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"title": "On the Yuba River, Climate Change Means It’s Time for a Dam Makeover",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"start\">Among the California rivers, \u003c/span>the Yuba is one of the most dramatic. Draining the Sierra Nevada just north of Lake Tahoe, it is steep and flashy – one of the most flood-prone rivers in the state.[contextly_sidebar id=”5W6DMWRFLlQdVnTSwRb7AsRbiAPhj5RN”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Yuba River floods have killed people – notably in 1955, 1986 and 1997 – and climate change is making such floods more likely. As the atmosphere warms, more winter precipitation falls as rain rather than snow. This boosts the amount of runoff coursing downhill in any given storm.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ycwa.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Yuba County Water Agency\u003c/span>\u003c/a> has been working for years to strengthen levees along the river to handle additional runoff, together with the cities of Marysville and Yuba City downstream. Now the water agency plans something more ambitious: a major modification of New Bullards Bar Dam on the North Yuba River, its primary water storage reservoir, to handle bigger and wetter storms.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">It plans to build a \u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.ycwa.com/new/ss-design/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">second spillway\u003c/a>\u003c/span> at the dam to boost its water-release capacity, at an estimated cost of $160 million. The larger spillway will allow dam operators to release water sooner and faster to prepare for approaching storms.[contextly_sidebar id=”hb3pfTlPCWoT3gwTBUnvLuxoHxdF2wnt”]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">State and federal agencies have undertaken such complex projects, notably at nearby Folsom Dam on the American River, a billion-dollar project recently completed by the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Army Corps of Engineers. But the New Bullards Bar project is a rare example of a local water agency undertaking costly dam modifications in response to changing hydrology.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“If you can evacuate water faster from the reservoir when there’s channel capacity, then you have more space in the reservoir for those peak flows,” said Curt Aikens, general manager of the Yuba County Water Agency. “Definitely, this will help to the extent climate change produces bigger storm events and bigger peak flows.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_133332\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_133332\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 680px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-133332 size-full\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180709140936/6513098583_d0d1bbb0bd_b2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"680\" height=\"625\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Curt Aikens, center, general manager of the Yuba County Water Agency, stands at the base of New Bullards Bar Dam on the North Yuba River during a tour in December 2011. He’s flanked by Col. Mike Wehr and Col. Bill Leady of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. (Photo by Michael J. Nevins, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">A new spillway would boost the reservoir’s flood-control capacity when warm, wet storms are predicted. Also, the additional operating flexibility it offers could boost water storage at certain times of year, a major benefit to the agency’s agricultural water customers and hydroelectric power generation.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">New Bullards Bar Dam, completed in 1970, is one of the most spectacular impoundments in the state. A graceful concrete-arch dam, it soars 645ft high over the North Yuba River, providing a storage capacity of about 1 million acre-feet.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The existing spillway at the dam has a relatively small release capacity of 19,000 cubic feet per second. Also, it is relatively high on the dam’s face – just 16ft below the typical full-reservoir water surface elevation. This means it can’t release water until the reservoir is nearly full, which limits options when responding to an approaching storm.[contextly_sidebar id=”U3zattDGIuNzrM3ORAOBp4mFJ3wUh65Q”]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“With the current spillway, we can’t make big releases because we’re just waiting to fill up the reservoir to the point where you can release lots of water. That’s the point of this new spillway,” Aikens said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The project involves tunneling through the mountainside on the dam’s right abutment. The tunnel would be 38ft wide and 28ft high, with operable gates and a concrete chute directing water into the Yuba River below the dam.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_133327\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_133327\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1002px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-133327 size-full\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180709135001/NBB-YCWA-Plan1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1002\" height=\"556\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Yuba County Water Agency proposes to build a new, larger spillway at New Bullards Bar Dam on the North Yuba River. The new spillway would involve tunneling through the mountainside next to the existing spillway. (Photo credit: Image courtesy Yuba County Water Agency)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>It will have a release capacity of 45,000 cubic feet per second – more than double the existing spillway. And it will be 31.5ft lower than the existing spillway gates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">As a result, when a big storm is forecast, dam operators can release water a lot sooner to free up empty space in the reservoir. This means the potential impact of downstream flooding is reduced, because the peak flow can be spread out over a longer period of time. Aikens said the new spillway could reduce the flood peak on the Yuba River downstream at Marysville as much as 2ft, significantly reducing stress on the city’s levees.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The agency also looked at raising the dam 10ft as an alternative. But that was rejected because it would cost a lot more, cause more environmental impacts and would not improve operational flexibility. The new spillway’s estimated cost of $160 million is about 46 percent less than raising the dam.[contextly_sidebar id=”YkK7kjn0na5tyJzaMLxW5AZV7pgprb4e”]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The \u003ca href=\"https://yubariver.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">South Yuba River Citizens League\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, an environmental group that has fought for decades to improve flows and habitat in the river, supports the concept of a new spillway, said Rachel Hutchinson, the group’s river science director.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">She said the project is especially welcome after the disaster at Oroville Dam in 2017. Both spillways at Oroville, operated by the California Department of Water Resources, were severely damaged during heavy storm runoff, forcing thousands of downstream residents to evacuate amid fears the dam itself might collapse.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">That disaster also churned up gobs of sediment and debris that clogged the riverbed and the Feather River salmon hatchery.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“I think having a little more safety surrounding our dams would help to protect the resources that we have in the river, instead of allowing them to be another victim in a potential dam crisis,” Hutchinson said. “The human population and safety of the dams, of course, is paramount. But when a dam fails, the environment also loses.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">A larger spillway would also provide a new kind of drought protection.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Normal operations require dam operators to keep lots of empty space in reservoirs during winter to be ready for floodwaters. The greater release capacity of a new spillway could allow the agency to keep the reservoir full more often, providing an important hedge against dry winters.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Recent storm patterns in California, for instance, have produced wet conditions in December sufficient to fill many reservoirs. But operators were required to release water to be sure there was room for floodwaters later in winter. But then January and February turned out dry, leaving reservoirs only partially filled by the time winter ended.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">To take advantage of this winter flexibility, Yuba County Water Agency also plans to adopt a new strategy called forecast-informed reservoir operations. This would change flood-control rules at the dam, allowing the reservoir to be kept nearly full in winter if weather forecasts indicate no storms are approaching.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">If forecasts show a storm is targeting the Yuba watershed, the agency could still create enough flood-control capacity by dumping water quickly with the new, larger spillway.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“Being able to manage the flood pool at New Bullards Bar is going to be more complicated in the future,” Hutchinson said. “With more of our precipitation falling as rain rather than snow, it’s going to fill more early and they’re going to want to hold onto that water. This should give them more flexibility with how they store water.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Aikens said the agency plans to develop the new operating rules while the second spillway is under construction, so both are completed at the same time. Construction is expected to start in 2022, with completion three years later.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2018/07/09/nasas-dawn-goes-in-for-a-closer-look-at-the-birth-of-the-solar-system/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/07/10/on-the-yuba-river-climate-change-means-its-time-for-a-dam-makeover\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Climate change brings new flood risks and new challenges for water storage managers. In California, one local water agency is taking on the big task of modifying its primary storage reservoir to be ready for these changes.",
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"description": "Climate change brings new flood risks and new challenges for water storage managers. In California, one local water agency is taking on the big task of modifying its primary storage reservoir to be ready for these changes.",
"title": "On the Yuba River, Climate Change Means It’s Time for a Dam Makeover | KQED",
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"headline": "On the Yuba River, Climate Change Means It’s Time for a Dam Makeover",
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"slug": "on-the-yuba-river-climate-change-means-its-time-for-a-dam-makeover",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"start\">Among the California rivers, \u003c/span>the Yuba is one of the most dramatic. Draining the Sierra Nevada just north of Lake Tahoe, it is steep and flashy – one of the most flood-prone rivers in the state.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Yuba River floods have killed people – notably in 1955, 1986 and 1997 – and climate change is making such floods more likely. As the atmosphere warms, more winter precipitation falls as rain rather than snow. This boosts the amount of runoff coursing downhill in any given storm.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ycwa.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Yuba County Water Agency\u003c/span>\u003c/a> has been working for years to strengthen levees along the river to handle additional runoff, together with the cities of Marysville and Yuba City downstream. Now the water agency plans something more ambitious: a major modification of New Bullards Bar Dam on the North Yuba River, its primary water storage reservoir, to handle bigger and wetter storms.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">It plans to build a \u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.ycwa.com/new/ss-design/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">second spillway\u003c/a>\u003c/span> at the dam to boost its water-release capacity, at an estimated cost of $160 million. The larger spillway will allow dam operators to release water sooner and faster to prepare for approaching storms.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">State and federal agencies have undertaken such complex projects, notably at nearby Folsom Dam on the American River, a billion-dollar project recently completed by the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Army Corps of Engineers. But the New Bullards Bar project is a rare example of a local water agency undertaking costly dam modifications in response to changing hydrology.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“If you can evacuate water faster from the reservoir when there’s channel capacity, then you have more space in the reservoir for those peak flows,” said Curt Aikens, general manager of the Yuba County Water Agency. “Definitely, this will help to the extent climate change produces bigger storm events and bigger peak flows.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_133332\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_133332\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 680px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-133332 size-full\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180709140936/6513098583_d0d1bbb0bd_b2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"680\" height=\"625\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Curt Aikens, center, general manager of the Yuba County Water Agency, stands at the base of New Bullards Bar Dam on the North Yuba River during a tour in December 2011. He’s flanked by Col. Mike Wehr and Col. Bill Leady of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. (Photo by Michael J. Nevins, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">A new spillway would boost the reservoir’s flood-control capacity when warm, wet storms are predicted. Also, the additional operating flexibility it offers could boost water storage at certain times of year, a major benefit to the agency’s agricultural water customers and hydroelectric power generation.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">New Bullards Bar Dam, completed in 1970, is one of the most spectacular impoundments in the state. A graceful concrete-arch dam, it soars 645ft high over the North Yuba River, providing a storage capacity of about 1 million acre-feet.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The existing spillway at the dam has a relatively small release capacity of 19,000 cubic feet per second. Also, it is relatively high on the dam’s face – just 16ft below the typical full-reservoir water surface elevation. This means it can’t release water until the reservoir is nearly full, which limits options when responding to an approaching storm.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“With the current spillway, we can’t make big releases because we’re just waiting to fill up the reservoir to the point where you can release lots of water. That’s the point of this new spillway,” Aikens said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The project involves tunneling through the mountainside on the dam’s right abutment. The tunnel would be 38ft wide and 28ft high, with operable gates and a concrete chute directing water into the Yuba River below the dam.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_133327\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_133327\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1002px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-133327 size-full\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180709135001/NBB-YCWA-Plan1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1002\" height=\"556\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Yuba County Water Agency proposes to build a new, larger spillway at New Bullards Bar Dam on the North Yuba River. The new spillway would involve tunneling through the mountainside next to the existing spillway. (Photo credit: Image courtesy Yuba County Water Agency)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>It will have a release capacity of 45,000 cubic feet per second – more than double the existing spillway. And it will be 31.5ft lower than the existing spillway gates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">As a result, when a big storm is forecast, dam operators can release water a lot sooner to free up empty space in the reservoir. This means the potential impact of downstream flooding is reduced, because the peak flow can be spread out over a longer period of time. Aikens said the new spillway could reduce the flood peak on the Yuba River downstream at Marysville as much as 2ft, significantly reducing stress on the city’s levees.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The agency also looked at raising the dam 10ft as an alternative. But that was rejected because it would cost a lot more, cause more environmental impacts and would not improve operational flexibility. The new spillway’s estimated cost of $160 million is about 46 percent less than raising the dam.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The \u003ca href=\"https://yubariver.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">South Yuba River Citizens League\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, an environmental group that has fought for decades to improve flows and habitat in the river, supports the concept of a new spillway, said Rachel Hutchinson, the group’s river science director.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">She said the project is especially welcome after the disaster at Oroville Dam in 2017. Both spillways at Oroville, operated by the California Department of Water Resources, were severely damaged during heavy storm runoff, forcing thousands of downstream residents to evacuate amid fears the dam itself might collapse.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">That disaster also churned up gobs of sediment and debris that clogged the riverbed and the Feather River salmon hatchery.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“I think having a little more safety surrounding our dams would help to protect the resources that we have in the river, instead of allowing them to be another victim in a potential dam crisis,” Hutchinson said. “The human population and safety of the dams, of course, is paramount. But when a dam fails, the environment also loses.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">A larger spillway would also provide a new kind of drought protection.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Normal operations require dam operators to keep lots of empty space in reservoirs during winter to be ready for floodwaters. The greater release capacity of a new spillway could allow the agency to keep the reservoir full more often, providing an important hedge against dry winters.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Recent storm patterns in California, for instance, have produced wet conditions in December sufficient to fill many reservoirs. But operators were required to release water to be sure there was room for floodwaters later in winter. But then January and February turned out dry, leaving reservoirs only partially filled by the time winter ended.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">To take advantage of this winter flexibility, Yuba County Water Agency also plans to adopt a new strategy called forecast-informed reservoir operations. This would change flood-control rules at the dam, allowing the reservoir to be kept nearly full in winter if weather forecasts indicate no storms are approaching.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">If forecasts show a storm is targeting the Yuba watershed, the agency could still create enough flood-control capacity by dumping water quickly with the new, larger spillway.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“Being able to manage the flood pool at New Bullards Bar is going to be more complicated in the future,” Hutchinson said. “With more of our precipitation falling as rain rather than snow, it’s going to fill more early and they’re going to want to hold onto that water. This should give them more flexibility with how they store water.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Aikens said the agency plans to develop the new operating rules while the second spillway is under construction, so both are completed at the same time. Construction is expected to start in 2022, with completion three years later.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2018/07/09/nasas-dawn-goes-in-for-a-closer-look-at-the-birth-of-the-solar-system/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/07/10/on-the-yuba-river-climate-change-means-its-time-for-a-dam-makeover\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Anyone Thinking About Planting Grasslands to Fight Climate Change? They Should",
"headTitle": "Anyone Thinking About Planting Grasslands to Fight Climate Change? They Should | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Over the past week, multiple large wildfires have broken out across California from San Diego County to the Oregon border, releasing tons of carbon dioxide into the air. As the vegetation grows back, the system should reabsorb carbon from the atmosphere, serving as carbon sinks — but that depends on how well those grasses and trees respond to a changing climate in the years to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new study from researchers at UC Davis finds that grasslands are likely to be more resilient carbon sinks than forests as the climate changes. Grasses store more of their carbon underground, leading to fewer carbon losses from fire or drought. Currently, forests store much greater amounts of carbon than grasslands. California redwoods, for example, absorb more carbon per acre than any other system in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as a whole, California’s forests are faring poorly in the face of increasingly severe drought, fire, and beetle kill. The Forest Service \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/topics/tree_mortality/california/index.shtml\">has estimated \u003c/a>that 129 million trees have died in California since 2010. Most of the carbon that these trees stored is above ground and will be released when the trees burn or decay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lead author Pawlok Dass, a postdoctoral researcher at Davis, who focuses on the global carbon cycle and climate change impacts on ecosystems, wondered whether the focus on forests in climate mitigation plans might be a problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We realized that a lot of money is being invested in the forests which are being impacted quite a bit by these wildfires,” he says, “which are literally burning the forests and causing all the money invested to go up in smoke.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Dass notes, grasslands were getting very little attention, even though grasslands are an important native ecosystem in California — especially in the southern part of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Forests and Grasses Under Climate Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers used a forest simulation model to test how well forests and grasslands in California would fare in four different climate scenarios: 1) an optimistic scenario where emissions stop, 2) a “business-as-usual,” where emissions continue at the present rate, 3) cyclical drought, and 4) “megadrought” that persists for the next century. In all four scenarios, grasslands generally did better than forests. Grasslands expanded in the Sierra Nevada and southern parts of the state and contracted in the north. On the other hand, forest area shrank under most of the climate scenarios, only expanding in the most optimistic scenario.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The model does not account for any kind of direct human activity, such as logging or fire suppression. It also lumps plants into broad categories: a coast redwood tree counts the same as a lodgepole pine tree, even though a redwood can easily re-sprout after a fire, whereas a pine cannot. Similarly, non-native grasses are treated the same as native grasses, though non-native grasslands are pervasive in California and \u003ca href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/6/4/044001/meta\">research suggests\u003c/a> non-native grasses store less carbon than native grasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Dass concedes that the simulation is an oversimplification, he says it’s a way to do experiments that would be impossible or unethical to do on a large scale in the real world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The model predicts that in the absence of human intervention, California’s vegetation will lose more carbon than it can absorb under all but the most optimistic climate mitigation scenario. In order to compare the relative effects on grasses and trees, the researchers ran two experiments. First, how would carbon storage change if there were only grasses in California? They found that California remained a carbon sink in the long term. But when they asked the opposite question—what if there were only forests?—carbon storage quickly declined, because the forests couldn’t cope with fire and drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the most ambitious climate mitigation scenario, forests remain the largest carbon sinks in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Dass is not optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do not see any sign of any mitigation,” he notes. “The current US administration has withdrawn from the Paris Agreement and a lot of other nations don’t seem to be giving much importance to climate change mitigation, so the probability of humanity doing something to prevent climate change seems to be less and less.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A National Treasure\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s authors are quick to emphasize that we should still protect forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The forests of California are a national treasure,” says Dass. “It would absolutely make no sense to remove forests or not to conserve forests.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the researchers acknowledge that their study does not account for forest management activities, such as forest thinning and prescribed burning, which can increase the resilience of forests in the face of climate change. Governor Jerry Brown’s final \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2018/06/27/governor-brown-signs-final-state-budget-with-record-rainy-day-fund-school-funding/\">budget plan\u003c/a> includes $210 million for forest improvement and wildfire prevention projects, supporting the California Forest Carbon Plan \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2018/05/10/governor-brown-issues-executive-order-to-protect-communities-from-wildfire-climate-impacts/\">announced in May\u003c/a>. The \u003ca href=\"http://resources.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Laird-Fire-Funding-Fix-statement.pdf\">“fire funding fix,”\u003c/a> passed by Congress as part of a federal spending package in March, which changes the way fire suppression is funded, is also designed to support forest resilience projects in the years to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927106\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1927106\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 2013 Rim Fire burned hundreds of thousands of acres in Stanislaus National Forest and Yosemite National Park, much of it at high severity. The forests may store less carbon in a warmer future. \u003ccite>(Allie Weill)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Still, forest treatments need to be applied strategically and consistently; \u003ca href=\"https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1890/110057\">some researchers argue \u003c/a>that forest treatments are unlikely to increase carbon stocks on a large scale. If you do a controlled burn on an area that never sees a wildfire come through, the net effect is carbon loss. Depending on forests and forest management activities for carbon storage can be risky. Based on the new study, grasslands are more reliable carbon sinks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you invest Y amount of dollars in a grassland, the initial return will be definitely less than the investment of the forest, but the probability of that amount of dollars being lost in a wildfire is much less, compared to the amount invested in the forest,” says Dass. “It’s a low gain, long term investment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rethinking the Strategy\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s authors argue that grassland conservation should be more seriously considered as carbon sinks for the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/capandtrade.htm\">Cap-and-Trade offset program\u003c/a>, which is regulated by the California Air Resources Board. Under the program, businesses can offset up to 8 percent of their carbon emissions by supporting approved carbon mitigation projects. Approved projects cover a wide range of activities but their carbon storage capacity must be verifiable over the long term. Many of the approved projects focus on forest conservation and management. And forest offset projects must already account for their own riskiness, says Dave Clegern, a spokesman for the California Air Resources Board. There’s a buffer built in for wildfire or other unintended disturbances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, grasslands are not on the list of acceptable project types. Dass and the authors of the new study thinks that it’s time to add grasslands to the portfolio. Dass notes that “grasslands are more stable than forests, but they are by no means immune to the effects of climate change.” The authors cite the \u003ca href=\"https://www.marincarbonproject.org/\">Marin Carbon Project \u003c/a> as an example, which promotes carbon sequestration in rangeland, agricultural, and forest soils by encouraging practices like adding compost to grasslands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clegern says the Air Resources Board is aware of these projects, but that they have not proven their case as a viable alternative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We really want to see some more research,” says Clegern.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "New research suggests that policymakers have been missing a major opportunity to soak up carbon and slow down climate change.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Over the past week, multiple large wildfires have broken out across California from San Diego County to the Oregon border, releasing tons of carbon dioxide into the air. As the vegetation grows back, the system should reabsorb carbon from the atmosphere, serving as carbon sinks — but that depends on how well those grasses and trees respond to a changing climate in the years to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new study from researchers at UC Davis finds that grasslands are likely to be more resilient carbon sinks than forests as the climate changes. Grasses store more of their carbon underground, leading to fewer carbon losses from fire or drought. Currently, forests store much greater amounts of carbon than grasslands. California redwoods, for example, absorb more carbon per acre than any other system in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as a whole, California’s forests are faring poorly in the face of increasingly severe drought, fire, and beetle kill. The Forest Service \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/topics/tree_mortality/california/index.shtml\">has estimated \u003c/a>that 129 million trees have died in California since 2010. Most of the carbon that these trees stored is above ground and will be released when the trees burn or decay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lead author Pawlok Dass, a postdoctoral researcher at Davis, who focuses on the global carbon cycle and climate change impacts on ecosystems, wondered whether the focus on forests in climate mitigation plans might be a problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We realized that a lot of money is being invested in the forests which are being impacted quite a bit by these wildfires,” he says, “which are literally burning the forests and causing all the money invested to go up in smoke.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Dass notes, grasslands were getting very little attention, even though grasslands are an important native ecosystem in California — especially in the southern part of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Forests and Grasses Under Climate Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers used a forest simulation model to test how well forests and grasslands in California would fare in four different climate scenarios: 1) an optimistic scenario where emissions stop, 2) a “business-as-usual,” where emissions continue at the present rate, 3) cyclical drought, and 4) “megadrought” that persists for the next century. In all four scenarios, grasslands generally did better than forests. Grasslands expanded in the Sierra Nevada and southern parts of the state and contracted in the north. On the other hand, forest area shrank under most of the climate scenarios, only expanding in the most optimistic scenario.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The model does not account for any kind of direct human activity, such as logging or fire suppression. It also lumps plants into broad categories: a coast redwood tree counts the same as a lodgepole pine tree, even though a redwood can easily re-sprout after a fire, whereas a pine cannot. Similarly, non-native grasses are treated the same as native grasses, though non-native grasslands are pervasive in California and \u003ca href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/6/4/044001/meta\">research suggests\u003c/a> non-native grasses store less carbon than native grasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Dass concedes that the simulation is an oversimplification, he says it’s a way to do experiments that would be impossible or unethical to do on a large scale in the real world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The model predicts that in the absence of human intervention, California’s vegetation will lose more carbon than it can absorb under all but the most optimistic climate mitigation scenario. In order to compare the relative effects on grasses and trees, the researchers ran two experiments. First, how would carbon storage change if there were only grasses in California? They found that California remained a carbon sink in the long term. But when they asked the opposite question—what if there were only forests?—carbon storage quickly declined, because the forests couldn’t cope with fire and drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the most ambitious climate mitigation scenario, forests remain the largest carbon sinks in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Dass is not optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do not see any sign of any mitigation,” he notes. “The current US administration has withdrawn from the Paris Agreement and a lot of other nations don’t seem to be giving much importance to climate change mitigation, so the probability of humanity doing something to prevent climate change seems to be less and less.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A National Treasure\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s authors are quick to emphasize that we should still protect forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The forests of California are a national treasure,” says Dass. “It would absolutely make no sense to remove forests or not to conserve forests.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the researchers acknowledge that their study does not account for forest management activities, such as forest thinning and prescribed burning, which can increase the resilience of forests in the face of climate change. Governor Jerry Brown’s final \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2018/06/27/governor-brown-signs-final-state-budget-with-record-rainy-day-fund-school-funding/\">budget plan\u003c/a> includes $210 million for forest improvement and wildfire prevention projects, supporting the California Forest Carbon Plan \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2018/05/10/governor-brown-issues-executive-order-to-protect-communities-from-wildfire-climate-impacts/\">announced in May\u003c/a>. The \u003ca href=\"http://resources.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Laird-Fire-Funding-Fix-statement.pdf\">“fire funding fix,”\u003c/a> passed by Congress as part of a federal spending package in March, which changes the way fire suppression is funded, is also designed to support forest resilience projects in the years to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927106\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1927106\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_8964.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 2013 Rim Fire burned hundreds of thousands of acres in Stanislaus National Forest and Yosemite National Park, much of it at high severity. The forests may store less carbon in a warmer future. \u003ccite>(Allie Weill)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Still, forest treatments need to be applied strategically and consistently; \u003ca href=\"https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1890/110057\">some researchers argue \u003c/a>that forest treatments are unlikely to increase carbon stocks on a large scale. If you do a controlled burn on an area that never sees a wildfire come through, the net effect is carbon loss. Depending on forests and forest management activities for carbon storage can be risky. Based on the new study, grasslands are more reliable carbon sinks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you invest Y amount of dollars in a grassland, the initial return will be definitely less than the investment of the forest, but the probability of that amount of dollars being lost in a wildfire is much less, compared to the amount invested in the forest,” says Dass. “It’s a low gain, long term investment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rethinking the Strategy\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s authors argue that grassland conservation should be more seriously considered as carbon sinks for the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/capandtrade.htm\">Cap-and-Trade offset program\u003c/a>, which is regulated by the California Air Resources Board. Under the program, businesses can offset up to 8 percent of their carbon emissions by supporting approved carbon mitigation projects. Approved projects cover a wide range of activities but their carbon storage capacity must be verifiable over the long term. Many of the approved projects focus on forest conservation and management. And forest offset projects must already account for their own riskiness, says Dave Clegern, a spokesman for the California Air Resources Board. There’s a buffer built in for wildfire or other unintended disturbances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, grasslands are not on the list of acceptable project types. Dass and the authors of the new study thinks that it’s time to add grasslands to the portfolio. Dass notes that “grasslands are more stable than forests, but they are by no means immune to the effects of climate change.” The authors cite the \u003ca href=\"https://www.marincarbonproject.org/\">Marin Carbon Project \u003c/a> as an example, which promotes carbon sequestration in rangeland, agricultural, and forest soils by encouraging practices like adding compost to grasslands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clegern says the Air Resources Board is aware of these projects, but that they have not proven their case as a viable alternative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We really want to see some more research,” says Clegern.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Something Else Adding Fuel to California's Fire Season: Warmer Nights",
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"content": "\u003cp>It will most likely be weeks before the County Fire west of Sacramento is completely extinguished. By Friday it had consumed nearly 140 square miles — an area larger than Las Vegas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Firefighters say it was a vicious cycle of weather conditions, terrain and vegetation that made it one of the fastest-growing fires in recent memory. But there was something else at work: a relatively new challenge confronting fire crews.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have noted that nighttime temperatures — overnight lows, in particular — are rising at a faster rate than daytime highs.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We know this has been going on and impacting firefighting operations.’\u003ccite>Tim Brown, Western Regional Climate Ctr.\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It is a significant difference,” says Tim Brown, who directs the \u003ca href=\"https://wrcc.dri.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Western Regional Climate Center\u003c/a> in Reno. “Both temperatures are rising, but the minimum temperatures are rising even more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown says the difference in rates first started showing up in the data around 1980, and that overnight lows are now running about 2 degrees F above the 1981-2010 period that climate scientists use as a benchmark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can see both the trends in the daily high temperatures,” he notes, “but an even stronger trend in the daily night time temperature.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927045\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/NorCalTmins_20186timeseries_sm.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1927045\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/NorCalTmins_20186timeseries_sm.png\" alt=\"Graph: N. Calif. overnight low temps since pre-20th C.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1180\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/NorCalTmins_20186timeseries_sm.png 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/NorCalTmins_20186timeseries_sm-160x94.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/NorCalTmins_20186timeseries_sm-800x472.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/NorCalTmins_20186timeseries_sm-768x453.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/NorCalTmins_20186timeseries_sm-1020x602.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/NorCalTmins_20186timeseries_sm-1200x708.png 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/NorCalTmins_20186timeseries_sm-1920x1133.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/NorCalTmins_20186timeseries_sm-1180x696.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/NorCalTmins_20186timeseries_sm-960x566.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/NorCalTmins_20186timeseries_sm-240x142.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/NorCalTmins_20186timeseries_sm-375x221.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/NorCalTmins_20186timeseries_sm-520x307.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graph shows the recent spike in Northern California’s overnight low temperatures, compared to 1981-2010 period. \u003ccite>(Western Regional Climate Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And it’s not good news for firefighters, who have complained in recent years that wildfires have not been “laying down” at night as they had in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown says the trend has been particularly apparent at this time of year, and in the part of the state where the season’s first two major fires erupted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This rise has been occurring all over the state,” says Brown. “But where the current fires are — the County Fire, the Pawnee Fire — yes, over the last six years, we can see from these observations that the nighttime temperatures have been particularly warmer than usual during the spring months and into summer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could’ve been a contributing factor when \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11678850/firefighters-struggle-to-contain-massive-northern-california-blaze\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the County Fire\u003c/a> started devouring landscape at the rate of 1,000 acres an hour, growing fourfold in size on its first night. The higher nighttime temperatures were just part of a witch’s brew of heat, low humidity, erratic winds, and terrain that made for a difficult fire fight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know this has been going on and impacting firefighting operations,” says Brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s fire season is off to an early start. By early July, Cal Fire had responded to about \u003ca href=\"https://www.sacbee.com/latest-news/article214198989.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">260 more fires\u003c/a> than by the same time last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown says that since nights have warmed and humidity dropped, there isn’t as much moisture for “cured” or dead vegetation to absorb from the air. And, he says, if fire crews can’t make as much headway at night as they used to, it means there is also more smoke to contend with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a substantial increase in the potential for public health impacts that we can link to this increase in nighttime temperature,” says Brown.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "It's a little-known oddity about the changing climate: overnight low temperatures are rising faster than daytime highs. That's not good news for the fire season.",
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"title": "Something Else Adding Fuel to California's Fire Season: Warmer Nights | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It will most likely be weeks before the County Fire west of Sacramento is completely extinguished. By Friday it had consumed nearly 140 square miles — an area larger than Las Vegas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Firefighters say it was a vicious cycle of weather conditions, terrain and vegetation that made it one of the fastest-growing fires in recent memory. But there was something else at work: a relatively new challenge confronting fire crews.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have noted that nighttime temperatures — overnight lows, in particular — are rising at a faster rate than daytime highs.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We know this has been going on and impacting firefighting operations.’\u003ccite>Tim Brown, Western Regional Climate Ctr.\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It is a significant difference,” says Tim Brown, who directs the \u003ca href=\"https://wrcc.dri.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Western Regional Climate Center\u003c/a> in Reno. “Both temperatures are rising, but the minimum temperatures are rising even more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown says the difference in rates first started showing up in the data around 1980, and that overnight lows are now running about 2 degrees F above the 1981-2010 period that climate scientists use as a benchmark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can see both the trends in the daily high temperatures,” he notes, “but an even stronger trend in the daily night time temperature.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927045\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/NorCalTmins_20186timeseries_sm.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1927045\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/NorCalTmins_20186timeseries_sm.png\" alt=\"Graph: N. Calif. overnight low temps since pre-20th C.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1180\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/NorCalTmins_20186timeseries_sm.png 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/NorCalTmins_20186timeseries_sm-160x94.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/NorCalTmins_20186timeseries_sm-800x472.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/NorCalTmins_20186timeseries_sm-768x453.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/NorCalTmins_20186timeseries_sm-1020x602.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/NorCalTmins_20186timeseries_sm-1200x708.png 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/NorCalTmins_20186timeseries_sm-1920x1133.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/NorCalTmins_20186timeseries_sm-1180x696.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/NorCalTmins_20186timeseries_sm-960x566.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/NorCalTmins_20186timeseries_sm-240x142.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/NorCalTmins_20186timeseries_sm-375x221.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/NorCalTmins_20186timeseries_sm-520x307.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graph shows the recent spike in Northern California’s overnight low temperatures, compared to 1981-2010 period. \u003ccite>(Western Regional Climate Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And it’s not good news for firefighters, who have complained in recent years that wildfires have not been “laying down” at night as they had in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown says the trend has been particularly apparent at this time of year, and in the part of the state where the season’s first two major fires erupted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This rise has been occurring all over the state,” says Brown. “But where the current fires are — the County Fire, the Pawnee Fire — yes, over the last six years, we can see from these observations that the nighttime temperatures have been particularly warmer than usual during the spring months and into summer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could’ve been a contributing factor when \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11678850/firefighters-struggle-to-contain-massive-northern-california-blaze\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the County Fire\u003c/a> started devouring landscape at the rate of 1,000 acres an hour, growing fourfold in size on its first night. The higher nighttime temperatures were just part of a witch’s brew of heat, low humidity, erratic winds, and terrain that made for a difficult fire fight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know this has been going on and impacting firefighting operations,” says Brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s fire season is off to an early start. By early July, Cal Fire had responded to about \u003ca href=\"https://www.sacbee.com/latest-news/article214198989.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">260 more fires\u003c/a> than by the same time last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown says that since nights have warmed and humidity dropped, there isn’t as much moisture for “cured” or dead vegetation to absorb from the air. And, he says, if fire crews can’t make as much headway at night as they used to, it means there is also more smoke to contend with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a substantial increase in the potential for public health impacts that we can link to this increase in nighttime temperature,” says Brown.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Scott Pruitt Out At EPA",
"headTitle": "Scott Pruitt Out At EPA | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Scott Pruitt will no longer lead the Environmental Protection Agency, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1014956568129892352\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">President Trump announced Thursday afternoon via Twitter\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt was among the most controversial of President Trump’s original Cabinet-level picks. He embodied the administration’s broad support for the fossil fuel industry and its disdain for climate science, and attracted the attention of Congress and the EPA’s inspector general for a wide range of potential ethics violations that hinged on misusing his power and spending far more taxpayer money than his predecessors had on travel and security expenses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As investigations piled up, multiple close aides and EPA staffers resigned from the agency, and support among congressional Republicans slowly weakened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt came to the EPA from Oklahoma, where he \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/01/18/510355798/epa-critic-to-get-sharp-questions-on-industry-ties-as-he-vies-to-run-agency\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">spent years as the state’s attorney general attacking\u003c/a> the federal agency he would eventually run. With other Republican attorneys general, he sued the EPA to stop ozone and methane emissions rules and \u003ca href=\"https://stateimpact.npr.org/oklahoma/2014/08/06/oklahoma-attorney-general-scott-pruitt-sues-epa-over-federal-clean-power-plan/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">block regulations\u003c/a> on coal-fired power plants. Throughout his career, he has publicly questioned climate change and whether it is caused by greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until a replacement for Pruitt is named, the EPA will be led by Deputy Administrator \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/03/17/593546626/former-coal-lobbyist-on-tap-for-no-2-spot-at-epa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Andrew Wheeler\u003c/a>, himself a former coal lobbyist and senior Senate staffer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ethics Questions and Investigations\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Pruitt’s environmental policies were controversial, it was his spending and attempts to use the position for personal gain that resulted in more than a dozen investigations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several patterns were quickly established, including unusually high spending on his office and travel and continually mixing his personal and professional lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4412774-FPDS-NG-ICDUSER-Booth.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">EPA spent\u003c/a> about $43,000 on a \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2018/03/14/scott-pruitts-25000-soundproof-phone-booth-it-actually-cost-more-like-43000/?utm_term=.5ccc035134f4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">soundproof phone booth\u003c/a> for the administrator’s office, and \u003cem>The Washington Post\u003c/em> reported that Pruitt spent thousands of dollars \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/first-class-travel-distinguishes-scott-pruitts-epa-tenure/2018/02/11/5bb89afc-0b7d-11e8-8b0d-891602206fb7_story.html?utm_term=.ed6e6914c51a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">on first-class plane tickets\u003c/a>. \u003cem>The New York Times\u003c/em> reported Pruitt’s chief of security proposed that Pruitt spend \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/06/us/politics/scott-pruitt-security-furniture.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">$70,000 on two desks, one of them bulletproof\u003c/a>. The desks were not purchased.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt cited security threats as one reason for the first-class travel, and he spent tens of thousands of dollars on a publicly-funded, 24-hour security detail, which his office said was necessary to protect him from threats. Pruitt’s security detail \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2018/03/30/politics/epa-pruitt-travel-whitehouse-rose-bowl-disneyland/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reportedly accompanied\u003c/a> him on personal trips, including a family vacation to Disneyland. In August 2017, the EPA’s Office of the Inspector General \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-08/documents/_epaoig_notificationmemo_08-28-17_administratorstravel.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">began investigating\u003c/a> Pruitt’s travel and security expenses and has widened the investigation \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/office-inspector-general/project-notification-memorandums\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">multiple times\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt aides also sought to protect their boss from questions, and help his wife pursue business deals, according to \u003cem>New York Times \u003c/em>and\u003cem> Washington Post \u003c/em>analyses of thousands of \u003ca href=\"https://www.sierraclub.org/press-releases/2018/05/pruitt-exposed-sierra-club-secures-24000-pages-epa-emails-call-logs-and\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">internal emails\u003c/a> released to the Sierra Club under the Freedom of Information Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to CNN, Pruitt broke with a tradition set by past EPA administrators and kept a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2018/07/02/politics/scott-pruitt-whistleblower-secret-calendar/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">secret, non-public calendar\u003c/a> to hide meetings with industry representatives and controversial figures. At public appearances, EPA staff often told reporters and citizens that the administrator would only answer pre-planned questions, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/05/09/609697381/reporter-on-new-email-dump-that-reveals-secret-inner-workings-of-the-epa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Times reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Chick-fil-A, Industry Lobbyists\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May 2017, a scheduler for Pruitt reached out to the chief executive of the restaurant chain Chik-fil-A about setting up a meeting to discuss a “potential business opportunity,” \u003ca href=\"http://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/documents/national/epa-head-scott-pruitts-outreach-to-chick-fil-a-ceo-on-a-potential-business-opportunity/3006/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Post reported\u003c/a>. Another \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/epa-chief-scott-pruitt-tapped-aide-donors-to-help-wife-land-job-at-conservative-group/2018/06/13/f54c87fa-6db1-11e8-afd5-778aca903bbe_story.html?utm_term=.6f082ae58ca4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">EPA official reached out\u003c/a> on Pruitt’s behalf to conservative political groups to ask about potential job opportunities for Pruitt’s wife, Marlyn Pruitt, who eventually landed a temporary position as an independent contractor for a conservative advocacy group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In April, the Office of Government Ethics \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/04/10/600875028/government-ethics-officials-raise-red-flags-on-scott-pruitt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published a letter\u003c/a> in which acting director and general counsel David Apol wrote some of Pruitt’s actions, including the use of his subordinates’ time, “do raise concerns about whether the Administrator is using public office for personal gain in violation of ethics rules” and “raise concerns about whether the Administrator misused his position.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As administrator, Pruitt also maintained close relationships with energy industry lobbyists and executives. He rented a room in a Washington, D.C., condominium owned by the wife of a prominent lobbyist, J. Steven Hart, who \u003ca href=\"https://soprweb.senate.gov/index.cfm?event=getFilingDetails&filingID=E5A4A633-B204-4801-9510-6EF7861505E2&filingTypeID=78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">personally represented\u003c/a>, among others, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/administrator-pruitt-promotes-environmental-cooperation-us-partners-morocco\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">liquefied natural gas company\u003c/a> that stands to profit from \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/administrator-pruitt-promotes-environmental-cooperation-us-partners-morocco\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pruitt’s push\u003c/a> to increase American gas exports, \u003cem>The Daily Beast\u003c/em> reported. Hart also represented other companies with business before the EPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an \u003ca href=\"http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2018/04/04/epas-scott-pruitt-pushes-back-on-pay-raise-condo-controversy-in-fox-exclusive.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">interview on Fox News\u003c/a>, Pruitt incorrectly stated, “Mr. Hart has no clients that have business before this agency.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the rental agreement, Pruitt paid $50 for each night he spent at the condo, which Pruitt described as “like an Airbnb situation.” In an initial \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4429953-MInoli-Memo.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statement\u003c/a>, an EPA lawyer defended the lease agreement, saying it was “consistent with federal ethics regulations regarding gifts” but noted later in \u003ca href=\"http://cdn.cnn.com/cnn/2018/images/04/04/new.record.re.review.of.lease2018-04-04-163433.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a memo\u003c/a> obtained by CNN that he had not reviewed whether Pruitt was adhering to the lease’s terms after an \u003ca href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/exclusive-epa-chief-pruitt-joined-family-condo-tied/story?id=54125092\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ABC News report\u003c/a> that his daughter may have stayed in another room at the condo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt also came under fire for enriching political appointees at the agency. \u003cem>The Atlantic\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/04/pruitt-epa/557123/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> that in March, Pruitt circumvented the normal bureaucratic process to approve substantial pay increases for two EPA staffers after the White House refused to sign off on the raises. Both aides later resigned. One \u003ca href=\"https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/4493622/June-4-Connolly-Letter-to-Gowdy-Re-EPA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">later told \u003c/a>House investigators that she was routinely asked to do personal tasks for Pruitt, including \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/06/04/616818561/epa-chiefs-latest-ethics-issue-used-mattress-from-a-trump-hotel\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one instance\u003c/a> in which she called the Trump Hotel in Washington, D.C. to ask about purchasing a used mattress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt said he did not know about the salary increases until after they were granted, although in later congressional \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/epa-chief-scott-pruitt-says-he-did-know-about-pay-raises\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">testimony\u003c/a> he said he knew they were happening but not the amounts. He used the \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4112130-2017-3-Administratively-Determined-Positions-EPA.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">same provision\u003c/a> to hire Nancy Beck, a longtime executive at the largest U.S. chemical industry lobbying group, to oversee toxic chemical regulation for the EPA. Earlier this year, the EPA inspector general \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018-01/documents/notification_oa-fy18-0085_01-08-18.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">announced\u003c/a> it was auditing Pruitt’s use of so-called administratively determined positions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Trump Support\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Pruitt’s ethical problems deepened, he lost support from congressional Republicans and influential conservatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As reports of Pruitt’s conduct continually surfaced, Republican senators grew weary of defending him, saying they agreed with his policies but not his conduct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He is acting like a moron and he needs to stop it,” said Sen. John Kennedy, R-La., \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2018/06/07/politics/senator-kennedy-scott-pruitt-epa-moron-cnntv/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">on CNN\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt is “about as swampy as you get here,” said Sen. Joni Ernst, R-Iowa, who also said Pruitt was insufficiently supportive of ethanol fuel, a major industry in Iowa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prominent conservative talk show host Laura Ingraham repeatedly called for Pruitt’s firing. “It just doesn’t look good. If you want to drain the swamp, you got to have people in it who forego personal benefits and don’t send your aides around doing personal errands on the taxpayer dime, otherwise you make everyone else look bad,” said Ingraham on her radio show in June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although multiple White House staff reportedly asked President Trump to remove Pruitt, the EPA chief was able to hold on in part because he built a strong rapport with the president over their shared dislike of the media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Scott Pruitt is doing a great job within the walls of the EPA. I mean, we’re setting records,” said Trump in June. “Outside, he’s being attacked very viciously by the press. And I’m not saying that he’s blameless, but we’ll see what happens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Deregulatory Agenda\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As head of the EPA, Pruitt focused on taking the agency “\u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/home/back-basics-agenda\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">back to basics\u003c/a>,” which he described as clean air and clean water policies, and asking state and local governments to take more responsibility for enforcing environmental regulations. He worked with the White House to undercut or begin rolling back many of the Obama administration’s signature environmental policies, including\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/06/01/530748899/watch-live-trump-announces-decision-on-paris-climate-agreement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> leaving the Paris climate accord\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/02/28/517016071/trump-aims-to-eliminate-clean-water-rule\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reversing a sweeping rule\u003c/a> that designated which bodies of water are subject to federal authority, and moving to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/10/10/556962291/how-much-can-the-repeal-of-the-clean-power-plan-help-the-declining-coal-industry\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">repeal the Clean Power Plan\u003c/a> regulation of carbon dioxide emissions. During his tenure, many climate change documents and pages were \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/09/29/553696314/an-absent-epa-climate-report-and-a-tale-of-two-flooded-superfund-sites\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">removed from the agency’s website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt also created a task force to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/10/06/556041266/epas-scott-pruitt-vows-to-speed-toxic-superfund-site-cleanup\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">expedite cleanup plans\u003c/a> for some of the most contaminated sites in the country, a move that was cautiously supported by environmental groups frustrated by understaffing of the Superfund program under previous administrations. However, the task force proved to be \u003ca href=\"https://www.peer.org/news/news-releases/pruitt-superfund-plans-leave-no-paper-trail.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">opaque\u003c/a> about its decision-making process, and Pruitt did not allocate additional funds to the program. This spring, the man in charge of overseeing Superfund cleanups \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/05/03/607996825/albert-kelly-an-adviser-to-epa-chief-scott-pruitt-resigns-abruptly\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">abruptly stepped down\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA also said it would weaken fleet-wide fuel economy standards, rolling back Obama-era limits meant to nearly double the average fuel economy for cars and SUVs to more than 50 miles per gallon by 2025. “I am determining that those standards are inappropriate and should be revised,” Pruitt announced, flanked by leaders of three auto industry trade groups at a press conference. “I just want to say first and foremost to you in the auto sector. Thank you for your leadership. Thank you for the difference you’ve made on behalf of the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is leading a coalition of 17 states \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/05/01/607447344/states-sue-the-epa-to-protect-obama-era-fuel-efficiency-standards\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">suing the EPA\u003c/a> over the planned change in efficiency standards, arguing that a weakened rule would violate the Clean Air Act. Automobile emissions and transportation currently account for more than a quarter of \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. greenhouse gas emissions\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Scott+Pruitt+Out+At+EPA&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "After months of ethics scandals and investigations, the embattled EPA head has resigned, the president said Thursday.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scott Pruitt will no longer lead the Environmental Protection Agency, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1014956568129892352\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">President Trump announced Thursday afternoon via Twitter\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt was among the most controversial of President Trump’s original Cabinet-level picks. He embodied the administration’s broad support for the fossil fuel industry and its disdain for climate science, and attracted the attention of Congress and the EPA’s inspector general for a wide range of potential ethics violations that hinged on misusing his power and spending far more taxpayer money than his predecessors had on travel and security expenses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As investigations piled up, multiple close aides and EPA staffers resigned from the agency, and support among congressional Republicans slowly weakened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt came to the EPA from Oklahoma, where he \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/01/18/510355798/epa-critic-to-get-sharp-questions-on-industry-ties-as-he-vies-to-run-agency\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">spent years as the state’s attorney general attacking\u003c/a> the federal agency he would eventually run. With other Republican attorneys general, he sued the EPA to stop ozone and methane emissions rules and \u003ca href=\"https://stateimpact.npr.org/oklahoma/2014/08/06/oklahoma-attorney-general-scott-pruitt-sues-epa-over-federal-clean-power-plan/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">block regulations\u003c/a> on coal-fired power plants. Throughout his career, he has publicly questioned climate change and whether it is caused by greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until a replacement for Pruitt is named, the EPA will be led by Deputy Administrator \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/03/17/593546626/former-coal-lobbyist-on-tap-for-no-2-spot-at-epa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Andrew Wheeler\u003c/a>, himself a former coal lobbyist and senior Senate staffer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ethics Questions and Investigations\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Pruitt’s environmental policies were controversial, it was his spending and attempts to use the position for personal gain that resulted in more than a dozen investigations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several patterns were quickly established, including unusually high spending on his office and travel and continually mixing his personal and professional lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4412774-FPDS-NG-ICDUSER-Booth.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">EPA spent\u003c/a> about $43,000 on a \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2018/03/14/scott-pruitts-25000-soundproof-phone-booth-it-actually-cost-more-like-43000/?utm_term=.5ccc035134f4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">soundproof phone booth\u003c/a> for the administrator’s office, and \u003cem>The Washington Post\u003c/em> reported that Pruitt spent thousands of dollars \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/first-class-travel-distinguishes-scott-pruitts-epa-tenure/2018/02/11/5bb89afc-0b7d-11e8-8b0d-891602206fb7_story.html?utm_term=.ed6e6914c51a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">on first-class plane tickets\u003c/a>. \u003cem>The New York Times\u003c/em> reported Pruitt’s chief of security proposed that Pruitt spend \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/06/us/politics/scott-pruitt-security-furniture.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">$70,000 on two desks, one of them bulletproof\u003c/a>. The desks were not purchased.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt cited security threats as one reason for the first-class travel, and he spent tens of thousands of dollars on a publicly-funded, 24-hour security detail, which his office said was necessary to protect him from threats. Pruitt’s security detail \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2018/03/30/politics/epa-pruitt-travel-whitehouse-rose-bowl-disneyland/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reportedly accompanied\u003c/a> him on personal trips, including a family vacation to Disneyland. In August 2017, the EPA’s Office of the Inspector General \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-08/documents/_epaoig_notificationmemo_08-28-17_administratorstravel.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">began investigating\u003c/a> Pruitt’s travel and security expenses and has widened the investigation \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/office-inspector-general/project-notification-memorandums\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">multiple times\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt aides also sought to protect their boss from questions, and help his wife pursue business deals, according to \u003cem>New York Times \u003c/em>and\u003cem> Washington Post \u003c/em>analyses of thousands of \u003ca href=\"https://www.sierraclub.org/press-releases/2018/05/pruitt-exposed-sierra-club-secures-24000-pages-epa-emails-call-logs-and\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">internal emails\u003c/a> released to the Sierra Club under the Freedom of Information Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to CNN, Pruitt broke with a tradition set by past EPA administrators and kept a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2018/07/02/politics/scott-pruitt-whistleblower-secret-calendar/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">secret, non-public calendar\u003c/a> to hide meetings with industry representatives and controversial figures. At public appearances, EPA staff often told reporters and citizens that the administrator would only answer pre-planned questions, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/05/09/609697381/reporter-on-new-email-dump-that-reveals-secret-inner-workings-of-the-epa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Times reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Chick-fil-A, Industry Lobbyists\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May 2017, a scheduler for Pruitt reached out to the chief executive of the restaurant chain Chik-fil-A about setting up a meeting to discuss a “potential business opportunity,” \u003ca href=\"http://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/documents/national/epa-head-scott-pruitts-outreach-to-chick-fil-a-ceo-on-a-potential-business-opportunity/3006/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Post reported\u003c/a>. Another \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/epa-chief-scott-pruitt-tapped-aide-donors-to-help-wife-land-job-at-conservative-group/2018/06/13/f54c87fa-6db1-11e8-afd5-778aca903bbe_story.html?utm_term=.6f082ae58ca4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">EPA official reached out\u003c/a> on Pruitt’s behalf to conservative political groups to ask about potential job opportunities for Pruitt’s wife, Marlyn Pruitt, who eventually landed a temporary position as an independent contractor for a conservative advocacy group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In April, the Office of Government Ethics \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/04/10/600875028/government-ethics-officials-raise-red-flags-on-scott-pruitt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published a letter\u003c/a> in which acting director and general counsel David Apol wrote some of Pruitt’s actions, including the use of his subordinates’ time, “do raise concerns about whether the Administrator is using public office for personal gain in violation of ethics rules” and “raise concerns about whether the Administrator misused his position.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As administrator, Pruitt also maintained close relationships with energy industry lobbyists and executives. He rented a room in a Washington, D.C., condominium owned by the wife of a prominent lobbyist, J. Steven Hart, who \u003ca href=\"https://soprweb.senate.gov/index.cfm?event=getFilingDetails&filingID=E5A4A633-B204-4801-9510-6EF7861505E2&filingTypeID=78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">personally represented\u003c/a>, among others, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/administrator-pruitt-promotes-environmental-cooperation-us-partners-morocco\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">liquefied natural gas company\u003c/a> that stands to profit from \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/administrator-pruitt-promotes-environmental-cooperation-us-partners-morocco\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pruitt’s push\u003c/a> to increase American gas exports, \u003cem>The Daily Beast\u003c/em> reported. Hart also represented other companies with business before the EPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an \u003ca href=\"http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2018/04/04/epas-scott-pruitt-pushes-back-on-pay-raise-condo-controversy-in-fox-exclusive.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">interview on Fox News\u003c/a>, Pruitt incorrectly stated, “Mr. Hart has no clients that have business before this agency.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the rental agreement, Pruitt paid $50 for each night he spent at the condo, which Pruitt described as “like an Airbnb situation.” In an initial \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4429953-MInoli-Memo.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statement\u003c/a>, an EPA lawyer defended the lease agreement, saying it was “consistent with federal ethics regulations regarding gifts” but noted later in \u003ca href=\"http://cdn.cnn.com/cnn/2018/images/04/04/new.record.re.review.of.lease2018-04-04-163433.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a memo\u003c/a> obtained by CNN that he had not reviewed whether Pruitt was adhering to the lease’s terms after an \u003ca href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/exclusive-epa-chief-pruitt-joined-family-condo-tied/story?id=54125092\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ABC News report\u003c/a> that his daughter may have stayed in another room at the condo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt also came under fire for enriching political appointees at the agency. \u003cem>The Atlantic\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/04/pruitt-epa/557123/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> that in March, Pruitt circumvented the normal bureaucratic process to approve substantial pay increases for two EPA staffers after the White House refused to sign off on the raises. Both aides later resigned. One \u003ca href=\"https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/4493622/June-4-Connolly-Letter-to-Gowdy-Re-EPA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">later told \u003c/a>House investigators that she was routinely asked to do personal tasks for Pruitt, including \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/06/04/616818561/epa-chiefs-latest-ethics-issue-used-mattress-from-a-trump-hotel\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one instance\u003c/a> in which she called the Trump Hotel in Washington, D.C. to ask about purchasing a used mattress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt said he did not know about the salary increases until after they were granted, although in later congressional \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/epa-chief-scott-pruitt-says-he-did-know-about-pay-raises\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">testimony\u003c/a> he said he knew they were happening but not the amounts. He used the \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4112130-2017-3-Administratively-Determined-Positions-EPA.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">same provision\u003c/a> to hire Nancy Beck, a longtime executive at the largest U.S. chemical industry lobbying group, to oversee toxic chemical regulation for the EPA. Earlier this year, the EPA inspector general \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018-01/documents/notification_oa-fy18-0085_01-08-18.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">announced\u003c/a> it was auditing Pruitt’s use of so-called administratively determined positions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Trump Support\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Pruitt’s ethical problems deepened, he lost support from congressional Republicans and influential conservatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As reports of Pruitt’s conduct continually surfaced, Republican senators grew weary of defending him, saying they agreed with his policies but not his conduct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He is acting like a moron and he needs to stop it,” said Sen. John Kennedy, R-La., \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2018/06/07/politics/senator-kennedy-scott-pruitt-epa-moron-cnntv/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">on CNN\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt is “about as swampy as you get here,” said Sen. Joni Ernst, R-Iowa, who also said Pruitt was insufficiently supportive of ethanol fuel, a major industry in Iowa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prominent conservative talk show host Laura Ingraham repeatedly called for Pruitt’s firing. “It just doesn’t look good. If you want to drain the swamp, you got to have people in it who forego personal benefits and don’t send your aides around doing personal errands on the taxpayer dime, otherwise you make everyone else look bad,” said Ingraham on her radio show in June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although multiple White House staff reportedly asked President Trump to remove Pruitt, the EPA chief was able to hold on in part because he built a strong rapport with the president over their shared dislike of the media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Scott Pruitt is doing a great job within the walls of the EPA. I mean, we’re setting records,” said Trump in June. “Outside, he’s being attacked very viciously by the press. And I’m not saying that he’s blameless, but we’ll see what happens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Deregulatory Agenda\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As head of the EPA, Pruitt focused on taking the agency “\u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/home/back-basics-agenda\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">back to basics\u003c/a>,” which he described as clean air and clean water policies, and asking state and local governments to take more responsibility for enforcing environmental regulations. He worked with the White House to undercut or begin rolling back many of the Obama administration’s signature environmental policies, including\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/06/01/530748899/watch-live-trump-announces-decision-on-paris-climate-agreement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> leaving the Paris climate accord\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/02/28/517016071/trump-aims-to-eliminate-clean-water-rule\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reversing a sweeping rule\u003c/a> that designated which bodies of water are subject to federal authority, and moving to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/10/10/556962291/how-much-can-the-repeal-of-the-clean-power-plan-help-the-declining-coal-industry\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">repeal the Clean Power Plan\u003c/a> regulation of carbon dioxide emissions. During his tenure, many climate change documents and pages were \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/09/29/553696314/an-absent-epa-climate-report-and-a-tale-of-two-flooded-superfund-sites\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">removed from the agency’s website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt also created a task force to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/10/06/556041266/epas-scott-pruitt-vows-to-speed-toxic-superfund-site-cleanup\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">expedite cleanup plans\u003c/a> for some of the most contaminated sites in the country, a move that was cautiously supported by environmental groups frustrated by understaffing of the Superfund program under previous administrations. However, the task force proved to be \u003ca href=\"https://www.peer.org/news/news-releases/pruitt-superfund-plans-leave-no-paper-trail.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">opaque\u003c/a> about its decision-making process, and Pruitt did not allocate additional funds to the program. This spring, the man in charge of overseeing Superfund cleanups \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/05/03/607996825/albert-kelly-an-adviser-to-epa-chief-scott-pruitt-resigns-abruptly\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">abruptly stepped down\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA also said it would weaken fleet-wide fuel economy standards, rolling back Obama-era limits meant to nearly double the average fuel economy for cars and SUVs to more than 50 miles per gallon by 2025. “I am determining that those standards are inappropriate and should be revised,” Pruitt announced, flanked by leaders of three auto industry trade groups at a press conference. “I just want to say first and foremost to you in the auto sector. Thank you for your leadership. Thank you for the difference you’ve made on behalf of the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is leading a coalition of 17 states \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/05/01/607447344/states-sue-the-epa-to-protect-obama-era-fuel-efficiency-standards\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">suing the EPA\u003c/a> over the planned change in efficiency standards, arguing that a weakened rule would violate the Clean Air Act. Automobile emissions and transportation currently account for more than a quarter of \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. greenhouse gas emissions\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Scott+Pruitt+Out+At+EPA&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "the-giants-of-california-how-redwoods-and-whales-got-so-big",
"title": "The Giants of California: How Redwoods and Whales Got So Big",
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"headTitle": "The Giants of California: How Redwoods and Whales Got So Big | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>When Virginia-based ecologist Jeff Atkins visited the giant redwood trees at Muir Woods National Monument, he saw something that blew his mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remember watching drops of water falling from the top of the canopy,” he wrote on Twitter. “And it took forever for them to fall. I mean FOREVER!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redwood trees are so tall that, standing on the forest floor, you can’t see to the tops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You crane your head back and you look up, up, up, up, and it becomes a blur as you get into the crown,” says Lucy Kerhoulas, professor of forest physiology at Humboldt State University. You can’t really know what’s up there, unless you actually go up and climb,” which Kerhoulas has.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Summer in California is a great time to hang out with giants: the giant sequoias in Yosemite National Park, or the giant redwood trees in forests from Big Sur to the Oregon border. And though the famous grey whale migration season is long over, summer whale watchers can spot the world’s largest living animal: the blue whale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926439\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1926439\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1280\" height=\"853\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad.jpg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A blue whale skeleton has hung in the California Academy of Sciences for years — the new exhibit is designed to draw attention to the classic specimen. \u003ccite>(Kathryn Whitney/California Academy of Sciences)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the best ways to learn about California’s giants and why the state became home to these giants is by visiting a new exhibit at the California Academy of Sciences called \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/giants-of-land-and-sea\">Giants of Land and Sea\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It isn’t happenstance that California and the waters off our coast are home to these giants. As the new exhibit explains, bigness emerges partly from the particulars of life here – the ocean currents and our famous fog.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/giants-of-land-and-sea\">\u003cem>Giants of Land and Sea\u003c/em>\u003c/a> opened June 15. Highlights include:\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>A blue whale skeleton, 85 feet long.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>An immersive fog room, where visitors can feel what it’s like to be a redwood.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>A series of films featuring the ecology of a redwood tree from roots to crown, shot by a drone in 6K definition.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli> Skulls and skeletons of marine mammals, including the massive northern elephant seal.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Strong winds drive ocean upwelling along the coast, bringing nutrients up from lower layers of the ocean to the surface. Plankton and krill multiply exhuberantly, providing food for the blue whale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those same winds bring cold water south from Arctic latitudes. When warm summer temperatures hit that cold water, a fog layer forms. The fog is drawn toward land, providing plenty of water for the redwood trees along the coast. Redwoods evolved the ability to tap into fog, absorbing some of its moisture through their leaves and funneling more to their roots. So ocean currents and weather systems unite in an ecological system primed to foster bigness in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, UC Davis paleontologist Geerat Vermeij says ecology doesn’t tell the whole story of how the giants got so big. Plants and animals don’t evolve bigness just because they can, much like a car doesn’t move forward just because there is a road in front of it — someone has to get in the driver’s seat and turn it on. In other words, there needs to be an evolutionary driver, too. There has to be an advantage to being bigger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926847\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3888px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1926847\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"3888\" height=\"2728\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601.jpg 3888w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-160x112.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-800x561.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-768x539.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-1020x716.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-1200x842.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-1920x1347.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-1180x828.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-960x674.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-240x168.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-375x263.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-520x365.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3888px) 100vw, 3888px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A blue whale exhales through its blowhole, in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Long Beach, California on July 16, 2008. At up to 33 metres (110 ft) in length and 181 metric tonnes (200 short tons) or more in weight, are believed to be the largest animal to ever live on earth. \u003ccite>(ROBYN BECK/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Giants of the Sea\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Will Gearty, a paleobiologist at Stanford, \u003ca href=\"https://earth.stanford.edu/news/stanford-researchers-learn-why-aquatic-mammals-need-be-big-not-too-big\">thinks he knows what pushed many marine mammals to get big\u003c/a>: they needed to keep warm. Water pulls heat from a body much faster than air — it’s why you can get hypothermia in 60 degree water. A marine mammal needs to deal with this every day, and one of the best ways to prevent heat loss is to get bigger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”gCcjqCUvcP2T3Zcw1sJPe746KEzUSrk9″]“The amount of skin they have compared to how much stuff inside they have goes down,” Gearty says, “and so they lose less heat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gearty calculated the optimal size a mammal would need to be in order to stay warm in the water, and it turns out that’s about the size of a manatee. Relative to most land mammals, that’s pretty big, and it’s comparable to many marine mammals we do see. But it’s a whole lot smaller than a blue whale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research published last year suggested it was food density, not food availability, that drove the evolution of the biggest whales. Bigger whales were more efficient consumers of dense pockets of krill than smaller whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Vermeij favors a different hypothesis: killer whales and giant sharks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It turns out that the evolution of the very largest whales pretty closely coincides with the evolution of killer whales,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Killer whales aren’t all that big, but they are social hunters, which allows them to bring down really large prey. Other early whales may have encountered Megalodon, a giant shark that stretched 59 feet from nose to tail. Being bigger than the Megalodon would have helped whales avoid becoming prey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926436\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1280\" height=\"960\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1926436\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest.jpg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Redwood trees often reach heights greater than 300 feet. \u003ccite>(Kathryn Whitney/California Academy of Sciences)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Giants on Land\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that redwood trees evolved a second trait that, like their ability to absorb water from fog, allows them to thrive as huge trees: Redwoods are extraordinarily good at not dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right']While some other towering tree species invest in growing very fast, redwoods invest in defense: pest-resistant heartwood, fire resistant bark, and an impressive ability to regrow damaged trunks and branches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s incredibly difficult to kill a redwood,” says Tamara Schwarz, director of exhibit development at the CalAcademy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the hundreds or thousands of years that a redwood may live, even moderate growth adds up. The evolutionary driver of bigness in redwoods may be the advantage in being good at survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or it may be simply be that being taller means better access to sunlight in the dark forest. On the other hand, trees compete for sunlight in every forest, and the oldest trees on earth, the bristlecone pines, are not particularly big.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers don’t really know for sure what drives bigness in redwood trees. But an answer\u003cb> \u003c/b>may lie in the redwood’s unusual, enormous genome, currently the topic of study for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.savetheredwoods.org/project/redwood-genome-project/\">Redwood Genome Project\u003c/a>. The redwood genome is ten times the size of the human genome, with six copies of its chromosomes (both humans and giant sequoias only have two copies). Mapping the redwood genome may uncover genes that explain how the redwood got so big.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926438\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1926438\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At the new exhibit, visitors can see a 9-foot tall redwood section up close and learn about how it tells the stories of the tree’s lifetime. \u003ccite>(Kathryn Whitney/California Academy of Sciences)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Giants in a Time of Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental conditions like fog and food availability might not have been the only factors in the evolution of giants, but if those conditions change, it might be enough threaten California’s iconic species. Climate change could disrupt the ocean dynamics that generate abundant food and fog. Stanford’s Gearty says the biggest concern for whales is that they will no longer have enough food to sustain their huge bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The future of redwoods may be bit less gloomy. Fog levels have declined over recent decades, but it’s unclear whether this will hurt the redwoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some researchers say higher levels of carbon dioxide could help redwoods grow. When trees take in carbon dioxide, they lose water, but when there’s a higher concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, trees can sequester more carbon for the same amount of water lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You get more bang for your buck,” says Humboldt State’s Kerhoulas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And though drought and warmer temperatures might be stressful, especially for younger redwood forests, the same resilience that has allowed the redwoods and sequoias to grow so tall seems to be helping them cope with climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not all totally doom and gloom,” Kerhoulas says. “These two ancient tree species, they have survived deep time, millions of years. And so from what I can tell, it seems like they are displaying a pretty high level of drought resistance and resilience.”\u003cbr>\n \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A new exhibit at the California Academy of Sciences explores what it is about California's ecology that so readily fosters bigness.",
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"title": "The Giants of California: How Redwoods and Whales Got So Big | KQED",
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"headline": "The Giants of California: How Redwoods and Whales Got So Big",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When Virginia-based ecologist Jeff Atkins visited the giant redwood trees at Muir Woods National Monument, he saw something that blew his mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remember watching drops of water falling from the top of the canopy,” he wrote on Twitter. “And it took forever for them to fall. I mean FOREVER!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redwood trees are so tall that, standing on the forest floor, you can’t see to the tops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You crane your head back and you look up, up, up, up, and it becomes a blur as you get into the crown,” says Lucy Kerhoulas, professor of forest physiology at Humboldt State University. You can’t really know what’s up there, unless you actually go up and climb,” which Kerhoulas has.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Summer in California is a great time to hang out with giants: the giant sequoias in Yosemite National Park, or the giant redwood trees in forests from Big Sur to the Oregon border. And though the famous grey whale migration season is long over, summer whale watchers can spot the world’s largest living animal: the blue whale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926439\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1926439\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1280\" height=\"853\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad.jpg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A blue whale skeleton has hung in the California Academy of Sciences for years — the new exhibit is designed to draw attention to the classic specimen. \u003ccite>(Kathryn Whitney/California Academy of Sciences)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the best ways to learn about California’s giants and why the state became home to these giants is by visiting a new exhibit at the California Academy of Sciences called \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/giants-of-land-and-sea\">Giants of Land and Sea\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It isn’t happenstance that California and the waters off our coast are home to these giants. As the new exhibit explains, bigness emerges partly from the particulars of life here – the ocean currents and our famous fog.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/giants-of-land-and-sea\">\u003cem>Giants of Land and Sea\u003c/em>\u003c/a> opened June 15. Highlights include:\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>A blue whale skeleton, 85 feet long.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>An immersive fog room, where visitors can feel what it’s like to be a redwood.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>A series of films featuring the ecology of a redwood tree from roots to crown, shot by a drone in 6K definition.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli> Skulls and skeletons of marine mammals, including the massive northern elephant seal.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Strong winds drive ocean upwelling along the coast, bringing nutrients up from lower layers of the ocean to the surface. Plankton and krill multiply exhuberantly, providing food for the blue whale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those same winds bring cold water south from Arctic latitudes. When warm summer temperatures hit that cold water, a fog layer forms. The fog is drawn toward land, providing plenty of water for the redwood trees along the coast. Redwoods evolved the ability to tap into fog, absorbing some of its moisture through their leaves and funneling more to their roots. So ocean currents and weather systems unite in an ecological system primed to foster bigness in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, UC Davis paleontologist Geerat Vermeij says ecology doesn’t tell the whole story of how the giants got so big. Plants and animals don’t evolve bigness just because they can, much like a car doesn’t move forward just because there is a road in front of it — someone has to get in the driver’s seat and turn it on. In other words, there needs to be an evolutionary driver, too. There has to be an advantage to being bigger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926847\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3888px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1926847\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"3888\" height=\"2728\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601.jpg 3888w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-160x112.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-800x561.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-768x539.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-1020x716.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-1200x842.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-1920x1347.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-1180x828.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-960x674.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-240x168.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-375x263.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-520x365.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3888px) 100vw, 3888px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A blue whale exhales through its blowhole, in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Long Beach, California on July 16, 2008. At up to 33 metres (110 ft) in length and 181 metric tonnes (200 short tons) or more in weight, are believed to be the largest animal to ever live on earth. \u003ccite>(ROBYN BECK/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Giants of the Sea\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Will Gearty, a paleobiologist at Stanford, \u003ca href=\"https://earth.stanford.edu/news/stanford-researchers-learn-why-aquatic-mammals-need-be-big-not-too-big\">thinks he knows what pushed many marine mammals to get big\u003c/a>: they needed to keep warm. Water pulls heat from a body much faster than air — it’s why you can get hypothermia in 60 degree water. A marine mammal needs to deal with this every day, and one of the best ways to prevent heat loss is to get bigger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>“The amount of skin they have compared to how much stuff inside they have goes down,” Gearty says, “and so they lose less heat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gearty calculated the optimal size a mammal would need to be in order to stay warm in the water, and it turns out that’s about the size of a manatee. Relative to most land mammals, that’s pretty big, and it’s comparable to many marine mammals we do see. But it’s a whole lot smaller than a blue whale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research published last year suggested it was food density, not food availability, that drove the evolution of the biggest whales. Bigger whales were more efficient consumers of dense pockets of krill than smaller whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Vermeij favors a different hypothesis: killer whales and giant sharks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It turns out that the evolution of the very largest whales pretty closely coincides with the evolution of killer whales,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Killer whales aren’t all that big, but they are social hunters, which allows them to bring down really large prey. Other early whales may have encountered Megalodon, a giant shark that stretched 59 feet from nose to tail. Being bigger than the Megalodon would have helped whales avoid becoming prey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926436\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1280\" height=\"960\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1926436\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest.jpg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Redwood trees often reach heights greater than 300 feet. \u003ccite>(Kathryn Whitney/California Academy of Sciences)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Giants on Land\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that redwood trees evolved a second trait that, like their ability to absorb water from fog, allows them to thrive as huge trees: Redwoods are extraordinarily good at not dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>While some other towering tree species invest in growing very fast, redwoods invest in defense: pest-resistant heartwood, fire resistant bark, and an impressive ability to regrow damaged trunks and branches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s incredibly difficult to kill a redwood,” says Tamara Schwarz, director of exhibit development at the CalAcademy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the hundreds or thousands of years that a redwood may live, even moderate growth adds up. The evolutionary driver of bigness in redwoods may be the advantage in being good at survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or it may be simply be that being taller means better access to sunlight in the dark forest. On the other hand, trees compete for sunlight in every forest, and the oldest trees on earth, the bristlecone pines, are not particularly big.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers don’t really know for sure what drives bigness in redwood trees. But an answer\u003cb> \u003c/b>may lie in the redwood’s unusual, enormous genome, currently the topic of study for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.savetheredwoods.org/project/redwood-genome-project/\">Redwood Genome Project\u003c/a>. The redwood genome is ten times the size of the human genome, with six copies of its chromosomes (both humans and giant sequoias only have two copies). Mapping the redwood genome may uncover genes that explain how the redwood got so big.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926438\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1926438\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At the new exhibit, visitors can see a 9-foot tall redwood section up close and learn about how it tells the stories of the tree’s lifetime. \u003ccite>(Kathryn Whitney/California Academy of Sciences)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Giants in a Time of Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental conditions like fog and food availability might not have been the only factors in the evolution of giants, but if those conditions change, it might be enough threaten California’s iconic species. Climate change could disrupt the ocean dynamics that generate abundant food and fog. Stanford’s Gearty says the biggest concern for whales is that they will no longer have enough food to sustain their huge bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The future of redwoods may be bit less gloomy. Fog levels have declined over recent decades, but it’s unclear whether this will hurt the redwoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some researchers say higher levels of carbon dioxide could help redwoods grow. When trees take in carbon dioxide, they lose water, but when there’s a higher concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, trees can sequester more carbon for the same amount of water lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You get more bang for your buck,” says Humboldt State’s Kerhoulas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And though drought and warmer temperatures might be stressful, especially for younger redwood forests, the same resilience that has allowed the redwoods and sequoias to grow so tall seems to be helping them cope with climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not all totally doom and gloom,” Kerhoulas says. “These two ancient tree species, they have survived deep time, millions of years. And so from what I can tell, it seems like they are displaying a pretty high level of drought resistance and resilience.”\u003cbr>\n \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Wineries Hedge Against Climate Change, Move to Cool Climates",
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"content": "\u003cp>When an Oregon valley famed for its wine heats up under the afternoon sun, Pacific Ocean winds rush through a dip in the mountains, cooling the grapes in Jeff Havlin’s vineyards.[contextly_sidebar id=”eDF19SUjJuhjysuWkUd4ApPgsg2OI3DN”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Van Duzer Corridor, the lowest point in Oregon’s Coast Range, has become a go-to place for wineries and vineyards hedging their bets against climate change. Winemakers and vineyard owners in a 95-square-mile (246-square-kilometer) section of the corridor have applied to become the newest American Viticultural Area, with the wind its predominant feature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"div-gpt-ad-1470255291270-0\" class=\"ad-placeholder\">\n\u003cp>“When the temperature drops, you need a jacket in August,” said Havlin, who on a recent afternoon was driving a utility vehicle through his vineyards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From South Africa’s drought-stricken vineyards, to France’s noble chateaus, to sunny vineyards in Australia and \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/0b070f5c6faf48e5b1c4344f6a4d2c30/AP-PHOTOS:-Global-warming-makes-its-mark-on-wine-country\">California\u003c/a> , growers and winemakers say they are seeing the effects of climate change as temperatures rise, with swings in weather patterns becoming more severe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So they are taking action — moving to cooler zones, planting varieties that do better in the heat, and shading their grapes with more leaf canopy.[contextly_sidebar id=”dqf50nk29WrJPRSA8hetpNs2QKtJTZGX”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As areas once ideal for certain grapes become less viable, causing earlier harvests and diminished wine quality as grapes ripen faster, once-iffy sites like the Van Duzer (pronounced van DOO-zer) Corridor are coming into their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Northern California’s Petaluma Gap, which like the Van Duzer Corridor sucks in ocean breezes, was designated one of America’s newest viticultural areas in December. Receiving an American Viticulture Area designation allows winemakers to emphasize the unique characteristics of their wine, determined by climate, geography, soil and other factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even though we have those heat waves just like Napa and Sonoma, we still have the cool breeze in the afternoon and the cooler temperatures at night and the fog in the morning,” said Ria D’Aversa, director of ranch operations at McEvoy Ranch, a Petaluma Gap vineyard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The area’s slogan: “From wind to wine.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California winemaker Ehren Jordan said: “People would have looked at you like you had three heads if, 30 years ago, you told someone you were going to grow wine grapes there.”[contextly_sidebar id=”fB82I3TXnu1LEY0gYKDk4iXeLqD6pTHs”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His Failla winery, based in the Napa Valley, recently bought 80 acres (32 hectares) in the Van Duzer Corridor and opened a winery nearby. The corridor now has a half-dozen wineries and at least 17 commercial vineyards, with more on the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grapevines can tolerate heat and drought, and dry farming is traditionally practiced in parts of Europe. But the past four years have been the planet’s hottest on record, and more warming is expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even minor weather variations that occur vintage to vintage can change the grapes’ sugar, acid and tannin content, affecting the wine’s taste and characteristics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Familia Torres, a major wine producer based in Spain with wineries in California and Chile, bought land 4,000 feet (1,200 meters) high in the Pyrenees foothills as an investment in cooler climates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Average temperatures at the company’s vineyards have risen 1 degree Celsius (1.8 Fahrenheit) over 40 years, with the result that harvests are now about 10 days earlier than 20 years ago, company president Miguel A. Torres said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Torres called climate change a “very serious worldwide problem” for winemakers and said that, beyond changing viticulture practices, they should also try to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Severe drought in South Africa’s Western Cape caused a 15 percent drop in the grape harvest, officials announced in May, saying wine prices will likely go up as a consequence. A predicted long-term drying trend has serious implications for South Africa’s wine industry, said Wanda Augustyn of VinPro, which represents the nation’s wine producers and stakeholders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the longer term, producers will have to look at quality, drought-resistant vines which produce more flavor, acidity and intensity, but have lower water needs,” Augustyn said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winemakers are starting to set up in Brittany, France’s northwesternmost region, which previously was undesirable because of Atlantic wind, rain and lack of sunshine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These days, vineyards are even planted as far north as Sweden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greg Jones, one of the world’s authorities on climate change and wines, will be there this summer as a keynote speaker at the VitiNord wine conference, which will examine cooler-climate wine production. Sixteen cool climate regions warmed by 2.52 degrees Fahrenheit (1.4 Celsius) from the late 1800s through 2015, Jones noted at an earlier conference.[contextly_sidebar id=”ga8hfJ4BuOIbfV7KMYcZPfv6YuOqW0DE”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If things keep going the way they’re going, then we have some real challenges,” Jones said. “If you’re growing grapes in a given environment today with what we have going on out there, you should be trying other varieties in small numbers to see how they perform.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the warming trend is pushing some hotter wine regions out of optimum temperature range, it has made places like Oregon more suitable, particularly for pinot noir, a finicky, thin-skinned grape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the pinot noir pioneers arrived in Oregon from California in the 1960s, they had to contend with shorter growing seasons, more frost, winter freezes and more rain during harvest time, Jones said. They adjusted their farming techniques, and the climate became milder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, “we’re in the sweet spot,” Jones said in his office in Linfield College in McMinnville, Oregon, where he is director of wine education and a professor of environmental studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But eventually, if the trend continues, that perfect intersection between the weather and the grape clones being used today will fade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Willamette Valley Vineyards, just south of Salem, Oregon, is already preparing for that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The winery began growing grapes in the cooler Eola-Amity Hills, northwest of Salem, in 2007. It is also grafting different root stocks onto vines to produce pinot noir and chardonnay clones that perform better in longer, hotter growing seasons and that go deeper into the soil, making them more drought-resistant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you plant, you won’t get your first crop for four years, and your first wines in six years. And you won’t know if it’s a really great site for maybe 20 years,” said winery director Christine Collier Clair. “So when planting, you shouldn’t be thinking about what’s good for me now. You need to look pretty far out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As she spoke, customers enjoyed glasses of wine on a deck with a view of vineyards budding in the spring sunshine, the forested mountains of the Coast Range beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s our goal to keep this winery going for centuries to come,” Clair said. “We’ve been on this property for 37 years, and we want to be a winery that has sustained, just like some of the French chateaus have been there since the 1600s.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AP journalists Christopher Torchia in Johannesburg and Haven Daley in Petaluma, California, contributed to this report.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When an Oregon valley famed for its wine heats up under the afternoon sun, Pacific Ocean winds rush through a dip in the mountains, cooling the grapes in Jeff Havlin’s vineyards.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Van Duzer Corridor, the lowest point in Oregon’s Coast Range, has become a go-to place for wineries and vineyards hedging their bets against climate change. Winemakers and vineyard owners in a 95-square-mile (246-square-kilometer) section of the corridor have applied to become the newest American Viticultural Area, with the wind its predominant feature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"div-gpt-ad-1470255291270-0\" class=\"ad-placeholder\">\n\u003cp>“When the temperature drops, you need a jacket in August,” said Havlin, who on a recent afternoon was driving a utility vehicle through his vineyards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From South Africa’s drought-stricken vineyards, to France’s noble chateaus, to sunny vineyards in Australia and \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/0b070f5c6faf48e5b1c4344f6a4d2c30/AP-PHOTOS:-Global-warming-makes-its-mark-on-wine-country\">California\u003c/a> , growers and winemakers say they are seeing the effects of climate change as temperatures rise, with swings in weather patterns becoming more severe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So they are taking action — moving to cooler zones, planting varieties that do better in the heat, and shading their grapes with more leaf canopy.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As areas once ideal for certain grapes become less viable, causing earlier harvests and diminished wine quality as grapes ripen faster, once-iffy sites like the Van Duzer (pronounced van DOO-zer) Corridor are coming into their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Northern California’s Petaluma Gap, which like the Van Duzer Corridor sucks in ocean breezes, was designated one of America’s newest viticultural areas in December. Receiving an American Viticulture Area designation allows winemakers to emphasize the unique characteristics of their wine, determined by climate, geography, soil and other factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even though we have those heat waves just like Napa and Sonoma, we still have the cool breeze in the afternoon and the cooler temperatures at night and the fog in the morning,” said Ria D’Aversa, director of ranch operations at McEvoy Ranch, a Petaluma Gap vineyard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The area’s slogan: “From wind to wine.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California winemaker Ehren Jordan said: “People would have looked at you like you had three heads if, 30 years ago, you told someone you were going to grow wine grapes there.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His Failla winery, based in the Napa Valley, recently bought 80 acres (32 hectares) in the Van Duzer Corridor and opened a winery nearby. The corridor now has a half-dozen wineries and at least 17 commercial vineyards, with more on the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grapevines can tolerate heat and drought, and dry farming is traditionally practiced in parts of Europe. But the past four years have been the planet’s hottest on record, and more warming is expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even minor weather variations that occur vintage to vintage can change the grapes’ sugar, acid and tannin content, affecting the wine’s taste and characteristics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Familia Torres, a major wine producer based in Spain with wineries in California and Chile, bought land 4,000 feet (1,200 meters) high in the Pyrenees foothills as an investment in cooler climates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Average temperatures at the company’s vineyards have risen 1 degree Celsius (1.8 Fahrenheit) over 40 years, with the result that harvests are now about 10 days earlier than 20 years ago, company president Miguel A. Torres said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Torres called climate change a “very serious worldwide problem” for winemakers and said that, beyond changing viticulture practices, they should also try to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Severe drought in South Africa’s Western Cape caused a 15 percent drop in the grape harvest, officials announced in May, saying wine prices will likely go up as a consequence. A predicted long-term drying trend has serious implications for South Africa’s wine industry, said Wanda Augustyn of VinPro, which represents the nation’s wine producers and stakeholders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the longer term, producers will have to look at quality, drought-resistant vines which produce more flavor, acidity and intensity, but have lower water needs,” Augustyn said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winemakers are starting to set up in Brittany, France’s northwesternmost region, which previously was undesirable because of Atlantic wind, rain and lack of sunshine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These days, vineyards are even planted as far north as Sweden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greg Jones, one of the world’s authorities on climate change and wines, will be there this summer as a keynote speaker at the VitiNord wine conference, which will examine cooler-climate wine production. Sixteen cool climate regions warmed by 2.52 degrees Fahrenheit (1.4 Celsius) from the late 1800s through 2015, Jones noted at an earlier conference.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If things keep going the way they’re going, then we have some real challenges,” Jones said. “If you’re growing grapes in a given environment today with what we have going on out there, you should be trying other varieties in small numbers to see how they perform.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the warming trend is pushing some hotter wine regions out of optimum temperature range, it has made places like Oregon more suitable, particularly for pinot noir, a finicky, thin-skinned grape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the pinot noir pioneers arrived in Oregon from California in the 1960s, they had to contend with shorter growing seasons, more frost, winter freezes and more rain during harvest time, Jones said. They adjusted their farming techniques, and the climate became milder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, “we’re in the sweet spot,” Jones said in his office in Linfield College in McMinnville, Oregon, where he is director of wine education and a professor of environmental studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But eventually, if the trend continues, that perfect intersection between the weather and the grape clones being used today will fade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Willamette Valley Vineyards, just south of Salem, Oregon, is already preparing for that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The winery began growing grapes in the cooler Eola-Amity Hills, northwest of Salem, in 2007. It is also grafting different root stocks onto vines to produce pinot noir and chardonnay clones that perform better in longer, hotter growing seasons and that go deeper into the soil, making them more drought-resistant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you plant, you won’t get your first crop for four years, and your first wines in six years. And you won’t know if it’s a really great site for maybe 20 years,” said winery director Christine Collier Clair. “So when planting, you shouldn’t be thinking about what’s good for me now. You need to look pretty far out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As she spoke, customers enjoyed glasses of wine on a deck with a view of vineyards budding in the spring sunshine, the forested mountains of the Coast Range beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s our goal to keep this winery going for centuries to come,” Clair said. “We’ve been on this property for 37 years, and we want to be a winery that has sustained, just like some of the French chateaus have been there since the 1600s.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AP journalists Christopher Torchia in Johannesburg and Haven Daley in Petaluma, California, contributed to this report.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Nature Does Flood Control Better Than Concrete: One Idea in South San Francisco",
"headTitle": "Nature Does Flood Control Better Than Concrete: One Idea in South San Francisco | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">C\u003c/span>ities along San Francisco Bay have traditionally defended themselves against the menacing ocean with walls, levees, and pumps. But as seas rise, structures that keep water away may not be able to defend against an uncertain future. So urban and landscape designers are looking for alternatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We need to slow down water. It’s the first principle.’\u003ccite>Richard Mullane, Hassell\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Near Colma Creek, in South San Francisco, new ideas imagine embracing the bay, allowing water to move onto land, and allowing people to move on to water. If sea level rise reveals the vulnerabilities in our traditional relationship with water, it’s also opening the door to a new kind of thinking about the permeable relationships between water, land, and people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Creek Controlled by Concrete\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">C\u003c/span>olma Creek trickles to life among ferns and green grass in the saddle of San Bruno Mountain, and rolls through industrial flatlands to San Francisco Bay. The mountain’s foothills once tumbled almost directly into the waters of the bay, but decades of landfill and urban development have pushed the mountain and the shoreline apart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, creek waters flow in a concrete channel past boxy warehouses and industrial parks. I hop a short chain link fence with Ariel Cherbowsky-Corkidi, program director for \u003ca href=\"http://www.mountainwatch.org/\">San Bruno MountainWatch\u003c/a>. We crouch in the nook of a low bridge on a windy evening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Colma Creek had a really, really big salt marsh at its mouth that spread a pretty good ways inland,” Cherbowsky-Corkidi says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not anymore. We can smell tidewater, salty and fresh; so can shorebirds standing on dry patches of the creekbed. But the creek itself is locked in gray, 20 feet below us. A for-hire LimeBike rusts morosely in the shallow ripples. Cherbowsky-Corkidi says people have separated themselves from this creek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right']“We want to not be in contact with it, you know,” he says, “putting it behind fences and no trespassing signs. We’re kind of breaking that positive connection between people and water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To solve the problems of sea level rise in South City, experts say that positive connection must be restored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can create walls that protect against hundred-year storms, yeah,” says Richard Mullane, a landscape architect with the international firm Hassell. “But then for 99 years and 50 weeks, do we really want to be three or four meters away from the shoreline? We don’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Use Land to Control Water\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">A\u003c/span>s part of the Rockefeller Foundation’s Resilient by Design competition, Mullane’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/hassell/\">Hassell Plus team\u003c/a> set up a temporary office in a former bank in South San Francisco. Inside, Mullane grew native plants — the kind that would thrive along a rebuilt shoreline — and shared ideas for reconnecting the downtown core to the waterfront.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a Saturday in April, the Casillas family wandered in: Brisa, her husband Danny, and their one-year-old son Cruz. As they study a massive wall map, 30-feet by 20-feet, Mullane shows them where the bay will rise, and Brisa realizes their home and their jobs will be awash in blue within a few decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926614\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 2358px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1926614\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2358\" height=\"2909\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630.jpg 2358w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-160x197.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-800x987.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-768x947.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-1020x1258.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-973x1200.jpg 973w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-1920x2369.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-1180x1456.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-960x1184.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-240x296.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-375x463.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-520x642.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2358px) 100vw, 2358px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brisa and Danny Casillas, and their son Cruz, live in flood-prone San Mateo County but never thought about rising seas before. \u003ccite>(Molly Peterson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“What can we do?” says Brisa Casillas. “We live here and we have two other daughters, too. It is a concern.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Danny Casillas says he didn’trealize flooding had anything to do with rising seas. “I guess I never thought about it like that,” he says. But he does remember one incident of high water, fifteen years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was flooded down going to the freeway so I couldn’t get to school in San Mateo,” he says. “Yeah, I remember it was a nightmare, just cars all lined up on the street.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mullane tells Casillas that those high waters were a warning. More often now, extreme rainstorms and big tides will collide and fill the channelized Colma Creek, spilling floodwaters into the streets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/south-san-francisco/\">a proposa\u003c/a>l the Hassel Plus team \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nu-bSPOJxtI\">presented\u003c/a> publicly in May, they argue the solution is less concrete and more green.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to slow down water,” Mullane says.” “It’s the first principle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What would slow the water down is a wide, soft creek bottom that can absorb wave energy. Plus plenty of trees and native plants to sop up excess water. Then Mullane suggests expanding parkland surrounding the creek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once we slow down that water,” he says, “we need to have space for it whilst we wait for rising tides to reduce.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That space could look like a soccer field: grassy, flat, perhaps with sloping sides to contain the water. If you build a park in lowlands, it’s okay if it floods. That shows people how to share land with water, Mullane says. “We have to plan for extreme events and we have to plan for daily life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926618\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 960px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28870558_2017992898455355_1986297197578158080_n.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1926618\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28870558_2017992898455355_1986297197578158080_n.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"960\" height=\"720\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28870558_2017992898455355_1986297197578158080_n.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28870558_2017992898455355_1986297197578158080_n-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28870558_2017992898455355_1986297197578158080_n-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28870558_2017992898455355_1986297197578158080_n-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28870558_2017992898455355_1986297197578158080_n-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28870558_2017992898455355_1986297197578158080_n-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28870558_2017992898455355_1986297197578158080_n-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Resilient South City invited people to mark places on the aerial map that they love or want to see changed, or that had flooded in the past. \u003ccite>(Hassell)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Redeveloping open space into a soccer field would not only expand recreational opportunities at the shoreline, but also diversify them. The narrow concrete Bay Trail is useful for walking or riding a bike, both solitary, small-group activities. Soccer, the Australian Mullane points out, is a pastime that attracts crowds, and is popular with a diverse population. What that means is that one Hassell Plus-proposed soccer field could both re-engineer water flow and re-engineer the way people see the shoreline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mullane and the Hassell Plus team’s proposal for Colma Creek isn’t much more than an idea yet. The Resilient by Design Competition seeded conversations and ideas in 9 communities around the bay, but won’t fund entire projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Embrace the Bay With Softer Landscapes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">T\u003c/span>he argument that rebuilding a soft landscape can help the region cope with sea level rise has already found favor with Bay Area voters. Two years ago, across 9 counties, 69% of them approved \u003ca href=\"https://www.yesonaaforthebay.com/about\">Measure AA\u003c/a>, a 20-year effort to bring marshes back.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It was a pristine bay. Then we spent 100 years filling it in and considering wetlands waste.’\u003ccite>Dave Pine,\u003cbr>\nSan Mateo County\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“[Tidelands and marshes] are remarkable things both for the ecosystem and for flood protection,” says Pine, who also chairs the San Francisco Bay Restoration Authority. The authority eventually will hand out $500 million for potential projects, raised from Measure AA’s $12 annual parcel tax.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the first round of funding twenty-two sites applied for support; the restoration authority \u003ca href=\"http://sfbayrestore.org/\">will jump-start\u003c/a> just nine of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pine says this serves to underline the urgency of preparing for higher water. “If we don’t get it started, many of the opportunities will be lost because of the rising Bay,” he says. “There’s a big gap between the need and the funds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adaptations to rising seas that focus on green or natural infrastructure may cost less than walls, pumps and levees, which demand mechanical maintenance and more frequent upgrades. But even regional projects can cost tens of millions of dollars, and need approval from multiple local, state and federal agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, around Colma Creek, “It’s one of the few creeks in the county where we actually have a revenue stream to make some changes,” Pine says. San Mateo County created a flood control zone there in 1964.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926622\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1926622\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o.jpg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">South City flooding at Grand Avenue and Airport Boulevard in December 2014. \u003ccite>(Resilient South City)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Colma Creek isn’t unique in its historic separation of land and water. Neither is the starved shoreline of South San Francisco. Eighty percent of historic marshes around the bay are gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This area is one small corner of a San Francisco Bay that people have dramatically transformed over time. “It was a pristine bay,” says San Mateo County Supervisor Dave Pine. “Then we spent 100 years filling it in and considering wetlands waste and thought about carving the top of San Bruno Mountain off and putting it into the bay and we had dumps up and down the San Mateo County Bayshore.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through its widening, through the eras of meatpacking plants, and dumps, and industrial sites, land along the shoreline has reflected South San Francisco’s relationship to water, even just by distance from it. Now local leaders and designers say that sea level rise is making closeness to water inevitable: they’re suggesting we learn to embrace the water we once pushed away.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Near Colma Creek, new ideas imagine embracing the bay waters as the sea level rises, allowing water to move onto land, and people to move onto water.\r\n\r\n",
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"description": "Near Colma Creek, new ideas imagine embracing the bay waters as the sea level rises, allowing water to move onto land, and people to move onto water.\r\n\r\n",
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"headline": "Nature Does Flood Control Better Than Concrete: One Idea in South San Francisco",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">C\u003c/span>ities along San Francisco Bay have traditionally defended themselves against the menacing ocean with walls, levees, and pumps. But as seas rise, structures that keep water away may not be able to defend against an uncertain future. So urban and landscape designers are looking for alternatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We need to slow down water. It’s the first principle.’\u003ccite>Richard Mullane, Hassell\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Near Colma Creek, in South San Francisco, new ideas imagine embracing the bay, allowing water to move onto land, and allowing people to move on to water. If sea level rise reveals the vulnerabilities in our traditional relationship with water, it’s also opening the door to a new kind of thinking about the permeable relationships between water, land, and people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Creek Controlled by Concrete\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">C\u003c/span>olma Creek trickles to life among ferns and green grass in the saddle of San Bruno Mountain, and rolls through industrial flatlands to San Francisco Bay. The mountain’s foothills once tumbled almost directly into the waters of the bay, but decades of landfill and urban development have pushed the mountain and the shoreline apart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, creek waters flow in a concrete channel past boxy warehouses and industrial parks. I hop a short chain link fence with Ariel Cherbowsky-Corkidi, program director for \u003ca href=\"http://www.mountainwatch.org/\">San Bruno MountainWatch\u003c/a>. We crouch in the nook of a low bridge on a windy evening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Colma Creek had a really, really big salt marsh at its mouth that spread a pretty good ways inland,” Cherbowsky-Corkidi says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not anymore. We can smell tidewater, salty and fresh; so can shorebirds standing on dry patches of the creekbed. But the creek itself is locked in gray, 20 feet below us. A for-hire LimeBike rusts morosely in the shallow ripples. Cherbowsky-Corkidi says people have separated themselves from this creek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“We want to not be in contact with it, you know,” he says, “putting it behind fences and no trespassing signs. We’re kind of breaking that positive connection between people and water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To solve the problems of sea level rise in South City, experts say that positive connection must be restored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can create walls that protect against hundred-year storms, yeah,” says Richard Mullane, a landscape architect with the international firm Hassell. “But then for 99 years and 50 weeks, do we really want to be three or four meters away from the shoreline? We don’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Use Land to Control Water\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">A\u003c/span>s part of the Rockefeller Foundation’s Resilient by Design competition, Mullane’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/hassell/\">Hassell Plus team\u003c/a> set up a temporary office in a former bank in South San Francisco. Inside, Mullane grew native plants — the kind that would thrive along a rebuilt shoreline — and shared ideas for reconnecting the downtown core to the waterfront.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a Saturday in April, the Casillas family wandered in: Brisa, her husband Danny, and their one-year-old son Cruz. As they study a massive wall map, 30-feet by 20-feet, Mullane shows them where the bay will rise, and Brisa realizes their home and their jobs will be awash in blue within a few decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926614\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 2358px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1926614\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2358\" height=\"2909\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630.jpg 2358w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-160x197.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-800x987.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-768x947.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-1020x1258.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-973x1200.jpg 973w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-1920x2369.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-1180x1456.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-960x1184.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-240x296.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-375x463.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-520x642.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2358px) 100vw, 2358px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brisa and Danny Casillas, and their son Cruz, live in flood-prone San Mateo County but never thought about rising seas before. \u003ccite>(Molly Peterson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“What can we do?” says Brisa Casillas. “We live here and we have two other daughters, too. It is a concern.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Danny Casillas says he didn’trealize flooding had anything to do with rising seas. “I guess I never thought about it like that,” he says. But he does remember one incident of high water, fifteen years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was flooded down going to the freeway so I couldn’t get to school in San Mateo,” he says. “Yeah, I remember it was a nightmare, just cars all lined up on the street.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mullane tells Casillas that those high waters were a warning. More often now, extreme rainstorms and big tides will collide and fill the channelized Colma Creek, spilling floodwaters into the streets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/south-san-francisco/\">a proposa\u003c/a>l the Hassel Plus team \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nu-bSPOJxtI\">presented\u003c/a> publicly in May, they argue the solution is less concrete and more green.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to slow down water,” Mullane says.” “It’s the first principle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What would slow the water down is a wide, soft creek bottom that can absorb wave energy. Plus plenty of trees and native plants to sop up excess water. Then Mullane suggests expanding parkland surrounding the creek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once we slow down that water,” he says, “we need to have space for it whilst we wait for rising tides to reduce.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That space could look like a soccer field: grassy, flat, perhaps with sloping sides to contain the water. If you build a park in lowlands, it’s okay if it floods. That shows people how to share land with water, Mullane says. “We have to plan for extreme events and we have to plan for daily life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926618\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 960px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28870558_2017992898455355_1986297197578158080_n.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1926618\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28870558_2017992898455355_1986297197578158080_n.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"960\" height=\"720\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28870558_2017992898455355_1986297197578158080_n.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28870558_2017992898455355_1986297197578158080_n-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28870558_2017992898455355_1986297197578158080_n-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28870558_2017992898455355_1986297197578158080_n-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28870558_2017992898455355_1986297197578158080_n-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28870558_2017992898455355_1986297197578158080_n-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28870558_2017992898455355_1986297197578158080_n-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Resilient South City invited people to mark places on the aerial map that they love or want to see changed, or that had flooded in the past. \u003ccite>(Hassell)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Redeveloping open space into a soccer field would not only expand recreational opportunities at the shoreline, but also diversify them. The narrow concrete Bay Trail is useful for walking or riding a bike, both solitary, small-group activities. Soccer, the Australian Mullane points out, is a pastime that attracts crowds, and is popular with a diverse population. What that means is that one Hassell Plus-proposed soccer field could both re-engineer water flow and re-engineer the way people see the shoreline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mullane and the Hassell Plus team’s proposal for Colma Creek isn’t much more than an idea yet. The Resilient by Design Competition seeded conversations and ideas in 9 communities around the bay, but won’t fund entire projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Embrace the Bay With Softer Landscapes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">T\u003c/span>he argument that rebuilding a soft landscape can help the region cope with sea level rise has already found favor with Bay Area voters. Two years ago, across 9 counties, 69% of them approved \u003ca href=\"https://www.yesonaaforthebay.com/about\">Measure AA\u003c/a>, a 20-year effort to bring marshes back.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It was a pristine bay. Then we spent 100 years filling it in and considering wetlands waste.’\u003ccite>Dave Pine,\u003cbr>\nSan Mateo County\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“[Tidelands and marshes] are remarkable things both for the ecosystem and for flood protection,” says Pine, who also chairs the San Francisco Bay Restoration Authority. The authority eventually will hand out $500 million for potential projects, raised from Measure AA’s $12 annual parcel tax.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the first round of funding twenty-two sites applied for support; the restoration authority \u003ca href=\"http://sfbayrestore.org/\">will jump-start\u003c/a> just nine of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pine says this serves to underline the urgency of preparing for higher water. “If we don’t get it started, many of the opportunities will be lost because of the rising Bay,” he says. “There’s a big gap between the need and the funds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adaptations to rising seas that focus on green or natural infrastructure may cost less than walls, pumps and levees, which demand mechanical maintenance and more frequent upgrades. But even regional projects can cost tens of millions of dollars, and need approval from multiple local, state and federal agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, around Colma Creek, “It’s one of the few creeks in the county where we actually have a revenue stream to make some changes,” Pine says. San Mateo County created a flood control zone there in 1964.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926622\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1926622\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o.jpg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">South City flooding at Grand Avenue and Airport Boulevard in December 2014. \u003ccite>(Resilient South City)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Colma Creek isn’t unique in its historic separation of land and water. Neither is the starved shoreline of South San Francisco. Eighty percent of historic marshes around the bay are gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This area is one small corner of a San Francisco Bay that people have dramatically transformed over time. “It was a pristine bay,” says San Mateo County Supervisor Dave Pine. “Then we spent 100 years filling it in and considering wetlands waste and thought about carving the top of San Bruno Mountain off and putting it into the bay and we had dumps up and down the San Mateo County Bayshore.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through its widening, through the eras of meatpacking plants, and dumps, and industrial sites, land along the shoreline has reflected South San Francisco’s relationship to water, even just by distance from it. Now local leaders and designers say that sea level rise is making closeness to water inevitable: they’re suggesting we learn to embrace the water we once pushed away.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Federal Judge Dismisses S.F. and Oakland Climate Lawsuit Against Big Oil",
"headTitle": "Federal Judge Dismisses S.F. and Oakland Climate Lawsuit Against Big Oil | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>U.S. District Court Judge William Alsup this evening \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4559782-2018-06-25-20-5b283-5d-20Order-20Granting-20MTD.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dismissed the climate change case\u003c/a> filed by the cities of San Francisco and Oakland against five oil companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The problem deserves a solution on a more vast scale than can be supplied by a district judge or jury in a public nuisance case.’\u003ccite>U.S. District Court Judge William Alsup\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The scope of the plaintiffs’ theory is breathtaking,” Alsup wrote in his ruling. “…anyone who supplied fossil fuels with knowledge of the problem would be liable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alsup said further that the science of climate change is not at issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All parties agree that fossil fuels have led to global warming and ocean rise and will continue to do so,” he wrote, “and that eventually the navigable waters of the United States will intrude upon Oakland and San Francisco.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, because the causes and dangers of global warming are worldwide, Alsup wrote, the remedy for the issue properly belongs in the legislative branch, not in the courts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">I have only had a minute to skim Judge Alsup’s decision dismissing Oakland/SF climate nuisance cases, but this is the key graf, seems to me — a global problem, says the judge, requires a global solution, and that’s beyond the courts’ power to provide \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/cOydRUmFvi\">pic.twitter.com/cOydRUmFvi\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Mike Burger (@ProfBurger) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ProfBurger/status/1011439044407037952?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 26, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>“The problem deserves a solution on a more vast scale than can be supplied by a district judge or jury in a public nuisance case,” Alsup wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit aimed to hold Chevron, BP, Royal Dutch Shell, ExxonMobil and ConocoPhillips responsible for the costs of adapting to sea level rise and other climate change burdens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”iawIDPrdZoKlRnHrr02OG7EZwn9BhrjS”]”Tackling the difficult international policy issues of climate change requires honest and constructive discussion,” said R. Hewitt Pate, Chevron vice-president and general counsel, in a statement. “Using lawsuits to vilify the men and woman who provide the energy we all need is neither honest nor constructive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city attorneys in Oakland and San Francisco said in separate statements that they’re disappointed and are reviewing the ruling and considering their options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These defendants must be held accountable for misleading the American people about the catastrophic risks to human beings and all forms of life on this planet caused by fossil fuel-driven global warming and sea level rise,” said Oakland City Attorney Barbara Parker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesman for the San Francisco city attorney’s office said they’re pleased the court recognized that the science of global warming is not in dispute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our litigation forced a public court proceeding on climate science, and now these companies can no longer deny it is real and valid,” said press secretary John Coté. “Our belief remains that these companies are liable for the harm they’ve caused.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawsuits in Washington and New York make federal claims similar to the arguments in the Oakland and San Francisco case, and their fates are now in doubt. Claims under different legal theories brought by other California cities continue to move through state and federal courts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>U.S. District Court Judge William Alsup this evening \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4559782-2018-06-25-20-5b283-5d-20Order-20Granting-20MTD.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dismissed the climate change case\u003c/a> filed by the cities of San Francisco and Oakland against five oil companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The problem deserves a solution on a more vast scale than can be supplied by a district judge or jury in a public nuisance case.’\u003ccite>U.S. District Court Judge William Alsup\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The scope of the plaintiffs’ theory is breathtaking,” Alsup wrote in his ruling. “…anyone who supplied fossil fuels with knowledge of the problem would be liable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alsup said further that the science of climate change is not at issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All parties agree that fossil fuels have led to global warming and ocean rise and will continue to do so,” he wrote, “and that eventually the navigable waters of the United States will intrude upon Oakland and San Francisco.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, because the causes and dangers of global warming are worldwide, Alsup wrote, the remedy for the issue properly belongs in the legislative branch, not in the courts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">I have only had a minute to skim Judge Alsup’s decision dismissing Oakland/SF climate nuisance cases, but this is the key graf, seems to me — a global problem, says the judge, requires a global solution, and that’s beyond the courts’ power to provide \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/cOydRUmFvi\">pic.twitter.com/cOydRUmFvi\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Mike Burger (@ProfBurger) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ProfBurger/status/1011439044407037952?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 26, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>“The problem deserves a solution on a more vast scale than can be supplied by a district judge or jury in a public nuisance case,” Alsup wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit aimed to hold Chevron, BP, Royal Dutch Shell, ExxonMobil and ConocoPhillips responsible for the costs of adapting to sea level rise and other climate change burdens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>”Tackling the difficult international policy issues of climate change requires honest and constructive discussion,” said R. Hewitt Pate, Chevron vice-president and general counsel, in a statement. “Using lawsuits to vilify the men and woman who provide the energy we all need is neither honest nor constructive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city attorneys in Oakland and San Francisco said in separate statements that they’re disappointed and are reviewing the ruling and considering their options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These defendants must be held accountable for misleading the American people about the catastrophic risks to human beings and all forms of life on this planet caused by fossil fuel-driven global warming and sea level rise,” said Oakland City Attorney Barbara Parker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesman for the San Francisco city attorney’s office said they’re pleased the court recognized that the science of global warming is not in dispute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our litigation forced a public court proceeding on climate science, and now these companies can no longer deny it is real and valid,” said press secretary John Coté. “Our belief remains that these companies are liable for the harm they’ve caused.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawsuits in Washington and New York make federal claims similar to the arguments in the Oakland and San Francisco case, and their fates are now in doubt. Claims under different legal theories brought by other California cities continue to move through state and federal courts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Era of Climate Refugees: Millions Lack Recognition or Legal Protections",
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"content": "\u003cp>This month, diplomats from around the world met in New York and Geneva to hash out a pair of new global agreements that aim to lay out new guidelines for how countries should deal with \u003ca href=\"http://www.unhcr.org/figures-at-a-glance.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">an unprecedented surge\u003c/a> in the number of displaced people, which has now reached 65.6 million worldwide.[contextly_sidebar id=”x8vQeWj5IftQurJWmJZ0kbnNWfMHPz0i”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s one emerging category that seems to be getting short shrift in the conversation: so-called “climate refugees,” who currently lack any formal definition, recognition or protection under international law even as the scope of their predicament becomes more clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2008, an average of \u003ca href=\"http://www.internal-displacement.org/database/displacement-data\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">24 million people\u003c/a> have been displaced by catastrophic weather disasters each year. As climate change worsens storms and droughts, climate scientists and migration experts expect that number to rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, climate impacts that unravel over time, like desert expansion and sea level rise, are also forcing people from their homes: A \u003ca href=\"https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/29461\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">World Bank report\u003c/a> in March projects that within three of the most vulnerable regions — sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia and Latin America — 143 million people could be displaced by these impacts by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"https://ejfoundation.org/what-we-do/climate/on-the-front-line-of-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bangladesh\u003c/a>, hundreds of thousands of people are routinely uprooted by coastal flooding, many making a treacherous journey to the slums of the capital, Dhaka. In West Africa, the almost total disappearance of Lake Chad because of desertification has empowered terrorists and forced \u003ca href=\"http://www.globaldtm.info/lake-chad-basin-crisis-monthly-dashboard-1-april-2018/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more than four million people\u003c/a> into camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a problem in the United States as well. An \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/puerto-rico-crisis/2-300-puerto-rican-families-displaced-hurricane-maria-are-about-n880356\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">estimated 2,300 Puerto Rican families\u003c/a> displaced by Hurricane Maria are still looking for permanent housing, while government officials have spent years working to preemptively relocate more than a dozen small coastal communities in \u003ca href=\"https://thinkprogress.org/newtok-alaska-gets-relocation-funding-35b4434242a6/\">Alaska\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/louisiana-climate-refugees-plan-roadblock_us_5ab402ade4b008c9e5f55c1b\">Louisiana\u003c/a> that are disappearing into the rising sea.[contextly_sidebar id=”D4QCdbxZQ91rfuAbMyMHMW5HkskZEoC6″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A December study by Columbia University climate researchers in the peer-reviewed journal \u003cem>Science \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/358/6370/1610\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">projected\u003c/a> that if global temperatures continue their upward march, applications for asylum to the European Union could increase 28 percent to nearly 450,000 per year by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But so far, there’s no international agreement on who should qualify as a climate refugee — much less a plan to manage the growing crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These people fall through the cracks,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.csis.org/people/erol-yayboke\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Erol Yayboke\u003c/a>, a development expert at the Center for Strategic and International Studies who helped author a May\u003ca href=\"https://www.csis.org/analysis/confronting-global-forced-migration-crisis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> report\u003c/a> on forced migration. “It’s hard for countries to come to a consensus on something like this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That difficulty took shape during the second and third weeks of June in the latest round of negotiations on the \u003ca href=\"https://refugeesmigrants.un.org/intergovernmental-negotiations\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Global Compact for Migration\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.unhcr.org/formal-consultations-on-the-global-compact-on-refugees.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Global Compact on Refugees\u003c/a>, which are due to be adopted at the U.N. General Assembly this fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the compacts were first proposed in 2016, there was some hope among migration researchers and advocates that they could provide a platform for new international policies on climate refugees, which had gained prominence since the 2015 Paris climate talks. But that hope was quashed in March, when Louise Arbour, the U.N. official leading the migration compact — which, of the two agreements, was considered the more likely venue for strong climate language — \u003ca href=\"https://www.devex.com/news/global-compact-for-migration-not-the-answer-for-climate-refugees-un-representative-92373\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told the European Union\u003c/a> that the document would not grant “specific legal international protection to climate-induced migrants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both compacts do make some reference to the climate. The \u003ca href=\"https://refugeesmigrants.un.org/sites/default/files/180528_draft_rev_2_final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">latest draft of the migration compact\u003c/a> calls on U.N. members to “better map, understand, predict and address migration movements, including those resulting from sudden- and slow-onset natural disasters, environmental degradation, the adverse effects of climate change” and “cooperate to identify, develop and strengthen solutions, including planned relocation and visa options” for climate migrants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.unhcr.org/5b1579427\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">refugee compact\u003c/a> stops much shorter, only mentioning climate as one of many factors that “may interact with the drivers of refugee movements.”[contextly_sidebar id=”O3EfVhrV8r5HT4P1mtehPYL7SpXnb3Fe”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ideally, the compacts should encourage countries to create new legal processes to document and manage climate migrants “so people can move before the water is literally lapping at their feet,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.sais-jhu.edu/users/nhall20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nina Hall\u003c/a>, a migration expert at Johns Hopkins University. As an example, she cited a plan in New Zealand to \u003ca href=\"https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/australianz/new-zealand-creates-special-refugee-visa-for-pacific-islanders-affected-by-climate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">offer up to 100 special climate visas\u003c/a> to Pacific Islanders — although that process is still in development and isn’t likely to open for several years, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the language in the compacts is too vague to spur much progress, she says, and in any case neither compact will be legally binding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have to be up front that the global compacts are not going to transform the landscape for climate migrants,” Hall says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate refugees pose a number of unique challenges for international policymakers compared to those displaced by persecution, the traditional driver recognized by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.unhcr.org/en-us/1951-refugee-convention.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1951 UN Refugee Convention\u003c/a>. While some people, like the Puerto Ricans displaced by Maria, are affected by a specific disaster, many others are forced to move because of slow-onset changes like sea level rise and desertification, which can make it hard to identify them as climate refugees. Researchers are still working to understand how climate change interacts with the panoply of other factors, including national security and local economic trends, that might prompt a family to move.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, the majority of today’s climate refugees are displaced within the borders of their own country, whereas the new compacts focus exclusively on cross-border movement. And for Pacific island nations that face a truly existential threat from sea level rise, there’s no legal precedent to guide how they might relocate to new territory in another country — if they \u003ca href=\"https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/no-retreat-climate-change-and-voluntary-immobility-pacific-islands\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">even want to move\u003c/a>. Even a comparatively simpler effort — \u003ca href=\"http:/isledejeancharles.la.gov/phase-1-resettlement-project\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">to relocate a community of fewer than 100 people in Louisiana\u003c/a> whose island home, Isle de Jean Charles, has lost 98 percent of its land to sea level rise since the 1950s, to a new town 40 miles inland — has taken several years and cost $50 million and still faces setbacks, including complaints from the predominantly Native American residents that the state government didn’t adequately involve them in the planning process.[contextly_sidebar id=”00I9yE15Q12hdFS6dQtjFHE8BfPMVmHE”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reality is there are tens of millions of these people, and we don’t agree on what we can do about them,” Yayboke says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the wave of nationalism and anti-immigrant sentiment that has swept across Europe and the U.S. in recent years has made it a challenge for the U.N. to even get governments to follow existing refugee protocol, let alone expand it to cover an entirely new class of refugee, Hall says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To get any progressive international policy, much less hard law, is almost impossible in today’s climate,” she says. “We’re not going to get any kind of binding convention on displaced people due to climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. pulled out of the migration compact in December, \u003ca href=\"http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/363014-us-pulls-out-of-global-compact-on-migration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">citing concerns\u003c/a> that it could impede the Trump administration’s immigration agenda. While that means the final agreement will be missing any commitment from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/top-25-destinations-international-migrants\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">world’s number-one migrant destination\u003c/a>, it does remove a potential roadblock to including climate-specific language, given Trump’s disbelief in climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In any case, the global compacts aren’t the end of the issue. A different U.N. task force that was established in the Paris climate agreement is set to deliver a new set of recommendations on climate refugees around the same time the compacts are adopted. They will likely focus on measures individual countries can take to prevent climate refugees from being displaced in the first place, says \u003ca href=\"https://sidw.org/mariam-traore-chazalnoel\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mariam Traore Chazalnoel\u003c/a>, a climate expert at the U.N.’s International Organization for Migration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most people don’t actually want to migrate,” she says. “They would rather stay where they are. But they need the \u003cem>means\u003c/em> to stay where they are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could include programs to train and equip farmers for drought tolerance, she says, raise homes out of flood plains, and other measures aimed at increasing communities’ resilience to climate shocks. Yayboke believes that development agencies need to step up funding for climate adaptation programs, which can help prevent displacement and reduce government spending on recovery from predictable natural disasters later on.[contextly_sidebar id=”lD8t2ypUt2JcYfF677KFvdPB7yFAlEBd”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are spending so much money on this stuff, but we’re being totally reactive,” he says. “There are proactive things we can do that we’re just not doing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Few places are more illustrative of that problem than Bangladesh. According to the CSIS report, up to 70 percent of the five million people living in Dhaka’s slums were displaced from their original home by environmental disasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The situation and scope of this problem is entirely new, and of biblical proportions,” says Steve Trent, executive director of the Environmental Justice Foundation, which released its own \u003ca href=\"https://ejfoundation.org/reports/climate-displacement-in-bangladesh\">report\u003c/a> on Bangladesh in 2017. “It demands an entirely new legal convention. The global compacts are a start, but it’s clear that they’re not enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.timmcdonnell.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Tim McDonnell\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> is a journalist covering the environment, conflict and related issues in sub-Saharan Africa. Follow him on \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/timmcdonnell\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Twitter\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> and \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/timothy.m.mcdonnell/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Instagram\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=The+Refugees+The+World+Barely+Pays+Attention+To&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>This month, diplomats from around the world met in New York and Geneva to hash out a pair of new global agreements that aim to lay out new guidelines for how countries should deal with \u003ca href=\"http://www.unhcr.org/figures-at-a-glance.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">an unprecedented surge\u003c/a> in the number of displaced people, which has now reached 65.6 million worldwide.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s one emerging category that seems to be getting short shrift in the conversation: so-called “climate refugees,” who currently lack any formal definition, recognition or protection under international law even as the scope of their predicament becomes more clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2008, an average of \u003ca href=\"http://www.internal-displacement.org/database/displacement-data\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">24 million people\u003c/a> have been displaced by catastrophic weather disasters each year. As climate change worsens storms and droughts, climate scientists and migration experts expect that number to rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, climate impacts that unravel over time, like desert expansion and sea level rise, are also forcing people from their homes: A \u003ca href=\"https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/29461\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">World Bank report\u003c/a> in March projects that within three of the most vulnerable regions — sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia and Latin America — 143 million people could be displaced by these impacts by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"https://ejfoundation.org/what-we-do/climate/on-the-front-line-of-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bangladesh\u003c/a>, hundreds of thousands of people are routinely uprooted by coastal flooding, many making a treacherous journey to the slums of the capital, Dhaka. In West Africa, the almost total disappearance of Lake Chad because of desertification has empowered terrorists and forced \u003ca href=\"http://www.globaldtm.info/lake-chad-basin-crisis-monthly-dashboard-1-april-2018/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more than four million people\u003c/a> into camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a problem in the United States as well. An \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/puerto-rico-crisis/2-300-puerto-rican-families-displaced-hurricane-maria-are-about-n880356\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">estimated 2,300 Puerto Rican families\u003c/a> displaced by Hurricane Maria are still looking for permanent housing, while government officials have spent years working to preemptively relocate more than a dozen small coastal communities in \u003ca href=\"https://thinkprogress.org/newtok-alaska-gets-relocation-funding-35b4434242a6/\">Alaska\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/louisiana-climate-refugees-plan-roadblock_us_5ab402ade4b008c9e5f55c1b\">Louisiana\u003c/a> that are disappearing into the rising sea.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A December study by Columbia University climate researchers in the peer-reviewed journal \u003cem>Science \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/358/6370/1610\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">projected\u003c/a> that if global temperatures continue their upward march, applications for asylum to the European Union could increase 28 percent to nearly 450,000 per year by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But so far, there’s no international agreement on who should qualify as a climate refugee — much less a plan to manage the growing crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These people fall through the cracks,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.csis.org/people/erol-yayboke\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Erol Yayboke\u003c/a>, a development expert at the Center for Strategic and International Studies who helped author a May\u003ca href=\"https://www.csis.org/analysis/confronting-global-forced-migration-crisis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> report\u003c/a> on forced migration. “It’s hard for countries to come to a consensus on something like this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That difficulty took shape during the second and third weeks of June in the latest round of negotiations on the \u003ca href=\"https://refugeesmigrants.un.org/intergovernmental-negotiations\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Global Compact for Migration\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.unhcr.org/formal-consultations-on-the-global-compact-on-refugees.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Global Compact on Refugees\u003c/a>, which are due to be adopted at the U.N. General Assembly this fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the compacts were first proposed in 2016, there was some hope among migration researchers and advocates that they could provide a platform for new international policies on climate refugees, which had gained prominence since the 2015 Paris climate talks. But that hope was quashed in March, when Louise Arbour, the U.N. official leading the migration compact — which, of the two agreements, was considered the more likely venue for strong climate language — \u003ca href=\"https://www.devex.com/news/global-compact-for-migration-not-the-answer-for-climate-refugees-un-representative-92373\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told the European Union\u003c/a> that the document would not grant “specific legal international protection to climate-induced migrants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both compacts do make some reference to the climate. The \u003ca href=\"https://refugeesmigrants.un.org/sites/default/files/180528_draft_rev_2_final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">latest draft of the migration compact\u003c/a> calls on U.N. members to “better map, understand, predict and address migration movements, including those resulting from sudden- and slow-onset natural disasters, environmental degradation, the adverse effects of climate change” and “cooperate to identify, develop and strengthen solutions, including planned relocation and visa options” for climate migrants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.unhcr.org/5b1579427\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">refugee compact\u003c/a> stops much shorter, only mentioning climate as one of many factors that “may interact with the drivers of refugee movements.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ideally, the compacts should encourage countries to create new legal processes to document and manage climate migrants “so people can move before the water is literally lapping at their feet,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.sais-jhu.edu/users/nhall20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nina Hall\u003c/a>, a migration expert at Johns Hopkins University. As an example, she cited a plan in New Zealand to \u003ca href=\"https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/australianz/new-zealand-creates-special-refugee-visa-for-pacific-islanders-affected-by-climate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">offer up to 100 special climate visas\u003c/a> to Pacific Islanders — although that process is still in development and isn’t likely to open for several years, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the language in the compacts is too vague to spur much progress, she says, and in any case neither compact will be legally binding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have to be up front that the global compacts are not going to transform the landscape for climate migrants,” Hall says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate refugees pose a number of unique challenges for international policymakers compared to those displaced by persecution, the traditional driver recognized by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.unhcr.org/en-us/1951-refugee-convention.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1951 UN Refugee Convention\u003c/a>. While some people, like the Puerto Ricans displaced by Maria, are affected by a specific disaster, many others are forced to move because of slow-onset changes like sea level rise and desertification, which can make it hard to identify them as climate refugees. Researchers are still working to understand how climate change interacts with the panoply of other factors, including national security and local economic trends, that might prompt a family to move.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, the majority of today’s climate refugees are displaced within the borders of their own country, whereas the new compacts focus exclusively on cross-border movement. And for Pacific island nations that face a truly existential threat from sea level rise, there’s no legal precedent to guide how they might relocate to new territory in another country — if they \u003ca href=\"https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/no-retreat-climate-change-and-voluntary-immobility-pacific-islands\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">even want to move\u003c/a>. Even a comparatively simpler effort — \u003ca href=\"http:/isledejeancharles.la.gov/phase-1-resettlement-project\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">to relocate a community of fewer than 100 people in Louisiana\u003c/a> whose island home, Isle de Jean Charles, has lost 98 percent of its land to sea level rise since the 1950s, to a new town 40 miles inland — has taken several years and cost $50 million and still faces setbacks, including complaints from the predominantly Native American residents that the state government didn’t adequately involve them in the planning process.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reality is there are tens of millions of these people, and we don’t agree on what we can do about them,” Yayboke says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the wave of nationalism and anti-immigrant sentiment that has swept across Europe and the U.S. in recent years has made it a challenge for the U.N. to even get governments to follow existing refugee protocol, let alone expand it to cover an entirely new class of refugee, Hall says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To get any progressive international policy, much less hard law, is almost impossible in today’s climate,” she says. “We’re not going to get any kind of binding convention on displaced people due to climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. pulled out of the migration compact in December, \u003ca href=\"http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/363014-us-pulls-out-of-global-compact-on-migration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">citing concerns\u003c/a> that it could impede the Trump administration’s immigration agenda. While that means the final agreement will be missing any commitment from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/top-25-destinations-international-migrants\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">world’s number-one migrant destination\u003c/a>, it does remove a potential roadblock to including climate-specific language, given Trump’s disbelief in climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In any case, the global compacts aren’t the end of the issue. A different U.N. task force that was established in the Paris climate agreement is set to deliver a new set of recommendations on climate refugees around the same time the compacts are adopted. They will likely focus on measures individual countries can take to prevent climate refugees from being displaced in the first place, says \u003ca href=\"https://sidw.org/mariam-traore-chazalnoel\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mariam Traore Chazalnoel\u003c/a>, a climate expert at the U.N.’s International Organization for Migration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most people don’t actually want to migrate,” she says. “They would rather stay where they are. But they need the \u003cem>means\u003c/em> to stay where they are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could include programs to train and equip farmers for drought tolerance, she says, raise homes out of flood plains, and other measures aimed at increasing communities’ resilience to climate shocks. Yayboke believes that development agencies need to step up funding for climate adaptation programs, which can help prevent displacement and reduce government spending on recovery from predictable natural disasters later on.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are spending so much money on this stuff, but we’re being totally reactive,” he says. “There are proactive things we can do that we’re just not doing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Few places are more illustrative of that problem than Bangladesh. According to the CSIS report, up to 70 percent of the five million people living in Dhaka’s slums were displaced from their original home by environmental disasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The situation and scope of this problem is entirely new, and of biblical proportions,” says Steve Trent, executive director of the Environmental Justice Foundation, which released its own \u003ca href=\"https://ejfoundation.org/reports/climate-displacement-in-bangladesh\">report\u003c/a> on Bangladesh in 2017. “It demands an entirely new legal convention. The global compacts are a start, but it’s clear that they’re not enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.timmcdonnell.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Tim McDonnell\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> is a journalist covering the environment, conflict and related issues in sub-Saharan Africa. Follow him on \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/timmcdonnell\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Twitter\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> and \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/timothy.m.mcdonnell/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Instagram\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=The+Refugees+The+World+Barely+Pays+Attention+To&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Oil And Gas Industry Emits 60 Percent More Methane Than EPA Reports: Study",
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"content": "\u003cp>The nation’s oil and gas industry is emitting nearly 60 percent more methane than the official estimates of the Environmental Protection Agency, according to a\u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.aar7204\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> new study.\u003c/a> [contextly_sidebar id=”nZE8jEmsyCd7NTLNCds83wkJJsMXkhKt”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings, published in the journal \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.aar7204\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science\u003c/a>\u003c/em>, represent the “best estimate to date” of the environmental impact of the U.S. oil and gas industry, according to co-author Jeff Peischl, a scientist at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Earth System Research Laboratory, in Boulder, Colorado. The study was led by researchers at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/media/new-study-finds-us-oil-and-gas-methane-emissions-are-60-percent-higher-epa-reports-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Defense Fund\u003c/a>, with support from 19 co-authors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methane, the main ingredient in natural gas, is 80 times more potent than carbon dioxide as a heat-trapping gas over a 20-year period. It is emitted during the production and transport of coal, natural gas and oil. Study authors attribute the majority of these emissions to leaks, equipment malfunctions and operator errors. Researchers estimate the leak rate to be 2.3 percent, versus the current EPA estimate of 1.4 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Although the percentages seem small, the volume represents enough natural gas to fuel 10 million homes — lost gas worth an estimated $2 billion,” the EDF said in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/media/new-study-finds-us-oil-and-gas-methane-emissions-are-60-percent-higher-epa-reports-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statement that accompanied \u003c/a>the study.[contextly_sidebar id=”MPVsKnBjZurL3IhMGvXX5Gu6hV9YrO0N”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Collectively, the oil and gas sector emits 13 million metric tons of methane per year, according to the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers found that the environmental impact of methane leaks in 2015 was roughly the same as carbon dioxide emissions from all U.S. coal plants operating that year. The problem spotlights a key challenge for an industry operating in an increasingly competitive, low-carbon economy. From\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/21062018/methane-leaks-oil-gas-climate-change-risks-natural-gas-slcp-global-warming-pollution-science-edf-study\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Inside Climate News\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The study…presents some of the most compelling evidence to date that switching to gas from dirtier fuels like coal might not be as effective a climate strategy as its proponents suggest unless the gas industry improves how it controls leaks.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>For the report’s underlying data, researchers turned to more than half a decade of studies on methane emissions conducted by more than \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/documents/Experts_Roster_Methane_Studies_6.14.18.pdf\">140 researchers from 40 institutions\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is by far the most comprehensive body of research of its kind,” co-author Steven Hamburg, the EDF’s chief scientist, said in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/media/new-study-finds-us-oil-and-gas-methane-emissions-are-60-percent-higher-epa-reports-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statement\u003c/a>. “Reducing methane emissions from the oil and gas sector is the fastest, most cost-effective way we have to slow the rate of warming today, even as the larger transition to lower-carbon energy continues.”[contextly_sidebar id=”aX2zRp0OxjaSTMajTYlRE9wQe03gqdFZ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The International Energy Agency \u003ca href=\"https://www.iea.org/newsroom/news/2017/october/commentary-the-environmental-case-for-natural-gas.html\">estimates\u003c/a> the oil and gas sector can slash its methane emissions by 75 percent, with up to two-thirds of those cuts happening at zero net cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oil and gas industry is taking issue with the study’s reliance on older data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No new measurements were made for this study,” Richard Meyer, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.aga.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Gas Association’s \u003c/a>managing director of energy analysis, \u003ca href=\"https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2018/06/21/emissions-greenhouse-gas-methane-higher-than-epa-thinks/722391002/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told USA Today. \u003c/a>“Rather, the authors rely on previous scientific studies and a statistical method that produces higher emissions than previously estimated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right']The study come as the Trump administration\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1920211/u-s-district-court-rejects-trump-administration-attack-on-blm-waste-prevention-rule\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> attempts\u003c/a> to undo Obama-era regulations meant to limit harmful methane emissions from oil and gas production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EDF hopes to help governments and companies track their methane emissions by\u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/climate/how-methanesat-is-different\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> launching MethaneSAT\u003c/a>, a satellite that can measure and map human-caused methane emissions. The satellite is scheduled to launch in 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The nation’s oil and gas industry is emitting nearly 60 percent more methane than the official estimates of the Environmental Protection Agency, according to a\u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.aar7204\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> new study.\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings, published in the journal \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.aar7204\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science\u003c/a>\u003c/em>, represent the “best estimate to date” of the environmental impact of the U.S. oil and gas industry, according to co-author Jeff Peischl, a scientist at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Earth System Research Laboratory, in Boulder, Colorado. The study was led by researchers at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/media/new-study-finds-us-oil-and-gas-methane-emissions-are-60-percent-higher-epa-reports-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Defense Fund\u003c/a>, with support from 19 co-authors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methane, the main ingredient in natural gas, is 80 times more potent than carbon dioxide as a heat-trapping gas over a 20-year period. It is emitted during the production and transport of coal, natural gas and oil. Study authors attribute the majority of these emissions to leaks, equipment malfunctions and operator errors. Researchers estimate the leak rate to be 2.3 percent, versus the current EPA estimate of 1.4 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Although the percentages seem small, the volume represents enough natural gas to fuel 10 million homes — lost gas worth an estimated $2 billion,” the EDF said in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/media/new-study-finds-us-oil-and-gas-methane-emissions-are-60-percent-higher-epa-reports-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statement that accompanied \u003c/a>the study.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Collectively, the oil and gas sector emits 13 million metric tons of methane per year, according to the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers found that the environmental impact of methane leaks in 2015 was roughly the same as carbon dioxide emissions from all U.S. coal plants operating that year. The problem spotlights a key challenge for an industry operating in an increasingly competitive, low-carbon economy. From\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/21062018/methane-leaks-oil-gas-climate-change-risks-natural-gas-slcp-global-warming-pollution-science-edf-study\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Inside Climate News\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The study…presents some of the most compelling evidence to date that switching to gas from dirtier fuels like coal might not be as effective a climate strategy as its proponents suggest unless the gas industry improves how it controls leaks.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>For the report’s underlying data, researchers turned to more than half a decade of studies on methane emissions conducted by more than \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/documents/Experts_Roster_Methane_Studies_6.14.18.pdf\">140 researchers from 40 institutions\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is by far the most comprehensive body of research of its kind,” co-author Steven Hamburg, the EDF’s chief scientist, said in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/media/new-study-finds-us-oil-and-gas-methane-emissions-are-60-percent-higher-epa-reports-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statement\u003c/a>. “Reducing methane emissions from the oil and gas sector is the fastest, most cost-effective way we have to slow the rate of warming today, even as the larger transition to lower-carbon energy continues.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The International Energy Agency \u003ca href=\"https://www.iea.org/newsroom/news/2017/october/commentary-the-environmental-case-for-natural-gas.html\">estimates\u003c/a> the oil and gas sector can slash its methane emissions by 75 percent, with up to two-thirds of those cuts happening at zero net cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oil and gas industry is taking issue with the study’s reliance on older data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No new measurements were made for this study,” Richard Meyer, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.aga.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Gas Association’s \u003c/a>managing director of energy analysis, \u003ca href=\"https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2018/06/21/emissions-greenhouse-gas-methane-higher-than-epa-thinks/722391002/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told USA Today. \u003c/a>“Rather, the authors rely on previous scientific studies and a statistical method that produces higher emissions than previously estimated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The study come as the Trump administration\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1920211/u-s-district-court-rejects-trump-administration-attack-on-blm-waste-prevention-rule\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> attempts\u003c/a> to undo Obama-era regulations meant to limit harmful methane emissions from oil and gas production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EDF hopes to help governments and companies track their methane emissions by\u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/climate/how-methanesat-is-different\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> launching MethaneSAT\u003c/a>, a satellite that can measure and map human-caused methane emissions. The satellite is scheduled to launch in 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "its-not-about-the-facts-the-irrational-fight-over-climate-change-explained-in-one-cartoon",
"title": "The Irrational Fight Over Climate Change Explained in One Cartoon",
"publishDate": 1529527965,
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"headTitle": "The Irrational Fight Over Climate Change Explained in One Cartoon | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/428460/want-to-cut-your-carbon-footprint-get-liquefied-when-youre-dead\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_01_V03.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"3307\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_02_V02.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2756\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_03_V02Clean.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"3200\">\u003c/p>\n\u003ctable id=\"Table_04\" border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"16\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ABlank.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"446\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"11\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_B01Blank.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1073\" height=\"80\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"https://climate.nasa.gov/evidence\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_B02.jpg\" alt=\"NASA\" width=\"198\" height=\"80\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/climate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_B03Blank.jpg\" alt=\"NOAA\" width=\"649\" height=\"80\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"11\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/climatechange\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_C01Blank.jpg\" alt=\"The United Nations\" width=\"1073\" height=\"78\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"5\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_C02Blank.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"847\" height=\"78\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"11\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/11/4/048002\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_D01ClimateBlank.jpg\" alt=\"scientists\" width=\"1073\" height=\"80\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"5\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_D02Blank.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"847\" height=\"80\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"16\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_EBlank02.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"822\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left;border-collapse: collapse\" colspan=\"7\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/sustainability/climate-change.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left;border-collapse: collapse\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_F01Blank.jpg\" alt=\"BP\" width=\"887\" height=\"83\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left;border-collapse: collapse\" colspan=\"9\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"http://corporate.exxonmobil.com/en/current-issues/climate-policy/climate-perspectives/engagement-to-address-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left;border-collapse: collapse\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_F02Blank02.jpg\" alt=\"ExxonMobil\" width=\"1033\" height=\"83\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left;border-collapse: collapse\" colspan=\"9\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.shell.com/sustainability/environment/climate-change.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left;border-collapse: collapse\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_G01Blank02.jpg\" alt=\"Shell\" width=\"960\" height=\"73\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left;border-collapse: collapse\" colspan=\"7\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.chevron.com/corporate-responsibility/climate-change/policy-principles\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left;border-collapse: collapse\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_G2Blank.jpg\" alt=\"Chevron\" width=\"960\" height=\"73\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"16\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_H01Blank02.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"900\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-climatechange-military/climate-change-threatens-half-of-u-s-military-sites-pentagon-idUSKBN1FK2T8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_I01.jpg\" alt=\"U.S. Military\" width=\"548\" height=\"69\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"11\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-11-29/moody-s-warns-cities-to-address-climate-risks-or-face-downgrades\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_I02B.jpg\" alt=\"Moody's\" width=\"787\" height=\"69\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"https://catholicclimatemovement.global/statements-on-climate-change-from-the-popes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_I03.jpg\" alt=\"Popes\" width=\"585\" height=\"69\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.usclimatealliance.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_J01.jpg\" alt=\"cities and states\" width=\"548\" height=\"55\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"9\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.under2coalition.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_J02_V02.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"561\" height=\"55\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"4\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"http://dels.nas.edu/resources/static-assets/exec-office-other/climate-change-full.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_J03.jpg\" alt=\"U.S. National Academy\" width=\"811\" height=\"55\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"http://dels.nas.edu/resources/static-assets/exec-office-other/climate-change-full.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_K01.jpg\" alt=\"Sciences\" width=\"356\" height=\"54\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_K02.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"192\" height=\"54\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"7\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"http://dels.nas.edu/resources/static-assets/exec-office-other/climate-change-full.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_K03.jpg\" alt=\"U.K. Royal Society\" width=\"499\" height=\"54\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"6\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"http://fortune.com/2017/10/23/trump-climate-change-us-companies\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_K04.jpg\" alt=\"Fortune 500\" width=\"873\" height=\"54\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.interfaithpowerandlight.org/religious-statements-on-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_L01.jpg\" alt=\"Methodist\" width=\"489\" height=\"54\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.interfaithpowerandlight.org/religious-statements-on-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_L02.jpg\" alt=\"Lutheran\" width=\"261\" height=\"54\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"5\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.interfaithpowerandlight.org/religious-statements-on-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_L03.jpg\" alt=\"Episcopal\" width=\"297\" height=\"54\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"5\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.interfaithpowerandlight.org/religious-statements-on-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_L04.jpg\" alt=\"Presbyterian\" width=\"317\" height=\"54\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_L05.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"556\" height=\"54\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"4\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.interfaithpowerandlight.org/religious-statements-on-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_M01.jpg\" alt=\"Eastern Orthodox\" width=\"567\" height=\"63\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"4\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_M02.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"363\" height=\"63\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"8\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.rand.org/topics/global-climate-change.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_M03.jpg\" alt=\"RAND\" width=\"990\" height=\"63\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"6\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.opr.ca.gov/facts/list-of-scientific-organizations.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_N01.jpg\" alt=\"scientific organizations\" width=\"818\" height=\"60\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"10\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_N02.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1102\" height=\"60\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"16\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_O.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" width=\"356\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" width=\"133\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" width=\"59\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" width=\"19\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" width=\"183\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" width=\"68\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" width=\"69\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" width=\"43\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" width=\"30\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" width=\"87\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" width=\"26\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" width=\"36\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" width=\"162\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" width=\"64\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" width=\"29\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" width=\"556\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003ctable id=\"Table_05\" border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"https://news.gallup.com/poll/231530/global-warming-concern-steady-despite-partisan-shifts.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_05R_V02_A01.jpg\" alt=\"A Gallup Poll\" width=\"752\" height=\"86\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_05R_V02_A02.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1168\" height=\"86\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_05R_V02_B.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1302\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_05R_V02_C01Blank.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1229\" height=\"84\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsusa.org/sites/default/files/attach/2015/07/The-Climate-Deception-Dossiers.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_05R_V02_C02Blank.jpg\" alt=\"campaign\" width=\"691\" height=\"84\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_05R_V02_DBlank03.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1391\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003ctable id=\"Table_06\" border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_06_A_V02.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"823\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_06_B01.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"597\" height=\"81\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2017/11/10/16627256/conservatives-climate-change-persuasion\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_06_B02.jpg\" alt=\"synthesized\" width=\"417\" height=\"81\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_06_B03.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"906\" height=\"81\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_06_C.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2972\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921434/climates-day-in-court-maybe-not-the-great-debate-but-still-a-big-deal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_07_V04.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"4886\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
"blocks": [],
"excerpt": "Our story on eco-friendly cremation got slammed by Drudge Report readers after it appeared on the site. So we wondered: How is it that so many people reject what is known to be true?",
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"headData": {
"title": "The Irrational Fight Over Climate Change Explained in One Cartoon | KQED",
"description": "Our story on eco-friendly cremation got slammed by Drudge Report readers after it appeared on the site. So we wondered: How is it that so many people reject what is known to be true?",
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"headline": "The Irrational Fight Over Climate Change Explained in One Cartoon",
"datePublished": "2018-06-20T13:52:45-07:00",
"dateModified": "2024-09-05T16:16:43-07:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"source": "Climate Change",
"sticky": false,
"nprByline": "Mark Fiore, Jon Brooks and Lesley McClurg",
"path": "/science/1924974/its-not-about-the-facts-the-irrational-fight-over-climate-change-explained-in-one-cartoon",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/428460/want-to-cut-your-carbon-footprint-get-liquefied-when-youre-dead\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_01_V03.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"3307\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_02_V02.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2756\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_03_V02Clean.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"3200\">\u003c/p>\n\u003ctable id=\"Table_04\" border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"16\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ABlank.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"446\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"11\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_B01Blank.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1073\" height=\"80\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"https://climate.nasa.gov/evidence\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_B02.jpg\" alt=\"NASA\" width=\"198\" height=\"80\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/climate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_B03Blank.jpg\" alt=\"NOAA\" width=\"649\" height=\"80\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"11\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/climatechange\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_C01Blank.jpg\" alt=\"The United Nations\" width=\"1073\" height=\"78\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"5\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_C02Blank.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"847\" height=\"78\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"11\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/11/4/048002\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_D01ClimateBlank.jpg\" alt=\"scientists\" width=\"1073\" height=\"80\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"5\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_D02Blank.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"847\" height=\"80\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"16\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_EBlank02.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"822\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left;border-collapse: collapse\" colspan=\"7\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/sustainability/climate-change.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left;border-collapse: collapse\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_F01Blank.jpg\" alt=\"BP\" width=\"887\" height=\"83\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left;border-collapse: collapse\" colspan=\"9\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"http://corporate.exxonmobil.com/en/current-issues/climate-policy/climate-perspectives/engagement-to-address-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left;border-collapse: collapse\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_F02Blank02.jpg\" alt=\"ExxonMobil\" width=\"1033\" height=\"83\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left;border-collapse: collapse\" colspan=\"9\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.shell.com/sustainability/environment/climate-change.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left;border-collapse: collapse\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_G01Blank02.jpg\" alt=\"Shell\" width=\"960\" height=\"73\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left;border-collapse: collapse\" colspan=\"7\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.chevron.com/corporate-responsibility/climate-change/policy-principles\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left;border-collapse: collapse\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_G2Blank.jpg\" alt=\"Chevron\" width=\"960\" height=\"73\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"16\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_H01Blank02.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"900\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-climatechange-military/climate-change-threatens-half-of-u-s-military-sites-pentagon-idUSKBN1FK2T8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_I01.jpg\" alt=\"U.S. Military\" width=\"548\" height=\"69\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"11\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-11-29/moody-s-warns-cities-to-address-climate-risks-or-face-downgrades\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_I02B.jpg\" alt=\"Moody's\" width=\"787\" height=\"69\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"https://catholicclimatemovement.global/statements-on-climate-change-from-the-popes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_I03.jpg\" alt=\"Popes\" width=\"585\" height=\"69\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.usclimatealliance.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_J01.jpg\" alt=\"cities and states\" width=\"548\" height=\"55\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"9\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.under2coalition.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_J02_V02.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"561\" height=\"55\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"4\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"http://dels.nas.edu/resources/static-assets/exec-office-other/climate-change-full.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_J03.jpg\" alt=\"U.S. National Academy\" width=\"811\" height=\"55\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"http://dels.nas.edu/resources/static-assets/exec-office-other/climate-change-full.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_K01.jpg\" alt=\"Sciences\" width=\"356\" height=\"54\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_K02.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"192\" height=\"54\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"7\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"http://dels.nas.edu/resources/static-assets/exec-office-other/climate-change-full.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_K03.jpg\" alt=\"U.K. Royal Society\" width=\"499\" height=\"54\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"6\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"http://fortune.com/2017/10/23/trump-climate-change-us-companies\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_K04.jpg\" alt=\"Fortune 500\" width=\"873\" height=\"54\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.interfaithpowerandlight.org/religious-statements-on-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_L01.jpg\" alt=\"Methodist\" width=\"489\" height=\"54\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.interfaithpowerandlight.org/religious-statements-on-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_L02.jpg\" alt=\"Lutheran\" width=\"261\" height=\"54\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"5\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.interfaithpowerandlight.org/religious-statements-on-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_L03.jpg\" alt=\"Episcopal\" width=\"297\" height=\"54\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"5\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.interfaithpowerandlight.org/religious-statements-on-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" 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src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_N02.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1102\" height=\"60\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"16\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_O.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" width=\"356\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" width=\"133\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" width=\"59\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" width=\"19\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" width=\"183\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" width=\"68\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" width=\"69\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" width=\"43\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" width=\"30\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" width=\"87\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" width=\"26\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" width=\"36\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" width=\"162\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" width=\"64\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" width=\"29\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" width=\"556\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003ctable id=\"Table_05\" border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"https://news.gallup.com/poll/231530/global-warming-concern-steady-despite-partisan-shifts.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_05R_V02_A01.jpg\" alt=\"A Gallup Poll\" width=\"752\" height=\"86\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_05R_V02_A02.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1168\" height=\"86\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_05R_V02_B.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1302\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_05R_V02_C01Blank.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1229\" height=\"84\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsusa.org/sites/default/files/attach/2015/07/The-Climate-Deception-Dossiers.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_05R_V02_C02Blank.jpg\" alt=\"campaign\" width=\"691\" height=\"84\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_05R_V02_DBlank03.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1391\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003ctable id=\"Table_06\" border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_06_A_V02.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"823\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_06_B01.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"597\" height=\"81\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2017/11/10/16627256/conservatives-climate-change-persuasion\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_06_B02.jpg\" alt=\"synthesized\" width=\"417\" height=\"81\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_06_B03.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"906\" height=\"81\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_06_C.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2972\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921434/climates-day-in-court-maybe-not-the-great-debate-but-still-a-big-deal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_07_V04.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"4886\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "By 2045, Rising Seas Could Flood Thousands of Coastal Bay Area Homes",
"headTitle": "By 2045, Rising Seas Could Flood Thousands of Coastal Bay Area Homes | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Sea-level rise could swamp thousands of homes in the San Francisco Bay Area, most in Silicon Valley and Marin, within 30 years. A new study from the \u003ca href=\"https://ucsusa.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapSeries/index.html?appid=cf07ebe0a4c9439ab2e7e346656cb239\">Union of Concerned Scientists\u003c/a>, relying on federal government projections for climate change, found that more than 20,000 homes across California would chronically flood by 2045. That is about a mortgage-length’s-time from now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”pBabVtnXK8s0QM2QG6TRFgeMZivDTIuN”]UCS climate scientist Kristy Dahl, an author of the new report, says she noticed that the Bay Area homes most vulnerable to rising seas are in San Mateo, Santa Clara, and Marin counties. These are suburbs where people have typically moved to feel safe, says Dahl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The very suburbs people flocked to because they were affordable, you know we think of as being kind of safe havens,” Dahl says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one East Palo Alto zip code\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> more than a quarter of houses could see chronic inundation, on 26 or more days a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s on par for example with the number of homes that are at risk in Key West Florida,” Dahl says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”U5pgThP0v80FPqzl8jAOH5zreoILpNgU”]Dahl says one conclusion is that coastal property in the Bay Area is overvalued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area’s sea-level related risks aren’t limited to homes. Critical communal assets like power plants, water treatment plants, transit stations, highways and airports line the shoreline. Previous regional studies estimate, if a freeway floods five times as many people as the affected homeowners will feel the pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local counties say they’re aware of these risks — and they’re now starting to plan for them. Marin County \u003ca href=\"https://www.marincounty.org/depts/ad/divisions/management-and-budget/budget-overview\">will consider\u003c/a> spending on climate change planning as part of its budget process this week. And in San Mateo County, supervisors next week \u003ca href=\"https://cmo.smcgov.org/sites/cmo.smcgov.org/files/documents/files/FY%202018-19%20Recommended%20Budget.pdf\">will consider whether\u003c/a> to spend $429,500 of state money on climate vulnerability assessments over the next fiscal year.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Sea-level rise could swamp thousands of homes in the San Francisco Bay Area, most in Silicon Valley and Marin, within 30 years. A new study from the \u003ca href=\"https://ucsusa.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapSeries/index.html?appid=cf07ebe0a4c9439ab2e7e346656cb239\">Union of Concerned Scientists\u003c/a>, relying on federal government projections for climate change, found that more than 20,000 homes across California would chronically flood by 2045. That is about a mortgage-length’s-time from now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>UCS climate scientist Kristy Dahl, an author of the new report, says she noticed that the Bay Area homes most vulnerable to rising seas are in San Mateo, Santa Clara, and Marin counties. These are suburbs where people have typically moved to feel safe, says Dahl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The very suburbs people flocked to because they were affordable, you know we think of as being kind of safe havens,” Dahl says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one East Palo Alto zip code\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> more than a quarter of houses could see chronic inundation, on 26 or more days a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s on par for example with the number of homes that are at risk in Key West Florida,” Dahl says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Dahl says one conclusion is that coastal property in the Bay Area is overvalued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area’s sea-level related risks aren’t limited to homes. Critical communal assets like power plants, water treatment plants, transit stations, highways and airports line the shoreline. Previous regional studies estimate, if a freeway floods five times as many people as the affected homeowners will feel the pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local counties say they’re aware of these risks — and they’re now starting to plan for them. Marin County \u003ca href=\"https://www.marincounty.org/depts/ad/divisions/management-and-budget/budget-overview\">will consider\u003c/a> spending on climate change planning as part of its budget process this week. And in San Mateo County, supervisors next week \u003ca href=\"https://cmo.smcgov.org/sites/cmo.smcgov.org/files/documents/files/FY%202018-19%20Recommended%20Budget.pdf\">will consider whether\u003c/a> to spend $429,500 of state money on climate vulnerability assessments over the next fiscal year.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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