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"content": "\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kab9GXmi9_4]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An animal rescue group is asking for help caring for 89 baby snowy egrets and black-crowned night herons left homeless last week after a tree fell in downtown Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>International Bird Rescue said Wednesday it needs donations and volunteers to help feed and care for the baby birds rescued after an old ficus tree serving as a rookery split in half and partially fell last week, said JD Bergeron, the group’s executive director.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group is caring for 89 young birds and eggs rescued from the tree including, 50 snowy egrets and 22 black-crowned night herons. It also rescued 17 eggs that need intensive care and round-the-clock support. Another 20 birds died when the tree fell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rescue group was already taking care of more than 200 Bay Area water birds at its busy hospital in the city of Fairfield, Bergeron said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The youngest of the birds need care for at least six weeks. The oldest could be ready to fly in the next week or two, Bergeron said\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But what it does mean every single day is feeding the little ones every 60 to 90 minutes, keeping all the birds in a clean enclosure, proper food and warmth, water, (and) daily checks to make sure their weight and their health status are good,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of these birds did suffer trauma from falls so we have to take care of any wounds that came from that as well,” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The birds, which breed in large groups, began using the massive and old leafy ficus trees in downtown Oakland for nesting about 10 years ago after non-native vegetation was removed from nearby Lake Merritt, scaring them away, said Cindy Margulis, executive director of Golden Gate Audubon Society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most of those trees are really enormous canopies and their roots are underneath concrete so they cannot spread to get the support they need and gravity takes its toll,” Margulis said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Margulis, whose organization helped rescue the baby birds, said wildlife protection groups are working to get the snowy egrets and black-crowned night herons back to nest in Lake Merrit, where there are more sturdy trees and not as much concrete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologists have identified two trees and have placed speakers in them that broadcast the sounds of a breeding colony, decoys of herons and egrets and nests left over from other breeding seasons to get the birds to raise their chicks there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They are visiting the destination sites so, that tells us there is interest and that’s very encouraging,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The youngest of the birds need care for at least six weeks. The oldest could be ready to fly in the next week or two, Bergeron said\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But what it does mean every single day is feeding the little ones every 60 to 90 minutes, keeping all the birds in a clean enclosure, proper food and warmth, water, (and) daily checks to make sure their weight and their health status are good,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of these birds did suffer trauma from falls so we have to take care of any wounds that came from that as well,” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The birds, which breed in large groups, began using the massive and old leafy ficus trees in downtown Oakland for nesting about 10 years ago after non-native vegetation was removed from nearby Lake Merritt, scaring them away, said Cindy Margulis, executive director of Golden Gate Audubon Society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most of those trees are really enormous canopies and their roots are underneath concrete so they cannot spread to get the support they need and gravity takes its toll,” Margulis said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Margulis, whose organization helped rescue the baby birds, said wildlife protection groups are working to get the snowy egrets and black-crowned night herons back to nest in Lake Merrit, where there are more sturdy trees and not as much concrete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologists have identified two trees and have placed speakers in them that broadcast the sounds of a breeding colony, decoys of herons and egrets and nests left over from other breeding seasons to get the birds to raise their chicks there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They are visiting the destination sites so, that tells us there is interest and that’s very encouraging,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "For Devastating Bat Fungus, Potential Treatments But No Easy Solution",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Last week, state scientists announced they had\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1944647/fungus-thats-killed-millions-of-bats-detected-in-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">discovered\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for the first time in California an invasive fungus that causes a disease responsible for the death of over 6 million North American bats.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote align=\"right\" citation=\"Winifred Frick, Bat Conservation International\"]‘The early signs of the fungus showing up is a clear harbinger of doom.’[/pullquote]\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The cold-thriving fungus, \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pseudogymnoascus destructans, was found\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in samples collected from four little brown bats, which is the name of the species, in Plumas County near Lassen Volcanic National Park.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Scott Osborn, a senior environmental scientist with the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, is leading a multiagency effort to detect and contain the disease, called white-nose syndrome.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But he says eradication isn’t an option yet, and there is no one solution to protect bats scattered across Northern California.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The fungus is here and it’s more than likely going to spread,” Osborn said.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> “\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It’s our ardent wish to minimize the impact of the disease. But at this point, I can’t say that we’re going to really try to prevent it from occurring. I don’t think we can claim to have the power to do that.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While the fungus was detected in low levels in the California bats, that is often the first indication they will contract the disease.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“The early signs of the fungus showing up is a clear harbinger of doom,” said Winifred Frick, a chief scientist with Bat Conservation International. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">According to a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ecy.1706#ecy1706-fig-0001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">study\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Frick led of the disease’s progression in bat colonies in the Northeast, entire roosts of little brown bats became infected within two years of the fungus’ detection. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“In those situations, anything you could do to buy more time or potentially allow species to persist on the landscape, even if it is at a small subset of sites where they used to occur, that’s prevention of a species extinction, and in my view is worth it,” Frick said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">White-nose syndrome, so-called because of the discoloration the fungus causes on bats’ noses, was first discovered in New York in 2006. The fungus eats away at their skin and causes lesions, awakening the animals from their winter hibernation. Fastidious groomers, afflicted bats consume all of their fat stores by cleaning themselves, depleting them of needed energy. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the Northeast, thousands of dead bats have been found in and around caves and mines, the disease wiping out virtually whole colonies in some areas. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Osborn’s team is expanding bat surveillance, especially in the Sierra Nevada and other high-elevation places in Northern California that experience cold winters. With an accurate count of bats, researchers can identify if the population dips, a sign that the disease has begun its onslaught.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While bats in the northeast roost in large colonies of thousands or tens of thousands, Western bats, including the little brown bat, have been observed roosting in smaller, more dispersed groups. Researchers still don’t know where California bats spend the winter or how many bats are typically in these roosts. Where exactly they live is one question that Osborn’s team hopes to answer.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Potential Treatments\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Treatments do exist for combatting the fungus and the disease it causes. For example, one\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-017-02441-z\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">study\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> published in the journal \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nature\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> found that the fungus \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is easily killed by ultraviolet light. Another\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-45453-z\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">study\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> from the same journal found that a \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">probioti\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c treatment could slow the decline in bat colonies where the disease is present.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">there’s emerging\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-43210-w.epdf?author_access_token=yYj1JPVPb57Qn1b27l1gy9RgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0OVAcG24o0yW14y6fzrEUBTNS5AIEw_OIsHGnhudyBhFaY39eQpnFMBLKgHhABLnx-MOkSKlLbpDAd7eHBCda05tO_4HClmbZQ-QWr5z8N_rg%3D%3D\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">research\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> into a potential oral vaccine, which could be administered by a topical cream or spray. Bronwyn Hogan, a wildlife biologist with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, says the treatment is promising because bats are constantly grooming and cleaning their fur.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hogan says wildlife managers may respond with a variety of these treatments, depending on the place and circumstances, but they need to be careful not to cause collateral damage, especially inside caves, which have delicate ecosystems. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“There is no ‘silver bullet,’” she said. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wildlife officials are enlisting the help of the public, asking them to report any sightings of dead bats or bats that are active in cold places during the winter. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pat Seiser, the chief physical scientist for Lava Beds National Monument, said news of the fungus is spreading among cavers, too.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“We’re actively getting the message out to decontaminate gear and use dedicated equipment within the caving community,” said Seiser.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Of the 25 different species of bats in California, there are six that have carried white-nose syndrome in other states, including the little brown bat. The others are the big brown bat, cave bat, long-legged bat, western long-eared bat and yuma bat.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Another four species present in California tested positive for the fungus but have not, so far, shown signs of the disease. These are the Mexican free-tailed bat, Townsend’s big-eared bat, the silver-haired bat, and Western small-footed bat.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Biologists were able to detect the fungus in very low levels by using a polymerase chain reaction, a common molecular biology technique that uses enzymes to unzip DNA and replicate it with RNA. With this technique, scientists can rapidly synthesize and amplify even tiny bits of genetic material. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They are holding onto the hope, however slim, that the disease won’t take hold here.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“I’d be really happy if the disease actually doesn’t show up,” Osborn said. “The next couple of years are going to be very interesting to see what actually happens here.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bats are important for ecosystems because they consume mosquitoes, bugs and pests that damage food growing on farms. Bats save farmers and land managers $3.7 billion in pest management costs annually, according to an \u003ca href=\"https://science.sciencemag.org/content/332/6025/41.full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">estimate\u003c/a> of their economic impact from 2011\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Last week, state scientists announced they had\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1944647/fungus-thats-killed-millions-of-bats-detected-in-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">discovered\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for the first time in California an invasive fungus that causes a disease responsible for the death of over 6 million North American bats.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘The early signs of the fungus showing up is a clear harbinger of doom.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The cold-thriving fungus, \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pseudogymnoascus destructans, was found\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in samples collected from four little brown bats, which is the name of the species, in Plumas County near Lassen Volcanic National Park.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Scott Osborn, a senior environmental scientist with the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, is leading a multiagency effort to detect and contain the disease, called white-nose syndrome.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But he says eradication isn’t an option yet, and there is no one solution to protect bats scattered across Northern California.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The fungus is here and it’s more than likely going to spread,” Osborn said.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> “\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It’s our ardent wish to minimize the impact of the disease. But at this point, I can’t say that we’re going to really try to prevent it from occurring. I don’t think we can claim to have the power to do that.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While the fungus was detected in low levels in the California bats, that is often the first indication they will contract the disease.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“The early signs of the fungus showing up is a clear harbinger of doom,” said Winifred Frick, a chief scientist with Bat Conservation International. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">According to a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ecy.1706#ecy1706-fig-0001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">study\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Frick led of the disease’s progression in bat colonies in the Northeast, entire roosts of little brown bats became infected within two years of the fungus’ detection. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“In those situations, anything you could do to buy more time or potentially allow species to persist on the landscape, even if it is at a small subset of sites where they used to occur, that’s prevention of a species extinction, and in my view is worth it,” Frick said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">White-nose syndrome, so-called because of the discoloration the fungus causes on bats’ noses, was first discovered in New York in 2006. The fungus eats away at their skin and causes lesions, awakening the animals from their winter hibernation. Fastidious groomers, afflicted bats consume all of their fat stores by cleaning themselves, depleting them of needed energy. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the Northeast, thousands of dead bats have been found in and around caves and mines, the disease wiping out virtually whole colonies in some areas. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Osborn’s team is expanding bat surveillance, especially in the Sierra Nevada and other high-elevation places in Northern California that experience cold winters. With an accurate count of bats, researchers can identify if the population dips, a sign that the disease has begun its onslaught.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While bats in the northeast roost in large colonies of thousands or tens of thousands, Western bats, including the little brown bat, have been observed roosting in smaller, more dispersed groups. Researchers still don’t know where California bats spend the winter or how many bats are typically in these roosts. Where exactly they live is one question that Osborn’s team hopes to answer.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Potential Treatments\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Treatments do exist for combatting the fungus and the disease it causes. For example, one\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-017-02441-z\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">study\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> published in the journal \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nature\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> found that the fungus \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is easily killed by ultraviolet light. Another\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-45453-z\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">study\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> from the same journal found that a \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">probioti\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c treatment could slow the decline in bat colonies where the disease is present.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">there’s emerging\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-43210-w.epdf?author_access_token=yYj1JPVPb57Qn1b27l1gy9RgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0OVAcG24o0yW14y6fzrEUBTNS5AIEw_OIsHGnhudyBhFaY39eQpnFMBLKgHhABLnx-MOkSKlLbpDAd7eHBCda05tO_4HClmbZQ-QWr5z8N_rg%3D%3D\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">research\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> into a potential oral vaccine, which could be administered by a topical cream or spray. Bronwyn Hogan, a wildlife biologist with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, says the treatment is promising because bats are constantly grooming and cleaning their fur.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hogan says wildlife managers may respond with a variety of these treatments, depending on the place and circumstances, but they need to be careful not to cause collateral damage, especially inside caves, which have delicate ecosystems. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“There is no ‘silver bullet,’” she said. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wildlife officials are enlisting the help of the public, asking them to report any sightings of dead bats or bats that are active in cold places during the winter. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pat Seiser, the chief physical scientist for Lava Beds National Monument, said news of the fungus is spreading among cavers, too.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“We’re actively getting the message out to decontaminate gear and use dedicated equipment within the caving community,” said Seiser.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Of the 25 different species of bats in California, there are six that have carried white-nose syndrome in other states, including the little brown bat. The others are the big brown bat, cave bat, long-legged bat, western long-eared bat and yuma bat.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Another four species present in California tested positive for the fungus but have not, so far, shown signs of the disease. These are the Mexican free-tailed bat, Townsend’s big-eared bat, the silver-haired bat, and Western small-footed bat.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Biologists were able to detect the fungus in very low levels by using a polymerase chain reaction, a common molecular biology technique that uses enzymes to unzip DNA and replicate it with RNA. With this technique, scientists can rapidly synthesize and amplify even tiny bits of genetic material. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They are holding onto the hope, however slim, that the disease won’t take hold here.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“I’d be really happy if the disease actually doesn’t show up,” Osborn said. “The next couple of years are going to be very interesting to see what actually happens here.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bats are important for ecosystems because they consume mosquitoes, bugs and pests that damage food growing on farms. Bats save farmers and land managers $3.7 billion in pest management costs annually, according to an \u003ca href=\"https://science.sciencemag.org/content/332/6025/41.full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">estimate\u003c/a> of their economic impact from 2011\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Arctic Fox Travels 2,700 Miles in 4 Months, a Record, Say Researchers",
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"content": "\u003cp>A young female fox, just shy of her first birthday, stunned scientists by covering an unbelievable distance during a short, four-month trek. The animal, also known as a coastal or blue fox, traveled more than 2,700 miles from Spitsbergen, the largest island of the Svalbard Archipelago of Norway, to Ellesmere Island in Nunavut, Canada. The journey is among the longest dispersal events ever recorded for the species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers from the Norwegian Polar Institute first fitted the fox with a tracking collar in 2017 and released her into nature as part of a larger and ongoing study about the spatial ecology of arctic foxes, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://polarresearch.net/index.php/polar/article/view/3512/9288\">report\u003c/a> led by researchers Eva Fuglei and Arnaud Tarroux.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For months the fox stayed along the coastline of western Spitsbergen. Toward the end of March 2018, she took off, changing course several times when she met open water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After finding ice-covered sea for the first time, the fox left Spitsbergen. Having traveled for 21 days and about 939 miles, she arrived in Greenland on April 16, 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, in 2010 an adult female arctic fox in the Canadian Arctic set off on a journey. She traveled more than 2,800 miles in total but over a longer period of 5.5 months. She used sea ice to link distant regions, as did the Svalbard fox, which eventually arrived on Canada’s Ellesmere Island on July 1, 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By crossing extensive stretches of sea and ice glacier during her journey, the fox highlighted “the exceptional movement capacity of this small-sized carnivore species,” the report said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fox’s average traveling speed varied greatly throughout her trip, hitting a mean of about 28 miles per day. Her fastest recorded movement rate was about 96 miles per day while crossing the ice sheet in northwestern Greenland. This indicates that she was using sea ice mostly to help her travel, rather than as a place to forage for food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is, to our knowledge, the fastest movement rate ever recorded for this species,” the researchers said. In comparison, the young fox was 1.4 times faster than the maximum rate of the previously recorded adult male arctic fox monitored in Alaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An average \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/a/arctic-fox/\">arctic fox\u003c/a> lives to be 3 to 6 years old in the wild. They carry a thick coat of fur that helps them survive brutal temperatures as low as minus 58 degrees Fahrenheit. The animals hunt marine birds, fish and small rodents such as lemmings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers suggest the fox may have initially left Norway because of a scarcity of food. During winter, for example, the foxes tend to rely on the leftover scraps from large predators like polar bears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She found privacy in February. That’s when the tracker stopped working and researchers can no longer locate her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Arctic+Fox+Sets+Record+In+Walking+From+Norway+To+Canada&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Researchers documented the fox's epic trek of more than 2,700 miles. They also say she set a speed record for her species, at one point covering about 96 miles per day.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A young female fox, just shy of her first birthday, stunned scientists by covering an unbelievable distance during a short, four-month trek. The animal, also known as a coastal or blue fox, traveled more than 2,700 miles from Spitsbergen, the largest island of the Svalbard Archipelago of Norway, to Ellesmere Island in Nunavut, Canada. The journey is among the longest dispersal events ever recorded for the species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers from the Norwegian Polar Institute first fitted the fox with a tracking collar in 2017 and released her into nature as part of a larger and ongoing study about the spatial ecology of arctic foxes, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://polarresearch.net/index.php/polar/article/view/3512/9288\">report\u003c/a> led by researchers Eva Fuglei and Arnaud Tarroux.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For months the fox stayed along the coastline of western Spitsbergen. Toward the end of March 2018, she took off, changing course several times when she met open water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After finding ice-covered sea for the first time, the fox left Spitsbergen. Having traveled for 21 days and about 939 miles, she arrived in Greenland on April 16, 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, in 2010 an adult female arctic fox in the Canadian Arctic set off on a journey. She traveled more than 2,800 miles in total but over a longer period of 5.5 months. She used sea ice to link distant regions, as did the Svalbard fox, which eventually arrived on Canada’s Ellesmere Island on July 1, 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By crossing extensive stretches of sea and ice glacier during her journey, the fox highlighted “the exceptional movement capacity of this small-sized carnivore species,” the report said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fox’s average traveling speed varied greatly throughout her trip, hitting a mean of about 28 miles per day. Her fastest recorded movement rate was about 96 miles per day while crossing the ice sheet in northwestern Greenland. This indicates that she was using sea ice mostly to help her travel, rather than as a place to forage for food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is, to our knowledge, the fastest movement rate ever recorded for this species,” the researchers said. In comparison, the young fox was 1.4 times faster than the maximum rate of the previously recorded adult male arctic fox monitored in Alaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An average \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/a/arctic-fox/\">arctic fox\u003c/a> lives to be 3 to 6 years old in the wild. They carry a thick coat of fur that helps them survive brutal temperatures as low as minus 58 degrees Fahrenheit. The animals hunt marine birds, fish and small rodents such as lemmings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers suggest the fox may have initially left Norway because of a scarcity of food. During winter, for example, the foxes tend to rely on the leftover scraps from large predators like polar bears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She found privacy in February. That’s when the tracker stopped working and researchers can no longer locate her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Arctic+Fox+Sets+Record+In+Walking+From+Norway+To+Canada&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Argument for Giving California's Struggling Mountain Lions Endangered Species Protection",
"headTitle": "The Argument for Giving California’s Struggling Mountain Lions Endangered Species Protection | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Two environmental groups are pushing state wildlife officials to grant new protections to mountain lions between Santa Cruz and the Mexico border under the California Endangered Species Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A\u003ca href=\"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/s3-wagtail.biolgicaldiversity.org/documents/CESA_petition_-_Southern_California_Central_Coast_Mountain_Lions.pdf\"> petition \u003c/a> to the California Fish and Game Commission filed Tuesday recommends that the state consider a group of six subpopulations of mountain lions (\u003cem>puma concolo\u003c/em>r) as a single “evolutionarily significant unit.” The Center for Biological Diversity and the nonprofit Mountain Lion Foundation argue that the resulting unit should be designated as “threatened or endangered” under state law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These populations are struggling, and they’re struggling because they’re isolated,” said Tiffany Yap, a biologist with the Center for Biological Diversity and author of the petition. “Ultimately, if we are able to increase connectivity, each area of mountain lions will be able to kind of mix with the other populations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the groups’ legal and scientific logic is accepted, a designation could add sweeping protections to patches of puma territory covering as much as a third of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kirsten McIntyre, a spokeswoman with the Department of Fish and Game, said that the commission and department had not yet seen the petition and had no comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pumas once dominated mountain ranges along the Central Coast and in the southern end of the state. But according to a \u003ca href=\"https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/eap.1868\">study published in March\u003c/a>, researchers, relying on observations, DNA and modeling data, predict that at least some populations could disappear entirely within a half century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That study crystallized the concept of an “extinction vortex” in the debate over mountain lion viability. The vortex is created by two interlocking conditions: a well-documented decline in genetic diversity in some subpopulations, and the dearth of mountain lions in the mating pool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Male mountain lions require broad swaths of territory to roam. Their home ranges can be greater than 200 miles, and they don’t like to share with other males. Over the course of the past century, the greatest threats they’ve faced have been from humans’ steady encroachment into the wildland-urban interface. That requires roads that dice up open space, and the cars that drive on those roads hit cougars trying to cross.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Applied poisons like rodenticide and insecticide are also sickening mountain lions, building up in them as they eat smaller prey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It makes it much harder for them to stay alive, and then also reproduce,” said Yap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Human development can also lead to fire, which diminishes the utility of open space for the animals. Development also makes it easier for the lions to get lost or trapped, ending up in \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1933826/mountain-lion-roaming-pleasanton-business-lot-sedated-captured\">Pleasanton parking lots\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kron4.com/news/bay-area/mountain-lion-spotted-in-saratoga-neighborhood/1834363168\">Saratoga backyards\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recommendations of wildlife officials and the ultimate decision are meant to be grounded in science. But Yap acknowledges that the breadth of potential change means that developers and property owners who might be affected may oppose the petition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, state officials grant mountain lions some consideration as a “specially protected species,” which limits how they can be hunted. But that designation doesn’t require actions to protect them or their habitat. Yap says if the petition is approved, things would change. “There would have to be resources put into looking at connectivity,” she said. “Do we build a wildlife crossing here? Should we avoid that area and build somewhere else?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Designating six isolated groups of mountain lions as a single threatened unit would likely limit new construction and change how state agencies, like Caltrans, plan and build infrastructure. Complicating matters is the fact that mountain lions living elsewhere, like in the Sierra Nevadas and the far northern part of the state, don’t appear to be in as much trouble as their more southern counterparts — though without an accurate statewide population count, it’s hard to tell. While California \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/conservation/mammals/mountain-lion/faq\">estimates\u003c/a> a “stable” population of 4,000-6,000 mountain lions, an official count hasn’t been conducted in decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawyers for the environmental groups say the Fish and Game Commission must initially ask scientists and staffers at the Department of Fish and Wildlife to determine whether the petition is viable, and then whether a designation may be warranted. That preliminary determination is expected by the end of the year; a final decision could follow a year after that.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Two environmental groups are pushing state wildlife officials to grant new protections to mountain lions between Santa Cruz and the Mexico border under the California Endangered Species Act.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Two environmental groups are pushing state wildlife officials to grant new protections to mountain lions between Santa Cruz and the Mexico border under the California Endangered Species Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A\u003ca href=\"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/s3-wagtail.biolgicaldiversity.org/documents/CESA_petition_-_Southern_California_Central_Coast_Mountain_Lions.pdf\"> petition \u003c/a> to the California Fish and Game Commission filed Tuesday recommends that the state consider a group of six subpopulations of mountain lions (\u003cem>puma concolo\u003c/em>r) as a single “evolutionarily significant unit.” The Center for Biological Diversity and the nonprofit Mountain Lion Foundation argue that the resulting unit should be designated as “threatened or endangered” under state law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These populations are struggling, and they’re struggling because they’re isolated,” said Tiffany Yap, a biologist with the Center for Biological Diversity and author of the petition. “Ultimately, if we are able to increase connectivity, each area of mountain lions will be able to kind of mix with the other populations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the groups’ legal and scientific logic is accepted, a designation could add sweeping protections to patches of puma territory covering as much as a third of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kirsten McIntyre, a spokeswoman with the Department of Fish and Game, said that the commission and department had not yet seen the petition and had no comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pumas once dominated mountain ranges along the Central Coast and in the southern end of the state. But according to a \u003ca href=\"https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/eap.1868\">study published in March\u003c/a>, researchers, relying on observations, DNA and modeling data, predict that at least some populations could disappear entirely within a half century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That study crystallized the concept of an “extinction vortex” in the debate over mountain lion viability. The vortex is created by two interlocking conditions: a well-documented decline in genetic diversity in some subpopulations, and the dearth of mountain lions in the mating pool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Male mountain lions require broad swaths of territory to roam. Their home ranges can be greater than 200 miles, and they don’t like to share with other males. Over the course of the past century, the greatest threats they’ve faced have been from humans’ steady encroachment into the wildland-urban interface. That requires roads that dice up open space, and the cars that drive on those roads hit cougars trying to cross.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Applied poisons like rodenticide and insecticide are also sickening mountain lions, building up in them as they eat smaller prey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It makes it much harder for them to stay alive, and then also reproduce,” said Yap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Human development can also lead to fire, which diminishes the utility of open space for the animals. Development also makes it easier for the lions to get lost or trapped, ending up in \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1933826/mountain-lion-roaming-pleasanton-business-lot-sedated-captured\">Pleasanton parking lots\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kron4.com/news/bay-area/mountain-lion-spotted-in-saratoga-neighborhood/1834363168\">Saratoga backyards\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recommendations of wildlife officials and the ultimate decision are meant to be grounded in science. But Yap acknowledges that the breadth of potential change means that developers and property owners who might be affected may oppose the petition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, state officials grant mountain lions some consideration as a “specially protected species,” which limits how they can be hunted. But that designation doesn’t require actions to protect them or their habitat. Yap says if the petition is approved, things would change. “There would have to be resources put into looking at connectivity,” she said. “Do we build a wildlife crossing here? Should we avoid that area and build somewhere else?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Designating six isolated groups of mountain lions as a single threatened unit would likely limit new construction and change how state agencies, like Caltrans, plan and build infrastructure. Complicating matters is the fact that mountain lions living elsewhere, like in the Sierra Nevadas and the far northern part of the state, don’t appear to be in as much trouble as their more southern counterparts — though without an accurate statewide population count, it’s hard to tell. While California \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/conservation/mammals/mountain-lion/faq\">estimates\u003c/a> a “stable” population of 4,000-6,000 mountain lions, an official count hasn’t been conducted in decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawyers for the environmental groups say the Fish and Game Commission must initially ask scientists and staffers at the Department of Fish and Wildlife to determine whether the petition is viable, and then whether a designation may be warranted. That preliminary determination is expected by the end of the year; a final decision could follow a year after that.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>If you are neurotic and anxious, your dog may be feeling the stress, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1558787814000343\">Numerous\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://nebraska.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/evidence-for-a-synchronization-of-hormonal-states-between-humans-\">studies\u003c/a> have found that dogs and their owners can experience synchronized emotions and stress levels, especially during acutely stressful or exciting activities such as competitions or police work. A new study followed dogs and their owners over the course of months to see how stress hormones in both animal and human changed over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results suggest that dogs may be quite sensitive to human stress. “If the owner is stressed, then the dog is also likely to mirror that stress,” explains Lina Roth, a professor at Linkoping University in Sweden and an author of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-43851-x\">study published today\u003c/a> in Nature’s\u003cem> Scientific Reports.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roth and her colleagues surveyed 58 dogs and their owners. Owners answered questions about traits including extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism and openness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also were asked to fill out surveys scoring their dogs on traits such as excitability, responsiveness to training, aggression and fearfulness. The researchers then took hair samples from the dogs and their owners to test for the stress-related hormone cortisol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cortisol is incorporated in hair as it grows, so we get kind of a retrospective of our cortisol secretions,” Roth explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found that dog cortisol levels seemed to mirror the personality traits of their owners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was the owner’s personality that influenced the dog’s hair cortisol level, rather than the dog’s personality itself,” Roth says. The correlation was stronger between dogs and owners who compete together than it was between owners and dogs who don’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it comes to competing dogs, it could actually be that they spend more time together, and that this training could increase this emotional closeness,” Roth speculates, though she adds that “this is a correlation, so we really don’t know the mechanism behind this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roth says she would like to do follow-up studies looking at more dog breeds — this research focused on border collies and Shetland sheepdogs. She is also interested in how owner gender might influence the results. This study included only female owners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosemary Strasser, a behavioral neuroendocrinologist at the University of Nebraska, Omaha, who has studied connections between dogs and humans, says the new research is exciting and that it raises further questions about how dogs and humans influence each other emotionally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One big question: Could dogs also influence human stress levels over time? “Especially with dogs being used as service or support dogs for individuals,” Strasser says, “if you place a confident, outgoing dog in a home, how does it influence the personality of that owner? Is it always one-directional? That would be a very interesting further extension of this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previous research has suggested that the personality and attitude of a dog owner can influence how emotionally attached that person becomes to their pet. “A person who likes dogs and wants a dog will interact with that dog differently than a person who may be given or exposed to a dog that they don’t necessarily want,” Strasser says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both researchers caution that dog owners should not read the new research results and worry that their personalities are harming their animals. The study doesn’t suggest, for example, that neurotic humans are causing their dogs to act neurotically, as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think you should be anxious that, if you’re stressed, you might harm your dog,” Roth says. “Instead, your dog is a social support for you, and you are a social support for the dog.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=You+May+Be+Stressing+Out+Your+Dog&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you are neurotic and anxious, your dog may be feeling the stress, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1558787814000343\">Numerous\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://nebraska.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/evidence-for-a-synchronization-of-hormonal-states-between-humans-\">studies\u003c/a> have found that dogs and their owners can experience synchronized emotions and stress levels, especially during acutely stressful or exciting activities such as competitions or police work. A new study followed dogs and their owners over the course of months to see how stress hormones in both animal and human changed over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results suggest that dogs may be quite sensitive to human stress. “If the owner is stressed, then the dog is also likely to mirror that stress,” explains Lina Roth, a professor at Linkoping University in Sweden and an author of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-43851-x\">study published today\u003c/a> in Nature’s\u003cem> Scientific Reports.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roth and her colleagues surveyed 58 dogs and their owners. Owners answered questions about traits including extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism and openness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also were asked to fill out surveys scoring their dogs on traits such as excitability, responsiveness to training, aggression and fearfulness. The researchers then took hair samples from the dogs and their owners to test for the stress-related hormone cortisol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cortisol is incorporated in hair as it grows, so we get kind of a retrospective of our cortisol secretions,” Roth explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found that dog cortisol levels seemed to mirror the personality traits of their owners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was the owner’s personality that influenced the dog’s hair cortisol level, rather than the dog’s personality itself,” Roth says. The correlation was stronger between dogs and owners who compete together than it was between owners and dogs who don’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it comes to competing dogs, it could actually be that they spend more time together, and that this training could increase this emotional closeness,” Roth speculates, though she adds that “this is a correlation, so we really don’t know the mechanism behind this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roth says she would like to do follow-up studies looking at more dog breeds — this research focused on border collies and Shetland sheepdogs. She is also interested in how owner gender might influence the results. This study included only female owners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosemary Strasser, a behavioral neuroendocrinologist at the University of Nebraska, Omaha, who has studied connections between dogs and humans, says the new research is exciting and that it raises further questions about how dogs and humans influence each other emotionally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One big question: Could dogs also influence human stress levels over time? “Especially with dogs being used as service or support dogs for individuals,” Strasser says, “if you place a confident, outgoing dog in a home, how does it influence the personality of that owner? Is it always one-directional? That would be a very interesting further extension of this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previous research has suggested that the personality and attitude of a dog owner can influence how emotionally attached that person becomes to their pet. “A person who likes dogs and wants a dog will interact with that dog differently than a person who may be given or exposed to a dog that they don’t necessarily want,” Strasser says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both researchers caution that dog owners should not read the new research results and worry that their personalities are harming their animals. The study doesn’t suggest, for example, that neurotic humans are causing their dogs to act neurotically, as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think you should be anxious that, if you’re stressed, you might harm your dog,” Roth says. “Instead, your dog is a social support for you, and you are a social support for the dog.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=You+May+Be+Stressing+Out+Your+Dog&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Meet the Granary Weevil, the Tiny Bug Who Resides in Our Pantries",
"headTitle": "Meet the Granary Weevil, the Tiny Bug Who Resides in Our Pantries | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>If you store grains in your pantry, you’ve probably had the unfortunate experience of opening a package or jar to find tiny bugs living inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You’re not alone — there are more than 200 species of these pesky grain insects ruining dinner plans around the world on a daily basis. It’s no accident that they’ve made a home in your pantry — they’ve evolved along with humans. In a way, they contain a fascinating natural history of our own domestication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is particularly true of the granary weevil. A reddish-brown beetle that turns up in oats, rice, corn, dry pasta and more, it’s the only grain insect that has never been found outside of human food-storage situations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most grain insects are equal opportunity pests — feasting on animals’ food supplies in addition to our own. But the granary weevil has outplayed the others with a special adaptation that at first appears to be a disadvantage: It can’t fly. Its wings have fused together, encasing it in a solid exoskeleton. (Imagine getting knocked around by grains the size of your own body — you’d definitely want a protective suit like the granary weevils’.) But that also makes it hard to get anywhere outside its pile of grain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yet, the granary weevil has managed to infest grains all over the world for thousands of years. It even slipped its way into an Egyptian tomb — eating the grain meant for a pharaoh’s afterlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>We are being used\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This puzzled Rudy Plarre, a scientist who studies insect pests at Freie University in Berlin. “They need to deposit their eggs to new food sources for the next generation,” he said. “How is this done by a beetle that cannot fly?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He had a suspicion: Granary weevils are using \u003cem>us\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out if he was right, Plarre decided to try to re-create the granary weevils’ natural and cultural history. He started with the idea that human trade was key to its survival. Roughly past the dawn of the Neolithic Revolution about 12,000 years ago, humans began to trade grains among settlements. Before then, Plarre said it would have been virtually impossible for granary weevils to find enough food to survive, much less spread globally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The beetles act like stowaways, hiding as larvae within the kernel of a grain while they develop. “People would have traded grain that was infested because they didn’t know it was infested,” Plarre said. In other words, granary weevils don’t find their way into your food \u003cem>after\u003c/em> you put it into your pantry — the larvae are already there. The weevils’ ability to remain undetected is more proof of their human-influenced natural selection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if granary weevils are entirely dependent on human trade to reproduce, that means they would have branched off from other species of its genus, \u003cem>Sitophilius\u003c/em>, and evolved on an incredible timeline. Evolutionarily speaking, 12,000 years goes by in a flash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The granary weevil likely came from humble beginnings, on the southwestern slopes of the Himalayan Mountains. That’s where you can still find other species of \u003cem>Sitophilius\u003c/em> living off tree fruits. When nearby humans began to farm and amass sizable stores of food, some \u003cem>Sitophilius\u003c/em> populations saw an opportunity. “There are probably six to seven \u003cem>Sitophilius\u003c/em> species,” said Plarre. “Only three of them — \u003cem>sitophilius granarius\u003c/em>, the granary weevil; \u003cem>sitophilus oryzae\u003c/em>, the rice weevil; and \u003cem>sitophilius zeamais\u003c/em>, the maize weevil — were able to make the evolutionary step into human environments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Cosmopolitan pests”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These weevils are now known as “cosmopolitan pests,” meaning they made it out of their small mountain habitat to spread across the world. But unlike the granary weevil, the maize and rice weevils can fly, and they’re still found roughing it outside human storage situations. Plarre believes that the granary weevil was the only insect pest to take it to the next level: Post-human contact, they lost their wings and hitched their destiny to ours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Signs of the granary weevils’ success pop up throughout history. They were excavated from an Egyptian tomb dating back to 2300 B.C., as well as from stables in Amarna from mid-14th century B.C. Sumerian cuneiform tablets, one of the earliest forms of writing, mention grain-eating pests interpreted to be granary weevils. The beetles were found within volcanic ash and lava that preserved early Roman settlements in Santorini, as well as in other Roman settlements ranging from Italy up to York, England. As the Roman Empire spread throughout Europe, they unknowingly helped establish the granary weevils’ empire, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later, granary weevils appeared in art and science. One specimen was depicted in a 1630 drawing by Italian scientist Francesco Stelluti, who was among the first to use a microscope to study nature. Dutch scientist Antonie van Leeuwenhoeck, who is considered the first microbiologist, used granary weevils to help disprove spontaneous generation, the long-held theory that new organisms can come from dead things. People apparently thought that the grains themselves were breeding the insects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The big bug battle\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite granary weevils’ contributions to science and their faithful (clingy) companionship to humans through history, they have been bugging us the whole time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response, we’ve been doggedly trying to annihilate the pest of our own creation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a huge industry just built around managing these insects and keeping infestations from happening. It might be surprising just how much thought and effort goes into it all the way through the chain,” said Jim Campbell, an entomologist at the USDA Agricultural Research Service in Manhattan, Kan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans wage battles against grain insects from the fields, to silos, to packaging and shipping, even on the shelves of your local grocery store. For much of the history of our co-evolution, humans had only the tools of creating dry environments and tightly sealed storage to fight pests like the granary weevil. Today, we have insecticides, sophisticated packaging, and even an “Infestation Destroyer” that uses centrifugal force to fling insects to meet their high-impact deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effort is worthwhile. Campbell said that grain insects cause the loss of 2 to 5 percent of harvested grains in developed countries. That number shoots up to 50 percent in less-developed countries. It’s difficult to quantify the economic effects, because they’re distributed so widely through the manufacturing chain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While granary weevils have evolved at an extraordinary pace, human progress might be faster than even those hard-core adapters can catch up with. “It’s way more rare for people to find insects in their food than they did just a generation ago,” said Campbell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the next time you disgustedly dump an insect-infested supply of rice, oats or pasta in the trash, take a moment to reluctantly tip your hat to the tenacity and dedication of the humble granary weevil — and its extraordinary, millennia-long journey to ruin your dinner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Lindsay Patterson is the producer and co-host of \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__www.sciencepodcastforkids.com&d=DwMFaQ&c=E2nBno7hEddFhl23N5nD1Q&r=Xtci2Fudeb2mFuRu4fVJZeBvP4ufVbP6taPEukEjs-s&m=WP7sw9aBa6lDn_O0wOrUc8CIKEqmSoK_6mlLrtssxOE&s=Iso5FsIFyFliZSPf8yb79tFUs--MLpKpqNLbYWnuF-4&e=\">\u003cem>Tumble\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>, a science podcast for kids. She lives in Barcelona with her husband and son. Follow her on Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/TumbleCast?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor\">\u003cem>@tumblecast\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org\">www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Meet+The+Granary+Weevil%2C+The+Pantry+Monster+Of+Our+Own+Creation&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Granary weevils are different from similar species: They can't fly. That's because they figured out how to use humans to get around the globe, and we are getting tired of this clingy relationship.",
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"description": "Granary weevils are different from similar species: They can't fly. That's because they figured out how to use humans to get around the globe, and we are getting tired of this clingy relationship.",
"title": "Meet the Granary Weevil, the Tiny Bug Who Resides in Our Pantries | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you store grains in your pantry, you’ve probably had the unfortunate experience of opening a package or jar to find tiny bugs living inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You’re not alone — there are more than 200 species of these pesky grain insects ruining dinner plans around the world on a daily basis. It’s no accident that they’ve made a home in your pantry — they’ve evolved along with humans. In a way, they contain a fascinating natural history of our own domestication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is particularly true of the granary weevil. A reddish-brown beetle that turns up in oats, rice, corn, dry pasta and more, it’s the only grain insect that has never been found outside of human food-storage situations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most grain insects are equal opportunity pests — feasting on animals’ food supplies in addition to our own. But the granary weevil has outplayed the others with a special adaptation that at first appears to be a disadvantage: It can’t fly. Its wings have fused together, encasing it in a solid exoskeleton. (Imagine getting knocked around by grains the size of your own body — you’d definitely want a protective suit like the granary weevils’.) But that also makes it hard to get anywhere outside its pile of grain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yet, the granary weevil has managed to infest grains all over the world for thousands of years. It even slipped its way into an Egyptian tomb — eating the grain meant for a pharaoh’s afterlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>We are being used\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This puzzled Rudy Plarre, a scientist who studies insect pests at Freie University in Berlin. “They need to deposit their eggs to new food sources for the next generation,” he said. “How is this done by a beetle that cannot fly?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He had a suspicion: Granary weevils are using \u003cem>us\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out if he was right, Plarre decided to try to re-create the granary weevils’ natural and cultural history. He started with the idea that human trade was key to its survival. Roughly past the dawn of the Neolithic Revolution about 12,000 years ago, humans began to trade grains among settlements. Before then, Plarre said it would have been virtually impossible for granary weevils to find enough food to survive, much less spread globally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The beetles act like stowaways, hiding as larvae within the kernel of a grain while they develop. “People would have traded grain that was infested because they didn’t know it was infested,” Plarre said. In other words, granary weevils don’t find their way into your food \u003cem>after\u003c/em> you put it into your pantry — the larvae are already there. The weevils’ ability to remain undetected is more proof of their human-influenced natural selection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if granary weevils are entirely dependent on human trade to reproduce, that means they would have branched off from other species of its genus, \u003cem>Sitophilius\u003c/em>, and evolved on an incredible timeline. Evolutionarily speaking, 12,000 years goes by in a flash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The granary weevil likely came from humble beginnings, on the southwestern slopes of the Himalayan Mountains. That’s where you can still find other species of \u003cem>Sitophilius\u003c/em> living off tree fruits. When nearby humans began to farm and amass sizable stores of food, some \u003cem>Sitophilius\u003c/em> populations saw an opportunity. “There are probably six to seven \u003cem>Sitophilius\u003c/em> species,” said Plarre. “Only three of them — \u003cem>sitophilius granarius\u003c/em>, the granary weevil; \u003cem>sitophilus oryzae\u003c/em>, the rice weevil; and \u003cem>sitophilius zeamais\u003c/em>, the maize weevil — were able to make the evolutionary step into human environments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Cosmopolitan pests”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These weevils are now known as “cosmopolitan pests,” meaning they made it out of their small mountain habitat to spread across the world. But unlike the granary weevil, the maize and rice weevils can fly, and they’re still found roughing it outside human storage situations. Plarre believes that the granary weevil was the only insect pest to take it to the next level: Post-human contact, they lost their wings and hitched their destiny to ours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Signs of the granary weevils’ success pop up throughout history. They were excavated from an Egyptian tomb dating back to 2300 B.C., as well as from stables in Amarna from mid-14th century B.C. Sumerian cuneiform tablets, one of the earliest forms of writing, mention grain-eating pests interpreted to be granary weevils. The beetles were found within volcanic ash and lava that preserved early Roman settlements in Santorini, as well as in other Roman settlements ranging from Italy up to York, England. As the Roman Empire spread throughout Europe, they unknowingly helped establish the granary weevils’ empire, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later, granary weevils appeared in art and science. One specimen was depicted in a 1630 drawing by Italian scientist Francesco Stelluti, who was among the first to use a microscope to study nature. Dutch scientist Antonie van Leeuwenhoeck, who is considered the first microbiologist, used granary weevils to help disprove spontaneous generation, the long-held theory that new organisms can come from dead things. People apparently thought that the grains themselves were breeding the insects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The big bug battle\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite granary weevils’ contributions to science and their faithful (clingy) companionship to humans through history, they have been bugging us the whole time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response, we’ve been doggedly trying to annihilate the pest of our own creation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a huge industry just built around managing these insects and keeping infestations from happening. It might be surprising just how much thought and effort goes into it all the way through the chain,” said Jim Campbell, an entomologist at the USDA Agricultural Research Service in Manhattan, Kan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans wage battles against grain insects from the fields, to silos, to packaging and shipping, even on the shelves of your local grocery store. For much of the history of our co-evolution, humans had only the tools of creating dry environments and tightly sealed storage to fight pests like the granary weevil. Today, we have insecticides, sophisticated packaging, and even an “Infestation Destroyer” that uses centrifugal force to fling insects to meet their high-impact deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effort is worthwhile. Campbell said that grain insects cause the loss of 2 to 5 percent of harvested grains in developed countries. That number shoots up to 50 percent in less-developed countries. It’s difficult to quantify the economic effects, because they’re distributed so widely through the manufacturing chain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While granary weevils have evolved at an extraordinary pace, human progress might be faster than even those hard-core adapters can catch up with. “It’s way more rare for people to find insects in their food than they did just a generation ago,” said Campbell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the next time you disgustedly dump an insect-infested supply of rice, oats or pasta in the trash, take a moment to reluctantly tip your hat to the tenacity and dedication of the humble granary weevil — and its extraordinary, millennia-long journey to ruin your dinner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Lindsay Patterson is the producer and co-host of \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__www.sciencepodcastforkids.com&d=DwMFaQ&c=E2nBno7hEddFhl23N5nD1Q&r=Xtci2Fudeb2mFuRu4fVJZeBvP4ufVbP6taPEukEjs-s&m=WP7sw9aBa6lDn_O0wOrUc8CIKEqmSoK_6mlLrtssxOE&s=Iso5FsIFyFliZSPf8yb79tFUs--MLpKpqNLbYWnuF-4&e=\">\u003cem>Tumble\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>, a science podcast for kids. She lives in Barcelona with her husband and son. Follow her on Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/TumbleCast?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor\">\u003cem>@tumblecast\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org\">www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Meet+The+Granary+Weevil%2C+The+Pantry+Monster+Of+Our+Own+Creation&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "George, Reclusive Hawaiian Snail and Last of His Kind, Dies at 14",
"headTitle": "George, Reclusive Hawaiian Snail and Last of His Kind, Dies at 14 | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>George, the last of his species of Hawaiian land snail, died on New Year’s Day. He was approximately 14 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His death was \u003ca href=\"http://dlnr.hawaii.gov/blog/2019/01/04/nr18-249/\">confirmed\u003c/a> by Hawaii’s Department of Land and Natural Resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>George was born as part of a last-ditch effort to save his species. Back in 1997, the last 10 known \u003cem>Achatinella apexfulva \u003c/em>were brought into a University of Hawaii lab to try to increase their numbers. Some offspring resulted, but all of them died – except for George.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the last remaining \u003cem>A. apexfulva\u003c/em>, George lived out his days alone in a cage at DLNR’s snail lab in Kailua, Oahu, alongside 30 other species close to extinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those who knew George say he kept to himself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For a snail he was a little bit of a hermit,” David Sischo, a wildlife biologist with the Hawaii Invertebrate Program, tells NPR. “I very rarely saw him outside of his shell.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sischo said George likely died of old age, as 14 is “up there in snail years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While those who knew George use male pronouns to talk about him, George was a hermaphrodite. With both male and female parts, some snails can reproduce without a partner. But seemingly not \u003cem>A. apexfulva\u003c/em>: George leaves no survivors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while George (named for \u003ca href=\"https://www.galapagos.org/about_galapagos/about-galapagos/lonesome-george/\">the last surviving\u003c/a> Pinta Island Galapagos tortoise) was but one shy snail, his death takes place amid a crisis for native snails in the Hawaiian Islands, which have been \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/is-hawaii-the-extinction-capital-of-the-world-exhibit-a-the-alala-bird/2016/04/25/3f45c6ac-f210-11e5-89c3-a647fcce95e0_story.html?utm_term=.3b138cd45e44\">called\u003c/a> “the extinction capital of the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Island flora and fauna in general are pretty susceptible to pressures that are brought in from outside areas, such as introduced species,” Sischo explains. “A lot of the animals that evolved here don’t have a lot of natural defenses to mammalian predators and diseases that are brought in from mainland areas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936474\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1936474\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hawaii’s Snail Extinction Prevention Program works to save rare and endangered snail species, like those seen here. These species, endemic to the Hawaiian Islands, occur nowhere else in the world. \u003ccite>(David Sischo/Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hawaii’s native snail populations have been decimated by a series of invasive species arriving there, including \u003ca href=\"http://dlnr.hawaii.gov/removerats/home/impacts-of-rodents-mongooses/\">rats\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/hisc/info/invasive-species-profiles/jacksons-chameleon/\">Jackson’s chameleons\u003c/a>, a native of Kenya brought to the islands as pets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there is Snail Enemy Number One: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.tsusinvasives.org/home/database/euglandina-rosea\">rosy wolfsnail\u003c/a>. A predatory Florida snail introduced to Hawaii in the 1950s to control agricultural pests, it has an enormous appetite for other snails.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately it hasn’t been a great bio control for what it was brought in for, and it’s just completely devouring our native snail fauna,” Sischo says. “That particular invasive species is probably the main driver of extinction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To try to save Hawaii’s imperiled snails, Sischo and his colleagues at the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/ecosystems/hip/sep/\">Snail Extinction Prevention Program\u003c/a> will jump into action if they recognize that a species’ population is crashing or spot a very rare snail. They will bring members of the species into captivity, put up predator-proof fencing around small habitat areas, and then reintroduce species into those areas. Sischo calls these measures “manning the lifeboats” – a sort of stopgap against extinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But time is running short: Sischo suspects most of the large tree snail species on the islands that are alive now will be extinct in the wild within the next five to 10 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have the tools to protect these species, it’s just a matter of if we can do it in enough time,” he says. “It’s hard to convey that timeframe to people because they don’t understand how quickly we’re losing these things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the longer term, biotechnology like \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05665-1\">CRISPR “gene drives”\u003c/a> may be able to eliminate predators. And in 2017, a couple millimeters from George’s foot were taken to San Diego’s \u003ca href=\"https://institute.sandiegozoo.org/resources/frozen-zoo%C2%AE\">Frozen Zoo\u003c/a>, where his cells live on in deep freeze, waiting for advances in snail cloning. But those technologies aren’t here yet, so for now, Sischo and his colleagues move as fast as they can, scooping up rare snails and installing fences.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"aligncenter noborder\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/gIm16jdqlTM\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">In 2017, Honolulu Magazine visited George at the snail lab. (HONOLULUMagazine YouTube)\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Snails have major cultural importance in the Hawaiian Islands, where folklore often depicts snails as being able to sing. People who grew up in the islands have told Sischo about walking up the hill from their houses, shaking the trees and collecting snails by the bucketload.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now, “it’s a ghost town” if you’re looking for native snails, Sischo says. “We go to these areas and the host plants are there, and the conditions are right, and they’re just not there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Sischo’s line of work, witnessing the last days of a species is common. He estimates that since he began working with snails in 2007, he’s been the last person to see 10 or 20 species in the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, his heart sank a bit when he learned that George had died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not so much that this one particular snail died, but it’s all of the history that goes with George,” he says, explaining that \u003cem>A. apexfulva \u003c/em>was the very first snail species in the Hawaiian Islands to be described by Western science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I mean, he’s the last of his kind. … To have that last individual perish under your watch, it’s pretty depressing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org\">www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=George%2C+Reclusive+Hawaiian+Snail+And+Last+Of+His+Kind%2C+Dies+At+14&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "While he was but one very lonely \u003cem>Achatinella apexfulva\u003c/em>, his death takes place amid a crisis for Hawaii's native snails, whose populations have been decimated by invasive species.",
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"description": "While he was but one very lonely Achatinella apexfulva, his death takes place amid a crisis for Hawaii's native snails, whose populations have been decimated by invasive species.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>George, the last of his species of Hawaiian land snail, died on New Year’s Day. He was approximately 14 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His death was \u003ca href=\"http://dlnr.hawaii.gov/blog/2019/01/04/nr18-249/\">confirmed\u003c/a> by Hawaii’s Department of Land and Natural Resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>George was born as part of a last-ditch effort to save his species. Back in 1997, the last 10 known \u003cem>Achatinella apexfulva \u003c/em>were brought into a University of Hawaii lab to try to increase their numbers. Some offspring resulted, but all of them died – except for George.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the last remaining \u003cem>A. apexfulva\u003c/em>, George lived out his days alone in a cage at DLNR’s snail lab in Kailua, Oahu, alongside 30 other species close to extinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those who knew George say he kept to himself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For a snail he was a little bit of a hermit,” David Sischo, a wildlife biologist with the Hawaii Invertebrate Program, tells NPR. “I very rarely saw him outside of his shell.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sischo said George likely died of old age, as 14 is “up there in snail years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While those who knew George use male pronouns to talk about him, George was a hermaphrodite. With both male and female parts, some snails can reproduce without a partner. But seemingly not \u003cem>A. apexfulva\u003c/em>: George leaves no survivors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while George (named for \u003ca href=\"https://www.galapagos.org/about_galapagos/about-galapagos/lonesome-george/\">the last surviving\u003c/a> Pinta Island Galapagos tortoise) was but one shy snail, his death takes place amid a crisis for native snails in the Hawaiian Islands, which have been \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/is-hawaii-the-extinction-capital-of-the-world-exhibit-a-the-alala-bird/2016/04/25/3f45c6ac-f210-11e5-89c3-a647fcce95e0_story.html?utm_term=.3b138cd45e44\">called\u003c/a> “the extinction capital of the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Island flora and fauna in general are pretty susceptible to pressures that are brought in from outside areas, such as introduced species,” Sischo explains. “A lot of the animals that evolved here don’t have a lot of natural defenses to mammalian predators and diseases that are brought in from mainland areas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936474\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1936474\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hawaii’s Snail Extinction Prevention Program works to save rare and endangered snail species, like those seen here. These species, endemic to the Hawaiian Islands, occur nowhere else in the world. \u003ccite>(David Sischo/Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hawaii’s native snail populations have been decimated by a series of invasive species arriving there, including \u003ca href=\"http://dlnr.hawaii.gov/removerats/home/impacts-of-rodents-mongooses/\">rats\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/hisc/info/invasive-species-profiles/jacksons-chameleon/\">Jackson’s chameleons\u003c/a>, a native of Kenya brought to the islands as pets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there is Snail Enemy Number One: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.tsusinvasives.org/home/database/euglandina-rosea\">rosy wolfsnail\u003c/a>. A predatory Florida snail introduced to Hawaii in the 1950s to control agricultural pests, it has an enormous appetite for other snails.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately it hasn’t been a great bio control for what it was brought in for, and it’s just completely devouring our native snail fauna,” Sischo says. “That particular invasive species is probably the main driver of extinction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To try to save Hawaii’s imperiled snails, Sischo and his colleagues at the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/ecosystems/hip/sep/\">Snail Extinction Prevention Program\u003c/a> will jump into action if they recognize that a species’ population is crashing or spot a very rare snail. They will bring members of the species into captivity, put up predator-proof fencing around small habitat areas, and then reintroduce species into those areas. Sischo calls these measures “manning the lifeboats” – a sort of stopgap against extinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But time is running short: Sischo suspects most of the large tree snail species on the islands that are alive now will be extinct in the wild within the next five to 10 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have the tools to protect these species, it’s just a matter of if we can do it in enough time,” he says. “It’s hard to convey that timeframe to people because they don’t understand how quickly we’re losing these things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the longer term, biotechnology like \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05665-1\">CRISPR “gene drives”\u003c/a> may be able to eliminate predators. And in 2017, a couple millimeters from George’s foot were taken to San Diego’s \u003ca href=\"https://institute.sandiegozoo.org/resources/frozen-zoo%C2%AE\">Frozen Zoo\u003c/a>, where his cells live on in deep freeze, waiting for advances in snail cloning. But those technologies aren’t here yet, so for now, Sischo and his colleagues move as fast as they can, scooping up rare snails and installing fences.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"aligncenter noborder\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/gIm16jdqlTM\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">In 2017, Honolulu Magazine visited George at the snail lab. (HONOLULUMagazine YouTube)\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Snails have major cultural importance in the Hawaiian Islands, where folklore often depicts snails as being able to sing. People who grew up in the islands have told Sischo about walking up the hill from their houses, shaking the trees and collecting snails by the bucketload.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now, “it’s a ghost town” if you’re looking for native snails, Sischo says. “We go to these areas and the host plants are there, and the conditions are right, and they’re just not there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Sischo’s line of work, witnessing the last days of a species is common. He estimates that since he began working with snails in 2007, he’s been the last person to see 10 or 20 species in the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, his heart sank a bit when he learned that George had died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not so much that this one particular snail died, but it’s all of the history that goes with George,” he says, explaining that \u003cem>A. apexfulva \u003c/em>was the very first snail species in the Hawaiian Islands to be described by Western science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I mean, he’s the last of his kind. … To have that last individual perish under your watch, it’s pretty depressing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org\">www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=George%2C+Reclusive+Hawaiian+Snail+And+Last+Of+His+Kind%2C+Dies+At+14&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Bee Vaccine Targets Queen to Help Fight Off Deadly Disease",
"headTitle": "Bee Vaccine Targets Queen to Help Fight Off Deadly Disease | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Bees may soon get an ally in their fight against bacterial disease — one of the most serious threats the pollinators face — in the form of an edible vaccine. That’s the promise held out by researchers in Finland, who say they’ve made the first-ever vaccine for insects, aimed at helping struggling honeybee populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists are targeting one of bees’ most deadly enemies: American foulbrood, or AFB, an infectious disease that devastates hives and can spread at a calamitous rate. Often introduced by nurse bees, the disease works by bacteria feeding on larvae — and then generating more spores, to spread further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea of a potential new weapon to fight AFB has generated excitement in the beekeeping community, along with some skepticism about the claim of a vaccine — which remains in the testing phase. The news comes three years after the same researchers were hailed in \u003ca href=\"https://entomologytoday.org/2015/08/03/researchers-discover-key-to-bee-vaccination/\">Entomology Today\u003c/a> as discovering the “key to bee vaccination.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists Dalial Freitak and Heli Salmela of the University of Helsinki \u003ca href=\"https://www.helsinki.fi/en/news/sustainability-news/the-first-ever-insect-vaccine-primebee-helps-bees-stay-healthy\">say their new vaccine\u003c/a> solves a vexing problem researchers have faced as they try to save bees from disease. Because insects’ immune systems don’t have antibodies, they essentially lack a “memory” for fighting diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s a death sentence’ for a hive or colony to be diagnosed with the disease, says Toni Burnham, president of the D.C. Beekeepers Alliance in Washington.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Freitak says she and her colleagues were able to get around that limitation, after she realized Salmela’s study of a protein called vitellogenin seemed to complement her own work, in which she found insects that were exposed to bacteria were able to impart an elevated immune response to their offspring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the university’s news release:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the queen bee eats something with pathogens in it, the pathogen signature molecules are bound by vitellogenin. Vitellogenin then carries these signature molecules into the queen’s eggs, where they work as inducers for future immune responses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now we’ve discovered the mechanism to show that you can actually vaccinate them,” Freitak said in a news release. “You can transfer a signal from one generation to another.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935740\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1935740\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-800x531.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"531\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-1020x677.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-1200x797.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-1920x1275.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-1180x784.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-960x638.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-240x159.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-375x249.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-520x345.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The new vaccine is still undergoing safety tests, but it could represent a breakthrough in the protection of bees, a crucial link in the food chain. Here, bees on a honeycomb in 2010. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Researcher Dr. Michael Goblirsch, of the esteemed \u003ca href=\"https://www.beelab.umn.edu/\">Bee Lab\u003c/a> at the University of Minnesota, has proposed ways to test the vaccine on large bee colonies in field conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Although our immune system and that of insects/invertebrates are different, they both store information about past experience with pathogens and use this information to potentially establish resistance upon subsequent exposure,” Goblirsch said. “With optimization dosage and the timing of delivery under field conditions, it is hoped that a vaccine for bees will increase a colony’s ability to fight infectious disease, making them more productive and healthy. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Finnish team calls their vaccine PrimeBEE, and they say it can be delivered to the queen via a sugar patty. Another plan would call for beekeepers to simply order a queen that’s already been vaccinated. While \u003ca href=\"https://primebee.org/\">a website has been created\u003c/a> for that product, it does not list a price — or say when the vaccine might be available commercially.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new vaccine is still undergoing safety tests, but it could represent a breakthrough in the protection of bees, a crucial link in the food chain. In the U.S., their pollination is vital for many foods we eat, from apples and almonds to watermelons and zucchini.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When an American foulbrood infection sets in, each brood cell can host millions upon millions of spores. And because of bees’ tidy housekeeping practices, those spores are then spread even further when the bees clean the cell out. The disease can be treated with antibiotics, but no cure is available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a death sentence” for a hive or colony to be diagnosed with the disease, says Toni Burnham, president of the D.C. Beekeepers Alliance in Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In D.C. and Maryland, Burnham says, “if a colony is diagnosed with AFB — regardless of the level of the infestation — it burns. Every bit of it burns; the bees are killed and the woodenware burns, and it’s gone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concerns about American foulbrood are so serious, Burnham says, that it’s the main reason why her group recommends never buying used bee hives and other equipment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have pulled 100-year-old samples out of storage and have been able to reinoculate honeybee hives with American foulbrood spores,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to AFB, honeybees and other pollinators face a number of existential threats, from diseases and parasites to insecticides. The researchers in Finland say they plan to use the same approach to combat other diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We hope that we can also develop a vaccination against other infections, such as European foulbrood and fungal diseases,” Freitak said in a statement. “We have already started initial tests. The plan is to be able to vaccinate against any microbe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the vaccine works as the Finnish team expects, it would be a welcome bit of good news for beekeepers, farmers and advocates for pollinators, who have watched one of the world’s most important insects struggle in recent decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to help honeybees, absolutely,” Freitak said. “Even improving their life a little would have a big effect on the global scale.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While acknowledging the other problems bees face, she added, “If we can help honeybees to be healthier and if we can save even a small part of the bee population with this invention, I think we have done our good deed and saved the world a little bit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "American foulbrood is an infectious disease that devastates honeybee hives. Scientists say they've created a vaccine for it despite a big hurdle: Bees don't have antibodies.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Bees may soon get an ally in their fight against bacterial disease — one of the most serious threats the pollinators face — in the form of an edible vaccine. That’s the promise held out by researchers in Finland, who say they’ve made the first-ever vaccine for insects, aimed at helping struggling honeybee populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists are targeting one of bees’ most deadly enemies: American foulbrood, or AFB, an infectious disease that devastates hives and can spread at a calamitous rate. Often introduced by nurse bees, the disease works by bacteria feeding on larvae — and then generating more spores, to spread further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea of a potential new weapon to fight AFB has generated excitement in the beekeeping community, along with some skepticism about the claim of a vaccine — which remains in the testing phase. The news comes three years after the same researchers were hailed in \u003ca href=\"https://entomologytoday.org/2015/08/03/researchers-discover-key-to-bee-vaccination/\">Entomology Today\u003c/a> as discovering the “key to bee vaccination.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists Dalial Freitak and Heli Salmela of the University of Helsinki \u003ca href=\"https://www.helsinki.fi/en/news/sustainability-news/the-first-ever-insect-vaccine-primebee-helps-bees-stay-healthy\">say their new vaccine\u003c/a> solves a vexing problem researchers have faced as they try to save bees from disease. Because insects’ immune systems don’t have antibodies, they essentially lack a “memory” for fighting diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s a death sentence’ for a hive or colony to be diagnosed with the disease, says Toni Burnham, president of the D.C. Beekeepers Alliance in Washington.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Freitak says she and her colleagues were able to get around that limitation, after she realized Salmela’s study of a protein called vitellogenin seemed to complement her own work, in which she found insects that were exposed to bacteria were able to impart an elevated immune response to their offspring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the university’s news release:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the queen bee eats something with pathogens in it, the pathogen signature molecules are bound by vitellogenin. Vitellogenin then carries these signature molecules into the queen’s eggs, where they work as inducers for future immune responses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now we’ve discovered the mechanism to show that you can actually vaccinate them,” Freitak said in a news release. “You can transfer a signal from one generation to another.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935740\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1935740\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-800x531.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"531\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-1020x677.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-1200x797.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-1920x1275.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-1180x784.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-960x638.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-240x159.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-375x249.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-520x345.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The new vaccine is still undergoing safety tests, but it could represent a breakthrough in the protection of bees, a crucial link in the food chain. Here, bees on a honeycomb in 2010. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Researcher Dr. Michael Goblirsch, of the esteemed \u003ca href=\"https://www.beelab.umn.edu/\">Bee Lab\u003c/a> at the University of Minnesota, has proposed ways to test the vaccine on large bee colonies in field conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Although our immune system and that of insects/invertebrates are different, they both store information about past experience with pathogens and use this information to potentially establish resistance upon subsequent exposure,” Goblirsch said. “With optimization dosage and the timing of delivery under field conditions, it is hoped that a vaccine for bees will increase a colony’s ability to fight infectious disease, making them more productive and healthy. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Finnish team calls their vaccine PrimeBEE, and they say it can be delivered to the queen via a sugar patty. Another plan would call for beekeepers to simply order a queen that’s already been vaccinated. While \u003ca href=\"https://primebee.org/\">a website has been created\u003c/a> for that product, it does not list a price — or say when the vaccine might be available commercially.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new vaccine is still undergoing safety tests, but it could represent a breakthrough in the protection of bees, a crucial link in the food chain. In the U.S., their pollination is vital for many foods we eat, from apples and almonds to watermelons and zucchini.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When an American foulbrood infection sets in, each brood cell can host millions upon millions of spores. And because of bees’ tidy housekeeping practices, those spores are then spread even further when the bees clean the cell out. The disease can be treated with antibiotics, but no cure is available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a death sentence” for a hive or colony to be diagnosed with the disease, says Toni Burnham, president of the D.C. Beekeepers Alliance in Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In D.C. and Maryland, Burnham says, “if a colony is diagnosed with AFB — regardless of the level of the infestation — it burns. Every bit of it burns; the bees are killed and the woodenware burns, and it’s gone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concerns about American foulbrood are so serious, Burnham says, that it’s the main reason why her group recommends never buying used bee hives and other equipment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have pulled 100-year-old samples out of storage and have been able to reinoculate honeybee hives with American foulbrood spores,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to AFB, honeybees and other pollinators face a number of existential threats, from diseases and parasites to insecticides. The researchers in Finland say they plan to use the same approach to combat other diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We hope that we can also develop a vaccination against other infections, such as European foulbrood and fungal diseases,” Freitak said in a statement. “We have already started initial tests. The plan is to be able to vaccinate against any microbe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the vaccine works as the Finnish team expects, it would be a welcome bit of good news for beekeepers, farmers and advocates for pollinators, who have watched one of the world’s most important insects struggle in recent decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to help honeybees, absolutely,” Freitak said. “Even improving their life a little would have a big effect on the global scale.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While acknowledging the other problems bees face, she added, “If we can help honeybees to be healthier and if we can save even a small part of the bee population with this invention, I think we have done our good deed and saved the world a little bit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Birds Got Their Colorful, Speckled Eggs From Dinosaurs",
"headTitle": "Birds Got Their Colorful, Speckled Eggs From Dinosaurs | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The rainbow of hues seen in modern bird eggs probably evolved in birds’ dinosaur ancestors, which had eggs with colorful and speckled shells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s according to a new \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0646-5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> of fossil eggs in the journal \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em>. Researchers found that birds’ close dinosaur relatives had eggs with traces of two pigments—a red-brown one and a blue-green one. This same pair of pigments mixes and matches in today’s bird eggs to produce colors ranging from robin’s egg blue to red to yellow to green.[contextly_sidebar id=”dYwN8IzeZkjGTC8EFvbDSnsZto3vse6g”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a huge diversity in egg color and pattern. For a long, long time people have assumed that egg color is a trait that is unique to our modern birds,” says \u003ca href=\"https://people.earth.yale.edu/profile/jasmina-wiemann/about\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jasmina Wiemann\u003c/a>, a paleontologist at Yale University. She says that assumption was based on the fact that birds’ closest living relative, the crocodiles, “have completely uncolored, unpigmented eggs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To see if colored eggs might actually go further back in history, she and her colleagues started by looking at the eggs of oviraptors– a relative of the velociraptor made famous in the movie Jurassic Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This dinosaur is particularly interesting because oviraptors are the first dinosaurs that built open nests,” she says, explaining that earlier dinosaurs buried eggs underground, where color wouldn’t be expected to make any difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once you start to build an open nest, your eggs are exposed to the environment,” she notes. Out there, colors and patterns could provide camouflage or help dinosaurs recognize their own eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside some 66-million-year-old oviraptor egg fossils, her team \u003ca href=\"https://peerj.com/articles/3706/\">found\u003c/a> small concentrations of both pigments that color modern bird eggs. That was intriguing. Still, it was just one dinosaur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now the researchers have analyzed egg shells from more. “We tried to cover the major branches of dinosaurs to get a good idea for all non-avian dinosaurs,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found no pigments in birds’ distant dinosaur relatives, such as the groups that include triceratops and the long-necked diplodocus.[contextly_sidebar id=”7yFoK9agiDfXhBDNRT8EMxd5Il1xtowT”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The red-brown and blue-green pigments were present, however, in eggshells from the group of dinosaurs that includes birds and their close relatives. These pigments were built into the shells in the same sophisticated way that they are in modern birds’ eggs–and Wiemann thinks this can’t be a coincidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have, very likely, a single evolutionary origin of egg color,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s more, the analysis of pigments showed that dinosaur eggs even had spots and speckles. And that surprised \u003ca href=\"https://www.cowbirdlab.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mark Hauber\u003c/a>, an ornithologist and expert on eggs at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We not only know now that dinosaur eggs were colorful, but they were speckled, which is a whole other aspect of diversity,” says Hauber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dinosaurs may have needed these fancy eggs for all the same reasons as birds, suggesting that their behavior could have been just as complex.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Dinosaur eggs could have been camouflaged, they could have been individually recognized, they could have been mimetic,” says Hauber. “So there are all the functions that are associated with spotting patterns on eggs that we did not even consider for dinosaur eggs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, says Hauber, maybe distinctive colors and markings were linked to some egg-related dinosaur business we haven’t even thought of. A certain egg color might have warned would-be predators of danger, he says, “and that could be that the mama dinosaur comes back, or papa dinosaur comes back, and will beat you up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Birds+Got+Their+Colorful%2C+Speckled+Eggs+From+Dinosaurs&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The rainbow of hues seen in modern bird eggs probably evolved in birds’ dinosaur ancestors, which had eggs with colorful and speckled shells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s according to a new \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0646-5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> of fossil eggs in the journal \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em>. Researchers found that birds’ close dinosaur relatives had eggs with traces of two pigments—a red-brown one and a blue-green one. This same pair of pigments mixes and matches in today’s bird eggs to produce colors ranging from robin’s egg blue to red to yellow to green.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a huge diversity in egg color and pattern. For a long, long time people have assumed that egg color is a trait that is unique to our modern birds,” says \u003ca href=\"https://people.earth.yale.edu/profile/jasmina-wiemann/about\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jasmina Wiemann\u003c/a>, a paleontologist at Yale University. She says that assumption was based on the fact that birds’ closest living relative, the crocodiles, “have completely uncolored, unpigmented eggs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To see if colored eggs might actually go further back in history, she and her colleagues started by looking at the eggs of oviraptors– a relative of the velociraptor made famous in the movie Jurassic Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This dinosaur is particularly interesting because oviraptors are the first dinosaurs that built open nests,” she says, explaining that earlier dinosaurs buried eggs underground, where color wouldn’t be expected to make any difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once you start to build an open nest, your eggs are exposed to the environment,” she notes. Out there, colors and patterns could provide camouflage or help dinosaurs recognize their own eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside some 66-million-year-old oviraptor egg fossils, her team \u003ca href=\"https://peerj.com/articles/3706/\">found\u003c/a> small concentrations of both pigments that color modern bird eggs. That was intriguing. Still, it was just one dinosaur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now the researchers have analyzed egg shells from more. “We tried to cover the major branches of dinosaurs to get a good idea for all non-avian dinosaurs,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found no pigments in birds’ distant dinosaur relatives, such as the groups that include triceratops and the long-necked diplodocus.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The red-brown and blue-green pigments were present, however, in eggshells from the group of dinosaurs that includes birds and their close relatives. These pigments were built into the shells in the same sophisticated way that they are in modern birds’ eggs–and Wiemann thinks this can’t be a coincidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have, very likely, a single evolutionary origin of egg color,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s more, the analysis of pigments showed that dinosaur eggs even had spots and speckles. And that surprised \u003ca href=\"https://www.cowbirdlab.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mark Hauber\u003c/a>, an ornithologist and expert on eggs at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We not only know now that dinosaur eggs were colorful, but they were speckled, which is a whole other aspect of diversity,” says Hauber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dinosaurs may have needed these fancy eggs for all the same reasons as birds, suggesting that their behavior could have been just as complex.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Dinosaur eggs could have been camouflaged, they could have been individually recognized, they could have been mimetic,” says Hauber. “So there are all the functions that are associated with spotting patterns on eggs that we did not even consider for dinosaur eggs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, says Hauber, maybe distinctive colors and markings were linked to some egg-related dinosaur business we haven’t even thought of. A certain egg color might have warned would-be predators of danger, he says, “and that could be that the mama dinosaur comes back, or papa dinosaur comes back, and will beat you up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Birds+Got+Their+Colorful%2C+Speckled+Eggs+From+Dinosaurs&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Insect populations in the tropics are facing a crisis as global warming drives up temperatures, causing a 98 percent decline in their numbers over the last four decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are the findings of a new \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/10/09/1722477115\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study published\u003c/a> this week in the \u003cem>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, \u003c/em>which suggests that climate change is disrupting the global ecosystem at an accelerating pace.[contextly_sidebar id=”9X7r6vwdGlQwE6EW5F7mPjMQyBkzzvYq”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worse, the study concludes that the problem is more widespread than scientists realized, with global warming triggering a “bottom-up” domino effect and resulting collapse of the forest food web, as insect-eating animals dwindle, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers say the consequences of a collapsed food web would have serious ramifications for the future stability of tropical ecosystems, which house two-thirds of the Earth’s species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A disruption in the tropical food web would also have catastrophic repercussions for the global ecosystem, according to lead author Bradford Lister, a biologist at \u003ca href=\"https://www.rpi.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Loss of species in tropical rainforests are a sign that increased temperatures have begun to take their toll on the local climate, according to Lister.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He warns that eventually the world could see dramatic changes in rainfall if tropical rainforests are degraded and vegetation starts to collapse, which is possible since pollinators are already crashing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because the global water cycle depends on plant life in these rainforests, which produce huge amounts of water that feed into rain flows carried by trade winds north and south of the equator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s happening all over the planet and once the pollinators crash, then the plants follow and you get accelerated extinction rates of a lot of animals and insects,” says Lister.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climate Catastrophe Has Already Arrived\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lister points to the recent United Nations report on climate change to underscore the threat. The report lists 2040 as the year when the more severe impacts of global warming will start to unfold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[I]n Central and South America, you’re already seeing a 2 to 2.5 degree warming,” says Lister. “We don’t have to wait that long to see the impact of global warming. The damaging effects on the ecosystems that sustain us is already happening in tropical locations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the study, researchers focused on the Luquillo Rainforest in Puerto Rico and Chamela forest in Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Puerto Rico, they compared data collected between 1976 and 2013, during which time the average temperature increased by two degrees Celsius (3.6 F).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Lister and his team returned to the island in 2013, he says he was \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2018/10/15/hyperalarming-study-shows-massive-insect-loss/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.92b5efdda92d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">surprised by how\u003c/a> much the situation had changed.[contextly_sidebar id=”mSktpCB1i441tT4oxSnPqod1JuM7uE3q”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers didn’t observe any butterflies during the first two days, a considerable change from the 1970s, when Lister says butterflies could be spotted all over the forest. Lister says he also also noticed fewer flying insects in the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just based on casual observations of the forest, we knew something was amiss,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was also an obvious lack of birds that were once abundant such as the the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/10/09/1722477115\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Puerto Rican tody, \u003c/a>which feeds almost exclusively on insects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the data, Lister and his team collected insects using adhesive plates. They also swept the forest brush hundreds of times with nets, collecting any insects that passed through. They compared the results with previous measurements taken in the same way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found that as temperatures increased,the biomass, or collective weight of insects declined by 98 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Specifically, researchers found that the biomass of insects captured by the adhesive traps declined 98 percent, while the net sweeps trapped between 12.5 and 25 percent of previous yields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers also discovered contemporaneous declines in the forest’s insect-eating populations such as lizards, frogs, and birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/10/09/1722477115\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Puerto Rican tody \u003c/a>for example, diminished by 90 percent. The ten most common species living in the forest canopy also experienced declines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Insect populations in western Mexico also saw declines of about 70 to 80 percent in biomass, while temperatures in this region climbed by 2.4 C (36.3°F) over the same period.[contextly_sidebar id=”1RyDiECBYd2XPdCCn5lKDTdBRjEj2VzP”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One expert called the findings “one of the most disturbing articles” he had ever head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This study in PNAS is a real wake-up call — a clarion call — that the phenomenon could be much, much bigger, and across many more ecosystems,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2018/10/15/hyperalarming-study-shows-massive-insect-loss/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.92b5efdda92d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">David Wagner\u003c/a>, an expert in invertebrate conservation at the University of Connecticut, told the Washington Post.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Global Trend\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings corroborate similar findings from previous studies showing that global bug populations are declining at an alarming rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Stanford study in 2014 \u003ca href=\"https://e360.yale.edu/features/insect_numbers_declining_why_it_matters\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">estimated that\u003c/a> insect populations around the world declined by 45 percent in the last 35 years. Another study in 2017 showed a 76 percent decline in flying insects in \u003ca href=\"https://www.independent.co.uk/topic/Germany\">German\u003c/a> nature preserves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers cite climate change as the cause of the dramatic declines based on a special statistical technique that allows scientists to single out specific variables — such as rainfall declines or increased temperatures — to determine their impact on the insects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tool, according to Lister, pointed to higher temperatures as the culprit 90 percent of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interestingly, almost all of the insects displayed the same proportion of declines, regardless of what species or forest niche they occupied. Lister says this indicates that an overarching force must be at play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His team plans on returning to these sites for newer measurements in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s with a lot of trepidation that I head back because it’s very disturbing to see what’s been going on in the last 30 to 40 years,” he says. “And if global temperatures keep increasing, the forests will eventually dry out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while rainforests harbor most of the world’s species, Lister says there have been few studies done on the impact of warming temperatures on tropical climates. He hopes his team’s work stimulates more research on this topic.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Loss of species in tropical rainforests are a sign that increased temperatures have begun to take their toll on the local climate, according to Lister.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He warns that eventually the world could see dramatic changes in rainfall if tropical rainforests are degraded and vegetation starts to collapse, which is possible since pollinators are already crashing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because the global water cycle depends on plant life in these rainforests, which produce huge amounts of water that feed into rain flows carried by trade winds north and south of the equator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s happening all over the planet and once the pollinators crash, then the plants follow and you get accelerated extinction rates of a lot of animals and insects,” says Lister.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climate Catastrophe Has Already Arrived\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lister points to the recent United Nations report on climate change to underscore the threat. The report lists 2040 as the year when the more severe impacts of global warming will start to unfold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[I]n Central and South America, you’re already seeing a 2 to 2.5 degree warming,” says Lister. “We don’t have to wait that long to see the impact of global warming. The damaging effects on the ecosystems that sustain us is already happening in tropical locations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the study, researchers focused on the Luquillo Rainforest in Puerto Rico and Chamela forest in Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Puerto Rico, they compared data collected between 1976 and 2013, during which time the average temperature increased by two degrees Celsius (3.6 F).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Lister and his team returned to the island in 2013, he says he was \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2018/10/15/hyperalarming-study-shows-massive-insect-loss/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.92b5efdda92d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">surprised by how\u003c/a> much the situation had changed.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers didn’t observe any butterflies during the first two days, a considerable change from the 1970s, when Lister says butterflies could be spotted all over the forest. Lister says he also also noticed fewer flying insects in the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just based on casual observations of the forest, we knew something was amiss,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was also an obvious lack of birds that were once abundant such as the the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/10/09/1722477115\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Puerto Rican tody, \u003c/a>which feeds almost exclusively on insects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the data, Lister and his team collected insects using adhesive plates. They also swept the forest brush hundreds of times with nets, collecting any insects that passed through. They compared the results with previous measurements taken in the same way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found that as temperatures increased,the biomass, or collective weight of insects declined by 98 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Specifically, researchers found that the biomass of insects captured by the adhesive traps declined 98 percent, while the net sweeps trapped between 12.5 and 25 percent of previous yields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers also discovered contemporaneous declines in the forest’s insect-eating populations such as lizards, frogs, and birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/10/09/1722477115\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Puerto Rican tody \u003c/a>for example, diminished by 90 percent. The ten most common species living in the forest canopy also experienced declines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Insect populations in western Mexico also saw declines of about 70 to 80 percent in biomass, while temperatures in this region climbed by 2.4 C (36.3°F) over the same period.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One expert called the findings “one of the most disturbing articles” he had ever head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This study in PNAS is a real wake-up call — a clarion call — that the phenomenon could be much, much bigger, and across many more ecosystems,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2018/10/15/hyperalarming-study-shows-massive-insect-loss/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.92b5efdda92d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">David Wagner\u003c/a>, an expert in invertebrate conservation at the University of Connecticut, told the Washington Post.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Global Trend\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings corroborate similar findings from previous studies showing that global bug populations are declining at an alarming rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Stanford study in 2014 \u003ca href=\"https://e360.yale.edu/features/insect_numbers_declining_why_it_matters\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">estimated that\u003c/a> insect populations around the world declined by 45 percent in the last 35 years. Another study in 2017 showed a 76 percent decline in flying insects in \u003ca href=\"https://www.independent.co.uk/topic/Germany\">German\u003c/a> nature preserves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers cite climate change as the cause of the dramatic declines based on a special statistical technique that allows scientists to single out specific variables — such as rainfall declines or increased temperatures — to determine their impact on the insects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tool, according to Lister, pointed to higher temperatures as the culprit 90 percent of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interestingly, almost all of the insects displayed the same proportion of declines, regardless of what species or forest niche they occupied. Lister says this indicates that an overarching force must be at play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His team plans on returning to these sites for newer measurements in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s with a lot of trepidation that I head back because it’s very disturbing to see what’s been going on in the last 30 to 40 years,” he says. “And if global temperatures keep increasing, the forests will eventually dry out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while rainforests harbor most of the world’s species, Lister says there have been few studies done on the impact of warming temperatures on tropical climates. He hopes his team’s work stimulates more research on this topic.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The mottled spots giraffes are known for aren’t random, according to a new study that suggests the patterns are inherited maternally — and that they may impact the chances of a calf surviving its first few months of life.[contextly_sidebar id=”0MiYKhblKxNoVEDUjyjx4Wb1Fi1GVN65″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The roundness and smoothness of a giraffe’s spots are inherited through its mother, wildlife biology researchers \u003ca href=\"https://peerj.com/articles/5690/\">reported in the academic journal PeerJ\u003c/a> last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giraffe coat markings are more complex and variable than the eye suggests: The researchers studied 11 spot attributes in total. The researchers did not document any mother-offspring similarity between the number of spots and their area and perimeter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study has produced the first data of its kind. Scientists have previously hypothesized that variation in spot patterns may camouflage newborns against predators, and that the animals’ spots are conferred at random. One prominent biologist, Anne Dagg, described similarities between parents and offspring in a zoo population in 1968, but analysis and objective measurements of spot characteristics were lacking in wild giraffes until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research was borne out of curiosity for a definitive answer. “We were inspired by so many people’s natural curiosity about giraffe spots and where the patterns come from. It was a consistent theme of question we heard when talking about giraffes,” Derek Lee, principal scientist at the Wild Nature Institute and one of the authors of the study, told NPR. “We began looking for answers in the literature and found nobody had measured complex mammal coat patterns like spots.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lee and his team conducted their study by using image analysis software to determine the similarity of spot traits between wild Masai mother giraffes and their offspring in Tanzania, where the animals exist free and unfenced across vast landscapes. Over the course of four years, the scientists photographed the coats of 31 sets of mother-calf pairs. They found that some characteristics, like roundness and smoothness, were strongly linked between mother and offspring, and likely to be heritable.[contextly_sidebar id=”oi3a94MN6YmbXUQtGf35Llci0ddLYd5h”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers also examined how well a calf’s spots protected them from predators by allowing them to blend in with their wildlife surroundings. They photographed the same 258 juveniles six times a year for four years, noting when certain juveniles dropped off their radar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team then ran that data through statistical analyses to estimate the likelihood of survival within the group. Calves with larger spots and irregularly shaped spots were more likely to survive their first few months of life, according to their findings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This increased survival could reflect better camouflage of these young giraffes, but it also could be related to other survival-enhancing factors, such as temperature regulation or visual communication,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/10/181002082420.htm\">a press release\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lee adds that other variables like good genes and maternal investment may also be correlated with spot traits. “Other alternative functions of the spots also could be under natural selection at different periods in a giraffe’s lifetime such as temperature regulation or visual signalling to identify individuals and kin,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team hopes their findings will inform further investigations into the “developmental and genetic architecture of complex mammal coat patterns and their adaptive value,” as the study’s conclusion says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Giraffes+Inherit+Spot+Patterns+From+Their+Mamas%2C+Study+Says&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The mottled spots giraffes are known for aren’t random, according to a new study that suggests the patterns are inherited maternally — and that they may impact the chances of a calf surviving its first few months of life.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The roundness and smoothness of a giraffe’s spots are inherited through its mother, wildlife biology researchers \u003ca href=\"https://peerj.com/articles/5690/\">reported in the academic journal PeerJ\u003c/a> last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giraffe coat markings are more complex and variable than the eye suggests: The researchers studied 11 spot attributes in total. The researchers did not document any mother-offspring similarity between the number of spots and their area and perimeter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study has produced the first data of its kind. Scientists have previously hypothesized that variation in spot patterns may camouflage newborns against predators, and that the animals’ spots are conferred at random. One prominent biologist, Anne Dagg, described similarities between parents and offspring in a zoo population in 1968, but analysis and objective measurements of spot characteristics were lacking in wild giraffes until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research was borne out of curiosity for a definitive answer. “We were inspired by so many people’s natural curiosity about giraffe spots and where the patterns come from. It was a consistent theme of question we heard when talking about giraffes,” Derek Lee, principal scientist at the Wild Nature Institute and one of the authors of the study, told NPR. “We began looking for answers in the literature and found nobody had measured complex mammal coat patterns like spots.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lee and his team conducted their study by using image analysis software to determine the similarity of spot traits between wild Masai mother giraffes and their offspring in Tanzania, where the animals exist free and unfenced across vast landscapes. Over the course of four years, the scientists photographed the coats of 31 sets of mother-calf pairs. They found that some characteristics, like roundness and smoothness, were strongly linked between mother and offspring, and likely to be heritable.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers also examined how well a calf’s spots protected them from predators by allowing them to blend in with their wildlife surroundings. They photographed the same 258 juveniles six times a year for four years, noting when certain juveniles dropped off their radar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team then ran that data through statistical analyses to estimate the likelihood of survival within the group. Calves with larger spots and irregularly shaped spots were more likely to survive their first few months of life, according to their findings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This increased survival could reflect better camouflage of these young giraffes, but it also could be related to other survival-enhancing factors, such as temperature regulation or visual communication,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/10/181002082420.htm\">a press release\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lee adds that other variables like good genes and maternal investment may also be correlated with spot traits. “Other alternative functions of the spots also could be under natural selection at different periods in a giraffe’s lifetime such as temperature regulation or visual signalling to identify individuals and kin,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team hopes their findings will inform further investigations into the “developmental and genetic architecture of complex mammal coat patterns and their adaptive value,” as the study’s conclusion says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Giraffes+Inherit+Spot+Patterns+From+Their+Mamas%2C+Study+Says&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
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"link": "/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
}
},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"meta": {
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/M4f5",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
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