomo Basket Collection. The collection \"reflects a multigenerational family effort—mother to daughter to granddaughter\" and contains work by 26 Pomo weavers, including 30 pieces by Elsie Allen and her immediate family. ' width=\"800\" height=\"444\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/07/Elsie-Allen-Santa-Rosa-Junior-College-800x444.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/07/Elsie-Allen-Santa-Rosa-Junior-College-1020x567.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/07/Elsie-Allen-Santa-Rosa-Junior-College-160x89.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/07/Elsie-Allen-Santa-Rosa-Junior-College-768x427.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/07/Elsie-Allen-Santa-Rosa-Junior-College-1536x853.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/07/Elsie-Allen-Santa-Rosa-Junior-College-2048x1138.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/07/Elsie-Allen-Santa-Rosa-Junior-College-672x372.jpg 672w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/07/Elsie-Allen-Santa-Rosa-Junior-College-1038x576.jpg 1038w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/07/Elsie-Allen-Santa-Rosa-Junior-College-1920x1066.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Intricate items from the Elsie Allen Pomo Basket Collection. The collection “reflects a multigenerational family effort—mother to daughter to granddaughter” and contains work by 26 Pomo weavers, including 30 pieces by Elsie Allen and her immediate family. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the Jesse Peter Multicultural Museum, Santa Rosa Junior College.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Seeking to educate outsiders about Pomo traditions, Allen’s mother, Annie, had displayed baskets at fairs around Northern California. After Annie’s death, Allen went further and began teaching the craft at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mendocinoartcenter.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Mendocino Art Center\u003c/a>, to whomever wanted to learn—whether they were Pomo or not. Simultaneously, at home, she passed her skills onto her daughters and grand-niece, \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Billy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Susan Billy\u003c/a>, who has since curated collections all over the country. Then, in 1972, Allen immortalized all of her techniques into a book—\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.biblio.com/book/pomo-basketmaking-supreme-art-weaver-elsie/d/1242068654?aid=frg&utm_source=google&utm_medium=product&utm_campaign=feed-details&gclid=EAIaIQobChMIuY7lqaff6gIV0z2tBh3GJgzJEAQYBCABEgIdjPD_BwE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pomo Basketmaking: A Supreme Art For The Weaver\u003c/a>—\u003c/em>so that anyone in the world might learn these skills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Allen made a name for herself, she never wasted her platform. From 1979 to 1981, she worked on the Native American Advisory Council, which helped gather a recorded history of the Makahmo and Mahilakawna Pomo. In addition, the council organized the relocation and preservation of endangered plants before the Warm Springs Dam commenced construction and Lake Sonoma was created. By the end of her life, Allen had been recognized in her community as a female chief, a cultural scholar and a Pomo Sage. [aside postid='arts_13863165']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elsie Allen died on Dec. 31, 1990, at the age of 91. Up to the end, she worked tirelessly for both the betterment of her own community and for the standing of Native peoples across America. In the process, she successfully preserved traditions that were, before her, in great danger of being lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It doesn’t feel like an accident, then, that her lessons about basket weaving sometimes feel more like lessons on living well. “Basket weaving needs dedication and interest and increasing skill and knowledge,” \u003ca href=\"https://library.sonoma.edu/research/guides/regional/notablepeople/allen\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">she once said\u003c/a>. “It needs feeling and love and honor for the great weavers of the past who showed us the way. If you can rouse in yourself this interest, feeling and dedication, you also can create matchless beauty.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-12127869\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-800x78.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"78\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-400x39.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-768x75.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For stories on other Rebel Girls from Bay Area History, click \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/rebelgirls\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Special thanks to the \u003ca href=\"https://museum.santarosa.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Jesse Peter Multicultural Museum\u003c/a>, Santa Rosa Junior College, for images of Elsie Allen, as well as pieces from the \u003ca href=\"https://museum.santarosa.edu/elsie-allen-pomo-basket-collection\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Elsie Allen Pomo Basket Collection\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A book celebrating women from the Rebel Girls series, \u003ca href=\"https://citylights.com/politics-current-events-history/unsung-heroines35-women-who-changed/\">‘Unsung Heroines: 35 Women Who Changed the Bay Area,’\u003c/a> is available now from City Lights.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When Annie Burke died in 1962, she left her daughter with an important but daunting request.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Annie and her daughter Elsie Allen were Pomo—a Native people whose traditions dictated that women’s intricately hand-crafted baskets were always buried with them or other relatives. Burke asked her daughter to instead keep her baskets, pass them down, and use them to educate future generations of both Pomo people \u003cem>and\u003c/em> the outsiders who looked down on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only did Elsie Allen fulfill her mother’s dying wish, she also built a platform to fight for Native American civil rights, equal education opportunities, and greater visibility in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elsie Allen was born on Sept. 22, 1899 in Cloverdale, north of Santa Rosa, to farm laborers George and Annie Comanche. Though the first few years of her life were fairly idyllic, Allen encountered hardship early. Her father died when she was eight. By the time she turned 10, she was working in the fields alongside her mother. At the age of 11, she was forced by the government to attend an English-speaking boarding school 80 miles north of her Hopland home, despite having only ever spoken Pomo. She, like many Native children forced into the “\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=16516865\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Indian Boarding Schools\u003c/a>” of the time, struggled there and later counted it as one of the worst times of her life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13883687\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 466px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13883687\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2020/07/105_053_websize_bw.jpg\" alt=\"Elsie Allen cutting willow at Warm Springs Dam site, Sonoma County, 1980. \" width=\"466\" height=\"586\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/07/105_053_websize_bw.jpg 466w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/07/105_053_websize_bw-160x201.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 466px) 100vw, 466px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Elsie Allen cutting willow at Warm Springs Dam site, Sonoma County, 1980. \u003ccite>(Scott M. Patterson)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once a new school opened in Hopland, Allen was able to return home, learn English and receive a formal education. But she never stopped working, throughout her teens as a farm laborer and, once she was 18, as a domestic servant in San Francisco. She enjoyed neither the tight household restrictions nor the discrimination to which she was subjected, and within a year, went to work as a custodian at St. Joseph’s Hospital in San Francisco instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1919, Allen met her husband Arthur, and eventually had four children—two girls (Genevieve and Dorothy) and two boys (Leonard and George). She busied herself with raising a family and returned to farm work while she did so. But Allen always found time for activism on behalf of her people. \u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She was a member of both the Pomo and Hintil Women’s Clubs—organizations that fought segregation and performed charitable outreach. This included providing scholarships for deserving members of the community, for which Allen raised money through the making and selling of baskets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the time her mother asked her to begin saving the baskets of her family, it wasn’t hard for Allen to get on board with the idea. Despite members of her community pleading with her to stick with tradition, she had long been frustrated by her labors of love ending up in the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the first few years of my married life,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.notablebiographies.com/supp/Supplement-A-Bu-and-Obituaries/Allen-Elsie.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Allen said\u003c/a> later, “I made a basket that was buried with my grandmother. My next basket was buried with my great uncle. A third basket was passed all around to relatives… [and was finally] buried with my brother-in-law. I didn’t have a good feeling about making baskets after that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pomo baskets, whether they be decorative or functional, are extraordinary feats of engineering. Some can take years to construct. First, the materials—willow, redbud bark, various roots, sedges, feathers—must be gathered. (No easy task when many of these plants were labeled as weeds and subsequently destroyed when white settlers arrived.) Then those materials must be cured and prepped. Finally there’s the weaving—so intricate and precise, it can easily be mistaken for machine work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13883636\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13883636\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2020/07/Elsie-Allen-Santa-Rosa-Junior-College-800x444.jpg\" alt='Intricate items from the Elsie Allen Pomo Basket Collection. The collection \"reflects a multigenerational family effort—mother to daughter to granddaughter\" and contains work by 26 Pomo weavers, including 30 pieces by Elsie Allen and her immediate family. ' width=\"800\" height=\"444\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/07/Elsie-Allen-Santa-Rosa-Junior-College-800x444.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/07/Elsie-Allen-Santa-Rosa-Junior-College-1020x567.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/07/Elsie-Allen-Santa-Rosa-Junior-College-160x89.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/07/Elsie-Allen-Santa-Rosa-Junior-College-768x427.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/07/Elsie-Allen-Santa-Rosa-Junior-College-1536x853.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/07/Elsie-Allen-Santa-Rosa-Junior-College-2048x1138.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/07/Elsie-Allen-Santa-Rosa-Junior-College-672x372.jpg 672w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/07/Elsie-Allen-Santa-Rosa-Junior-College-1038x576.jpg 1038w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/07/Elsie-Allen-Santa-Rosa-Junior-College-1920x1066.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Intricate items from the Elsie Allen Pomo Basket Collection. The collection “reflects a multigenerational family effort—mother to daughter to granddaughter” and contains work by 26 Pomo weavers, including 30 pieces by Elsie Allen and her immediate family. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the Jesse Peter Multicultural Museum, Santa Rosa Junior College.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Seeking to educate outsiders about Pomo traditions, Allen’s mother, Annie, had displayed baskets at fairs around Northern California. After Annie’s death, Allen went further and began teaching the craft at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mendocinoartcenter.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Mendocino Art Center\u003c/a>, to whomever wanted to learn—whether they were Pomo or not. Simultaneously, at home, she passed her skills onto her daughters and grand-niece, \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Billy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Susan Billy\u003c/a>, who has since curated collections all over the country. Then, in 1972, Allen immortalized all of her techniques into a book—\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.biblio.com/book/pomo-basketmaking-supreme-art-weaver-elsie/d/1242068654?aid=frg&utm_source=google&utm_medium=product&utm_campaign=feed-details&gclid=EAIaIQobChMIuY7lqaff6gIV0z2tBh3GJgzJEAQYBCABEgIdjPD_BwE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pomo Basketmaking: A Supreme Art For The Weaver\u003c/a>—\u003c/em>so that anyone in the world might learn these skills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Allen made a name for herself, she never wasted her platform. From 1979 to 1981, she worked on the Native American Advisory Council, which helped gather a recorded history of the Makahmo and Mahilakawna Pomo. In addition, the council organized the relocation and preservation of endangered plants before the Warm Springs Dam commenced construction and Lake Sonoma was created. By the end of her life, Allen had been recognized in her community as a female chief, a cultural scholar and a Pomo Sage. \u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elsie Allen died on Dec. 31, 1990, at the age of 91. Up to the end, she worked tirelessly for both the betterment of her own community and for the standing of Native peoples across America. In the process, she successfully preserved traditions that were, before her, in great danger of being lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It doesn’t feel like an accident, then, that her lessons about basket weaving sometimes feel more like lessons on living well. “Basket weaving needs dedication and interest and increasing skill and knowledge,” \u003ca href=\"https://library.sonoma.edu/research/guides/regional/notablepeople/allen\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">she once said\u003c/a>. “It needs feeling and love and honor for the great weavers of the past who showed us the way. If you can rouse in yourself this interest, feeling and dedication, you also can create matchless beauty.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-12127869\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-800x78.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"78\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-400x39.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-768x75.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For stories on other Rebel Girls from Bay Area History, click \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/rebelgirls\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Special thanks to the \u003ca href=\"https://museum.santarosa.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Jesse Peter Multicultural Museum\u003c/a>, Santa Rosa Junior College, for images of Elsie Allen, as well as pieces from the \u003ca href=\"https://museum.santarosa.edu/elsie-allen-pomo-basket-collection\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Elsie Allen Pomo Basket Collection\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>On May 29, 1854, a 26-year-old woman opened the doors to her Sacramento home and invited 14 students inside. This simple act — in a humble house on Second Street — established the first private school for African American children in the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From these scrappy beginnings, teacher Elizabeth Thorn Scott Flood would go on to change education in Northern California forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postid='arts_13916612']By the time she opened that first school in Sacramento, Elizabeth had already proven herself incredibly resilient. Two years earlier, she had left New Bedford, Massachusetts, traveling by ship across the Isthmus of Panama and onto California, so that her husband Joseph Scott — then a mariner — could become a gold miner. Soon after they had settled in the rowdy mining community of Hangtown (now Placerville), Joseph died suddenly, leaving Elizabeth alone with their infant son, Oliver. Understanding that Hangtown was not a safe environment for a single mom, she soon made the move to Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elizabeth’s quick thinking soon came into play once again, after Oliver was refused entry to the local public school based on the color of his skin. After talking with her equally frustrated neighbors, Elizabeth’s determination to open a school grew beyond the necessity of educating her own child and toward bettering the lives of her entire community. Some of her first 14 students were adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within three months of opening her home this way, Elizabeth was in need of a larger classroom; children of Asian and Native American descent also wanted to enroll. So she moved classes into the basements of the Siloam Baptist Chapel, and to St. Andrew’s Methodist Episcopal Church.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within a year, the Sacramento School Board accepted Elizabeth’s school into the official school district, making Elizabeth’s the first African American public school in Sacramento. However, the Board also refused to provide her with any funding, following the example of the rest of the state. (Although the \u003ca href=\"http://authortalk.org/index.php?category=blog&page=blog\">California Constitutional Convention\u003c/a> had introduced a tax fund for state schools in 1849, local school boards routinely granted funding to white schools only.) As such, Elizabeth’s students agreed to pay tuition of one dollar per week to keep her doors open.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Elizabeth herself kept involved in civic matters beyond her school. St. Andrew’s hosted California’s first State Convention of Colored Citizens in November 1855. The convention’s primary concerns were voting and housing rights, civil rights protections and access to education. Elizabeth was in attendance, as were 49 delegates from 10 California counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13882248\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 307px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13882248\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/06/Screen-Shot-2020-06-18-at-3.25.42-PM.png\" alt=\"An itinerary of proceedings for Sacramento's First State Convention of Colored Citizens.\" width=\"307\" height=\"509\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/06/Screen-Shot-2020-06-18-at-3.25.42-PM.png 307w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/06/Screen-Shot-2020-06-18-at-3.25.42-PM-160x265.png 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 307px) 100vw, 307px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An itinerary of proceedings for Sacramento’s First State Convention of Colored Citizens.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That same year, she married Isaac Flood, a man who, unlike Elizabeth, had been born into slavery. Flood had purchased his own freedom, moved to Oakland during the Gold Rush and in 1855 worked as a tradesman. At the time of their meeting, Flood was also a single parent to a young son. The merged family soon moved to the area east of Lake Merritt — then named Brooklyn. Elizabeth left her school in the capable hands of another teacher from Massachusetts, Jeremiah B. Sanderson. It was on his watch that a new schoolhouse was finally built for Sacramento’s children of color in 1855.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As one of the first African American families to settle in Oakland, the Floods made their presence felt immediately with a series of firsts. In 1857, Elizabeth turned their home into Oakland’s first private school for Black children. That same year, the couple’s first son together, George, was said to be the first Black baby born in Oakland. The next year, in 1858, the Floods helped establish \u003ca href=\"http://authortalk.org/index.php?category=blog&page=blog\">Oakland’s first Black church\u003c/a>—the First African Methodist Episcopal Church. When the church moved into a former schoolhouse, Elizabeth taught classes there, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13882260\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 890px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13882260\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/06/Screen-Shot-2020-06-18-at-5.24.18-PM.png\" alt=\"The First African Methodist Episcopal Church has been located at 3701 Telegraph Avenue since 1954.\" width=\"890\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/06/Screen-Shot-2020-06-18-at-5.24.18-PM.png 890w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/06/Screen-Shot-2020-06-18-at-5.24.18-PM-160x81.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/06/Screen-Shot-2020-06-18-at-5.24.18-PM-800x404.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/06/Screen-Shot-2020-06-18-at-5.24.18-PM-768x388.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 890px) 100vw, 890px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The First African Methodist Episcopal Church has been located at 3701 Telegraph Avenue since 1954. \u003ccite>(Google Maps)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 1866, Elizabeth’s fight for better schools began to pay off. Up until then, no laws existed protecting the right of Black children to attend school. The \u003ca href=\"http://authortalk.org/index.php?category=blog&page=blog\">Revised School Law\u003c/a> required the establishment of a public school for Black students in any district with ten or more Black children that wanted to attend, or else make allowances for them to join white schools — as long as the majority of white parents didn’t object.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The following year, Elizabeth’s campaign for equal education came to a tragic halt when she died suddenly at the age of 39. But her loving husband picked up the baton, later serving as secretary on the Education Committee of the Colored Citizens of California. Crucially, in 1871, he successfully petitioned the Oakland School Board to admit children of color based on the passage of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments. Finally, in 1880, integrated schools became California law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postid='arts_13909738']Elizabeth and Isaac’s youngest child was just five when she lost her mother—but she certainly inherited Elizabeth’s determination. Lydia Flood Jackson was one of the first children in Oakland to attend a desegregated school, and went on to be a campaigner for women’s suffrage, speaking at the 1918 California State Women’s Convention and serving on the board of the Federation of Women’s Colored Clubs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elizabeth Thorn Scott Flood dedicated her short life to bucking a status quo that steadfastly refused to serve her people. She understood that the best way to prevail over a system that excluded her was to work outside of it. She set good example after good example until the system decided to finally catch up. Those who remember her rightfully call her the Mother of Desegregated Education in California. The number of children’s lives she transformed is impossible to calculate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-12127869\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-800x78.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"78\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-400x39.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-768x75.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For stories on other Rebel Girls from Bay Area History, click \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/rebelgirls\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A book celebrating women from the Rebel Girls series, \u003ca href=\"https://citylights.com/politics-current-events-history/unsung-heroines35-women-who-changed/\">‘Unsung Heroines: 35 Women Who Changed the Bay Area,’\u003c/a> is available now from City Lights.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On May 29, 1854, a 26-year-old woman opened the doors to her Sacramento home and invited 14 students inside. This simple act — in a humble house on Second Street — established the first private school for African American children in the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From these scrappy beginnings, teacher Elizabeth Thorn Scott Flood would go on to change education in Northern California forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>By the time she opened that first school in Sacramento, Elizabeth had already proven herself incredibly resilient. Two years earlier, she had left New Bedford, Massachusetts, traveling by ship across the Isthmus of Panama and onto California, so that her husband Joseph Scott — then a mariner — could become a gold miner. Soon after they had settled in the rowdy mining community of Hangtown (now Placerville), Joseph died suddenly, leaving Elizabeth alone with their infant son, Oliver. Understanding that Hangtown was not a safe environment for a single mom, she soon made the move to Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elizabeth’s quick thinking soon came into play once again, after Oliver was refused entry to the local public school based on the color of his skin. After talking with her equally frustrated neighbors, Elizabeth’s determination to open a school grew beyond the necessity of educating her own child and toward bettering the lives of her entire community. Some of her first 14 students were adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within three months of opening her home this way, Elizabeth was in need of a larger classroom; children of Asian and Native American descent also wanted to enroll. So she moved classes into the basements of the Siloam Baptist Chapel, and to St. Andrew’s Methodist Episcopal Church.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within a year, the Sacramento School Board accepted Elizabeth’s school into the official school district, making Elizabeth’s the first African American public school in Sacramento. However, the Board also refused to provide her with any funding, following the example of the rest of the state. (Although the \u003ca href=\"http://authortalk.org/index.php?category=blog&page=blog\">California Constitutional Convention\u003c/a> had introduced a tax fund for state schools in 1849, local school boards routinely granted funding to white schools only.) As such, Elizabeth’s students agreed to pay tuition of one dollar per week to keep her doors open.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Elizabeth herself kept involved in civic matters beyond her school. St. Andrew’s hosted California’s first State Convention of Colored Citizens in November 1855. The convention’s primary concerns were voting and housing rights, civil rights protections and access to education. Elizabeth was in attendance, as were 49 delegates from 10 California counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13882248\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 307px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13882248\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/06/Screen-Shot-2020-06-18-at-3.25.42-PM.png\" alt=\"An itinerary of proceedings for Sacramento's First State Convention of Colored Citizens.\" width=\"307\" height=\"509\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/06/Screen-Shot-2020-06-18-at-3.25.42-PM.png 307w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/06/Screen-Shot-2020-06-18-at-3.25.42-PM-160x265.png 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 307px) 100vw, 307px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An itinerary of proceedings for Sacramento’s First State Convention of Colored Citizens.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That same year, she married Isaac Flood, a man who, unlike Elizabeth, had been born into slavery. Flood had purchased his own freedom, moved to Oakland during the Gold Rush and in 1855 worked as a tradesman. At the time of their meeting, Flood was also a single parent to a young son. The merged family soon moved to the area east of Lake Merritt — then named Brooklyn. Elizabeth left her school in the capable hands of another teacher from Massachusetts, Jeremiah B. Sanderson. It was on his watch that a new schoolhouse was finally built for Sacramento’s children of color in 1855.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As one of the first African American families to settle in Oakland, the Floods made their presence felt immediately with a series of firsts. In 1857, Elizabeth turned their home into Oakland’s first private school for Black children. That same year, the couple’s first son together, George, was said to be the first Black baby born in Oakland. The next year, in 1858, the Floods helped establish \u003ca href=\"http://authortalk.org/index.php?category=blog&page=blog\">Oakland’s first Black church\u003c/a>—the First African Methodist Episcopal Church. When the church moved into a former schoolhouse, Elizabeth taught classes there, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13882260\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 890px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13882260\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/06/Screen-Shot-2020-06-18-at-5.24.18-PM.png\" alt=\"The First African Methodist Episcopal Church has been located at 3701 Telegraph Avenue since 1954.\" width=\"890\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/06/Screen-Shot-2020-06-18-at-5.24.18-PM.png 890w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/06/Screen-Shot-2020-06-18-at-5.24.18-PM-160x81.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/06/Screen-Shot-2020-06-18-at-5.24.18-PM-800x404.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/06/Screen-Shot-2020-06-18-at-5.24.18-PM-768x388.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 890px) 100vw, 890px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The First African Methodist Episcopal Church has been located at 3701 Telegraph Avenue since 1954. \u003ccite>(Google Maps)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 1866, Elizabeth’s fight for better schools began to pay off. Up until then, no laws existed protecting the right of Black children to attend school. The \u003ca href=\"http://authortalk.org/index.php?category=blog&page=blog\">Revised School Law\u003c/a> required the establishment of a public school for Black students in any district with ten or more Black children that wanted to attend, or else make allowances for them to join white schools — as long as the majority of white parents didn’t object.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The following year, Elizabeth’s campaign for equal education came to a tragic halt when she died suddenly at the age of 39. But her loving husband picked up the baton, later serving as secretary on the Education Committee of the Colored Citizens of California. Crucially, in 1871, he successfully petitioned the Oakland School Board to admit children of color based on the passage of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments. Finally, in 1880, integrated schools became California law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Elizabeth and Isaac’s youngest child was just five when she lost her mother—but she certainly inherited Elizabeth’s determination. Lydia Flood Jackson was one of the first children in Oakland to attend a desegregated school, and went on to be a campaigner for women’s suffrage, speaking at the 1918 California State Women’s Convention and serving on the board of the Federation of Women’s Colored Clubs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elizabeth Thorn Scott Flood dedicated her short life to bucking a status quo that steadfastly refused to serve her people. She understood that the best way to prevail over a system that excluded her was to work outside of it. She set good example after good example until the system decided to finally catch up. Those who remember her rightfully call her the Mother of Desegregated Education in California. The number of children’s lives she transformed is impossible to calculate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-12127869\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-800x78.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"78\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-400x39.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-768x75.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For stories on other Rebel Girls from Bay Area History, click \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/rebelgirls\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A book celebrating women from the Rebel Girls series, \u003ca href=\"https://citylights.com/politics-current-events-history/unsung-heroines35-women-who-changed/\">‘Unsung Heroines: 35 Women Who Changed the Bay Area,’\u003c/a> is available now from City Lights.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>In 1894, when Tien Fuh Wu was rescued from a Chinatown gambling den, she was covered in so many burns, cuts and bruises that it brought tears to the eyes of the police officers who’d come to retrieve her. The two missionaries leading the rescue worked out of the Occidental Board’s Presbyterian Mission House, five blocks away on Sacramento Street, and Wu would go on to spend most of her life there—first as a defiant child, and later as the tenacious rescuer of thousands of young women and girls just like her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wu had found herself in San Francisco two years earlier, after her father had sold her to pay off his gambling debts. Somewhere between the age of six and ten, Wu—under the pretense of going to visit her grandmother—was escorted to a boat. Her father locked her inside a cabin onboard with only a toothbrush and washcloth, told her to eat her supper, and left without saying goodbye. (She never saw her family again, despite attempting to locate them decades later.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From her native province of Zehjiang, China, Wu was first taken a hundred miles north to Shanghai, then onto San Francisco via steamship. There, she was forced to work in a brothel, the Peking, as a “\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mui_tsai\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">mui tsai\u003c/a>.” The phrase literally means “little sister,” while her role was that of a domestic slave. When her owner at the brothel fell into debt, Wu was sold to the gambling den on Jackson Street. There, she was subjected to rigorous household chores, and physically abused by her new owner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the children sold into the Chinatown mui tsai system reached their teens, they typically transferred from a life of domestic slavery into one of forced sex work. At the turn of the century in San Francisco, this kind of trafficking was rampant, and largely ignored by city authorities. The only real challenge to the system came in the form of missionaries, keen to free the imprisoned women from what they saw as a life of sin and convert them to Christianity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13880756\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13880756\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2020/05/Screenshot_20200517-183606-800x768.jpg\" alt=\"920 Sacramento Street, where Tien Fuh Wu worked with Donaldina Cameron to rescue hundreds of women sold or tricked into a life of slavery and/or sexual abuse.\" width=\"800\" height=\"768\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/05/Screenshot_20200517-183606-800x768.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/05/Screenshot_20200517-183606-160x154.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/05/Screenshot_20200517-183606-768x737.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/05/Screenshot_20200517-183606-1020x979.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/05/Screenshot_20200517-183606.jpg 1431w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">920 Sacramento Street, where Tien Fuh Wu worked with Donaldina Cameron to rescue hundreds of women sold or tricked into a life of slavery and/or sexual abuse. \u003ccite>(Matty Messner)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Fifteen months after Wu was rescued, 23-year-old Donaldina Cameron arrived at the Mission Home at 920 Sacramento Street to teach the girls how to sew. By the time she was 25, she had become Superintendent. Initially the willful child and the strict teacher butted heads, but over time, they grew to form a relationship that more closely resembled that of mother and daughter. As all of the girls in the home tended to do, Wu affectionately called Cameron “Lo Mo,” meaning “Old Mother.” In turn, Cameron referred to her young friend as “Blessed Tien.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Due to her need for a Chinese translator, Cameron employed girls from the Mission House to act as her aides. When Wu was in her teens, Cameron’s favorite aide, Leung Yuen Qui, contracted tuberculosis. Wu not only volunteered to nurse the gravely ill woman, but was witness to her death and the emotional devastation it caused Cameron. It was this that prompted Wu to step up to take Qui’s place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I offered to help her in the work,” Wu said later, “because I felt very sorry for her, realizing how terribly crushed she was over her co-worker’s death.” It was the beginning of a working relationship that would last both of their lifetimes and save the lives of thousands of trafficked girls and women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earning $5 a month, Wu translated for Cameron during court cases and helped supervise the Mission House. (According to Julia Flynn Siler’s account of the period, \u003ca href=\"https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/249432/the-white-devils-daughters-by-julia-flynn-siler/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>The White Devil’s Daughters\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, one staff member described Wu as a “a stern taskmaster… but she was very kind and fair… so the girls trusted her.”) Most important of all, she accompanied Cameron on dangerous rescues, some of which took many months and intense investigation to orchestrate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wu’s role was of vital importance, not just for the sake of her ability to translate, but also because she put the rescued girls at ease. Brothel and slave owners commonly spread fear of “White Devils” to stop the women in their possession from seeking help. Many of those girls believed they would be in even greater danger if taken into the charge of white people. Wu—sometimes pointing to her own scars as evidence of her understanding—was the only one who could truly reassure them they were safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1908, a booklet titled \u003ca href=\"https://www.worldcat.org/title/dragon-stories-the-bowl-of-powfah-the-hundredth-maiden-naratives-sic-of-the-rescues-and-romances-of-chinese-slave-girls/oclc/82591864?referer=di&ht=edition\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Dragon Stories\u003c/em>\u003c/a> was released by Oakland’s Pacific Presbyterian Publishing Company, in an effort to draw attention to the good work being done by the Chinatown missionaries. In it, a character believed to be at least partially based on Tien Fuh Wu was written about as a brave and determined hero, “excited” and “eager for the fray.” In the stories, she was presented as forcing her way into brothels, warmly reassuring young girls, and fearlessly getting them out of harm’s way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wu’s bravery cannot be overstated. Though everyone working at the Mission House received threats of violence for the work they were doing, Wu was targeted more than most because she herself was Chinese and therefore viewed as a traitor by the brothel owners in her midst. She was sent so many threats for doing rescue and interpretation work that, after each major rescue, Cameron would routinely stop her 4′ 11″ cohort from going out alone for weeks at a time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One infamous and racist letter called Wu a prostitute, a “stinking sow,” and threatened, “If God has eyes, he will certainly punish you. You have overreached yourself and in so doing, negroes, dogs and thunder will come after you.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on the history of the Mission House, if God’s eyes were indeed watching over it, they offered nothing but protection. Though the building had to be reconstructed, not only did the organization survive the 1906 earthquake, everyone living and working there also survived the flu epidemic of 1918 and 1919. This despite most of the women in the home being struck down with the illness. Wu and the home’s Assistant Superintendent, Ethel Higgins, are credited with nursing everyone back to health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the Mission House continues to provide invaluable services to the Chinatown community. It offers over a thousand low-income and immigrant Asian families assistance in the form of counseling, domestic violence intervention, food distribution, after-school and summer programs, adult classes and more. Though it was renamed \u003ca href=\"https://cameronhouse.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Donaldina Cameron House\u003c/a> in 1942, the original Mission House sign remains in brickwork over the main entrance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13880757\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13880757\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2020/05/Screenshot_20200518-170757-800x1002.jpg\" alt=\"Today, 920 Sacramento Street is named Donaldina Cameron House, but the original Presbyterian Mission House sign remains in the stonework over the main entrance.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1002\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/05/Screenshot_20200518-170757-800x1002.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/05/Screenshot_20200518-170757-160x200.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/05/Screenshot_20200518-170757-768x962.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/05/Screenshot_20200518-170757-1020x1278.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/05/Screenshot_20200518-170757.jpg 1127w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Today, 920 Sacramento Street is named Donaldina Cameron House, but the original Presbyterian Mission House sign remains in the stonework over the main entrance. \u003ccite>(Rae Alexandra)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By the 1930s, as Cameron readied herself for retirement, Wu took on even more responsibility, making public appearances to raise funds and awareness, while also dealing with the immigration woes of the women in their care. She also acted as a travel guardian for women who had testified against slave dealers. (They called her “Auntie Wu.”) As if that weren’t enough, she even vetted potential grooms for the girls, investigating both their morality and financial security to be sure that the women would be safe in their new homes. Wu herself turned down a multitude of suitors. “Men are very useful,” she once said, “when it comes to moving furniture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Wu eventually retired in 1951, her beloved “Lo Mo” had long since settled on California Avenue in Palo Alto. Cameron offered Wu the cottage next door, and the two lived side-by-side until Cameron’s death in 1968. Wu is said to have been at her mentor’s side, reading from a Bible until the very end. When Wu passed away seven years later, she was buried next to her friend in Cameron’s family plot at the Evergreen Cemetery in Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her \u003ca href=\"http://www.amerasiajournal.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/wu.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">small headstone\u003c/a> belies the huge importance of the life she lived. It reads only: “Tien Fuh Wu 1886-1975.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-12127869\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-800x78.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"78\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-400x39.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-768x75.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For stories on other Rebel Girls from Bay Area History, click \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/rebelgirls\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A book celebrating women from the Rebel Girls series, \u003ca href=\"https://citylights.com/politics-current-events-history/unsung-heroines35-women-who-changed/\">‘Unsung Heroines: 35 Women Who Changed the Bay Area,’\u003c/a> is available now from City Lights.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In 1894, when Tien Fuh Wu was rescued from a Chinatown gambling den, she was covered in so many burns, cuts and bruises that it brought tears to the eyes of the police officers who’d come to retrieve her. The two missionaries leading the rescue worked out of the Occidental Board’s Presbyterian Mission House, five blocks away on Sacramento Street, and Wu would go on to spend most of her life there—first as a defiant child, and later as the tenacious rescuer of thousands of young women and girls just like her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wu had found herself in San Francisco two years earlier, after her father had sold her to pay off his gambling debts. Somewhere between the age of six and ten, Wu—under the pretense of going to visit her grandmother—was escorted to a boat. Her father locked her inside a cabin onboard with only a toothbrush and washcloth, told her to eat her supper, and left without saying goodbye. (She never saw her family again, despite attempting to locate them decades later.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From her native province of Zehjiang, China, Wu was first taken a hundred miles north to Shanghai, then onto San Francisco via steamship. There, she was forced to work in a brothel, the Peking, as a “\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mui_tsai\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">mui tsai\u003c/a>.” The phrase literally means “little sister,” while her role was that of a domestic slave. When her owner at the brothel fell into debt, Wu was sold to the gambling den on Jackson Street. There, she was subjected to rigorous household chores, and physically abused by her new owner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the children sold into the Chinatown mui tsai system reached their teens, they typically transferred from a life of domestic slavery into one of forced sex work. At the turn of the century in San Francisco, this kind of trafficking was rampant, and largely ignored by city authorities. The only real challenge to the system came in the form of missionaries, keen to free the imprisoned women from what they saw as a life of sin and convert them to Christianity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13880756\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13880756\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2020/05/Screenshot_20200517-183606-800x768.jpg\" alt=\"920 Sacramento Street, where Tien Fuh Wu worked with Donaldina Cameron to rescue hundreds of women sold or tricked into a life of slavery and/or sexual abuse.\" width=\"800\" height=\"768\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/05/Screenshot_20200517-183606-800x768.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/05/Screenshot_20200517-183606-160x154.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/05/Screenshot_20200517-183606-768x737.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/05/Screenshot_20200517-183606-1020x979.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/05/Screenshot_20200517-183606.jpg 1431w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">920 Sacramento Street, where Tien Fuh Wu worked with Donaldina Cameron to rescue hundreds of women sold or tricked into a life of slavery and/or sexual abuse. \u003ccite>(Matty Messner)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Fifteen months after Wu was rescued, 23-year-old Donaldina Cameron arrived at the Mission Home at 920 Sacramento Street to teach the girls how to sew. By the time she was 25, she had become Superintendent. Initially the willful child and the strict teacher butted heads, but over time, they grew to form a relationship that more closely resembled that of mother and daughter. As all of the girls in the home tended to do, Wu affectionately called Cameron “Lo Mo,” meaning “Old Mother.” In turn, Cameron referred to her young friend as “Blessed Tien.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Due to her need for a Chinese translator, Cameron employed girls from the Mission House to act as her aides. When Wu was in her teens, Cameron’s favorite aide, Leung Yuen Qui, contracted tuberculosis. Wu not only volunteered to nurse the gravely ill woman, but was witness to her death and the emotional devastation it caused Cameron. It was this that prompted Wu to step up to take Qui’s place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I offered to help her in the work,” Wu said later, “because I felt very sorry for her, realizing how terribly crushed she was over her co-worker’s death.” It was the beginning of a working relationship that would last both of their lifetimes and save the lives of thousands of trafficked girls and women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earning $5 a month, Wu translated for Cameron during court cases and helped supervise the Mission House. (According to Julia Flynn Siler’s account of the period, \u003ca href=\"https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/249432/the-white-devils-daughters-by-julia-flynn-siler/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>The White Devil’s Daughters\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, one staff member described Wu as a “a stern taskmaster… but she was very kind and fair… so the girls trusted her.”) Most important of all, she accompanied Cameron on dangerous rescues, some of which took many months and intense investigation to orchestrate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wu’s role was of vital importance, not just for the sake of her ability to translate, but also because she put the rescued girls at ease. Brothel and slave owners commonly spread fear of “White Devils” to stop the women in their possession from seeking help. Many of those girls believed they would be in even greater danger if taken into the charge of white people. Wu—sometimes pointing to her own scars as evidence of her understanding—was the only one who could truly reassure them they were safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1908, a booklet titled \u003ca href=\"https://www.worldcat.org/title/dragon-stories-the-bowl-of-powfah-the-hundredth-maiden-naratives-sic-of-the-rescues-and-romances-of-chinese-slave-girls/oclc/82591864?referer=di&ht=edition\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Dragon Stories\u003c/em>\u003c/a> was released by Oakland’s Pacific Presbyterian Publishing Company, in an effort to draw attention to the good work being done by the Chinatown missionaries. In it, a character believed to be at least partially based on Tien Fuh Wu was written about as a brave and determined hero, “excited” and “eager for the fray.” In the stories, she was presented as forcing her way into brothels, warmly reassuring young girls, and fearlessly getting them out of harm’s way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wu’s bravery cannot be overstated. Though everyone working at the Mission House received threats of violence for the work they were doing, Wu was targeted more than most because she herself was Chinese and therefore viewed as a traitor by the brothel owners in her midst. She was sent so many threats for doing rescue and interpretation work that, after each major rescue, Cameron would routinely stop her 4′ 11″ cohort from going out alone for weeks at a time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One infamous and racist letter called Wu a prostitute, a “stinking sow,” and threatened, “If God has eyes, he will certainly punish you. You have overreached yourself and in so doing, negroes, dogs and thunder will come after you.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on the history of the Mission House, if God’s eyes were indeed watching over it, they offered nothing but protection. Though the building had to be reconstructed, not only did the organization survive the 1906 earthquake, everyone living and working there also survived the flu epidemic of 1918 and 1919. This despite most of the women in the home being struck down with the illness. Wu and the home’s Assistant Superintendent, Ethel Higgins, are credited with nursing everyone back to health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the Mission House continues to provide invaluable services to the Chinatown community. It offers over a thousand low-income and immigrant Asian families assistance in the form of counseling, domestic violence intervention, food distribution, after-school and summer programs, adult classes and more. Though it was renamed \u003ca href=\"https://cameronhouse.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Donaldina Cameron House\u003c/a> in 1942, the original Mission House sign remains in brickwork over the main entrance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13880757\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13880757\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2020/05/Screenshot_20200518-170757-800x1002.jpg\" alt=\"Today, 920 Sacramento Street is named Donaldina Cameron House, but the original Presbyterian Mission House sign remains in the stonework over the main entrance.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1002\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/05/Screenshot_20200518-170757-800x1002.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/05/Screenshot_20200518-170757-160x200.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/05/Screenshot_20200518-170757-768x962.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/05/Screenshot_20200518-170757-1020x1278.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/05/Screenshot_20200518-170757.jpg 1127w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Today, 920 Sacramento Street is named Donaldina Cameron House, but the original Presbyterian Mission House sign remains in the stonework over the main entrance. \u003ccite>(Rae Alexandra)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By the 1930s, as Cameron readied herself for retirement, Wu took on even more responsibility, making public appearances to raise funds and awareness, while also dealing with the immigration woes of the women in their care. She also acted as a travel guardian for women who had testified against slave dealers. (They called her “Auntie Wu.”) As if that weren’t enough, she even vetted potential grooms for the girls, investigating both their morality and financial security to be sure that the women would be safe in their new homes. Wu herself turned down a multitude of suitors. “Men are very useful,” she once said, “when it comes to moving furniture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Wu eventually retired in 1951, her beloved “Lo Mo” had long since settled on California Avenue in Palo Alto. Cameron offered Wu the cottage next door, and the two lived side-by-side until Cameron’s death in 1968. Wu is said to have been at her mentor’s side, reading from a Bible until the very end. When Wu passed away seven years later, she was buried next to her friend in Cameron’s family plot at the Evergreen Cemetery in Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her \u003ca href=\"http://www.amerasiajournal.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/wu.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">small headstone\u003c/a> belies the huge importance of the life she lived. It reads only: “Tien Fuh Wu 1886-1975.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-12127869\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-800x78.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"78\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-400x39.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-768x75.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For stories on other Rebel Girls from Bay Area History, click \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/rebelgirls\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A book celebrating women from the Rebel Girls series, \u003ca href=\"https://citylights.com/politics-current-events-history/unsung-heroines35-women-who-changed/\">‘Unsung Heroines: 35 Women Who Changed the Bay Area,’\u003c/a> is available now from City Lights.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>It all started in 1913, with a clinic housed inside an old donkey barn. The improvised medical practice was operated by a nurse so formidable and determined, not only did she provide all of the equipment needed to make the clinic functional, she worked without pay until it had sufficient donations to survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nurse’s name was Bertha Wright and the clinic was all part of her larger mission to open a hospital dedicated to the care of babies and children in Oakland and Berkeley. Fifteen months after her practice in the barn opened its doors, Bertha’s hard work paid off with the opening of the area’s first children’s hospital — an institution that started in an old mansion, but continues to survive to this day as \u003ca href=\"https://localwiki.org/oakland/Children%27s_Hospital_Oakland\">UCSF’s Benioff Children’s Hospital\u003c/a>. (It was renamed in 2014, after decades as Children’s Hospital Oakland.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postid='arts_13877186']Bertha’s reputation as a dedicated and hardworking nurse was established far earlier than the hospital. Born in Piedmont, the middle child of three, she graduated from the California Women’s Hospital School of Nursing in San Francisco in 1901, at the age of 25. She went on to work both there and at the Nurses’ Settlement House in Potrero Hill, where she served a large population of struggling immigrants. After the 1906 earthquake, Bertha tended to the sick and wounded in refugee camps all over the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1907, as the Bay Area struggled to rebuild after the 1906 earthquake and subsequent fires, community groups and a variety of charities banded together to form the Charitable Organization Society of Berkeley. Wright was appointed Home Secretary and, while serving in that role, helped to establish the Berkeley Day Nursery, the first organization of its kind in California to offer subsidized childcare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nursery was funded by the City of Berkeley, the Berkeley Community Chest, the United Crusade, public donations and sliding scale payments from parents. Prior to the nursery opening, working women were forced to leave their children at local orphan asylums while they did their jobs. The nursery continued caring for local children until 1965.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1910, Bertha also became the first district nurse to serve underprivileged children in Alameda County. In her mission to get care to the needy by any means necessary, she went on to co-found the Public Health Nurses’ Association of Alameda County and also taught public health nursing at UC Berkeley. In her role as a visiting nurse, Bertha is said to have journeyed to hundreds of homes a week on her trusty horse and buggy. It was during these visits that Bertha became aware of the overwhelming need for hospital services that were dedicated specifically to the needs of children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During one 1912 \u003ca href=\"https://berkhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/2007_fall_newsletter.pdf\">meeting of the Berkeley Commission of Public Charities\u003c/a>, it was noted that:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Ever since Miss Wright has been in Berkeley, she has [believed] that much of her effort has been wasted because of this lack of a proper place for sick children. The need of a hospital for the babies among whom we work is especially urgent because of the crowded home conditions, a certain ignorance on the part of the parents and their limited incomes, reasons which do not exist in the homes of those in more comfortable circumstances.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Wright was determined that children should not suffer due to the financial hardships of their parents. When the Baby Hospital first opened on September 16, 1914, the cost was supposed to be $1 a day for ward beds and $2.50 for private rooms, but fewer than 10 per cent of patients usually paid the full fee — if any fee at all. The hospital was able to stay open only because of a tireless group of local women who relentlessly fundraised at fairs, dinners, fashion shows and in their own communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postid='arts_13955066']At the time of its opening, the hospital housed a 20-bed ward on the first floor, a 10-bed ward on the second, along with five private rooms. The staff was small: three nurses, a secretary, a cook and a houseboy. Doctors were summoned from other hospitals when their assistance was required.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In that first year, the Baby Hospital treated 611 children. That same year, Bertha’s smaller clinic on the property saw more than 6,000 patients. In 1916, the hospital established a dental clinic. But hospital growth happened quickly. Sheer demand forced the hospital to open new wings in 1928 and 1948. By 1945, it was treating 24,500 patients a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even before the hospital had opened, Bertha had begun holding prenatal and baby hygiene classes at her clinic. She also helped organize the first “baby saving fairs” on the West Coast. A maternity clinic at the hospital helped to safely deliver newborns. But Bertha’s dedication to children did not stop in her working life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During her time with the Charitable Organization Society, she met social worker Mabel Weed, who was also key in establishing and fundraising for the Baby Hospital. The women first moved in together in the early 1920s, and went on to lovingly raise three adopted children, Philip, Barbara and Jean. They also fostered a great many others. In fact, the 1940 census shows that, when Bertha was 62 and Mabel was 68, they were still fostering children in Palo Alto. Bertha even continued after Mabel’s death in 1957.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bertha passed away in 1971 just one month shy of her 95th birthday, after a lifetime spent in the service of children, women and all those living on the margins. She was buried close to her beloved Mabel in Alto Mesa Cemetery, Palo Alto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postid='arts_13966861']It’s clear from both her work and personal history that Bertha Wright was blessed with an uncommon drive and an unconventional approach to life. She is also said to have been rather imposing. In 1967 book \u003cem>The Hospital Women Built for Children\u003c/em> by Murray Morgan, Bertha is described as: “Tall and rawboned, dedicated and undemure, she could face down a practical objection with a skeptical glance. A Berkeley businessman recalls fondly, ‘She could always make me feel as if I were unbuttoned.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps Bertha’s uniqueness can be attributed to what \u003cem>American Nursing: A Biographical Dictionary, Volume 3\u003c/em> describes as “her circle of progressive feminist women friends,” as well as her “bold and adventurous family of eccentrics and inventors. A family that never said ‘What will people think?’”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To learn about other Rebel Girls from Bay Area History, visit the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/rebelgirls\">Rebel Girls homepage\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A book celebrating women from the Rebel Girls series, \u003ca href=\"https://citylights.com/politics-current-events-history/unsung-heroines35-women-who-changed/\">‘Unsung Heroines: 35 Women Who Changed the Bay Area,’\u003c/a> is available now from City Lights.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It all started in 1913, with a clinic housed inside an old donkey barn. The improvised medical practice was operated by a nurse so formidable and determined, not only did she provide all of the equipment needed to make the clinic functional, she worked without pay until it had sufficient donations to survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nurse’s name was Bertha Wright and the clinic was all part of her larger mission to open a hospital dedicated to the care of babies and children in Oakland and Berkeley. Fifteen months after her practice in the barn opened its doors, Bertha’s hard work paid off with the opening of the area’s first children’s hospital — an institution that started in an old mansion, but continues to survive to this day as \u003ca href=\"https://localwiki.org/oakland/Children%27s_Hospital_Oakland\">UCSF’s Benioff Children’s Hospital\u003c/a>. (It was renamed in 2014, after decades as Children’s Hospital Oakland.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Bertha’s reputation as a dedicated and hardworking nurse was established far earlier than the hospital. Born in Piedmont, the middle child of three, she graduated from the California Women’s Hospital School of Nursing in San Francisco in 1901, at the age of 25. She went on to work both there and at the Nurses’ Settlement House in Potrero Hill, where she served a large population of struggling immigrants. After the 1906 earthquake, Bertha tended to the sick and wounded in refugee camps all over the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1907, as the Bay Area struggled to rebuild after the 1906 earthquake and subsequent fires, community groups and a variety of charities banded together to form the Charitable Organization Society of Berkeley. Wright was appointed Home Secretary and, while serving in that role, helped to establish the Berkeley Day Nursery, the first organization of its kind in California to offer subsidized childcare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nursery was funded by the City of Berkeley, the Berkeley Community Chest, the United Crusade, public donations and sliding scale payments from parents. Prior to the nursery opening, working women were forced to leave their children at local orphan asylums while they did their jobs. The nursery continued caring for local children until 1965.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1910, Bertha also became the first district nurse to serve underprivileged children in Alameda County. In her mission to get care to the needy by any means necessary, she went on to co-found the Public Health Nurses’ Association of Alameda County and also taught public health nursing at UC Berkeley. In her role as a visiting nurse, Bertha is said to have journeyed to hundreds of homes a week on her trusty horse and buggy. It was during these visits that Bertha became aware of the overwhelming need for hospital services that were dedicated specifically to the needs of children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During one 1912 \u003ca href=\"https://berkhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/2007_fall_newsletter.pdf\">meeting of the Berkeley Commission of Public Charities\u003c/a>, it was noted that:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Ever since Miss Wright has been in Berkeley, she has [believed] that much of her effort has been wasted because of this lack of a proper place for sick children. The need of a hospital for the babies among whom we work is especially urgent because of the crowded home conditions, a certain ignorance on the part of the parents and their limited incomes, reasons which do not exist in the homes of those in more comfortable circumstances.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Wright was determined that children should not suffer due to the financial hardships of their parents. When the Baby Hospital first opened on September 16, 1914, the cost was supposed to be $1 a day for ward beds and $2.50 for private rooms, but fewer than 10 per cent of patients usually paid the full fee — if any fee at all. The hospital was able to stay open only because of a tireless group of local women who relentlessly fundraised at fairs, dinners, fashion shows and in their own communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>At the time of its opening, the hospital housed a 20-bed ward on the first floor, a 10-bed ward on the second, along with five private rooms. The staff was small: three nurses, a secretary, a cook and a houseboy. Doctors were summoned from other hospitals when their assistance was required.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In that first year, the Baby Hospital treated 611 children. That same year, Bertha’s smaller clinic on the property saw more than 6,000 patients. In 1916, the hospital established a dental clinic. But hospital growth happened quickly. Sheer demand forced the hospital to open new wings in 1928 and 1948. By 1945, it was treating 24,500 patients a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even before the hospital had opened, Bertha had begun holding prenatal and baby hygiene classes at her clinic. She also helped organize the first “baby saving fairs” on the West Coast. A maternity clinic at the hospital helped to safely deliver newborns. But Bertha’s dedication to children did not stop in her working life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During her time with the Charitable Organization Society, she met social worker Mabel Weed, who was also key in establishing and fundraising for the Baby Hospital. The women first moved in together in the early 1920s, and went on to lovingly raise three adopted children, Philip, Barbara and Jean. They also fostered a great many others. In fact, the 1940 census shows that, when Bertha was 62 and Mabel was 68, they were still fostering children in Palo Alto. Bertha even continued after Mabel’s death in 1957.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bertha passed away in 1971 just one month shy of her 95th birthday, after a lifetime spent in the service of children, women and all those living on the margins. She was buried close to her beloved Mabel in Alto Mesa Cemetery, Palo Alto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>It’s clear from both her work and personal history that Bertha Wright was blessed with an uncommon drive and an unconventional approach to life. She is also said to have been rather imposing. In 1967 book \u003cem>The Hospital Women Built for Children\u003c/em> by Murray Morgan, Bertha is described as: “Tall and rawboned, dedicated and undemure, she could face down a practical objection with a skeptical glance. A Berkeley businessman recalls fondly, ‘She could always make me feel as if I were unbuttoned.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps Bertha’s uniqueness can be attributed to what \u003cem>American Nursing: A Biographical Dictionary, Volume 3\u003c/em> describes as “her circle of progressive feminist women friends,” as well as her “bold and adventurous family of eccentrics and inventors. A family that never said ‘What will people think?’”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To learn about other Rebel Girls from Bay Area History, visit the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/rebelgirls\">Rebel Girls homepage\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>On August 16, 1917, Elizabeth Ashe found herself in Northern France, close to the front lines of World War I, in the middle of an air raid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Tocsin [siren] sounded and the fearsome took to the cellar,” the nurse wrote in a letter three days later. “I figured it is as dangerous as crossing Market Street…”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The casual bravery exhibited in that letter was present throughout Elizabeth’s life, and enabled her to transform innumerable other lives for the better. Whether taking care of the most disease-ridden communities in her native San Francisco, or helping impoverished new mothers and soldiers in France, Elizabeth’s life was spent in enthusiastic service of others. So enthusiastic, in fact, she spent three years \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=AuSEUamWbu0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=%E2%80%98A+Day+At+A+Time:+The+Diary+Literature+of+American+Women+From+1764+to+the+Present.%E2%80%99&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi2_Jvr6bHoAhXEpZ4KHdtDBxAQ6AEwAHoECAAQAg#v=onepage&q=elizabeth%20ashe&f=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">persuading the Red Cross\u003c/a> to send her to France in the first place. (They had been hesitant to send a woman in her mid-40s to serve in such a dangerous region.) [aside postid='pop_103422']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Born in 1869, Elizabeth Haywood Ashe had bravery woven into her DNA. Her grandfather, North Carolina governor \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Ashe_(North_Carolina)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Samuel Ashe\u003c/a> (whom Asheville is named after), served as a lieutenant in the American revolution. Her uncle was Civil War admiral \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Farragut\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">David Farragut\u003c/a>, a Southern Unionist who captured New Orleans in 1862. Her parents, Richard and Caroline, were pioneers who arrived in San Francisco in 1848, just in time for the gold rush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elizabeth became a community activist in her teens, while teaching Sunday School at what later became Grace Cathedral (then at the intersection of California and Stockton). During her classes, she got to know her neighbors from Telegraph Hill—mostly Irish, Italian, German and Latin American immigrants who frequently lived in overcrowded, unsanitary conditions without heat or plumbing. Elizabeth, born of privilege, found herself deeply concerned about those communities, particularly when it came to the number of unsupervised and sometimes working children she encountered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When epidemics of diphtheria, tuberculosis, whooping cough and typhoid fever broke out, Elizabeth wasn’t discouraged from staying and working in the area. Instead, she and her friend Alice Griffith established the city’s first \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settlement_movement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">settlement house\u003c/a>—an organization designed to assist struggling families with healthcare, daycare and education. Elizabeth was just 21 at the time. (Today, the house lives on as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.telhi.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Telegraph Hill Neighborhood Center\u003c/a>.)[aside postid='arts_13870056']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elizabeth graduated from the School of Nursing at Presbyterian Hospital in New York just four years before the 1906 earthquake. Her work helping city residents recover from the fiery aftermath left such a grim and permanent impression on her that everything she did afterward seemed somehow manageable. In \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books/about/Intimate_Letters_from_France.html?id=NUNDAAAAIAAJ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Intimate Letters from France and Extracts from the Diary of Elizabeth Ashe, 1917-1919\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, one of Elizabeth’s war-time letters, to Alice Griffith from “Somewhere in France,” states:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>No other women have ever been so near the lines… We visited several demolished villages en route… Christ on his crucifix in many villages is the only thing erect, where women and little children by thousands must work in the fields under shell fire wearing gas masks to protect them… [It] did not make the dreadful impression on me I anticipated, it is not a circumstance to our fire.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>During her time in France, Elizabeth tackled the country’s high infant mortality rate by educating new mothers everywhere, from Paris tenements to country farms. She taught them the best ways to care for babies, including prenatal hygiene, healthy feeding and infection avoidance. In the course of doing so, she helped establish a clinic in Paris, advised those working in “orphan asylums” and still somehow found the time to teach French children how to play leapfrog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remarkably, Elizabeth spent her days off during that time tending to injured soldiers at Neuilly’s American Military Hospital, \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=7zQLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA112&dq=The+wounded+continue+to+pour+in+night+and+day,+it+is+impossible+to+handle+them+properly.+I+am+duty+in+the+receiving+ward+(a+big+garage+which+holds+about+100+stretchers,+packed+so+closely+together+you+cant+step+between.)&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiAlsTEv7LoAhWSuJ4KHdHxBMIQ6AEwAHoECAAQAg#v=onepage&q=The%20wounded%20continue%20to%20pour%20in%20night%20and%20day%2C%20it%20is%20impossible%20to%20handle%20them%20properly.%20I%20am%20duty%20in%20the%20receiving%20ward%20(a%20big%20garage%20which%20holds%20about%20100%20stretchers%2C%20packed%20so%20closely%20together%20you%20cant%20step%20between.)&f=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">writing home\u003c/a> of the hellish conditions:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The wounded continue to pour in night and day, it is impossible to handle them properly. I am duty in the receiving ward (a big garage which holds about 100 stretchers, packed so closely together you can’t step between.)\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>When Elizabeth’s fascinating collection of unedited wartime letters was released, it served two purposes: to raise money for further health education programs in France, and to give readers a bird’s-eye view of the horrors of war. When the \u003cem>San Francisco Chronicle\u003c/em> reviewed it, it declared the book “not only informative, but essentially human. One sees the routine life of the nurse both in base hospitals and nearer the firing line… Brave girl.” [aside postid='pop_110017']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most notable things in Elizabeth’s letters was her ability to always find beauty, even in the midst of war and destruction. One, dated July 23, 1917, states: “Just how much I can tell you of yesterday’s attack, I don’t know, but we tumbled out at 7am, clad hastily… The firing lasted about thirty minutes. The shots went all over and around us, but except for a few broken windows, no damage was done.” Just two sentences later, she writes: “The coast is very lovely. With glasses we can see quaint houses and we smell the new mown hay.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On her return to San Francisco in July 1919, Elizabeth went back to work at \u003ca href=\"http://wikimapia.org/7600881/Henry-E-Bothin-Youth-Center-Hill-Farm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Hill Farm\u003c/a>—also known as the Bothin Convalescent Home for women and children—that she had established in 1903, and then \u003ca href=\"http://pcad.lib.washington.edu/building/20368/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">expanded in 1910\u003c/a> with the help of steel magnate and philanthropist, Henry E. Bothin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remarkably, just one year later in 1911, alongside Alice Griffith, Elizabeth also opened the Arequipa Sanitarium for tuberculosis patients. \u003ca href=\"http://pcad.lib.washington.edu/building/20368/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The facility\u003c/a>, designed by San Francisco doctor Philip King Brown and prestigious architectural firm Bakewell and Brown, was established after Elizabeth and Alice managed to raise $20,000 from wealthy donors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, Arequipa had a long waiting list for admission, due in part to its state-of-the-art facilities and low costs for patients. However, as demand for its services dropped over the years due to medical advancements in the fight against TB, Elizabeth found new ways to use the space. In 1948, she gave a building to the San Francisco Girl Scouts for troop camping and, by 1959, the organization had taken over the entire property and added a swimming pool. The center was officially renamed the Henry E. Bothin Youth Center in 1963, and \u003ca href=\"https://camp.gsnorcal.org/summer-camp/camp-locations/bothin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Camp Bothin\u003c/a>—which offers programs for kids of all ages—continues to operate there to this day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elizabeth Ashe died in 1954, but her legacy of community service remains scattered across San Francisco and the North Bay, with the continued existence of organizations she worked tirelessly to establish. There can be no doubt that this most generous woman would be thrilled to see the longterm impact she made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one letter dated Sunday July 22, 1917, Elizabeth—known to her closest friends as Betty—humbly wrote:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Did I tell you that Miss Maxwell, in introducing me to a group of nurses, told them that I had humanized her training school, had showed them that all nurses did not have to be made after the same pattern?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I felt that I had not lived in vain.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-12127869\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-800x78.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"78\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-400x39.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-768x75.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For stories on other Rebel Girls from Bay Area History, click \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/rebelgirls\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A book celebrating women from the Rebel Girls series, \u003ca href=\"https://citylights.com/politics-current-events-history/unsung-heroines35-women-who-changed/\">‘Unsung Heroines: 35 Women Who Changed the Bay Area,’\u003c/a> is available now from City Lights.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On August 16, 1917, Elizabeth Ashe found herself in Northern France, close to the front lines of World War I, in the middle of an air raid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Tocsin [siren] sounded and the fearsome took to the cellar,” the nurse wrote in a letter three days later. “I figured it is as dangerous as crossing Market Street…”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The casual bravery exhibited in that letter was present throughout Elizabeth’s life, and enabled her to transform innumerable other lives for the better. Whether taking care of the most disease-ridden communities in her native San Francisco, or helping impoverished new mothers and soldiers in France, Elizabeth’s life was spent in enthusiastic service of others. So enthusiastic, in fact, she spent three years \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=AuSEUamWbu0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=%E2%80%98A+Day+At+A+Time:+The+Diary+Literature+of+American+Women+From+1764+to+the+Present.%E2%80%99&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi2_Jvr6bHoAhXEpZ4KHdtDBxAQ6AEwAHoECAAQAg#v=onepage&q=elizabeth%20ashe&f=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">persuading the Red Cross\u003c/a> to send her to France in the first place. (They had been hesitant to send a woman in her mid-40s to serve in such a dangerous region.) \u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Born in 1869, Elizabeth Haywood Ashe had bravery woven into her DNA. Her grandfather, North Carolina governor \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Ashe_(North_Carolina)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Samuel Ashe\u003c/a> (whom Asheville is named after), served as a lieutenant in the American revolution. Her uncle was Civil War admiral \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Farragut\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">David Farragut\u003c/a>, a Southern Unionist who captured New Orleans in 1862. Her parents, Richard and Caroline, were pioneers who arrived in San Francisco in 1848, just in time for the gold rush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elizabeth became a community activist in her teens, while teaching Sunday School at what later became Grace Cathedral (then at the intersection of California and Stockton). During her classes, she got to know her neighbors from Telegraph Hill—mostly Irish, Italian, German and Latin American immigrants who frequently lived in overcrowded, unsanitary conditions without heat or plumbing. Elizabeth, born of privilege, found herself deeply concerned about those communities, particularly when it came to the number of unsupervised and sometimes working children she encountered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elizabeth graduated from the School of Nursing at Presbyterian Hospital in New York just four years before the 1906 earthquake. Her work helping city residents recover from the fiery aftermath left such a grim and permanent impression on her that everything she did afterward seemed somehow manageable. In \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books/about/Intimate_Letters_from_France.html?id=NUNDAAAAIAAJ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Intimate Letters from France and Extracts from the Diary of Elizabeth Ashe, 1917-1919\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, one of Elizabeth’s war-time letters, to Alice Griffith from “Somewhere in France,” states:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>No other women have ever been so near the lines… We visited several demolished villages en route… Christ on his crucifix in many villages is the only thing erect, where women and little children by thousands must work in the fields under shell fire wearing gas masks to protect them… [It] did not make the dreadful impression on me I anticipated, it is not a circumstance to our fire.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>During her time in France, Elizabeth tackled the country’s high infant mortality rate by educating new mothers everywhere, from Paris tenements to country farms. She taught them the best ways to care for babies, including prenatal hygiene, healthy feeding and infection avoidance. In the course of doing so, she helped establish a clinic in Paris, advised those working in “orphan asylums” and still somehow found the time to teach French children how to play leapfrog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remarkably, Elizabeth spent her days off during that time tending to injured soldiers at Neuilly’s American Military Hospital, \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=7zQLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA112&dq=The+wounded+continue+to+pour+in+night+and+day,+it+is+impossible+to+handle+them+properly.+I+am+duty+in+the+receiving+ward+(a+big+garage+which+holds+about+100+stretchers,+packed+so+closely+together+you+cant+step+between.)&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiAlsTEv7LoAhWSuJ4KHdHxBMIQ6AEwAHoECAAQAg#v=onepage&q=The%20wounded%20continue%20to%20pour%20in%20night%20and%20day%2C%20it%20is%20impossible%20to%20handle%20them%20properly.%20I%20am%20duty%20in%20the%20receiving%20ward%20(a%20big%20garage%20which%20holds%20about%20100%20stretchers%2C%20packed%20so%20closely%20together%20you%20cant%20step%20between.)&f=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">writing home\u003c/a> of the hellish conditions:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The wounded continue to pour in night and day, it is impossible to handle them properly. I am duty in the receiving ward (a big garage which holds about 100 stretchers, packed so closely together you can’t step between.)\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>When Elizabeth’s fascinating collection of unedited wartime letters was released, it served two purposes: to raise money for further health education programs in France, and to give readers a bird’s-eye view of the horrors of war. When the \u003cem>San Francisco Chronicle\u003c/em> reviewed it, it declared the book “not only informative, but essentially human. One sees the routine life of the nurse both in base hospitals and nearer the firing line… Brave girl.” \u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most notable things in Elizabeth’s letters was her ability to always find beauty, even in the midst of war and destruction. One, dated July 23, 1917, states: “Just how much I can tell you of yesterday’s attack, I don’t know, but we tumbled out at 7am, clad hastily… The firing lasted about thirty minutes. The shots went all over and around us, but except for a few broken windows, no damage was done.” Just two sentences later, she writes: “The coast is very lovely. With glasses we can see quaint houses and we smell the new mown hay.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On her return to San Francisco in July 1919, Elizabeth went back to work at \u003ca href=\"http://wikimapia.org/7600881/Henry-E-Bothin-Youth-Center-Hill-Farm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Hill Farm\u003c/a>—also known as the Bothin Convalescent Home for women and children—that she had established in 1903, and then \u003ca href=\"http://pcad.lib.washington.edu/building/20368/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">expanded in 1910\u003c/a> with the help of steel magnate and philanthropist, Henry E. Bothin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remarkably, just one year later in 1911, alongside Alice Griffith, Elizabeth also opened the Arequipa Sanitarium for tuberculosis patients. \u003ca href=\"http://pcad.lib.washington.edu/building/20368/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The facility\u003c/a>, designed by San Francisco doctor Philip King Brown and prestigious architectural firm Bakewell and Brown, was established after Elizabeth and Alice managed to raise $20,000 from wealthy donors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, Arequipa had a long waiting list for admission, due in part to its state-of-the-art facilities and low costs for patients. However, as demand for its services dropped over the years due to medical advancements in the fight against TB, Elizabeth found new ways to use the space. In 1948, she gave a building to the San Francisco Girl Scouts for troop camping and, by 1959, the organization had taken over the entire property and added a swimming pool. The center was officially renamed the Henry E. Bothin Youth Center in 1963, and \u003ca href=\"https://camp.gsnorcal.org/summer-camp/camp-locations/bothin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Camp Bothin\u003c/a>—which offers programs for kids of all ages—continues to operate there to this day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elizabeth Ashe died in 1954, but her legacy of community service remains scattered across San Francisco and the North Bay, with the continued existence of organizations she worked tirelessly to establish. There can be no doubt that this most generous woman would be thrilled to see the longterm impact she made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one letter dated Sunday July 22, 1917, Elizabeth—known to her closest friends as Betty—humbly wrote:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Did I tell you that Miss Maxwell, in introducing me to a group of nurses, told them that I had humanized her training school, had showed them that all nurses did not have to be made after the same pattern?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I felt that I had not lived in vain.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-12127869\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-800x78.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"78\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-400x39.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-768x75.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For stories on other Rebel Girls from Bay Area History, click \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/rebelgirls\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>She was considered the Queen of the Fillmore, back when the neighborhood was still nicknamed the “Harlem of the West.” She was one of the \u003ca href=\"http://beyondchron.org/heard-fillmore-icon-leola-king-passes/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">first women of color\u003c/a> to ever own and run a Bay Area nightclub. And when the San Francisco Redevelopment Agency came for her crown, Leola King fought back, over and over again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>King arrived in San Francisco from Los Angeles in 1946, at the age of 27. She would call the Fillmore home for the next 64 years. Her most famous venture, the Blue Mirror Cocktail Lounge—famous for hosting jazz greats like Louis Armstrong and Dinah Washington—came only after King had brought people from all over the city to the Fillmore via her barbecue pit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oklahoma King’s was named for her birth state, lovingly constructed at 1601 Geary out of a log cabin, and featured a smoke pit that was visible to outside foot traffic. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.foundsf.org/index.php?title=A_Half_Century_of_Lies\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">meat on King’s menu\u003c/a>, including smoked buffalo, deer and quail, was so popular that she often worked around the clock, sometimes opening at 10am and not closing until 4am the next day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was busy all day, all night, lines outside,” she told the \u003ca href=\"https://tellingstories.org/fillmore/king_leola/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Oral History Archives Project\u003c/a> in 2007. “On Cathedral Hill, coming down the hill, I had a tall, about a 50-foot smoke stack that put the aroma in the air that was just terrific, and people would drive around trying to find the place where this beautiful smell was coming from.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the end of 1947, when the City Planning Commission submitted a \u003ca href=\"https://smartgrowth.org/how-urban-renewal-destroyed-the-fillmore-in-order-to-save-it/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">$52 million proposal\u003c/a> for rebuilding a 36-block zone enclosed by Van Ness, Webster, McAllister and Geary, King began to be regularly approached by the San Francisco Redevelopment Agency. By her own estimation, King told them the restaurant wasn’t for sale “three or four times.” One morning when she arrived to open up, she was greeted by the sight of a bulldozer—and an empty space where Oklahoma King’s used to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They just come in and bulldoze it to the ground,” she recalled. “Took all my equipment, stuff that I’d paid for, and all of my foods and everything. I don’t know what happened to anything. When I go there, the lot is clear; there’s nothing on it. So that made me have to go to the hospital. I just was so upset.” King was later \u003ca href=\"https://www.harlemofthewestsf.com/fillmore-people/bios-interviews/leola-king/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reimbursed\u003c/a> what she’d paid for the land, but not for the structure, equipment or business—in all, a fraction of what Oklahoma King’s was actually worth. [aside postid='pop_110017']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the initial shock had subsided, King’s unbreakable tenacity drove her to open the Blue Mirror in 1953. “It was fantastic, a beautiful club,” \u003ca href=\"https://tellingstories.org/fillmore/king_leola/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">she said\u003c/a>, “and it was hot, hot, hot.” The club, at 935 Fillmore Street, was smaller than the other popular neighborhood venues at the time—like \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/arts/13414955/without-charles-sullivan-thered-be-no-fillmore-as-we-know-it\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Charles Sullivan’s Fillmore Ballroom\u003c/a>—but attracted the same level of talent. Lena Horne, Ray Charles, Duke Ellington, Count Basie and Cab Calloway were just a few musicians that passed through, and she counted Josephine Baker, Nat “King” Cole, Elizabeth Taylor and boxing legend Sugar Ray Robinson as friends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bobbie Webb, a saxophonist who performed there with the likes of B.B. King and T-Bone Walker, \u003ca href=\"http://www.foundsf.org/index.php?title=A_Half_Century_of_Lies\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">said in 2007\u003c/a> that it wasn’t just the luxurious decor and excellent music that attracted people to the Blue Mirror—it was King herself. “She didn’t only have a personality, she was a beautiful lady,” he reminisced. “All she had to do was stand there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After almost a decade of running one of the hottest clubs in town, \u003ca href=\"https://tellingstories.org/fillmore/king_leola/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">King later claimed\u003c/a> she was warned by neighborhood police that the Redevelopment Agency was using unscrupulous means to acquire buildings. According to her, one day a man and a child arrived at the club, asking if the youngster could use the bathroom. After the bouncer allowed them in, the man bought an alcoholic drink and handed it to the child. “Well, we didn’t even know the kid was in the place,” King recalled. “So that’s how they took my license. They came in and padlocked my door and completely put me out of business.” [aside postid='pop_108474']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Against the odds, King bounced back yet again, opening the Bird Cage in 1964. The tavern, decked out in stained glass and bright colors, was open between the hours of 10am and 10pm at 1505 Fillmore Street. Like the Blue Mirror, the venue found popularity quickly, thanks in no small part to its lunch counter, famous for King’s fried chicken and fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though King selected the location in the hope that it was deep enough in the neighborhood to remain untouched by redevelopment, after a decade of success, once again the agency bought her venue’s building and, in 1974, evicted all tenants. King refused to go quietly this time, having to be forcibly removed by the sheriff. She spent the next quarter century \u003ca href=\"http://www.foundsf.org/index.php?title=A_Half_Century_of_Lies\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">fighting\u003c/a> the Redevelopment Agency over relocation terms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leola King eventually declared bankruptcy in the late ’90s, lost her mansion at 711 Scott St., and never quite managed to complete the opening of a new bar named Goldie’s. But her grace and poise in the face of relentless losses, her indomitable spirit, and the joy she brought to the neighborhood are the things people remember most about her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Lance Burton, founder of \u003ca href=\"https://planetfillmore.tv/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Planet Fillmore Communications\u003c/a>, who grew up in the Fillmore and remembers King in her heyday \u003ca href=\"https://sfbayview.com/2015/02/legendary-queen-of-fillmore-leola-king-leaves-proud-legacy-of-struggle-against-redevelopment/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">wrote after her death\u003c/a> in 2015: “Mrs. King was like a big movie star to many of us, a star who brought some very bright moments to our community—maybe the most golden period of years ever to have been seen in San Francisco by black folks before or since… Mrs. King gave our people a chance to dress up and shine in a Sunday evening of glory.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-12127869\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-800x78.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"78\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-400x39.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-768x75.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For stories on other Rebel Girls from Bay Area History, click \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/arts/program/rebel-girls-from-bay-area-history\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A book celebrating women from the Rebel Girls series, \u003ca href=\"https://citylights.com/politics-current-events-history/unsung-heroines35-women-who-changed/\">‘Unsung Heroines: 35 Women Who Changed the Bay Area,’\u003c/a> is available now from City Lights.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>She was considered the Queen of the Fillmore, back when the neighborhood was still nicknamed the “Harlem of the West.” She was one of the \u003ca href=\"http://beyondchron.org/heard-fillmore-icon-leola-king-passes/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">first women of color\u003c/a> to ever own and run a Bay Area nightclub. And when the San Francisco Redevelopment Agency came for her crown, Leola King fought back, over and over again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>King arrived in San Francisco from Los Angeles in 1946, at the age of 27. She would call the Fillmore home for the next 64 years. Her most famous venture, the Blue Mirror Cocktail Lounge—famous for hosting jazz greats like Louis Armstrong and Dinah Washington—came only after King had brought people from all over the city to the Fillmore via her barbecue pit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oklahoma King’s was named for her birth state, lovingly constructed at 1601 Geary out of a log cabin, and featured a smoke pit that was visible to outside foot traffic. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.foundsf.org/index.php?title=A_Half_Century_of_Lies\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">meat on King’s menu\u003c/a>, including smoked buffalo, deer and quail, was so popular that she often worked around the clock, sometimes opening at 10am and not closing until 4am the next day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was busy all day, all night, lines outside,” she told the \u003ca href=\"https://tellingstories.org/fillmore/king_leola/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Oral History Archives Project\u003c/a> in 2007. “On Cathedral Hill, coming down the hill, I had a tall, about a 50-foot smoke stack that put the aroma in the air that was just terrific, and people would drive around trying to find the place where this beautiful smell was coming from.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the end of 1947, when the City Planning Commission submitted a \u003ca href=\"https://smartgrowth.org/how-urban-renewal-destroyed-the-fillmore-in-order-to-save-it/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">$52 million proposal\u003c/a> for rebuilding a 36-block zone enclosed by Van Ness, Webster, McAllister and Geary, King began to be regularly approached by the San Francisco Redevelopment Agency. By her own estimation, King told them the restaurant wasn’t for sale “three or four times.” One morning when she arrived to open up, she was greeted by the sight of a bulldozer—and an empty space where Oklahoma King’s used to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They just come in and bulldoze it to the ground,” she recalled. “Took all my equipment, stuff that I’d paid for, and all of my foods and everything. I don’t know what happened to anything. When I go there, the lot is clear; there’s nothing on it. So that made me have to go to the hospital. I just was so upset.” King was later \u003ca href=\"https://www.harlemofthewestsf.com/fillmore-people/bios-interviews/leola-king/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reimbursed\u003c/a> what she’d paid for the land, but not for the structure, equipment or business—in all, a fraction of what Oklahoma King’s was actually worth. \u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the initial shock had subsided, King’s unbreakable tenacity drove her to open the Blue Mirror in 1953. “It was fantastic, a beautiful club,” \u003ca href=\"https://tellingstories.org/fillmore/king_leola/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">she said\u003c/a>, “and it was hot, hot, hot.” The club, at 935 Fillmore Street, was smaller than the other popular neighborhood venues at the time—like \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/arts/13414955/without-charles-sullivan-thered-be-no-fillmore-as-we-know-it\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Charles Sullivan’s Fillmore Ballroom\u003c/a>—but attracted the same level of talent. Lena Horne, Ray Charles, Duke Ellington, Count Basie and Cab Calloway were just a few musicians that passed through, and she counted Josephine Baker, Nat “King” Cole, Elizabeth Taylor and boxing legend Sugar Ray Robinson as friends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bobbie Webb, a saxophonist who performed there with the likes of B.B. King and T-Bone Walker, \u003ca href=\"http://www.foundsf.org/index.php?title=A_Half_Century_of_Lies\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">said in 2007\u003c/a> that it wasn’t just the luxurious decor and excellent music that attracted people to the Blue Mirror—it was King herself. “She didn’t only have a personality, she was a beautiful lady,” he reminisced. “All she had to do was stand there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After almost a decade of running one of the hottest clubs in town, \u003ca href=\"https://tellingstories.org/fillmore/king_leola/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">King later claimed\u003c/a> she was warned by neighborhood police that the Redevelopment Agency was using unscrupulous means to acquire buildings. According to her, one day a man and a child arrived at the club, asking if the youngster could use the bathroom. After the bouncer allowed them in, the man bought an alcoholic drink and handed it to the child. “Well, we didn’t even know the kid was in the place,” King recalled. “So that’s how they took my license. They came in and padlocked my door and completely put me out of business.” \u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Against the odds, King bounced back yet again, opening the Bird Cage in 1964. The tavern, decked out in stained glass and bright colors, was open between the hours of 10am and 10pm at 1505 Fillmore Street. Like the Blue Mirror, the venue found popularity quickly, thanks in no small part to its lunch counter, famous for King’s fried chicken and fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though King selected the location in the hope that it was deep enough in the neighborhood to remain untouched by redevelopment, after a decade of success, once again the agency bought her venue’s building and, in 1974, evicted all tenants. King refused to go quietly this time, having to be forcibly removed by the sheriff. She spent the next quarter century \u003ca href=\"http://www.foundsf.org/index.php?title=A_Half_Century_of_Lies\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">fighting\u003c/a> the Redevelopment Agency over relocation terms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leola King eventually declared bankruptcy in the late ’90s, lost her mansion at 711 Scott St., and never quite managed to complete the opening of a new bar named Goldie’s. But her grace and poise in the face of relentless losses, her indomitable spirit, and the joy she brought to the neighborhood are the things people remember most about her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Lance Burton, founder of \u003ca href=\"https://planetfillmore.tv/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Planet Fillmore Communications\u003c/a>, who grew up in the Fillmore and remembers King in her heyday \u003ca href=\"https://sfbayview.com/2015/02/legendary-queen-of-fillmore-leola-king-leaves-proud-legacy-of-struggle-against-redevelopment/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">wrote after her death\u003c/a> in 2015: “Mrs. King was like a big movie star to many of us, a star who brought some very bright moments to our community—maybe the most golden period of years ever to have been seen in San Francisco by black folks before or since… Mrs. King gave our people a chance to dress up and shine in a Sunday evening of glory.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-12127869\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-800x78.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"78\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-400x39.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-768x75.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For stories on other Rebel Girls from Bay Area History, click \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/arts/program/rebel-girls-from-bay-area-history\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A book celebrating women from the Rebel Girls series, \u003ca href=\"https://citylights.com/politics-current-events-history/unsung-heroines35-women-who-changed/\">‘Unsung Heroines: 35 Women Who Changed the Bay Area,’\u003c/a> is available now from City Lights.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>“I know you want me to tear my clothes off so you can look your 50 cents worth,” the cabaret dancer says, scolding her audience from the edge of a stage. “Fifty cents for the privilege of staring at a girl the way your wives won’t let you. What do you suppose we think of you up here? With your silly smirks your mothers would be ashamed of. What’s it for? So’s you can go home when the show’s over and strut before your wives…? I am sure they see through you just like we do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a scene so unerringly feminist, it’s hard to believe it was filmed in 1940. \u003cem>Dance, Girl, Dance\u003c/em>, a movie that presented dancers as smart and complex at a time when they were more commonly used on screen as little more than background color, was extremely bold. And its landmark scene was par for the course for rebel director Dorothy Arzner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fljry1HocUY\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Born in San Francisco in 1897, Arzner spent most of her life in Southern California. What’s clear about the mark she left on the world, however, is that the rebellious spirit of San Francisco stayed with her long after she left. That fearlessness is visible in her film choices, as well as how she conducted her personal life—she was an out and unabashedly butch lesbian at a time when homosexuality was widely condemned. [aside postid='arts_13870056']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unshakeable in her commitment to elevating female figures on screen, Arzner’s movies pulled no punches in presenting women as they’d never really been seen before. Both 1931’s \u003cem>Working Girls\u003c/em> and 1933’s \u003cem>Christopher Strong\u003c/em> featured plots in which unmarried women got pregnant—an extremely taboo subject at the time—and highlighted the damage wrought by stigmatizing women in trouble. In \u003cem>Christopher Strong\u003c/em>, even Katherine Hepburn’s go-getting pilot chooses to commit suicide rather than face the public shame of the world finding out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arzner never held back when it came to her views on marriage, either. Instead of the Hollywood romance usually associated with the institution, she presented it as a trap women were forced into for social and financial security. \u003cem>Working Girls\u003c/em>, \u003cem>Craig’s Wife\u003c/em> (1936) and \u003cem>Merrily We Go To A Hell\u003c/em> (1932) were all critical of the institution. The latter even featured a wife proposing an open marriage after finding out her husband has cheated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QrD71wADp0w\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While not the first female director in the world, Arzner was \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Arzner\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the only one\u003c/a> working in Hollywood for the entirety of her movie directing career (1927-1943). She was also the first woman to be accepted into the Director’s Guild of America. Not for nothing. Her moviemaking knowledge was built on sturdy foundations of experience, starting in 1919 with her first job as a silent film stenographer. From there, she graduated onto scriptwriting, and then onto film editing. Her directorial debut came in the form of 1927’s \u003cem>Fashions for Women,\u003c/em> and three other silent films followed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1929, Arzner was given the great distinction of directing Paramount’s first talkie, \u003cem>The Wild Party, \u003c/em>and she took the challenge on with great innovation and aplomb. When the star of the film, Clara Bow, began struggling to adjust to non-silent set conditions (she was awkwardly checking the positions of microphones mid-scene), Arzner solved the issue by dangling a mic from a fishing line above. Just like that, the boom mic was born. [aside postid='arts_13879147']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After directing her final movie (1943’s \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Comes_Courage\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>First Comes Courage\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, about a female member of the WWII resistance), Arzner directed training videos for the wartime Women’s Army Corps and made dozens of Pepsi-Cola commercials before going on to teach. Arzner’s first classes were at the Pasadena Playhouse, and in 1961, she began teaching at UCLA’s film school. (Interestingly, Arzner’s partner of over 40 years, \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Morgan_(choreographer)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Marion Morgan\u003c/a>, made a similar transition, moving from life as a Hollywood choreographer to teaching dance at \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=nmQvAQAAMAAJ&pg=PR74&lpg=PR74&dq=marion+morgan+summer+school+berkeley&source=bl&ots=MtBlJXpBow&sig=ACfU3U3XeGZlAtJHqZUIPWz97MqC8jMAoQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj5j8Wg4fnmAhX3CTQIHdHhA0gQ6AEwAXoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=marion%20morgan%20summer%20school%20berkeley&f=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">both UC Berkeley and UCLA\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arzner’s time at UCLA left a lasting impression on a multitude of students, including Francis Ford Coppola, who moved to San Francisco shortly after graduating from her class. After lobbying Paramount to name a building on its Hollywood lot after Arzner in 2018, Coppola appeared before the new Dorothy Arzner office and talked fondly of his mentor, calling her “salty and sort of tough, but with a heart as big as the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the end of his \u003ca href=\"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/francis-ford-coppola-joins-paramount-honoring-dorothy-arzner-1090127\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">touching speech\u003c/a>, Coppola turned toward a large black-and-white photo of Arzner, showing her working diligently behind a camera, and said: “I can never thank you enough for what helped me for the next 58 years of my career.” In a \u003ca href=\"https://theluxurychannel.com/magazine/the-godfathers-godmother-francis-ford-coppola-on-female-film-makers/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">separate interview\u003c/a>, Coppola noted: “I think what meant so much, as I always had self-doubt, was that she would say: ‘You are going to do fine.’ She was very famous. I just had the good luck that I was her student.”\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-12127869\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-800x78.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"78\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-400x39.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-768x75.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For stories on other Rebel Girls from Bay Area History, click \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/arts/program/rebel-girls-from-bay-area-history\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A book celebrating women from the Rebel Girls series, \u003ca href=\"https://citylights.com/politics-current-events-history/unsung-heroines35-women-who-changed/\">‘Unsung Heroines: 35 Women Who Changed the Bay Area,’\u003c/a> is available now from City Lights.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>“I know you want me to tear my clothes off so you can look your 50 cents worth,” the cabaret dancer says, scolding her audience from the edge of a stage. “Fifty cents for the privilege of staring at a girl the way your wives won’t let you. What do you suppose we think of you up here? With your silly smirks your mothers would be ashamed of. What’s it for? So’s you can go home when the show’s over and strut before your wives…? I am sure they see through you just like we do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a scene so unerringly feminist, it’s hard to believe it was filmed in 1940. \u003cem>Dance, Girl, Dance\u003c/em>, a movie that presented dancers as smart and complex at a time when they were more commonly used on screen as little more than background color, was extremely bold. And its landmark scene was par for the course for rebel director Dorothy Arzner.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/Fljry1HocUY'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/Fljry1HocUY'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Born in San Francisco in 1897, Arzner spent most of her life in Southern California. What’s clear about the mark she left on the world, however, is that the rebellious spirit of San Francisco stayed with her long after she left. That fearlessness is visible in her film choices, as well as how she conducted her personal life—she was an out and unabashedly butch lesbian at a time when homosexuality was widely condemned. \u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unshakeable in her commitment to elevating female figures on screen, Arzner’s movies pulled no punches in presenting women as they’d never really been seen before. Both 1931’s \u003cem>Working Girls\u003c/em> and 1933’s \u003cem>Christopher Strong\u003c/em> featured plots in which unmarried women got pregnant—an extremely taboo subject at the time—and highlighted the damage wrought by stigmatizing women in trouble. In \u003cem>Christopher Strong\u003c/em>, even Katherine Hepburn’s go-getting pilot chooses to commit suicide rather than face the public shame of the world finding out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arzner never held back when it came to her views on marriage, either. Instead of the Hollywood romance usually associated with the institution, she presented it as a trap women were forced into for social and financial security. \u003cem>Working Girls\u003c/em>, \u003cem>Craig’s Wife\u003c/em> (1936) and \u003cem>Merrily We Go To A Hell\u003c/em> (1932) were all critical of the institution. The latter even featured a wife proposing an open marriage after finding out her husband has cheated.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/QrD71wADp0w'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/QrD71wADp0w'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>While not the first female director in the world, Arzner was \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Arzner\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the only one\u003c/a> working in Hollywood for the entirety of her movie directing career (1927-1943). She was also the first woman to be accepted into the Director’s Guild of America. Not for nothing. Her moviemaking knowledge was built on sturdy foundations of experience, starting in 1919 with her first job as a silent film stenographer. From there, she graduated onto scriptwriting, and then onto film editing. Her directorial debut came in the form of 1927’s \u003cem>Fashions for Women,\u003c/em> and three other silent films followed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1929, Arzner was given the great distinction of directing Paramount’s first talkie, \u003cem>The Wild Party, \u003c/em>and she took the challenge on with great innovation and aplomb. When the star of the film, Clara Bow, began struggling to adjust to non-silent set conditions (she was awkwardly checking the positions of microphones mid-scene), Arzner solved the issue by dangling a mic from a fishing line above. Just like that, the boom mic was born. \u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After directing her final movie (1943’s \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Comes_Courage\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>First Comes Courage\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, about a female member of the WWII resistance), Arzner directed training videos for the wartime Women’s Army Corps and made dozens of Pepsi-Cola commercials before going on to teach. Arzner’s first classes were at the Pasadena Playhouse, and in 1961, she began teaching at UCLA’s film school. (Interestingly, Arzner’s partner of over 40 years, \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Morgan_(choreographer)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Marion Morgan\u003c/a>, made a similar transition, moving from life as a Hollywood choreographer to teaching dance at \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=nmQvAQAAMAAJ&pg=PR74&lpg=PR74&dq=marion+morgan+summer+school+berkeley&source=bl&ots=MtBlJXpBow&sig=ACfU3U3XeGZlAtJHqZUIPWz97MqC8jMAoQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj5j8Wg4fnmAhX3CTQIHdHhA0gQ6AEwAXoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=marion%20morgan%20summer%20school%20berkeley&f=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">both UC Berkeley and UCLA\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arzner’s time at UCLA left a lasting impression on a multitude of students, including Francis Ford Coppola, who moved to San Francisco shortly after graduating from her class. After lobbying Paramount to name a building on its Hollywood lot after Arzner in 2018, Coppola appeared before the new Dorothy Arzner office and talked fondly of his mentor, calling her “salty and sort of tough, but with a heart as big as the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the end of his \u003ca href=\"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/francis-ford-coppola-joins-paramount-honoring-dorothy-arzner-1090127\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">touching speech\u003c/a>, Coppola turned toward a large black-and-white photo of Arzner, showing her working diligently behind a camera, and said: “I can never thank you enough for what helped me for the next 58 years of my career.” In a \u003ca href=\"https://theluxurychannel.com/magazine/the-godfathers-godmother-francis-ford-coppola-on-female-film-makers/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">separate interview\u003c/a>, Coppola noted: “I think what meant so much, as I always had self-doubt, was that she would say: ‘You are going to do fine.’ She was very famous. I just had the good luck that I was her student.”\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-12127869\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-800x78.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"78\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-400x39.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-768x75.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For stories on other Rebel Girls from Bay Area History, click \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/arts/program/rebel-girls-from-bay-area-history\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A book celebrating women from the Rebel Girls series, \u003ca href=\"https://citylights.com/politics-current-events-history/unsung-heroines35-women-who-changed/\">‘Unsung Heroines: 35 Women Who Changed the Bay Area,’\u003c/a> is available now from City Lights.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>She was an organizer that proved invaluable to an entire generation of trans people. She helped to launch a magazine by and for non-gender conforming people. She’s the reason Dr. Alfred Kinsey’s landmark research into human sexual behavior included individuals living beyond the binary. And she never once stopped to take credit for any of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her name was Louise Lawrence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Born in 1912, and despite having always enjoyed wearing feminine attire at home, Louise tried for the first 30 years of her life to embrace being “Lew,” a responsible and low key young man. She found work as a bank clerk at the age of 18, and married twice—first in her teens, then once more after the death of her first wife. It was only after her divorce that Lawrence fully embraced who she knew she was on the inside, and began living full-time as a woman. And she moved from Berkeley to San Francisco to do so. [aside postid='pop_102855']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unconsciously, she had been quietly preparing for this moment for years. Even while married, she regularly scoured newspapers for reports about public cross-dressing, and then reached out to the people who’d been arrested. In addition, she placed personal ads in the backs of magazines to find other trans and gender non-conforming people. Once in San Francisco, she made friends with drag performers at legendary North Beach club Finocchio’s, and later got involved with the city’s chapter of the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattachine_Society\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Mattachine Society\u003c/a>—one of the earliest LGBT organizations in America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such was her determination that, during a time when a great many trans and cross-dressing people felt obliged by law to live private lives, Lawrence saw fit to start lecturing doctors at UCSF, and assisting at its Langley Porter Clinic, with the goal of helping the medical profession understand that being transgender was not, in fact, a mental disorder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later, after \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Jorgensen\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Christine Jorgensen\u003c/a> underwent high profile gender reassignment surgery in Denmark in 1952, Lawrence was said to have \u003ca href=\"https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674013797\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">remarked\u003c/a>, “If only some of these American medical men could… not continually imagine that their own penis was removed when Christine’s was, maybe we would see some sound thoughtful, imaginative progress made in this field.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite her frustration at not being able to break down barriers to healthcare more quickly, her work at UCSF is what led her, in 1948, to first come into contact with Dr. Alfred Kinsey—at the time the focus of national uproar for his book, \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Sexual-Behavior-Human-Alfred-Kinsey/dp/0253334128\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Sexual Behavior in the Human Male\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. By then, Lawrence had built a network of almost 200 other trans people across America and decided to share some of their stories with Kinsey. Gender variance, after all, had been glaringly absent from the sexologist’s landmark work. Lawrence didn’t just encourage Kinsey to include trans people in his 1953 follow-up—\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Sexual-Behavior-Female-Alfred-Kinsey/dp/025333411X\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Sexual Behavior in the Human Female\u003c/em>\u003c/a>—she helped directly to facilitate it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Joanne Meyerowitz’s paper, \u003ca href=\"https://www.jstor.org/stable/44445556?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Sex Research at the Borders of Gender: Transvestites, Transsexuals, and Alfred C. Kinsey\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, Lawrence is quoted as saying:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>In talking to Dr. Kinsey, I brought up… my interest in transvestism, and to my surprise he said that he thought the problem was relatively rare… I am very sure that it is much more common than most of us, even prominent doctors, are willing or able to admit. I was going to try and prove to [Kinsey] that I was right, and he encouraged me by saying that any facts or figures I could contribute would be valuable.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>In the same paper, Lawrence also describes how she got her gender non-conforming friends to agree to interviews. “I try to point out the value of it, the sincerity of Dr. Kinsey, the complete anonymity,” she said, “as well as the personal pleasure they will get from the interview itself.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 1950, Lawrence had become invaluable to Kinsey; he employed her to transcribe life histories, interviews and transvestite fiction that erred on the side of kink. Lawrence, in turn, provided Kinsey with trans stories and novels, as well as her own personal correspondence, diaries and \u003ca href=\"https://cooper.edu/art/news/gender-myths-exploded\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">scrapbooks\u003c/a> “filled with articles about same-sex couples living as man and woman.” Were it not for Lawrence’s contribution, it’s probable that “transexuals” would not have made it into Kinsey’s final works at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, she also worked directly with, and informed the work of, pioneering endocrinologist and sexologist \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Benjamin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Harry Benjamin\u003c/a>, for whom she had an enormous amount of respect. Lawrence once \u003ca href=\"https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674013797\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">described Benjamin\u003c/a> as: “one of the few medical men in this country who has any understanding of this problem.” It was he that encouraged her, in 1951, to publish an article in the \u003cem>International Journal of Sexology\u003c/em> titled “Transvestism: An Empirical Study.” (As usual, Lawrence shied away from the spotlight, writing it under a pseudonym, Janet Thompson.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, for Lawrence, it wasn’t enough to merely reach the academics. In 1952, Lawrence co-founded the independent paper \u003cem>Transvestia—\u003c/em>most closely associated with \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Prince\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Virginia Prince\u003c/a>, who went on to edit it for over 20 years—with the aim of bringing wider “knowledge, acceptance [and] understanding” to the community. Importantly, it was Lawrence’s extensive network of LGBTQ+ people that raised enough money to get the publication off the ground in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13870059\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13870059\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2019/11/transvestia-collage-800x371.jpg\" alt=\"Covers of ‘Transvestia’ courtesy of the University of Victoria's Rikki Swin Collection.\" width=\"800\" height=\"371\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2019/11/transvestia-collage-800x371.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2019/11/transvestia-collage-160x74.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2019/11/transvestia-collage-768x356.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2019/11/transvestia-collage-1020x473.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2019/11/transvestia-collage-1200x557.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2019/11/transvestia-collage-1920x891.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Covers of ‘Transvestia’ courtesy of the University of Victoria’s Rikki Swin Collection.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the short documentary \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQwS7LqfJys\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Safety in Numbers: A Trans History\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, Aaron Devor, chair of Transgender Studies at the University of Victoria, explains: “\u003cem>Transvestia\u003c/em> became a lifeline for people to communicate with each other, to learn that there were others like them. It also had a section at the back where people could put in ads for pen pals… and they could communicate with other people. So they could build community in that way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Louise Lawrence’s dedication to her own community was unsurpassed. Not only is she remembered for leaving her door open to individuals who traveled to San Francisco seeking gender confirming surgery, she is known to have counseled them too. It speaks volumes that both \u003ca href=\"https://www.wpath.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">WPATH (the World Professional Association for Transgender Health)\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri-Ess\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Tri-Ess\u003c/a> (an organization for heterosexual cross-dressers and their loved ones) \u003ca href=\"https://tgforum.com/news-from-the-uspath-convention/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">are said\u003c/a> to have been started in her kitchen in the very same year, 1972. [aside postid='pop_102774']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be labeled as a trans or gender non-conforming person during the period Lawrence did her most outspoken work was to risk losing it all. Yet she never shied away from the difficult task of carving out space for herself and the multitude of others like her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I consider Louise to be my true identity even though the birth records say differently,” \u003ca href=\"https://zagria.blogspot.com/2009/05/louise-lawrence-1912-1976-activist.html#.XdZIqmRKg0Q\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">she wrote\u003c/a> in the 1950s. “And on this I will stand. For to me, as to most people who know me, I AM Louise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-12127869\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-800x78.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"78\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-400x39.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-768x75.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: Some terms used in this story are rooted in a particular historical context. We’ve included words Louise used to describe herself and her community throughout her life, as referenced in historical accounts. If you’d like to learn more, see GLAAD’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.glaad.org/reference/transgender\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Media Reference Guide\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For stories on other Rebel Girls from Bay Area History, click \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/arts/program/rebel-girls-from-bay-area-history\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A book celebrating women from the Rebel Girls series, \u003ca href=\"https://citylights.com/politics-current-events-history/unsung-heroines35-women-who-changed/\">‘Unsung Heroines: 35 Women Who Changed the Bay Area,’\u003c/a> is available now from City Lights.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>She was an organizer that proved invaluable to an entire generation of trans people. She helped to launch a magazine by and for non-gender conforming people. She’s the reason Dr. Alfred Kinsey’s landmark research into human sexual behavior included individuals living beyond the binary. And she never once stopped to take credit for any of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her name was Louise Lawrence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Born in 1912, and despite having always enjoyed wearing feminine attire at home, Louise tried for the first 30 years of her life to embrace being “Lew,” a responsible and low key young man. She found work as a bank clerk at the age of 18, and married twice—first in her teens, then once more after the death of her first wife. It was only after her divorce that Lawrence fully embraced who she knew she was on the inside, and began living full-time as a woman. And she moved from Berkeley to San Francisco to do so. \u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unconsciously, she had been quietly preparing for this moment for years. Even while married, she regularly scoured newspapers for reports about public cross-dressing, and then reached out to the people who’d been arrested. In addition, she placed personal ads in the backs of magazines to find other trans and gender non-conforming people. Once in San Francisco, she made friends with drag performers at legendary North Beach club Finocchio’s, and later got involved with the city’s chapter of the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattachine_Society\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Mattachine Society\u003c/a>—one of the earliest LGBT organizations in America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such was her determination that, during a time when a great many trans and cross-dressing people felt obliged by law to live private lives, Lawrence saw fit to start lecturing doctors at UCSF, and assisting at its Langley Porter Clinic, with the goal of helping the medical profession understand that being transgender was not, in fact, a mental disorder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later, after \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Jorgensen\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Christine Jorgensen\u003c/a> underwent high profile gender reassignment surgery in Denmark in 1952, Lawrence was said to have \u003ca href=\"https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674013797\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">remarked\u003c/a>, “If only some of these American medical men could… not continually imagine that their own penis was removed when Christine’s was, maybe we would see some sound thoughtful, imaginative progress made in this field.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite her frustration at not being able to break down barriers to healthcare more quickly, her work at UCSF is what led her, in 1948, to first come into contact with Dr. Alfred Kinsey—at the time the focus of national uproar for his book, \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Sexual-Behavior-Human-Alfred-Kinsey/dp/0253334128\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Sexual Behavior in the Human Male\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. By then, Lawrence had built a network of almost 200 other trans people across America and decided to share some of their stories with Kinsey. Gender variance, after all, had been glaringly absent from the sexologist’s landmark work. Lawrence didn’t just encourage Kinsey to include trans people in his 1953 follow-up—\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Sexual-Behavior-Female-Alfred-Kinsey/dp/025333411X\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Sexual Behavior in the Human Female\u003c/em>\u003c/a>—she helped directly to facilitate it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Joanne Meyerowitz’s paper, \u003ca href=\"https://www.jstor.org/stable/44445556?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Sex Research at the Borders of Gender: Transvestites, Transsexuals, and Alfred C. Kinsey\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, Lawrence is quoted as saying:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>In talking to Dr. Kinsey, I brought up… my interest in transvestism, and to my surprise he said that he thought the problem was relatively rare… I am very sure that it is much more common than most of us, even prominent doctors, are willing or able to admit. I was going to try and prove to [Kinsey] that I was right, and he encouraged me by saying that any facts or figures I could contribute would be valuable.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>In the same paper, Lawrence also describes how she got her gender non-conforming friends to agree to interviews. “I try to point out the value of it, the sincerity of Dr. Kinsey, the complete anonymity,” she said, “as well as the personal pleasure they will get from the interview itself.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 1950, Lawrence had become invaluable to Kinsey; he employed her to transcribe life histories, interviews and transvestite fiction that erred on the side of kink. Lawrence, in turn, provided Kinsey with trans stories and novels, as well as her own personal correspondence, diaries and \u003ca href=\"https://cooper.edu/art/news/gender-myths-exploded\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">scrapbooks\u003c/a> “filled with articles about same-sex couples living as man and woman.” Were it not for Lawrence’s contribution, it’s probable that “transexuals” would not have made it into Kinsey’s final works at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, she also worked directly with, and informed the work of, pioneering endocrinologist and sexologist \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Benjamin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Harry Benjamin\u003c/a>, for whom she had an enormous amount of respect. Lawrence once \u003ca href=\"https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674013797\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">described Benjamin\u003c/a> as: “one of the few medical men in this country who has any understanding of this problem.” It was he that encouraged her, in 1951, to publish an article in the \u003cem>International Journal of Sexology\u003c/em> titled “Transvestism: An Empirical Study.” (As usual, Lawrence shied away from the spotlight, writing it under a pseudonym, Janet Thompson.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, for Lawrence, it wasn’t enough to merely reach the academics. In 1952, Lawrence co-founded the independent paper \u003cem>Transvestia—\u003c/em>most closely associated with \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Prince\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Virginia Prince\u003c/a>, who went on to edit it for over 20 years—with the aim of bringing wider “knowledge, acceptance [and] understanding” to the community. Importantly, it was Lawrence’s extensive network of LGBTQ+ people that raised enough money to get the publication off the ground in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13870059\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13870059\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2019/11/transvestia-collage-800x371.jpg\" alt=\"Covers of ‘Transvestia’ courtesy of the University of Victoria's Rikki Swin Collection.\" width=\"800\" height=\"371\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2019/11/transvestia-collage-800x371.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2019/11/transvestia-collage-160x74.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2019/11/transvestia-collage-768x356.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2019/11/transvestia-collage-1020x473.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2019/11/transvestia-collage-1200x557.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2019/11/transvestia-collage-1920x891.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Covers of ‘Transvestia’ courtesy of the University of Victoria’s Rikki Swin Collection.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the short documentary \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQwS7LqfJys\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Safety in Numbers: A Trans History\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, Aaron Devor, chair of Transgender Studies at the University of Victoria, explains: “\u003cem>Transvestia\u003c/em> became a lifeline for people to communicate with each other, to learn that there were others like them. It also had a section at the back where people could put in ads for pen pals… and they could communicate with other people. So they could build community in that way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Louise Lawrence’s dedication to her own community was unsurpassed. Not only is she remembered for leaving her door open to individuals who traveled to San Francisco seeking gender confirming surgery, she is known to have counseled them too. It speaks volumes that both \u003ca href=\"https://www.wpath.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">WPATH (the World Professional Association for Transgender Health)\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri-Ess\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Tri-Ess\u003c/a> (an organization for heterosexual cross-dressers and their loved ones) \u003ca href=\"https://tgforum.com/news-from-the-uspath-convention/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">are said\u003c/a> to have been started in her kitchen in the very same year, 1972. \u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be labeled as a trans or gender non-conforming person during the period Lawrence did her most outspoken work was to risk losing it all. Yet she never shied away from the difficult task of carving out space for herself and the multitude of others like her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I consider Louise to be my true identity even though the birth records say differently,” \u003ca href=\"https://zagria.blogspot.com/2009/05/louise-lawrence-1912-1976-activist.html#.XdZIqmRKg0Q\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">she wrote\u003c/a> in the 1950s. “And on this I will stand. For to me, as to most people who know me, I AM Louise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-12127869\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-800x78.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"78\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-400x39.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-768x75.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: Some terms used in this story are rooted in a particular historical context. We’ve included words Louise used to describe herself and her community throughout her life, as referenced in historical accounts. If you’d like to learn more, see GLAAD’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.glaad.org/reference/transgender\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Media Reference Guide\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For stories on other Rebel Girls from Bay Area History, click \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/arts/program/rebel-girls-from-bay-area-history\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>When Ruth Bader Ginsberg attended Harvard Law School in 1956, she and the eight other women in attendance were asked by the dean to justify why they were taking places in class away from men. The women were \u003ca href=\"https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1993/7/23/ginsburg-blasts-harvard-law-pin-testimony/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">refused entry\u003c/a> to the law school dormitories, the Lamont library and even the Harvard Law Review banquet. So just imagine the indignities that must have befallen Clara Shortridge Foltz, who became the West Coast’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.lapl.org/collections-resources/blogs/lapl/who-heck-clara-shortridge-foltz\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">first female lawyer\u003c/a> in 1878. [aside postid='pop_102326']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Genius, talent and hard labor know no sex,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yyi37vmIZ2Q\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Foltz once said\u003c/a>, sharing a life-long mantra that enabled her to achieve a mind-blowing number of firsts. In her lifetime, she spearheaded legislation to allow women to become law school students, notaries public and administrators of estates. In 1890, she led a campaign for nationwide public defenders’ offices—over two decades before California got its first. In 1910, Foltz became America’s first female deputy district attorney. In 1930, at the age of 81, she was the first woman to run for governor of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So where did this tireless innovator come from? Foltz spent her childhood and early teens in Illinois and Iowa, but found herself in San Jose after eloping at the age of 15 with a Union soldier named Jeremiah Foltz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raised with a reverence for the law by her attorney father, Elias, Foltz often overheard him telling her mother: “I’m sorry that girl was not born a boy, for then she would have become a great lawyer.” Only after Foltz’s husband left her for another woman, abandoning her with five children under the age of 11, would she conjure the chutzpah to try.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was then, in 1876, at the age of 29, that Foltz finally began to take steps towards a law career, arguing to all who would listen that moving into a male profession was the only means she had to support her family and keep her children together. Though she divorced Jeremiah in 1879, the story she told the world was that he died suddenly. Disguising her career ambitions as something purely spurred by the love of her children, she was able to earn the sympathy of enough men in the legal profession to advance into it herself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though there were 50 other female lawyers in the United States at the time, California’s Code of Civil Procedure prohibited women from joining the profession, expressly stating that only a “white male citizen” could apply to the bar. But with the help of several male allies, suffragist campaigners, a supportive local press and her mother’s assistance with child care, Foltz successfully lobbied for a new bill, the Woman Lawyer’s Act, that allowed women to take the bar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thanks to Foltz’s commitment to her studies, legal training from her father and his partner C.C. Stephens and a local legal club where aspiring attorneys practiced arguing cases, Foltz passed the bar in 1878, just four months after the Woman Lawyer’s Act was passed. She began practicing in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13863218 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2019/08/images.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"184\" height=\"275\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2019/08/images.jpg 184w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2019/08/images-160x239.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 184px) 100vw, 184px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Foltz described this victory as “bliss,” it only spurred her determination to make life better for women all over the world. She traveled the United States and Europe, campaigning for women’s suffrage, and used her position as editor and publisher of the \u003cem>San Diego Bee\u003c/em> and \u003cem>The New American Woman \u003c/em>to advance the suffragist agenda. In one public lecture, she put her position in no uncertain terms:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“Woman must be either man’s equal or his slave. There is no middle ground. The flag of our Union floats not over one free woman in all this broad land. Every inch gained by her in the last half century has been contested and every inch gained has only subjected her to fresh demands.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Along with her career and activism, San Francisco proved to be Foltz’s other great love. When moving to New York in October 1895, she confessed to the \u003cem>San Francisco Examiner\u003c/em>: “For a long time I have had my eye on [New York] as a larger field, and only my pleasant business and social associations in San Francisco have prevented an earlier removal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After finally moving east, initially because she wanted to earn more money and eventually open a women’s law school in San Francisco, Foltz lasted only four years in New York before coming back. Her later move to Los Angeles is said to have been prompted by the 1906 earthquake. She left an indelible mark on the southern part of the state too—today, the county courthouse in downtown Los Angeles is named after her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13865151\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13865151\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2019/08/20190828_140450-800x657.jpg\" alt=\"From 'Woman Lawyer: The Trials of Clara Foltz' by Barbara Babcock.\" width=\"800\" height=\"657\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2019/08/20190828_140450-800x657.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2019/08/20190828_140450-160x131.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2019/08/20190828_140450-768x630.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2019/08/20190828_140450-1020x837.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2019/08/20190828_140450-1200x985.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2019/08/20190828_140450-1920x1576.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2019/08/20190828_140450.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From ‘Woman Lawyer: The Trials of Clara Foltz’ by Barbara Babcock.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Through her barrier-busting life, Foltz found that combining an inner toughness with an outer femininity was the best way to get things done. “They call me a lady lawyer, a pretty sobriquet,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/CloseTheGapCa/posts/clara-shortridge-foltz-july-16-1849-september-2-1934-americas-first-practicing-w/2561066703964825/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">she once said\u003c/a>. “For of course to be worthy of so dainty a title, I was bound to maintain a dainty manner as I browbeat my way through the marshes of ignorance and prejudice.” [aside postid='pop_102774']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Foltz died of heart failure on Sept. 2, 1934, at the age of 85. She was at home in Los Angeles at the time. Though all of her impressive achievements stand as testament to her extraordinariness, a quote from her in the \u003ca href=\"https://homesteadmuseum.wordpress.com/2019/04/03/read-all-about-it-with-clara-shortridge-foltz-and-the-new-american-woman-april-1916/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">April 1916 edition of \u003cem>The New American Woman\u003c/em>\u003c/a> best sums up her life. “For as I look back over the hard journey,” she said, “and recall the difficulties which seemed insurmountable, and the obstacles that would have awed the heart of the stoutest man, I am amazed at my own temerity!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-12127869\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-800x78.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"78\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-400x39.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-768x75.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For stories on other Rebel Girls from Bay Area History, click \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/arts/program/rebel-girls-from-bay-area-history\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A book celebrating women from the Rebel Girls series, \u003ca href=\"https://citylights.com/politics-current-events-history/unsung-heroines35-women-who-changed/\">‘Unsung Heroines: 35 Women Who Changed the Bay Area,’\u003c/a> is available now from City Lights.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Genius, talent and hard labor know no sex,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yyi37vmIZ2Q\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Foltz once said\u003c/a>, sharing a life-long mantra that enabled her to achieve a mind-blowing number of firsts. In her lifetime, she spearheaded legislation to allow women to become law school students, notaries public and administrators of estates. In 1890, she led a campaign for nationwide public defenders’ offices—over two decades before California got its first. In 1910, Foltz became America’s first female deputy district attorney. In 1930, at the age of 81, she was the first woman to run for governor of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So where did this tireless innovator come from? Foltz spent her childhood and early teens in Illinois and Iowa, but found herself in San Jose after eloping at the age of 15 with a Union soldier named Jeremiah Foltz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raised with a reverence for the law by her attorney father, Elias, Foltz often overheard him telling her mother: “I’m sorry that girl was not born a boy, for then she would have become a great lawyer.” Only after Foltz’s husband left her for another woman, abandoning her with five children under the age of 11, would she conjure the chutzpah to try.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was then, in 1876, at the age of 29, that Foltz finally began to take steps towards a law career, arguing to all who would listen that moving into a male profession was the only means she had to support her family and keep her children together. Though she divorced Jeremiah in 1879, the story she told the world was that he died suddenly. Disguising her career ambitions as something purely spurred by the love of her children, she was able to earn the sympathy of enough men in the legal profession to advance into it herself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though there were 50 other female lawyers in the United States at the time, California’s Code of Civil Procedure prohibited women from joining the profession, expressly stating that only a “white male citizen” could apply to the bar. But with the help of several male allies, suffragist campaigners, a supportive local press and her mother’s assistance with child care, Foltz successfully lobbied for a new bill, the Woman Lawyer’s Act, that allowed women to take the bar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thanks to Foltz’s commitment to her studies, legal training from her father and his partner C.C. Stephens and a local legal club where aspiring attorneys practiced arguing cases, Foltz passed the bar in 1878, just four months after the Woman Lawyer’s Act was passed. She began practicing in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13863218 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2019/08/images.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"184\" height=\"275\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2019/08/images.jpg 184w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2019/08/images-160x239.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 184px) 100vw, 184px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Foltz described this victory as “bliss,” it only spurred her determination to make life better for women all over the world. She traveled the United States and Europe, campaigning for women’s suffrage, and used her position as editor and publisher of the \u003cem>San Diego Bee\u003c/em> and \u003cem>The New American Woman \u003c/em>to advance the suffragist agenda. In one public lecture, she put her position in no uncertain terms:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“Woman must be either man’s equal or his slave. There is no middle ground. The flag of our Union floats not over one free woman in all this broad land. Every inch gained by her in the last half century has been contested and every inch gained has only subjected her to fresh demands.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Along with her career and activism, San Francisco proved to be Foltz’s other great love. When moving to New York in October 1895, she confessed to the \u003cem>San Francisco Examiner\u003c/em>: “For a long time I have had my eye on [New York] as a larger field, and only my pleasant business and social associations in San Francisco have prevented an earlier removal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After finally moving east, initially because she wanted to earn more money and eventually open a women’s law school in San Francisco, Foltz lasted only four years in New York before coming back. Her later move to Los Angeles is said to have been prompted by the 1906 earthquake. She left an indelible mark on the southern part of the state too—today, the county courthouse in downtown Los Angeles is named after her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13865151\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13865151\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2019/08/20190828_140450-800x657.jpg\" alt=\"From 'Woman Lawyer: The Trials of Clara Foltz' by Barbara Babcock.\" width=\"800\" height=\"657\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2019/08/20190828_140450-800x657.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2019/08/20190828_140450-160x131.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2019/08/20190828_140450-768x630.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2019/08/20190828_140450-1020x837.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2019/08/20190828_140450-1200x985.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2019/08/20190828_140450-1920x1576.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2019/08/20190828_140450.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From ‘Woman Lawyer: The Trials of Clara Foltz’ by Barbara Babcock.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Through her barrier-busting life, Foltz found that combining an inner toughness with an outer femininity was the best way to get things done. “They call me a lady lawyer, a pretty sobriquet,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/CloseTheGapCa/posts/clara-shortridge-foltz-july-16-1849-september-2-1934-americas-first-practicing-w/2561066703964825/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">she once said\u003c/a>. “For of course to be worthy of so dainty a title, I was bound to maintain a dainty manner as I browbeat my way through the marshes of ignorance and prejudice.” \u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Foltz died of heart failure on Sept. 2, 1934, at the age of 85. She was at home in Los Angeles at the time. Though all of her impressive achievements stand as testament to her extraordinariness, a quote from her in the \u003ca href=\"https://homesteadmuseum.wordpress.com/2019/04/03/read-all-about-it-with-clara-shortridge-foltz-and-the-new-american-woman-april-1916/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">April 1916 edition of \u003cem>The New American Woman\u003c/em>\u003c/a> best sums up her life. “For as I look back over the hard journey,” she said, “and recall the difficulties which seemed insurmountable, and the obstacles that would have awed the heart of the stoutest man, I am amazed at my own temerity!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-12127869\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-800x78.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"78\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-400x39.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-768x75.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For stories on other Rebel Girls from Bay Area History, click \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/arts/program/rebel-girls-from-bay-area-history\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A book celebrating women from the Rebel Girls series, \u003ca href=\"https://citylights.com/politics-current-events-history/unsung-heroines35-women-who-changed/\">‘Unsung Heroines: 35 Women Who Changed the Bay Area,’\u003c/a> is available now from City Lights.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?",
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},
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"id": "baycurious",
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"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
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},
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},
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},
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"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"order": 8
},
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},
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"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"order": 1
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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}
},
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"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"meta": {
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"source": "WNYC"
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
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},
"error": null
},
"youthMediaReducer": {},
"checkPleaseReducer": {
"filterData": {
"region": {
"key": "Restaurant Region",
"filters": [
"Any Region"
]
},
"cuisine": {
"key": "Restaurant Cuisine",
"filters": [
"Any Cuisine"
]
}
},
"restaurantDataById": {},
"restaurantIdsSorted": [],
"error": null
},
"userAgentReducer": {
"userAgent": "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)",
"isBot": true
}
}