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"content": "\u003cp>Even the dirt on the ground is making climate change worse, a new study finds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plants capture massive amounts of carbon, pumping it into the soil where usually it stays for hundreds or thousands of years.[contextly_sidebar id=”v3ttozJyWQs5K9BIGVidVliV7j6bQ44K”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Observations from across the globe show that as temperatures have warmed, bacteria and fungi in the soil are becoming more active. These turbo-charged microbes are feeding on dead leaves and plants, releasing more heat-trapping carbon dioxide into the air, according to a study in Wednesday’s journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/\">Nature\u003c/a> .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists call it a vicious cycle of warming. Burning of coal, oil and natural gas heats the air and soil, which worsens warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This uncontrolled cycle speeds up and amplifies climate change, said Jerry Melillo of the Marine Biological Laboratory in Massachusetts, who wasn’t part of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers found a significant increase in the amount of carbon since the 1990s coming out of microbes when compared to other releases of carbon. They analyzed sensor readings, soil measurements, plant growth data and satellite observations in what’s the most comprehensive study yet of the climate change impacts of soil.[contextly_sidebar id=”XrkLbElgnB0X9BQRquMpqsaNDTpklZn4″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The world really is showing an effect here,” said lead researcher Ben Bond-Lamberty of the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. “It’s a fingerprint of climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, soil releases about nine times more carbon than human-caused activities, but that’s part of a natural cycle when the amount of carbon released into the air is about equal to the carbon taken out by oceans and plants. Fossil fuel emissions knock the atmosphere out of balance by putting more in than comes out. Heated soil releases more carbon, further putting the cycle out of whack, Bond-Lamberty said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists said as the world continues to warm, the soil will release yet more carbon that it has been holding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If something isn’t done, “we are really in trouble,” said Rattan Lal of Ohio State University, who wasn’t part of the study. He added that proper soil conservation techniques — such as avoiding plowing, off-season cover crop and leaving crop residue on the ground — can help keep more of the carbon in the soil.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers found a significant increase in the amount of carbon since the 1990s coming out of microbes when compared to other releases of carbon. They analyzed sensor readings, soil measurements, plant growth data and satellite observations in what’s the most comprehensive study yet of the climate change impacts of soil.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The world really is showing an effect here,” said lead researcher Ben Bond-Lamberty of the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. “It’s a fingerprint of climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, soil releases about nine times more carbon than human-caused activities, but that’s part of a natural cycle when the amount of carbon released into the air is about equal to the carbon taken out by oceans and plants. Fossil fuel emissions knock the atmosphere out of balance by putting more in than comes out. Heated soil releases more carbon, further putting the cycle out of whack, Bond-Lamberty said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists said as the world continues to warm, the soil will release yet more carbon that it has been holding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If something isn’t done, “we are really in trouble,” said Rattan Lal of Ohio State University, who wasn’t part of the study. He added that proper soil conservation techniques — such as avoiding plowing, off-season cover crop and leaving crop residue on the ground — can help keep more of the carbon in the soil.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The natural furnace of California’s Death Valley was on full broil in July, tentatively setting a world record for hottest month ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The month’s average temperature was 108.1 degrees, said Todd Lericos, a meteorologist in the Las Vegas office of the National Weather Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That roasted the previous record, set in Death Valley in July 2017 when the average was 107.4 degrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It eclipsed the record by quite a bit,” Lericos said, adding that the data is considered preliminary and needs to be reviewed before it goes into official record books.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The temperatures are measured at Furnace Creek in Death Valley National Park, a vast, austere and rugged landscape in the desert of southeastern California that includes Badwater Basin, which at 282 feet (85.9 meters) below sea level is the lowest point in North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The valley got its morbid name from a group of pioneers who got lost there in 1849-1850 and thought it would be the end, according to the National Park Service. Only one died, however, before they found their way out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Summer heat is so routinely extreme that tourists are warned to drink at least a gallon of water each day, carry additional water in their cars, stay close to their vehicles and watch themselves and others for dizziness, nausea and other symptoms of potentially deadly heat illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visitors are urged to “travel prepared to survive,” avoid hiking at low elevations and return to their air-conditioned cars for a cool-down after just 10 to 15 minutes of exposure outdoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And amid the heat, thunderstorms bring the threat of flash floods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The location holds the world record for highest temperature ever recorded — 134 degrees — set on July 10, 1913.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with that history, July was exceptional as a weather pattern stoked temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A very persistent high pressure system set up over the Southwest, restricting the movement of air vertically in the atmosphere and creating a heat wave, Lericos said. “It was fairly intense for this time of year,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the extreme conditions were four consecutive days reaching a high of 127 degrees and overnight lows that remained over the century mark.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The valley got its morbid name from a group of pioneers who got lost there in 1849-1850 and thought it would be the end, according to the National Park Service. Only one died, however, before they found their way out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Summer heat is so routinely extreme that tourists are warned to drink at least a gallon of water each day, carry additional water in their cars, stay close to their vehicles and watch themselves and others for dizziness, nausea and other symptoms of potentially deadly heat illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visitors are urged to “travel prepared to survive,” avoid hiking at low elevations and return to their air-conditioned cars for a cool-down after just 10 to 15 minutes of exposure outdoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And amid the heat, thunderstorms bring the threat of flash floods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The location holds the world record for highest temperature ever recorded — 134 degrees — set on July 10, 1913.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with that history, July was exceptional as a weather pattern stoked temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A very persistent high pressure system set up over the Southwest, restricting the movement of air vertically in the atmosphere and creating a heat wave, Lericos said. “It was fairly intense for this time of year,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the extreme conditions were four consecutive days reaching a high of 127 degrees and overnight lows that remained over the century mark.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "East Bay Oil Field to Shut Down Following Local Pushback",
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"content": "\u003cp>Alameda County’s lone oil field will close up shop after nearly five decades of production, following a county decision to deny its permits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The field, located just outside of Livermore, produces about 30 barrels of oil a day and is one of two remaining oil producers in Northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ebresources.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">E&B Natural Resources\u003c/a>, which purchased the oil field in 2007, had reapplied for two 10-year conditional use permits in January that were approved in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">’Local governments can make a huge difference in the fight against climate change.’ \u003ccite>Hollin Kretzmann, senior attorney at the Center for Biological Diversity\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The decision was challenged by two environmental advocacy groups, the Center for Biological Diversity and Livermore Eco Watchdog, because of perceived risks to Livermore’s groundwater. Accompanying the appeal was a signed letter endorsed by more than 20 public health and environmental groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If California wants to be a leader in fighting climate change, it makes no sense for us to continue approving oil projects like this around the state,” says Hollin Kretzmann, senior attorney at the center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The groups’ appeal was brought before the Board of Supervisors last week in a hearing that ran for more than three hours. The board ultimately ruled against approving the permits in a 4-0 vote, with Supervisor Nate Miley abstaining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the final vote, 4-0, reflects widespread opposition from people from all parts of the county,” says Kretzmann. “The board prioritized the community rather than the profits of the oil company and they should be applauded for standing up to the oil industry and putting their constituents first.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>E&B, based in Bakersfield, uses a method known as waterflooding to extract oil from the ground. The process pumps water down one well, pushing the oil up through a different well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Local governments can make a huge difference in the fight against climate change by reducing fossil fuel production and moving us toward renewable energy,” says Kretzmann. “Alameda County has shown bold decision-making and it can be a model for other cities and counties.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesperson for E&B called the decision “disappointing,” pointing to a recommendation to approve the permits from the county planning department and a green light from the local zoning board. He also implied that the fight isn’t over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“E&B Natural Resources will continue to explore a mutually agreeable resolution with the County on our conditional use permits,” spokesman Ted Cordova wrote in a statement emailed to KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>E&B has been cited for safety violations over the years, including a 2015 fine for failing to report a spill and disposing of the contaminated soil without testing for toxic chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also that year, E&B agreed to an $85,000 settlement with the county for mixing sludge with non-hazardous soils. At the time, the company argued that the violation occurred before E&B took over operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two state agencies, the California Division of Oil, Gas and Geothermal Resources and the Water Resources Board, have said that the groundwater \u003ca href=\"https://patch.com/california/livermore/protest-planned-public-meeting-new-exemption-oil-producer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">beneath the oil field\u003c/a> is not suitable for drinking because of its high mineral and salt content.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kretzmann takes issue with that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Their own documents show that the water could be treated and used for other types of use,” he says. “The water should be preserved for future use — especially given the fact that California is likely to experience more severe droughts in the future.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Alameda County’s lone oil field will close up shop after nearly five decades of production, following a county decision to deny its permits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The field, located just outside of Livermore, produces about 30 barrels of oil a day and is one of two remaining oil producers in Northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ebresources.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">E&B Natural Resources\u003c/a>, which purchased the oil field in 2007, had reapplied for two 10-year conditional use permits in January that were approved in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">’Local governments can make a huge difference in the fight against climate change.’ \u003ccite>Hollin Kretzmann, senior attorney at the Center for Biological Diversity\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The decision was challenged by two environmental advocacy groups, the Center for Biological Diversity and Livermore Eco Watchdog, because of perceived risks to Livermore’s groundwater. Accompanying the appeal was a signed letter endorsed by more than 20 public health and environmental groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If California wants to be a leader in fighting climate change, it makes no sense for us to continue approving oil projects like this around the state,” says Hollin Kretzmann, senior attorney at the center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The groups’ appeal was brought before the Board of Supervisors last week in a hearing that ran for more than three hours. The board ultimately ruled against approving the permits in a 4-0 vote, with Supervisor Nate Miley abstaining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the final vote, 4-0, reflects widespread opposition from people from all parts of the county,” says Kretzmann. “The board prioritized the community rather than the profits of the oil company and they should be applauded for standing up to the oil industry and putting their constituents first.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>E&B, based in Bakersfield, uses a method known as waterflooding to extract oil from the ground. The process pumps water down one well, pushing the oil up through a different well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Local governments can make a huge difference in the fight against climate change by reducing fossil fuel production and moving us toward renewable energy,” says Kretzmann. “Alameda County has shown bold decision-making and it can be a model for other cities and counties.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesperson for E&B called the decision “disappointing,” pointing to a recommendation to approve the permits from the county planning department and a green light from the local zoning board. He also implied that the fight isn’t over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“E&B Natural Resources will continue to explore a mutually agreeable resolution with the County on our conditional use permits,” spokesman Ted Cordova wrote in a statement emailed to KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>E&B has been cited for safety violations over the years, including a 2015 fine for failing to report a spill and disposing of the contaminated soil without testing for toxic chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also that year, E&B agreed to an $85,000 settlement with the county for mixing sludge with non-hazardous soils. At the time, the company argued that the violation occurred before E&B took over operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two state agencies, the California Division of Oil, Gas and Geothermal Resources and the Water Resources Board, have said that the groundwater \u003ca href=\"https://patch.com/california/livermore/protest-planned-public-meeting-new-exemption-oil-producer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">beneath the oil field\u003c/a> is not suitable for drinking because of its high mineral and salt content.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kretzmann takes issue with that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Their own documents show that the water could be treated and used for other types of use,” he says. “The water should be preserved for future use — especially given the fact that California is likely to experience more severe droughts in the future.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Trump Admin: Driving Would be Riskier with Tougher Fuel Standards",
"headTitle": "Trump Admin: Driving Would be Riskier with Tougher Fuel Standards | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The Trump administration says people would drive more and be exposed to increased risk if their cars get better gas mileage, an argument intended to justify freezing Obama-era toughening of fuel standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Transportation experts dispute the arguments, contained in a draft of the administration’s proposals prepared this summer, excerpts of which were obtained by The Associated Press.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The excerpts also show the administration plans to challenge California’s long-standing authority to enact its own, tougher pollution and fuel standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Revisions to the mileage requirements for 2021 through 2026 are still being worked on, the administration says, and changes could be made before the proposal is released as soon as this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration gave notice earlier this year that it would roll back tough new fuel standards put into place in the waning days of the Obama administration. Anticipating the new regulation, California and 16 other states sued the Trump administration in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, “improvements over time have better longer-term effects simply by not alienating consumers, as compared to great leaps forward” in fuel efficiency and other technology, the administration argues. It contends that freezing the mileage requirements at 2020 levels would save up to 1,000 lives per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New vehicles would be cheaper — and heavier — if they don’t have to meet more stringent fuel requirements and more people would buy them, the draft says, and that would put more drivers in safer, newer vehicles that pollute less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, the draft says that people will drive less if their vehicles get fewer miles per gallon, lowering the risk of crashes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Zuby, chief research officer at the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, said he’s doubtful about the administration’s estimate of lives saved because other factors could affect traffic deaths, such as automakers agreeing to make automatic emergency braking standard on all models before 2022. “They’re making assumptions about stuff that may or may not be the same,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts say the logic that heavier vehicles are safer doesn’t hold up because lighter, newer vehicles perform as well or better than older, heavier versions in crash tests, and because the weight difference between the Obama and Trump requirements would be minimal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Allow me to be skeptical,” said Giorgio Rizzoni, an engineering professor and director of the Center for Automotive Research at Ohio State University. “To say that safety is a direct result of somehow freezing the fuel economy mandate for a few years, I think that’s a stretch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts say that a heavier, bigger vehicle would incur less damage in a crash with a smaller, lighter one and that fatality rates also are higher for smaller vehicles. But they also say that lighter vehicles with metals such as aluminum, magnesium, titanium and lighter, high-strength steel alloys perform as well or better than their predecessors in crash tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alan Taub, professor of materials science and engineering at the University of Michigan, said he would choose a 2017 Malibu over a heavier one from 20 years earlier. It’s engineered better, has more features to avoid crashes and additional air bags, among other things. “You want to be in the newer vehicle,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An April draft from the Trump administration said freezing the requirements at 2020 levels would save people $1,900 per new vehicle. But the later draft raises that to $2,100 and even as high as $2,700 by 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups questioned the justification for freezing the standards. Luke Tonachel, director of the clean-vehicle program at the Natural Resources Defense Council, said the risk from people driving more due to higher mileage is “tiny and maybe even negligible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the Trump administration proposal, the fleet of new vehicles would have to average roughly 30 mpg in real-world driving, and that wouldn’t change through 2026.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has had the authority under the half-century-old Clean Air Act to set its own mileage under a special rule allowing the state to curb its chronic smog problem. More than a dozen states follow California’s standards, amounting to about 40 percent of the country’s new-vehicle market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked if he thinks a freeze in U.S. mileage standards is warranted, EPA acting administrator Andrew Wheeler told a small group of reporters at EPA headquarters last week, “I think we need to go where the technology takes us” on fuel standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wheeler did not elaborate. Agency spokespeople did not respond when asked specifically if the EPA acting chief was making the case that modern cars could be both fuel efficient and safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wheeler also spoke out for what he called “a 50-state solution” that would keep the U.S car and truck market from splitting between two different mileage standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department of Transportation said in a statement that the final fuel economy standards would be based on sound science. The department cautioned that a draft doesn’t capture the whole picture of the proposed regulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The draft said a 2012 analysis of fuel economy standards under the Obama administration deliberately limited the amount of mass reduction necessary under the standards. This was done “in order to avoid the appearance of adverse safety effects,” the draft stated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Krisher reported from Detroit.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Trump administration says people would drive more and be exposed to increased risk if their cars get better gas mileage, an argument intended to justify freezing Obama-era toughening of fuel standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Transportation experts dispute the arguments, contained in a draft of the administration’s proposals prepared this summer, excerpts of which were obtained by The Associated Press.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The excerpts also show the administration plans to challenge California’s long-standing authority to enact its own, tougher pollution and fuel standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Revisions to the mileage requirements for 2021 through 2026 are still being worked on, the administration says, and changes could be made before the proposal is released as soon as this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration gave notice earlier this year that it would roll back tough new fuel standards put into place in the waning days of the Obama administration. Anticipating the new regulation, California and 16 other states sued the Trump administration in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, “improvements over time have better longer-term effects simply by not alienating consumers, as compared to great leaps forward” in fuel efficiency and other technology, the administration argues. It contends that freezing the mileage requirements at 2020 levels would save up to 1,000 lives per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New vehicles would be cheaper — and heavier — if they don’t have to meet more stringent fuel requirements and more people would buy them, the draft says, and that would put more drivers in safer, newer vehicles that pollute less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, the draft says that people will drive less if their vehicles get fewer miles per gallon, lowering the risk of crashes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Zuby, chief research officer at the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, said he’s doubtful about the administration’s estimate of lives saved because other factors could affect traffic deaths, such as automakers agreeing to make automatic emergency braking standard on all models before 2022. “They’re making assumptions about stuff that may or may not be the same,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts say the logic that heavier vehicles are safer doesn’t hold up because lighter, newer vehicles perform as well or better than older, heavier versions in crash tests, and because the weight difference between the Obama and Trump requirements would be minimal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Allow me to be skeptical,” said Giorgio Rizzoni, an engineering professor and director of the Center for Automotive Research at Ohio State University. “To say that safety is a direct result of somehow freezing the fuel economy mandate for a few years, I think that’s a stretch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts say that a heavier, bigger vehicle would incur less damage in a crash with a smaller, lighter one and that fatality rates also are higher for smaller vehicles. But they also say that lighter vehicles with metals such as aluminum, magnesium, titanium and lighter, high-strength steel alloys perform as well or better than their predecessors in crash tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alan Taub, professor of materials science and engineering at the University of Michigan, said he would choose a 2017 Malibu over a heavier one from 20 years earlier. It’s engineered better, has more features to avoid crashes and additional air bags, among other things. “You want to be in the newer vehicle,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An April draft from the Trump administration said freezing the requirements at 2020 levels would save people $1,900 per new vehicle. But the later draft raises that to $2,100 and even as high as $2,700 by 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups questioned the justification for freezing the standards. Luke Tonachel, director of the clean-vehicle program at the Natural Resources Defense Council, said the risk from people driving more due to higher mileage is “tiny and maybe even negligible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the Trump administration proposal, the fleet of new vehicles would have to average roughly 30 mpg in real-world driving, and that wouldn’t change through 2026.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has had the authority under the half-century-old Clean Air Act to set its own mileage under a special rule allowing the state to curb its chronic smog problem. More than a dozen states follow California’s standards, amounting to about 40 percent of the country’s new-vehicle market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked if he thinks a freeze in U.S. mileage standards is warranted, EPA acting administrator Andrew Wheeler told a small group of reporters at EPA headquarters last week, “I think we need to go where the technology takes us” on fuel standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wheeler did not elaborate. Agency spokespeople did not respond when asked specifically if the EPA acting chief was making the case that modern cars could be both fuel efficient and safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wheeler also spoke out for what he called “a 50-state solution” that would keep the U.S car and truck market from splitting between two different mileage standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department of Transportation said in a statement that the final fuel economy standards would be based on sound science. The department cautioned that a draft doesn’t capture the whole picture of the proposed regulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The draft said a 2012 analysis of fuel economy standards under the Obama administration deliberately limited the amount of mass reduction necessary under the standards. This was done “in order to avoid the appearance of adverse safety effects,” the draft stated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Krisher reported from Detroit.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Hot Weather, Land Abuses Fueling Algal Blooms in Western Waters",
"headTitle": "Hot Weather, Land Abuses Fueling Algal Blooms in Western Waters | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"content\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"moz-reader-content line-height4\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"readability-page-1\" class=\"page\">\n\u003cp>The West is known for summer wildfires. Now it seems Western summers will be distinguished by another kind of flare-up: algae blooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>This summer has witnessed an explosion of algae problems in Western water bodies. Usually marked by a bright green mat of floating scum, the blooms are unsightly and unpleasant for water lovers. More concerning are potentially toxic cyanobacteria often produced by the algae, which can be deadly to pets and livestock and cause illnesses in people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These harmful algal blooms have popped up in freshwater lakes and streams for years. But in recent years they seem bigger and more widespread than ever, resulting in closed beaches, public health warnings and risks to drinking water in a few locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blooms are even popping up in unlikely places, such as high-elevation mountain lakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there is currently no federal drinking water standard for algal toxins and in many places, data monitoring of blooms is still scarce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is really a devilish problem,” said Craig Cox, a senior vice-president for agriculture and natural resources at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ewg.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Environmental Working Group\u003c/a> who is tracking the issue. “The more I look into it, the more stunning the state of play seems to me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the cause of each incident is not always known, two of the main known drivers of algal blooms are excess nutrients in the water and extreme heat. As a result, algae-coated lakes could become one of the most visible consequences of rising global temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Understanding the Problem\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most serious incident recently occurred in May in Salem, Oregon, where a health advisory was issued to more than 200,000 customers of the city water department following the detection of algal toxins in the drinking water supply. Young children, the elderly, pregnant women and people with certain medical conditions were warned not to drink tap water for most of the month of June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_134297\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180727081904/USACE_Detroit_Dam_Oregon1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"521\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Detroit Lake and Dam on the North Santiam River, a source of drinking water for Salem, Oregon, the state capital. A toxic algal bloom at the lake in May and June resulted in a weeks-long public health advisory in which children, the elderly and other sensitive groups were urged not to consume Salem’s drinking water. (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Salem officials still don’t know what caused the toxic bloom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the million-dollar question that everybody wants to know,” said Lacey Goeres-Priest, water quality supervisor at the Salem Public Works Department. “There’s a lot of different factors that play into this type of event.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The algae and the bacteria involved in harmful blooms are all naturally occurring and are important building blocks of all life on Earth. But the two main causes of the blooms are not natural.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erosion and excessive fertilizer are to blame for the high levels of nutrients. For the second factor, warm temperatures cause algae to bloom more aggressively and climate change seems a likely culprit. Scientists at Tufts University in Massachusetts published a \u003ca href=\"https://now.tufts.edu/news-releases/climate-change-projected-significantly-increase-harmful-algal-blooms-us-freshwaters\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> in 2017 predicting toxic algal blooms would increase as the climate warms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They like it hot, and this helps them outcompete beneficial phytoplankton,” said Ali Dunn, an environmental scientist at the California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) who studies blooms in that state. “It’s definitely been a catalyst for their growth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Closing the Data Gaps\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Algal blooms are unpredictable, typically resulting from a suite of biological and environmental conditions. Most algal toxins come from a class of cyanobacteria present with some – but not all – algae. So the mere presence of algae does not mean a toxin is present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only way to detect algal toxins is through laboratory testing of water samples. This can take days, adding significant delay to any public health response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Each lake, river, water body kind of has its own story to tell,” said Dunn. “The drivers are going to be different and unique to that system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one knows precisely how often blooms occur because there is no monitoring of the problem on a national scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cox, based in Ames, Iowa, and his team at EWG decided to gather their own data by recording how often algal blooms were mentioned in the news media. He admits this was a crude method, but no other data was available. In their resulting \u003ca href=\"https://www.ewg.org/toxicalgalblooms/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a>, released in May, they documented 169 blooms in 2017 – up from 51 the year before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is certainly a low estimate, because many blooms probably don’t get reported in the media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Case in point: in 2016, the SWRCB launched its own \u003ca href=\"https://mywaterquality.ca.gov/habs/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">algal bloom reporting program\u003c/a>. It is based entirely on volunteer reports. Even so, in \u003ca href=\"https://mywaterquality.ca.gov/monitoring_council/collaboration_network/docs/2018/dunn-vandyke-022118.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">2017\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://mywaterquality.ca.gov/monitoring_council/collaboration_network/docs/2018/dunn-vandyke-022118.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">it recorded\u003c/a> 181 algal blooms just in California, an increase from 91 the year before. Of the 2017 blooms, 141 were serious enough to prompt health advisories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the 2017 reports illustrates how algal blooms are popping up where they once didn’t seem possible. On Sept. 8, a bright green lake-wide algal bloom was reported at Rim Rock Lake, a natural water body at the 7,000-feet (2,130 meters) elevation deep inside Lassen National Forest in Northern California. Water samples revealed four species of cyanobacteria, but none was producing toxins at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) conducts a \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/national-aquatic-resource-surveys/national-lakes-assessment-2012-key-findings\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Lakes Assessment\u003c/a> every five years that sheds a little more light on the issue. The most recent assessment now dates back to 2012. It found cyanobacteria and \u003ca href=\"https://iaspub.epa.gov/tdb/pages/contaminant/contaminantOverview.do?contaminantId=-1336577584\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">microcystin\u003c/a>, a key algal toxin, had increased 8.3 percent and 9.5 percent, respectively, in the nation’s lakes compared with 2007.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, the presence of phosphorus – a main nutrient from fertilizers that feeds algal blooms – also grew significantly worse. Eighteen percent of lakes showed increasing phosphorus concentrations compared with 2007. And 40 percent were recorded as having excess phosphorus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been able to show, with our occurrence data, that toxins are present across the country in all surface water types,” said Keith Loftin, a research chemist at the U.S. Geological Survey in Kansas. “But in terms of an exact count year to year, we do not have that data.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To close this gap, Loftin is helping develop a new national \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/water-research/cyanobacteria-assessment-network-cyan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cyanobacteria Assessment Network\u003c/a>. He’s part of a team that includes the EPA, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and NASA. They plan to use satellite sensors to detect and monitor harmful algal blooms nationwide. It will include a smartphone app to make the data widely available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_134298\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 880px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180727082028/DiamondValleyCyanotracker1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"880\" height=\"538\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This satellite image shows the state of an algal bloom in July at Diamond Valley Lake near Riverside, California, a critical storage reservoir for the Metropolitan Water District. In June, the district closed the lake to recreating as a result of the bloom. (Image Courtesy Cyanotracker/University of Georgia)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The system is being tested now and Loftin hopes it will be publicly available within a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data produced by the system could help develop new algae management techniques and regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Drinking Water Crisis\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA, the nation’s water-quality police, has only issued recommendations and has yet to impose federal drinking water standards for algal toxins. As a result, many utilities are forced to improvise when an algal bloom strikes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such was the case during Salem’s recent crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first indicator came on May 8, when an algal bloom appeared at Detroit Lake, a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers reservoir on the North Santiam River. Salem draws its drinking water from the reservoir, which is also popular for boating, swimming and fishing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because it had experienced blooms before, Salem already had a weekly testing program for algal toxins. Now it increased testing to twice weekly, sending samples to a laboratory in Ohio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn’t until May 25, just before Memorial Day weekend, that test results from a sample of the city’s water confirmed the presence of a type of cyanotoxin. Consulting with the Oregon Health Authority, the city took a wait-and-see approach to the problem over the long holiday weekend, Goeres-Priest said. It tweaked the water treatment process to try to control the toxin, and tapped a backup supply from the neighboring city of Keizer to help dilute the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the bloom continued. So on Tuesday, May 29, the city issued a health advisory urging sensitive groups not to drink the tap water. It affected not just Salem, but three neighboring communities that draw water from the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With help from the state, Salem began distributing bottled water and the National Guard mobilized tankers to dispense clean water at two dozen sites for residents who brought their own containers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city lifted the health advisory five days later, on June 2, after two consecutive days of clean water samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the bloom roared back, and on June 6 Salem was forced to impose the advisory again, adding to public confusion. It was finally lifted on July 3, only after 12 consecutive days of clean water tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Algal blooms had struck Detroit Lake before, but none had ever lasted that long or required health warnings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What is different about this year than previous years? At this point, I don’t know the answer to that,” Goeres-Priest said. “We’re still learning a lot about the toxins themselves, and trying to understand what triggers that toxin release.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A forest fire may be one new contributor. The Whitewater Fire, which started in July 2017, burned 14,000 acres of forest in the Santiam River watershed east of Salem. Fire ash contains phosphorus, a nutrient that could have fed this year’s algal bloom. Goeres-Priest doesn’t know to what extent that was a factor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The algal bloom episode was costly for Salem, she said, although a full tally is not yet available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initially, the city spent hundreds of thousands of dollars on water sample testing. Later, to avoid the delay of sending samples to Ohio, the city bought its own testing machine at a cost of $35,000. It also bought a cryofreezer because laboratory protocol requires samples to be flash-frozen and thawed three times before testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salem also had to upgrade its water treatment plant, adding a process involving powdered activated carbon to remove algal toxins from the source water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_134299\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180727082114/lab-technician-at-willow-lake-prepares-water-samples-next-to-caas-equipment_web_1600x1067_color-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Salem, Oregon, city employee prepares water samples for testing to determine the presence of algal toxins. The city purchased new testing machines during a recent toxic algal bloom to avoid delays in sending water samples to a lab in Ohio. (Photo Courtesy city of Salem)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>In response to Salem’s travails, the Oregon Health Authority imposed its own \u003ca href=\"https://www.statesmanjournal.com/story/news/2018/06/29/salem-water-alert-oregon-algal-toxins-test-oha/746671002/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">interim water quality standards\u003c/a> for algal toxins. It now requires all water agencies to test for them regularly while it develops permanent standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Solving the Problem\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing that’s clear about toxic algal blooms is that treating the outbreak doesn’t solve the problem. They are likely to recur until the root cause is corrected. Watsonville, California, provides an example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pinto Lake, a Watsonville city recreation site, began experiencing algal blooms as early as the 1980s, said Jackie McCloud, the city’s environmental projects manager. The lake drains into the Pajaro River, then into Monterey Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blooms were not a drinking water concern, because the lake isn’t used for that purpose. But the algae problem became unavoidable when sea otters, protected by the state and federal Endangered Species Act, began turning up dead on the bay shore in 2007.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Necropsies cited liver failure as cause of death in 33 sea otters. That, in turn was caused by exposure to microcystin, an algal toxin that accumulated in the tissues of sea urchins and shellfish eaten by the otters. It was the first time the freshwater toxin had been documented to survive in seawater and cause the death of marine mammals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The toxin was traced upstream to Pinto Lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCloud said the lake’s algae problem dates back to the earliest days of settlement in the area. Vast redwood forests in the coastal mountains draining into the watershed were cut down for building materials, and the resulting erosion coated the bottom of the lake with nutrients – specifically phosphorus. Farming, road building and housing development sent more phosphorus-laden runoff into the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were just seeing massive amounts of erosion from the watershed coming into the lake,” McCloud said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city took a two-pronged approach: stop the algal blooms and stop the erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To control the blooms, the city hired a consultant who applied alum, a chemical compound meant to neutralize and isolate phosphorus in the lakebed. McCloud called this a “Band-Aid” measure because the real solution lies in the watershed upstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the city has no land use authority in the watershed, so it began working with Santa Cruz County and the local Resource Conservation District, an organization that helps farmers improve land use practices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Landowners were encouraged to adopt erosion control measures, such as water bars on dirt roads to manage runoff and buffer strips of vegetation to capture it. The county adopted similar measures on its public lands in the watershed, including Mt. Madonna County Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All this work, including the alum treatment, was funded by $900,000 in EPA grants administered by the SWRCB. McCloud called it a success: there have been no algal blooms since the work began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she knows the job isn’t done. The alum treatment will eventually wear off, and erosion controls require ongoing maintenance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to see more of these hot, intense weather events where we don’t have a lot of water coming into the system anymore and we’re concentrating this phosphorus,” McCloud said. “We knew the lake was the biggest problem, but we realized we’re not going to solve anything by just looking at that one spot. You have to look bigger than just your lake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/07/30/hot-weather-land-abuses-fueling-algal-blooms-in-western-waters\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Toxic bacteria produced by some algae are a threat to public health. Climate change may be one reason algal blooms have become a growing concern for many water agencies.",
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"description": "Toxic bacteria produced by some algae are a threat to public health. Climate change may be one reason algal blooms have become a growing concern for many water agencies.",
"title": "Hot Weather, Land Abuses Fueling Algal Blooms in Western Waters | KQED",
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"headline": "Hot Weather, Land Abuses Fueling Algal Blooms in Western Waters",
"datePublished": "2018-07-31T12:00:51-07:00",
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"slug": "hot-weather-land-abuses-fueling-algal-blooms-in-western-waters",
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"nprByline": "Matt Weiser\u003cbr />Water Deeply",
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"source": "Environment",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"content\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"moz-reader-content line-height4\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"readability-page-1\" class=\"page\">\n\u003cp>The West is known for summer wildfires. Now it seems Western summers will be distinguished by another kind of flare-up: algae blooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>This summer has witnessed an explosion of algae problems in Western water bodies. Usually marked by a bright green mat of floating scum, the blooms are unsightly and unpleasant for water lovers. More concerning are potentially toxic cyanobacteria often produced by the algae, which can be deadly to pets and livestock and cause illnesses in people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These harmful algal blooms have popped up in freshwater lakes and streams for years. But in recent years they seem bigger and more widespread than ever, resulting in closed beaches, public health warnings and risks to drinking water in a few locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blooms are even popping up in unlikely places, such as high-elevation mountain lakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there is currently no federal drinking water standard for algal toxins and in many places, data monitoring of blooms is still scarce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is really a devilish problem,” said Craig Cox, a senior vice-president for agriculture and natural resources at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ewg.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Environmental Working Group\u003c/a> who is tracking the issue. “The more I look into it, the more stunning the state of play seems to me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the cause of each incident is not always known, two of the main known drivers of algal blooms are excess nutrients in the water and extreme heat. As a result, algae-coated lakes could become one of the most visible consequences of rising global temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Understanding the Problem\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most serious incident recently occurred in May in Salem, Oregon, where a health advisory was issued to more than 200,000 customers of the city water department following the detection of algal toxins in the drinking water supply. Young children, the elderly, pregnant women and people with certain medical conditions were warned not to drink tap water for most of the month of June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_134297\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180727081904/USACE_Detroit_Dam_Oregon1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"521\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Detroit Lake and Dam on the North Santiam River, a source of drinking water for Salem, Oregon, the state capital. A toxic algal bloom at the lake in May and June resulted in a weeks-long public health advisory in which children, the elderly and other sensitive groups were urged not to consume Salem’s drinking water. (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Salem officials still don’t know what caused the toxic bloom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the million-dollar question that everybody wants to know,” said Lacey Goeres-Priest, water quality supervisor at the Salem Public Works Department. “There’s a lot of different factors that play into this type of event.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The algae and the bacteria involved in harmful blooms are all naturally occurring and are important building blocks of all life on Earth. But the two main causes of the blooms are not natural.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erosion and excessive fertilizer are to blame for the high levels of nutrients. For the second factor, warm temperatures cause algae to bloom more aggressively and climate change seems a likely culprit. Scientists at Tufts University in Massachusetts published a \u003ca href=\"https://now.tufts.edu/news-releases/climate-change-projected-significantly-increase-harmful-algal-blooms-us-freshwaters\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> in 2017 predicting toxic algal blooms would increase as the climate warms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They like it hot, and this helps them outcompete beneficial phytoplankton,” said Ali Dunn, an environmental scientist at the California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) who studies blooms in that state. “It’s definitely been a catalyst for their growth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Closing the Data Gaps\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Algal blooms are unpredictable, typically resulting from a suite of biological and environmental conditions. Most algal toxins come from a class of cyanobacteria present with some – but not all – algae. So the mere presence of algae does not mean a toxin is present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only way to detect algal toxins is through laboratory testing of water samples. This can take days, adding significant delay to any public health response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Each lake, river, water body kind of has its own story to tell,” said Dunn. “The drivers are going to be different and unique to that system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one knows precisely how often blooms occur because there is no monitoring of the problem on a national scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cox, based in Ames, Iowa, and his team at EWG decided to gather their own data by recording how often algal blooms were mentioned in the news media. He admits this was a crude method, but no other data was available. In their resulting \u003ca href=\"https://www.ewg.org/toxicalgalblooms/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a>, released in May, they documented 169 blooms in 2017 – up from 51 the year before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is certainly a low estimate, because many blooms probably don’t get reported in the media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Case in point: in 2016, the SWRCB launched its own \u003ca href=\"https://mywaterquality.ca.gov/habs/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">algal bloom reporting program\u003c/a>. It is based entirely on volunteer reports. Even so, in \u003ca href=\"https://mywaterquality.ca.gov/monitoring_council/collaboration_network/docs/2018/dunn-vandyke-022118.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">2017\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://mywaterquality.ca.gov/monitoring_council/collaboration_network/docs/2018/dunn-vandyke-022118.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">it recorded\u003c/a> 181 algal blooms just in California, an increase from 91 the year before. Of the 2017 blooms, 141 were serious enough to prompt health advisories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the 2017 reports illustrates how algal blooms are popping up where they once didn’t seem possible. On Sept. 8, a bright green lake-wide algal bloom was reported at Rim Rock Lake, a natural water body at the 7,000-feet (2,130 meters) elevation deep inside Lassen National Forest in Northern California. Water samples revealed four species of cyanobacteria, but none was producing toxins at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) conducts a \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/national-aquatic-resource-surveys/national-lakes-assessment-2012-key-findings\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Lakes Assessment\u003c/a> every five years that sheds a little more light on the issue. The most recent assessment now dates back to 2012. It found cyanobacteria and \u003ca href=\"https://iaspub.epa.gov/tdb/pages/contaminant/contaminantOverview.do?contaminantId=-1336577584\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">microcystin\u003c/a>, a key algal toxin, had increased 8.3 percent and 9.5 percent, respectively, in the nation’s lakes compared with 2007.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, the presence of phosphorus – a main nutrient from fertilizers that feeds algal blooms – also grew significantly worse. Eighteen percent of lakes showed increasing phosphorus concentrations compared with 2007. And 40 percent were recorded as having excess phosphorus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been able to show, with our occurrence data, that toxins are present across the country in all surface water types,” said Keith Loftin, a research chemist at the U.S. Geological Survey in Kansas. “But in terms of an exact count year to year, we do not have that data.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To close this gap, Loftin is helping develop a new national \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/water-research/cyanobacteria-assessment-network-cyan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cyanobacteria Assessment Network\u003c/a>. He’s part of a team that includes the EPA, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and NASA. They plan to use satellite sensors to detect and monitor harmful algal blooms nationwide. It will include a smartphone app to make the data widely available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_134298\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 880px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180727082028/DiamondValleyCyanotracker1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"880\" height=\"538\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This satellite image shows the state of an algal bloom in July at Diamond Valley Lake near Riverside, California, a critical storage reservoir for the Metropolitan Water District. In June, the district closed the lake to recreating as a result of the bloom. (Image Courtesy Cyanotracker/University of Georgia)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The system is being tested now and Loftin hopes it will be publicly available within a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data produced by the system could help develop new algae management techniques and regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Drinking Water Crisis\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA, the nation’s water-quality police, has only issued recommendations and has yet to impose federal drinking water standards for algal toxins. As a result, many utilities are forced to improvise when an algal bloom strikes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such was the case during Salem’s recent crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first indicator came on May 8, when an algal bloom appeared at Detroit Lake, a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers reservoir on the North Santiam River. Salem draws its drinking water from the reservoir, which is also popular for boating, swimming and fishing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because it had experienced blooms before, Salem already had a weekly testing program for algal toxins. Now it increased testing to twice weekly, sending samples to a laboratory in Ohio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn’t until May 25, just before Memorial Day weekend, that test results from a sample of the city’s water confirmed the presence of a type of cyanotoxin. Consulting with the Oregon Health Authority, the city took a wait-and-see approach to the problem over the long holiday weekend, Goeres-Priest said. It tweaked the water treatment process to try to control the toxin, and tapped a backup supply from the neighboring city of Keizer to help dilute the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the bloom continued. So on Tuesday, May 29, the city issued a health advisory urging sensitive groups not to drink the tap water. It affected not just Salem, but three neighboring communities that draw water from the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With help from the state, Salem began distributing bottled water and the National Guard mobilized tankers to dispense clean water at two dozen sites for residents who brought their own containers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city lifted the health advisory five days later, on June 2, after two consecutive days of clean water samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the bloom roared back, and on June 6 Salem was forced to impose the advisory again, adding to public confusion. It was finally lifted on July 3, only after 12 consecutive days of clean water tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Algal blooms had struck Detroit Lake before, but none had ever lasted that long or required health warnings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What is different about this year than previous years? At this point, I don’t know the answer to that,” Goeres-Priest said. “We’re still learning a lot about the toxins themselves, and trying to understand what triggers that toxin release.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A forest fire may be one new contributor. The Whitewater Fire, which started in July 2017, burned 14,000 acres of forest in the Santiam River watershed east of Salem. Fire ash contains phosphorus, a nutrient that could have fed this year’s algal bloom. Goeres-Priest doesn’t know to what extent that was a factor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The algal bloom episode was costly for Salem, she said, although a full tally is not yet available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initially, the city spent hundreds of thousands of dollars on water sample testing. Later, to avoid the delay of sending samples to Ohio, the city bought its own testing machine at a cost of $35,000. It also bought a cryofreezer because laboratory protocol requires samples to be flash-frozen and thawed three times before testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salem also had to upgrade its water treatment plant, adding a process involving powdered activated carbon to remove algal toxins from the source water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_134299\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180727082114/lab-technician-at-willow-lake-prepares-water-samples-next-to-caas-equipment_web_1600x1067_color-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Salem, Oregon, city employee prepares water samples for testing to determine the presence of algal toxins. The city purchased new testing machines during a recent toxic algal bloom to avoid delays in sending water samples to a lab in Ohio. (Photo Courtesy city of Salem)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>In response to Salem’s travails, the Oregon Health Authority imposed its own \u003ca href=\"https://www.statesmanjournal.com/story/news/2018/06/29/salem-water-alert-oregon-algal-toxins-test-oha/746671002/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">interim water quality standards\u003c/a> for algal toxins. It now requires all water agencies to test for them regularly while it develops permanent standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Solving the Problem\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing that’s clear about toxic algal blooms is that treating the outbreak doesn’t solve the problem. They are likely to recur until the root cause is corrected. Watsonville, California, provides an example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pinto Lake, a Watsonville city recreation site, began experiencing algal blooms as early as the 1980s, said Jackie McCloud, the city’s environmental projects manager. The lake drains into the Pajaro River, then into Monterey Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blooms were not a drinking water concern, because the lake isn’t used for that purpose. But the algae problem became unavoidable when sea otters, protected by the state and federal Endangered Species Act, began turning up dead on the bay shore in 2007.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Necropsies cited liver failure as cause of death in 33 sea otters. That, in turn was caused by exposure to microcystin, an algal toxin that accumulated in the tissues of sea urchins and shellfish eaten by the otters. It was the first time the freshwater toxin had been documented to survive in seawater and cause the death of marine mammals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The toxin was traced upstream to Pinto Lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCloud said the lake’s algae problem dates back to the earliest days of settlement in the area. Vast redwood forests in the coastal mountains draining into the watershed were cut down for building materials, and the resulting erosion coated the bottom of the lake with nutrients – specifically phosphorus. Farming, road building and housing development sent more phosphorus-laden runoff into the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were just seeing massive amounts of erosion from the watershed coming into the lake,” McCloud said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city took a two-pronged approach: stop the algal blooms and stop the erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To control the blooms, the city hired a consultant who applied alum, a chemical compound meant to neutralize and isolate phosphorus in the lakebed. McCloud called this a “Band-Aid” measure because the real solution lies in the watershed upstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the city has no land use authority in the watershed, so it began working with Santa Cruz County and the local Resource Conservation District, an organization that helps farmers improve land use practices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Landowners were encouraged to adopt erosion control measures, such as water bars on dirt roads to manage runoff and buffer strips of vegetation to capture it. The county adopted similar measures on its public lands in the watershed, including Mt. Madonna County Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All this work, including the alum treatment, was funded by $900,000 in EPA grants administered by the SWRCB. McCloud called it a success: there have been no algal blooms since the work began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she knows the job isn’t done. The alum treatment will eventually wear off, and erosion controls require ongoing maintenance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to see more of these hot, intense weather events where we don’t have a lot of water coming into the system anymore and we’re concentrating this phosphorus,” McCloud said. “We knew the lake was the biggest problem, but we realized we’re not going to solve anything by just looking at that one spot. You have to look bigger than just your lake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/07/30/hot-weather-land-abuses-fueling-algal-blooms-in-western-waters\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "From Space, Large Swaths of West Covered in Smoke",
"headTitle": "From Space, Large Swaths of West Covered in Smoke | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>NASA satellites captured striking images showing the scale of multiple devastating wildfires raging throughout Northern California and the West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Altogether, the California wildfires have killed at least eight people and scorched more than 200,000 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928254\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/20180730-westernfires.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1928254\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires-1020x665.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"417\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires-1020x665.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires-160x104.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires-800x522.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires-768x501.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires-960x626.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires-240x157.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires-375x245.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires-520x339.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires.jpg 1041w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This natural-color satellite image was collected by the Aqua satellite on July 29, 2018. Actively burning areas, detected by thermal bands, are outlined in red. Click on the image to see a larger version from NASA. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown has declared a state of emergency for Lake, Mendocino, Napa and Shasta Counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the weekend, President Donald Trump\u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trump-approves-california-emergency-declaration-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> ordered federal\u003c/a> assistance “to supplement state, tribal and local response efforts,” according to the White House statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s Aqua satellite on Sunday captured wildfire smoke billowing throughout California, seen in the image above, and drifting eastward toward Utah and beyond. Actively burning areas are outlined in red.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The whole of the western coast looks like it is on fire,” the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/goddard/2018/nasa-satellite-sees-fires-up-and-down-us-west-coast\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statement\u003c/a> issued by NASA said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928280\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/styles/full_width_feature/public/thumbnails/image/20170727-calif2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1928280 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2-800x701.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"701\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2-800x701.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2-160x140.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2-768x673.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2-1020x894.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2-960x841.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2-240x210.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2-375x329.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2-520x456.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2.jpg 1041w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This image was captured by NASA’s Terra satellite on July 26, 2018. Actively burning areas, detected by MODIS’s thermal bands, are outlined in red. Click on the image to see a larger version from NASA.(Photo courtesy of NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Similarly, NASA’s Terra satellite on Thursday captured the breadth of multiple wildfires that have swept through the West Coast, from Oregon and Northern California to south of Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The\u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> largest of the California blazes\u003c/a>, Carr Fire in Shasta County, doubled in size over the weekend to 98,724 acres and was 20 percent contained as of Monday morning, according to Cal Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire has so far destroyed about 1,000 structures and claimed six lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Guard has been deployed to assist firefighters battling the blaze, whose ferocity produced a huge column of whirling smoke and fire, dubbed a “firenado.”[contextly_sidebar id=”OqWF9VNdDcmZDbyyqyj3wDRGCjhgQzmj”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Mendocino County, two blazes scorched almost 56,000 acres. Firefighters \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/2175\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">battled the blaze\u003c/a> overnight but “weather conditions will continue to challenge firefighters as hot, dry and windy conditions persist,” according to the Cal Fire incident report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of Monday morning, the fire\u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/2175\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">was 10 percent\u003c/a> contained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Ferguson fire, which led to a partial closure of Yosemite National Park, is 30 percent contained as of Monday morning. Two firefighters died battling the blaze, which has scorched 56,659 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several mandatory evacuations are in place and more information can be found on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/2164\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cal Fire info page\u003c/a>.[contextly_sidebar id=”rJ7t8usz6Y2fVMC4PmliMWsnRiazYkmY”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far this year, California wildfires \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-wildfires/firefighters-gain-on-sprawling-california-wildfire-six-dead-idUSKBN1KK1KE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">have scorched nearly\u003c/a> 410,000 acres, the highest year-to-date level in a decade, reports Reuters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An unrelenting bout of hot and dry weather in Northern California has contributed to unfavorable conditions for firefighters battling to contain the fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The hot, dry weather that contributed to the deadly California firestorm shows no sign of letting up into the first part of August,” said the\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/goddard/2018/nasa-satellite-shows-california-shrouded-in-smoke\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> NASA statement\u003c/a> accompanying the images.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA satellites captured striking images showing the scale of multiple devastating wildfires raging throughout Northern California and the West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Altogether, the California wildfires have killed at least eight people and scorched more than 200,000 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928254\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/20180730-westernfires.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1928254\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires-1020x665.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"417\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires-1020x665.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires-160x104.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires-800x522.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires-768x501.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires-960x626.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires-240x157.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires-375x245.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires-520x339.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires.jpg 1041w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This natural-color satellite image was collected by the Aqua satellite on July 29, 2018. Actively burning areas, detected by thermal bands, are outlined in red. Click on the image to see a larger version from NASA. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown has declared a state of emergency for Lake, Mendocino, Napa and Shasta Counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the weekend, President Donald Trump\u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trump-approves-california-emergency-declaration-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> ordered federal\u003c/a> assistance “to supplement state, tribal and local response efforts,” according to the White House statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s Aqua satellite on Sunday captured wildfire smoke billowing throughout California, seen in the image above, and drifting eastward toward Utah and beyond. Actively burning areas are outlined in red.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The whole of the western coast looks like it is on fire,” the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/goddard/2018/nasa-satellite-sees-fires-up-and-down-us-west-coast\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statement\u003c/a> issued by NASA said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928280\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/styles/full_width_feature/public/thumbnails/image/20170727-calif2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1928280 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2-800x701.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"701\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2-800x701.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2-160x140.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2-768x673.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2-1020x894.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2-960x841.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2-240x210.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2-375x329.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2-520x456.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2.jpg 1041w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This image was captured by NASA’s Terra satellite on July 26, 2018. Actively burning areas, detected by MODIS’s thermal bands, are outlined in red. Click on the image to see a larger version from NASA.(Photo courtesy of NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Similarly, NASA’s Terra satellite on Thursday captured the breadth of multiple wildfires that have swept through the West Coast, from Oregon and Northern California to south of Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The\u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> largest of the California blazes\u003c/a>, Carr Fire in Shasta County, doubled in size over the weekend to 98,724 acres and was 20 percent contained as of Monday morning, according to Cal Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire has so far destroyed about 1,000 structures and claimed six lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Guard has been deployed to assist firefighters battling the blaze, whose ferocity produced a huge column of whirling smoke and fire, dubbed a “firenado.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Mendocino County, two blazes scorched almost 56,000 acres. Firefighters \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/2175\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">battled the blaze\u003c/a> overnight but “weather conditions will continue to challenge firefighters as hot, dry and windy conditions persist,” according to the Cal Fire incident report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of Monday morning, the fire\u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/2175\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">was 10 percent\u003c/a> contained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Ferguson fire, which led to a partial closure of Yosemite National Park, is 30 percent contained as of Monday morning. Two firefighters died battling the blaze, which has scorched 56,659 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several mandatory evacuations are in place and more information can be found on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/2164\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cal Fire info page\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far this year, California wildfires \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-wildfires/firefighters-gain-on-sprawling-california-wildfire-six-dead-idUSKBN1KK1KE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">have scorched nearly\u003c/a> 410,000 acres, the highest year-to-date level in a decade, reports Reuters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An unrelenting bout of hot and dry weather in Northern California has contributed to unfavorable conditions for firefighters battling to contain the fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The hot, dry weather that contributed to the deadly California firestorm shows no sign of letting up into the first part of August,” said the\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/goddard/2018/nasa-satellite-shows-california-shrouded-in-smoke\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> NASA statement\u003c/a> accompanying the images.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Redding's Fire Tornado Was Not Your Garden Variety Fire Whirl (Video)",
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"content": "\u003cp>On Thursday evening, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11683111/wildfire-races-to-outskirts-of-redding-firefighter-dozer-driver-killed\">the Carr Fire exploded\u003c/a> into the outskirts of Redding, blazing through everything in its path.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the next morning, through images and video posted online, the world could see the force that had driven the fire’s leap across the Sacramento River and rapid spread into the city: a massive, rotating cloud of smoke and ash and flame. ABC10, which \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ABC10/status/1022862397780852739\">posted one of the most widely shared videos on Twitter\u003c/a>, said it wasn’t a tornado. But it sure looked like one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a fire whirl, also known as a fire devil, fire vortex, fire tornado, or “firenado.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ABC10/status/1022862397780852739\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1928250 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"474\" height=\"472\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado.png 474w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado-160x159.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado-240x239.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado-375x373.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado-50x50.png 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado-64x64.png 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado-96x96.png 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado-128x128.png 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 474px) 100vw, 474px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_whirl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fire whirl\u003c/a> is any intensely rotating column of heated air that rises from a wildfire, according to Neil Lareau, an atmospheric scientist at the University of Nevada, Reno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It begins to form when air starts to rotate, usually near the surface of the earth. The air is very hot because of the fire, but also due to the hot ambient air temperatures that set the stage for the fire in the first place. Heat rises, so that spinning air at the surface gets stretched high into the atmosphere, forming a rotating column of hot air that pulls ash and flame along with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What causes the rotation in the first place?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the part we don’t really know,” says Lareau.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Fire tornadoes are just one type of extreme fire behavior that may be exacerbated by climate change.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Rotation can be driven by differences in wind speed or temperature, caused by features of the local environment: the terrain or an obstacle on the ground. But researchers don’t understand this part very well, and it’s difficult to pinpoint what exactly started the rotation at the Carr Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What happens when the rotation rises into the air is better understood. The rotation becomes concentrated in that column. Lareau likens it to a whirling figure skater who puts their arms up over their head to spin faster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=UBAcJ3BP_GM\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They kind of concentrate that rotation, and make it stronger. And the fire is doing this huge vertical boost to that rotation that may have been at the surface,” he explains, “It’s starting to look more like a tornado than your garden-variety fire whirl.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Usually, meteorologists take issue with describing fire whirls as “fire tornadoes” because they form differently, and fire whirls are usually made up of much weaker winds than tornadoes. Last Thursday, though, seeing the aftermath with roofs ripped off of homes and large trees completely uprooted just outside the burn zone, even the weather experts were tempted to describe the Carr Fire whirl as a tornado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Always see confusion about calling firewhirls tornados, yet this damage from the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/CarrFire?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#CarrFire\u003c/a> is very compelling. Not sure what it takes to knock over light posts, but these photos suggest severe mesoscale tornadic-like winds in unburned neighborhoods. Incredible. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/CAfire?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#CAfire\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/CAwx?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#CAwx\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/1aoxkbTT5D\">https://t.co/1aoxkbTT5D\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Matt Roberts (@WxMattt) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/WxMattt/status/1022914361797439489?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">July 27, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Fire whirls are not an uncommon sight at a wildfire. But they’re usually small, up to 1,000 feet high, and last only minutes or even seconds. On Thursday night, the fire whirl outside of Redding stretched to about 18,000 feet into the air and lasted for nearly an hour, and winds were clocked near the lower end of tornado-strength wind speeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very rare as well to have these really persistent long-lived events like that, ” says Lareau, “To get a big one like this is really scary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fire whirls are dangerous not only because of the strength of the winds involved but because they lift embers high into the air, where higher-altitude winds can carry them far from the flaming front. That’s one way that fires get past what should be major barriers — like the Sacramento River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928160\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1928160\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-800x677.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"677\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-800x677.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-160x135.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-768x650.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-1020x864.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-1200x1016.png 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-1180x999.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-960x813.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-240x203.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-375x318.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-520x440.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX.png 1324w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A 3D visualization of the ‘fire tornado’ at the Carr Fire on the evening of July 26. \u003ccite>(Neil Lareau)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lareau says that other fire whirls on this scale have occurred in Northern California in the recent past, but not in densely populated areas like Redding. Big fire whirls may have played a role in the spread of last year’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2018/06/02/us/thomas-fire-officially-out/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Thomas Fire\u003c/a> and North Bay Fires — counted as the state’s largest and most destructive on record, respectively — but the fire whirls were not on the same scale, and those fires were mostly driven by regional Santa Ana and Diablo winds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are really just starting to learn about fire whirls, and are a long way from being able to predict the occurrence of major fire whirl events — but they can identify the ingredients that make such an event more likely. The topography of the area is part of it. And the heat, which reached 113 degrees in Redding last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you get a big temperature differential you get a big pressure differential. And when you get a big pressure differential you accelerate the winds,” explains Lareau, “You’re kind of off to the races once you get something like this going.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it’s difficult to tie any one event to climate change, Lareau says that “it’s not a coincidence the that this is the record-[hottest] July for the northern Sacramento Valley, embedded in a broader trend, and we’re going to keep seeing that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fire tornadoes are just one type of extreme fire behavior that may be exacerbated by climate change. And as UC Merced fire scientist Anthony Westerling argued on Twitter, the “new normal” of fire might not really be “normal” at all, but a permanent state of unpredictability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">We are not, and will not, experience a “new normal” of wildland fire behavior. A “normal” is a long term average that provides a useful guide to the future, but wildfire is responding to accelerating climate change: no one alive today will ever see a stable climate again. \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/wyqnMz7AFP\">https://t.co/wyqnMz7AFP\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— A. LeRoy Westerling (@LeroyWesterling) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/LeroyWesterling/status/1023767908080467973?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">July 30, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But whether it’s fires \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1926996/something-else-adding-fuel-to-californias-fire-season-warmer-nights\">burning intensely at night\u003c/a>, or \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927988/how-wildfires-are-breaking-the-rules-in-california-by-racing-downhill\">rapidly downhill\u003c/a>, or forming fire whirls with tornado strength winds, or all three at the same time — as has been the case at the Carr Fire — firefighters and communities will need to adjust. Soon.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "'Fire whirls' are not unusual, but the tornado-like scale and ferocity of the whirl in Redding stunned even the experts.",
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"title": "Redding's Fire Tornado Was Not Your Garden Variety Fire Whirl (Video) | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On Thursday evening, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11683111/wildfire-races-to-outskirts-of-redding-firefighter-dozer-driver-killed\">the Carr Fire exploded\u003c/a> into the outskirts of Redding, blazing through everything in its path.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the next morning, through images and video posted online, the world could see the force that had driven the fire’s leap across the Sacramento River and rapid spread into the city: a massive, rotating cloud of smoke and ash and flame. ABC10, which \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ABC10/status/1022862397780852739\">posted one of the most widely shared videos on Twitter\u003c/a>, said it wasn’t a tornado. But it sure looked like one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a fire whirl, also known as a fire devil, fire vortex, fire tornado, or “firenado.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ABC10/status/1022862397780852739\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1928250 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"474\" height=\"472\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado.png 474w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado-160x159.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado-240x239.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado-375x373.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado-50x50.png 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado-64x64.png 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado-96x96.png 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado-128x128.png 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 474px) 100vw, 474px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_whirl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fire whirl\u003c/a> is any intensely rotating column of heated air that rises from a wildfire, according to Neil Lareau, an atmospheric scientist at the University of Nevada, Reno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It begins to form when air starts to rotate, usually near the surface of the earth. The air is very hot because of the fire, but also due to the hot ambient air temperatures that set the stage for the fire in the first place. Heat rises, so that spinning air at the surface gets stretched high into the atmosphere, forming a rotating column of hot air that pulls ash and flame along with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What causes the rotation in the first place?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the part we don’t really know,” says Lareau.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Fire tornadoes are just one type of extreme fire behavior that may be exacerbated by climate change.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Rotation can be driven by differences in wind speed or temperature, caused by features of the local environment: the terrain or an obstacle on the ground. But researchers don’t understand this part very well, and it’s difficult to pinpoint what exactly started the rotation at the Carr Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What happens when the rotation rises into the air is better understood. The rotation becomes concentrated in that column. Lareau likens it to a whirling figure skater who puts their arms up over their head to spin faster.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/UBAcJ3BP_GM'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/UBAcJ3BP_GM'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>“They kind of concentrate that rotation, and make it stronger. And the fire is doing this huge vertical boost to that rotation that may have been at the surface,” he explains, “It’s starting to look more like a tornado than your garden-variety fire whirl.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Usually, meteorologists take issue with describing fire whirls as “fire tornadoes” because they form differently, and fire whirls are usually made up of much weaker winds than tornadoes. Last Thursday, though, seeing the aftermath with roofs ripped off of homes and large trees completely uprooted just outside the burn zone, even the weather experts were tempted to describe the Carr Fire whirl as a tornado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Always see confusion about calling firewhirls tornados, yet this damage from the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/CarrFire?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#CarrFire\u003c/a> is very compelling. Not sure what it takes to knock over light posts, but these photos suggest severe mesoscale tornadic-like winds in unburned neighborhoods. Incredible. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/CAfire?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#CAfire\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/CAwx?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#CAwx\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/1aoxkbTT5D\">https://t.co/1aoxkbTT5D\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Matt Roberts (@WxMattt) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/WxMattt/status/1022914361797439489?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">July 27, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Fire whirls are not an uncommon sight at a wildfire. But they’re usually small, up to 1,000 feet high, and last only minutes or even seconds. On Thursday night, the fire whirl outside of Redding stretched to about 18,000 feet into the air and lasted for nearly an hour, and winds were clocked near the lower end of tornado-strength wind speeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very rare as well to have these really persistent long-lived events like that, ” says Lareau, “To get a big one like this is really scary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fire whirls are dangerous not only because of the strength of the winds involved but because they lift embers high into the air, where higher-altitude winds can carry them far from the flaming front. That’s one way that fires get past what should be major barriers — like the Sacramento River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928160\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1928160\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-800x677.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"677\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-800x677.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-160x135.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-768x650.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-1020x864.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-1200x1016.png 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-1180x999.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-960x813.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-240x203.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-375x318.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-520x440.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX.png 1324w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A 3D visualization of the ‘fire tornado’ at the Carr Fire on the evening of July 26. \u003ccite>(Neil Lareau)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lareau says that other fire whirls on this scale have occurred in Northern California in the recent past, but not in densely populated areas like Redding. Big fire whirls may have played a role in the spread of last year’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2018/06/02/us/thomas-fire-officially-out/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Thomas Fire\u003c/a> and North Bay Fires — counted as the state’s largest and most destructive on record, respectively — but the fire whirls were not on the same scale, and those fires were mostly driven by regional Santa Ana and Diablo winds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are really just starting to learn about fire whirls, and are a long way from being able to predict the occurrence of major fire whirl events — but they can identify the ingredients that make such an event more likely. The topography of the area is part of it. And the heat, which reached 113 degrees in Redding last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you get a big temperature differential you get a big pressure differential. And when you get a big pressure differential you accelerate the winds,” explains Lareau, “You’re kind of off to the races once you get something like this going.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it’s difficult to tie any one event to climate change, Lareau says that “it’s not a coincidence the that this is the record-[hottest] July for the northern Sacramento Valley, embedded in a broader trend, and we’re going to keep seeing that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fire tornadoes are just one type of extreme fire behavior that may be exacerbated by climate change. And as UC Merced fire scientist Anthony Westerling argued on Twitter, the “new normal” of fire might not really be “normal” at all, but a permanent state of unpredictability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">We are not, and will not, experience a “new normal” of wildland fire behavior. A “normal” is a long term average that provides a useful guide to the future, but wildfire is responding to accelerating climate change: no one alive today will ever see a stable climate again. \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/wyqnMz7AFP\">https://t.co/wyqnMz7AFP\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— A. LeRoy Westerling (@LeroyWesterling) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/LeroyWesterling/status/1023767908080467973?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">July 30, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But whether it’s fires \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1926996/something-else-adding-fuel-to-californias-fire-season-warmer-nights\">burning intensely at night\u003c/a>, or \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927988/how-wildfires-are-breaking-the-rules-in-california-by-racing-downhill\">rapidly downhill\u003c/a>, or forming fire whirls with tornado strength winds, or all three at the same time — as has been the case at the Carr Fire — firefighters and communities will need to adjust. Soon.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Heat waves are setting all-time temperature records across the globe, again. Europe suffered its deadliest wildfire in more than a century, and one of nearly 90 large fires in the U.S. West burned dozens of homes and forced the evacuation of at least 37,000 people near Redding, California. Flood-inducing downpours have pounded the U.S. East this week.[contextly_sidebar id=”230sLAPRzLOXfRsPS4qfMGZHlKYA7p98″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s all part of summer — but it’s all being made worse by human-caused climate change, scientists say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Weirdness abounds,” said Rutgers University climate scientist Jennifer Francis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Japan hit 106 degrees on Monday, its hottest temperature ever. Records fell in parts of Massachusetts, Maine, Wyoming, Colorado, Oregon, New Mexico and Texas. And then there’s crazy heat in Europe, where normally chill Norway, Sweden and Finland all saw temperatures they have never seen before on any date, pushing past 90 degrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far this month, at least 118 of these all-time heat records have been set or tied across the globe, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The explanations should sound as familiar as the crash of broken records.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We now have very strong evidence that global warming has already put a thumb on the scales, upping the odds of extremes like severe heat and heavy rainfall,” Stanford University climate scientist Noah Diffenbaugh said. “We find that global warming has increased the odds of record-setting hot events over more than 80 percent of the planet, and has increased the odds of record-setting wet events at around half of the planet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change is making the world warmer because of the build-up of heat-trapping gases from the burning of fossil fuels like coal and oil and other human activities. And experts say the jet stream — which dictates weather in the Northern Hemisphere — is again behaving strangely.[contextly_sidebar id=”HFX1bmd78yzB41Sj8w7bvH2k2Jl175K0″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“An unusually sharply kinked jet stream has been stuck in place for weeks now,” said Jeff Masters, director of the private Weather Underground. He says that allows the heat to stay in place over three areas where the kinks are: Europe, Japan and the western United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same jet stream pattern caused the 2003 European heat wave, the 2010 Russian heat wave and fires, the 2011 Texas and Oklahoma drought and the 2016 Canadian wildfires, Pennsylvania State University climate scientist Michael Mann said, pointing to past studies by him and others. He said in an email that these extremes are “becoming more common because of human-caused climate change and in particular, the amplified warming in the Arctic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate scientists have long said they can’t directly link single weather events, like a heat wave, to human caused climate change without extensive study. In the past decade they have used observations, statistics and computer simulations to calculate if global warming increases the chances of the events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study by European scientists Friday found that the ongoing European heat wave is twice as likely because of human-caused global warming, though those conclusions have not yet been confirmed by outside scientists. The World Weather Attribution team said they compared three-day heat measurements and forecasts for the Netherlands, Denmark and Ireland with historical records going back to the early 1900s.[contextly_sidebar id=”lPZjy9tps81YDBgJDm50rI5BoWOkpmrF”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The world is becoming warmer and so heat waves like this are becoming more common,” said Friederike Otto, a member of the team and deputy director of the Environmental Change Institute at the University of Oxford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erich Fischer, an expert on weather extremes at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich who wasn’t part of the analysis said the authors used well-established methods to make their conclusions, adding “their estimates may even be rather conservative.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Georgia Tech climate scientist Kim Cobb said the link between climate change and fires isn’t as strong as it is with heat waves, but it is becoming clearer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A devastating fire in Greece — with at least 86 fatalities — is the deadliest fire in Europe since 1900, according to the International Disaster Database run by the Centre for the Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters in Brussels, Belgium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the United States on Friday, there were 89 active large fires, consuming nearly 900,000 acres, according to the National Interagency Fire Center. So far this year, fires have burned 4.15 million acres, which is nearly 14 percent higher than average over the past 10 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first major science study to connect greenhouse gases to stronger and longer heat waves was in 2004. It was titled “More intense, more frequent and longer lasting heat waves in the 21st century.” Study author Gerald Meehl of the National Center for Atmospheric Research said Friday that now it “reads like a prediction of what has been happening and will continue to happen as long as average temperatures continue to rise with ever-increasing emissions of greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels. It’s no mystery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Borenstein reported from Washington, Jordans from Berlin.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The explanations should sound as familiar as the crash of broken records.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We now have very strong evidence that global warming has already put a thumb on the scales, upping the odds of extremes like severe heat and heavy rainfall,” Stanford University climate scientist Noah Diffenbaugh said. “We find that global warming has increased the odds of record-setting hot events over more than 80 percent of the planet, and has increased the odds of record-setting wet events at around half of the planet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change is making the world warmer because of the build-up of heat-trapping gases from the burning of fossil fuels like coal and oil and other human activities. And experts say the jet stream — which dictates weather in the Northern Hemisphere — is again behaving strangely.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“An unusually sharply kinked jet stream has been stuck in place for weeks now,” said Jeff Masters, director of the private Weather Underground. He says that allows the heat to stay in place over three areas where the kinks are: Europe, Japan and the western United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same jet stream pattern caused the 2003 European heat wave, the 2010 Russian heat wave and fires, the 2011 Texas and Oklahoma drought and the 2016 Canadian wildfires, Pennsylvania State University climate scientist Michael Mann said, pointing to past studies by him and others. He said in an email that these extremes are “becoming more common because of human-caused climate change and in particular, the amplified warming in the Arctic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate scientists have long said they can’t directly link single weather events, like a heat wave, to human caused climate change without extensive study. In the past decade they have used observations, statistics and computer simulations to calculate if global warming increases the chances of the events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study by European scientists Friday found that the ongoing European heat wave is twice as likely because of human-caused global warming, though those conclusions have not yet been confirmed by outside scientists. The World Weather Attribution team said they compared three-day heat measurements and forecasts for the Netherlands, Denmark and Ireland with historical records going back to the early 1900s.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The world is becoming warmer and so heat waves like this are becoming more common,” said Friederike Otto, a member of the team and deputy director of the Environmental Change Institute at the University of Oxford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erich Fischer, an expert on weather extremes at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich who wasn’t part of the analysis said the authors used well-established methods to make their conclusions, adding “their estimates may even be rather conservative.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Georgia Tech climate scientist Kim Cobb said the link between climate change and fires isn’t as strong as it is with heat waves, but it is becoming clearer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A devastating fire in Greece — with at least 86 fatalities — is the deadliest fire in Europe since 1900, according to the International Disaster Database run by the Centre for the Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters in Brussels, Belgium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the United States on Friday, there were 89 active large fires, consuming nearly 900,000 acres, according to the National Interagency Fire Center. So far this year, fires have burned 4.15 million acres, which is nearly 14 percent higher than average over the past 10 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first major science study to connect greenhouse gases to stronger and longer heat waves was in 2004. It was titled “More intense, more frequent and longer lasting heat waves in the 21st century.” Study author Gerald Meehl of the National Center for Atmospheric Research said Friday that now it “reads like a prediction of what has been happening and will continue to happen as long as average temperatures continue to rise with ever-increasing emissions of greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels. It’s no mystery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Borenstein reported from Washington, Jordans from Berlin.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A warming climate may carry a sneaky effect on mental health. A Stanford University-led research team warns \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-018-0222-x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in a study published today\u003c/a> that hotter temperatures are raising the risk of suicide.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\u003ca href=\"https://forecast.weather.gov/showsigwx.php?warnzone=CAZ547&warncounty=CAC037&firewxzone=CAZ547&local_place1=2%20Miles%20WSW%20Burbank%20CA&product1=Excessive+Heat+Warning&lat=34.182&lon=-118.3595\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Excessive Heat Warning\u003c/a> issued for the San Gabriel, San Fernando and Ventura County Valleys, through Thursday. Temperatures up to 108 degrees with high nighttime temperatures. \u003ca href=\"https://www.weather.gov/safety/heat-during\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Take precautions\u003c/a>.\u003ccite>National Weather Service\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Going back to the early 19th century, scientists, sociologists and poets all noticed more people die by suicide in spring. That’s caused other teams to investigate \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/1901524\">sunlight’s influence on mental health \u003c/a>and the connection between \u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2017/04/the-troubling-link-between-allergies-and-suicide/523608/\">allergies and suicide\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marshall Burke, an associate professor of earth systems sciences at Stanford, worked with colleagues at UC Berkeley and an international team to amass decades of death records for the U.S. and Mexico, and localized temperature records. They found that when temperatures rose about 2 degrees Fahrenheit in a given location and given month, deaths by suicide rose by about 1 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even a one percent effect – if multiplied across many people in the United States – implies a very large additional health burden from increasing temperature,” says Burke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Globally, nearly 800,000 people die by suicide each year, according to the World Health Organization. Suicides in the United States and Mexico represent abut 7% of the total. In the United States, suicide is a top-ten leading cause of death, and in the most recent 17 years on record, the nation’s overall suicide rate has increased 28%, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/suicide.shtml\">according to\u003c/a> the National Institute of Mental Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burke’s newly-released study doesn’t suggest that hot temperatures cause people to harm themselves. And he stresses that suicide has other larger and well-documented risk factors. Researchers now wonder \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4245634/\">whether warmer temperatures are\u003c/a> some sort of a biological trigger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But based on this data and on global models, this team projects that if climate change continues unchecked until the middle of this century, hotter temperatures could cause at least 20,000 additional deaths in the two countries studied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That sounds like an abstract statistic,” Burke says, “but we should think of that as individuals and individual families that are going to be fundamentally affected by that if temperatures increase.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He notes that air conditioning and wealth don’t seem to mitigate the link between hotter temperatures and suicide. So as temperatures rise, he expects the risks of heat to human health will continue to rise too.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A warming climate may carry a sneaky effect on mental health. A Stanford University-led research team warns \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-018-0222-x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in a study published today\u003c/a> that hotter temperatures are raising the risk of suicide.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\u003ca href=\"https://forecast.weather.gov/showsigwx.php?warnzone=CAZ547&warncounty=CAC037&firewxzone=CAZ547&local_place1=2%20Miles%20WSW%20Burbank%20CA&product1=Excessive+Heat+Warning&lat=34.182&lon=-118.3595\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Excessive Heat Warning\u003c/a> issued for the San Gabriel, San Fernando and Ventura County Valleys, through Thursday. Temperatures up to 108 degrees with high nighttime temperatures. \u003ca href=\"https://www.weather.gov/safety/heat-during\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Take precautions\u003c/a>.\u003ccite>National Weather Service\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Going back to the early 19th century, scientists, sociologists and poets all noticed more people die by suicide in spring. That’s caused other teams to investigate \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/1901524\">sunlight’s influence on mental health \u003c/a>and the connection between \u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2017/04/the-troubling-link-between-allergies-and-suicide/523608/\">allergies and suicide\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marshall Burke, an associate professor of earth systems sciences at Stanford, worked with colleagues at UC Berkeley and an international team to amass decades of death records for the U.S. and Mexico, and localized temperature records. They found that when temperatures rose about 2 degrees Fahrenheit in a given location and given month, deaths by suicide rose by about 1 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even a one percent effect – if multiplied across many people in the United States – implies a very large additional health burden from increasing temperature,” says Burke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Globally, nearly 800,000 people die by suicide each year, according to the World Health Organization. Suicides in the United States and Mexico represent abut 7% of the total. In the United States, suicide is a top-ten leading cause of death, and in the most recent 17 years on record, the nation’s overall suicide rate has increased 28%, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/suicide.shtml\">according to\u003c/a> the National Institute of Mental Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burke’s newly-released study doesn’t suggest that hot temperatures cause people to harm themselves. And he stresses that suicide has other larger and well-documented risk factors. Researchers now wonder \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4245634/\">whether warmer temperatures are\u003c/a> some sort of a biological trigger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But based on this data and on global models, this team projects that if climate change continues unchecked until the middle of this century, hotter temperatures could cause at least 20,000 additional deaths in the two countries studied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That sounds like an abstract statistic,” Burke says, “but we should think of that as individuals and individual families that are going to be fundamentally affected by that if temperatures increase.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He notes that air conditioning and wealth don’t seem to mitigate the link between hotter temperatures and suicide. So as temperatures rise, he expects the risks of heat to human health will continue to rise too.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tla4E8-DGRs?start=1225]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED Science Editor Craig Miller talks with Newsroom host Thuy Vu about the early start to this year’s fire season, and its connections to higher nighttime temperatures and climate change. They also discuss recent attempts by U.S. cities to sue fossil fuel companies for the costs of climate change impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Scientists are already noting a shrinkage of the Sierra snowpack and the transition line between rain and snow moving uphill,” says Miller. “Then there’s the massive tree die-off in the Sierra and reduced flows in rivers and streams — both driven by drought, down to an extended fire season and all the way to the coast, where rising seas are causing cliff erosion and high-tide flooding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given this reality, Miller says that California is probably experiencing “a wider range of climate effects than any other state in the nation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>The dense network of cables that make up the Internet is likely to be inundated with saltwater as sea levels rise, a new analysis suggests, putting thousands of miles of critical infrastructure along U.S. coastlines underwater in the next 15 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is actually the wires and the hardware that make the Internet run,” explains \u003ca href=\"http://ix.cs.uoregon.edu/~ram/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ramakrishnan Durairajan\u003c/a>, a computer scientist at the University of Oregon and an author of the research. The analysis estimates under the most severe model for sea level rise that more than 4,000 miles of fiber optic cable along U.S. coastlines will be underwater by the early 2030s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Internet is particularly susceptible to flooding because data travels through underground cables buried along roadways and through tunnels. While the massive deep sea cables that carry data under the Atlantic and Pacific oceans are designed to be permanently underwater, other infrastructure such as copper wiring and power stations are not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If thousands of miles of cable were flooded because sea level rise, it could potentially impact Internet reliability for millions of Americans in major cities. In fact, higher temperatures and more powerful storms, both of which are more likely as the climate changes, have already affected Internet hardware.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.itnews.com.au/news/iinets-perth-data-centre-melts-in-heatwave-399128\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">heat wave in Australia\u003c/a> fried air conditioners at a key data center, cutting off a major company’s Internet service for hours. In 2012, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnet.com/news/hurricane-sandy-disrupts-wireless-and-internet-services/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Superstorm Sandy\u003c/a> knocked out some Internet in New York City when floodwaters cut off power and drowned the underground cables that carry data. At the time, Verizon’s executive director of operations \u003ca href=\"https://www.theverge.com/2012/11/17/3655442/restoring-verizon-service-manhattan-hurricane-sandy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told\u003c/a> \u003cem>The Verge \u003c/em>that there had been a “catastrophic failure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Hurricane Irma blew across Florida last year, \u003ca href=\"https://www.miamiherald.com/news/weather/hurricane/article174827041.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Miami Herald reported\u003c/a> that many people were without Internet for weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rising sea levels will make the flooding from such storms worse, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/03/05/590901652/new-report-predicts-rising-tides-more-flooding\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">as NPR has reported\u003c/a>. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4600140-Durairajan-ANRW-2018.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">newly published analysis\u003c/a> sets aside storms and, for the sake of clarity, focuses on predictable flooding from sea level rise. Large, dense coastal cities such as New York, Miami and Seattle appear to have the highest risk of Internet disruption from sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Internet service providers say they are already thinking about the risks from flooding along the U.S. coasts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AT&T uses fiber optic cable “designed for use in coastal areas as well as being submerged in either salt- or fresh-water conditions,” spokesman Jeff Kobs says. “In certain locations where cabling will be submerged for long periods of time or consistently exposed, such as beaches or in subways, we use submarine underwater cabling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way to mitigate flood risk is to replace copper wiring with more flood-resilient cables. “After Sandy, we started upgrading our network in earnest, and replacing our copper assets with fiber assets,” says Verizon spokeswoman Karen Schulz. “Copper is impacted by water, whereas fiber is not. We’ve switched significant amounts of our network from copper to fiber in the Northeast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says Verizon has also elevated buildings and power stations in areas that flood. In most cases, the company’s focus on flood risk “really has less to do with sea level change, and more to do with general flooding concerns,” Schulz explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The one exception is at so-called cable landing stations where undersea cables connect the U.S. Internet to the rest of the world. “For cable landing stations that are very close to the oceans and that have undersea cables, we specifically assess sea level changes,” Schulz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some cities are already working on hardening Internet infrastructure to handle the effects of climate change. For example, public buildings in and around \u003ca href=\"http://clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/~ordpics/31158_ex1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Seattle are connected\u003c/a> by fiber optic cable meant to make the region more resilient to disasters, including floods. Other cities are rethinking how and where they build roads, which could affect where Internet infrastructure ends up; cables often follow highways and other public rights of way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Durairajan says that upgrading hardware is one good strategy, but that avoiding Internet disruptions from sea level rise also might require companies to rethink the way data flows through their networks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, he says, if some wires are temporarily flooded, “can we reroute traffic from that area, to keep communication going? Can we isolate damage at coastal areas from inland assets? We have to start the mitigation strategies and planning right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Rising+Seas+Could+Cause+Problems+For+Internet+Infrastructure&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
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"order": 1
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"order": 9
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"order": 15
},
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"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
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"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
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"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
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