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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The normally year-round frozen ice “kind of rattles around in the Arctic now,” he says. “And [in] this area north of Greenland, what we’re seeing is that the ice is so thin and sort of loosely packed that a few days of strong winds in an unusual direction can push the ice away from the coast that it always collided with in its drift pattern.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Polar scientists have watched the duration and extent of Arctic Ocean ice decline for many years as a result of warming. But the loss of the Greenland section shows that warming is also changing how ice moves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while the Greenland ice breakup may be out of sight, for polar scientists, it’s not out of mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s another shift in the Arctic environment caused by warming. And scientists point out that the Arctic environment — its ocean currents, ice floes and wind patterns — affects the jet stream, which in turn influences the weather that people get across the Northern Hemisphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Some+Of+The+Oldest+Ice+In+The+Arctic+Is+Now+Breaking+Apart&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Bird Species Collapse in the Mojave, Driven by Climate Change",
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"content": "\u003cp>Bird populations in the Mojave are plummeting for lack of water, in an imbalance driven by climate change. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/early/2018/07/31/1805123115.full.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new study\u003c/a> from UC Berkeley finds shrinking rainfall has led to the loss of more than 40 percent of bird species, in a habitat that relies heavily on birds for basic functions such as pollinating plants and acting as both predator and prey.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Deserts are really amazing ecosystems where most of life has developed skills to live at the limits of where life can survive.’\u003ccite>Steve Beissinger, UC Berkeley\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This collapse of Mojave bird communities, say the authors, is a precursor to the overall loss of animals and other biodiversity in desert climates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mojave, which recently won the unenviable record for \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1928476/wowzers-death-valley-sets-tentative-world-record-for-hottest-month\">world’s hottest month\u003c/a>, routinely gets less than 2 inches of rain a year, a fraction of what most deserts receive. Yet even that small amount makes a huge difference, scientists found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Bird Species Now, and a Century Ago\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During a three-year survey of an area larger than the state of New York, senior researcher and UC Berkeley professor Steve Beissinger and his collaborator reported that today, there are 43 percent fewer bird species than existed in the desert a century ago. And of 135 remaining species surveyed, all but 3 were in some stage of decline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This work follows up on a previous UC Berkeley study done in 1908 by \u003ca href=\"http://mvz.berkeley.edu/Grinnell.html\">Joseph Grinnell\u003c/a>, the original Director of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology at Berkeley. Known for taking extremely detailed field notes, Grinnell’s study is rare in that it contains enough detail for modern researchers to recreate it. So researchers were able to \u003ca href=\"http://mvz.berkeley.edu/Grinnell/index.html\">look at the same sites\u003c/a> Grinnell surveyed 100 years later, and compare their results to his list of birds present in the Mojave at the turn of the 20th century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Grinnell definitely had a sense that he was giving us a record of what California was like in the early 1900s,” Beissinger says. “He gave us the gift of a baseline.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now, with the “partial collapse of the avian community,” the baseline has shrunk to around half the number of birds per location, compared to a century ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1929769\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1929769 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-800x647.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"647\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-800x647.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-160x129.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-768x621.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-1020x825.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-1200x971.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-1920x1553.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-1180x955.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-960x777.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-240x194.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-375x303.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-520x421.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Many recognizable birds, such as this Greater Roadrunner (Geococcyx californianus), are experiencing declines under climate change. Researchers say carnivorous birds such as these are hit particularly hard. \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/mypubliclands/30150329222/in/album-72157673900045520/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Lisa Phillips/Bureau of Land Management/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Why this matters has to do with the unique harshness of desert environments. Because deserts cannot support many large carnivores such as bears or mountain lions, birds become more important in the food web.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Birds are important seed dispersers, pollinators of plants, and top-level desert carnivores,” Beissinger says, “This collapse in the avian community indicates an imbalance in the Mojave. Maybe it’s an early warning system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an avid wildlife photographer, David Lamfrom, Director of California Desert and National Wildlife Programs at the National Parks Conservation Association, says it has been clear to him for years that birds are disappearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s a shot across the bow that climate change is happening even in our national park jewels.’\u003ccite>Steve Beissinger, UC Berkeley\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It’s the greatest fear for conservationists,” he says. “When you consider the Mojave is one of the quietest places on Earth, you begin to appreciate how rich birdsong is. Especially in its absence.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The one species doing well under these new conditions is the common raven (\u003cem>Corvus corax\u003c/em>). Both Beissinger and Lamfrom say this should not be a surprise. Whereas many desert birds are specialists who target a specific food resource in their habitat, such as a golden eagle who learns to hunt jackrabbits, ravens are generalists who can make do with what is available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re able to live around humans, fly long distances to find water, and eat so many things,” Beissinger says, pointing out that much of their food these days is picked from trash cans and litter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climate Change is Driving the Loss\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change can mean many things: warmer average temperatures (often with extreme spikes), reduced rainfall and more droughts, increased risk for fires, and more violent storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”LC2qCI4GGP41nvhg9UdnvuKonc0DX5iE”]When researchers looked to see what was causing the losses in birds\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> they found it was the loss of rain — not warmer temperatures — that most accurately explained the changes. Most locations Grinnell had surveyed are now drier, receiving as much as 20 percent less rain than a century ago. Springs and pools that traditionally supported desert wildlife are disappearing, and birds are losing water-rich sources of food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water is life, and water is fundamental to the desert,” says Lamfrom, “and the availability of water in the desert is having a real profound effect on how species can continue to survive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study also found that for many species, it came down to habitat preference and diet. As previously-reliable water sources dried out, so too did many seed-bearing plants which provide food (and water) for birds. As a result, many birds were forced to either travel long distances to better areas or to remain close to those few sites of refuge. Both strategies put them at risk of poor health and predation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Beissinger, the damage is so severe because so many desert species already exist at the absolute edge of their bodily tolerance. Even small increases in heat or decreases in rainfall can lead to lethal dehydration and overheating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1929321\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1929321\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/flower.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/flower.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/flower-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/flower-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/flower-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/flower-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cactus flowers ahead of a rare rain in Death Valley National Park. \u003ccite>(Amanda Heidt)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a series of studies, researchers are doing a \u003ca href=\"http://mvz.berkeley.edu/Grinnell/index.html\">broad resurvey\u003c/a> of all of Grinnell’s sites in the state, including those in the \u003ca href=\"https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e0e5/4a09e7f8206c01915b953e6ac39735a76c66.pdf\">Sierra Nevada\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://nature.berkeley.edu/breakthroughs/sp18/century-of-change-gift-of-baseline\">Central Valley\u003c/a>. In areas with lower temperatures and more reliable access to water, bird populations also dropped, but these are minor losses of close to three species per site. But it’s nothing like what is happening in the Mojave, where sites lost an average of 18 species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>National Park Jewels\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That this is happening in the Mojave at all, Beissinger stresses, is significant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a shot across the bow that climate change is happening even in our national park jewels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”W6Ry2KifKfPSxZJI9DlnVZRTWWD6p7UI”]Much of the Mojave is protected from human disturbance because it lies within either the Mojave National Preserve or Death Valley National Park. This keeps it safe from habitat loss, development, and hunting. A whopping 91 percent of Death Valley National Park, the largest national park\u003cb> \u003c/b>in the lower 48 states, has been designated as wilderness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are places we expect to be immune to the effects of people, Beissinger says; that these results can be so dramatic in a place as remote as this speaks to the necessity of addressing ongoing climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know these climate change problems are big,” he says, “and they really require us to address them now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lamfrom, too, points to other protected areas where birds are disappearing. Joshua Tree National Park, he says, was once home to a healthy population of mountain quail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a really unique bird, but it’s also not a bird you would usually think of when you think of places like Joshua Tree,” he continues, “You’d probably think of a place like the Sierras.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://cpp.usanpn.org/about\">Recent surveys\u003c/a> have failed to find the iconic California bird in Joshua Tree. As deserts across the country continue to become hotter and drier, Lamfrom says, perhaps the quail are returning to their namesake homes in the mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mountains can provide isolated pockets of protection,” Lamfrom says, “Many species are being pushed to higher altitudes to get away from the heat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When asked what can be done to help ease these effects in the future, Beissinger says the short-term solution is to place artificial water sources throughout the park for local wildlife. These might include small ponds or troughs with reliable access to water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Think of it as a big bird-bath in the ground,” says Beissinger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The longer-term solution has to involve managing groundwater, Beissinger says, because when aquifers are overdrawn, it’s the desert that dries out first.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Bird populations in the Mojave are plummeting for lack of water, in an imbalance driven by climate change. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/early/2018/07/31/1805123115.full.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new study\u003c/a> from UC Berkeley finds shrinking rainfall has led to the loss of more than 40 percent of bird species, in a habitat that relies heavily on birds for basic functions such as pollinating plants and acting as both predator and prey.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Deserts are really amazing ecosystems where most of life has developed skills to live at the limits of where life can survive.’\u003ccite>Steve Beissinger, UC Berkeley\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This collapse of Mojave bird communities, say the authors, is a precursor to the overall loss of animals and other biodiversity in desert climates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mojave, which recently won the unenviable record for \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1928476/wowzers-death-valley-sets-tentative-world-record-for-hottest-month\">world’s hottest month\u003c/a>, routinely gets less than 2 inches of rain a year, a fraction of what most deserts receive. Yet even that small amount makes a huge difference, scientists found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Bird Species Now, and a Century Ago\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During a three-year survey of an area larger than the state of New York, senior researcher and UC Berkeley professor Steve Beissinger and his collaborator reported that today, there are 43 percent fewer bird species than existed in the desert a century ago. And of 135 remaining species surveyed, all but 3 were in some stage of decline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This work follows up on a previous UC Berkeley study done in 1908 by \u003ca href=\"http://mvz.berkeley.edu/Grinnell.html\">Joseph Grinnell\u003c/a>, the original Director of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology at Berkeley. Known for taking extremely detailed field notes, Grinnell’s study is rare in that it contains enough detail for modern researchers to recreate it. So researchers were able to \u003ca href=\"http://mvz.berkeley.edu/Grinnell/index.html\">look at the same sites\u003c/a> Grinnell surveyed 100 years later, and compare their results to his list of birds present in the Mojave at the turn of the 20th century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Grinnell definitely had a sense that he was giving us a record of what California was like in the early 1900s,” Beissinger says. “He gave us the gift of a baseline.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now, with the “partial collapse of the avian community,” the baseline has shrunk to around half the number of birds per location, compared to a century ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1929769\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1929769 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-800x647.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"647\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-800x647.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-160x129.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-768x621.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-1020x825.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-1200x971.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-1920x1553.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-1180x955.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-960x777.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-240x194.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-375x303.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-520x421.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Many recognizable birds, such as this Greater Roadrunner (Geococcyx californianus), are experiencing declines under climate change. Researchers say carnivorous birds such as these are hit particularly hard. \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/mypubliclands/30150329222/in/album-72157673900045520/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Lisa Phillips/Bureau of Land Management/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Why this matters has to do with the unique harshness of desert environments. Because deserts cannot support many large carnivores such as bears or mountain lions, birds become more important in the food web.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Birds are important seed dispersers, pollinators of plants, and top-level desert carnivores,” Beissinger says, “This collapse in the avian community indicates an imbalance in the Mojave. Maybe it’s an early warning system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an avid wildlife photographer, David Lamfrom, Director of California Desert and National Wildlife Programs at the National Parks Conservation Association, says it has been clear to him for years that birds are disappearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s a shot across the bow that climate change is happening even in our national park jewels.’\u003ccite>Steve Beissinger, UC Berkeley\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It’s the greatest fear for conservationists,” he says. “When you consider the Mojave is one of the quietest places on Earth, you begin to appreciate how rich birdsong is. Especially in its absence.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The one species doing well under these new conditions is the common raven (\u003cem>Corvus corax\u003c/em>). Both Beissinger and Lamfrom say this should not be a surprise. Whereas many desert birds are specialists who target a specific food resource in their habitat, such as a golden eagle who learns to hunt jackrabbits, ravens are generalists who can make do with what is available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re able to live around humans, fly long distances to find water, and eat so many things,” Beissinger says, pointing out that much of their food these days is picked from trash cans and litter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climate Change is Driving the Loss\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change can mean many things: warmer average temperatures (often with extreme spikes), reduced rainfall and more droughts, increased risk for fires, and more violent storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>When researchers looked to see what was causing the losses in birds\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> they found it was the loss of rain — not warmer temperatures — that most accurately explained the changes. Most locations Grinnell had surveyed are now drier, receiving as much as 20 percent less rain than a century ago. Springs and pools that traditionally supported desert wildlife are disappearing, and birds are losing water-rich sources of food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water is life, and water is fundamental to the desert,” says Lamfrom, “and the availability of water in the desert is having a real profound effect on how species can continue to survive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study also found that for many species, it came down to habitat preference and diet. As previously-reliable water sources dried out, so too did many seed-bearing plants which provide food (and water) for birds. As a result, many birds were forced to either travel long distances to better areas or to remain close to those few sites of refuge. Both strategies put them at risk of poor health and predation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Beissinger, the damage is so severe because so many desert species already exist at the absolute edge of their bodily tolerance. Even small increases in heat or decreases in rainfall can lead to lethal dehydration and overheating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1929321\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1929321\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/flower.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/flower.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/flower-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/flower-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/flower-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/flower-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cactus flowers ahead of a rare rain in Death Valley National Park. \u003ccite>(Amanda Heidt)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a series of studies, researchers are doing a \u003ca href=\"http://mvz.berkeley.edu/Grinnell/index.html\">broad resurvey\u003c/a> of all of Grinnell’s sites in the state, including those in the \u003ca href=\"https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e0e5/4a09e7f8206c01915b953e6ac39735a76c66.pdf\">Sierra Nevada\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://nature.berkeley.edu/breakthroughs/sp18/century-of-change-gift-of-baseline\">Central Valley\u003c/a>. In areas with lower temperatures and more reliable access to water, bird populations also dropped, but these are minor losses of close to three species per site. But it’s nothing like what is happening in the Mojave, where sites lost an average of 18 species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>National Park Jewels\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That this is happening in the Mojave at all, Beissinger stresses, is significant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a shot across the bow that climate change is happening even in our national park jewels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Much of the Mojave is protected from human disturbance because it lies within either the Mojave National Preserve or Death Valley National Park. This keeps it safe from habitat loss, development, and hunting. A whopping 91 percent of Death Valley National Park, the largest national park\u003cb> \u003c/b>in the lower 48 states, has been designated as wilderness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are places we expect to be immune to the effects of people, Beissinger says; that these results can be so dramatic in a place as remote as this speaks to the necessity of addressing ongoing climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know these climate change problems are big,” he says, “and they really require us to address them now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lamfrom, too, points to other protected areas where birds are disappearing. Joshua Tree National Park, he says, was once home to a healthy population of mountain quail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a really unique bird, but it’s also not a bird you would usually think of when you think of places like Joshua Tree,” he continues, “You’d probably think of a place like the Sierras.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://cpp.usanpn.org/about\">Recent surveys\u003c/a> have failed to find the iconic California bird in Joshua Tree. As deserts across the country continue to become hotter and drier, Lamfrom says, perhaps the quail are returning to their namesake homes in the mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mountains can provide isolated pockets of protection,” Lamfrom says, “Many species are being pushed to higher altitudes to get away from the heat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When asked what can be done to help ease these effects in the future, Beissinger says the short-term solution is to place artificial water sources throughout the park for local wildlife. These might include small ponds or troughs with reliable access to water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Think of it as a big bird-bath in the ground,” says Beissinger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The longer-term solution has to involve managing groundwater, Beissinger says, because when aquifers are overdrawn, it’s the desert that dries out first.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke Says California Fires ‘Have Nothing to Do With Climate Change.’ He's Wrong",
"headTitle": "Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke Says California Fires ‘Have Nothing to Do With Climate Change.’ He’s Wrong | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>On Sunday, U.S. Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke argued that climate change is not a factor in California’s wildfires. Or at least, if it is, it doesn’t much matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve heard the climate change argument back and forth,” Zinke told KCRA 3, in Sacramento. “This has nothing to do with climate change. This has to do with active forest management.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m60146AeQ_g&w=560&h=315]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KCRA reporter Mike Luery, who conducted the interview, says Zinke brought up the subject on his own, before Luery could even ask him a question. Later, they returned to the topic. Luery has a transcript of the full interview and he read us Zinke’s answer, which doesn’t appear online:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The argument of climate change to me takes a backseat to ‘let’s manage it,’ ” Zinke said. “Because if it’s climate change, you still have to manage the forest.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zinke’s statement came just after a visit to the site of the Carr Fire, where a record-setting \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1928143/reddings-firenado-was-not-your-garden-variety-fire-whirl\">fire tornado\u003c/a> driven by extreme heat and wind amplified devastation on the western edge of Redding in late July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, the secretary seemed to acknowledge that climate played a role in the fire, though he did not use the words “climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘I’ve heard the climate change argument back and forth. This has nothing to do with climate change.’\u003ccite>Ryan Zinke\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Zinke \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/SecretaryZinke/status/1027141678749175808\">wrote on Twitter\u003c/a>: “Wildfires are burning hotter and more intense due to drier and hotter conditions and due to a buildup of dead and dying timber.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later, as \u003ca href=\"https://www.sacbee.com/news/state/california/fires/article216550420.html\">the Sacramento Bee reported\u003c/a>, Zinke also said that, “there’s no doubt the (fire) season is getting longer, the temperatures are getting hotter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That much is true. July \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/news/july-2018-was-11th-warmest-july-on-record-for-us\">was the hottest month on record in California\u003c/a>, based on more than a century of data. Research has shown that the \u003ca href=\"http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/371/1696/20150178\">fire season has gotten longer\u003c/a>. And California is still dealing with the effects of the severe drought between 2011 and 2017, which \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1918327/california-drought-kills-27-million-more-trees\">killed trees across California\u003c/a> (presumably the “dead and dying timber” that Zinke mentioned).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It’s Climate Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If it’s not clear what, exactly, Zinke thinks is responsible for the hotter, drier conditions and the longer fire seasons, fire and climate scientists, as well as California firefighters, have no difficulty putting a name to it: Climate change. Research has tied both the \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2015GL064924\">recent California drought\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/113/42/11770.short\">area burned in Western U.S. forests\u003c/a> to human-caused climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While other factors, like forest management, play a role, too, climate change is a “threat multiplier,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/aug/07/california-wildfires-megafires-future-climate-change\">wrote climate and fire scientists \u003c/a>Daniel Swain, Crystal Kolden, and John Abatzoglou last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zinke’s comments about forest management appear to refer to the increasing density of trees, shrubs, and grasses in many of California’s forests that have resulted from a century of fire suppression policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most fire scientists agree with Zinke that forest management is also a major factor in many of California’s fires. And while \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-hanson-miller-governor-fire-orders-20180525-story.html\">some environmental groups\u003c/a> oppose forest thinning in the name of habitat protection, some of the biggest conservation groups are among the most vocal supporters of forest management reform.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, Congress passed a bipartisan \u003ca href=\"http://resources.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Laird-Fire-Funding-Fix-statement.pdf\">“fire funding fix”\u003c/a> that is designed to free up funds for forest management projects. Prior to its passage, The Nature Conservancy \u003ca href=\"https://support.nature.org/site/Advocacy?cmd=display&page=UserAction&id=180\">was one of its biggest cheerleaders\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the state level, Gov. Jerry Brown is also a big supporter, having built $210 million of funding for forest management into the \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2018/06/27/governor-brown-signs-final-state-budget-with-record-rainy-day-fund-school-funding/\">state budget\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, in Washington, the Forest Service is facing budget cuts, and the Joint Fire Science Program, which supports wildfire research, much of it related to forest management, \u003ca href=\"http://www.wyomingpublicmedia.org/post/next-years-federal-budget-could-slash-funding-fire-science-and-research#stream/0\">may be eliminated\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Few Trees, Intense Fires \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless, forest management is only one driver of fire behavior in California. Though it has played a role in many California forests, cutting down trees won’t make wildfire behavior less extreme everywhere. Many of California’s largest and most destructive fires of the past two years have burned in places where there are few trees to begin with. The vast majority of land burned in the Thomas Fire, now the second-largest fire in California history, was chaparral (sometimes called “brush”), not forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/pyrogeog/status/1026581511464611840\">Tweeted\u003c/a> fire scientist Crystal Kolden:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">If you believe that the primary reason fires are getting worse is dead trees in forests, please explain why non-forest fires are also getting worse? (Hint: it starts with “climate” and ends with “change”) 🤔\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Dr. Crystal A. Kolden (@pyrogeog) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/pyrogeog/status/1026581511464611840?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">August 6, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>And when it comes to fire behavior, Cal Fire Battalion chief Jonathan Cox says that weather is more important than fuel load in the forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it’s hot, if it’s windy, that’s going to have a much greater impact on the fire behavior, as opposed to the fuel or the topography,” says Cox.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though climate and weather are not the same thing, they go hand-in-hand, with climate change driving shifts in day-to-day weather. Weather is saying, “It’s hot today.” But Zinke’s statement “the temperatures are getting hotter” is a description of a change in climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Allie Weill is a fire ecologist at UC Davis, currently serving as a AAAS Fellow at KQED Science. Jon Brooks contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On Sunday, U.S. Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke argued that climate change is not a factor in California’s wildfires. Or at least, if it is, it doesn’t much matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve heard the climate change argument back and forth,” Zinke told KCRA 3, in Sacramento. “This has nothing to do with climate change. This has to do with active forest management.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/m60146AeQ_g'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/m60146AeQ_g'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KCRA reporter Mike Luery, who conducted the interview, says Zinke brought up the subject on his own, before Luery could even ask him a question. Later, they returned to the topic. Luery has a transcript of the full interview and he read us Zinke’s answer, which doesn’t appear online:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The argument of climate change to me takes a backseat to ‘let’s manage it,’ ” Zinke said. “Because if it’s climate change, you still have to manage the forest.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zinke’s statement came just after a visit to the site of the Carr Fire, where a record-setting \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1928143/reddings-firenado-was-not-your-garden-variety-fire-whirl\">fire tornado\u003c/a> driven by extreme heat and wind amplified devastation on the western edge of Redding in late July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, the secretary seemed to acknowledge that climate played a role in the fire, though he did not use the words “climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘I’ve heard the climate change argument back and forth. This has nothing to do with climate change.’\u003ccite>Ryan Zinke\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Zinke \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/SecretaryZinke/status/1027141678749175808\">wrote on Twitter\u003c/a>: “Wildfires are burning hotter and more intense due to drier and hotter conditions and due to a buildup of dead and dying timber.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later, as \u003ca href=\"https://www.sacbee.com/news/state/california/fires/article216550420.html\">the Sacramento Bee reported\u003c/a>, Zinke also said that, “there’s no doubt the (fire) season is getting longer, the temperatures are getting hotter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That much is true. July \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/news/july-2018-was-11th-warmest-july-on-record-for-us\">was the hottest month on record in California\u003c/a>, based on more than a century of data. Research has shown that the \u003ca href=\"http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/371/1696/20150178\">fire season has gotten longer\u003c/a>. And California is still dealing with the effects of the severe drought between 2011 and 2017, which \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1918327/california-drought-kills-27-million-more-trees\">killed trees across California\u003c/a> (presumably the “dead and dying timber” that Zinke mentioned).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It’s Climate Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If it’s not clear what, exactly, Zinke thinks is responsible for the hotter, drier conditions and the longer fire seasons, fire and climate scientists, as well as California firefighters, have no difficulty putting a name to it: Climate change. Research has tied both the \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2015GL064924\">recent California drought\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/113/42/11770.short\">area burned in Western U.S. forests\u003c/a> to human-caused climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While other factors, like forest management, play a role, too, climate change is a “threat multiplier,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/aug/07/california-wildfires-megafires-future-climate-change\">wrote climate and fire scientists \u003c/a>Daniel Swain, Crystal Kolden, and John Abatzoglou last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zinke’s comments about forest management appear to refer to the increasing density of trees, shrubs, and grasses in many of California’s forests that have resulted from a century of fire suppression policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most fire scientists agree with Zinke that forest management is also a major factor in many of California’s fires. And while \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-hanson-miller-governor-fire-orders-20180525-story.html\">some environmental groups\u003c/a> oppose forest thinning in the name of habitat protection, some of the biggest conservation groups are among the most vocal supporters of forest management reform.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, Congress passed a bipartisan \u003ca href=\"http://resources.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Laird-Fire-Funding-Fix-statement.pdf\">“fire funding fix”\u003c/a> that is designed to free up funds for forest management projects. Prior to its passage, The Nature Conservancy \u003ca href=\"https://support.nature.org/site/Advocacy?cmd=display&page=UserAction&id=180\">was one of its biggest cheerleaders\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the state level, Gov. Jerry Brown is also a big supporter, having built $210 million of funding for forest management into the \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2018/06/27/governor-brown-signs-final-state-budget-with-record-rainy-day-fund-school-funding/\">state budget\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, in Washington, the Forest Service is facing budget cuts, and the Joint Fire Science Program, which supports wildfire research, much of it related to forest management, \u003ca href=\"http://www.wyomingpublicmedia.org/post/next-years-federal-budget-could-slash-funding-fire-science-and-research#stream/0\">may be eliminated\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Few Trees, Intense Fires \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless, forest management is only one driver of fire behavior in California. Though it has played a role in many California forests, cutting down trees won’t make wildfire behavior less extreme everywhere. Many of California’s largest and most destructive fires of the past two years have burned in places where there are few trees to begin with. The vast majority of land burned in the Thomas Fire, now the second-largest fire in California history, was chaparral (sometimes called “brush”), not forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/pyrogeog/status/1026581511464611840\">Tweeted\u003c/a> fire scientist Crystal Kolden:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">If you believe that the primary reason fires are getting worse is dead trees in forests, please explain why non-forest fires are also getting worse? (Hint: it starts with “climate” and ends with “change”) 🤔\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Dr. Crystal A. Kolden (@pyrogeog) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/pyrogeog/status/1026581511464611840?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">August 6, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>And when it comes to fire behavior, Cal Fire Battalion chief Jonathan Cox says that weather is more important than fuel load in the forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it’s hot, if it’s windy, that’s going to have a much greater impact on the fire behavior, as opposed to the fuel or the topography,” says Cox.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though climate and weather are not the same thing, they go hand-in-hand, with climate change driving shifts in day-to-day weather. Weather is saying, “It’s hot today.” But Zinke’s statement “the temperatures are getting hotter” is a description of a change in climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Allie Weill is a fire ecologist at UC Davis, currently serving as a AAAS Fellow at KQED Science. Jon Brooks contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Watch: Television Show Cautioned Viewers About Climate Change ... in 1958",
"headTitle": "Watch: Television Show Cautioned Viewers About Climate Change … in 1958 | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Watch starting at 50:12 …\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x1ph_7C1Jq4?rel=0&start=3012&w=560&h=315]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11683410/carr-fire-expands-in-shasta-two-wildfires-blaze-in-mendocino\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">conflagration\u003c/a> of California continues, the 17 blazes that have cumulatively burned an area the size of Delaware have also gotten people thinking about the connection between climate change and wildfires like never before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take the people who are writing in to NPR, for instance, criticizing the public media company for \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1929240/why-npr-doesnt-mention-climate-change-in-every-fire-story\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">not mentioning climate change\u003c/a> enough in its current fire coverage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s also showing up in online search behavior, as laid out in this graph from Google Trends mapping searches that contain both “climate change” and “California fires” over the last three years. It clearly shows a marked upswing in those queries since 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\u003ca href=\"https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=2015-07-10%202018-08-10&geo=US&q=%22california%20fires%22%20%22climate%20change%22\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1929222\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/climatechart-1020x280.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"977\" height=\"268\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/climatechart-1020x280.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/climatechart-160x44.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/climatechart-800x220.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/climatechart-768x211.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/climatechart-960x264.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/climatechart-240x66.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/climatechart-375x103.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/climatechart-520x143.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/climatechart.png 1143w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 977px) 100vw, 977px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Have we reached an inflection point where extreme weather and the warming climate have become inextricably linked in the public’s mind?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in the 1990s, climate change — in its earlier linguistic incarnation as “global warming” — was something most people only knew as that weird thing \u003ca href=\"https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/04/24/ozone-man\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Al Gore\u003c/a> liked to scold people about. Before that, NASA’s James Hansen brought the issue to the fore by \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/24/us/global-warming-has-begun-expert-tells-senate.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">testifying\u003c/a> to Congress that it was a near certainty that greenhouse gases were the culprit behind the earth’s warming trend.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Due to our release through factories and automobiles every year of more than 6 billion tons of carbon dioxide, which helps air absorb heat from the sun, our atmosphere seems to be getting warmer.’\u003ccite>‘Dr. Research,’ in the 1958 televised science special ‘The Unchained Goddess’\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In 1965, a panel of the Presidential Science Advisory Committee \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3227654-PSAC-1965-Restoring-the-Quality-of-Our-Environment.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> that “Man is unwittingly conducting a vast geophysical experiment. Within a few generations he is burning the fossil fuels that slowly accumulated in the earth over the past 500 million years.” The report said the climatic changes caused by the buildup of CO2 “could be deleterious from the point of view of human beings.” President Lyndon Johnson later made a public statement referring to the findings : “This generation has altered the composition of the atmosphere on a global scale through radioactive materials and a steady increase in carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how \u003ca href=\"https://history.aip.org/history/climate/Govt.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">far back\u003c/a> does awareness of climate change go? Well, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change \u003ca href=\"https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">traces\u003c/a> the evolution of the science back to the 18th century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for American media, you may be surprised that the idea made it to television in the 1950s. Check out the video at the top of the page, starting at the 50:12 mark. It’s a bit from a 1958 Bell Science Hour television special called “The Unchained Goddess,” part of a series produced and mostly written by Hollywood directing legend Frank Capra. This particular episode is all about weather, and the clip above specifically addresses the effects of climate change. The exchange features \u003ca href=\"https://current.org/1996/01/frank-baxter-televisions-first-man-of-learning/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Frank C. Baxter\u003c/a>, a popular academic of the time, playing “Dr. Research,” and the actor Richard Carlson playing “The Writer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It goes like this, and, with accompanying apocalyptic visuals and music, plays like a 45-second version of “An Inconvenient Truth”:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Dr. Research: Even now, man may be unwittingly changing the world’s climate through the waste products of his civilization. Due to our release through factories and automobiles every year of more than 6 billion tons of carbon dioxide, which helps air absorb heat from the sun, our atmosphere seems to be getting warmer.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Writer: This is bad?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Dr. Research: Well, it’s been calculated a few degrees rise in the Earth’s temperature would melt the polar ice caps. And if this happens, an inland sea would fill a good portion of the Mississippi valley. Tourists in glass-bottom boats would be viewing the drowned towers of Miami through 150 feet of tropical water. For in weather, we’re not only dealing with forces of a far greater variety than even the atomic physicist encounters, but with life itself.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We should say here that nobody’s anticipating a 150-feet sea level rise. But the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1924735/map-see-whether-your-home-is-at-risk-from-rising-seas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">projections\u003c/a> are bad enough as is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In any event, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/we-wont-stop-californias-wildfires-if-we-dont-talk-about-climate-change/2018/08/08/99768218-9a80-11e8-8d5e-c6c594024954_story.html?utm_term=.3790ee6c9327\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">media\u003c/a> right now appears to be less and less shy about making the \u003ca href=\"https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2018/07/30/climate-change-hellish-july-validates-forecasts-editorials-debates/855435002/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">connection\u003c/a> between these \u003ca href=\"http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow/2018/08/02/summer-weather-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">catastrophic weather events and climate change\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while the president \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1929060/trumps-confusing-tweets-on-california-fires-now-appear-to-be-actual-policy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tweets\u003c/a> as California burns, we note:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We are now only halfway through fire season.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "As the conflagration of California continues, a brief history of awareness about climate change, including a long-ago TV special on the weather, written and produced by Hollywood directing legend Frank Capra.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Watch starting at 50:12 …\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/x1ph_7C1Jq4?rel=0'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/x1ph_7C1Jq4?rel=0'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11683410/carr-fire-expands-in-shasta-two-wildfires-blaze-in-mendocino\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">conflagration\u003c/a> of California continues, the 17 blazes that have cumulatively burned an area the size of Delaware have also gotten people thinking about the connection between climate change and wildfires like never before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take the people who are writing in to NPR, for instance, criticizing the public media company for \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1929240/why-npr-doesnt-mention-climate-change-in-every-fire-story\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">not mentioning climate change\u003c/a> enough in its current fire coverage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s also showing up in online search behavior, as laid out in this graph from Google Trends mapping searches that contain both “climate change” and “California fires” over the last three years. It clearly shows a marked upswing in those queries since 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\u003ca href=\"https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=2015-07-10%202018-08-10&geo=US&q=%22california%20fires%22%20%22climate%20change%22\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1929222\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/climatechart-1020x280.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"977\" height=\"268\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/climatechart-1020x280.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/climatechart-160x44.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/climatechart-800x220.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/climatechart-768x211.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/climatechart-960x264.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/climatechart-240x66.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/climatechart-375x103.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/climatechart-520x143.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/climatechart.png 1143w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 977px) 100vw, 977px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Have we reached an inflection point where extreme weather and the warming climate have become inextricably linked in the public’s mind?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in the 1990s, climate change — in its earlier linguistic incarnation as “global warming” — was something most people only knew as that weird thing \u003ca href=\"https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/04/24/ozone-man\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Al Gore\u003c/a> liked to scold people about. Before that, NASA’s James Hansen brought the issue to the fore by \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/24/us/global-warming-has-begun-expert-tells-senate.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">testifying\u003c/a> to Congress that it was a near certainty that greenhouse gases were the culprit behind the earth’s warming trend.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Due to our release through factories and automobiles every year of more than 6 billion tons of carbon dioxide, which helps air absorb heat from the sun, our atmosphere seems to be getting warmer.’\u003ccite>‘Dr. Research,’ in the 1958 televised science special ‘The Unchained Goddess’\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In 1965, a panel of the Presidential Science Advisory Committee \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3227654-PSAC-1965-Restoring-the-Quality-of-Our-Environment.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> that “Man is unwittingly conducting a vast geophysical experiment. Within a few generations he is burning the fossil fuels that slowly accumulated in the earth over the past 500 million years.” The report said the climatic changes caused by the buildup of CO2 “could be deleterious from the point of view of human beings.” President Lyndon Johnson later made a public statement referring to the findings : “This generation has altered the composition of the atmosphere on a global scale through radioactive materials and a steady increase in carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how \u003ca href=\"https://history.aip.org/history/climate/Govt.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">far back\u003c/a> does awareness of climate change go? Well, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change \u003ca href=\"https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">traces\u003c/a> the evolution of the science back to the 18th century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for American media, you may be surprised that the idea made it to television in the 1950s. Check out the video at the top of the page, starting at the 50:12 mark. It’s a bit from a 1958 Bell Science Hour television special called “The Unchained Goddess,” part of a series produced and mostly written by Hollywood directing legend Frank Capra. This particular episode is all about weather, and the clip above specifically addresses the effects of climate change. The exchange features \u003ca href=\"https://current.org/1996/01/frank-baxter-televisions-first-man-of-learning/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Frank C. Baxter\u003c/a>, a popular academic of the time, playing “Dr. Research,” and the actor Richard Carlson playing “The Writer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It goes like this, and, with accompanying apocalyptic visuals and music, plays like a 45-second version of “An Inconvenient Truth”:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Dr. Research: Even now, man may be unwittingly changing the world’s climate through the waste products of his civilization. Due to our release through factories and automobiles every year of more than 6 billion tons of carbon dioxide, which helps air absorb heat from the sun, our atmosphere seems to be getting warmer.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Writer: This is bad?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Dr. Research: Well, it’s been calculated a few degrees rise in the Earth’s temperature would melt the polar ice caps. And if this happens, an inland sea would fill a good portion of the Mississippi valley. Tourists in glass-bottom boats would be viewing the drowned towers of Miami through 150 feet of tropical water. For in weather, we’re not only dealing with forces of a far greater variety than even the atomic physicist encounters, but with life itself.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We should say here that nobody’s anticipating a 150-feet sea level rise. But the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1924735/map-see-whether-your-home-is-at-risk-from-rising-seas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">projections\u003c/a> are bad enough as is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In any event, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/we-wont-stop-californias-wildfires-if-we-dont-talk-about-climate-change/2018/08/08/99768218-9a80-11e8-8d5e-c6c594024954_story.html?utm_term=.3790ee6c9327\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">media\u003c/a> right now appears to be less and less shy about making the \u003ca href=\"https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2018/07/30/climate-change-hellish-july-validates-forecasts-editorials-debates/855435002/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">connection\u003c/a> between these \u003ca href=\"http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow/2018/08/02/summer-weather-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">catastrophic weather events and climate change\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while the president \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1929060/trumps-confusing-tweets-on-california-fires-now-appear-to-be-actual-policy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tweets\u003c/a> as California burns, we note:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We are now only halfway through fire season.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Why NPR Doesn't Mention Climate Change in Every Fire Story",
"headTitle": "Why NPR Doesn’t Mention Climate Change in Every Fire Story | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Wildfires are ravaging hundreds of thousands of acres of the western United States and Canada this summer, taking lives and homes in California, closing parts of Yosemite National Park to visitors and racing through forests and grasslands in Idaho, Washington, Oregon, Utah, Colorado and British Columbia. Smoke from those fires is causing breathing difficulties as far away as \u003ca href=\"http://www.mainepublic.org/post/combination-heat-humidity-and-wildfire-smoke-threatens-vulnerable-maine-coastal-residents#stream/0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Maine\u003c/a>.[contextly_sidebar id=”LbDdZms27mEs3PH25vx1bVLZU85YByR6″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fires have generated many human-scale stories that need telling: how residents of the city of Redding, Calif., \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/08/01/634696282/california-carr-fire-leaves-many-unsure-about-their-future%20https:/www.npr.org/2018/08/01/634696282/california-carr-fire-leaves-many-unsure-about-their-future\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">are coping\u003c/a>; the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/08/08/636603563/california-firefighters-battle-exhaustion\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">toll on firefighters\u003c/a>; where low-income workers will go if their \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/08/06/635907928/communities-in-california-continue-to-be-ravaged-by-wildfires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">homes are destroyed\u003c/a> by the Mendocino Complex Fire, now the state’s largest-ever. NPR has told those stories and many more — and it has by and large told them well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What NPR hasn’t done is use the words “climate change” in each and every one of these reports on the fires. Should it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Extreme weather events these days often trigger extreme reactions from listeners, such as the recent emailer who went so far as to argue that, because NPR did not mention “climate change” in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/07/30/634087252/deadly-carr-wildfire-testing-resources-of-local-officials-in-northern-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">four-minute interview\u003c/a> with Redding Mayor Kristen Schreder, it had joined the ranks of “climate deniers.” I have no idea whether the mayor is a knowledgeable expert about climate change. But I believe NPR was right to focus its questions on her more pressing problems, including managing some 38,000 evacuees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, to be clear, NPR has reported deeply and regularly about how climate change is making extreme weather events more frequent and more severe. The question is whether, as some believe, NPR should do more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An \u003ca href=\"https://newrepublic.com/article/150124/medias-failure-connect-dots-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">article in \u003cem>The New Republic\u003c/em>\u003c/a> in late July called out NPR (among other newsrooms) for “siloing climate coverage,” a theme picked up by a number of Twitter users. One listener, Joseph Kendrick, of Saint Paul, Minn., expressed a similar thought. (He works for a research and advocacy nonprofit on environmental issues, although he said he was not writing on behalf of his employer.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He wrote:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“I’m not asking for NPR to significantly shift the focus of this type of story, or to interview a half dozen scientists alongside anyone whose home has burned down. But I do think it’s important to mention climate change — and its potential to exacerbate these events — as part of the context for these stories. Reporters generally seem comfortable adding political, cultural, technological, and cultural context to specific stories they report on — why is climate science treated so differently?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR does periodically produce high-quality content focused specifically on climate change and its effects. But I think you do your listeners a disservice by maintaining so much distance between ‘stories about climate’ and ‘stories about weather.’ Listeners who are already focused on the issue of climate change are likely to make this connection themselves and seek out climate-focused content when they want more context, but if NPR’s goal is to offer the best possible information to the broadest possible audience that link needs to made explicit.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>I asked Science Editor \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/people/279612138/geoff-brumfiel\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Geoff Brumfiel\u003c/a> about this. “These are disasters that are affecting people’s lives, and they are happening in the moment,” he told me, adding, “If we’re talking about someone’s home and we’re talking about community, I think it’s reasonable that the reporter on the ground in that moment is focused on that community.”[contextly_sidebar id=”ilZkIO5WYYXmZmMp4FREL6JPIpapiLBd”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, he said, the reporters that NPR assigns to these stories have varying backgrounds; some are from the Science Desk, some are from the National Desk (or other sections, or member stations). Not all report on climate change-related beats. “Reporters want to report on what they know. They can see what’s burning and what’s not, they can see who’s in trouble, and they want to talk about that,” Brumfiel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there is also another major factor when a hurricane hits or a fire erupts, he said: The science isn’t always clear from the very first moments of an extreme weather event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no reluctance to talk about climate change,” Brumfiel said. “But we have to call up scientists and ask them, because climate change is a complicated thing. We can’t just be off the cuff. We need to make sure we understand what the factors are, what is and what isn’t happening due to climate change, because there have always been wildfires, there have always been hurricanes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Long-term weather patterns are clearly being affected by climate change, but at the level of an individual fire, say, other elements could be more important — such as the U.S. Forest Service’s decades-long policy of \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/10/17/558390511/how-fire-suppression-techniques-can-change-as-wildfires-get-bigger\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">suppressing fires\u003c/a> instead of letting some burn for the health of the forests. “The biggest scale climate predictions work pretty well,” Brumfiel said. “As you try to get to individual events, it gets more and more complicated, and climate change becomes more of a factor. It can be a driver, but it’s more of a factor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How to Word a Boilerplate\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All that said, Brumfiel told me he and others have been looking for some time into whether there is language guidance that can be shared with the NPR newsroom that would help it acknowledge climate change in more of the reporting about natural disasters. But, “it’s complicated,” for the reason he cited earlier: “Climate change can do different things. It can make weather events more frequent; it can make them more severe. And it can do different things for different kinds of events.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said: Trying to choose language that communicates all that in a brief phrase — radio journalists have limited time, after all, particularly in the newscasts that lead each hour — and “that is accurate and flexible enough that we can issue it as guidance to everybody and it won’t be wrong when they use it, is tough. I honestly don’t know if there is something that we can have out there that everyone can just grab and use if they want. But it is something we’re thinking seriously about.”[contextly_sidebar id=”yqu4SvdO0RUqTBCHBdiemyM9hJrjdci2”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have mixed feelings about this issue. Climate change is a crucially important issue of our time and NPR should make clear when extreme weather events are connected to, or influenced by, long-term climate trends. I understand why advocates and others who are passionate about this issue want the connection to be explicit and constant, to keep it front and center in the public discourse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, if boilerplate language can’t communicate all the complexities, then I think the newsroom is right to report in-depth on the connections that do exist, in discrete stories where there is more time, rather than toss off one-liners just for the sake of mentioning the issue. NPR’s job is to provide more nuance, not less, whenever possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR has reported in-depth repeatedly in its current fire coverage, including in this story \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/08/06/636112875/climate-and-wildfire-science-specialist-weighs-in-on-worsening-conditions-in-cal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">talking to scientists\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/07/29/633203732/when-the-weather-is-extreme-is-climate-change-to-blame\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this one\u003c/a>, in an \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/08/02/634831131/californias-gov-brown-wildfires-are-evidence-of-changing-climate-in-real-time\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">interview\u003c/a> with California Gov. Jerry Brown, and in a piece examining why today’s fires are \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/08/07/636458618/why-todays-wildfires-are-hotter-and-more-destructive\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hotter and more destructive\u003c/a>. \u003cem>On Point\u003c/em> (which is distributed by NPR, although not produced by it) \u003ca href=\"http://www.wbur.org/onpoint/2018/08/08/mendocino-complex-wildfires-california-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">devoted an hour\u003c/a> to the topic. In short, there is no hint that NPR is avoiding the story of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there is more coverage to come. NPR next week will start rolling out newsmagazine, newscast and digital stories on the theme of “living with fire,” looking at everything from the effects of long-term smoke exposure to what a “good fire” looks like from the point of view of fire ecologists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Western Bureau Chief and Senior Editor Jason DeRose, who is coordinating the stories, said some, but probably not all, will discuss the role of climate change. But, he said, when NPR’s fire coverage is looked at in its totality, “It’s very clear that we are reporting on this in the context of climate change.”[contextly_sidebar id=”uqdjeb6s23QvpNgfG0wDfENjNkwA6dGw”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, I’ll give Brumfiel the opportunity for a plug. He and Jennifer Ludden — who leads NPR’s energy and environment team that works in collaboration with member stations — have developed a strategic approach for climate change coverage, tackling stories that are not as attention-grabbing as a fire or hurricane, but just as important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The series, called “Heat,” has been running through the summer; all of the reporting can be found \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/series/629393286/heat-coping-with-a-warming-world\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here.\u003c/a> It includes reports on how heat is affecting \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2018/08/01/634135514/a-few-more-bad-apples-as-the-climate-changes-fruit-growing-does-too\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Michigan apple growers\u003c/a> and throwing \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/07/23/630181622/spring-is-springing-sooner-throwing-natures-rhythms-out-of-whack\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Colorado ecosystems\u003c/a> out of whack, and how \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/06/02/616151979/flooding-and-rising-seas-threaten-americas-oldest-farmland\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Maryland farmers\u003c/a> are losing land to rising sea levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brumfiel said: “We’re trying to really tell the stories on the ground that are happening to Americans right now. And often those stories aren’t natural disasters. It is stuff that is happening on a smaller scale every day; local disasters, I guess you could call them, that are really changing America. Climate is changing all sorts of different aspects of our lives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, we’ll update this column if the newsroom comes to a decision on language about climate change that would work for more news stories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Wildfire+Reports+Ignite+Debate+Over+Climate+Change+Coverage&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Wildfires are ravaging hundreds of thousands of acres of the western United States and Canada this summer, taking lives and homes in California, closing parts of Yosemite National Park to visitors and racing through forests and grasslands in Idaho, Washington, Oregon, Utah, Colorado and British Columbia. Smoke from those fires is causing breathing difficulties as far away as \u003ca href=\"http://www.mainepublic.org/post/combination-heat-humidity-and-wildfire-smoke-threatens-vulnerable-maine-coastal-residents#stream/0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Maine\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fires have generated many human-scale stories that need telling: how residents of the city of Redding, Calif., \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/08/01/634696282/california-carr-fire-leaves-many-unsure-about-their-future%20https:/www.npr.org/2018/08/01/634696282/california-carr-fire-leaves-many-unsure-about-their-future\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">are coping\u003c/a>; the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/08/08/636603563/california-firefighters-battle-exhaustion\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">toll on firefighters\u003c/a>; where low-income workers will go if their \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/08/06/635907928/communities-in-california-continue-to-be-ravaged-by-wildfires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">homes are destroyed\u003c/a> by the Mendocino Complex Fire, now the state’s largest-ever. NPR has told those stories and many more — and it has by and large told them well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What NPR hasn’t done is use the words “climate change” in each and every one of these reports on the fires. Should it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Extreme weather events these days often trigger extreme reactions from listeners, such as the recent emailer who went so far as to argue that, because NPR did not mention “climate change” in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/07/30/634087252/deadly-carr-wildfire-testing-resources-of-local-officials-in-northern-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">four-minute interview\u003c/a> with Redding Mayor Kristen Schreder, it had joined the ranks of “climate deniers.” I have no idea whether the mayor is a knowledgeable expert about climate change. But I believe NPR was right to focus its questions on her more pressing problems, including managing some 38,000 evacuees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, to be clear, NPR has reported deeply and regularly about how climate change is making extreme weather events more frequent and more severe. The question is whether, as some believe, NPR should do more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An \u003ca href=\"https://newrepublic.com/article/150124/medias-failure-connect-dots-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">article in \u003cem>The New Republic\u003c/em>\u003c/a> in late July called out NPR (among other newsrooms) for “siloing climate coverage,” a theme picked up by a number of Twitter users. One listener, Joseph Kendrick, of Saint Paul, Minn., expressed a similar thought. (He works for a research and advocacy nonprofit on environmental issues, although he said he was not writing on behalf of his employer.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He wrote:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“I’m not asking for NPR to significantly shift the focus of this type of story, or to interview a half dozen scientists alongside anyone whose home has burned down. But I do think it’s important to mention climate change — and its potential to exacerbate these events — as part of the context for these stories. Reporters generally seem comfortable adding political, cultural, technological, and cultural context to specific stories they report on — why is climate science treated so differently?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR does periodically produce high-quality content focused specifically on climate change and its effects. But I think you do your listeners a disservice by maintaining so much distance between ‘stories about climate’ and ‘stories about weather.’ Listeners who are already focused on the issue of climate change are likely to make this connection themselves and seek out climate-focused content when they want more context, but if NPR’s goal is to offer the best possible information to the broadest possible audience that link needs to made explicit.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>I asked Science Editor \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/people/279612138/geoff-brumfiel\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Geoff Brumfiel\u003c/a> about this. “These are disasters that are affecting people’s lives, and they are happening in the moment,” he told me, adding, “If we’re talking about someone’s home and we’re talking about community, I think it’s reasonable that the reporter on the ground in that moment is focused on that community.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, he said, the reporters that NPR assigns to these stories have varying backgrounds; some are from the Science Desk, some are from the National Desk (or other sections, or member stations). Not all report on climate change-related beats. “Reporters want to report on what they know. They can see what’s burning and what’s not, they can see who’s in trouble, and they want to talk about that,” Brumfiel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there is also another major factor when a hurricane hits or a fire erupts, he said: The science isn’t always clear from the very first moments of an extreme weather event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no reluctance to talk about climate change,” Brumfiel said. “But we have to call up scientists and ask them, because climate change is a complicated thing. We can’t just be off the cuff. We need to make sure we understand what the factors are, what is and what isn’t happening due to climate change, because there have always been wildfires, there have always been hurricanes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Long-term weather patterns are clearly being affected by climate change, but at the level of an individual fire, say, other elements could be more important — such as the U.S. Forest Service’s decades-long policy of \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/10/17/558390511/how-fire-suppression-techniques-can-change-as-wildfires-get-bigger\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">suppressing fires\u003c/a> instead of letting some burn for the health of the forests. “The biggest scale climate predictions work pretty well,” Brumfiel said. “As you try to get to individual events, it gets more and more complicated, and climate change becomes more of a factor. It can be a driver, but it’s more of a factor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How to Word a Boilerplate\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All that said, Brumfiel told me he and others have been looking for some time into whether there is language guidance that can be shared with the NPR newsroom that would help it acknowledge climate change in more of the reporting about natural disasters. But, “it’s complicated,” for the reason he cited earlier: “Climate change can do different things. It can make weather events more frequent; it can make them more severe. And it can do different things for different kinds of events.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said: Trying to choose language that communicates all that in a brief phrase — radio journalists have limited time, after all, particularly in the newscasts that lead each hour — and “that is accurate and flexible enough that we can issue it as guidance to everybody and it won’t be wrong when they use it, is tough. I honestly don’t know if there is something that we can have out there that everyone can just grab and use if they want. But it is something we’re thinking seriously about.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have mixed feelings about this issue. Climate change is a crucially important issue of our time and NPR should make clear when extreme weather events are connected to, or influenced by, long-term climate trends. I understand why advocates and others who are passionate about this issue want the connection to be explicit and constant, to keep it front and center in the public discourse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, if boilerplate language can’t communicate all the complexities, then I think the newsroom is right to report in-depth on the connections that do exist, in discrete stories where there is more time, rather than toss off one-liners just for the sake of mentioning the issue. NPR’s job is to provide more nuance, not less, whenever possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR has reported in-depth repeatedly in its current fire coverage, including in this story \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/08/06/636112875/climate-and-wildfire-science-specialist-weighs-in-on-worsening-conditions-in-cal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">talking to scientists\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/07/29/633203732/when-the-weather-is-extreme-is-climate-change-to-blame\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this one\u003c/a>, in an \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/08/02/634831131/californias-gov-brown-wildfires-are-evidence-of-changing-climate-in-real-time\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">interview\u003c/a> with California Gov. Jerry Brown, and in a piece examining why today’s fires are \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/08/07/636458618/why-todays-wildfires-are-hotter-and-more-destructive\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hotter and more destructive\u003c/a>. \u003cem>On Point\u003c/em> (which is distributed by NPR, although not produced by it) \u003ca href=\"http://www.wbur.org/onpoint/2018/08/08/mendocino-complex-wildfires-california-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">devoted an hour\u003c/a> to the topic. In short, there is no hint that NPR is avoiding the story of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there is more coverage to come. NPR next week will start rolling out newsmagazine, newscast and digital stories on the theme of “living with fire,” looking at everything from the effects of long-term smoke exposure to what a “good fire” looks like from the point of view of fire ecologists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Western Bureau Chief and Senior Editor Jason DeRose, who is coordinating the stories, said some, but probably not all, will discuss the role of climate change. But, he said, when NPR’s fire coverage is looked at in its totality, “It’s very clear that we are reporting on this in the context of climate change.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, I’ll give Brumfiel the opportunity for a plug. He and Jennifer Ludden — who leads NPR’s energy and environment team that works in collaboration with member stations — have developed a strategic approach for climate change coverage, tackling stories that are not as attention-grabbing as a fire or hurricane, but just as important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The series, called “Heat,” has been running through the summer; all of the reporting can be found \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/series/629393286/heat-coping-with-a-warming-world\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here.\u003c/a> It includes reports on how heat is affecting \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2018/08/01/634135514/a-few-more-bad-apples-as-the-climate-changes-fruit-growing-does-too\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Michigan apple growers\u003c/a> and throwing \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/07/23/630181622/spring-is-springing-sooner-throwing-natures-rhythms-out-of-whack\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Colorado ecosystems\u003c/a> out of whack, and how \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/06/02/616151979/flooding-and-rising-seas-threaten-americas-oldest-farmland\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Maryland farmers\u003c/a> are losing land to rising sea levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brumfiel said: “We’re trying to really tell the stories on the ground that are happening to Americans right now. And often those stories aren’t natural disasters. It is stuff that is happening on a smaller scale every day; local disasters, I guess you could call them, that are really changing America. Climate is changing all sorts of different aspects of our lives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, we’ll update this column if the newsroom comes to a decision on language about climate change that would work for more news stories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Wildfire+Reports+Ignite+Debate+Over+Climate+Change+Coverage&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Hazy California Struggles With Smoky Smell From Distant Blaze",
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"content": "\u003cp>For two weeks a dull haze and the faint smell of smoke from distant blazes have blanketed many California cities, forcing summer campers to stay inside, obscuring normally bright skylines and leaving cars covered with ash.[contextly_sidebar id=”jJFaLDN0d8ge2Zap8aJeG8lfV5McaNQg”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smoky air from blowing winds is nothing new in California, but air quality experts say it’s rare for the dirty air to linger for so long, a reality of ever-larger fires that take longer to extinguish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The haze stretches from the foothills of the Sierra Nevada mountain range to the Sacramento and San Francisco Bay areas, and nearly every major population center in between has suffered air quality that’s considered dangerous for children, the elderly and people with asthma or other respiratory conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kaela Baylis used to take her nearly 2-year-old son to a park twice a day, but has only gone in the morning the last 10 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He asks to go outside a lot in the afternoon,” she said Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are two major wildfires — one called the Mendocino Complex Fire that is the largest in California history — burning more than 100 miles (160 kilometers) north of Sacramento and another huge fire near Yosemite National Park a little farther to the southeast. Firefighters made significant process against the Mendocino Complex for the first time Wednesday but said the blazes will likely continue through September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fires have combined to produce unhealthy air that has drifted as far east as Salt Lake City, 450 miles (725 kilometers) away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The skies there were so murky that residents there couldn’t even see the nearby mountain range that hovers over the valley earlier this week. Utah air quality officials warned children and seniors to limit time outside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The skies cleared a bit on Wednesday in Utah’s capital city, but more smoke is expected to blow in over the weekend, National Weather Service meteorologist Steve Rogowski said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wednesday marked the Sacramento region’s 13th straight “Spare the Air” day, when people are encouraged not to drive and add further pollutants to the air — the longest stretch since at least 2001. A similar warning is effect in the San Francisco Bay Area, and air quality experts in California’s Central Valley and areas southeast of Los Angeles are warning residents to limit outdoor exposure because of wildfires there.[contextly_sidebar id=”pcErX78Wv3imceGEqTEQFZrdo7GOZYza”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Wednesday morning, John and Rosalie Gonzales strolled through a Sacramento park with their toddler granddaughter they were visiting. For the last few days at their home in the San Francisco Bay Area community of Albany they have awakened to ash on their cars from the Mendocino Complex Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was a rarity until a few years ago, before California began experiencing more unusually large wildfires, they said. “It doesn’t seem like it’s sustainable to have this happening year after year after year,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A day earlier, dozens of summer campers sat inside watching a movie at a Sacramento YMCA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Normally that doesn’t happen on a regular day at camp,” said Jay Lowden, president of the YMCA for a nine-county region that serves more than 700 kids weekly at 13 summer camps. His counselors monitor the air quality on a daily basis, and Lowden said he may cancel a planned family camp this weekend in the foothills because of the smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sac United, a competitive youth soccer club, has cancelled four practices in the past two weeks because of poor air quality. High school sports teams are being similarly conscious of dangerous air as practices get underway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sacramento residents have taken to Twitter to share photos of a dark grey sky hanging over the Capitol in mid-afternoon and a city skyline difficult to make out. The smell of smoke has even slipped into downtown office buildings.[contextly_sidebar id=”ZvLkayme2J1ISafOo75jEeENzfWLIWsG”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was horrible; I’ve never seen anything like it before,” Mayor Darrell Steinberg said of Monday’s afternoon haze.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lori Kobza, spokeswoman for the Sacramento Air Quality Management District, said it’s hard to predict when things will improve because of the unpredictably of the fires and the winds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the city is located in a valley, it’s easier for smoky air to get trapped here when high pressure systems blow in, making Sacramento like a smoke-filled bowl that’s had a lid placed tightly on top.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re all trapped in it,” Kobza said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Associated Press writer Brady McCombs in Salt Lake City contributed to this report.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For two weeks a dull haze and the faint smell of smoke from distant blazes have blanketed many California cities, forcing summer campers to stay inside, obscuring normally bright skylines and leaving cars covered with ash.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smoky air from blowing winds is nothing new in California, but air quality experts say it’s rare for the dirty air to linger for so long, a reality of ever-larger fires that take longer to extinguish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The haze stretches from the foothills of the Sierra Nevada mountain range to the Sacramento and San Francisco Bay areas, and nearly every major population center in between has suffered air quality that’s considered dangerous for children, the elderly and people with asthma or other respiratory conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kaela Baylis used to take her nearly 2-year-old son to a park twice a day, but has only gone in the morning the last 10 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He asks to go outside a lot in the afternoon,” she said Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are two major wildfires — one called the Mendocino Complex Fire that is the largest in California history — burning more than 100 miles (160 kilometers) north of Sacramento and another huge fire near Yosemite National Park a little farther to the southeast. Firefighters made significant process against the Mendocino Complex for the first time Wednesday but said the blazes will likely continue through September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fires have combined to produce unhealthy air that has drifted as far east as Salt Lake City, 450 miles (725 kilometers) away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The skies there were so murky that residents there couldn’t even see the nearby mountain range that hovers over the valley earlier this week. Utah air quality officials warned children and seniors to limit time outside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The skies cleared a bit on Wednesday in Utah’s capital city, but more smoke is expected to blow in over the weekend, National Weather Service meteorologist Steve Rogowski said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wednesday marked the Sacramento region’s 13th straight “Spare the Air” day, when people are encouraged not to drive and add further pollutants to the air — the longest stretch since at least 2001. A similar warning is effect in the San Francisco Bay Area, and air quality experts in California’s Central Valley and areas southeast of Los Angeles are warning residents to limit outdoor exposure because of wildfires there.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Wednesday morning, John and Rosalie Gonzales strolled through a Sacramento park with their toddler granddaughter they were visiting. For the last few days at their home in the San Francisco Bay Area community of Albany they have awakened to ash on their cars from the Mendocino Complex Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was a rarity until a few years ago, before California began experiencing more unusually large wildfires, they said. “It doesn’t seem like it’s sustainable to have this happening year after year after year,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A day earlier, dozens of summer campers sat inside watching a movie at a Sacramento YMCA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Normally that doesn’t happen on a regular day at camp,” said Jay Lowden, president of the YMCA for a nine-county region that serves more than 700 kids weekly at 13 summer camps. His counselors monitor the air quality on a daily basis, and Lowden said he may cancel a planned family camp this weekend in the foothills because of the smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sac United, a competitive youth soccer club, has cancelled four practices in the past two weeks because of poor air quality. High school sports teams are being similarly conscious of dangerous air as practices get underway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sacramento residents have taken to Twitter to share photos of a dark grey sky hanging over the Capitol in mid-afternoon and a city skyline difficult to make out. The smell of smoke has even slipped into downtown office buildings.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was horrible; I’ve never seen anything like it before,” Mayor Darrell Steinberg said of Monday’s afternoon haze.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lori Kobza, spokeswoman for the Sacramento Air Quality Management District, said it’s hard to predict when things will improve because of the unpredictably of the fires and the winds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the city is located in a valley, it’s easier for smoky air to get trapped here when high pressure systems blow in, making Sacramento like a smoke-filled bowl that’s had a lid placed tightly on top.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re all trapped in it,” Kobza said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Associated Press writer Brady McCombs in Salt Lake City contributed to this report.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California's Largest, Deadliest and Most Destructive Fires",
"headTitle": "California’s Largest, Deadliest and Most Destructive Fires | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The twin fires at the Mendocino Complex are now on record as being the\u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> largest blazes\u003c/a> in California history, having burned through 300,086 acres and counting.[contextly_sidebar id=”4vMYZu0nmsgzXvXYrGlETGEpECTKeFiJ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s top five largest blazes occurred within the last five years, according to Cal Fire records stretching back to 1932, underscoring the role of climate change in fueling increased wildfire activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re seeing in California right now is more destructive, larger fires burning at rates that we have historically never seen,” Jonathan Cox, a Cal Fire spokesman, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2018/07/31/us/carr-fire-california/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told\u003c/a> CNN recently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists attribute this surge of fire activity to climate change, which is driving up temperatures and priming extremely dry brush for ignition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Human-driven warming is \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Wildfires-getting-worse-due-to-climate-change-9961409.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">drying out forests\u003c/a> to the point that peak fire seasons in the region have increased every year by about nine days since 2000, according to a 2017 study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because temperatures\u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsusa.org/global-warming/science-and-impacts/impacts/infographic-wildfires-climate-change.html#.W2thz_5KjOQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> throughout \u003c/a>the western U.S. are increasing at a much faster rate than for the planet as a whole.[contextly_sidebar id=”ynVjZoRNzkzK1yvpKA5e9YiNAdq2u3pi”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 1970, average annual temperatures for the region have increased by 1.9° F, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsusa.org/global-warming/science-and-impacts/impacts/infographic-wildfires-climate-change.html#.W2thz_5KjOQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">about twice the pace\u003c/a> of the global average warming, according to data from the Union of Concerned Scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile urbanization is contributing to the destructiveness of wildfires \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1928770\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">as more people\u003c/a> move into harm’s way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below, are three top 10 lists citing California’s largest, most destructive, and deadliest wildfires, based on Cal Fire records going back to 1932.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Top 10 Largest Wildfires\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Mendocino Complex, July, 2018.\u003c/strong> Impacting Mendocino, Lake and Colusa Counties. 300,086 acres burned, 221 structures destroyed as of Wednesday morning. Fire is ongoing.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Thomas Fire, December, 2017.\u003c/strong> Impacting Ventura and Santa Barbara Counties. 281,893 acres burned, 1,063 structures destroyed, 1 death. Cause is under investigation.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Cedar Fire, October 2003.\u003c/strong> Impacting San Diego County. 273,246 acres burned, 2,820 structures destroyed, 15 deaths. Sparked by a signal fire from lost hunter.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Rush Fire, August 2012.\u003c/strong> Impacting Lassen County. 271,911 acres burned, 5 deaths. Sparked by lightning.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Rim Fire, August 2013.\u003c/strong> Impacting Tuolumne County. 257,314 acres burned, 112 structures destroyed. Sparked by camp fire.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Z\u003cstrong>aca Fire, July 2007.\u003c/strong> Impacting Santa Barbara County. 240,207 acres burned, 1 structure destroyed, 7 deaths. The fire was caused by sparks from a grinding machine on private property.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Matilija Fire, September 1932.\u003c/strong> Impacting Ventura County. 220,000 acres burned, 8 deaths. Unknown cause.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Witch Fire, October 2007.\u003c/strong> Impacting San Diego County. 197,990 acres burned, 1,650 structures destroyed, 2 deaths. Sparked by power lines.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Klamath Theater Complex, June 2008.\u003c/strong> Impacting Siskiyou County. 192,038 acres destroyed, 2 deaths. Sparked by lightning.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Marble Cone, July 1977.\u003c/strong> Impacting Monterey County. 177,866 acres destroyed. Sparked by lightning.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Top 10 Most Destructive Wildfires\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1929050\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1929050\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-1013030706-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-1013030706-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-1013030706-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-1013030706-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-1013030706-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-1013030706-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-1013030706-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-1013030706-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-1013030706-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-1013030706-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-1013030706-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-1013030706-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A firefighting airplane drops fire retardant at the Holy Fire near Lake Elsinore, in Orange County, California, on August 7, 2018. \u003ccite>(DAVID MCNEW/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Tubbs Fire, October 2017\u003c/strong>. Impacting Sonoma County. 36,807 acres burned, 5,636 structures destroyed, 22 deaths.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Tunnel-Oakland Hills Fire, October 1991\u003c/strong>. Impacting Alameda County. 1,600 acres burned, 2,900 structures destroyed, 25 deaths.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Cedar Fire, October 2003\u003c/strong>. Impacting San Diego. 273,246 acres burned, 2,820 structures destroyed, 15 deaths.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Valley Fire, September 2015\u003c/strong>. Impacting Lake, Napa & Sonoma Counties. 76,067 acres burned, 1,955, structures destroyed, 4 deaths.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Witch Fire, October 2007.\u003c/strong> Impacting San Diego. 197,990 acres burned, 1,650 structures destroyed, 2 deaths.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Carr Fire, July 2018.\u003c/strong> Impacting Shasta and Trinity Counties. 173,522 acres burned, 1,599 structures destroyed, 6 deaths.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Nuns Fire, October 2017.\u003c/strong> Impacting Sonoma County. 54,382 acres burned, 1,355 structures destroyed, 3 deaths.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Thomas Fire, December 2017.\u003c/strong> Impacting Ventura & Santa Barbara Counties. 281,893 acres burned, 1,063 structures destroyed, 2 deaths.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Old Fire, October 2003\u003c/strong>. Impacting San Bernardino. 91,281 acres burned, 1,003 structures destroyed, 6 deaths.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Jones Fire, October 1999.\u003c/strong> Impacting Shasta County. 26,200 acres burned, 954 structures destroyed, 1 death.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Top 10 Deadliest Wildfires\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1929052\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1929052\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-1013006756-800x535.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"535\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-1013006756-800x535.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-1013006756-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-1013006756-768x514.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-1013006756-1020x682.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-1013006756-1200x803.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-1013006756-1920x1284.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-1013006756-1180x789.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-1013006756-960x642.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-1013006756-240x161.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-1013006756-375x251.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-1013006756-520x348.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jay Michael (R) and Gretchen Fritsch rest in their car during the Ranch Fire in the parking lot of the Moose Lodge in Clearlake Oaks, California on August 7, 2018. \u003ccite>(JOSH EDELSON/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Griffith Park, October 1933.\u003c/strong> Impacting Los Angeles. 29 deaths.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Tunnel-Oakland Hills Fire, October 1991. \u003c/strong>Impacting Alameda County. 25 deaths.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Tubbs Fire, October 2017\u003c/strong>. Impacting Sonoma County. 22 deaths.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Cedar Fire, October 2003\u003c/strong>. Impacting San Diego. 15 deaths.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Rattlesnake Fire, July 1953. \u003c/strong>Impacting Glenn County. 15 deaths.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Loop Fire, November 1966. \u003c/strong>Impacting Los Angeles. 12 deaths.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Hauser Creek, October 1943.\u003c/strong> Impacting San Diego. 11 deaths.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Inaja Fire, November 1956.\u003c/strong> Impacting San Diego. 11 deaths.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Iron Alps Complex, August 2008.\u003c/strong> Impacting Trinity County, 10 deaths.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Redwood Valley Fire, October 2017. \u003c/strong>Impacting Mendocino County. 9 deaths. \u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "With climate change fueling the frequency and intensity of wildfires, we list the largest, most destructive, and deadliest wildfires in California's recorded history.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The twin fires at the Mendocino Complex are now on record as being the\u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> largest blazes\u003c/a> in California history, having burned through 300,086 acres and counting.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s top five largest blazes occurred within the last five years, according to Cal Fire records stretching back to 1932, underscoring the role of climate change in fueling increased wildfire activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re seeing in California right now is more destructive, larger fires burning at rates that we have historically never seen,” Jonathan Cox, a Cal Fire spokesman, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2018/07/31/us/carr-fire-california/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told\u003c/a> CNN recently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists attribute this surge of fire activity to climate change, which is driving up temperatures and priming extremely dry brush for ignition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Human-driven warming is \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Wildfires-getting-worse-due-to-climate-change-9961409.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">drying out forests\u003c/a> to the point that peak fire seasons in the region have increased every year by about nine days since 2000, according to a 2017 study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because temperatures\u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsusa.org/global-warming/science-and-impacts/impacts/infographic-wildfires-climate-change.html#.W2thz_5KjOQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> throughout \u003c/a>the western U.S. are increasing at a much faster rate than for the planet as a whole.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 1970, average annual temperatures for the region have increased by 1.9° F, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsusa.org/global-warming/science-and-impacts/impacts/infographic-wildfires-climate-change.html#.W2thz_5KjOQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">about twice the pace\u003c/a> of the global average warming, according to data from the Union of Concerned Scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile urbanization is contributing to the destructiveness of wildfires \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1928770\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">as more people\u003c/a> move into harm’s way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below, are three top 10 lists citing California’s largest, most destructive, and deadliest wildfires, based on Cal Fire records going back to 1932.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Top 10 Largest Wildfires\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Mendocino Complex, July, 2018.\u003c/strong> Impacting Mendocino, Lake and Colusa Counties. 300,086 acres burned, 221 structures destroyed as of Wednesday morning. Fire is ongoing.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Thomas Fire, December, 2017.\u003c/strong> Impacting Ventura and Santa Barbara Counties. 281,893 acres burned, 1,063 structures destroyed, 1 death. Cause is under investigation.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Cedar Fire, October 2003.\u003c/strong> Impacting San Diego County. 273,246 acres burned, 2,820 structures destroyed, 15 deaths. Sparked by a signal fire from lost hunter.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Rush Fire, August 2012.\u003c/strong> Impacting Lassen County. 271,911 acres burned, 5 deaths. Sparked by lightning.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Rim Fire, August 2013.\u003c/strong> Impacting Tuolumne County. 257,314 acres burned, 112 structures destroyed. Sparked by camp fire.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Z\u003cstrong>aca Fire, July 2007.\u003c/strong> Impacting Santa Barbara County. 240,207 acres burned, 1 structure destroyed, 7 deaths. The fire was caused by sparks from a grinding machine on private property.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Matilija Fire, September 1932.\u003c/strong> Impacting Ventura County. 220,000 acres burned, 8 deaths. Unknown cause.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Witch Fire, October 2007.\u003c/strong> Impacting San Diego County. 197,990 acres burned, 1,650 structures destroyed, 2 deaths. Sparked by power lines.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Klamath Theater Complex, June 2008.\u003c/strong> Impacting Siskiyou County. 192,038 acres destroyed, 2 deaths. Sparked by lightning.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Marble Cone, July 1977.\u003c/strong> Impacting Monterey County. 177,866 acres destroyed. Sparked by lightning.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Top 10 Most Destructive Wildfires\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1929050\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1929050\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-1013030706-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-1013030706-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-1013030706-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-1013030706-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-1013030706-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-1013030706-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-1013030706-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-1013030706-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-1013030706-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-1013030706-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-1013030706-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-1013030706-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A firefighting airplane drops fire retardant at the Holy Fire near Lake Elsinore, in Orange County, California, on August 7, 2018. \u003ccite>(DAVID MCNEW/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Tubbs Fire, October 2017\u003c/strong>. Impacting Sonoma County. 36,807 acres burned, 5,636 structures destroyed, 22 deaths.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Tunnel-Oakland Hills Fire, October 1991\u003c/strong>. Impacting Alameda County. 1,600 acres burned, 2,900 structures destroyed, 25 deaths.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Cedar Fire, October 2003\u003c/strong>. Impacting San Diego. 273,246 acres burned, 2,820 structures destroyed, 15 deaths.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Valley Fire, September 2015\u003c/strong>. Impacting Lake, Napa & Sonoma Counties. 76,067 acres burned, 1,955, structures destroyed, 4 deaths.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Witch Fire, October 2007.\u003c/strong> Impacting San Diego. 197,990 acres burned, 1,650 structures destroyed, 2 deaths.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Carr Fire, July 2018.\u003c/strong> Impacting Shasta and Trinity Counties. 173,522 acres burned, 1,599 structures destroyed, 6 deaths.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Nuns Fire, October 2017.\u003c/strong> Impacting Sonoma County. 54,382 acres burned, 1,355 structures destroyed, 3 deaths.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Thomas Fire, December 2017.\u003c/strong> Impacting Ventura & Santa Barbara Counties. 281,893 acres burned, 1,063 structures destroyed, 2 deaths.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Old Fire, October 2003\u003c/strong>. Impacting San Bernardino. 91,281 acres burned, 1,003 structures destroyed, 6 deaths.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Jones Fire, October 1999.\u003c/strong> Impacting Shasta County. 26,200 acres burned, 954 structures destroyed, 1 death.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Top 10 Deadliest Wildfires\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1929052\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1929052\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-1013006756-800x535.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"535\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-1013006756-800x535.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-1013006756-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-1013006756-768x514.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-1013006756-1020x682.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-1013006756-1200x803.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-1013006756-1920x1284.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-1013006756-1180x789.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-1013006756-960x642.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-1013006756-240x161.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-1013006756-375x251.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-1013006756-520x348.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jay Michael (R) and Gretchen Fritsch rest in their car during the Ranch Fire in the parking lot of the Moose Lodge in Clearlake Oaks, California on August 7, 2018. \u003ccite>(JOSH EDELSON/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Griffith Park, October 1933.\u003c/strong> Impacting Los Angeles. 29 deaths.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Tunnel-Oakland Hills Fire, October 1991. \u003c/strong>Impacting Alameda County. 25 deaths.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Tubbs Fire, October 2017\u003c/strong>. Impacting Sonoma County. 22 deaths.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Cedar Fire, October 2003\u003c/strong>. Impacting San Diego. 15 deaths.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Rattlesnake Fire, July 1953. \u003c/strong>Impacting Glenn County. 15 deaths.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Loop Fire, November 1966. \u003c/strong>Impacting Los Angeles. 12 deaths.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Hauser Creek, October 1943.\u003c/strong> Impacting San Diego. 11 deaths.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Inaja Fire, November 1956.\u003c/strong> Impacting San Diego. 11 deaths.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Iron Alps Complex, August 2008.\u003c/strong> Impacting Trinity County, 10 deaths.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Redwood Valley Fire, October 2017. \u003c/strong>Impacting Mendocino County. 9 deaths. \u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>As crews across California battle more than a dozen wildfires—including the largest in state history—the blazes are spewing enough carbon into the air to undo some of the good done by the state’s climate policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s even worse: Climate-warming compounds that will be released by the charred forests long \u003cem>after\u003c/em> the fires are extinguished may do more to warm up the planet than the immediate harm from smoky air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say that only about 15 percent of a forest’s store of carbon is expelled during burns. The remainder is released slowly over the coming years and decades, as trees decay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That second hit of carbon, experts say, contains compounds that do more to accelerate climate change than those from the original fire. And future fires over previously burned ground could make climate prospects even more bleak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The worst possible situation is the fire that comes through and kills everything,” said Nic Enstice, regional science coordinator for the Sierra Nevada Conservancy. “Then, ten or fifteen years later, another fire comes through and releases all the carbon left in the trees on the ground. That’s really bad.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a scenario that could explode at any time. Enstice cited a \u003ca href=\"https://nature.berkeley.edu/stephenslab/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Stephens-et-al.-Fire-Tree-Mortality-BioSci-2018.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research paper\u003c/a> published this year that laid out a chilling tableau: California has more than a 120 million dead trees strewn around its mountain ranges, with the southern Sierra hardest hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When fires hit those downed trees, the state will begin to experience “mass fires” spewing plumes of carbon. The resulting conflagrations, according to the researcher, will be almost unimaginable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The emissions from those fires will be unlike anything we will have ever seen,” Enstice said. “And you won’t be able put it out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Computing the carbon released from the the fires so far this year will not happen soon. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.wrapair2.org/pdf/Yates_WESTAR_AJAX_13Jan2016.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">flies planes\u003c/a> through smoke plumes, gathering data, but air traffic over wildfires is tightly restricted. Scientific research is not a top priority when fires are threatening towns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some preliminary data is available now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One method uses inventories of existing forests—surveying how many trees and which type. Those records are updated every 10 years. Researchers then overlay infrared images captured from satellites that show what’s burning and at what intensity. From that, predictions can be made about carbon emissions on any given day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say that emissions from burned forests are one of the most virulent types, called black carbon. According to the most recent accounting from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/inventory/slcp/slcp.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">state Air Resources Board\u003c/a>, California’s annual black carbon discharge—excluding wildfires—are equal to emissions from about 8 million passenger vehicles driven for one year. Not a small number.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when the state calculates the same annual average of black carbon coming solely from wildfires, it’s the equivalent of nearly 19 million additional cars on the road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With year-round fire seasons and fire intensity off the charts, state officials admit that wildfires could \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/californias-wildfires-looming-threat-climate-goals/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">set back \u003c/a>California’s myriad policies to offset the impacts of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s significant,” Enstice said. “We don’t have a lot of data to measure yet, we’re still using primitive tools. But everyone is gearing up to study this.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "When fires strike downed trees, the state will begin to experience “mass fires” spewing plumes of carbon. The resulting conflagrations will be almost unimaginable.",
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"nprByline": "\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/author/julie-cart/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Julie Cart\u003c/a>,\u003c/br>\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CALmatters\u003c/a>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As crews across California battle more than a dozen wildfires—including the largest in state history—the blazes are spewing enough carbon into the air to undo some of the good done by the state’s climate policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s even worse: Climate-warming compounds that will be released by the charred forests long \u003cem>after\u003c/em> the fires are extinguished may do more to warm up the planet than the immediate harm from smoky air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say that only about 15 percent of a forest’s store of carbon is expelled during burns. The remainder is released slowly over the coming years and decades, as trees decay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That second hit of carbon, experts say, contains compounds that do more to accelerate climate change than those from the original fire. And future fires over previously burned ground could make climate prospects even more bleak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The worst possible situation is the fire that comes through and kills everything,” said Nic Enstice, regional science coordinator for the Sierra Nevada Conservancy. “Then, ten or fifteen years later, another fire comes through and releases all the carbon left in the trees on the ground. That’s really bad.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a scenario that could explode at any time. Enstice cited a \u003ca href=\"https://nature.berkeley.edu/stephenslab/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Stephens-et-al.-Fire-Tree-Mortality-BioSci-2018.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research paper\u003c/a> published this year that laid out a chilling tableau: California has more than a 120 million dead trees strewn around its mountain ranges, with the southern Sierra hardest hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When fires hit those downed trees, the state will begin to experience “mass fires” spewing plumes of carbon. The resulting conflagrations, according to the researcher, will be almost unimaginable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The emissions from those fires will be unlike anything we will have ever seen,” Enstice said. “And you won’t be able put it out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Computing the carbon released from the the fires so far this year will not happen soon. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.wrapair2.org/pdf/Yates_WESTAR_AJAX_13Jan2016.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">flies planes\u003c/a> through smoke plumes, gathering data, but air traffic over wildfires is tightly restricted. Scientific research is not a top priority when fires are threatening towns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some preliminary data is available now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One method uses inventories of existing forests—surveying how many trees and which type. Those records are updated every 10 years. Researchers then overlay infrared images captured from satellites that show what’s burning and at what intensity. From that, predictions can be made about carbon emissions on any given day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say that emissions from burned forests are one of the most virulent types, called black carbon. According to the most recent accounting from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/inventory/slcp/slcp.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">state Air Resources Board\u003c/a>, California’s annual black carbon discharge—excluding wildfires—are equal to emissions from about 8 million passenger vehicles driven for one year. Not a small number.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when the state calculates the same annual average of black carbon coming solely from wildfires, it’s the equivalent of nearly 19 million additional cars on the road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With year-round fire seasons and fire intensity off the charts, state officials admit that wildfires could \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/californias-wildfires-looming-threat-climate-goals/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">set back \u003c/a>California’s myriad policies to offset the impacts of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s significant,” Enstice said. “We don’t have a lot of data to measure yet, we’re still using primitive tools. But everyone is gearing up to study this.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>As global warming intensifies, innovators are increasingly exploring extreme ideas to reduce the existential risks posed by climate change.[contextly_sidebar id=”3KFTtZuiPIROitDbblZdpX4G0yfVXX3I”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether it’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/485125/despite-millions-in-investment-carbon-capture-flops-in-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stripping the atmosphere\u003c/a> of greenhouse gases or designing\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/climatewatch/2012/01/11/cleaner-air-the-word-could-still-be-plastics/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> fake trees to soak up\u003c/a> carbon from the air, technologies that claim to do the extraordinary are being seriously investigated by today’s scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar geoengineering, the purposeful alteration of the climate to mitigate the effects of climate change, is one such example. If sunlight could be blocked, the thinking goes, surface temperatures would decrease and the worst effects of heating could be avoided.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"http://news.berkeley.edu/2018/08/08/blocking-sunlight-to-cool-earth-wont-reduce-crop-damage-from-global-warming/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a new study\u003c/a> casts doubt that the technology would solve more problems than it would cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agricultural effects of solar geoengineering entails spraying sulfur dioxide — particles that reflect sunlight back into space — into the atmosphere, resulting in a cooler planet and better crop yields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To predict the effects of injecting particles into the atmosphere to reflect sunlight back into space, researchers at U.C. Berkeley observed cases of natural geoeningeering: volcanic eruptions.[contextly_sidebar id=”UTCswFxBMu8KcxoIA34DD2pnPif5CgJs”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While emissions from volcanoes do decrease surface temperatures, the researchers found that the process did nothing to offset crop damage from rising global temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers collected data from past volcanic eruptions, which naturally spew sun-reflecting sulfate particles into the atmosphere, to provide the first estimates of how these particles effect the quantity and quality of sunlight, and how these changes in turn impact global crop yields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Specifically, they looked at the impact of sulfate particles on local temperature, rainfall, and cloud cover and how these changes affected a number of crops: corn, rice, wheat and soybean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After crunching the data, they found that any improvements in crop yields from cooler temperatures were negated by reduced yields due to less sunlight reaching the plants, according to lead author Jonathan Proctor, an agricultural economist at U.C. Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Crops needs cooler conditions to grow but they also require bright sunlight,” says Proctor. “It’s like using one credit card to pay off another. You end up in the same position where you started.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the resulting cooler conditions protected crops from the effects of extreme heat, the changes in sunlight levels led to reduced yields.[contextly_sidebar id=”yQycfWLPaVdfQgOSx5WG1v0dxrCwMS7Z”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our results suggest that the side effects of the treatment are just as bad as the original disease,” says Proctor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Proctor says there is evidence to suggest that using different particles that do a better job of scattering light, and therefore allowing more of it to reach plants, may yield better results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you could design particles better, perhaps you can mitigate some of the damages to crop yields,” he says. “That said, more uncertainty arises because once you begin tweaking things, you may observe more side effects. And we’ve never seen alternative particles injected in huge amounts into the atmosphere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the disappointing findings, Proctor cautions against ruling out solar geoengineering as a potential tool in the fight against climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We only focused on the agricultural sector but this could still be an incredibly important and useful technology in other sectors,” he says. “Climate change will continue to have damaging effects on the world and our goal as scientists is to chip away at the uncertainty.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As global warming intensifies, innovators are increasingly exploring extreme ideas to reduce the existential risks posed by climate change.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether it’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/485125/despite-millions-in-investment-carbon-capture-flops-in-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stripping the atmosphere\u003c/a> of greenhouse gases or designing\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/climatewatch/2012/01/11/cleaner-air-the-word-could-still-be-plastics/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> fake trees to soak up\u003c/a> carbon from the air, technologies that claim to do the extraordinary are being seriously investigated by today’s scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar geoengineering, the purposeful alteration of the climate to mitigate the effects of climate change, is one such example. If sunlight could be blocked, the thinking goes, surface temperatures would decrease and the worst effects of heating could be avoided.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"http://news.berkeley.edu/2018/08/08/blocking-sunlight-to-cool-earth-wont-reduce-crop-damage-from-global-warming/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a new study\u003c/a> casts doubt that the technology would solve more problems than it would cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agricultural effects of solar geoengineering entails spraying sulfur dioxide — particles that reflect sunlight back into space — into the atmosphere, resulting in a cooler planet and better crop yields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To predict the effects of injecting particles into the atmosphere to reflect sunlight back into space, researchers at U.C. Berkeley observed cases of natural geoeningeering: volcanic eruptions.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While emissions from volcanoes do decrease surface temperatures, the researchers found that the process did nothing to offset crop damage from rising global temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers collected data from past volcanic eruptions, which naturally spew sun-reflecting sulfate particles into the atmosphere, to provide the first estimates of how these particles effect the quantity and quality of sunlight, and how these changes in turn impact global crop yields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Specifically, they looked at the impact of sulfate particles on local temperature, rainfall, and cloud cover and how these changes affected a number of crops: corn, rice, wheat and soybean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After crunching the data, they found that any improvements in crop yields from cooler temperatures were negated by reduced yields due to less sunlight reaching the plants, according to lead author Jonathan Proctor, an agricultural economist at U.C. Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Crops needs cooler conditions to grow but they also require bright sunlight,” says Proctor. “It’s like using one credit card to pay off another. You end up in the same position where you started.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the resulting cooler conditions protected crops from the effects of extreme heat, the changes in sunlight levels led to reduced yields.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our results suggest that the side effects of the treatment are just as bad as the original disease,” says Proctor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Proctor says there is evidence to suggest that using different particles that do a better job of scattering light, and therefore allowing more of it to reach plants, may yield better results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you could design particles better, perhaps you can mitigate some of the damages to crop yields,” he says. “That said, more uncertainty arises because once you begin tweaking things, you may observe more side effects. And we’ve never seen alternative particles injected in huge amounts into the atmosphere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the disappointing findings, Proctor cautions against ruling out solar geoengineering as a potential tool in the fight against climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We only focused on the agricultural sector but this could still be an incredibly important and useful technology in other sectors,” he says. “Climate change will continue to have damaging effects on the world and our goal as scientists is to chip away at the uncertainty.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Firefighters struggled against rugged terrain, high winds and an August heat wave Tuesday to slow the spread of the biggest wildfire ever recorded in California, an inferno that exploded to be nearly the size of Los Angeles in just 11 days.[contextly_sidebar id=”akOGK2M7GjZYylISgUomzilm81PcwczB”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 450-square-mile (1,165-square-kilometer) blaze, centered near the community of Upper Lake, about 100 miles (160 kilometers) north of San Francisco, spread fast because of what officials said was a perfect combination of weather, topography and abundant vegetation turned into highly flammable fuel by years of drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Firefighting efforts were also initially hampered by stretched resources, said the Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, also known as Cal Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the fire started July 27, thousands of firefighters were hundreds of miles north battling a massive blaze that spread into the city of Redding, destroying more than 1,000 homes, in addition to a dozen other major blazes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few days after the Upper Lake fire started, Cal Fire Battalion Chief John Messina told a community meeting that with so many fires already raging in California, “resources are already committed” so officials were forced to prioritize public safety and private property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After those two things are addressed then we’ll go after the pieces of fire that are in remote areas,” Messina said. “Typically, we’d go at all at once. There is just not the resources for that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The flames were raging in mostly remote areas, and no deaths or serious injuries were reported. But at least 75 homes have been lost, and thousands of people have been forced to flee. The blaze, dubbed the Mendocino Complex, was reported 20 percent contained on Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Its rapid growth at the same time firefighters were battling more than a dozen other major blazes around the state fanned fears that 2018 could become the worst wildfire season in California history.[contextly_sidebar id=”af0zGfEPAW1aFEjHFdzAD59HkWtBm7kW”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For whatever reason, fires are burning much more intensely, much more quickly than they were before,” said Mark A. Hartwig, president of the California Fire Chiefs Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 3,900 firefighters, including a crew of 40 volunteers from New Zealand, were battling the blaze, contending with temperatures in the high 90s and winds gusting to 25 mph (40 kph).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The heavily forested area of myriad canyons where the fire is spreading has few roads or natural barriers that can serve as firebreaks or offer safe havens for firefighters to battle the flames head on, Cal Fire Battalion Chief Jonathan Cox said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So firefighters instead fell back to natural barriers such as streams or used bulldozers to cut fire lines, but the flames were moving so fast in spots that they blew past, forcing firefighters to retreat, Cox said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no way you’re going to stop that fire,” said Kyle Coleman, 28, who returned to his childhood home last week to help his father try — in vain, it turned out — to protect it. “A big wall of flames came over the mountain … I pretty much got my dad out of there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In all, 14,000 firefighters were battling blazes across California, which is seeing earlier, longer and more destructive wildfire seasons because of drought, warmer weather attributed to climate change, and the building of homes deeper into the forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cal Fire is really an urban firefighter service in the woods,” said Arizona State University professor Stephen Pyne, a wildfire management expert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mendocino Complex is actually two blazes burning so close together that authorities are attacking them as one, a common practice at Cal Fire. The fires started within an hour of each other about 15 miles (25 kilometers) apart. As of Tuesday, they were separated by just a few miles. Officials have not determined the cause of either one.[contextly_sidebar id=”yx8XuhorNJuNsPPbYCeB0ZVvScaNYXVK”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In becoming the biggest fire in California history , the Mendocino Complex fire broke a record set just eight months ago. A blaze in Southern California in December killed two people, burned 440 square miles (1,140 square kilometers) and destroyed more than 1,000 buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crews also gained ground this week against another Northern California wildfire near the city of Redding that was blamed for at least six deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, a blaze burning near Yosemite National Park has been raging for nearly a month but is still just one-third as large as the biggest fire, though dense smoke has closed much of the park to visitors for the past two weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s firefighting costs have more than tripled from $242 million in the 2013 fiscal year to $773 million in the 2018 fiscal year that ended June 30, according to Cal Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in uncharted territory,” Gov. Jerry Brown warned last week. “Since civilization emerged 10,000 years ago, we haven’t had this kind of heat condition, and it’s going to continue getting worse. That’s the way it is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Associated Press writers Don Thompson in Sacramento, California and Lorin Eleni Gill and Olga Rodriguez in San Francisco also contributed to this report.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After those two things are addressed then we’ll go after the pieces of fire that are in remote areas,” Messina said. “Typically, we’d go at all at once. There is just not the resources for that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The flames were raging in mostly remote areas, and no deaths or serious injuries were reported. But at least 75 homes have been lost, and thousands of people have been forced to flee. The blaze, dubbed the Mendocino Complex, was reported 20 percent contained on Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Its rapid growth at the same time firefighters were battling more than a dozen other major blazes around the state fanned fears that 2018 could become the worst wildfire season in California history.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For whatever reason, fires are burning much more intensely, much more quickly than they were before,” said Mark A. Hartwig, president of the California Fire Chiefs Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 3,900 firefighters, including a crew of 40 volunteers from New Zealand, were battling the blaze, contending with temperatures in the high 90s and winds gusting to 25 mph (40 kph).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The heavily forested area of myriad canyons where the fire is spreading has few roads or natural barriers that can serve as firebreaks or offer safe havens for firefighters to battle the flames head on, Cal Fire Battalion Chief Jonathan Cox said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So firefighters instead fell back to natural barriers such as streams or used bulldozers to cut fire lines, but the flames were moving so fast in spots that they blew past, forcing firefighters to retreat, Cox said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no way you’re going to stop that fire,” said Kyle Coleman, 28, who returned to his childhood home last week to help his father try — in vain, it turned out — to protect it. “A big wall of flames came over the mountain … I pretty much got my dad out of there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In all, 14,000 firefighters were battling blazes across California, which is seeing earlier, longer and more destructive wildfire seasons because of drought, warmer weather attributed to climate change, and the building of homes deeper into the forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cal Fire is really an urban firefighter service in the woods,” said Arizona State University professor Stephen Pyne, a wildfire management expert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mendocino Complex is actually two blazes burning so close together that authorities are attacking them as one, a common practice at Cal Fire. The fires started within an hour of each other about 15 miles (25 kilometers) apart. As of Tuesday, they were separated by just a few miles. Officials have not determined the cause of either one.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In becoming the biggest fire in California history , the Mendocino Complex fire broke a record set just eight months ago. A blaze in Southern California in December killed two people, burned 440 square miles (1,140 square kilometers) and destroyed more than 1,000 buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crews also gained ground this week against another Northern California wildfire near the city of Redding that was blamed for at least six deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, a blaze burning near Yosemite National Park has been raging for nearly a month but is still just one-third as large as the biggest fire, though dense smoke has closed much of the park to visitors for the past two weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s firefighting costs have more than tripled from $242 million in the 2013 fiscal year to $773 million in the 2018 fiscal year that ended June 30, according to Cal Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in uncharted territory,” Gov. Jerry Brown warned last week. “Since civilization emerged 10,000 years ago, we haven’t had this kind of heat condition, and it’s going to continue getting worse. That’s the way it is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Associated Press writers Don Thompson in Sacramento, California and Lorin Eleni Gill and Olga Rodriguez in San Francisco also contributed to this report.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was Schwarzenegger who signed AB 32, the state’s landmark — and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927229/california-meets-key-climate-change-goal-early\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">effective\u003c/a> — law that has reduced the greenhouse gas emissions that drive climate change. It was only last month that the California Air Resources Board released data showing that 2016 emissions had fallen below those produced in the state in 1990, a milestone reached four years ahead of schedule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Should today’s EPA plan to revoke the exemption allowing California to go above and beyond federal requirements for auto emissions actually become law (there’s already a lawsuit, naturally), that could all but sink the state’s effort to slash emissions another 40 percent by 2040.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which all goes to say, when it comes to the Governator lambasting the policies of the president, you can count on one thing :\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’ll \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-YEG9DgRHhA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">be back\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Even the dirt on the ground is making climate change worse, a new study finds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plants capture massive amounts of carbon, pumping it into the soil where usually it stays for hundreds or thousands of years.[contextly_sidebar id=”v3ttozJyWQs5K9BIGVidVliV7j6bQ44K”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Observations from across the globe show that as temperatures have warmed, bacteria and fungi in the soil are becoming more active. These turbo-charged microbes are feeding on dead leaves and plants, releasing more heat-trapping carbon dioxide into the air, according to a study in Wednesday’s journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/\">Nature\u003c/a> .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists call it a vicious cycle of warming. Burning of coal, oil and natural gas heats the air and soil, which worsens warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This uncontrolled cycle speeds up and amplifies climate change, said Jerry Melillo of the Marine Biological Laboratory in Massachusetts, who wasn’t part of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers found a significant increase in the amount of carbon since the 1990s coming out of microbes when compared to other releases of carbon. They analyzed sensor readings, soil measurements, plant growth data and satellite observations in what’s the most comprehensive study yet of the climate change impacts of soil.[contextly_sidebar id=”XrkLbElgnB0X9BQRquMpqsaNDTpklZn4″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The world really is showing an effect here,” said lead researcher Ben Bond-Lamberty of the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. “It’s a fingerprint of climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, soil releases about nine times more carbon than human-caused activities, but that’s part of a natural cycle when the amount of carbon released into the air is about equal to the carbon taken out by oceans and plants. Fossil fuel emissions knock the atmosphere out of balance by putting more in than comes out. Heated soil releases more carbon, further putting the cycle out of whack, Bond-Lamberty said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists said as the world continues to warm, the soil will release yet more carbon that it has been holding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If something isn’t done, “we are really in trouble,” said Rattan Lal of Ohio State University, who wasn’t part of the study. He added that proper soil conservation techniques — such as avoiding plowing, off-season cover crop and leaving crop residue on the ground — can help keep more of the carbon in the soil.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
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"link": "/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
}
},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"meta": {
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/M4f5",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
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