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"content": "\u003cp>Someday you could slice into a steak from a Petri dish, or savor sashimi from a test tube. By growing meat in labs, a slew of Bay Area startups promise a future of tasty dishes for carnivores without making billions of animals suffer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ju.st/en-us\">Just Inc.\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://finlessfoods.com/\">Finless Foods\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.memphismeats.com/\">Memphis Meats\u003c/a> are making beef, pork, poultry and seafood by harvesting cells from muscle tissue instead of living animals. Others like \u003ca href=\"https://www.clarafoods.com/\">Clara Foods\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://geltor.com/\">Geltor\u003c/a> ferment yeast cells to make egg whites and collagen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, teams from many of these companies gathered to discuss this trend at the \u003ca href=\"https://goodfoodconference.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Good Food Conference \u003c/a>in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Process\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">To make cultured meat, companies use techniques very similar to what doctors do to help burn victims heal. Physicians take skin grafts, replicate the cells outside the body and add the new cells back to the wound. The biggest difference with growing cultured meat is the result. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Scientists begin with a biopsy of animal muscle tissue. Technicians collect stem cells from the tissue, multiply them dramatically and allow them to differentiate into fibers that eventually bulk up and form muscle tissue. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Voila! Sirloin without a slaughterhouse. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Well, not yet.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">For now, companies focus on ground products like chicken nuggets, sausages and hamburger. This first line of offerings will likely include fillers, flavors and additives to help lab grown meat look, taste and feel the way people expect it to. Before scientists can create pork chops and filet mignon, they must learn how to design and replicate blood vessels. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>From Yuck…to Yum!?!\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Customers’ aversion to genetic engineering and artificial flavors in food could make it tricky to market lab-grown meat. Cultured meat companies are quick to point out that labs allow much more control over flavor and food safety than farms do. Also, their products could save farm animals from enormous suffering and help the planet by reducing the number of methane-producing cattle and other livestock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farms generate a hefty carbon footprint. Raising animals in California \u003ca href=\"https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/cc/inventory/data/tables/ghg_inventory_sector_sum_2000-17.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">emits 8 percent\u003c/a> of the state’s total greenhouse gases. That’s more than all the state’s oil refineries combined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In theory, lab-grown meat is a sensible solution because it removes the need for vast acres of land to grow cattle, chickens and pigs. Not to mention chemical fertilizers that pollute air and water. That said,\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> the environmental reality is much less certain. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2019.00005/full\"> new study\u003c/a> suggests lab-grown meat could accelerate climate change more than regular beef does. The claims, pro and con, are based on theoretical models. We won’t know what cultured meat on a commercial scale requires until labs are able to feed large populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When Can I Order a Lab-Grown Burger?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Area CEOs promise their products will be ready for public consumption in a year or two. Industry buzz suggests that’ll happen in Asia first. In countries like Singapore and Japan – where land is limited and meat imports are very expensive – excitement is brewing. Asian cultures tend to embrace, instead of scoff, novel foods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the industry faces significant scientific, regulatory, manufacturing, economic and cultural hurdles before it catches on in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no proof that producing meat in labs could endanger human health, but the federal Food and Drug Administration would need to regulate an entirely new industry. There’s also pushback from traditional farmers and ranchers who argue vehemently against labeling these products as meat. Marketers will have to coax consumers past the gross-out factor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, companies need to create a commercially viable product. Mark Post, the co-founder of Mosa Meat, developed the first lab-grown burger in 2013. That patty cost $300,000. Prices have dropped a lot since then, but not to a level that can compete with U.S. beef on the hoof. For all these reasons, food industry skeptics suggest it will be at least a decade or even two before diners can order cultured meat on local menus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Scientists begin with a biopsy of animal muscle tissue. Technicians collect stem cells from the tissue, multiply them dramatically and allow them to differentiate into fibers that eventually bulk up and form muscle tissue. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Voila! Sirloin without a slaughterhouse. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Well, not yet.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">For now, companies focus on ground products like chicken nuggets, sausages and hamburger. This first line of offerings will likely include fillers, flavors and additives to help lab grown meat look, taste and feel the way people expect it to. Before scientists can create pork chops and filet mignon, they must learn how to design and replicate blood vessels. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>From Yuck…to Yum!?!\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Customers’ aversion to genetic engineering and artificial flavors in food could make it tricky to market lab-grown meat. Cultured meat companies are quick to point out that labs allow much more control over flavor and food safety than farms do. Also, their products could save farm animals from enormous suffering and help the planet by reducing the number of methane-producing cattle and other livestock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farms generate a hefty carbon footprint. Raising animals in California \u003ca href=\"https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/cc/inventory/data/tables/ghg_inventory_sector_sum_2000-17.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">emits 8 percent\u003c/a> of the state’s total greenhouse gases. That’s more than all the state’s oil refineries combined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In theory, lab-grown meat is a sensible solution because it removes the need for vast acres of land to grow cattle, chickens and pigs. Not to mention chemical fertilizers that pollute air and water. That said,\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> the environmental reality is much less certain. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2019.00005/full\"> new study\u003c/a> suggests lab-grown meat could accelerate climate change more than regular beef does. The claims, pro and con, are based on theoretical models. We won’t know what cultured meat on a commercial scale requires until labs are able to feed large populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When Can I Order a Lab-Grown Burger?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Area CEOs promise their products will be ready for public consumption in a year or two. Industry buzz suggests that’ll happen in Asia first. In countries like Singapore and Japan – where land is limited and meat imports are very expensive – excitement is brewing. Asian cultures tend to embrace, instead of scoff, novel foods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the industry faces significant scientific, regulatory, manufacturing, economic and cultural hurdles before it catches on in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no proof that producing meat in labs could endanger human health, but the federal Food and Drug Administration would need to regulate an entirely new industry. There’s also pushback from traditional farmers and ranchers who argue vehemently against labeling these products as meat. Marketers will have to coax consumers past the gross-out factor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, companies need to create a commercially viable product. Mark Post, the co-founder of Mosa Meat, developed the first lab-grown burger in 2013. That patty cost $300,000. Prices have dropped a lot since then, but not to a level that can compete with U.S. beef on the hoof. For all these reasons, food industry skeptics suggest it will be at least a decade or even two before diners can order cultured meat on local menus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Jonathan Franzen Says It's Too Late For Us on Climate Change. Scientists Immediately Push Back",
"headTitle": "Jonathan Franzen Says It’s Too Late For Us on Climate Change. Scientists Immediately Push Back | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The climate apocalypse is coming and there’s nothing we can do to stop it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least that’s the thesis of writer Jonathan Franzen, whose recent essay in The New Yorker — “\u003ca href=\"https://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/what-if-we-stopped-pretending\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">What if We Stopped Pretending?\u003c/a>” — tapped into fear of a climate apocalypse that many people are grappling with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the wake of Franzen’s piece, published on the magazine’s website Sunday, climate scientists, advocates and journalists quickly took to social media to pick apart his interpretation of the current scientific outlook, and his framing of the world’s goal of reducing carbon emissions to the point of staving off global catastrophe as nearly impossible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Franzen wrote:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The goal has been clear for thirty years, and despite earnest efforts we’ve made essentially no progress toward reaching it. Today, the scientific evidence verges on irrefutable. If you’re younger than sixty, you have a good chance of witnessing the radical destabilization of life on earth—massive crop failures, apocalyptic fires, imploding economies, epic flooding, hundreds of millions of refugees fleeing regions made uninhabitable by extreme heat or permanent drought. If you’re under thirty, you’re all but guaranteed to witness it.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Critics of the piece were quick to assert that Franzen’s argument is based upon misreading reports from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and prominent scientific journals like \u003cem>Nature.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A particular sticking point for some was Franzen’s assertion that roughly 2 degrees Celsius of warming above preindustrial levels represents a tipping point from which there is no coming back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sean Hecht, the co-director of the \u003ca href=\"https://law.ucla.edu/centers/environmental-law/emmett-institute-on-climate-change-and-the-environment/main/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Emmett Institute on Climate Change and the Environment\u003c/a> at UCLA Law School, responded on Twitter:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/seanhecht/status/1170742396264402945\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daniel Kammen, a UC Berkeley climate physicist and co-author of previous IPCC reports, says the reality is not that black and white. “No one has a precise year, has a precise number, that if you exceed this all hope is lost,” he said. “That is just not the scientific fact.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just really unfortunate because it doesn’t reflect any of the current science. It’s as if he ignored the comments of the IPCC reports,” Kammen said. “This piece clearly got no fact checking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Franzen argues that in order to collectively make a go at averting all-out disaster, “The first condition is that every one of the world’s major polluting countries institute draconian conservation measures, shut down much of its energy and transportation infrastructure, and completely retool its economy.\u003cem>“\u003c/em> He adds: “Call me a pessimist or call me a humanist, but I don’t see human nature fundamentally changing anytime soon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Kammen says, it’s far from a given that 1.5 or 2 degrees of warming is unpreventable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While the U.S. is ignoring this, the rest of the world is proceeding,” Kammen said. And within the U.S., he pointed out, California, New York and New Mexico are making significant progress in reducing greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With advances in electric vehicles, energy storage, and solar and wind power, Kammen said, “the technology base to make it happen is there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/leahstokes/status/1170734860534714368\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Franzen’s essay does make a case for the benefits of reducing the world’s carbon footprint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even if we can no longer hope to be saved from two degrees of warming,” he wrote, “there’s still a strong practical and ethical case for reducing carbon emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Postponing what may be inevitable and mitigating the fallout of climate collapse are worthwhile pursuits, he says. As are investing in communities, local farming and conservation. But he also argues against putting all of our collective eggs (i.e., precious resources and hope) in a long-shot war against carbon when other, more addressable problems, such as water depletion and the overuse of pesticides, merit attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Franzen writes that, “a false hope of salvation can be actively harmful.” Personal initiatives like biking to work and voting green, he says, may lure the public into a state of “complacency.” Instead, he argues, we should be preparing for life in a radically different — and hotter — future, where wildfires and floods persist and the threat of destabilization looms over civilization.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Doom and Gloom\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of Franzen’s critics say that kind of apocalyptic rhetoric can be dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All the discussions of doom and gloom have not led to change we need,” said Rob Jackson, chair of Stanford University’s Earth Systems Science Department. “It almost relieves us of responsibility. If an apocalypse is inevitable, why should I do anything to stave it off, to minimize its effects? It reduces actions, rather than enhancing action.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Jackson says he thinks Franzen is correct to point out that we need to better prepare for a changing world, “We are not locked into a Mad Max world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fallout from climate change is on a continuum, he says, and “Every tenth of a degree matters. Every tenth of a degree increases the chances of runaway permafrost melt and methane release. Every tenth of a degree will increase the amount of ice melt and sea level rise we face over the next millennium.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know where all the tipping points are. A two degree threshold is an arbitrary threshold. The farther we go, the more likely we make it that catastrophic things will happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Franzen is right that climate is an existential threat, Jackson said, “so we should vote and act like it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not everyone thought Frazen’s arguments were completely off base. In an \u003ca href=\"https://www.motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2019/09/jonathan-franzen-isnt-quite-right-but-he-has-a-point/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">article \u003c/a>published Monday by Mother Jones, Kevin Drum points out that while the use of renewable energy sources is on the rise — up from 19 to 22 percent of the world’s energy capacity since 1990 — so is our dependence on fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All told, our reliance on fossil fuels has increased from 62 percent to 65 percent,” Drum wrote. “We haven’t even managed to stabilize carbon emissions, let alone reduce them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Drum continues:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Franzen’s prescription is wrong: we shouldn’t give up hope. Success is still possible, even if it’s hardly certain. However, his assessment of human nature is something to be taken seriously and it should illuminate the way we approach climate change. Working with human nature is far more likely to produce results than fighting it, and that means finding new ways to make green energy cheap and plentiful instead of fruitlessly pleading with people to use less of it.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Here are a few more reactions from around the web prompted by Franzen’s essay:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://grist.org/article/4-corrections-for-jonathan-franzen-and-other-climate-cowards/\">4 corrections for Jonathan Franzen and other climate cowards\u003c/a> (Eve Andrews, Grist)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/09/what-jonathan-franzen-gets-wrong-ab\">Jonathan Franzen’s Climate Pessimism Is Justified. His Fatalism is Not.\u003c/a> (Eric Levitz, New York magazine)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.thenation.com/article/climate-change-jonathan-franzen/\">Jonathan Franzen Pens Another Environmental Disaster Story\u003c/a> (Jeet Herr, The Nation)\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The climate apocalypse is coming and there’s nothing we can do to stop it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least that’s the thesis of writer Jonathan Franzen, whose recent essay in The New Yorker — “\u003ca href=\"https://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/what-if-we-stopped-pretending\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">What if We Stopped Pretending?\u003c/a>” — tapped into fear of a climate apocalypse that many people are grappling with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the wake of Franzen’s piece, published on the magazine’s website Sunday, climate scientists, advocates and journalists quickly took to social media to pick apart his interpretation of the current scientific outlook, and his framing of the world’s goal of reducing carbon emissions to the point of staving off global catastrophe as nearly impossible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Franzen wrote:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The goal has been clear for thirty years, and despite earnest efforts we’ve made essentially no progress toward reaching it. Today, the scientific evidence verges on irrefutable. If you’re younger than sixty, you have a good chance of witnessing the radical destabilization of life on earth—massive crop failures, apocalyptic fires, imploding economies, epic flooding, hundreds of millions of refugees fleeing regions made uninhabitable by extreme heat or permanent drought. If you’re under thirty, you’re all but guaranteed to witness it.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Critics of the piece were quick to assert that Franzen’s argument is based upon misreading reports from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and prominent scientific journals like \u003cem>Nature.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A particular sticking point for some was Franzen’s assertion that roughly 2 degrees Celsius of warming above preindustrial levels represents a tipping point from which there is no coming back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sean Hecht, the co-director of the \u003ca href=\"https://law.ucla.edu/centers/environmental-law/emmett-institute-on-climate-change-and-the-environment/main/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Emmett Institute on Climate Change and the Environment\u003c/a> at UCLA Law School, responded on Twitter:\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>Daniel Kammen, a UC Berkeley climate physicist and co-author of previous IPCC reports, says the reality is not that black and white. “No one has a precise year, has a precise number, that if you exceed this all hope is lost,” he said. “That is just not the scientific fact.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just really unfortunate because it doesn’t reflect any of the current science. It’s as if he ignored the comments of the IPCC reports,” Kammen said. “This piece clearly got no fact checking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Franzen argues that in order to collectively make a go at averting all-out disaster, “The first condition is that every one of the world’s major polluting countries institute draconian conservation measures, shut down much of its energy and transportation infrastructure, and completely retool its economy.\u003cem>“\u003c/em> He adds: “Call me a pessimist or call me a humanist, but I don’t see human nature fundamentally changing anytime soon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Kammen says, it’s far from a given that 1.5 or 2 degrees of warming is unpreventable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While the U.S. is ignoring this, the rest of the world is proceeding,” Kammen said. And within the U.S., he pointed out, California, New York and New Mexico are making significant progress in reducing greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With advances in electric vehicles, energy storage, and solar and wind power, Kammen said, “the technology base to make it happen is there.”\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>Franzen’s essay does make a case for the benefits of reducing the world’s carbon footprint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even if we can no longer hope to be saved from two degrees of warming,” he wrote, “there’s still a strong practical and ethical case for reducing carbon emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Postponing what may be inevitable and mitigating the fallout of climate collapse are worthwhile pursuits, he says. As are investing in communities, local farming and conservation. But he also argues against putting all of our collective eggs (i.e., precious resources and hope) in a long-shot war against carbon when other, more addressable problems, such as water depletion and the overuse of pesticides, merit attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Franzen writes that, “a false hope of salvation can be actively harmful.” Personal initiatives like biking to work and voting green, he says, may lure the public into a state of “complacency.” Instead, he argues, we should be preparing for life in a radically different — and hotter — future, where wildfires and floods persist and the threat of destabilization looms over civilization.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Doom and Gloom\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of Franzen’s critics say that kind of apocalyptic rhetoric can be dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All the discussions of doom and gloom have not led to change we need,” said Rob Jackson, chair of Stanford University’s Earth Systems Science Department. “It almost relieves us of responsibility. If an apocalypse is inevitable, why should I do anything to stave it off, to minimize its effects? It reduces actions, rather than enhancing action.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Jackson says he thinks Franzen is correct to point out that we need to better prepare for a changing world, “We are not locked into a Mad Max world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fallout from climate change is on a continuum, he says, and “Every tenth of a degree matters. Every tenth of a degree increases the chances of runaway permafrost melt and methane release. Every tenth of a degree will increase the amount of ice melt and sea level rise we face over the next millennium.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know where all the tipping points are. A two degree threshold is an arbitrary threshold. The farther we go, the more likely we make it that catastrophic things will happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Franzen is right that climate is an existential threat, Jackson said, “so we should vote and act like it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not everyone thought Frazen’s arguments were completely off base. In an \u003ca href=\"https://www.motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2019/09/jonathan-franzen-isnt-quite-right-but-he-has-a-point/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">article \u003c/a>published Monday by Mother Jones, Kevin Drum points out that while the use of renewable energy sources is on the rise — up from 19 to 22 percent of the world’s energy capacity since 1990 — so is our dependence on fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All told, our reliance on fossil fuels has increased from 62 percent to 65 percent,” Drum wrote. “We haven’t even managed to stabilize carbon emissions, let alone reduce them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Drum continues:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Franzen’s prescription is wrong: we shouldn’t give up hope. Success is still possible, even if it’s hardly certain. However, his assessment of human nature is something to be taken seriously and it should illuminate the way we approach climate change. Working with human nature is far more likely to produce results than fighting it, and that means finding new ways to make green energy cheap and plentiful instead of fruitlessly pleading with people to use less of it.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Here are a few more reactions from around the web prompted by Franzen’s essay:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://grist.org/article/4-corrections-for-jonathan-franzen-and-other-climate-cowards/\">4 corrections for Jonathan Franzen and other climate cowards\u003c/a> (Eve Andrews, Grist)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/09/what-jonathan-franzen-gets-wrong-ab\">Jonathan Franzen’s Climate Pessimism Is Justified. His Fatalism is Not.\u003c/a> (Eric Levitz, New York magazine)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.thenation.com/article/climate-change-jonathan-franzen/\">Jonathan Franzen Pens Another Environmental Disaster Story\u003c/a> (Jeet Herr, The Nation)\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Video: Biden, Warren, Other Candidates Discuss Climate Change at CNN Town Hall",
"headTitle": "Video: Biden, Warren, Other Candidates Discuss Climate Change at CNN Town Hall | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Top Democratic presidential contenders talked tough Wednesday on cutting climate-damaging emissions from oil, gas and coal, turning their focus to global warming in a marathon evening of town halls that gave the candidates a chance to distinguish themselves on a topic of growing importance to their party’s liberal base.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tVD2YSdbjkw&t=1s\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lengthy climate conversations promised to hand Republicans ammunition for next year’s general election fight by emphasizing one common element in the Democrats’ climate change plans: their overwhelming — and overwhelmingly costly — scope. But the 10 Democrats who participated in the seven-hour series of climate change forums on CNN didn’t shy away from making sweeping promises to reshape the American economy in service of what their party’s grassroots supporters see as the paramount goal of averting global warming’s most devastating effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside link1='https://www.cnn.com/videos/politics/2019/09/05/climate-crisis-town-halls-best-moments-llr-orig.cnn,Highlights from more of the candidates']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a moral responsibility to act and act boldly. And to do that, yes, it is going to be expensive,” said Vermont Sen. Bernie Sanders, who billed his $16 trillion climate change plan as a necessary response to scientists’ calls for dramatic cuts to carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Former Vice President Joe Biden took a more pragmatic view than Sanders, even as he defended his own climate proposal as “aggressive enough” to meet the challenge. Biden, who has held an early lead in the Democratic primary, has pledged to regulate the oilfield production method known as hydraulic fracturing — though not abolish it, as some rivals have — and said Wednesday that he doubted an outright ban could be feasible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=go_ELOsVPWg&t=26s\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After facing sharp questions about his plans to attend a Thursday fundraiser hosted by the co-founder of a natural gas company, Biden defended his decision as consistent with a pledge he signed to turn away any contributions from fossil fuel executives or lobbyists. The energy investor in question, his former aide Andrew Goldman, is described in a company press release as “a long-term investor in the liquefied natural gas sector.”\u003cbr>\nCalifornia Sen. Kamala Harris vowed that, as president, she would ban hydraulic fracturing, also called fracking, and take other steps to cut fossil fuel emissions, regardless of whether Republicans cooperated. Harris said she would eliminate the Senate filibuster, if necessary, to get liberal Democrats’ sweeping Green New Deal proposal passed with a simple majority vote — a significant move from a candidate who had previously stopped short of a pledge to change congressional procedure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In targeting oil and gas and coal production, “this is a fight against powerful interests,” Harris said. “It’s lead, follow or get out of the way … starting with Donald Trump.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sanders declined to support a full end to the filibuster, asserting that he could get climate change legislation through Congress without needing to eliminate the Senate’s 60-vote requirement for many bills by using a procedural maneuver that the GOP most recently used in 2017 to pass massive tax legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I7TjxOkbP3U\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All 10 candidates have proposed plans starting at $1 trillion for investment and research designed to wean the U.S. economy off oil, gas and coal by mid-century, with varying focuses on sharp emissions cuts and technological solutions, among other measures. Former Housing Secretary Julián Castro led off the town halls, defending his own decision to stop short of endorsing a national fracking ban by saying that natural gas — some of it from fracking — had served as a bridge while the economy moves to renewable energy sources like solar and wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He cited the extreme weather over the summer to illustrate the urgency of the moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We see that now with Hurricane Dorian,” said Castro, who joined Biden, New Jersey Sen. Cory Booker and Minnesota Sen. Amy Klobuchar in calling for regulating but not completely ending fracking. “The Arctic ice caps melting. The Amazon on fire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump began tweeting almost as soon as the forums kicked off, calling Democrats’ proposals to address climate change unnecessary and costly.\u003cbr>\n“The Democrats’ destructive “environmental” proposals will raise your energy bill and prices at the pump,” Trump warned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Candidates suggested, at turns throughout the night, an array of smaller-scale ideas to limit emissions — from banning plastic straws to adjusting dietary guidelines to washing clothes in cold water. Massachusetts Sen. Elizabeth Warren, for her part, brushed aside questions about those lifestyle changes by noting that the resulting public debate is “what the fossil fuel industry wants us” to engage in while they remain considerable contributors to carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The candidates also differed on the issue of nuclear power, which currently generates an estimated one-fifth of U.S. electricity. Warren said she would seek to gradually phase the nation away from nuclear power if she’s elected. Sanders would seek to eliminate it outright, while Biden’s and Booker’s plans leave room for nuclear to remain a power-generation option.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People who think that we can get there without nuclear being part of the blend just aren’t looking at the facts,” Booker said.\u003cbr>\nPete Buttigieg spoke broadly about addressing climate change not just as an economic issue but also as a moral and national security imperative. The Afghanistan War veteran proposed that the military should be “leading the way” in solving the issue, by making sure bases are carbon neutral and by purchasing zero-emissions vehicles, among other things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democrats spent the run-up to the town halls burnishing their environmental credentials, with five candidates releasing in-depth proposals to slash carbon emissions. Sanders went further, challenging his rivals for the party’s presidential nomination to join him in supporting a full ban on fracking, which is strongly opposed by most environmentalists who view it as an unmanageable risk to local water and air quality as well as the broader climate.\u003cbr>\n___\u003cbr>\nAssociated Press writer Alexandra Jaffe in Des Moines, Iowa, contributed to this report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Top Democratic presidential contenders talked tough Wednesday on cutting climate-damaging emissions from oil, gas and coal, turning their focus to global warming in a marathon evening of town halls that gave the candidates a chance to distinguish themselves on a topic of growing importance to their party’s liberal base.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/tVD2YSdbjkw'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/tVD2YSdbjkw'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>The lengthy climate conversations promised to hand Republicans ammunition for next year’s general election fight by emphasizing one common element in the Democrats’ climate change plans: their overwhelming — and overwhelmingly costly — scope. But the 10 Democrats who participated in the seven-hour series of climate change forums on CNN didn’t shy away from making sweeping promises to reshape the American economy in service of what their party’s grassroots supporters see as the paramount goal of averting global warming’s most devastating effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a moral responsibility to act and act boldly. And to do that, yes, it is going to be expensive,” said Vermont Sen. Bernie Sanders, who billed his $16 trillion climate change plan as a necessary response to scientists’ calls for dramatic cuts to carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Former Vice President Joe Biden took a more pragmatic view than Sanders, even as he defended his own climate proposal as “aggressive enough” to meet the challenge. Biden, who has held an early lead in the Democratic primary, has pledged to regulate the oilfield production method known as hydraulic fracturing — though not abolish it, as some rivals have — and said Wednesday that he doubted an outright ban could be feasible.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/go_ELOsVPWg'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/go_ELOsVPWg'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>After facing sharp questions about his plans to attend a Thursday fundraiser hosted by the co-founder of a natural gas company, Biden defended his decision as consistent with a pledge he signed to turn away any contributions from fossil fuel executives or lobbyists. The energy investor in question, his former aide Andrew Goldman, is described in a company press release as “a long-term investor in the liquefied natural gas sector.”\u003cbr>\nCalifornia Sen. Kamala Harris vowed that, as president, she would ban hydraulic fracturing, also called fracking, and take other steps to cut fossil fuel emissions, regardless of whether Republicans cooperated. Harris said she would eliminate the Senate filibuster, if necessary, to get liberal Democrats’ sweeping Green New Deal proposal passed with a simple majority vote — a significant move from a candidate who had previously stopped short of a pledge to change congressional procedure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In targeting oil and gas and coal production, “this is a fight against powerful interests,” Harris said. “It’s lead, follow or get out of the way … starting with Donald Trump.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sanders declined to support a full end to the filibuster, asserting that he could get climate change legislation through Congress without needing to eliminate the Senate’s 60-vote requirement for many bills by using a procedural maneuver that the GOP most recently used in 2017 to pass massive tax legislation.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/I7TjxOkbP3U'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/I7TjxOkbP3U'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>All 10 candidates have proposed plans starting at $1 trillion for investment and research designed to wean the U.S. economy off oil, gas and coal by mid-century, with varying focuses on sharp emissions cuts and technological solutions, among other measures. Former Housing Secretary Julián Castro led off the town halls, defending his own decision to stop short of endorsing a national fracking ban by saying that natural gas — some of it from fracking — had served as a bridge while the economy moves to renewable energy sources like solar and wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He cited the extreme weather over the summer to illustrate the urgency of the moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We see that now with Hurricane Dorian,” said Castro, who joined Biden, New Jersey Sen. Cory Booker and Minnesota Sen. Amy Klobuchar in calling for regulating but not completely ending fracking. “The Arctic ice caps melting. The Amazon on fire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump began tweeting almost as soon as the forums kicked off, calling Democrats’ proposals to address climate change unnecessary and costly.\u003cbr>\n“The Democrats’ destructive “environmental” proposals will raise your energy bill and prices at the pump,” Trump warned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Candidates suggested, at turns throughout the night, an array of smaller-scale ideas to limit emissions — from banning plastic straws to adjusting dietary guidelines to washing clothes in cold water. Massachusetts Sen. Elizabeth Warren, for her part, brushed aside questions about those lifestyle changes by noting that the resulting public debate is “what the fossil fuel industry wants us” to engage in while they remain considerable contributors to carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The candidates also differed on the issue of nuclear power, which currently generates an estimated one-fifth of U.S. electricity. Warren said she would seek to gradually phase the nation away from nuclear power if she’s elected. Sanders would seek to eliminate it outright, while Biden’s and Booker’s plans leave room for nuclear to remain a power-generation option.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People who think that we can get there without nuclear being part of the blend just aren’t looking at the facts,” Booker said.\u003cbr>\nPete Buttigieg spoke broadly about addressing climate change not just as an economic issue but also as a moral and national security imperative. The Afghanistan War veteran proposed that the military should be “leading the way” in solving the issue, by making sure bases are carbon neutral and by purchasing zero-emissions vehicles, among other things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democrats spent the run-up to the town halls burnishing their environmental credentials, with five candidates releasing in-depth proposals to slash carbon emissions. Sanders went further, challenging his rivals for the party’s presidential nomination to join him in supporting a full ban on fracking, which is strongly opposed by most environmentalists who view it as an unmanageable risk to local water and air quality as well as the broader climate.\u003cbr>\n___\u003cbr>\nAssociated Press writer Alexandra Jaffe in Des Moines, Iowa, contributed to this report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "As Rising Heat Bakes U.S. Cities, The Poor Often Feel It Most",
"headTitle": "As Rising Heat Bakes U.S. Cities, The Poor Often Feel It Most | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>When Shakira Franklin drives from West Baltimore to her job near the city’s Inner Harbor, she can feel the summer heat ease up like a fist loosening its grip.[aside postID=science_1944972,science_1934110]“I can actually feel me riding out of the heat. When I get to a certain place when I’m on my way, I’ll turn off my air and I’ll roll my windows down,” says Franklin. “It just seems like the sun is beaming down on this neighborhood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Franklin isn’t imagining that. Her neighborhood, Franklin Square, is hotter than about two-thirds of the other neighborhoods in Baltimore — about 6 degrees hotter than the city’s coolest neighborhood. It’s also in one of the city’s poorest communities, with more than one-third of residents living in poverty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1947040\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 671px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1947040\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/baltimore.snip_.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"671\" height=\"637\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/baltimore.snip_.png 671w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/baltimore.snip_-160x152.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 671px) 100vw, 671px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: NASA, Census Bureau \u003ccite>(Sean McMinn/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>(Explore this information with NPR’s interactive tool \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/09/03/754044732/as-rising-heat-bakes-u-s-cities-the-poor-often-feel-it-most\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across Baltimore, the hottest areas tend to be the poorest and that pattern is not unusual. In dozens of major U.S. cities, low-income neighborhoods are more likely to be hotter than their wealthier counterparts, according to a joint investigation by NPR and the University of Maryland’s Howard Center for Investigative Journalism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those exposed to that extra heat are often a city’s most vulnerable: the poorest and, our data show, disproportionately people of color. And living day after day in an environment that’s literally hotter isn’t just uncomfortable, it can have dire and sometimes deadly health consequences — a fact we found reflected in Baltimore’s soaring rates of emergency calls when the heat index spiked to dangerous levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a Howard Center analysis of U.S. census data and air temperature data obtained from Portland State University and the Science Museum of Virginia, the hottest neighborhoods in Baltimore can differ by as much as 10 degrees from the coolest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Baltimore is not an extreme case. NPR analyzed 97 of the most populous U.S. cities using the median household income from U.S. Census Bureau data and NASA’s thermal satellite images. In more than three-quarters of those cities, we found that where it’s hotter, it also tends to be poorer. And at least 69 had an even stronger relationship than Baltimore, the first city we mapped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This means that as the planet warms, the urban poor in dozens of large U.S. cities will actually experience more heat than the wealthy, simply by virtue of where they live. And not only will more people get sick from rising temperatures in the future, we found they likely already are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1947039\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1947039\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Oakland.snip_-800x663.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"663\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Oakland.snip_-800x663.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Oakland.snip_-160x133.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Oakland.snip_-768x637.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Oakland.snip_.png 831w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: NASA, Census Bureau \u003ccite>(Sean McMinn/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Before I Knew It, I Was Gasping For Air’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the summer of 2018 in Baltimore, when the heat index reached 103 degrees — the threshold deemed dangerous by the National Weather Service — EMS calls increased dramatically citywide for potentially fatal heat stroke. But calls increased for chronic conditions too: EMS calls for chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) increased by nearly 70%. Calls for respiratory distress increased by 20%. Calls for cardiac arrest rose by 80%. And those for high blood pressure more than doubled. Other conditions also spiked: psychiatric disorders, substance abuse, and dehydration, among others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The heat affected residents citywide, but even when controlling for income by looking only at the patterns of Medicaid patients, there were differences across the city. From 2013 to 2018, Medicaid patients in Baltimore’s hottest areas visited the hospital at higher rates than Medicaid patients in the city’s coolest areas. The low-income patients in the city’s hot spots visited more often with several conditions, including asthma, COPD and heart disease, according to hospital inpatient and emergency room admissions data from Maryland’s Health Services Cost Review Commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Franklin Square neighborhood of West Baltimore, Shakira Franklin knows the link between heat and health all too well. She says her asthma is triggered by heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a Saturday in July, Franklin says she was making the same drive she often makes from her home to the city’s harbor. A heat wave was gripping the city, with temperatures reaching 100 degrees and above. Franklin says she normally tries to stay inside on days like that, but she had to get to work. That’s when she had her first asthma attack in nearly five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Before I knew it, I was gasping for air. It doesn’t even take me 10 minutes to get from home to my other job. Just like that,” says Franklin, who says an attack feels like drinking water through a pinched straw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Your windpipe is that straw and that water is the breaths you can take,” Franklin says. “You’re trying to bring your air through as much as you can.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors in emergency departments near Baltimore’s hotter neighborhoods say they prepare each summer for an increase in heat-related conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of times the heat played a factor in making a chronic condition acutely worse,” says Dr. Amit Chandra, chief of emergency medicine at the University of Maryland Medical Center Midtown Campus. He says that’s especially true for cardiovascular conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The worse your circulatory system is, the worse you are at getting cool,” Chandra says. A weak or damaged heart might struggle to pump extra blood to the skin so heat can radiate off the body. Even sweating, which also gets rid of heat by evaporation, can put stress on the heart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Respiratory conditions can become aggravated too, in part, because heat can actually \u003ca href=\"https://www.weather.gov/wrn/summer-article-clearing-the-air\">worsen air quality\u003c/a> and because conditions like asthma and COPD can be triggered by high heat and humidity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chandra says even looking at patients’ medical records wouldn’t necessarily tell the full story of how heat could be harming their health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We wouldn’t diagnose them at the end of the day with heat exhaustion or heat stroke necessarily unless their temperature went up,” Chandra says. “So there’s probably quite a few folks that are affected by the heat, and we’re not really tracking or measuring.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless of where they live, people in poverty \u003ca href=\"https://www.who.int/chp/chronic_disease_report/part2_ch2/en/\">are more vulnerable\u003c/a> to many chronic conditions, including some made worse by heat, like asthma and heart disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our patients are plagued by poverty, substance abuse and unfortunately some of the patients don’t have great access to health care,” says Dr. Reginald Brown, chair of emergency medicine at Bon Secours Hospital Baltimore in West Baltimore. “As far as the impact [of heat] to our patients, it’s just another thing that complicates their lives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The urban heat island\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/Y-bVwPRy_no\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cities in general tend to be hotter than their natural surroundings, thanks to a phenomenon known as the \u003ca href=\"https://scied.ucar.edu/longcontent/urban-heat-islands\">urban heat island\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you have less green cover, you will almost always have higher temperatures, and greater exposure to heat,” says Brian Stone, director of the urban climate lab at the Georgia Institute of Technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trees provide shade, but they also cool the environment down through the evaporation of water from their leaves — a process similar to how humans sweat to cool down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you pave over an area, particularly if it had green plants, you have interrupted that cycle,” Stone says. “Not only have you sealed the surface, you have put a lid on it, so evaporation cannot happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pavement — particularly if it’s black — absorbs heat and holds it in. At night, a city of more than 1 million people can be as much as \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/learn-about-heat-islands\">22 degrees warmer\u003c/a> than its surroundings. Even the buildings themselves, Stone says, can create a sort of canyon that traps heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given these elements, Stone says it makes sense that many low-income areas are hotter than richer areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Lower-income parts of the city tend to have less green cover,” Stone says. “That’s something that we see across a lot of cities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also not unusual, Stone says, for poorer areas to be located near “undesirable land uses” such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/08/14/magazine/traffic-atlanta-segregation.html\">nearby highways\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2014/04/15/pollution-is-substantially-worse-in-minority-neighborhoods-across-the-u-s/\">industrial areas\u003c/a>, which create even more heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pattern of who lives closer to those sources of heat is not just a matter of poor versus rich, it is also often a matter of black and brown versus white. Nationwide, many of the low-income communities NPR found to be hotter — often with fewer trees, more concrete and closer to highways and factories — are also communities of color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It wasn’t just a coincidence that communities of color end up in some of the most undesirable places,” says Miya Yoshitani, executive director of the Asian Pacific Environmental Network, which focuses on environmental justice issues affecting working-class Asian and Pacific Islander immigrant and refugee communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yoshitani explains that \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/10/19/498536077/interactive-redlining-map-zooms-in-on-americas-history-of-discrimination\">policies like redlining\u003c/a> — a practice, beginning in the 1930s and banned by the Fair Housing Act in 1968, in which neighborhoods were marked high risk for mortgage lenders in large part based on their racial makeup — forced people of color into less desirable areas. In Baltimore, the city’s hottest neighborhoods, many of which are predominantly African American, still \u003ca href=\"https://dsl.richmond.edu/panorama/redlining/#loc=11/39.293/-76.677&city=baltimore-md&adview=full\">line up fairly consistently\u003c/a> with the neighborhoods marked “hazardous” on a 1937 map created by the Home Owners’ Loan Corp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People of color, African American communities, indigenous communities in the beginning and then immigrant communities as they came to the United States were not given a choice about where they could live, where they could raise their families, where they could work,” Yoshitani says. “Those choices were made for them and that legacy continues today.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“They can’t escape it”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the majority of the cities NPR mapped, poverty was linked to heat, adding a second layer of risk to an already at-risk population. This is not only because poverty itself is a health hazard, but because poverty is also tied to other factors that can make it harder to get cool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People with money, of course, can do that a lot better than people with less money,” says Dr. Georges Benjamin, executive director of the American Public Health Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says no one is immune to climate change, but wealthier people can more easily control their exposure to heat by using air conditioning — which on its own \u003ca href=\"https://climate.org/cooling-your-home-but-warming-the-planet-how-we-can-stop-air-conditioning-from-worsening-climate-change/\">contributes to climate change\u003c/a> — or even by moving to a cooler part of the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On the other hand, the folks with less money, they’re going to be in their one home. And they’re going to have to deal with the conditions in their one home,” Benjamin says. “If they’re going to be in an area where it’s real hot, they’re going to have to find other ways to adapt, but they can’t escape it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The urban poor, already often in hotter environments and already at higher risk for health problems, will have a harder time escaping climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is the most significant public health problem that we have. It’s going to be here for a long time. And it’s getting worse,” Benjamin says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“This is ours”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/climate-change-and-heat-islands\">strategies to cool down\u003c/a> a city: investing in public transit, designing roofs that reflect sunlight, and planting more trees, among others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Baltimore, the city is \u003ca href=\"https://www.baltimoresustainability.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Appendix-5-1-All-Strategies-and-Actions.pdf\">working to combat urban heat\u003c/a>. The government has installed cool roofs, turned vacant lots into community green space and strategically planted and maintained trees in low-income neighborhoods, among other initiatives. But the city’s own arborist told the Howard Center that Baltimore is not on track to meet its goal of increasing the tree canopy to 40% by 2037.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re doing a lot with a little,” says Anne Draddy, the city’s sustainability coordinator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The neighborhood where Shakira Franklin lives has increased its tree canopy over time. But by 2015, it still was among the city’s lowest. Franklin says she’s not optimistic the city will be able to cool down her neighborhood anytime soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The city has a lot of responsibility. And I think that we would be close to the bottom of the list to be honest,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a grassy vacant lot near her apartment where Franklin often takes a break from her job as a landscaping crew supervisor at Bon Secours Community Works, a nearby community organization owned by Bon Secours Health System.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s one of the few places in the neighborhood with a lot of shade — mainly from a large tree Franklin calls the mother shade. She helped come up with the idea to build a free splash park in the lot for residents to cool down in the heat. Now Bon Secours is taking on the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was me taking my stand,” Franklin says. “I didn’t sit around and wait for everybody to say, ‘Well, who’s going to redo the park?’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daniel Greenspan, an architectural fellow working on the project, says they’re about halfway to their current fundraising goal — with plans to buy the lot from the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a hot Saturday this summer, Bon Secours and the neighborhood’s community association threw a party in the lot. Children ran through streams of water from a pop-up fountain, while adults discussed and voted on potential designs for the new park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our kids, they deserve it,” says Franklin, who has two children. “I just feel like it’s a long time coming to just have something to say that we built this here for us. This is ours.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Franklin says the park would become a refuge for people who can’t escape the heat — and it will indeed be a place to cool off in this neighborhood. But worldwide, heat waves are getting hotter and more frequent, and \u003ca href=\"https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2841/2018-fourth-warmest-year-in-continued-warming-trend-according-to-nasa-noaa/\">the past five years\u003c/a> have been the hottest ever recorded.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>Methodology\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To determine the link between heat and income in U.S. cities, NPR used NASA satellite imagery and U.S. Census American Community Survey data. An \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/nprapps/heat-income\">\u003cem>open-source computer program developed by NPR\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> downloaded median household income data for census tracts in the 100 most populated American cities, as well as geographic boundaries for census tracts. NPR combined these data with TIGER/Line shapefiles of the cities.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The software also downloaded thermal imagery for each city from NASA’s Landsat 8 satellite, looking for days since 2011 in June, July and August when there was less than 4% cloud cover. NPR reviewed each of the satellite images and removed images that contained clouds or other obscuring features over the city of interest. In cases when there were multiple clear images of a city, we used the thermal reading that showed a greater contrast between the warm and cool parts of the area of interest. In cases where there were no acceptable images, we manually searched for additional satellite images and found acceptable images from Landsat 8 for every city except for Hialeah and Miami, Fla., and Honolulu, which are frequently covered by clouds.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For each city, NPR aligned the satellite surface temperature data with the census tracts. For each census tract, the software trimmed the geography to only what is contained within the city of interest’s boundaries, then removed any lakes, rivers, ocean, etc. It calculated a median temperature reading for each census tract. When all of the tracts in a city were completed, it calculated a correlation coefficient (R) of the tracts to find the relationship between income and heat. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The satellite data measure temperature at a surface, such as the ground or a rooftop. We used this measurement rather than ambient temperature, which measures the air about 2 meters above the ground. Measuring air is a more accurate measure of how people experience heat, but satellite data are more widely available than air temperature data. Using that data allowed us to provide a more complete snapshot of temperature trends across many cities.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/nprapps/heat-income\">\u003cem>View NPR’s full data and code on Github.\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To determine the relationship between heat and poverty in Baltimore, the Howard Center for Investigative Journalism used block-by-block temperature data showing variations in Baltimore’s urban heat island captured by researchers at Portland State University and the Science Museum of Virginia on Aug. 29, 2018. For each “community statistical area” in Baltimore, the Howard Center computed a median temperature and joined it to a U.S. Census American Community Survey data set with the poverty rate for each area and then calculated the correlation coefficient (R).\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=As+Rising+Heat+Bakes+U.S.+Cities%2C+The+Poor+Often+Feel+It+Most&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"description": "Hotter neighborhoods tend to be poorer in dozens of major U.S. cities. That extra heat can have serious health effects for those living there.",
"title": "As Rising Heat Bakes U.S. Cities, The Poor Often Feel It Most | KQED",
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"headline": "As Rising Heat Bakes U.S. Cities, The Poor Often Feel It Most",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When Shakira Franklin drives from West Baltimore to her job near the city’s Inner Harbor, she can feel the summer heat ease up like a fist loosening its grip.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“I can actually feel me riding out of the heat. When I get to a certain place when I’m on my way, I’ll turn off my air and I’ll roll my windows down,” says Franklin. “It just seems like the sun is beaming down on this neighborhood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Franklin isn’t imagining that. Her neighborhood, Franklin Square, is hotter than about two-thirds of the other neighborhoods in Baltimore — about 6 degrees hotter than the city’s coolest neighborhood. It’s also in one of the city’s poorest communities, with more than one-third of residents living in poverty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1947040\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 671px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1947040\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/baltimore.snip_.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"671\" height=\"637\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/baltimore.snip_.png 671w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/baltimore.snip_-160x152.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 671px) 100vw, 671px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: NASA, Census Bureau \u003ccite>(Sean McMinn/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>(Explore this information with NPR’s interactive tool \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/09/03/754044732/as-rising-heat-bakes-u-s-cities-the-poor-often-feel-it-most\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across Baltimore, the hottest areas tend to be the poorest and that pattern is not unusual. In dozens of major U.S. cities, low-income neighborhoods are more likely to be hotter than their wealthier counterparts, according to a joint investigation by NPR and the University of Maryland’s Howard Center for Investigative Journalism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those exposed to that extra heat are often a city’s most vulnerable: the poorest and, our data show, disproportionately people of color. And living day after day in an environment that’s literally hotter isn’t just uncomfortable, it can have dire and sometimes deadly health consequences — a fact we found reflected in Baltimore’s soaring rates of emergency calls when the heat index spiked to dangerous levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a Howard Center analysis of U.S. census data and air temperature data obtained from Portland State University and the Science Museum of Virginia, the hottest neighborhoods in Baltimore can differ by as much as 10 degrees from the coolest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Baltimore is not an extreme case. NPR analyzed 97 of the most populous U.S. cities using the median household income from U.S. Census Bureau data and NASA’s thermal satellite images. In more than three-quarters of those cities, we found that where it’s hotter, it also tends to be poorer. And at least 69 had an even stronger relationship than Baltimore, the first city we mapped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This means that as the planet warms, the urban poor in dozens of large U.S. cities will actually experience more heat than the wealthy, simply by virtue of where they live. And not only will more people get sick from rising temperatures in the future, we found they likely already are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1947039\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1947039\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Oakland.snip_-800x663.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"663\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Oakland.snip_-800x663.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Oakland.snip_-160x133.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Oakland.snip_-768x637.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Oakland.snip_.png 831w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: NASA, Census Bureau \u003ccite>(Sean McMinn/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Before I Knew It, I Was Gasping For Air’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the summer of 2018 in Baltimore, when the heat index reached 103 degrees — the threshold deemed dangerous by the National Weather Service — EMS calls increased dramatically citywide for potentially fatal heat stroke. But calls increased for chronic conditions too: EMS calls for chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) increased by nearly 70%. Calls for respiratory distress increased by 20%. Calls for cardiac arrest rose by 80%. And those for high blood pressure more than doubled. Other conditions also spiked: psychiatric disorders, substance abuse, and dehydration, among others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The heat affected residents citywide, but even when controlling for income by looking only at the patterns of Medicaid patients, there were differences across the city. From 2013 to 2018, Medicaid patients in Baltimore’s hottest areas visited the hospital at higher rates than Medicaid patients in the city’s coolest areas. The low-income patients in the city’s hot spots visited more often with several conditions, including asthma, COPD and heart disease, according to hospital inpatient and emergency room admissions data from Maryland’s Health Services Cost Review Commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Franklin Square neighborhood of West Baltimore, Shakira Franklin knows the link between heat and health all too well. She says her asthma is triggered by heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a Saturday in July, Franklin says she was making the same drive she often makes from her home to the city’s harbor. A heat wave was gripping the city, with temperatures reaching 100 degrees and above. Franklin says she normally tries to stay inside on days like that, but she had to get to work. That’s when she had her first asthma attack in nearly five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Before I knew it, I was gasping for air. It doesn’t even take me 10 minutes to get from home to my other job. Just like that,” says Franklin, who says an attack feels like drinking water through a pinched straw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Your windpipe is that straw and that water is the breaths you can take,” Franklin says. “You’re trying to bring your air through as much as you can.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors in emergency departments near Baltimore’s hotter neighborhoods say they prepare each summer for an increase in heat-related conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of times the heat played a factor in making a chronic condition acutely worse,” says Dr. Amit Chandra, chief of emergency medicine at the University of Maryland Medical Center Midtown Campus. He says that’s especially true for cardiovascular conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The worse your circulatory system is, the worse you are at getting cool,” Chandra says. A weak or damaged heart might struggle to pump extra blood to the skin so heat can radiate off the body. Even sweating, which also gets rid of heat by evaporation, can put stress on the heart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Respiratory conditions can become aggravated too, in part, because heat can actually \u003ca href=\"https://www.weather.gov/wrn/summer-article-clearing-the-air\">worsen air quality\u003c/a> and because conditions like asthma and COPD can be triggered by high heat and humidity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chandra says even looking at patients’ medical records wouldn’t necessarily tell the full story of how heat could be harming their health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We wouldn’t diagnose them at the end of the day with heat exhaustion or heat stroke necessarily unless their temperature went up,” Chandra says. “So there’s probably quite a few folks that are affected by the heat, and we’re not really tracking or measuring.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless of where they live, people in poverty \u003ca href=\"https://www.who.int/chp/chronic_disease_report/part2_ch2/en/\">are more vulnerable\u003c/a> to many chronic conditions, including some made worse by heat, like asthma and heart disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our patients are plagued by poverty, substance abuse and unfortunately some of the patients don’t have great access to health care,” says Dr. Reginald Brown, chair of emergency medicine at Bon Secours Hospital Baltimore in West Baltimore. “As far as the impact [of heat] to our patients, it’s just another thing that complicates their lives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The urban heat island\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/Y-bVwPRy_no'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/Y-bVwPRy_no'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Cities in general tend to be hotter than their natural surroundings, thanks to a phenomenon known as the \u003ca href=\"https://scied.ucar.edu/longcontent/urban-heat-islands\">urban heat island\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you have less green cover, you will almost always have higher temperatures, and greater exposure to heat,” says Brian Stone, director of the urban climate lab at the Georgia Institute of Technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trees provide shade, but they also cool the environment down through the evaporation of water from their leaves — a process similar to how humans sweat to cool down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you pave over an area, particularly if it had green plants, you have interrupted that cycle,” Stone says. “Not only have you sealed the surface, you have put a lid on it, so evaporation cannot happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pavement — particularly if it’s black — absorbs heat and holds it in. At night, a city of more than 1 million people can be as much as \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/learn-about-heat-islands\">22 degrees warmer\u003c/a> than its surroundings. Even the buildings themselves, Stone says, can create a sort of canyon that traps heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given these elements, Stone says it makes sense that many low-income areas are hotter than richer areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Lower-income parts of the city tend to have less green cover,” Stone says. “That’s something that we see across a lot of cities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also not unusual, Stone says, for poorer areas to be located near “undesirable land uses” such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/08/14/magazine/traffic-atlanta-segregation.html\">nearby highways\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2014/04/15/pollution-is-substantially-worse-in-minority-neighborhoods-across-the-u-s/\">industrial areas\u003c/a>, which create even more heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pattern of who lives closer to those sources of heat is not just a matter of poor versus rich, it is also often a matter of black and brown versus white. Nationwide, many of the low-income communities NPR found to be hotter — often with fewer trees, more concrete and closer to highways and factories — are also communities of color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It wasn’t just a coincidence that communities of color end up in some of the most undesirable places,” says Miya Yoshitani, executive director of the Asian Pacific Environmental Network, which focuses on environmental justice issues affecting working-class Asian and Pacific Islander immigrant and refugee communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yoshitani explains that \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/10/19/498536077/interactive-redlining-map-zooms-in-on-americas-history-of-discrimination\">policies like redlining\u003c/a> — a practice, beginning in the 1930s and banned by the Fair Housing Act in 1968, in which neighborhoods were marked high risk for mortgage lenders in large part based on their racial makeup — forced people of color into less desirable areas. In Baltimore, the city’s hottest neighborhoods, many of which are predominantly African American, still \u003ca href=\"https://dsl.richmond.edu/panorama/redlining/#loc=11/39.293/-76.677&city=baltimore-md&adview=full\">line up fairly consistently\u003c/a> with the neighborhoods marked “hazardous” on a 1937 map created by the Home Owners’ Loan Corp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People of color, African American communities, indigenous communities in the beginning and then immigrant communities as they came to the United States were not given a choice about where they could live, where they could raise their families, where they could work,” Yoshitani says. “Those choices were made for them and that legacy continues today.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“They can’t escape it”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the majority of the cities NPR mapped, poverty was linked to heat, adding a second layer of risk to an already at-risk population. This is not only because poverty itself is a health hazard, but because poverty is also tied to other factors that can make it harder to get cool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People with money, of course, can do that a lot better than people with less money,” says Dr. Georges Benjamin, executive director of the American Public Health Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says no one is immune to climate change, but wealthier people can more easily control their exposure to heat by using air conditioning — which on its own \u003ca href=\"https://climate.org/cooling-your-home-but-warming-the-planet-how-we-can-stop-air-conditioning-from-worsening-climate-change/\">contributes to climate change\u003c/a> — or even by moving to a cooler part of the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On the other hand, the folks with less money, they’re going to be in their one home. And they’re going to have to deal with the conditions in their one home,” Benjamin says. “If they’re going to be in an area where it’s real hot, they’re going to have to find other ways to adapt, but they can’t escape it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The urban poor, already often in hotter environments and already at higher risk for health problems, will have a harder time escaping climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is the most significant public health problem that we have. It’s going to be here for a long time. And it’s getting worse,” Benjamin says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“This is ours”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/climate-change-and-heat-islands\">strategies to cool down\u003c/a> a city: investing in public transit, designing roofs that reflect sunlight, and planting more trees, among others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Baltimore, the city is \u003ca href=\"https://www.baltimoresustainability.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Appendix-5-1-All-Strategies-and-Actions.pdf\">working to combat urban heat\u003c/a>. The government has installed cool roofs, turned vacant lots into community green space and strategically planted and maintained trees in low-income neighborhoods, among other initiatives. But the city’s own arborist told the Howard Center that Baltimore is not on track to meet its goal of increasing the tree canopy to 40% by 2037.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re doing a lot with a little,” says Anne Draddy, the city’s sustainability coordinator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The neighborhood where Shakira Franklin lives has increased its tree canopy over time. But by 2015, it still was among the city’s lowest. Franklin says she’s not optimistic the city will be able to cool down her neighborhood anytime soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The city has a lot of responsibility. And I think that we would be close to the bottom of the list to be honest,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a grassy vacant lot near her apartment where Franklin often takes a break from her job as a landscaping crew supervisor at Bon Secours Community Works, a nearby community organization owned by Bon Secours Health System.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s one of the few places in the neighborhood with a lot of shade — mainly from a large tree Franklin calls the mother shade. She helped come up with the idea to build a free splash park in the lot for residents to cool down in the heat. Now Bon Secours is taking on the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was me taking my stand,” Franklin says. “I didn’t sit around and wait for everybody to say, ‘Well, who’s going to redo the park?’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daniel Greenspan, an architectural fellow working on the project, says they’re about halfway to their current fundraising goal — with plans to buy the lot from the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a hot Saturday this summer, Bon Secours and the neighborhood’s community association threw a party in the lot. Children ran through streams of water from a pop-up fountain, while adults discussed and voted on potential designs for the new park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our kids, they deserve it,” says Franklin, who has two children. “I just feel like it’s a long time coming to just have something to say that we built this here for us. This is ours.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Franklin says the park would become a refuge for people who can’t escape the heat — and it will indeed be a place to cool off in this neighborhood. But worldwide, heat waves are getting hotter and more frequent, and \u003ca href=\"https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2841/2018-fourth-warmest-year-in-continued-warming-trend-according-to-nasa-noaa/\">the past five years\u003c/a> have been the hottest ever recorded.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>Methodology\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To determine the link between heat and income in U.S. cities, NPR used NASA satellite imagery and U.S. Census American Community Survey data. An \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/nprapps/heat-income\">\u003cem>open-source computer program developed by NPR\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> downloaded median household income data for census tracts in the 100 most populated American cities, as well as geographic boundaries for census tracts. NPR combined these data with TIGER/Line shapefiles of the cities.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The software also downloaded thermal imagery for each city from NASA’s Landsat 8 satellite, looking for days since 2011 in June, July and August when there was less than 4% cloud cover. NPR reviewed each of the satellite images and removed images that contained clouds or other obscuring features over the city of interest. In cases when there were multiple clear images of a city, we used the thermal reading that showed a greater contrast between the warm and cool parts of the area of interest. In cases where there were no acceptable images, we manually searched for additional satellite images and found acceptable images from Landsat 8 for every city except for Hialeah and Miami, Fla., and Honolulu, which are frequently covered by clouds.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For each city, NPR aligned the satellite surface temperature data with the census tracts. For each census tract, the software trimmed the geography to only what is contained within the city of interest’s boundaries, then removed any lakes, rivers, ocean, etc. It calculated a median temperature reading for each census tract. When all of the tracts in a city were completed, it calculated a correlation coefficient (R) of the tracts to find the relationship between income and heat. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The satellite data measure temperature at a surface, such as the ground or a rooftop. We used this measurement rather than ambient temperature, which measures the air about 2 meters above the ground. Measuring air is a more accurate measure of how people experience heat, but satellite data are more widely available than air temperature data. Using that data allowed us to provide a more complete snapshot of temperature trends across many cities.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/nprapps/heat-income\">\u003cem>View NPR’s full data and code on Github.\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To determine the relationship between heat and poverty in Baltimore, the Howard Center for Investigative Journalism used block-by-block temperature data showing variations in Baltimore’s urban heat island captured by researchers at Portland State University and the Science Museum of Virginia on Aug. 29, 2018. For each “community statistical area” in Baltimore, the Howard Center computed a median temperature and joined it to a U.S. Census American Community Survey data set with the poverty rate for each area and then calculated the correlation coefficient (R).\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=As+Rising+Heat+Bakes+U.S.+Cities%2C+The+Poor+Often+Feel+It+Most&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Start September With Science — Our Recommended Reads",
"headTitle": "Start September With Science — Our Recommended Reads | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>As the sand trickles through summer’s hourglass, Labor Day weekend offers one more opportunity this season to spend a few leisurely hours with a book. Here are a few favorites from the KQED Science and Environment team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.indiebound.org/book/9780140178241\">Cadillac Desert: The American West and its Disappearing Water\u003c/a> By Marc Reisner\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of California’s cities — San Jose, Los Angeles, Fresno — receive an average of 15 inches of rain a year. That’s the same amount as Casablanca, Morocco. Yet in this arid landscape, California built the world’s fifth-largest economy, home to 40 million people, with America’s largest farming industry, Silicon Valley and Hollywood. All of it exists only because of a massively complex system of dams, canals and water systems that made the desert bloom and also killed spectacular rivers and reshaped nature. “Water flows uphill toward money,” Marc Reisner wrote in this landmark work explaining the history, the bounty and the corruption of the West’s water. Reisner, a Marin County resident who died of cancer in 2000, wrote the book mostly on yellow legal pads at coffee shops. It’s essential reading for anyone who wants to truly understand California’s oldest and most intractable environmental issue. — \u003cem>Paul Rogers, KQED Science managing editor and environment writer, Mercury News\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.indiebound.org/book/9780812994711\">Cloud Atlas\u003c/a> By David Mitchell\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I personally love an apocalyptic climate story. But because so many of them only see one way to go — down, dark, and depressing — many people I know \u003cem>don’t\u003c/em>. That’s why I love to tell them to read Cloud Atlas. Its dazzling structure includes six nested stories-within-stories, each from a different genre. The whole novel takes in different lengths of time: the span of a relationship, or a human life, of a country or a civilization, of the planet itself. By the end of the last story, almost the entire planet is uninhabitable, and that’s what makes it a novel concerned with environmental damage and changing climate. What I take away from it is a feeling of possibility: that even if violence, greed, and barbarism are always present, our ability to reject those things is, continually, renewed. — \u003cem>Molly Peterson, reporter\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.indiebound.org/book/9781101947883\">Exhalation\u003c/a> By Ted Chiang\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Do humans have free will? How can we, if we are just a collection of atoms? If we are subject to the forces of nature, not one of them? In his second collection of stories, Ted Chiang, giant of science fiction, isn’t interested in answering the question about will. Like some physicists and \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/finding-free-will/\">determinists\u003c/a>, he assumes that humans can’t choose. His characters set out to live within this constraint and still experience joy, curiosity, love, and – of course – science. (David Kestenbaum attempted something similar in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.thisamericanlife.org/662/where-there-is-a-will/act-two-7\">terrific\u003c/a> episode of \u003cem>This American Life). \u003c/em>Here, you’ll find time portals, robots, supercomputers, and wonderfully rendered characters – a terrific follow to his first collection, which included the seed story for the movie “Arrival.” Reading this volume allows you to, as one of his narrators puts it: “contemplate the marvel that is existence, and rejoice that you are able to do so.” — \u003cem>Kevin Stark, digital producer\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.indiebound.org/book/9781101873724\">Lab Girl \u003c/a> By Hope Jahren\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a while there were a lot of science books — biographies and memoirs — with the word “girl” in the title and I wouldn’t read them. But this paleobiologist’s account hooked me and made me laugh out loud. She weaves together chapters about the life cycle of trees and plants with her own self-discovery as a scientist — a woman scientist, and a colleague to what New Orleanians would call her “running partner,” Bill. In one review of Lab Girl, the Washington Post wrote, “It’s hard to tell the truth about another person in their presence.” That’s the essence of the best stories, and Jahren accomplishes it. (Relatedly, she also wrote the best obituary I’ve read of the poet W.S. Merwin, and it’s all in \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/19/opinion/w-s-merwin-poet-trees.html\">the last five sentences\u003c/a> of her visit with him.) — \u003cem>Molly Peterson, reporter\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.indiebound.org/book/9780306825507\">Poached: Inside the Dark World of Wildlife Poaching\u003c/a> By Rachel Nuwer\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This book reads like an adventure story that brings you along on a journey into the illegal wildlife trade. You accompany the author as she joins a Vietnamese hunter setting traps in the jungle. You visit shops selling illegal ivory and pangolin scales. You observe a remote outpost rumored to be a center of black market trade. It’s an engrossing read that paints a nuanced view of the forces driving the global supply chain of illegal wildlife products — from hunter to consumer. (Disclaimer: The author is a personal friend. You should still read her book.) — \u003cem>Danielle Venton, editor\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.indiebound.org/search/book?keys=Rising+Elizabeth+Rush\">Rising: Dispatches from the New American Shore\u003c/a> By Elizabeth Rush\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The science of sea level rise draws you in. The luminous writing keeps you reading this book-length sorrow song about climate crisis and the species at risk — including ours. The author applies her naturalist’s eye and humanist’s empathy to the stories of people who’d expected to spend their lives in by the water — not manicured resorts with golf courses, but gritty outposts where they’d hoped to fish as their grandparents did, operate small businesses and break bread with longtime neighbors. Her survey sweeps the continent, from places trying to recover from Hurricane Sandy to those sinking into the Gulf of Mexico and skirting the old Leslie Salt flats south of San Francisco.\u003cem> — Cheryl Devall, on-call editor\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.indiebound.org/book/9781501144325\">Why We Sleep: Unlocking the Power of Sleep and Dreams\u003c/a> By Matthew Walker\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[The] silent sleep loss epidemic is the greatest public health challenge we face in the twenty-first century in developed nations.” Neuroscientist Matthew Walker’s argument doesn’t quite convince me. But after more than a decade after wrecking my circadian rhythm with night shift work at NPR, I appreciate his attempt to persuade us. We’re still far from full understanding the functions of sleep but in a fascinating way he explains how REM and non-REM sleep shapes and cements memory. My sleep hygiene is abominable, yet I know this: don’t read this book in bed. Read it at the beach or the lake, and maybe you can use what’s in it to make a resolution. — \u003cem>Molly Peterson, reporter\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"description": "As the sand trickles through summer's hourglass, Labor Day weekend offers one more opportunity this season to spend a few leisurely hours with a book. Here are a few favorites from the KQED Science and Environment team. Cadillac Desert: The American West and its Disappearing Water By Marc Reisner Many of California's cities — San",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As the sand trickles through summer’s hourglass, Labor Day weekend offers one more opportunity this season to spend a few leisurely hours with a book. Here are a few favorites from the KQED Science and Environment team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.indiebound.org/book/9780140178241\">Cadillac Desert: The American West and its Disappearing Water\u003c/a> By Marc Reisner\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of California’s cities — San Jose, Los Angeles, Fresno — receive an average of 15 inches of rain a year. That’s the same amount as Casablanca, Morocco. Yet in this arid landscape, California built the world’s fifth-largest economy, home to 40 million people, with America’s largest farming industry, Silicon Valley and Hollywood. All of it exists only because of a massively complex system of dams, canals and water systems that made the desert bloom and also killed spectacular rivers and reshaped nature. “Water flows uphill toward money,” Marc Reisner wrote in this landmark work explaining the history, the bounty and the corruption of the West’s water. Reisner, a Marin County resident who died of cancer in 2000, wrote the book mostly on yellow legal pads at coffee shops. It’s essential reading for anyone who wants to truly understand California’s oldest and most intractable environmental issue. — \u003cem>Paul Rogers, KQED Science managing editor and environment writer, Mercury News\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.indiebound.org/book/9780812994711\">Cloud Atlas\u003c/a> By David Mitchell\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I personally love an apocalyptic climate story. But because so many of them only see one way to go — down, dark, and depressing — many people I know \u003cem>don’t\u003c/em>. That’s why I love to tell them to read Cloud Atlas. Its dazzling structure includes six nested stories-within-stories, each from a different genre. The whole novel takes in different lengths of time: the span of a relationship, or a human life, of a country or a civilization, of the planet itself. By the end of the last story, almost the entire planet is uninhabitable, and that’s what makes it a novel concerned with environmental damage and changing climate. What I take away from it is a feeling of possibility: that even if violence, greed, and barbarism are always present, our ability to reject those things is, continually, renewed. — \u003cem>Molly Peterson, reporter\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.indiebound.org/book/9781101947883\">Exhalation\u003c/a> By Ted Chiang\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Do humans have free will? How can we, if we are just a collection of atoms? If we are subject to the forces of nature, not one of them? In his second collection of stories, Ted Chiang, giant of science fiction, isn’t interested in answering the question about will. Like some physicists and \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/finding-free-will/\">determinists\u003c/a>, he assumes that humans can’t choose. His characters set out to live within this constraint and still experience joy, curiosity, love, and – of course – science. (David Kestenbaum attempted something similar in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.thisamericanlife.org/662/where-there-is-a-will/act-two-7\">terrific\u003c/a> episode of \u003cem>This American Life). \u003c/em>Here, you’ll find time portals, robots, supercomputers, and wonderfully rendered characters – a terrific follow to his first collection, which included the seed story for the movie “Arrival.” Reading this volume allows you to, as one of his narrators puts it: “contemplate the marvel that is existence, and rejoice that you are able to do so.” — \u003cem>Kevin Stark, digital producer\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.indiebound.org/book/9781101873724\">Lab Girl \u003c/a> By Hope Jahren\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a while there were a lot of science books — biographies and memoirs — with the word “girl” in the title and I wouldn’t read them. But this paleobiologist’s account hooked me and made me laugh out loud. She weaves together chapters about the life cycle of trees and plants with her own self-discovery as a scientist — a woman scientist, and a colleague to what New Orleanians would call her “running partner,” Bill. In one review of Lab Girl, the Washington Post wrote, “It’s hard to tell the truth about another person in their presence.” That’s the essence of the best stories, and Jahren accomplishes it. (Relatedly, she also wrote the best obituary I’ve read of the poet W.S. Merwin, and it’s all in \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/19/opinion/w-s-merwin-poet-trees.html\">the last five sentences\u003c/a> of her visit with him.) — \u003cem>Molly Peterson, reporter\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.indiebound.org/book/9780306825507\">Poached: Inside the Dark World of Wildlife Poaching\u003c/a> By Rachel Nuwer\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This book reads like an adventure story that brings you along on a journey into the illegal wildlife trade. You accompany the author as she joins a Vietnamese hunter setting traps in the jungle. You visit shops selling illegal ivory and pangolin scales. You observe a remote outpost rumored to be a center of black market trade. It’s an engrossing read that paints a nuanced view of the forces driving the global supply chain of illegal wildlife products — from hunter to consumer. (Disclaimer: The author is a personal friend. You should still read her book.) — \u003cem>Danielle Venton, editor\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.indiebound.org/search/book?keys=Rising+Elizabeth+Rush\">Rising: Dispatches from the New American Shore\u003c/a> By Elizabeth Rush\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The science of sea level rise draws you in. The luminous writing keeps you reading this book-length sorrow song about climate crisis and the species at risk — including ours. The author applies her naturalist’s eye and humanist’s empathy to the stories of people who’d expected to spend their lives in by the water — not manicured resorts with golf courses, but gritty outposts where they’d hoped to fish as their grandparents did, operate small businesses and break bread with longtime neighbors. Her survey sweeps the continent, from places trying to recover from Hurricane Sandy to those sinking into the Gulf of Mexico and skirting the old Leslie Salt flats south of San Francisco.\u003cem> — Cheryl Devall, on-call editor\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.indiebound.org/book/9781501144325\">Why We Sleep: Unlocking the Power of Sleep and Dreams\u003c/a> By Matthew Walker\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[The] silent sleep loss epidemic is the greatest public health challenge we face in the twenty-first century in developed nations.” Neuroscientist Matthew Walker’s argument doesn’t quite convince me. But after more than a decade after wrecking my circadian rhythm with night shift work at NPR, I appreciate his attempt to persuade us. We’re still far from full understanding the functions of sleep but in a fascinating way he explains how REM and non-REM sleep shapes and cements memory. My sleep hygiene is abominable, yet I know this: don’t read this book in bed. Read it at the beach or the lake, and maybe you can use what’s in it to make a resolution. — \u003cem>Molly Peterson, reporter\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "What Does '12 Years to Act on Climate Change' (Now 11 Years) Really Mean?",
"headTitle": "What Does ’12 Years to Act on Climate Change’ (Now 11 Years) Really Mean? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/Neq_CwpkPvsGmMG7hVOy7A?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003c/em>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/pD-rCxklQwf1V61yTviMEq?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve been hearing variations of the phrase “the world only has 12 years to deal with climate change” a lot lately. \u003cem>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/em>Sen. Bernie Sanders put a version of it front and center of his presidential \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/22082019/sanders-green-new-deal-climate-change-plan-fossil-fuels-transition-16-trillion\">campaign\u003c/a>\u003c/b> last week, \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://berniesanders.com/issues/the-green-new-deal/\">saying\u003c/a>\u003c/b> we now have “less than 11 years left to transform our energy system away from fossil fuels to energy efficiency and sustainable energy, if we are going to leave this planet healthy and habitable.”\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[aside postID=science_1944972,news_11728595]\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But where does the idea of having 11 or 12 years come from, and what does it actually mean?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">The number began drawing attention in 2018, when the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change released a \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/07102018/ipcc-climate-change-science-report-data-carbon-emissions-heat-waves-extreme-weather-oil-gas-agriculture\">report\u003c/a> describing what it would take to keep global temperatures from rising more than 1.5 degrees Celsius, a goal of the \u003ca href=\"https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement\">Paris climate agreement\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report explained that countries would have to cut their anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions, such as from power plants and vehicles, to net zero by around 2050. To reach that goal, it said, CO2 emissions would have to start dropping “well before 2030” and be on a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/02/SPM3a.png\">path\u003c/a> to fall by about 45 percent by around 2030 (12 years away at that time).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">Mid-century is actually the more significant target date in the report, but acting now is crucial to being able to meet that goal, said Duke University climate researcher Drew Shindell, a lead author on the mitigation chapter of the IPCC report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">“We need to get the world on a path to net zero CO2 emissions by mid-century,” Shindell said. “That’s a huge transformation, so that if we don’t make a good start on it during the 2020s, we won’t be able to get there at a reasonable cost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Do Scientists Know?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Basic physics and climate science allow scientists to calculate how much CO2 it takes to raise the global temperature—and how much CO2 can still be emitted before global warming exceeds 1.5°C (2.7°F) compared to pre-industrial times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Scientists worked backward from that basic knowledge to come up with timelines for what would have to happen to stay under 1.5°C warming, said \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/airscottdenning\">Scott Denning\u003c/a>\u003c/b>, who studies the warming atmosphere at Colorado State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“They figured out how much extra heat we can stand. They calculated how much CO2 would produce that much heat, then how much total fuel would produce that much CO2. Then they considered ‘glide paths’ for getting emissions to zero before we burn too much carbon to avoid catastrophe,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“All this work gets summarized as ‘in order to avoid really bad outcomes, we have to be on a realistic glide path toward a carbon-free global economy by 2030.’ And that gets translated to something like ’emissions have to fall by half in a decade,’ and that gets oversimplified to ’12 years left.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“There’s certainly a grain of truth in the phrase, but it’s so oversimplified that it leads to comically bad misconceptions about how to get there, conjuring up ridiculous cartoon imagery suggesting we just go on with life normally for the next 11 years and then the world ends,” Denning said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">That’s not what the IPCC writers envisioned, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The science on the 2030 date is clear, said \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MichaelEMann\">Michael Mann\u003c/a>\u003c/b>, a climate scientist at Pennsylvania State University. The controversy stems from people mischaracterizing the carbon reduction timeline as a threshold for climate disaster. He noted that people promoting climate science denial and delay have also latched on to the phrase “to intentionally try to caricature the concern about climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Would Success Look Like? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It would be helpful if people looked at the 2030 target in terms of what success looks like rather than what failure means, Denning said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“Solving the problem by 2030, 2040 or 2050 requires a new global energy infrastructure, which is arguably easier and less expensive than past infrastructure shifts like indoor plumbing, rural electrification, the automobile and paved roads, telecommunications, computers, mobile phones or the internet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“All of these past changes cost tens of trillions of dollars, adjusted for inflation. All of them were hugely disruptive. All of them took a decade or more, completely changed the industrial and economic and social landscape, and created bursts of growth and productivity and jobs. And arguably, all of them made life better for huge numbers of people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This time, the shift is from heavy reliance on carbon-emitting fossil fuels to carbon-free energy sources, like wind power. And even with a speedy energy transition, the IPCC says keeping temperatures from warming more than 1.5°C will also likely require \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/12102018/global-warming-solutions-negative-emissions-carbon-capture-technology-ipcc-climate-change-report\">removing CO2 from the atmosphere\u003c/a>\u003c/b> on a large scale.\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1946860 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Carbon-Budget-Chart-529px.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"529\" height=\"576\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Carbon-Budget-Chart-529px.png 529w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Carbon-Budget-Chart-529px-160x174.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 529px) 100vw, 529px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Missing the target doesn’t imply the onset of cataclysmic \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/topic/climate-change\">climate change\u003c/a> in 2030, Denning said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Things just keep getting worse and worse until we stop making them worse, and then they never get better,” he said. “But no matter what, the world has to move on from fossil fuels just as we moved on from tallow candles and outhouses and land lines.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Would Exceeding 1.5°C Warming Mean?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The IPCC report described how increasing greenhouse gas emissions will result in more dangerous and costly disruptions to global societies and ecosystems, including longer, hotter \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/02082017/heatwaves-deadly-heat-humidity-wet-bulb-human-survivability-threshold\">heat waves\u003c/a> and more frequent crop-killing \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/01052019/drought-climate-change-fingerprints-global-warming-20th-century-tree-rings-marvel-cook\">droughts\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mountain glaciers will melt faster as the planet warms, creating \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/26092018/climate-change-mountains-landslide-hazard-thawing-permafrost-rockfall-extreme-weather-glaciers-global-warming\">new risks\u003c/a>for settlements in the valleys below. The meltdown of polar ice sheets is also projected to accelerate, \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/06082018/global-warming-climate-change-floods-california-oroville-dam-scientists\">intensifying flooding\u003c/a> and speeding up sea level rise to a rate that will be hard to adapt to. More \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/16012019/permafrost-thaw-climate-change-temperature-data-arctic-antarctica-mountains-study\">Arctic permafrost will thaw\u003c/a>, releasing more greenhouse gases to the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the rising risks, it’s important to understand that, “in the physical climate system, there are no scientists claiming that there is a magical threshold that we breach or don’t breach that determines whether we have a habitable climate system,” said \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Weather_West\">Daniel Swain\u003c/a>, a climate scientist at UCLA and the National Center for Atmospheric Research’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.c3we.ucar.edu/\">Center for Climate and Weather Extremes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2030 target is useful because it shows how the “next decade is incredibly consequential for what we do.” Swain said. “But I think the emphasis that’s being placed on this specific 12-year window as a differentiator between existential crisis or not is problematic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“First of all, it negates some of the risks that already exist and that will continue to build no matter what. And it also potentially suggests that anything short of complete victory in the next 12 years is pointless, which is exactly the opposite of the truth. At any point along the spectrum, more progress is always going to be better than less progress, less warming is always going to be better than more warming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Have We Passed Tipping Points Already?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some ways, the “12 years” narrative may set up a deadline that’s too lenient, because some key part of the climate system may already be at or past tipping points, Swain said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It creates the false illusion that there is some sort of guardrail moving forward, that if we just get in under the deadline we’ll be OK, he said. But “twelve years from now, it could be too late for some of these things, like the ice sheets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research in the past few years reinforces the idea that some climate tipping points have already been breached. Studies show some parts of the Greenland Ice Sheet are \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/31032017/-climate-change-science-greenland-global-warming-ice-melt\">unlikely to recover\u003c/a>, and parts of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet may also be at or very near a \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/12082019/antarctica-climate-change-ocean-wind-ice-melting-glaciers-global-warming\">tipping point to rapid disintegration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study published in June suggested that the \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2019GL082187\">rate of permafrost thawing\u003c/a>is progressing much faster than climate models projected. And scientists studying the link between global warming and European heat waves said those recent extremes are also \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/02072019/climate-change-attribution-europe-heat-wave-hottest-june-record-wildfires-world-weather-data\">outside the scope\u003c/a> of what they expected at current levels of warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world will still exist if we breach 1.5°C and 2°C, but “the climate impacts and risks will be higher and the temperature will be higher,” said \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Peters_Glen\">Glen Peters\u003c/a>, research director at the CICERO climate research center in Oslo. That all seems to be sinking in to public awareness, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But in terms of deadlines, we have already missed the deadline,” he said. “We should have started mitigating decades ago, then we would have the problem solved.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Where does the idea of having about a decade to deal with climate change come from? ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/Neq_CwpkPvsGmMG7hVOy7A?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003c/em>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/pD-rCxklQwf1V61yTviMEq?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve been hearing variations of the phrase “the world only has 12 years to deal with climate change” a lot lately. \u003cem>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/em>Sen. Bernie Sanders put a version of it front and center of his presidential \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/22082019/sanders-green-new-deal-climate-change-plan-fossil-fuels-transition-16-trillion\">campaign\u003c/a>\u003c/b> last week, \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://berniesanders.com/issues/the-green-new-deal/\">saying\u003c/a>\u003c/b> we now have “less than 11 years left to transform our energy system away from fossil fuels to energy efficiency and sustainable energy, if we are going to leave this planet healthy and habitable.”\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But where does the idea of having 11 or 12 years come from, and what does it actually mean?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">The number began drawing attention in 2018, when the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change released a \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/07102018/ipcc-climate-change-science-report-data-carbon-emissions-heat-waves-extreme-weather-oil-gas-agriculture\">report\u003c/a> describing what it would take to keep global temperatures from rising more than 1.5 degrees Celsius, a goal of the \u003ca href=\"https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement\">Paris climate agreement\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report explained that countries would have to cut their anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions, such as from power plants and vehicles, to net zero by around 2050. To reach that goal, it said, CO2 emissions would have to start dropping “well before 2030” and be on a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/02/SPM3a.png\">path\u003c/a> to fall by about 45 percent by around 2030 (12 years away at that time).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">Mid-century is actually the more significant target date in the report, but acting now is crucial to being able to meet that goal, said Duke University climate researcher Drew Shindell, a lead author on the mitigation chapter of the IPCC report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">“We need to get the world on a path to net zero CO2 emissions by mid-century,” Shindell said. “That’s a huge transformation, so that if we don’t make a good start on it during the 2020s, we won’t be able to get there at a reasonable cost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Do Scientists Know?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Basic physics and climate science allow scientists to calculate how much CO2 it takes to raise the global temperature—and how much CO2 can still be emitted before global warming exceeds 1.5°C (2.7°F) compared to pre-industrial times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Scientists worked backward from that basic knowledge to come up with timelines for what would have to happen to stay under 1.5°C warming, said \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/airscottdenning\">Scott Denning\u003c/a>\u003c/b>, who studies the warming atmosphere at Colorado State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“They figured out how much extra heat we can stand. They calculated how much CO2 would produce that much heat, then how much total fuel would produce that much CO2. Then they considered ‘glide paths’ for getting emissions to zero before we burn too much carbon to avoid catastrophe,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“All this work gets summarized as ‘in order to avoid really bad outcomes, we have to be on a realistic glide path toward a carbon-free global economy by 2030.’ And that gets translated to something like ’emissions have to fall by half in a decade,’ and that gets oversimplified to ’12 years left.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“There’s certainly a grain of truth in the phrase, but it’s so oversimplified that it leads to comically bad misconceptions about how to get there, conjuring up ridiculous cartoon imagery suggesting we just go on with life normally for the next 11 years and then the world ends,” Denning said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">That’s not what the IPCC writers envisioned, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The science on the 2030 date is clear, said \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MichaelEMann\">Michael Mann\u003c/a>\u003c/b>, a climate scientist at Pennsylvania State University. The controversy stems from people mischaracterizing the carbon reduction timeline as a threshold for climate disaster. He noted that people promoting climate science denial and delay have also latched on to the phrase “to intentionally try to caricature the concern about climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Would Success Look Like? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It would be helpful if people looked at the 2030 target in terms of what success looks like rather than what failure means, Denning said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“Solving the problem by 2030, 2040 or 2050 requires a new global energy infrastructure, which is arguably easier and less expensive than past infrastructure shifts like indoor plumbing, rural electrification, the automobile and paved roads, telecommunications, computers, mobile phones or the internet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“All of these past changes cost tens of trillions of dollars, adjusted for inflation. All of them were hugely disruptive. All of them took a decade or more, completely changed the industrial and economic and social landscape, and created bursts of growth and productivity and jobs. And arguably, all of them made life better for huge numbers of people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This time, the shift is from heavy reliance on carbon-emitting fossil fuels to carbon-free energy sources, like wind power. And even with a speedy energy transition, the IPCC says keeping temperatures from warming more than 1.5°C will also likely require \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/12102018/global-warming-solutions-negative-emissions-carbon-capture-technology-ipcc-climate-change-report\">removing CO2 from the atmosphere\u003c/a>\u003c/b> on a large scale.\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1946860 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Carbon-Budget-Chart-529px.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"529\" height=\"576\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Carbon-Budget-Chart-529px.png 529w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Carbon-Budget-Chart-529px-160x174.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 529px) 100vw, 529px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Missing the target doesn’t imply the onset of cataclysmic \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/topic/climate-change\">climate change\u003c/a> in 2030, Denning said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Things just keep getting worse and worse until we stop making them worse, and then they never get better,” he said. “But no matter what, the world has to move on from fossil fuels just as we moved on from tallow candles and outhouses and land lines.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Would Exceeding 1.5°C Warming Mean?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The IPCC report described how increasing greenhouse gas emissions will result in more dangerous and costly disruptions to global societies and ecosystems, including longer, hotter \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/02082017/heatwaves-deadly-heat-humidity-wet-bulb-human-survivability-threshold\">heat waves\u003c/a> and more frequent crop-killing \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/01052019/drought-climate-change-fingerprints-global-warming-20th-century-tree-rings-marvel-cook\">droughts\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mountain glaciers will melt faster as the planet warms, creating \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/26092018/climate-change-mountains-landslide-hazard-thawing-permafrost-rockfall-extreme-weather-glaciers-global-warming\">new risks\u003c/a>for settlements in the valleys below. The meltdown of polar ice sheets is also projected to accelerate, \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/06082018/global-warming-climate-change-floods-california-oroville-dam-scientists\">intensifying flooding\u003c/a> and speeding up sea level rise to a rate that will be hard to adapt to. More \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/16012019/permafrost-thaw-climate-change-temperature-data-arctic-antarctica-mountains-study\">Arctic permafrost will thaw\u003c/a>, releasing more greenhouse gases to the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the rising risks, it’s important to understand that, “in the physical climate system, there are no scientists claiming that there is a magical threshold that we breach or don’t breach that determines whether we have a habitable climate system,” said \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Weather_West\">Daniel Swain\u003c/a>, a climate scientist at UCLA and the National Center for Atmospheric Research’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.c3we.ucar.edu/\">Center for Climate and Weather Extremes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2030 target is useful because it shows how the “next decade is incredibly consequential for what we do.” Swain said. “But I think the emphasis that’s being placed on this specific 12-year window as a differentiator between existential crisis or not is problematic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“First of all, it negates some of the risks that already exist and that will continue to build no matter what. And it also potentially suggests that anything short of complete victory in the next 12 years is pointless, which is exactly the opposite of the truth. At any point along the spectrum, more progress is always going to be better than less progress, less warming is always going to be better than more warming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Have We Passed Tipping Points Already?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some ways, the “12 years” narrative may set up a deadline that’s too lenient, because some key part of the climate system may already be at or past tipping points, Swain said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It creates the false illusion that there is some sort of guardrail moving forward, that if we just get in under the deadline we’ll be OK, he said. But “twelve years from now, it could be too late for some of these things, like the ice sheets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research in the past few years reinforces the idea that some climate tipping points have already been breached. Studies show some parts of the Greenland Ice Sheet are \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/31032017/-climate-change-science-greenland-global-warming-ice-melt\">unlikely to recover\u003c/a>, and parts of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet may also be at or very near a \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/12082019/antarctica-climate-change-ocean-wind-ice-melting-glaciers-global-warming\">tipping point to rapid disintegration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study published in June suggested that the \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2019GL082187\">rate of permafrost thawing\u003c/a>is progressing much faster than climate models projected. And scientists studying the link between global warming and European heat waves said those recent extremes are also \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/02072019/climate-change-attribution-europe-heat-wave-hottest-june-record-wildfires-world-weather-data\">outside the scope\u003c/a> of what they expected at current levels of warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world will still exist if we breach 1.5°C and 2°C, but “the climate impacts and risks will be higher and the temperature will be higher,” said \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Peters_Glen\">Glen Peters\u003c/a>, research director at the CICERO climate research center in Oslo. That all seems to be sinking in to public awareness, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But in terms of deadlines, we have already missed the deadline,” he said. “We should have started mitigating decades ago, then we would have the problem solved.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Another day, another environmental policy skirmish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California, 17 other states, and Washington, D.C. today challenged a Trump administration plan to limit climate change analysis for major energy and infrastructure projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement emailed to reporters, California Attorney General Xavier Becerra called Trump’s plan “reckless” and said it “leads agencies to ignore the climate crisis, the most pressing environmental challenge of our time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re reminding President Trump once again: if you try to backslide on the safeguards protecting our nation’s environment and put polluters in the driver’s seat, we will hold you accountable,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In June, the White House floated new environmental review guidelines for federal projects like gas pipelines and highways. The draft guidance on consideration of greenhouse gas emissions under the National Environmental Policy Act doesn’t mention climate change or global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics of the draft say the Trump administration seeks to downplay climate change and warming as it approves infrastructure projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The changes would ease regulations, and the administration says they’d allow for faster permitting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been two years since President Trump rescinded an Obama-era rule that required agencies to study and quantify planet-warming gas emissions as part of their decision-making process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coalition this morning released its \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/system/files/attachments/press-docs/NEPA%20GHG%20Guidance%20Multistate%20Comments_8-26-19.finalsubmission-w-Attachments.pdf\">comment\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/system/files/attachments/press-docs/NEPA%20GHG%20Guidance%20Multistate%20Comments_8-26-19.finalsubmission-w-Attachments.pdf\">letter\u003c/a>, which argues that the proposal encourages agencies to violate federal environmental rules.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Another day, another environmental policy skirmish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California, 17 other states, and Washington, D.C. today challenged a Trump administration plan to limit climate change analysis for major energy and infrastructure projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement emailed to reporters, California Attorney General Xavier Becerra called Trump’s plan “reckless” and said it “leads agencies to ignore the climate crisis, the most pressing environmental challenge of our time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re reminding President Trump once again: if you try to backslide on the safeguards protecting our nation’s environment and put polluters in the driver’s seat, we will hold you accountable,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In June, the White House floated new environmental review guidelines for federal projects like gas pipelines and highways. The draft guidance on consideration of greenhouse gas emissions under the National Environmental Policy Act doesn’t mention climate change or global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>July was the hottest month measured on Earth since records began in 1880, the latest in a long line of peaks that scientists say backs up predictions for man-made climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration said Thursday that July was 0.95 degrees Celsius (1.71 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than the 20th century average for the month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because July is generally the warmest month on the calendar, meteorologists say this means it also set a new all-time monthly record for the past 140 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month’s temperatures narrowly topped the previous July record, set in 2016, by 0.03 C (0.05 F).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results had been expected after several European countries including France, Belgium and Germany reported that July smashed previous national temperature records. The Swedish hamlet of Markusvinsa recorded a sizzling 34.8 C (94.6 F), the highest temperature measured north of the Arctic Circle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to NOAA’s records, 9 of the 10 hottest Julys on record have occurred since 2005 and last month was the 43rd consecutive July above the 20th century average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Record temperatures have gone hand-in-hand with other climate extremes. Warming oceans have led to an early melt of sea ice in the Bering Strait between Russia and Alaska, said Rick Thoman, a climate specialist at the University of Alaska Fairbanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>June of this year had already set a sizzling record for that month over the past 140 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The year to date is also 0.95 C (1.71 F) above the long-term average, but still slightly behind 2016, NOAA said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to NOAA’s records, 9 of the 10 hottest Julys on record have occurred since 2005 and last month was the 43rd consecutive July above the 20th century average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Record temperatures have gone hand-in-hand with other climate extremes. Warming oceans have led to an early melt of sea ice in the Bering Strait between Russia and Alaska, said Rick Thoman, a climate specialist at the University of Alaska Fairbanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>June of this year had already set a sizzling record for that month over the past 140 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The year to date is also 0.95 C (1.71 F) above the long-term average, but still slightly behind 2016, NOAA said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A new study focusing on mothers who breathe soot-laden air adds to a growing body of research into how air pollution affects cognitive development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fine particles of pollution, small enough to breathe deep into lungs, come from coal plants, burning fuel in cars and trucks, and airborne dust. Pregnant women exposed to more of this pollution had children with lower IQs compared to women who breathed cleaner air, according to new analysis \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935119302944?via%3Dihub\">published\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>Environmental Research\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Prenatal nutrition may help buffer against the damaging effects of air pollution.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The study focused on a group of Tennessee mothers who researchers began to monitor while they were pregnant. As their children grew, researchers gave the kids IQ an test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a very long battery that poor small children have to sit through,” says Kaja LeWinn, one of ten research team members and professor of psychiatry at UCSF. “It’s a long time to have a four-to-five year old sitting still.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Children of mothers exposed to the worst soot pollution scored lower on IQ tests by about two-and-a-half points compared to mothers in cleaner neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[Fine particulate] pollution is less well-studied as a neurodevelopment toxicant, so I think that makes it particularly interesting to have these results,” says Catherine Karr, a study author and pediatric environmental medicine doctor at the University of Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946439\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946439\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879-800x506.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"506\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879-800x506.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879-160x101.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879-768x486.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879-1020x645.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Visitors gather on a path in Los Angeles’ Griffith Park in July 2019 on a day of high air pollution. \u003ccite>(Mario Tama/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Unlike many cities in California, Memphis tends to meet federal pollution standards for most days of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nutrition vs. Air Pollution?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think this work really highlights that low-level exposure might be important and that we need to do more work to know what a safe level is,” says Megan Herting, a neuroscientist at USC who was not involved in the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Herting says the work does a good job controlling for other factors that might influence cognitive development, like family economics. “It really narrows down and says there’s something about air quality that seems to be driving this decrease.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research team also has found something novel: evidence that nutrition buffers the impacts of air pollution. Pregnant women are told to eat foods rich in folate like leafy greens and citrus, or take prenatal vitamins, like folic acid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Women with the lowest folate levels, for their children the association between our measure of air pollution and IQ was much stronger,” LeWinn says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The children of mothers who breathed dirtier air and carried less folate in their bodies scored about seven points lower on IQ tests than children in the top cohort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The effect there was about twice as strong as what we saw in the full sample,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>LeWinn and other authors acknowledge the folate results haven’t been replicated. But they say that their work can help identify groups of mothers more vulnerable to pollution’s ill effects. Though doctors already recommend folate as a preventative measure against birth defects, among the cohort of mothers in Tennessee, researchers saw that not all pregnant women took enough of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We as individuals might have ways to better our own outcomes of ourselves and our children,” Herting says. “This suggests that’s going to really help offset some of these other things we might not be able to control.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1933748/air-pollution-is-the-new-tobacco-warns-world-health-organization\">More than 9 out of 10 children in the world are exposed to unsafe levels of air pollution, according to the World Health Organization, which calls it a ‘silent public health emergency.’\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Researchers in this area stress they don’t yet know the exact way air pollution might affect the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Air Resources Board \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/resources/fact-sheets/air-pollution-and-brain\">points out\u003c/a> that air pollution may affect brains directly and indirectly, but also says that associations between air pollution and the brain are “just beginning to emerge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, scientists have been amassing evidence connecting air pollution to neurodevelopmental impacts. Last summer, research focused on China \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1809474115\">found\u003c/a> that polluted air is linked to lower intelligence in adults, and worsens with age. A study published in \u003cem>The Lancet\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/landia/article/PIIS0140-6736(16)32399-6/fulltext\">found\u003c/a> that people living near busy roads in Ontario, Canada were more likely to be diagnosed with dementia, though whether that’s a consequence of respiratory and cardiac problems remains unclear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A new study focusing on mothers who breathe soot-laden air adds to a growing body of research into how air pollution affects cognitive development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fine particles of pollution, small enough to breathe deep into lungs, come from coal plants, burning fuel in cars and trucks, and airborne dust. Pregnant women exposed to more of this pollution had children with lower IQs compared to women who breathed cleaner air, according to new analysis \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935119302944?via%3Dihub\">published\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>Environmental Research\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Prenatal nutrition may help buffer against the damaging effects of air pollution.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The study focused on a group of Tennessee mothers who researchers began to monitor while they were pregnant. As their children grew, researchers gave the kids IQ an test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a very long battery that poor small children have to sit through,” says Kaja LeWinn, one of ten research team members and professor of psychiatry at UCSF. “It’s a long time to have a four-to-five year old sitting still.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Children of mothers exposed to the worst soot pollution scored lower on IQ tests by about two-and-a-half points compared to mothers in cleaner neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[Fine particulate] pollution is less well-studied as a neurodevelopment toxicant, so I think that makes it particularly interesting to have these results,” says Catherine Karr, a study author and pediatric environmental medicine doctor at the University of Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946439\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946439\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879-800x506.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"506\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879-800x506.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879-160x101.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879-768x486.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879-1020x645.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Visitors gather on a path in Los Angeles’ Griffith Park in July 2019 on a day of high air pollution. \u003ccite>(Mario Tama/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Unlike many cities in California, Memphis tends to meet federal pollution standards for most days of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nutrition vs. Air Pollution?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think this work really highlights that low-level exposure might be important and that we need to do more work to know what a safe level is,” says Megan Herting, a neuroscientist at USC who was not involved in the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Herting says the work does a good job controlling for other factors that might influence cognitive development, like family economics. “It really narrows down and says there’s something about air quality that seems to be driving this decrease.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research team also has found something novel: evidence that nutrition buffers the impacts of air pollution. Pregnant women are told to eat foods rich in folate like leafy greens and citrus, or take prenatal vitamins, like folic acid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Women with the lowest folate levels, for their children the association between our measure of air pollution and IQ was much stronger,” LeWinn says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The children of mothers who breathed dirtier air and carried less folate in their bodies scored about seven points lower on IQ tests than children in the top cohort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The effect there was about twice as strong as what we saw in the full sample,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>LeWinn and other authors acknowledge the folate results haven’t been replicated. But they say that their work can help identify groups of mothers more vulnerable to pollution’s ill effects. Though doctors already recommend folate as a preventative measure against birth defects, among the cohort of mothers in Tennessee, researchers saw that not all pregnant women took enough of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We as individuals might have ways to better our own outcomes of ourselves and our children,” Herting says. “This suggests that’s going to really help offset some of these other things we might not be able to control.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1933748/air-pollution-is-the-new-tobacco-warns-world-health-organization\">More than 9 out of 10 children in the world are exposed to unsafe levels of air pollution, according to the World Health Organization, which calls it a ‘silent public health emergency.’\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Researchers in this area stress they don’t yet know the exact way air pollution might affect the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Air Resources Board \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/resources/fact-sheets/air-pollution-and-brain\">points out\u003c/a> that air pollution may affect brains directly and indirectly, but also says that associations between air pollution and the brain are “just beginning to emerge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, scientists have been amassing evidence connecting air pollution to neurodevelopmental impacts. 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"disqusTitle": "Is Grass-Fed Beef Really Better For The Planet? Here's The Science",
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"content": "\u003cp>[aside postid='news_11718100,news_11719669' label='More on Beef']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the environmentally minded carnivore, meat poses a culinary conundrum. Producing it requires a great deal of land and water resources, and ruminants such as cows and sheep are responsible for half of all greenhouse gas emissions associated with agriculture, according to the World Resources Institute. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's why many researchers are now calling for the world to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/08/08/748416223/to-slow-global-warming-u-n-warns-agriculture-must-change\">cut back on its meat consumption\u003c/a>. But some advocates say there is a way to eat meat that's better for the planet and better for the animals: grass-fed beef.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But is grass-fed beef really greener than feedlot-finished beef? Let's parse the science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What's the difference between grass-fed and feedlot beef? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Feedlot calves begin their lives on pasture with the cow that produced them. They're weaned after six to nine months, then grazed a bit more on pasture. They're then \"finished\" for about 120 days on high-energy corn and other grains in a feedlot, gaining weight fast and creating that fat-marbled beef that consumers like. At about 14 to 18 months of age, they are sent to slaughter. (One downside of the feedlot system, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/04/02/707406946/some-in-the-beef-industry-are-bucking-the-widespread-use-of-antibiotics-heres-ho\">as we've reported\u003c/a>, is that a diet of corn can lead to liver abscesses in cattle, which is why animals who eat it receive antibiotics as part of their feed.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a grass-fed and finished scenario, cattle spend their entire lives on grass. Since their feed is much lower in energy, they are sent to slaughter later — between 18 to 24 months of age, after a finishing period, still on grass, of 190 days. Their weight at slaughter averages about 1,200 pounds compared with about 1,350 pounds for feedlot animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What's the environmental argument for grass-fed beef? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The grass-fed movement is based on a large idea, one known as \u003ca href=\"https://regenerationinternational.org/why-regenerative-agriculture/\">regenerative agriculture\u003c/a> or holistic management. It holds that grazing ruminant populations are key to a healthy ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think of the hordes of bison that once roamed the prairies. Their manure returned nutrients to the soil. And because these animals grazed on grass, the land didn't have to be plowed to plant corn for feed, so deep-rooted grasses that prevent erosion flourished. Had those iconic herds still been around in the 1930s, the argument goes, they would have helped prevent the catastrophe of the Dust Bowl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fourth-generation Oregon rancher Cory Carman runs a 5,000-acre \u003ca href=\"https://carmanranch.com/\">grass-fed beef cattle operation\u003c/a>, where grazing is key to restoring ecosystem balance. \"Agricultural livestock are this incredible tool in promoting soil health,\" she says. \"The longer you can manage cattle on pasture range, the more they can contribute to ecosystem regeneration.\"\u003cbr>\n[aside postid='bayareabites_133231,bayareabites_131706' label='About Antibiotics in Beef Production' align='left']\u003cbr>\nReturning cattle and other ruminants to the land for their entire lives can result in multiple benefits, according to organizations like the \u003ca href=\"https://www.savory.global/\">Savory Institute\u003c/a>, including restoring soil microbial diversity, and making the land more resilient to flooding and drought. It can boost the nutrient content and flavor of livestock and plants. And because grasses trap atmospheric carbon dioxide, the grass-fed system can also help fight climate change. But it does require more land to produce the same amount of meat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Shauna Sadowski, head of sustainability for the natural and organic operating unit at General Mills, puts it, \"Our current model is an extractive one that has left our environment in a state of degradation — eroded soil, polluted water. We have to change the entire paradigm to use natural ecological processes to gather nutrients and build the soil.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Which type of beef has the smaller environmental footprint?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's complicated. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To measure the environmental impact of a farming system, scientists rely on studies known as life-cycle assessments (LCAs), which take into account resources and energy use at all stages. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24216416\">number of past studies\u003c/a> have found lower greenhouse gas emissions associated with the feedlot system. One reason is that grass-fed cows gain weight more slowly, so they produce more methane (mostly \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2017/09/22/552698446/gassy-cows-warm-the-planet-scientists-think-they-know-how-to-squelch-those-belch\">in the form of belches\u003c/a>) over their longer lifespans. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ourenvironment.berkeley.edu/people/paige-stanley\">Paige Stanley\u003c/a>, a researcher at the University of California, Berkeley, says many of these studies have prioritized efficiency — high-energy feed, smaller land footprint — as a way of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The larger the animal and the shorter its life, the lower its footprint. But she adds, \"We're learning that there are other dimensions: soil health, carbon and landscape health. Separating them is doing us a disservice.\" She and other researchers are trying to figure out how to incorporate those factors into an LCA analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanley co-authored a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308521X17310338#.WpHorNqe0qU.twitter\">recent LCA study,\u003c/a> led by Jason Rowntree of Michigan State University, that found carbon-trapping benefits of the grass-fed approach. Another recent \u003ca href=\"https://blog.whiteoakpastures.com/hubfs/WOP-LCA-Quantis-2019.pdf\">LCA study\u003c/a>, of Georgia's holistically managed\u003ca href=\"https://www.whiteoakpastures.com/meet-us/about-white-oak-pastures/\"> White Oak Pastures\u003c/a>, found that the 3,200-acre farm stored enough carbon in its grasses to offset not only all of the methane emissions from its grass-fed cattle, but also much of the farm's total emissions. (The latter study was funded by General Mills.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Linus Blomqvist, director for conservation, food and agriculture for the Oakland, Calif.-based \u003ca href=\"https://thebreakthrough.org/\">Breakthrough Institute\u003c/a>, however, defends feedlot finishing, pointing out that the difference between the two systems is only the last third of the grass-fed cattle's life. Does the extra amount of pasture time sequester so much carbon that it offsets the advantage of the feedlot? \"We don't actually have very good evidence for that,\" he says.\u003cbr>\n[aside postid='bayareabites_133954,bayareabites_134201' label='More on Nutrition']\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://animalscience.ucdavis.edu/people/faculty/alison-van-eenennaam\">Alison Van Eenennaam\u003c/a>, a specialist in animal genomics and biotechnology at the University of California, Davis, says grass-fed makes more sense in a country like Australia, which has a temperate climate, large tracts of grassland and no corn belt. But in the U.S., which does have a corn belt that suffers from cold winters, she believes grain finishing is the more efficient way to produce beef. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which brings us to our next point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you know where your grass-fed beef came from? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 75% to 80% of grass-fed beef sold in the U.S. is grown abroad, from Australia, New Zealand and parts of South America, according to a 2017 \u003ca href=\"https://www.stonebarnscenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Grassfed_Full_v2.pdf\">report\u003c/a> from the Stone Barns Center for Food and Agriculture. Those countries have the advantage of \"vast expanses of grassland, low-input beef that is not finished to a high level and is very inexpensive,\" says Rowntree — even with the cost of shipping it halfway around the world. Most of what comes from Australia is ground beef, not steaks, because the end result of their finishing process tends to be tough. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many U.S. customers who want to support local food are likely unaware of the foreign origin of most grass-fed beef. By law, if meat is \"processed,\" or passes through a USDA-inspected plant (a requirement for all imported beef), it can be labeled as a product of the U.S. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But does it benefit the American farmer?\" Rowntree asks, comparing this market to the sheep industry, \"which lost out to imports from Australia and New Zealand.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The popularity of grass-fed beef is pulling U.S.-based multinational companies into the market as well, which will drive prices down further. Meat processor JBS now has a grass-fed line, Tyson is planning a Texas grass-fed program and earlier this year Perdue announced it was \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-05-23/most-grass-fed-beef-labeled-product-of-u-s-a-is-imported\">getting into the market\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Which system is better for animal welfare?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To many grass-fed advocates, this is one of the main reasons for switching to grass-fed beef. After all, cows evolved to live this way. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I've been on feedlots farms that have outstanding animal welfare, and I've been on small farms that would make you cringe,\" Rowntree says. But he adds, \"Managing cattle on pasture in a grass-finishing system to me epitomizes animal welfare.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Nancy Matsumoto is a journalist based in Toronto and New York City who writes about sustainability, food, sake and Japanese American culture.\u003c/em> \u003cem>You can read more of her work \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://nancymatsumoto.com/\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/08/13/746576239/is-grass-fed-beef-really-better-for-the-planet-heres-the-science\">NPR.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the environmentally minded carnivore, meat poses a culinary conundrum. Producing it requires a great deal of land and water resources, and ruminants such as cows and sheep are responsible for half of all greenhouse gas emissions associated with agriculture, according to the World Resources Institute. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's why many researchers are now calling for the world to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/08/08/748416223/to-slow-global-warming-u-n-warns-agriculture-must-change\">cut back on its meat consumption\u003c/a>. But some advocates say there is a way to eat meat that's better for the planet and better for the animals: grass-fed beef.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But is grass-fed beef really greener than feedlot-finished beef? Let's parse the science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What's the difference between grass-fed and feedlot beef? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Feedlot calves begin their lives on pasture with the cow that produced them. They're weaned after six to nine months, then grazed a bit more on pasture. They're then \"finished\" for about 120 days on high-energy corn and other grains in a feedlot, gaining weight fast and creating that fat-marbled beef that consumers like. At about 14 to 18 months of age, they are sent to slaughter. (One downside of the feedlot system, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/04/02/707406946/some-in-the-beef-industry-are-bucking-the-widespread-use-of-antibiotics-heres-ho\">as we've reported\u003c/a>, is that a diet of corn can lead to liver abscesses in cattle, which is why animals who eat it receive antibiotics as part of their feed.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a grass-fed and finished scenario, cattle spend their entire lives on grass. Since their feed is much lower in energy, they are sent to slaughter later — between 18 to 24 months of age, after a finishing period, still on grass, of 190 days. Their weight at slaughter averages about 1,200 pounds compared with about 1,350 pounds for feedlot animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What's the environmental argument for grass-fed beef? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The grass-fed movement is based on a large idea, one known as \u003ca href=\"https://regenerationinternational.org/why-regenerative-agriculture/\">regenerative agriculture\u003c/a> or holistic management. It holds that grazing ruminant populations are key to a healthy ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think of the hordes of bison that once roamed the prairies. Their manure returned nutrients to the soil. And because these animals grazed on grass, the land didn't have to be plowed to plant corn for feed, so deep-rooted grasses that prevent erosion flourished. Had those iconic herds still been around in the 1930s, the argument goes, they would have helped prevent the catastrophe of the Dust Bowl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fourth-generation Oregon rancher Cory Carman runs a 5,000-acre \u003ca href=\"https://carmanranch.com/\">grass-fed beef cattle operation\u003c/a>, where grazing is key to restoring ecosystem balance. \"Agricultural livestock are this incredible tool in promoting soil health,\" she says. \"The longer you can manage cattle on pasture range, the more they can contribute to ecosystem regeneration.\"\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cbr>\nReturning cattle and other ruminants to the land for their entire lives can result in multiple benefits, according to organizations like the \u003ca href=\"https://www.savory.global/\">Savory Institute\u003c/a>, including restoring soil microbial diversity, and making the land more resilient to flooding and drought. It can boost the nutrient content and flavor of livestock and plants. And because grasses trap atmospheric carbon dioxide, the grass-fed system can also help fight climate change. But it does require more land to produce the same amount of meat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Shauna Sadowski, head of sustainability for the natural and organic operating unit at General Mills, puts it, \"Our current model is an extractive one that has left our environment in a state of degradation — eroded soil, polluted water. We have to change the entire paradigm to use natural ecological processes to gather nutrients and build the soil.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Which type of beef has the smaller environmental footprint?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's complicated. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To measure the environmental impact of a farming system, scientists rely on studies known as life-cycle assessments (LCAs), which take into account resources and energy use at all stages. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24216416\">number of past studies\u003c/a> have found lower greenhouse gas emissions associated with the feedlot system. One reason is that grass-fed cows gain weight more slowly, so they produce more methane (mostly \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2017/09/22/552698446/gassy-cows-warm-the-planet-scientists-think-they-know-how-to-squelch-those-belch\">in the form of belches\u003c/a>) over their longer lifespans. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ourenvironment.berkeley.edu/people/paige-stanley\">Paige Stanley\u003c/a>, a researcher at the University of California, Berkeley, says many of these studies have prioritized efficiency — high-energy feed, smaller land footprint — as a way of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The larger the animal and the shorter its life, the lower its footprint. But she adds, \"We're learning that there are other dimensions: soil health, carbon and landscape health. Separating them is doing us a disservice.\" She and other researchers are trying to figure out how to incorporate those factors into an LCA analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanley co-authored a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308521X17310338#.WpHorNqe0qU.twitter\">recent LCA study,\u003c/a> led by Jason Rowntree of Michigan State University, that found carbon-trapping benefits of the grass-fed approach. Another recent \u003ca href=\"https://blog.whiteoakpastures.com/hubfs/WOP-LCA-Quantis-2019.pdf\">LCA study\u003c/a>, of Georgia's holistically managed\u003ca href=\"https://www.whiteoakpastures.com/meet-us/about-white-oak-pastures/\"> White Oak Pastures\u003c/a>, found that the 3,200-acre farm stored enough carbon in its grasses to offset not only all of the methane emissions from its grass-fed cattle, but also much of the farm's total emissions. (The latter study was funded by General Mills.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Linus Blomqvist, director for conservation, food and agriculture for the Oakland, Calif.-based \u003ca href=\"https://thebreakthrough.org/\">Breakthrough Institute\u003c/a>, however, defends feedlot finishing, pointing out that the difference between the two systems is only the last third of the grass-fed cattle's life. Does the extra amount of pasture time sequester so much carbon that it offsets the advantage of the feedlot? \"We don't actually have very good evidence for that,\" he says.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://animalscience.ucdavis.edu/people/faculty/alison-van-eenennaam\">Alison Van Eenennaam\u003c/a>, a specialist in animal genomics and biotechnology at the University of California, Davis, says grass-fed makes more sense in a country like Australia, which has a temperate climate, large tracts of grassland and no corn belt. But in the U.S., which does have a corn belt that suffers from cold winters, she believes grain finishing is the more efficient way to produce beef. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which brings us to our next point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you know where your grass-fed beef came from? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 75% to 80% of grass-fed beef sold in the U.S. is grown abroad, from Australia, New Zealand and parts of South America, according to a 2017 \u003ca href=\"https://www.stonebarnscenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Grassfed_Full_v2.pdf\">report\u003c/a> from the Stone Barns Center for Food and Agriculture. Those countries have the advantage of \"vast expanses of grassland, low-input beef that is not finished to a high level and is very inexpensive,\" says Rowntree — even with the cost of shipping it halfway around the world. Most of what comes from Australia is ground beef, not steaks, because the end result of their finishing process tends to be tough. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many U.S. customers who want to support local food are likely unaware of the foreign origin of most grass-fed beef. By law, if meat is \"processed,\" or passes through a USDA-inspected plant (a requirement for all imported beef), it can be labeled as a product of the U.S. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But does it benefit the American farmer?\" Rowntree asks, comparing this market to the sheep industry, \"which lost out to imports from Australia and New Zealand.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The popularity of grass-fed beef is pulling U.S.-based multinational companies into the market as well, which will drive prices down further. Meat processor JBS now has a grass-fed line, Tyson is planning a Texas grass-fed program and earlier this year Perdue announced it was \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-05-23/most-grass-fed-beef-labeled-product-of-u-s-a-is-imported\">getting into the market\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Which system is better for animal welfare?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To many grass-fed advocates, this is one of the main reasons for switching to grass-fed beef. After all, cows evolved to live this way. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I've been on feedlots farms that have outstanding animal welfare, and I've been on small farms that would make you cringe,\" Rowntree says. But he adds, \"Managing cattle on pasture in a grass-finishing system to me epitomizes animal welfare.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Nancy Matsumoto is a journalist based in Toronto and New York City who writes about sustainability, food, sake and Japanese American culture.\u003c/em> \u003cem>You can read more of her work \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://nancymatsumoto.com/\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/08/13/746576239/is-grass-fed-beef-really-better-for-the-planet-heres-the-science\">NPR.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>In the winter, rainstorms soak California’s coastline. In the spring and summer, strong winds blow waves into the narrow inlet of the Pacific Ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the briny bivalves that live in the bay, this is part of the natural rhythm of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now, because of climate change, the torrents of winter rain run with increasing severity, and for oysters, all that freshwater can be dangerous. Summer’s waves bring increasingly acidic water, making it harder for small oysters to build their calcium-based shells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, scientists have warned that \u003ca href=\"https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/Ocean+Acidification's+impact+on+oysters+and+other+shellfish\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ocean acidification\u003c/a> threaten oysters, but new research from UC Davis suggests that climate change ravages\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>the creatures in a multitude of ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ted Grosholz, a marine biologist at the university, studies California’s oyster habitats in this pastoral part of West Marin County. He led a team of researchers who found changes to salinity and dissolved oxygen levels could have an even greater impact on California’s oyster growth than acidic water. The team published their \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucdavis.edu/news/climate-change-could-shrink-oyster-habitat-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">findings\u003c/a> this week in the journal \u003cem>Limnology and Oceanography\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We hear a lot about ocean acidification,” Grosholz said. “We have to keep our eye on the fact that other variables that are influenced by climate change may be just as important in the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Convergence of Stresses’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From warming water and air temperatures to ecological disruptions, California’s oyster populations face a “convergence of stresses,” Grosholz said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warm water holds less dissolved oxygen than cold water. In extreme cases, when the water temperatures rise too high, the oysters can suffocate. That trend is only expected to increase, as California experiences hotter summers with higher air and water temperatures, Grosholz said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When winter storms fill estuaries with fresh water, it temporarily reduces the water’s saltiness. The rainwater upsets the oyster’s osmotic balance, Grosholz said, they need a bit of brine to survive or they stop pumping water and eating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bivalves can handle the rain water for a few days. “They literally clam up and don’t open at all in low salinity,” he said. “But after a week or so they have to and that’s when they die.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While strong winter rainstorms driven by atmospheric rivers aren’t new, they are exacerbated by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the spring and summer, wind drives deeper ocean water into estuaries and bays where the oysters live. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This upwelling process, Grosholz said, is like “when you put cream in your coffee and blow across the surface, you can see cream mixing up from the bottom.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The seawater is increasingly acidic because oceans absorb the carbon dioxide we add to the air through burning fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s especially hard for oysters to reproduce in acidic water as it can erode calcium carbonate, which they use to build their shells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With all the seasonal issues, says Grosholz, “we’re seeing it squeeze at both ends. Climate change is reducing the critical zone where oysters do well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists found similar results while \u003ca href=\"https://fortress.wa.gov/ecy/publications/documents/1201015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">researching\u003c/a> oysters in the coastal waters of Washington’s Puget Sound, according to Alexandria Boehm, an environmental engineer and professor at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, Boehm co-lead a science panel in California that found that global carbon emissions were a major driver of ocean acidification and \u003ca href=\"http://westcoastoah.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/OAH-Panel-Key-Findings-Recommendations-and-Actions-4.4.16-FINAL.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recommended\u003c/a> more studies into other threats to the oysters. Subsequently, the Legislature passed a \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB2139\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bill\u003c/a> to support research like the new UC Davis study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The beds of the California native Olympia oyster provide habitat for small fish and invertebrates, which in turn are prey for shorebirds, salmon, and foraging sturgeon. Grosholz’s research focused on the Olympia oyster and the non-native Pacific oyster, known for its crisp texture and mild and sweet flavor. Pacific oysters support a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacshell.org/pdf/economic_impact_of_shellfish_aquaculture_2013.pdf\">$25 million industry\u003c/a> in California and are a staple in oyster shacks and seafood restaurants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an interview with KQED’s Michael Krasny on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101872656/climate-change-may-shrink-northern-california-oyster-habitat\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">program\u003c/a> Forum, Oyster farmer Terry Sawyer talked about the study’s implications for his farm in Tomales Bay and operating a business in such a dynamic ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The aquaculture industry challenge we are talking about is always change,” said Sawyer, a founder of \u003ca href=\"https://hogislandoysters.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hog Island Oyster Co\u003c/a>. “As a business, we have to prepare.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Pacific oyster is the most commonly grown species in aquaculture around the world,” he said. “This is going on here in Tomales Bay, but the ramifications are for the entire industry on the West Coast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Solutions and Hope\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While curbing climate change will take a global effort, Grosholz research points to a number of ways that wildlife officials in California can support oyster growth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They can divert the runoff away from oyster habitats, for example, and farmers can breed oysters to be more resilient to temperature changes in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, there are ongoing efforts to restore native oyster populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the San Francisco Bay and elsewhere, scientists and farmers construct reefs out of large mesh bags filled with discarded oyster shells. The restoration effort improves the habitat of bays and estuaries and help form more resilient shorelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oysters offer a real benefit to humans,” Grosholz said. “You see these projects actively being conducted in the San Francisco Bay, for example. That’s a reason to be hopeful about the future to me.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Beyond acidic ocean water, California oysters are threatened by a constellation of climate change stresses. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the winter, rainstorms soak California’s coastline. In the spring and summer, strong winds blow waves into the narrow inlet of the Pacific Ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the briny bivalves that live in the bay, this is part of the natural rhythm of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now, because of climate change, the torrents of winter rain run with increasing severity, and for oysters, all that freshwater can be dangerous. Summer’s waves bring increasingly acidic water, making it harder for small oysters to build their calcium-based shells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, scientists have warned that \u003ca href=\"https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/Ocean+Acidification's+impact+on+oysters+and+other+shellfish\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ocean acidification\u003c/a> threaten oysters, but new research from UC Davis suggests that climate change ravages\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>the creatures in a multitude of ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ted Grosholz, a marine biologist at the university, studies California’s oyster habitats in this pastoral part of West Marin County. He led a team of researchers who found changes to salinity and dissolved oxygen levels could have an even greater impact on California’s oyster growth than acidic water. The team published their \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucdavis.edu/news/climate-change-could-shrink-oyster-habitat-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">findings\u003c/a> this week in the journal \u003cem>Limnology and Oceanography\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We hear a lot about ocean acidification,” Grosholz said. “We have to keep our eye on the fact that other variables that are influenced by climate change may be just as important in the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Convergence of Stresses’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From warming water and air temperatures to ecological disruptions, California’s oyster populations face a “convergence of stresses,” Grosholz said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warm water holds less dissolved oxygen than cold water. In extreme cases, when the water temperatures rise too high, the oysters can suffocate. That trend is only expected to increase, as California experiences hotter summers with higher air and water temperatures, Grosholz said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When winter storms fill estuaries with fresh water, it temporarily reduces the water’s saltiness. The rainwater upsets the oyster’s osmotic balance, Grosholz said, they need a bit of brine to survive or they stop pumping water and eating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bivalves can handle the rain water for a few days. “They literally clam up and don’t open at all in low salinity,” he said. “But after a week or so they have to and that’s when they die.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While strong winter rainstorms driven by atmospheric rivers aren’t new, they are exacerbated by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the spring and summer, wind drives deeper ocean water into estuaries and bays where the oysters live. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This upwelling process, Grosholz said, is like “when you put cream in your coffee and blow across the surface, you can see cream mixing up from the bottom.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The seawater is increasingly acidic because oceans absorb the carbon dioxide we add to the air through burning fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s especially hard for oysters to reproduce in acidic water as it can erode calcium carbonate, which they use to build their shells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With all the seasonal issues, says Grosholz, “we’re seeing it squeeze at both ends. Climate change is reducing the critical zone where oysters do well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists found similar results while \u003ca href=\"https://fortress.wa.gov/ecy/publications/documents/1201015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">researching\u003c/a> oysters in the coastal waters of Washington’s Puget Sound, according to Alexandria Boehm, an environmental engineer and professor at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, Boehm co-lead a science panel in California that found that global carbon emissions were a major driver of ocean acidification and \u003ca href=\"http://westcoastoah.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/OAH-Panel-Key-Findings-Recommendations-and-Actions-4.4.16-FINAL.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recommended\u003c/a> more studies into other threats to the oysters. Subsequently, the Legislature passed a \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB2139\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bill\u003c/a> to support research like the new UC Davis study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The beds of the California native Olympia oyster provide habitat for small fish and invertebrates, which in turn are prey for shorebirds, salmon, and foraging sturgeon. Grosholz’s research focused on the Olympia oyster and the non-native Pacific oyster, known for its crisp texture and mild and sweet flavor. Pacific oysters support a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacshell.org/pdf/economic_impact_of_shellfish_aquaculture_2013.pdf\">$25 million industry\u003c/a> in California and are a staple in oyster shacks and seafood restaurants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an interview with KQED’s Michael Krasny on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101872656/climate-change-may-shrink-northern-california-oyster-habitat\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">program\u003c/a> Forum, Oyster farmer Terry Sawyer talked about the study’s implications for his farm in Tomales Bay and operating a business in such a dynamic ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The aquaculture industry challenge we are talking about is always change,” said Sawyer, a founder of \u003ca href=\"https://hogislandoysters.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hog Island Oyster Co\u003c/a>. “As a business, we have to prepare.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Pacific oyster is the most commonly grown species in aquaculture around the world,” he said. “This is going on here in Tomales Bay, but the ramifications are for the entire industry on the West Coast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Solutions and Hope\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While curbing climate change will take a global effort, Grosholz research points to a number of ways that wildlife officials in California can support oyster growth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They can divert the runoff away from oyster habitats, for example, and farmers can breed oysters to be more resilient to temperature changes in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, there are ongoing efforts to restore native oyster populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the San Francisco Bay and elsewhere, scientists and farmers construct reefs out of large mesh bags filled with discarded oyster shells. The restoration effort improves the habitat of bays and estuaries and help form more resilient shorelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oysters offer a real benefit to humans,” Grosholz said. “You see these projects actively being conducted in the San Francisco Bay, for example. That’s a reason to be hopeful about the future to me.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "UN Report Warns Global Heating Threatens Farming As We Know It",
"headTitle": "UN Report Warns Global Heating Threatens Farming As We Know It | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/Neq_CwpkPvsGmMG7hVOy7A?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003c/em>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/pD-rCxklQwf1V61yTviMEq?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> [aside postID=science_1943671,science_1941092]\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Negotiators for the world’s governments signed off on a report Wednesday that describes in alarming detail how agriculture, deforestation and other human impacts on lands are transforming the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.ipcc.ch/report/srccl/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a>, from the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), shows the urgent need to overhaul the global food system to help control climate-warming emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Written by more than 100 scientists from around the globe, it takes an unprecedented look at the impacts of \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/topic/climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">climate change\u003c/a> on lands and the effects of land use on the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors say that the entire food production system, with transportation and packaging included, accounts for as much as 37 percent of total greenhouse gas emissions, and that better land use, less-meat-intensive diets and eliminating food waste should be global priorities, crucial to the immediate, all-out effort needed to forestall a climate catastrophe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no doubt the window is closing rapidly,” said Pamela McElwee, one of the report’s authors and a professor of human ecology at Rutgers University. “That’s a key message of this report.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Negotiations over the final wording of the report, which was written after assessing thousands of studies, began in Geneva last week. Attendees said the talks were bogged down at times by negotiators from countries, including the United States, with powerful biofuels and livestock industries. Still, the report that emerged was clear that diets high in meat have a bigger carbon footprint and that biofuels can compete with food production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors had the daunting task of assessing the impact of agriculture and deforestation on the climate, and the equally challenging job of outlining ways that better land management can provide solutions to the climate crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report, released to the public on Aug. 8, shows that stopping deforestation, limiting greenhouse-gas-emitting fertilizers and raising crops in ways that \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/14112018/climate-change-solutions-forests-farms-carbon-storage-cancel-out-emissions-study\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">add carbon to the soil\u003c/a> are essential for achieving global goals for controlling rising temperatures.\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1946297 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/IPCC-greenhouse-gases-land-use.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"529\" height=\"529\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/IPCC-greenhouse-gases-land-use.png 529w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/IPCC-greenhouse-gases-land-use-160x160.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 529px) 100vw, 529px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, global lands absorb more carbon than they emit. But that will change if land degradation and deforestation continue, the report warns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The amount of greenhouse gases emitted in the future really depends on the choices we make today,” said Louis Verchot, one of the report’s lead authors and a researcher with the International Center for Tropical Agriculture. He noted that greenhouse gases from lands are increasing, especially with a recent uptick in deforestation in Brazil and other South American countries. “Could land shift from a sink to a source? We know that’s very much a possibility.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Intensive Farming\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the carbon stored in the planet’s land is in natural landscapes, not those managed as farmland or forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we continue to degrade ecosystems, if we continue to convert natural ecosystems, we continue to deforest and we continued to destroy our soils, we’re going to lose this natural subsidy that we’re getting that’s protecting us in part from ourselves and from the damage that we’re creating as we pump these greenhouse gases in the atmosphere,” Verchot explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the early 1960s, global population growth and more intensive farming have led to “unprecedented rates of land and freshwater use,” the report said. Human activities, including farming and other land uses, impact nearly three-quarters of the global land surface. Meat production has more than doubled, and the supply of calories per person has increased by one-third.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the agricultural developments that helped propel the world’s population are now some of the same ones that need to be retooled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the population has grown, emissions related to agriculture have also grown, largely because of increases in livestock, deforestation to clear land for crops, and fertilizer use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Agriculture and deforestation account for 23 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions. But the report says that if the entire spectrum of food production were factored in—from growing crops to transportation and packaging—that percentage could be as high as 37 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change is already having severe effects on agriculture, with more drought and extreme downpours. That has threatened food security, in part because it drives down crop yields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That will likely get worse, especially in tropical and subtropical parts of the world, the report says. In some regions, extreme weather fueled by global warming could lead to “increased displacement, disrupted food chains, threatened livelihoods … and contribute to exacerbated stresses for conflict.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The potential risk for “multi-bread-basket failure,” with climate disasters \u003ca href=\"http://insideclimatenews.org/news/11062018/climate-change-research-food-security-agriculture-impacts-corn-vegetables-crop-prices\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hitting more than one\u003c/a> major agriculture region at the same time, is increasing, said Cynthia Rosenzweig, one of the report’s lead authors and a senior research scientist at the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies.\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1946298 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/IPCC-land-ocean-temperature-increase.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"529\" height=\"519\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/IPCC-land-ocean-temperature-increase.png 529w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/IPCC-land-ocean-temperature-increase-160x157.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 529px) 100vw, 529px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors point to a suite of solutions for reducing agriculture’s impact on climate change, including farming more sustainably—using less fertilizer, lowering tillage and employing practices that increase the soil’s ability to hold carbon—as well as reducing higher-impact diets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Diets present major opportunities for reducing greenhouse gases as well, because diets that are rich in plant-based foods emit lower greenhouse gases than diets that are very heavy in red meat consumption,” Rosenzweig said. The report’s authors conclude that, by 2050, dietary changes could free up hundreds of millions of acres of land, which could help avoid deforestation and reduce emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report is the latest in a series of \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/16012019/global-food-agriculture-revolution-eat-lancet-commission-climate-change-health-nutrition-report-less-meat\">high-profile publications\u003c/a> pointing to meat consumption, particularly of beef, as a significant contributor of greenhouse gases. Not only do cattle emit methane, but beef production also leads to \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/25042019/deforestation-annual-global-tree-loss-tropics-climate-solution-carbon-storage-wri\">deforestation for grazing lands\u003c/a> and cropland to grow feed for livestock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors say reducing food waste is another key strategy for cutting emissions from the food system. Nearly a third of the food produced in the world is lost or wasted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crops At Risk\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report underscores the urgency for using land-based solutions to tackle climate change, which can have a big impact but have to be accomplished in a relatively short time frame. As the climate heats up, crop yields will continue to drop while farm fields lose their ability to store carbon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the solutions, including large-scale tree-planting on previously unforested land and using land to grow biofuels, present trade-offs because they threaten to compete with land for growing food crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors outline various scenarios in which global population and resource consumption rises or falls. The most optimistic scenario, in which fewer resources are consumed and more people adopt “low greenhouse gas” diets, would translate to lower emissions and help keep global temperatures from rising more than 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels—the aim of the \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/tags/paris-climate-agreement\">Paris climate agreement\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a critical report right now,” said Doreen Stabinsky, a professor of global environmental politics with the College of the Atlantic, who was in Geneva to observe the final negotiations over the report. “There’s been increasing recognition about the climate change impacts on land and food, and there’s a recognition that it’s all-hands-on-deck.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The IPCC plans to release another report, this one exploring the relationships among climate change, oceans and frozen landscapes, or the “cryosphere,” this fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media media-element-container media-image_centered_medium\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Better land use, less-meat-intensive diets and eliminating food waste should be priorities to help forestall a climate catastrophe, the authors say.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/Neq_CwpkPvsGmMG7hVOy7A?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003c/em>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/pD-rCxklQwf1V61yTviMEq?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Negotiators for the world’s governments signed off on a report Wednesday that describes in alarming detail how agriculture, deforestation and other human impacts on lands are transforming the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.ipcc.ch/report/srccl/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a>, from the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), shows the urgent need to overhaul the global food system to help control climate-warming emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Written by more than 100 scientists from around the globe, it takes an unprecedented look at the impacts of \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/topic/climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">climate change\u003c/a> on lands and the effects of land use on the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors say that the entire food production system, with transportation and packaging included, accounts for as much as 37 percent of total greenhouse gas emissions, and that better land use, less-meat-intensive diets and eliminating food waste should be global priorities, crucial to the immediate, all-out effort needed to forestall a climate catastrophe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no doubt the window is closing rapidly,” said Pamela McElwee, one of the report’s authors and a professor of human ecology at Rutgers University. “That’s a key message of this report.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Negotiations over the final wording of the report, which was written after assessing thousands of studies, began in Geneva last week. Attendees said the talks were bogged down at times by negotiators from countries, including the United States, with powerful biofuels and livestock industries. Still, the report that emerged was clear that diets high in meat have a bigger carbon footprint and that biofuels can compete with food production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors had the daunting task of assessing the impact of agriculture and deforestation on the climate, and the equally challenging job of outlining ways that better land management can provide solutions to the climate crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report, released to the public on Aug. 8, shows that stopping deforestation, limiting greenhouse-gas-emitting fertilizers and raising crops in ways that \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/14112018/climate-change-solutions-forests-farms-carbon-storage-cancel-out-emissions-study\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">add carbon to the soil\u003c/a> are essential for achieving global goals for controlling rising temperatures.\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1946297 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/IPCC-greenhouse-gases-land-use.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"529\" height=\"529\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/IPCC-greenhouse-gases-land-use.png 529w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/IPCC-greenhouse-gases-land-use-160x160.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 529px) 100vw, 529px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, global lands absorb more carbon than they emit. But that will change if land degradation and deforestation continue, the report warns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The amount of greenhouse gases emitted in the future really depends on the choices we make today,” said Louis Verchot, one of the report’s lead authors and a researcher with the International Center for Tropical Agriculture. He noted that greenhouse gases from lands are increasing, especially with a recent uptick in deforestation in Brazil and other South American countries. “Could land shift from a sink to a source? We know that’s very much a possibility.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Intensive Farming\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the carbon stored in the planet’s land is in natural landscapes, not those managed as farmland or forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we continue to degrade ecosystems, if we continue to convert natural ecosystems, we continue to deforest and we continued to destroy our soils, we’re going to lose this natural subsidy that we’re getting that’s protecting us in part from ourselves and from the damage that we’re creating as we pump these greenhouse gases in the atmosphere,” Verchot explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the early 1960s, global population growth and more intensive farming have led to “unprecedented rates of land and freshwater use,” the report said. Human activities, including farming and other land uses, impact nearly three-quarters of the global land surface. Meat production has more than doubled, and the supply of calories per person has increased by one-third.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the agricultural developments that helped propel the world’s population are now some of the same ones that need to be retooled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the population has grown, emissions related to agriculture have also grown, largely because of increases in livestock, deforestation to clear land for crops, and fertilizer use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Agriculture and deforestation account for 23 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions. But the report says that if the entire spectrum of food production were factored in—from growing crops to transportation and packaging—that percentage could be as high as 37 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change is already having severe effects on agriculture, with more drought and extreme downpours. That has threatened food security, in part because it drives down crop yields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That will likely get worse, especially in tropical and subtropical parts of the world, the report says. In some regions, extreme weather fueled by global warming could lead to “increased displacement, disrupted food chains, threatened livelihoods … and contribute to exacerbated stresses for conflict.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The potential risk for “multi-bread-basket failure,” with climate disasters \u003ca href=\"http://insideclimatenews.org/news/11062018/climate-change-research-food-security-agriculture-impacts-corn-vegetables-crop-prices\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hitting more than one\u003c/a> major agriculture region at the same time, is increasing, said Cynthia Rosenzweig, one of the report’s lead authors and a senior research scientist at the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies.\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1946298 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/IPCC-land-ocean-temperature-increase.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"529\" height=\"519\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/IPCC-land-ocean-temperature-increase.png 529w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/IPCC-land-ocean-temperature-increase-160x157.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 529px) 100vw, 529px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors point to a suite of solutions for reducing agriculture’s impact on climate change, including farming more sustainably—using less fertilizer, lowering tillage and employing practices that increase the soil’s ability to hold carbon—as well as reducing higher-impact diets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Diets present major opportunities for reducing greenhouse gases as well, because diets that are rich in plant-based foods emit lower greenhouse gases than diets that are very heavy in red meat consumption,” Rosenzweig said. The report’s authors conclude that, by 2050, dietary changes could free up hundreds of millions of acres of land, which could help avoid deforestation and reduce emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report is the latest in a series of \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/16012019/global-food-agriculture-revolution-eat-lancet-commission-climate-change-health-nutrition-report-less-meat\">high-profile publications\u003c/a> pointing to meat consumption, particularly of beef, as a significant contributor of greenhouse gases. Not only do cattle emit methane, but beef production also leads to \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/25042019/deforestation-annual-global-tree-loss-tropics-climate-solution-carbon-storage-wri\">deforestation for grazing lands\u003c/a> and cropland to grow feed for livestock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors say reducing food waste is another key strategy for cutting emissions from the food system. Nearly a third of the food produced in the world is lost or wasted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crops At Risk\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report underscores the urgency for using land-based solutions to tackle climate change, which can have a big impact but have to be accomplished in a relatively short time frame. As the climate heats up, crop yields will continue to drop while farm fields lose their ability to store carbon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the solutions, including large-scale tree-planting on previously unforested land and using land to grow biofuels, present trade-offs because they threaten to compete with land for growing food crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors outline various scenarios in which global population and resource consumption rises or falls. The most optimistic scenario, in which fewer resources are consumed and more people adopt “low greenhouse gas” diets, would translate to lower emissions and help keep global temperatures from rising more than 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels—the aim of the \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/tags/paris-climate-agreement\">Paris climate agreement\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a critical report right now,” said Doreen Stabinsky, a professor of global environmental politics with the College of the Atlantic, who was in Geneva to observe the final negotiations over the report. “There’s been increasing recognition about the climate change impacts on land and food, and there’s a recognition that it’s all-hands-on-deck.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
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"source": "American Public Media"
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"masters-of-scale": {
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},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"morning-edition": {
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
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"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"on-the-media": {
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"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
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},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
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"order": 14
},
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"planet-money": {
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
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},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 5
},
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
"subscribe": {
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "PRI"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pri-the-world",
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/News--Politics-Podcasts/PRIs-The-World-p24/",
"rss": "http://feeds.feedburner.com/pri/theworld"
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
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