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"content": "\u003cp>In Suitland, Maryland a giant warehouse holds the largest collection of whale bones in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stacked from floor to ceiling are bones of sperm whales, gray whales, and the largest whales on Earth—blue whales, which can reach 380,000 pounds. Ancient whale fossils, tens of millions of years old, are also packed into the collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”TqYufiBNkGbvMLB7mlLCiPiWDpK8r6qt”]It’s the job of \u003ca href=\"http://paleobiology.si.edu/staff/individuals/pyenson.html\">Nick Pyenson\u003c/a> to try to figure out how these whales developed to what they are now. He sees himself as kind of a paleontologist detective. His more formal title is Curator of Fossil Marine Mammals for the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I sat down with him to find out what it’s like to be a scientist at the top of their field. Like all scientists, Pyenson is a focused on making sense of the world around him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are some snippets from our conversation:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why study whales?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For me, I got interested in whales because I thought they were fantastic vehicles to understand evolution. I think that’s the job of any paleontologist, is trying to understand what happened in the history of life that we didn’t see. It’s a big detective story. With whales, we know how amazing they are in the modern world. How did that ever come to be? If you want to be able to answer that question, that is when you turn to the fossil record. So that’s what got me broadly interested in where whales came from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the most frustrating part of your job?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most frustrating thing about my job is that there are not enough hours in the day. I have way too many questions and not enough time for me to do what I want to do. Science takes time. So I have to be choosey. And also being a steward of the legacies. That’s something that really weighs heavily on me. I want to make sure the collection is as good, if not better, than when I received it, as it would be for somebody maybe 200 years from now. I want to make sure someone I will never meet will look at the fossils that I brought in to the museum and say, “Yeah, Nick didn’t screw it up too badly, he did an okay job.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What motivates you? When you wake up in the morning are you thinking whales?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First I need a coffee before I do anything else. I get up in the morning because I love what I do. It’s tremendously exhilarating and exciting to me, to be able to walk through museum collections. It’s basically like walking through time. You get to encounter the remains of past worlds that would seem so strange that you would think you’re on a different planet – but you’re not. You’re on planet earth, but at a different time in the geologic past. With different organisms—some of which are extinct, some of which are around today. And you’re charged with that detective story, trying to figure things out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How would you describe yourself?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can think of me as a marine mammal detective through geologic time. I look to the past to track down whale bones to understand how whales came to be and where they’re going.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Travel+Through+Time+With+A+Whale+Detective+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In Suitland, Maryland a giant warehouse holds the largest collection of whale bones in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stacked from floor to ceiling are bones of sperm whales, gray whales, and the largest whales on Earth—blue whales, which can reach 380,000 pounds. Ancient whale fossils, tens of millions of years old, are also packed into the collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>It’s the job of \u003ca href=\"http://paleobiology.si.edu/staff/individuals/pyenson.html\">Nick Pyenson\u003c/a> to try to figure out how these whales developed to what they are now. He sees himself as kind of a paleontologist detective. His more formal title is Curator of Fossil Marine Mammals for the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I sat down with him to find out what it’s like to be a scientist at the top of their field. Like all scientists, Pyenson is a focused on making sense of the world around him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are some snippets from our conversation:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why study whales?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For me, I got interested in whales because I thought they were fantastic vehicles to understand evolution. I think that’s the job of any paleontologist, is trying to understand what happened in the history of life that we didn’t see. It’s a big detective story. With whales, we know how amazing they are in the modern world. How did that ever come to be? If you want to be able to answer that question, that is when you turn to the fossil record. So that’s what got me broadly interested in where whales came from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the most frustrating part of your job?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most frustrating thing about my job is that there are not enough hours in the day. I have way too many questions and not enough time for me to do what I want to do. Science takes time. So I have to be choosey. And also being a steward of the legacies. That’s something that really weighs heavily on me. I want to make sure the collection is as good, if not better, than when I received it, as it would be for somebody maybe 200 years from now. I want to make sure someone I will never meet will look at the fossils that I brought in to the museum and say, “Yeah, Nick didn’t screw it up too badly, he did an okay job.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What motivates you? When you wake up in the morning are you thinking whales?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First I need a coffee before I do anything else. I get up in the morning because I love what I do. It’s tremendously exhilarating and exciting to me, to be able to walk through museum collections. It’s basically like walking through time. You get to encounter the remains of past worlds that would seem so strange that you would think you’re on a different planet – but you’re not. You’re on planet earth, but at a different time in the geologic past. With different organisms—some of which are extinct, some of which are around today. And you’re charged with that detective story, trying to figure things out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How would you describe yourself?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can think of me as a marine mammal detective through geologic time. I look to the past to track down whale bones to understand how whales came to be and where they’re going.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Travel+Through+Time+With+A+Whale+Detective+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]With summer just around the corner, Southern California beaches are ready to welcome the yearly arrival of some very unique and amorous guests. That’s right, the grunion are running!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California grunion are fish that spend their lives in the ocean. But when the tides are at their highest during spring and summer, grunion make a trip up onto beaches to mate and lay eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grunion mate on beaches throughout Southern California and down into Mexico. The grunion runs are especially popular in coastal communities like Santa Barbara and San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During warm summer nights, crowds emerge to witness the grunion run. Some are there just to watch. Others scramble in the darkness to catch the fish and bring them home for a date with the grill or frying pan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grunion ride in on the biggest waves, wiggling and flopping to get as far up onto the sand as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1689035\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-run-500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1689035\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-run-500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"277\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California grunion spawning events can completely cover a section of beach. \u003ccite>(Michael Murrie/Pepperdine University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“They’re not particularly agile on land but they’re able to do what they need to do,” said Karen Martin, a biology professor at Pepperdine University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Martin said she doesn’t get much sleep this time of year because California grunion typically run at night. Instead she can be found leading groups of students and researchers out to the coast where they use night-vision scopes and headlamps to search for the fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By tracking the tides, Martin is able to estimate the time \u003ca href=\"http://www.grunion.org/\">when grunion are most likely to run\u003c/a>. But the exact timing and locations are anyone’s guess.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to know where to look,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not like they run across the entire beach, usually it’s just one little area where you might be able to find them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Female grunion use their tails to burrow down into the loose wet sand until they are buried up to their gills. That’s when they lay their translucent orange-yolked eggs. The eggs are tiny— each one a little smaller than a pea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The male grunion do their best to join up with the females and that’s no easy feat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1689039\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-flop-500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1689039\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-flop-500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"278\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A grunion searches for a mate by flopping on the damp sand. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Grunion don’t appear particularly well adapted to getting around on the damp sand. Instead they bend their bodies and hurl themselves into the dark in search of mates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they do meet up, the males curl their bodies around the females and fertilize the eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1689041\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-laying-eggs-500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1689041\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-laying-eggs-500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"277\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Female grunion burrow into the semi-liquid sand to deposit their eggs. \u003ccite>(Michael Murrie/ Pepperdine University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“They’re not out very long,” Martin said. “But they’re not breathing air. They won’t survive very long like that, but when they’re out they don’t appear to be stressed out and panicking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the deed is done, the grunion wiggle back out and catch the next big wave home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The whole undertaking is a sight to behold and prompts the question of why a fish would want to risk coming out on land just to leave their next generation stranded in the dry sand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I guess they just do it for the kids’ sake,” Martin said. “They get to develop in a protected area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ocean is full of predators who would like to gobble up a tasty fish egg. The grunion eggs tend to be safer up on the beach if they can make it there without raising the attention of predators like birds and raccoons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each egg is encased in a thick clear layer called a chorion that serves to protect them from damage while allowing oxygen through to the developing fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you touch them they almost feel like they’re made of plastic,” Martin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1689042\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-egg-eye-500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1689042\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-egg-eye-500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"280\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The eyes of a developing grunion are clearly visible through the translucent chorion layer. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The chorion makes the eggs tough enough to survive being buried under the sand and keeps them from drying out while they develop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that sand may not be as dry as it seems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The surface might be totally dry but if you dig down a few inches where the eggs are then it’s still damp,” Martin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The baby grunion wait for the next cycle of high tides to take them back out to sea. That typically means a two-week wait. But if that set of high tides turns out to be a dud, the grunion eggs can stay put for an extra two weeks to catch the following cycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the high tides do return, the grunion get swept out by the waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cold seawater is the signal to hatch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1689044\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-hatch01-500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1689044\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-hatch01-500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"276\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When exposed to seawater, grunion secrete enzymes from glands in their tails that eat through the chorion allowing them to break free from the protective layer. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Spurred on by the agitation of getting bounced around in the waves, the grunion come bursting out of their chorions and swim off to live their lives in the sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mating runs were first described in the early part of the 20th century, but the timing wasn’t linked to the tides until the 1940s. By then it was also becoming clear that people were catching grunion faster than they could be replaced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To protect the grunion, the fishing season closes every year during the peak of the expected spawning period. During the open season there is no take limit but grunion can only be caught with hands without the use of nets or traps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to their dangerous mating strategy, grunion populations also contend with loss of sandy beach habitats and coastal pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These animals depend on their beaches,” said Martin. “The experience of watching them come surfing in on the waves… it goes along with our whole California thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more info about grunion head over to http://www.grunion.org/\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>With summer just around the corner, Southern California beaches are ready to welcome the yearly arrival of some very unique and amorous guests. That’s right, the grunion are running!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California grunion are fish that spend their lives in the ocean. But when the tides are at their highest during spring and summer, grunion make a trip up onto beaches to mate and lay eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grunion mate on beaches throughout Southern California and down into Mexico. The grunion runs are especially popular in coastal communities like Santa Barbara and San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During warm summer nights, crowds emerge to witness the grunion run. Some are there just to watch. Others scramble in the darkness to catch the fish and bring them home for a date with the grill or frying pan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grunion ride in on the biggest waves, wiggling and flopping to get as far up onto the sand as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1689035\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-run-500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1689035\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-run-500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"277\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California grunion spawning events can completely cover a section of beach. \u003ccite>(Michael Murrie/Pepperdine University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“They’re not particularly agile on land but they’re able to do what they need to do,” said Karen Martin, a biology professor at Pepperdine University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Martin said she doesn’t get much sleep this time of year because California grunion typically run at night. Instead she can be found leading groups of students and researchers out to the coast where they use night-vision scopes and headlamps to search for the fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By tracking the tides, Martin is able to estimate the time \u003ca href=\"http://www.grunion.org/\">when grunion are most likely to run\u003c/a>. But the exact timing and locations are anyone’s guess.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to know where to look,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not like they run across the entire beach, usually it’s just one little area where you might be able to find them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Female grunion use their tails to burrow down into the loose wet sand until they are buried up to their gills. That’s when they lay their translucent orange-yolked eggs. The eggs are tiny— each one a little smaller than a pea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The male grunion do their best to join up with the females and that’s no easy feat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1689039\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-flop-500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1689039\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-flop-500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"278\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A grunion searches for a mate by flopping on the damp sand. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Grunion don’t appear particularly well adapted to getting around on the damp sand. Instead they bend their bodies and hurl themselves into the dark in search of mates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they do meet up, the males curl their bodies around the females and fertilize the eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1689041\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-laying-eggs-500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1689041\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-laying-eggs-500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"277\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Female grunion burrow into the semi-liquid sand to deposit their eggs. \u003ccite>(Michael Murrie/ Pepperdine University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“They’re not out very long,” Martin said. “But they’re not breathing air. They won’t survive very long like that, but when they’re out they don’t appear to be stressed out and panicking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the deed is done, the grunion wiggle back out and catch the next big wave home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The whole undertaking is a sight to behold and prompts the question of why a fish would want to risk coming out on land just to leave their next generation stranded in the dry sand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I guess they just do it for the kids’ sake,” Martin said. “They get to develop in a protected area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ocean is full of predators who would like to gobble up a tasty fish egg. The grunion eggs tend to be safer up on the beach if they can make it there without raising the attention of predators like birds and raccoons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each egg is encased in a thick clear layer called a chorion that serves to protect them from damage while allowing oxygen through to the developing fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you touch them they almost feel like they’re made of plastic,” Martin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1689042\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-egg-eye-500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1689042\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-egg-eye-500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"280\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The eyes of a developing grunion are clearly visible through the translucent chorion layer. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The chorion makes the eggs tough enough to survive being buried under the sand and keeps them from drying out while they develop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that sand may not be as dry as it seems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The surface might be totally dry but if you dig down a few inches where the eggs are then it’s still damp,” Martin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The baby grunion wait for the next cycle of high tides to take them back out to sea. That typically means a two-week wait. But if that set of high tides turns out to be a dud, the grunion eggs can stay put for an extra two weeks to catch the following cycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the high tides do return, the grunion get swept out by the waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cold seawater is the signal to hatch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1689044\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-hatch01-500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1689044\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-hatch01-500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"276\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When exposed to seawater, grunion secrete enzymes from glands in their tails that eat through the chorion allowing them to break free from the protective layer. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Spurred on by the agitation of getting bounced around in the waves, the grunion come bursting out of their chorions and swim off to live their lives in the sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mating runs were first described in the early part of the 20th century, but the timing wasn’t linked to the tides until the 1940s. By then it was also becoming clear that people were catching grunion faster than they could be replaced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To protect the grunion, the fishing season closes every year during the peak of the expected spawning period. During the open season there is no take limit but grunion can only be caught with hands without the use of nets or traps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to their dangerous mating strategy, grunion populations also contend with loss of sandy beach habitats and coastal pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These animals depend on their beaches,” said Martin. “The experience of watching them come surfing in on the waves… it goes along with our whole California thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more info about grunion head over to http://www.grunion.org/\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "How Our Caffeine Habit Affects California's Waterways",
"headTitle": "How Our Caffeine Habit Affects California’s Waterways | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>What would we do without caffeine? Millions of Americans rely on it in coffee, tea and energy drinks to prepare for a day at work, keep focused on a long drive or simply stay awake after a big lunch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a dark side to the world’s most popular legal stimulant is slowly emerging.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">More than one-third of water samples from open-space areas in Southern California tested positive for caffeine.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It turns out that our bodies don’t absorb all the caffeine we consume. Some gets expelled in our urine and ends up entering sewage systems or the environment, posing a threat to wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sewage treatment plants generally do a good job removing caffeine, and the treated wastewater they release back to the environment is generally free of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in a number of recent studies, caffeine has been detected in water sampled from remote streams – far from urban areas and sewer systems. This suggests our appetite for caffeine has crossed some unseen threshold, and is beginning to impact the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are no natural sources of caffeine in North America. So any found in water samples surely came from humans, whether in beverages, food or pharmaceuticals. That’s one result of a study recently conducted by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/sandiego/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">San Diego Regional Water Quality Control Board\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we started getting results, we realized it’s way more prevalent than just from leaky sewer lines and septic systems,” said Carey Nagoda, a water resource control engineer for the water board. “So that was kind of a puzzle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nagoda analyzed nearly 100 water samples over a seven-year period from throughout San Diego County and part of Orange County. They came from a range of sites encompassing raw sewage and treated wastewater in urban areas, as well as streams in remote open-space areas where there is no human development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1696588\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/CedarCreekUSFS.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1696588\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/CedarCreekUSFS-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/CedarCreekUSFS-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/CedarCreekUSFS-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/CedarCreekUSFS-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/CedarCreekUSFS-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/CedarCreekUSFS-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/CedarCreekUSFS-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/CedarCreekUSFS-520x346.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/CedarCreekUSFS.jpg 980w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cedar Creek Falls, a popular hiking destination in Cleveland National Forest, is one area where the San Diego Regional Water Quality Control Board has detected caffeine in the water. \u003ccite>(U.S. Forest Service)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The results, presented at the water board’s February meeting, showed that samples from urban areas tested positive for caffeine, which was not surprising, Nagoda said. Samples from untreated (raw) sewage contained between 0.052 and 8.5 micrograms per liter, while those taken near active septic systems ranged from 0.029 to 1.19 micrograms per liter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What did surprise her was that more than one-third of the samples from open-space areas tested positive for caffeine. The samples from these areas ranged from 0.032 to 0.662 micrograms per liter, or similar to those samples taken near septic systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were completely shocked by that,” Nagoda said. “What really ended up falling out was that the areas known for high recreational use – like fishing, horseback riding, hiking, camping – were the ones that had caffeine hits.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This suggests visitors in these areas may not practicing good habits, whether by urinating too close to streams or leaving waste behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results also suggest that other contaminants found in human waste, such as pharmaceuticals and pathogens, could be polluting these areas..\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For several years, water quality officials have used caffeine as a “marker” in water sampling. When they find caffeine in a sample, it usually means a leaking sewer line nearby, and it’s often associated with more harmful pollutants in sewage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Caffeine has also been detected at remote locations in Oregon. In a 2012 study of coastal pollution, caffeine was found in beach waters near urban areas, and in coastal streams and estuaries. The highest concentrations, however, were found not near urban areas but in more remote coastal areas. These samples showed around .045 micrograms per liter – at the low end of the range found in remote areas of San Diego County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That indicates poor-performing septic systems in rural areas, said Elise Granek, the study’s lead author and a marine ecologist at Portland State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Numerous studies have shown that caffeine is toxic to a variety of wildlife at high concentrations. The effects are less clear in cases of continual exposure at low levels – like those documented in nature by Granek and Nagoda – because little research has been done in this area. So far, clear toxic thresholds have yet to be firmly established.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a separate study by graduate student Zoe Rodriguez del Rey and overseen by Granek, a common species of near-shore mussel was exposed to low levels of caffeine, similar to those found in both the Oregon and San Diego water samples. The mussels initially expended energy producing a protein designed to protect their DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At greater caffeine exposure levels – yet still within the range found in coastal water samples –— the mussels stopped producing the protective protein. As a result, they may have faced a risk of genetic mutation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They get so stressed out at a cellular level that they can’t protect their DNA with this protein,” Granek said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other research at UC Irvine found that caffeine in seawater may contribute to coral bleaching.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Granek planned to do followup studies to learn more about chronic effects on mussels. Ironically, ambient caffeine levels at her urban Portland lab made that impossible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It so happens that a Starbucks coffee franchise sits directly across the street from Granek’s lab. Caffeine is so easily aerosolized, she said, that it became impossible to obtain reliable “control” (or clean) conditions in the lab as a baseline for the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She hopes other scientists are able to continue this kind of research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are so many things that are stressing out organisms and ecosystems, it’s not on a lot of people’s radar to be looking at these [caffeine] compounds,” she said. “It seems like people focus on things that they think are sexier compounds, like Prozac.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, there are also no water-quality standards established for caffeine in wastewater effluent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, what’s a caffeine-lover to do? An easy starting point is to adopt better waste disposal habits, says Helen Yu, a water resources control engineer at the San Diego water board, who is studying caffeine and other contaminants in the Tijuana River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, don’t dump leftover caffeine beverages or containers where they could enter streams or storm drains. And when enjoying the outdoors, exercise proper bathroom practices. That means using a designated restroom or outhouse whenever available. If that’s not possible, choose a proper site at least 200 feet from any waterway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Residents should do their part to help reduce caffeine release to the environment,” said Yu. “The cumulative effect on ecosystem health is not known at this time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2017/06/05/your-caffeine-habit-may-be-harming-waterways-wildlife\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Recent testing has found low levels of caffeine, even in relatively remote waterways around the West. Studies show it may be harmful to some wildlife species, but more research is needed.",
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"description": "Recent testing has found low levels of caffeine, even in relatively remote waterways around the West. Studies show it may be harmful to some wildlife species, but more research is needed.",
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"nprByline": "\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/contributor/matt-weiser\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Matt Weiser\u003c/a>\u003c/br>Water Deeply",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>What would we do without caffeine? Millions of Americans rely on it in coffee, tea and energy drinks to prepare for a day at work, keep focused on a long drive or simply stay awake after a big lunch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a dark side to the world’s most popular legal stimulant is slowly emerging.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">More than one-third of water samples from open-space areas in Southern California tested positive for caffeine.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It turns out that our bodies don’t absorb all the caffeine we consume. Some gets expelled in our urine and ends up entering sewage systems or the environment, posing a threat to wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sewage treatment plants generally do a good job removing caffeine, and the treated wastewater they release back to the environment is generally free of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in a number of recent studies, caffeine has been detected in water sampled from remote streams – far from urban areas and sewer systems. This suggests our appetite for caffeine has crossed some unseen threshold, and is beginning to impact the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are no natural sources of caffeine in North America. So any found in water samples surely came from humans, whether in beverages, food or pharmaceuticals. That’s one result of a study recently conducted by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/sandiego/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">San Diego Regional Water Quality Control Board\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we started getting results, we realized it’s way more prevalent than just from leaky sewer lines and septic systems,” said Carey Nagoda, a water resource control engineer for the water board. “So that was kind of a puzzle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nagoda analyzed nearly 100 water samples over a seven-year period from throughout San Diego County and part of Orange County. They came from a range of sites encompassing raw sewage and treated wastewater in urban areas, as well as streams in remote open-space areas where there is no human development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1696588\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/CedarCreekUSFS.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1696588\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/CedarCreekUSFS-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/CedarCreekUSFS-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/CedarCreekUSFS-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/CedarCreekUSFS-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/CedarCreekUSFS-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/CedarCreekUSFS-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/CedarCreekUSFS-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/CedarCreekUSFS-520x346.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/CedarCreekUSFS.jpg 980w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cedar Creek Falls, a popular hiking destination in Cleveland National Forest, is one area where the San Diego Regional Water Quality Control Board has detected caffeine in the water. \u003ccite>(U.S. Forest Service)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The results, presented at the water board’s February meeting, showed that samples from urban areas tested positive for caffeine, which was not surprising, Nagoda said. Samples from untreated (raw) sewage contained between 0.052 and 8.5 micrograms per liter, while those taken near active septic systems ranged from 0.029 to 1.19 micrograms per liter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What did surprise her was that more than one-third of the samples from open-space areas tested positive for caffeine. The samples from these areas ranged from 0.032 to 0.662 micrograms per liter, or similar to those samples taken near septic systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were completely shocked by that,” Nagoda said. “What really ended up falling out was that the areas known for high recreational use – like fishing, horseback riding, hiking, camping – were the ones that had caffeine hits.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This suggests visitors in these areas may not practicing good habits, whether by urinating too close to streams or leaving waste behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results also suggest that other contaminants found in human waste, such as pharmaceuticals and pathogens, could be polluting these areas..\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For several years, water quality officials have used caffeine as a “marker” in water sampling. When they find caffeine in a sample, it usually means a leaking sewer line nearby, and it’s often associated with more harmful pollutants in sewage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Caffeine has also been detected at remote locations in Oregon. In a 2012 study of coastal pollution, caffeine was found in beach waters near urban areas, and in coastal streams and estuaries. The highest concentrations, however, were found not near urban areas but in more remote coastal areas. These samples showed around .045 micrograms per liter – at the low end of the range found in remote areas of San Diego County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That indicates poor-performing septic systems in rural areas, said Elise Granek, the study’s lead author and a marine ecologist at Portland State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Numerous studies have shown that caffeine is toxic to a variety of wildlife at high concentrations. The effects are less clear in cases of continual exposure at low levels – like those documented in nature by Granek and Nagoda – because little research has been done in this area. So far, clear toxic thresholds have yet to be firmly established.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a separate study by graduate student Zoe Rodriguez del Rey and overseen by Granek, a common species of near-shore mussel was exposed to low levels of caffeine, similar to those found in both the Oregon and San Diego water samples. The mussels initially expended energy producing a protein designed to protect their DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At greater caffeine exposure levels – yet still within the range found in coastal water samples –— the mussels stopped producing the protective protein. As a result, they may have faced a risk of genetic mutation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They get so stressed out at a cellular level that they can’t protect their DNA with this protein,” Granek said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other research at UC Irvine found that caffeine in seawater may contribute to coral bleaching.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Granek planned to do followup studies to learn more about chronic effects on mussels. Ironically, ambient caffeine levels at her urban Portland lab made that impossible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It so happens that a Starbucks coffee franchise sits directly across the street from Granek’s lab. Caffeine is so easily aerosolized, she said, that it became impossible to obtain reliable “control” (or clean) conditions in the lab as a baseline for the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She hopes other scientists are able to continue this kind of research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are so many things that are stressing out organisms and ecosystems, it’s not on a lot of people’s radar to be looking at these [caffeine] compounds,” she said. “It seems like people focus on things that they think are sexier compounds, like Prozac.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, there are also no water-quality standards established for caffeine in wastewater effluent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, what’s a caffeine-lover to do? An easy starting point is to adopt better waste disposal habits, says Helen Yu, a water resources control engineer at the San Diego water board, who is studying caffeine and other contaminants in the Tijuana River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, don’t dump leftover caffeine beverages or containers where they could enter streams or storm drains. And when enjoying the outdoors, exercise proper bathroom practices. That means using a designated restroom or outhouse whenever available. If that’s not possible, choose a proper site at least 200 feet from any waterway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Residents should do their part to help reduce caffeine release to the environment,” said Yu. “The cumulative effect on ecosystem health is not known at this time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2017/06/05/your-caffeine-habit-may-be-harming-waterways-wildlife\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Sharks have been swarming around southern California beaches for weeks. \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR\u003c/a> wanted to know more about why, so we placed a call to Chris Lowe, a professor in marine biology and head of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.csulb.edu/natural-sciences-mathematics-biological-sciences/explore/shark-lab\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Shark Lab\u003c/a> at \u003ca href=\"http://web.csulb.edu/sites/commencement-2017/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California State University at Long Beach\u003c/a> — or rather, we tried. Lowe was offshore on a boat trapping sharks to tag, and at the appointed time for our interview, Lowe had his hands full … of shark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>[contextly_sidebar id=”eJ0QXNOa8DNu6lO8Q91tUozjMG0obbS5″]\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Morning Edition\u003c/a>\u003c/em> producer Justin Richmond, who was on the boat with a microphone, delivered a play-by-play as Lowe and two of his students from Cal State Long Beach tugged on a net.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re literally catching a shark right now!” Justin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a great white shark — although not a big one. It was a baby, about six feet. The boat they were on was a 12-foot whaler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea was to tug the shark alongside that little boat, then hoist it up on the deck of a bigger boat — yes, in an all-too-appropriate \u003cem>Jaws\u003c/em> reference, there was a bigger boat — and there, the researchers quickly performed surgery, implanting tracking devices on and in the baby shark, so she could be studied later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All this action was happening only about 30 feet from Long Beach. In that neighborhood, Justin said, everybody has been talking about the sharks right there in shallow water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Lowe gently lowered the baby shark back in the water, he was able to describe what he thinks is going on. Lowe says though these beaches have been hot spots of nurseries for white sharks, what is different now is global climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s changing our ocean temperatures, it’s changing our ocean currents,” he says. “What it’s doing is it’s making conditions more favorable for some of these babies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles-area beaches are basically the nursery for white sharks in the northeast Pacific, he says. “And we need those sharks. They’re really important in keeping our oceans healthy. So while the public always has some concerns about the fact that there are white sharks off their beaches, what they have to remember is that these are babies and they’re coming to these beaches for the same reason they do: they want a safe place to hang out and enjoy life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowe says that baby sharks are usually at least as afraid of people as we may be of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Morning Edition\u003c/a>\u003cem> producer Justin Richmond and \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Morning Edition\u003c/a>\u003cem> editor Amy Isackson and digital producer Heidi Glenn contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+An+Interview+With+A+Shark+Researcher+Wound+Up+Starring+A+Shark&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Sharks have been swarming around southern California beaches for weeks. \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR\u003c/a> wanted to know more about why, so we placed a call to Chris Lowe, a professor in marine biology and head of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.csulb.edu/natural-sciences-mathematics-biological-sciences/explore/shark-lab\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Shark Lab\u003c/a> at \u003ca href=\"http://web.csulb.edu/sites/commencement-2017/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California State University at Long Beach\u003c/a> — or rather, we tried. Lowe was offshore on a boat trapping sharks to tag, and at the appointed time for our interview, Lowe had his hands full … of shark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Morning Edition\u003c/a>\u003c/em> producer Justin Richmond, who was on the boat with a microphone, delivered a play-by-play as Lowe and two of his students from Cal State Long Beach tugged on a net.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re literally catching a shark right now!” Justin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a great white shark — although not a big one. It was a baby, about six feet. The boat they were on was a 12-foot whaler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea was to tug the shark alongside that little boat, then hoist it up on the deck of a bigger boat — yes, in an all-too-appropriate \u003cem>Jaws\u003c/em> reference, there was a bigger boat — and there, the researchers quickly performed surgery, implanting tracking devices on and in the baby shark, so she could be studied later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All this action was happening only about 30 feet from Long Beach. In that neighborhood, Justin said, everybody has been talking about the sharks right there in shallow water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Lowe gently lowered the baby shark back in the water, he was able to describe what he thinks is going on. Lowe says though these beaches have been hot spots of nurseries for white sharks, what is different now is global climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s changing our ocean temperatures, it’s changing our ocean currents,” he says. “What it’s doing is it’s making conditions more favorable for some of these babies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles-area beaches are basically the nursery for white sharks in the northeast Pacific, he says. “And we need those sharks. They’re really important in keeping our oceans healthy. So while the public always has some concerns about the fact that there are white sharks off their beaches, what they have to remember is that these are babies and they’re coming to these beaches for the same reason they do: they want a safe place to hang out and enjoy life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowe says that baby sharks are usually at least as afraid of people as we may be of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Morning Edition\u003c/a>\u003cem> producer Justin Richmond and \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Morning Edition\u003c/a>\u003cem> editor Amy Isackson and digital producer Heidi Glenn contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+An+Interview+With+A+Shark+Researcher+Wound+Up+Starring+A+Shark&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]\u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> has been exploring big scientific mysteries and revealing the unseen at the edge of our visible word since 2014. In early 2017, \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> welcomed a new host: \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/laurensommer/\">Lauren Sommer,\u003c/a> an award-winning KQED radio reporter who can make the most obscure science concepts clear and entertaining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lauren and key members of the \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> team give fans a behind-the-scenes look at what goes into crafting their weirdly wonderful videos. Below are highlights from interviews conducted while the team was shooting \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/05/09/decorator-crabs-make-high-fashion-at-low-tide/\">“Decorator Crabs Make High Fashion at Low Tide.”\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1648114\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1648114\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Deep Look producer Gabriela Quirós and cinematographer Josh Cassidy film biologist Jay Stachowicz\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> producer Gabriela Quirós and cinematographer Josh Cassidy follow biologist Jay Stachowicz as he heads out to collect crabs for his research at the University of California, Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory, in Bodega Bay. \u003ccite>(Shelley Pearson Cranshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lauren Sommer, Host and Writer\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> is all about the wonder in the natural world. There are so many surprising, weird and beautiful stories to uncover, even in things we encounter every day. You don’t have to be interested in science to find a \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> episode that’s captivating.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The producers come back with these really incredible images from the field. And I work with them on shaping the story and finding what the really fascinating tidbits are to highlight for our viewers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of my favorite things about \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> is that we ask how and why things happen at a very tiny scale. And from that, we discover some incredible universal truths that you never would think would be there. We usually end up tapping into our own human experience or things that all organisms on the planet share. You probably wouldn’t think you have a lot in common with a \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/08/23/sea-urchins-pull-themselves-inside-out-to-be-reborn/\">sea urchin\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/10/04/for-these-tiny-spiders-its-sing-or-get-served/\">spider,\u003c/a> but you’d be surprised.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a radio reporter, I’m usually out in the field solo, gathering interviews and finding news. It’s been a lot of fun collaborating on writing scripts and shaping stories. I cover major science news stories like droughts and floods, so sometimes it’s nice to think about lighter things like an \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/02/14/if-your-hands-could-smell-youd-be-an-octopus/\">octopus’s suckers,\u003c/a> finessing the . . . um . . . ‘action’ between \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/03/14/everything-you-never-wanted-to-know-about-snail-sex/\">two garden snails\u003c/a> or a decorator crab’s \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/05/09/decorator-crabs-make-high-fashion-at-low-tide/\">latest bling.\u003c/a>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1648231\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1648231\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Lauren Sommer goes over narration with producer Gabriela Quirós. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Before recording narration for an episode on decorator crabs, \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> host Lauren Sommer goes over narration with producer Gabriela Quirós. \u003ccite>(Mike Elwell/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gabriela Quirós, Coordinating Producer\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We aim to develop a story with characters and a narrative arc. We treat animals, or plants, as characters and try to figure out what they want, who or what is keeping them from getting what they want, and how they go about getting around these obstacles to achieve their goals. We want our stories to be as dramatic as possible, while remaining accurate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The main challenge of producing \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> is that animals and plants are on their own schedules. When we went out to film the decorator crabs, we waited almost two full days, and in the afternoon of the second day, they finally decorated for a total of about 15 minutes. Here’s an interesting fact that didn’t make it into the video: When decorator crabs outgrow their shells and molt, they sometimes transfer seaweed and anemones from their old shells to their new shells. So even decorator crabs can’t seem to let some old outfits go!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Inevitably, there’s that moment when you’re looking through the camera lens, and you see the animal or plant doing that thing that the scientists described, and it’s so fantastic. I really hope that what we’re conveying to viewers is, ‘Look how amazing the natural world is!’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1661669\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1661669\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-800x699.jpg\" alt=\"Gabriela Quirós and Josh Cassidy set up the tank to film. \" width=\"800\" height=\"699\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-800x699.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-160x140.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-768x671.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-1020x891.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-1180x1031.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-960x839.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-240x210.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-375x328.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-520x454.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI.jpg 1236w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> producer Gabriela Quirós and cinematographer Josh Cassidy set up the tank to film a moss crab at the University of California, Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory, in Bodega Bay, California. \u003ccite>(Shelley Pearson Cranshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Josh Cassidy, Lead Producer and Cinematographer\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We really like answering a big scientific question by zooming in on our subject, like decorator crabs. When you look at a decorator crab’s shells with your naked eye, the shells look kind of fuzzy, but with the macro lens you can zoom in and really see the hooks that hold the kelp, which look a lot like Velcro.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Filming in the wild is always fun and always super challenging. The tide pools are a perfect example of a place that’s constantly changing. The waves can be coming in, and you can never really focus completely on whatever it is you’re filming. I have to keep at least one eye on the waves to make sure I don’t get swept out. I’ve spent a couple of very short trips into the ocean with my camera equipment and, of course, nothing can wreck electronics and optical equipment quite like sea water!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In this line of work, it’s always the instant that you look away when the action happens, so you have to stay focused. It was a great feeling to finally catch that whimsical moment when the crab started to get dressed like it was about to go out on the town. After a while they become their own little walking ecosystems. Nature is full of surprises.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1648116\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1648116\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Josh Cassidy films a moss crab \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> cinematographer Josh Cassidy films a moss crab at the University of California, Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory, in Bodega Bay, California. \u003ccite>(Shelley Pearson Cranshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nElliott Kennerson, Producer and Post-Production Coordinator\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We love to create a sense of magic and wonder around nature; it’s really a collaborative show. The stories are all discovered by the individual producers, but then workshopped among the producers as well as with our host, Lauren.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Before shooting begins, the producers do a lot of research so we can anticipate what’s going to happen when we get out there. That means understanding whatever animals we’re filming as well as the conditions we’ll be filming in. We go in with a plan for getting what we need for the show, but, that said, nature is always surprising! Sometimes we have to scrap the plan and work on the fly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Macro cinematography works best when you can control the conditions. That’s a tall order in the wild. Often we’re working in a scientist’s lab or in our studio at KQED, where we have the best chance of controlling the things that can work against you on a shoot, like light, temperature and weather. Sometimes we build little sets for the critters that mimic natural conditions that allow us to capture their behaviors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Doing this type of cinematography is incredibly difficult. It’s also not always the kind of thing where we can look into the camera as we’re filming and know that we got our shot. Often we don’t even know until we are sitting in the edit room and looking at the footage. That’s when we know we can pull together a show.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1648117\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1648117\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Elliott Kennerson checks out footage from our episode about decorator crabs. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Elliott Kennerson, \u003cem>Deep Look’s\u003c/em> post-production supervisor, checks out footage from our episode about decorator crabs. \u003ccite>(Mike Elwell/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Check out our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/08/16/behind-the-scenes-with-deep-look-caddisflies/\">first Behind the Scenes episode\u003c/a> for more insider information on camera tricks and water, and be sure to watch the crabs due their fashion thing: \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/05/09/decorator-crabs-make-high-fashion-at-low-tide/\">“Decorator Crabs Make High Fashion at Low Tide.”\u003c/a> Watch new videos twice a month and show us some love by \u003ca href=\"http://goo.gl/8NwXqt\">subscribing to \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> on YouTube.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1648115\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1648115\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Elliott Kennerson, Gabriela Quirós and Josh Cassidy at table\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Elliott Kennerson, Gabriela Quirós and Josh Cassidy are the three producers for KQED’s \u003cem>Deep Look.\u003c/em> \u003ccite>(Mike Elwell/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Deep Look’s\u003c/em> core production team includes: \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/craig-rosa/\">Craig Rosa,\u003c/a> series producer; \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/laurensommer/\">Lauren Sommer,\u003c/a> host and writer; \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/gabriela-quiros/\">Gabriela Quirós,\u003c/a> coordinating producer; \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/joshua-cassidy/\">Josh Cassidy,\u003c/a> lead producer and cinematographer; and \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/ekennerson/\">Elliott Kennerson,\u003c/a> producer and post-production coordinator. In addition, each episode is accompanied by an original musical score by \u003ca href=\"http://www.sethgsamuel.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Seth G. Samuel\u003c/a> as well as additional editing and motion graphics by \u003ca href=\"http://www.sneakylittlesister.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kia Simon.\u003c/a> Many episodes also feature animations by Teodros Hailye. The original story idea for the episode about decorator crabs came from \u003cem>Deep Look’s\u003c/em> intern Jacob Shea, a student at the University of California at Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "Behind the Scenes With Deep Look: The Diva Decorator Crabs | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> has been exploring big scientific mysteries and revealing the unseen at the edge of our visible word since 2014. In early 2017, \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> welcomed a new host: \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/laurensommer/\">Lauren Sommer,\u003c/a> an award-winning KQED radio reporter who can make the most obscure science concepts clear and entertaining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lauren and key members of the \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> team give fans a behind-the-scenes look at what goes into crafting their weirdly wonderful videos. Below are highlights from interviews conducted while the team was shooting \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/05/09/decorator-crabs-make-high-fashion-at-low-tide/\">“Decorator Crabs Make High Fashion at Low Tide.”\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1648114\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1648114\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Deep Look producer Gabriela Quirós and cinematographer Josh Cassidy film biologist Jay Stachowicz\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> producer Gabriela Quirós and cinematographer Josh Cassidy follow biologist Jay Stachowicz as he heads out to collect crabs for his research at the University of California, Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory, in Bodega Bay. \u003ccite>(Shelley Pearson Cranshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lauren Sommer, Host and Writer\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> is all about the wonder in the natural world. There are so many surprising, weird and beautiful stories to uncover, even in things we encounter every day. You don’t have to be interested in science to find a \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> episode that’s captivating.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The producers come back with these really incredible images from the field. And I work with them on shaping the story and finding what the really fascinating tidbits are to highlight for our viewers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of my favorite things about \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> is that we ask how and why things happen at a very tiny scale. And from that, we discover some incredible universal truths that you never would think would be there. We usually end up tapping into our own human experience or things that all organisms on the planet share. You probably wouldn’t think you have a lot in common with a \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/08/23/sea-urchins-pull-themselves-inside-out-to-be-reborn/\">sea urchin\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/10/04/for-these-tiny-spiders-its-sing-or-get-served/\">spider,\u003c/a> but you’d be surprised.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a radio reporter, I’m usually out in the field solo, gathering interviews and finding news. It’s been a lot of fun collaborating on writing scripts and shaping stories. I cover major science news stories like droughts and floods, so sometimes it’s nice to think about lighter things like an \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/02/14/if-your-hands-could-smell-youd-be-an-octopus/\">octopus’s suckers,\u003c/a> finessing the . . . um . . . ‘action’ between \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/03/14/everything-you-never-wanted-to-know-about-snail-sex/\">two garden snails\u003c/a> or a decorator crab’s \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/05/09/decorator-crabs-make-high-fashion-at-low-tide/\">latest bling.\u003c/a>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1648231\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1648231\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Lauren Sommer goes over narration with producer Gabriela Quirós. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Before recording narration for an episode on decorator crabs, \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> host Lauren Sommer goes over narration with producer Gabriela Quirós. \u003ccite>(Mike Elwell/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gabriela Quirós, Coordinating Producer\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We aim to develop a story with characters and a narrative arc. We treat animals, or plants, as characters and try to figure out what they want, who or what is keeping them from getting what they want, and how they go about getting around these obstacles to achieve their goals. We want our stories to be as dramatic as possible, while remaining accurate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The main challenge of producing \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> is that animals and plants are on their own schedules. When we went out to film the decorator crabs, we waited almost two full days, and in the afternoon of the second day, they finally decorated for a total of about 15 minutes. Here’s an interesting fact that didn’t make it into the video: When decorator crabs outgrow their shells and molt, they sometimes transfer seaweed and anemones from their old shells to their new shells. So even decorator crabs can’t seem to let some old outfits go!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Inevitably, there’s that moment when you’re looking through the camera lens, and you see the animal or plant doing that thing that the scientists described, and it’s so fantastic. I really hope that what we’re conveying to viewers is, ‘Look how amazing the natural world is!’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1661669\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1661669\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-800x699.jpg\" alt=\"Gabriela Quirós and Josh Cassidy set up the tank to film. \" width=\"800\" height=\"699\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-800x699.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-160x140.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-768x671.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-1020x891.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-1180x1031.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-960x839.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-240x210.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-375x328.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-520x454.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI.jpg 1236w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> producer Gabriela Quirós and cinematographer Josh Cassidy set up the tank to film a moss crab at the University of California, Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory, in Bodega Bay, California. \u003ccite>(Shelley Pearson Cranshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Josh Cassidy, Lead Producer and Cinematographer\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We really like answering a big scientific question by zooming in on our subject, like decorator crabs. When you look at a decorator crab’s shells with your naked eye, the shells look kind of fuzzy, but with the macro lens you can zoom in and really see the hooks that hold the kelp, which look a lot like Velcro.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Filming in the wild is always fun and always super challenging. The tide pools are a perfect example of a place that’s constantly changing. The waves can be coming in, and you can never really focus completely on whatever it is you’re filming. I have to keep at least one eye on the waves to make sure I don’t get swept out. I’ve spent a couple of very short trips into the ocean with my camera equipment and, of course, nothing can wreck electronics and optical equipment quite like sea water!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In this line of work, it’s always the instant that you look away when the action happens, so you have to stay focused. It was a great feeling to finally catch that whimsical moment when the crab started to get dressed like it was about to go out on the town. After a while they become their own little walking ecosystems. Nature is full of surprises.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1648116\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1648116\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Josh Cassidy films a moss crab \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> cinematographer Josh Cassidy films a moss crab at the University of California, Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory, in Bodega Bay, California. \u003ccite>(Shelley Pearson Cranshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nElliott Kennerson, Producer and Post-Production Coordinator\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We love to create a sense of magic and wonder around nature; it’s really a collaborative show. The stories are all discovered by the individual producers, but then workshopped among the producers as well as with our host, Lauren.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Before shooting begins, the producers do a lot of research so we can anticipate what’s going to happen when we get out there. That means understanding whatever animals we’re filming as well as the conditions we’ll be filming in. We go in with a plan for getting what we need for the show, but, that said, nature is always surprising! Sometimes we have to scrap the plan and work on the fly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Macro cinematography works best when you can control the conditions. That’s a tall order in the wild. Often we’re working in a scientist’s lab or in our studio at KQED, where we have the best chance of controlling the things that can work against you on a shoot, like light, temperature and weather. Sometimes we build little sets for the critters that mimic natural conditions that allow us to capture their behaviors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Doing this type of cinematography is incredibly difficult. It’s also not always the kind of thing where we can look into the camera as we’re filming and know that we got our shot. Often we don’t even know until we are sitting in the edit room and looking at the footage. That’s when we know we can pull together a show.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1648117\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1648117\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Elliott Kennerson checks out footage from our episode about decorator crabs. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Elliott Kennerson, \u003cem>Deep Look’s\u003c/em> post-production supervisor, checks out footage from our episode about decorator crabs. \u003ccite>(Mike Elwell/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Check out our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/08/16/behind-the-scenes-with-deep-look-caddisflies/\">first Behind the Scenes episode\u003c/a> for more insider information on camera tricks and water, and be sure to watch the crabs due their fashion thing: \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/05/09/decorator-crabs-make-high-fashion-at-low-tide/\">“Decorator Crabs Make High Fashion at Low Tide.”\u003c/a> Watch new videos twice a month and show us some love by \u003ca href=\"http://goo.gl/8NwXqt\">subscribing to \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> on YouTube.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1648115\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1648115\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Elliott Kennerson, Gabriela Quirós and Josh Cassidy at table\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Elliott Kennerson, Gabriela Quirós and Josh Cassidy are the three producers for KQED’s \u003cem>Deep Look.\u003c/em> \u003ccite>(Mike Elwell/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Deep Look’s\u003c/em> core production team includes: \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/craig-rosa/\">Craig Rosa,\u003c/a> series producer; \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/laurensommer/\">Lauren Sommer,\u003c/a> host and writer; \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/gabriela-quiros/\">Gabriela Quirós,\u003c/a> coordinating producer; \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/joshua-cassidy/\">Josh Cassidy,\u003c/a> lead producer and cinematographer; and \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/ekennerson/\">Elliott Kennerson,\u003c/a> producer and post-production coordinator. In addition, each episode is accompanied by an original musical score by \u003ca href=\"http://www.sethgsamuel.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Seth G. Samuel\u003c/a> as well as additional editing and motion graphics by \u003ca href=\"http://www.sneakylittlesister.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kia Simon.\u003c/a> Many episodes also feature animations by Teodros Hailye. The original story idea for the episode about decorator crabs came from \u003cem>Deep Look’s\u003c/em> intern Jacob Shea, a student at the University of California at Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Decorator Crabs Make High Fashion at Low Tide",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]As fans of the hit TV show \u003ca href=\"http://www.mylifetime.com/shows/project-runway?cmpid=paidsearch_M_Project+Runway&s_kwcid=AL!4852!10!16483475610!27099212686&ef_id=UFi7rwAASzIeOQTn:20170501234242:s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Project Runway\u003c/a> know, in fashion one day you’re in, and the next day you’re out. Nowhere is this truer than in the animal kingdom. One minute you’re a crab minding your own business in a tide pool, and the next, you’re a seagull’s snack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unless you’re a decorator crab, that is, and you use this season’s seaweed to save your life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are nearly 700 species of decorator crabs around the world—about a dozen of them in California, where they live in tide pools and kelp forests. They camouflage by decorating their heads, or their entire bodies depending on the species, with pieces of seaweed, anemones or other materials around them, which they attach securely to a natural Velcro that grows right on their bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not a glue or anything; they have these hooked hairs all over their shells,” said \u003ca href=\"https://stachlab.wordpress.com/people/jay-stachowicz/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">biologist Jay Stachowicz\u003c/a>, who studies decorator crabs at the University of California, Davis. “Through microscope photography we can see that it looks just like Velcro, except probably even better, even more hooked.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These golden-colored hairs are thick and curled to form long rows. Some species of decorator crabs have these rows of hooked hairs only on their heads; others, on their entire bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1604726\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_HOOKS_UNDER_MICROSCOPE.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1604726\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_HOOKS_UNDER_MICROSCOPE.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_HOOKS_UNDER_MICROSCOPE.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_HOOKS_UNDER_MICROSCOPE-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_HOOKS_UNDER_MICROSCOPE-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_HOOKS_UNDER_MICROSCOPE-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_HOOKS_UNDER_MICROSCOPE-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_HOOKS_UNDER_MICROSCOPE-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_HOOKS_UNDER_MICROSCOPE-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_HOOKS_UNDER_MICROSCOPE-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_HOOKS_UNDER_MICROSCOPE-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_HOOKS_UNDER_MICROSCOPE-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Decorator crabs have Velcro-like hooked hairs on their shell into which they tuck pieces of seaweed that help them camouflage. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Crabs have been evolving this unique way of camouflaging for millions of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the arguments for how it came to be is that it started as a food storage behavior,” said Stachowicz. “Then by accident somebody stuck something on them that wasn’t that good to eat, but it made them much less likely to be eaten. And so it was successful and went on from there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At his lab at \u003ca href=\"http://bml.ucdavis.edu/\">UC Davis’ Bodega Marine Lab\u003c/a> in Bodega Bay, Stachowicz collects crabs off the coast, places them in tanks, gives them some seaweed and watches them go to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1604727\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_BIOLOGIST_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1604727\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_BIOLOGIST_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_BIOLOGIST_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_BIOLOGIST_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_BIOLOGIST_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_BIOLOGIST_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_BIOLOGIST_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_BIOLOGIST_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_BIOLOGIST_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_BIOLOGIST_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_BIOLOGIST_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_BIOLOGIST_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Biologist Jay Stachowicz points to the tide pools next to the University of California, Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory, in Bodega Bay, California, one of the places where he collects decorator crabs for his research. \u003ccite>(Gabriela Quirós/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The process is more exciting than watching Project Runway contestants create their confections, if you consider that the crabs are making it work with much simpler tools than the designers. And the stakes are much higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1604725\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_PUGETTIA_RICHII_DECORATES_720.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1604725\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_PUGETTIA_RICHII_DECORATES_720.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The top of a Cryptic kelp crab’s head is covered in thick, curled hairs onto which it attaches pieces of seaweed to camouflage. The seaweed covers two antennae located below the crab’s head that flutter constantly and could call the attention of predators. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1604732\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_PUGETTIA_RICHII_PROFILE.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1604732\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_PUGETTIA_RICHII_PROFILE.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_PUGETTIA_RICHII_PROFILE.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_PUGETTIA_RICHII_PROFILE-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_PUGETTIA_RICHII_PROFILE-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_PUGETTIA_RICHII_PROFILE-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_PUGETTIA_RICHII_PROFILE-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_PUGETTIA_RICHII_PROFILE-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_PUGETTIA_RICHII_PROFILE-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_PUGETTIA_RICHII_PROFILE-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_PUGETTIA_RICHII_PROFILE-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_PUGETTIA_RICHII_PROFILE-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This Cryptic kelp crab has made itself a hat out of purple seaweed. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A pink Cryptic kelp crab cuts a piece of purple seaweed with one of its claws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For smaller crabs in particular, it’s important that the algae be small enough to fit within the rows of hooked hairs,” said Stachowicz. “So very small, slender seaweed or sheet-like seaweeds are often chosen because they attach well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the crab holds the piece of seaweed above its head, the only part of its body where it has hooked hairs—four rows of them, up and down its long nose. It moves the piece of seaweed back and forth, until it’s tightly wedged inside the hooks. The crab gives the seaweed a little tug with one claw, and sure enough, the seaweed stays put. Then it repeats the process, but on the other side of its nose. The result is a “hat” of bushy seaweed that protrudes beyond its head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the seaweed, the crab is concealing two of its four antennae, short protuberances located near its mouth. These antennae are constantly aflutter. The crab uses them to smell, and they could call the attention of predators even when the crab remains still. By hiding the movement of the antennae, the seaweed visor protects the crab from birds pecking around in the tide pools and aquatic predators like fish and octopuses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crabs like this Cryptic kelp crab might be able to make do with decorating just their heads. That’s because they have another way of camouflaging: their shells can change color to mimic the algae around them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But other crabs have to rely solely on decorating for their protection and have evolved hooked hairs all over their bodies. They’re what Stachowicz calls “extreme” decorators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1604724\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_LOXORHYNCHUS_CRISPATUS_DECORATES_720.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1604724\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_LOXORHYNCHUS_CRISPATUS_DECORATES_720.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A moss crab attaches a piece of seaweed to its head to camouflage against predators. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The moss crab, for example, is so covered in greenish golden hairs that it looks like a Barbie-sized furry toy robot. Some of its many hairs aren’t made specifically for holding seaweed. They have sensation in them so that when the crab moves its claw back and forth in front of its head, the hairs below the claw help it sense that its face is uncovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the moss crab gets to work creating itself a suitable outfit. It breaks off a piece of pink algae. Then it slides it in and out of its mouth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By ‘tasting’ the item, they can identify whether it is something they perceive as food or decoration,” said Stachowicz. “In some decorators, chemically nasty items are sensed this way and used as decoration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1604729\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_STRAWBERRY_ANEMONE_ON_LOXORHYNCHUS_CRISPATUS_CRAB.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1604729\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_STRAWBERRY_ANEMONE_ON_LOXORHYNCHUS_CRISPATUS_CRAB.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_STRAWBERRY_ANEMONE_ON_LOXORHYNCHUS_CRISPATUS_CRAB.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_STRAWBERRY_ANEMONE_ON_LOXORHYNCHUS_CRISPATUS_CRAB-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_STRAWBERRY_ANEMONE_ON_LOXORHYNCHUS_CRISPATUS_CRAB-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_STRAWBERRY_ANEMONE_ON_LOXORHYNCHUS_CRISPATUS_CRAB-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_STRAWBERRY_ANEMONE_ON_LOXORHYNCHUS_CRISPATUS_CRAB-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_STRAWBERRY_ANEMONE_ON_LOXORHYNCHUS_CRISPATUS_CRAB-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_STRAWBERRY_ANEMONE_ON_LOXORHYNCHUS_CRISPATUS_CRAB-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_STRAWBERRY_ANEMONE_ON_LOXORHYNCHUS_CRISPATUS_CRAB-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_STRAWBERRY_ANEMONE_ON_LOXORHYNCHUS_CRISPATUS_CRAB-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_STRAWBERRY_ANEMONE_ON_LOXORHYNCHUS_CRISPATUS_CRAB-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A strawberry anemone grows on a moss crab in Bodega Bay, California. Anemones have stingers that keep predators away from the crab. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Moss crabs like the one that Stachowicz has collected also decorate themselves with strawberry anemones, bright-orange animals that provide the crab extra protection by warding off predators with their stingers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over time, the anemones and seaweed can grow and spread on the crab’s shell, fed by nutrients from the crab itself. The fanciful outfit can become a heavy load; but ultimately, it’s worth it. Being fabulous just might save the crab’s life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Jacob Shea and Elliott Kennerson contributed reporting.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>As fans of the hit TV show \u003ca href=\"http://www.mylifetime.com/shows/project-runway?cmpid=paidsearch_M_Project+Runway&s_kwcid=AL!4852!10!16483475610!27099212686&ef_id=UFi7rwAASzIeOQTn:20170501234242:s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Project Runway\u003c/a> know, in fashion one day you’re in, and the next day you’re out. Nowhere is this truer than in the animal kingdom. One minute you’re a crab minding your own business in a tide pool, and the next, you’re a seagull’s snack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unless you’re a decorator crab, that is, and you use this season’s seaweed to save your life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are nearly 700 species of decorator crabs around the world—about a dozen of them in California, where they live in tide pools and kelp forests. They camouflage by decorating their heads, or their entire bodies depending on the species, with pieces of seaweed, anemones or other materials around them, which they attach securely to a natural Velcro that grows right on their bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not a glue or anything; they have these hooked hairs all over their shells,” said \u003ca href=\"https://stachlab.wordpress.com/people/jay-stachowicz/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">biologist Jay Stachowicz\u003c/a>, who studies decorator crabs at the University of California, Davis. “Through microscope photography we can see that it looks just like Velcro, except probably even better, even more hooked.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These golden-colored hairs are thick and curled to form long rows. Some species of decorator crabs have these rows of hooked hairs only on their heads; others, on their entire bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1604726\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_HOOKS_UNDER_MICROSCOPE.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1604726\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_HOOKS_UNDER_MICROSCOPE.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_HOOKS_UNDER_MICROSCOPE.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_HOOKS_UNDER_MICROSCOPE-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_HOOKS_UNDER_MICROSCOPE-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_HOOKS_UNDER_MICROSCOPE-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_HOOKS_UNDER_MICROSCOPE-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_HOOKS_UNDER_MICROSCOPE-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_HOOKS_UNDER_MICROSCOPE-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_HOOKS_UNDER_MICROSCOPE-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_HOOKS_UNDER_MICROSCOPE-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_HOOKS_UNDER_MICROSCOPE-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Decorator crabs have Velcro-like hooked hairs on their shell into which they tuck pieces of seaweed that help them camouflage. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Crabs have been evolving this unique way of camouflaging for millions of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the arguments for how it came to be is that it started as a food storage behavior,” said Stachowicz. “Then by accident somebody stuck something on them that wasn’t that good to eat, but it made them much less likely to be eaten. And so it was successful and went on from there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At his lab at \u003ca href=\"http://bml.ucdavis.edu/\">UC Davis’ Bodega Marine Lab\u003c/a> in Bodega Bay, Stachowicz collects crabs off the coast, places them in tanks, gives them some seaweed and watches them go to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1604727\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_BIOLOGIST_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1604727\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_BIOLOGIST_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_BIOLOGIST_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_BIOLOGIST_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_BIOLOGIST_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_BIOLOGIST_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_BIOLOGIST_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_BIOLOGIST_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_BIOLOGIST_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_BIOLOGIST_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_BIOLOGIST_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_BIOLOGIST_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Biologist Jay Stachowicz points to the tide pools next to the University of California, Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory, in Bodega Bay, California, one of the places where he collects decorator crabs for his research. \u003ccite>(Gabriela Quirós/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The process is more exciting than watching Project Runway contestants create their confections, if you consider that the crabs are making it work with much simpler tools than the designers. And the stakes are much higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1604725\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_PUGETTIA_RICHII_DECORATES_720.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1604725\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_PUGETTIA_RICHII_DECORATES_720.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The top of a Cryptic kelp crab’s head is covered in thick, curled hairs onto which it attaches pieces of seaweed to camouflage. The seaweed covers two antennae located below the crab’s head that flutter constantly and could call the attention of predators. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1604732\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_PUGETTIA_RICHII_PROFILE.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1604732\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_PUGETTIA_RICHII_PROFILE.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_PUGETTIA_RICHII_PROFILE.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_PUGETTIA_RICHII_PROFILE-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_PUGETTIA_RICHII_PROFILE-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_PUGETTIA_RICHII_PROFILE-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_PUGETTIA_RICHII_PROFILE-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_PUGETTIA_RICHII_PROFILE-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_PUGETTIA_RICHII_PROFILE-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_PUGETTIA_RICHII_PROFILE-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_PUGETTIA_RICHII_PROFILE-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_PUGETTIA_RICHII_PROFILE-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This Cryptic kelp crab has made itself a hat out of purple seaweed. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A pink Cryptic kelp crab cuts a piece of purple seaweed with one of its claws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For smaller crabs in particular, it’s important that the algae be small enough to fit within the rows of hooked hairs,” said Stachowicz. “So very small, slender seaweed or sheet-like seaweeds are often chosen because they attach well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the crab holds the piece of seaweed above its head, the only part of its body where it has hooked hairs—four rows of them, up and down its long nose. It moves the piece of seaweed back and forth, until it’s tightly wedged inside the hooks. The crab gives the seaweed a little tug with one claw, and sure enough, the seaweed stays put. Then it repeats the process, but on the other side of its nose. The result is a “hat” of bushy seaweed that protrudes beyond its head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the seaweed, the crab is concealing two of its four antennae, short protuberances located near its mouth. These antennae are constantly aflutter. The crab uses them to smell, and they could call the attention of predators even when the crab remains still. By hiding the movement of the antennae, the seaweed visor protects the crab from birds pecking around in the tide pools and aquatic predators like fish and octopuses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crabs like this Cryptic kelp crab might be able to make do with decorating just their heads. That’s because they have another way of camouflaging: their shells can change color to mimic the algae around them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But other crabs have to rely solely on decorating for their protection and have evolved hooked hairs all over their bodies. They’re what Stachowicz calls “extreme” decorators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1604724\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_LOXORHYNCHUS_CRISPATUS_DECORATES_720.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1604724\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_LOXORHYNCHUS_CRISPATUS_DECORATES_720.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A moss crab attaches a piece of seaweed to its head to camouflage against predators. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The moss crab, for example, is so covered in greenish golden hairs that it looks like a Barbie-sized furry toy robot. Some of its many hairs aren’t made specifically for holding seaweed. They have sensation in them so that when the crab moves its claw back and forth in front of its head, the hairs below the claw help it sense that its face is uncovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the moss crab gets to work creating itself a suitable outfit. It breaks off a piece of pink algae. Then it slides it in and out of its mouth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By ‘tasting’ the item, they can identify whether it is something they perceive as food or decoration,” said Stachowicz. “In some decorators, chemically nasty items are sensed this way and used as decoration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1604729\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_STRAWBERRY_ANEMONE_ON_LOXORHYNCHUS_CRISPATUS_CRAB.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1604729\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_STRAWBERRY_ANEMONE_ON_LOXORHYNCHUS_CRISPATUS_CRAB.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_STRAWBERRY_ANEMONE_ON_LOXORHYNCHUS_CRISPATUS_CRAB.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_STRAWBERRY_ANEMONE_ON_LOXORHYNCHUS_CRISPATUS_CRAB-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_STRAWBERRY_ANEMONE_ON_LOXORHYNCHUS_CRISPATUS_CRAB-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_STRAWBERRY_ANEMONE_ON_LOXORHYNCHUS_CRISPATUS_CRAB-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_STRAWBERRY_ANEMONE_ON_LOXORHYNCHUS_CRISPATUS_CRAB-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_STRAWBERRY_ANEMONE_ON_LOXORHYNCHUS_CRISPATUS_CRAB-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_STRAWBERRY_ANEMONE_ON_LOXORHYNCHUS_CRISPATUS_CRAB-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_STRAWBERRY_ANEMONE_ON_LOXORHYNCHUS_CRISPATUS_CRAB-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_STRAWBERRY_ANEMONE_ON_LOXORHYNCHUS_CRISPATUS_CRAB-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_410DecoratorCrabs_STRAWBERRY_ANEMONE_ON_LOXORHYNCHUS_CRISPATUS_CRAB-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A strawberry anemone grows on a moss crab in Bodega Bay, California. Anemones have stingers that keep predators away from the crab. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Moss crabs like the one that Stachowicz has collected also decorate themselves with strawberry anemones, bright-orange animals that provide the crab extra protection by warding off predators with their stingers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over time, the anemones and seaweed can grow and spread on the crab’s shell, fed by nutrients from the crab itself. The fanciful outfit can become a heavy load; but ultimately, it’s worth it. Being fabulous just might save the crab’s life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Jacob Shea and Elliott Kennerson contributed reporting.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Trump Signs Executive Order on Offshore Drilling, Marine Sanctuaries",
"headTitle": "Trump Signs Executive Order on Offshore Drilling, Marine Sanctuaries | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>President Trump \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/04/28/presidential-executive-order-implementing-america-first-offshore-energy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">signed an executive orde\u003c/a>r Friday that aims to expand offshore drilling for oil and gas, in a move welcomed by the oil and gas industry and greeted with alarm by environmental groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Renewed offshore energy production will reduce the cost of energy, create countless new jobs, and make America more secure and far more energy independent,” Trump said before signing the document. He said previous restrictions on exploration and production deprive the U.S. of “potentially thousands and thousands of jobs and billions of dollars in wealth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/525959808/525970331\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nThe order directs Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke to review a five-year plan in which President Obama banned drilling in parts of the Pacific, Arctic, and Atlantic Oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the parts of the order that could affect California is a provision that \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/2017/04/28/new-oil-drilling-off-california-coast-trump-signs-order-seeking-to-expand-drilling/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">requires the Secretary of Commerce to review\u003c/a> any new or expanded national marine sanctuaries over the last 10 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015 president Obama \u003ca href=\"http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/news/press/2015/california-expansion.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">doubled the size of Cordell Bank and Gulf of the Farallones\u003c/a> national marine sanctuaries off northern California, extending them from Bodega Bay to about 50 miles north to Point Arena in Mendocino County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If those were undone, that could leave that part of the Sonoma coast open to new oil drilling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has not had any new offshore oil leases allowed in federal waters since 1984. And \u003ca href=\"http://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/6934371-181/trumps-move-to-expand-offshore?artslide=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">opponents, including Senator Dianne Feinstein, have promised to fight\u003c/a> any attempts to open up the state’s coastline to new drilling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zinke told reporters Thursday night that will be a long process, and a complex one, acknowledging that not all areas have oil or gas, and not all coastal communities want offshore drilling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Zinke said revenue from offshore leasing had dropped by $15 billion during the Obama administration, with some of that due to the dropping price of oil, “but not all of it.” He added that 94 percent of the nation’s outer continental shelf is currently off limits for development of any kind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oil and gas industry is enthusiastic about today’s executive order. In a statement, Jack Gerard of the American Petroleum Institute said expanding drilling in the Eastern Gulf of Mexico in particular “could create thousands of jobs and provide billions of dollars in government revenue.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the Atlantic coast, though, more than 100 cities and towns have passed resolutions against offshore drilling. In Kure Beach, N.C., Mayor Emilie Swearingen said tourism is the second largest industry in the state. “We don’t want the devastation from an oil spill,” she said. “It’s not whether it would happen, but when it would happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>George Edwardson, president of the Inupiat Community of the Arctic Slope, said his council may consider filing suit at some point to challenge an expansion of offshore drilling. “Most of our food comes from the ocean,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zinke told reporters the administration will not remove the “stringent environmental safeguards already in place.” He also said he was optimistic about the development of offshore wind energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Obama administration’s drilling bans will remain in place for now. But even if they are eventually rolled back, there are questions about how effective the executive order will be in spurring new drilling. The price of oil is relatively low, hovering at about $50 a barrel, and offshore drilling is an expensive endeavor, especially in places like the Arctic. When asked whether the administration had been approached by any companies interested in drilling in the Arctic, Zinke said, “No.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also not clear whether the Trump administration can reverse a separate offshore drilling ban that Obama announced a month before leaving office. He used an obscure provision of the 1953 \u003ca href=\"https://www.boem.gov/Outer-Continental-Shelf-Lands-Act/\">Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act\u003c/a> to issue what he called a permanent ban on offshore drilling in large parts of the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans. Obama administration officials said at the time that the law had no provision to reverse such a ban. When asked about this, Zinke said only that “everything” is under review, and “whatever recommendation I make I’m sure we’ll have the legal authority to complete it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During Trump’s remarks, he stressed that the executive order “reverses the previous administration’s Arctic leasing ban.” The full text of the order has not yet been released.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The environmental group Oceana described expanding offshore drilling as a “huge, bad stupid mistake.” In a statement, the group’s Senior Vice President for U.S. Oceans Jacqueline Savitz said Trump was siding “with his oil industry allies, in a move disguised as a job creator.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The executive order also imposes a halt on designating or expanding any National Marine Sanctuary, unless the action “includes a timely, full accounting from the Department of the Interior of any energy or mineral resource potential in the designated area.” Zinke says the administration will have 180 days to review all such designations and expansions over the past decade. He likened this to another executive order this week that directs a review of national monuments on public lands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year Obama made headlines when he quadrupled the size of a marine sanctuary in Hawaii. He also created the Atlantic Ocean’s first marine monument, preserving roughly 130 miles of sea canyons and underwater mountains off New England.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Trump+Signs+Executive+Order+On+Offshore+Drilling+And+Marine+Sanctuaries&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>KQED producers contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "President Trump signed an executive order Friday that aims to expand offshore drilling for oil and gas, in a move welcomed by the oil and gas industry and greeted with alarm by environmental groups.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>President Trump \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/04/28/presidential-executive-order-implementing-america-first-offshore-energy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">signed an executive orde\u003c/a>r Friday that aims to expand offshore drilling for oil and gas, in a move welcomed by the oil and gas industry and greeted with alarm by environmental groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Renewed offshore energy production will reduce the cost of energy, create countless new jobs, and make America more secure and far more energy independent,” Trump said before signing the document. He said previous restrictions on exploration and production deprive the U.S. of “potentially thousands and thousands of jobs and billions of dollars in wealth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/525959808/525970331\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nThe order directs Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke to review a five-year plan in which President Obama banned drilling in parts of the Pacific, Arctic, and Atlantic Oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the parts of the order that could affect California is a provision that \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/2017/04/28/new-oil-drilling-off-california-coast-trump-signs-order-seeking-to-expand-drilling/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">requires the Secretary of Commerce to review\u003c/a> any new or expanded national marine sanctuaries over the last 10 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015 president Obama \u003ca href=\"http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/news/press/2015/california-expansion.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">doubled the size of Cordell Bank and Gulf of the Farallones\u003c/a> national marine sanctuaries off northern California, extending them from Bodega Bay to about 50 miles north to Point Arena in Mendocino County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If those were undone, that could leave that part of the Sonoma coast open to new oil drilling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has not had any new offshore oil leases allowed in federal waters since 1984. And \u003ca href=\"http://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/6934371-181/trumps-move-to-expand-offshore?artslide=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">opponents, including Senator Dianne Feinstein, have promised to fight\u003c/a> any attempts to open up the state’s coastline to new drilling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zinke told reporters Thursday night that will be a long process, and a complex one, acknowledging that not all areas have oil or gas, and not all coastal communities want offshore drilling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Zinke said revenue from offshore leasing had dropped by $15 billion during the Obama administration, with some of that due to the dropping price of oil, “but not all of it.” He added that 94 percent of the nation’s outer continental shelf is currently off limits for development of any kind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oil and gas industry is enthusiastic about today’s executive order. In a statement, Jack Gerard of the American Petroleum Institute said expanding drilling in the Eastern Gulf of Mexico in particular “could create thousands of jobs and provide billions of dollars in government revenue.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the Atlantic coast, though, more than 100 cities and towns have passed resolutions against offshore drilling. In Kure Beach, N.C., Mayor Emilie Swearingen said tourism is the second largest industry in the state. “We don’t want the devastation from an oil spill,” she said. “It’s not whether it would happen, but when it would happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>George Edwardson, president of the Inupiat Community of the Arctic Slope, said his council may consider filing suit at some point to challenge an expansion of offshore drilling. “Most of our food comes from the ocean,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zinke told reporters the administration will not remove the “stringent environmental safeguards already in place.” He also said he was optimistic about the development of offshore wind energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Obama administration’s drilling bans will remain in place for now. But even if they are eventually rolled back, there are questions about how effective the executive order will be in spurring new drilling. The price of oil is relatively low, hovering at about $50 a barrel, and offshore drilling is an expensive endeavor, especially in places like the Arctic. When asked whether the administration had been approached by any companies interested in drilling in the Arctic, Zinke said, “No.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also not clear whether the Trump administration can reverse a separate offshore drilling ban that Obama announced a month before leaving office. He used an obscure provision of the 1953 \u003ca href=\"https://www.boem.gov/Outer-Continental-Shelf-Lands-Act/\">Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act\u003c/a> to issue what he called a permanent ban on offshore drilling in large parts of the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans. Obama administration officials said at the time that the law had no provision to reverse such a ban. When asked about this, Zinke said only that “everything” is under review, and “whatever recommendation I make I’m sure we’ll have the legal authority to complete it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During Trump’s remarks, he stressed that the executive order “reverses the previous administration’s Arctic leasing ban.” The full text of the order has not yet been released.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The environmental group Oceana described expanding offshore drilling as a “huge, bad stupid mistake.” In a statement, the group’s Senior Vice President for U.S. Oceans Jacqueline Savitz said Trump was siding “with his oil industry allies, in a move disguised as a job creator.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The executive order also imposes a halt on designating or expanding any National Marine Sanctuary, unless the action “includes a timely, full accounting from the Department of the Interior of any energy or mineral resource potential in the designated area.” Zinke says the administration will have 180 days to review all such designations and expansions over the past decade. He likened this to another executive order this week that directs a review of national monuments on public lands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year Obama made headlines when he quadrupled the size of a marine sanctuary in Hawaii. He also created the Atlantic Ocean’s first marine monument, preserving roughly 130 miles of sea canyons and underwater mountains off New England.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Trump+Signs+Executive+Order+On+Offshore+Drilling+And+Marine+Sanctuaries&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>KQED producers contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "volunteer-brown-pelican-count-aims-to-measure-recovery-of-once-endangered-birds",
"title": "How Do Pelicans Survive Their Death-Defying Dives?",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]California’s brown pelicans are coming back — you can count on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the second year running, \u003ca href=\"http://ca.audubon.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Audubon California\u003c/a> is organizing a survey of the Pacific coast’s brown pelican population. The semi-annual counts, aimed at tracking the bird’s erratic recovery from near-extinction, will take place on May 6 and September 9 at sites from Washington State to Tijuana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dates bookend the birds’ annual journey from their breeding grounds in Baja California and the Channel Islands to roosting sites along the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1576116\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-pelican-diving-1080p-CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1576116\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-pelican-diving-1080p-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"A brown pelican dives for fish off the Farallon Islands.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-pelican-diving-1080p-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-pelican-diving-1080p-CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-pelican-diving-1080p-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-pelican-diving-1080p-CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-pelican-diving-1080p-CC.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-pelican-diving-1080p-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-pelican-diving-1080p-CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-pelican-diving-1080p-CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-pelican-diving-1080p-CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-pelican-diving-1080p-CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A brown pelican dives for fish off the Farallon Islands. \u003ccite>(Judy Irving / Pelican Media)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The survey is a snapshot in time of the pelicans on their migration,” said Cindy Margulis, executive director of the \u003ca href=\"https://goldengateaudubon.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Golden Gate Audubon Society\u003c/a> in Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A joint effort of Audubon, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and \u003ca href=\"http://ebird.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">eBird.com\u003c/a>, the survey tallies only brown pelicans, the ocean-going ones who are regularly seen plunging for fish at sundown around San Francisco Bay and along the Pacific coast in the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ca.audubon.org/brownpelicansurvey\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The counts\u003c/a> lean heavily on volunteer “citizen scientists” who will report their findings on eBird.com, a website that makes user-submitted bird-watching data available to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One aim of the survey is to get a more complete picture of brown pelicans’ recovery since they \u003ca href=\"https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp0/profile/speciesProfile?spcode=B02L\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">were removed from the endangered species list in 2009\u003c/a>. The most recent population estimates —150,000 individuals of the Pacific subspecies and 650,000 of all brown pelicans worldwide — are more than ten years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1576118\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-pelican-turning-720.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1576118\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-pelican-turning-720.gif\" alt='\"Baja\" is a brown pelican in permanent captivity at Wildcare in San Rafael.' width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">“Baja” is a brown pelican in permanent captivity at Wildcare in San Rafael. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A lot has a happened since then.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pelicans are one of the many bird species pushed to the brink of extinction by the pesticide \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/ingredients-used-pesticide-products/ddt-brief-history-and-status\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DDT,\u003c/a> which went into agricultural use in the 1940’s. The pesticide renders bird eggs brittle, leading the adults to fatally crush unborn chicks in the nest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Things got so bad for pelicans, according to U.S. Fish and Wildlife, that only a single chick out of 552 eggs survived the 1970 breeding season at Anacapa Island, off Ventura, a traditional pelican hatchery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The iconic birds were among the inaugural class of animals named to the endangered species list, and began to make a comeback after DDT was banned in 1972. Counts in 2006 at Anacapa and at breeding grounds in Mexico revealed a critical mass of reproductive pairs, and the bird came up for delisting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was taken off the list, with great fanfare,” said Anna Weinstein, Marine Program Director at California Audubon, an organizer of the survey. “It was the right thing to do, it had recovered.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there was more trouble on the horizon. Just as federal funding to monitor the birds was falling away with delisting, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/06/04/brown-pelican-population-plunges-in-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fresh disasters, \u003c/a>connected in part to climate change, began to affect the pelicans’ food supply. A combination of unusually warm water and overfishing have put both Pacific sardines and anchovies into steep decline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Animal rescue centers in the Bay Area, such as \u003ca href=\"http://www.wildcarebayarea.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wildcare\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.bird-rescue.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">International Bird Rescue,\u003c/a> began to see influxes of desperate, emaciated birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1576226\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-pelican-tags-IBR-CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1576226\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-pelican-tags-IBR-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"A bird rehabilitator at International Bird Rescue in Fairfield displays the tags that identify the birds they release.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-pelican-tags-IBR-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-pelican-tags-IBR-CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-pelican-tags-IBR-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-pelican-tags-IBR-CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-pelican-tags-IBR-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-pelican-tags-IBR-CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-pelican-tags-IBR-CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-pelican-tags-IBR-CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-pelican-tags-IBR-CC-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-pelican-tags-IBR-CC.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bird rehabilitator at International Bird Rescue in Fairfield displays the tags that identify the birds they release. \u003ccite>(Elliott Kennerson / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Amid this new urgency, the agencies charged with monitoring pelican numbers have been at a loss for resources to fill the gaps in their data. Owing to their wide-ranging breeding and roosting patterns, pelicans can be tricky, not to mention expensive, to track.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s not enough money for agency biologists to survey all these places,” Weinstein said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the agencies have turned to the birding public for help. Next month’s survey offers a simple, clear\u003ca href=\"http://ca.audubon.org/conservation/protocol\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> set of online instructions\u003c/a> on how, when, and where to look for birds — and how to report those findings online to scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amateur birders by the hundreds have met the call with enthusiasm. “It’s been a really worrisome species that we obviously don’t want to lose,” Audubon’s Margulis said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the iconic status of the species stems from their spectacular diving behavior. California’s brown pelicans are one of the two pelican species worldwide (once considered the same) that plunge from the air to hunt. The rest, like the white pelican, bob for fish at the water’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What they’re able to do is pretty incredible,” said \u003ca href=\"http://danieljfield.com/Home/Home.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Daniel Field,\u003c/a> an evolutionary biologist at the University of Bath. “Dive face first, straight into the water, from a considerable height.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1576117\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-bones-foramina-CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1576117\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-bones-foramina-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Caverns in pelicans' bones, like this femur, keep their bodies light.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-bones-foramina-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-bones-foramina-CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-bones-foramina-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-bones-foramina-CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-bones-foramina-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-bones-foramina-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-bones-foramina-CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-bones-foramina-CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-bones-foramina-CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-bones-foramina-CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Caverns in pelicans’ bones, like this femur, keep their bodies light. \u003ccite>(Elliott Kennerson / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A number of anatomical adaptions enable the bird to take these dives in stride. The shape of its bill is essential, reducing “hydrodynamic drag” — buckling forces, caused by the change from air to water — to almost zero. It’s something like the difference between slapping the water with your palm and chopping it, karate-style.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while all birds have light, air-filled bones, pelican skeletons take it to an extreme. As they dive, they inflate special air sacs around their neck and belly, cushioning their impact and allowing them to float.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even their celebrated pouches play a role. A famous limerick quips, “A remarkable bird is a pelican / Its beak can hold more than its belly can…” That beak is more than just a fishing net. It’s also a parachute that pops open underwater, helping to slow the bird down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a really tough bird that’s built to last,” said Weinstein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1576577\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-pouch-underwater-720.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1576577\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-pouch-underwater-720.gif\" alt=\"The pelican's pouch opens underwater to both catch fish and act as a parachute. \" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The pelican’s pouch opens underwater to both catch fish and act as a parachute. \u003ccite>(Elliott Kennerson / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceTemp\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Behind the pelican’s remarkable resilience (and beak) lies 30 million years of evolutionary stasis, meaning they haven’t changed much over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once pelicans hit on this approach to making a living, there hasn’t been a lot of pressure to change,” Field said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best place to see — and count — pelicans in the Bay Area is at the roosting site off Alameda Island, on a breakwater in sight of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.uss-hornet.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">USS Hornet Museum\u003c/a>. In last year’s May count, the birds numbered more than 300.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Participation in the Audubon survey is open to any member of the public who wants to join. Simple instructions on how to count can be found on their \u003ca href=\"http://ca.audubon.org/conservation/protocol\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">website.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1576228\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-head-side-CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1576228\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-head-side-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"A brown pelican in rehabilitation at International Bird Rescue.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-head-side-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-head-side-CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-head-side-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-head-side-CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-head-side-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-head-side-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-head-side-CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-head-side-CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-head-side-CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-head-side-CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A brown pelican in rehabilitation at International Bird Rescue. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Brown pelican high-dives require the right technique, equipment, and 30 million years of practice. ",
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"title": "How Do Pelicans Survive Their Death-Defying Dives? | KQED",
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"headline": "How Do Pelicans Survive Their Death-Defying Dives?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>California’s brown pelicans are coming back — you can count on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the second year running, \u003ca href=\"http://ca.audubon.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Audubon California\u003c/a> is organizing a survey of the Pacific coast’s brown pelican population. The semi-annual counts, aimed at tracking the bird’s erratic recovery from near-extinction, will take place on May 6 and September 9 at sites from Washington State to Tijuana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dates bookend the birds’ annual journey from their breeding grounds in Baja California and the Channel Islands to roosting sites along the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1576116\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-pelican-diving-1080p-CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1576116\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-pelican-diving-1080p-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"A brown pelican dives for fish off the Farallon Islands.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-pelican-diving-1080p-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-pelican-diving-1080p-CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-pelican-diving-1080p-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-pelican-diving-1080p-CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-pelican-diving-1080p-CC.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-pelican-diving-1080p-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-pelican-diving-1080p-CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-pelican-diving-1080p-CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-pelican-diving-1080p-CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-pelican-diving-1080p-CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A brown pelican dives for fish off the Farallon Islands. \u003ccite>(Judy Irving / Pelican Media)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The survey is a snapshot in time of the pelicans on their migration,” said Cindy Margulis, executive director of the \u003ca href=\"https://goldengateaudubon.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Golden Gate Audubon Society\u003c/a> in Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A joint effort of Audubon, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and \u003ca href=\"http://ebird.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">eBird.com\u003c/a>, the survey tallies only brown pelicans, the ocean-going ones who are regularly seen plunging for fish at sundown around San Francisco Bay and along the Pacific coast in the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ca.audubon.org/brownpelicansurvey\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The counts\u003c/a> lean heavily on volunteer “citizen scientists” who will report their findings on eBird.com, a website that makes user-submitted bird-watching data available to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One aim of the survey is to get a more complete picture of brown pelicans’ recovery since they \u003ca href=\"https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp0/profile/speciesProfile?spcode=B02L\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">were removed from the endangered species list in 2009\u003c/a>. The most recent population estimates —150,000 individuals of the Pacific subspecies and 650,000 of all brown pelicans worldwide — are more than ten years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1576118\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-pelican-turning-720.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1576118\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-pelican-turning-720.gif\" alt='\"Baja\" is a brown pelican in permanent captivity at Wildcare in San Rafael.' width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">“Baja” is a brown pelican in permanent captivity at Wildcare in San Rafael. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A lot has a happened since then.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pelicans are one of the many bird species pushed to the brink of extinction by the pesticide \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/ingredients-used-pesticide-products/ddt-brief-history-and-status\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DDT,\u003c/a> which went into agricultural use in the 1940’s. The pesticide renders bird eggs brittle, leading the adults to fatally crush unborn chicks in the nest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Things got so bad for pelicans, according to U.S. Fish and Wildlife, that only a single chick out of 552 eggs survived the 1970 breeding season at Anacapa Island, off Ventura, a traditional pelican hatchery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The iconic birds were among the inaugural class of animals named to the endangered species list, and began to make a comeback after DDT was banned in 1972. Counts in 2006 at Anacapa and at breeding grounds in Mexico revealed a critical mass of reproductive pairs, and the bird came up for delisting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was taken off the list, with great fanfare,” said Anna Weinstein, Marine Program Director at California Audubon, an organizer of the survey. “It was the right thing to do, it had recovered.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there was more trouble on the horizon. Just as federal funding to monitor the birds was falling away with delisting, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/06/04/brown-pelican-population-plunges-in-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fresh disasters, \u003c/a>connected in part to climate change, began to affect the pelicans’ food supply. A combination of unusually warm water and overfishing have put both Pacific sardines and anchovies into steep decline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Animal rescue centers in the Bay Area, such as \u003ca href=\"http://www.wildcarebayarea.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wildcare\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.bird-rescue.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">International Bird Rescue,\u003c/a> began to see influxes of desperate, emaciated birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1576226\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-pelican-tags-IBR-CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1576226\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-pelican-tags-IBR-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"A bird rehabilitator at International Bird Rescue in Fairfield displays the tags that identify the birds they release.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-pelican-tags-IBR-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-pelican-tags-IBR-CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-pelican-tags-IBR-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-pelican-tags-IBR-CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-pelican-tags-IBR-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-pelican-tags-IBR-CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-pelican-tags-IBR-CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-pelican-tags-IBR-CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-pelican-tags-IBR-CC-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-pelican-tags-IBR-CC.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bird rehabilitator at International Bird Rescue in Fairfield displays the tags that identify the birds they release. \u003ccite>(Elliott Kennerson / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Amid this new urgency, the agencies charged with monitoring pelican numbers have been at a loss for resources to fill the gaps in their data. Owing to their wide-ranging breeding and roosting patterns, pelicans can be tricky, not to mention expensive, to track.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s not enough money for agency biologists to survey all these places,” Weinstein said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the agencies have turned to the birding public for help. Next month’s survey offers a simple, clear\u003ca href=\"http://ca.audubon.org/conservation/protocol\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> set of online instructions\u003c/a> on how, when, and where to look for birds — and how to report those findings online to scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amateur birders by the hundreds have met the call with enthusiasm. “It’s been a really worrisome species that we obviously don’t want to lose,” Audubon’s Margulis said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the iconic status of the species stems from their spectacular diving behavior. California’s brown pelicans are one of the two pelican species worldwide (once considered the same) that plunge from the air to hunt. The rest, like the white pelican, bob for fish at the water’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What they’re able to do is pretty incredible,” said \u003ca href=\"http://danieljfield.com/Home/Home.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Daniel Field,\u003c/a> an evolutionary biologist at the University of Bath. “Dive face first, straight into the water, from a considerable height.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1576117\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-bones-foramina-CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1576117\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-bones-foramina-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Caverns in pelicans' bones, like this femur, keep their bodies light.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-bones-foramina-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-bones-foramina-CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-bones-foramina-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-bones-foramina-CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-bones-foramina-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-bones-foramina-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-bones-foramina-CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-bones-foramina-CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-bones-foramina-CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-bones-foramina-CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Caverns in pelicans’ bones, like this femur, keep their bodies light. \u003ccite>(Elliott Kennerson / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A number of anatomical adaptions enable the bird to take these dives in stride. The shape of its bill is essential, reducing “hydrodynamic drag” — buckling forces, caused by the change from air to water — to almost zero. It’s something like the difference between slapping the water with your palm and chopping it, karate-style.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while all birds have light, air-filled bones, pelican skeletons take it to an extreme. As they dive, they inflate special air sacs around their neck and belly, cushioning their impact and allowing them to float.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even their celebrated pouches play a role. A famous limerick quips, “A remarkable bird is a pelican / Its beak can hold more than its belly can…” That beak is more than just a fishing net. It’s also a parachute that pops open underwater, helping to slow the bird down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a really tough bird that’s built to last,” said Weinstein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1576577\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-pouch-underwater-720.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1576577\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-pouch-underwater-720.gif\" alt=\"The pelican's pouch opens underwater to both catch fish and act as a parachute. \" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The pelican’s pouch opens underwater to both catch fish and act as a parachute. \u003ccite>(Elliott Kennerson / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceTemp\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Behind the pelican’s remarkable resilience (and beak) lies 30 million years of evolutionary stasis, meaning they haven’t changed much over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once pelicans hit on this approach to making a living, there hasn’t been a lot of pressure to change,” Field said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best place to see — and count — pelicans in the Bay Area is at the roosting site off Alameda Island, on a breakwater in sight of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.uss-hornet.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">USS Hornet Museum\u003c/a>. In last year’s May count, the birds numbered more than 300.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Participation in the Audubon survey is open to any member of the public who wants to join. Simple instructions on how to count can be found on their \u003ca href=\"http://ca.audubon.org/conservation/protocol\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">website.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1576228\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-head-side-CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1576228\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-head-side-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"A brown pelican in rehabilitation at International Bird Rescue.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-head-side-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-head-side-CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-head-side-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-head-side-CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-head-side-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-head-side-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-head-side-CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-head-side-CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-head-side-CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/DL409-head-side-CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A brown pelican in rehabilitation at International Bird Rescue. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Drones on Monterey Beaches Frighten Seals During Mating Season",
"headTitle": "Drones on Monterey Beaches Frighten Seals During Mating Season | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://montereybay.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">national marine sanctuary in Monterey Bay\u003c/a> is cracking down on drones flying over nursing seals and their young during mating season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hopkins Beach, at the center of the sanctuary\u003cem>, \u003c/em>is where about 100 harbor seals sleep, mate and give birth from February through June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elephant seal pups also roam California beaches this time of year—most notably at \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=523\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Año Nuevo State Park\u003c/a> where seal moms depart in mid-March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”RKt5P8IXj9h8ti6vQh5whkkPteLVSVNk”] This year marks the first time that \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/?referrer=https://www.google.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Marine Mammal Center\u003c/a>, based in Sausalito, has received complaints about amateur drones “harassing” seals. The center performs wild animal rescues and rehabilitation of distressed and injured animals in Northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Drones are totally foreign to these animals,” says Laura Chapman, a rescue coordinator with The Marine Mammal Center. “They make a sound that they [the animals] don’t expect.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seals nap during the day so if they’re startled by a buzzing drone it interrupts their sleep cycle, says Chapman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we want people to be aware of is that if an animal is looking at you, if they’re looking at the drone, that animal is being harassed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chapman says noisy drones flying above the beach can cause the animals to alter their natural behavior during their prime reproductive and pupping season, when mother seals need to bond with their young.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harbor seals only have about five weeks to nurse and teach their young how to survive before the baby animals are on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These animals are really sensitive and they need that time, the pups need that time with mom,” says Chapman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1500230\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2048px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1500230\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k.jpg\" alt=\"Seals sun themselves on the beach adjacent to the Hopkins Marine Station in Pacific Grove, California.\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1365\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Seals sun themselves on the beach adjacent to the Hopkins Marine Station in Pacific Grove, California. \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/ian_e_abbott/14315814206/in/photolist-7pFBRo-r9K5FA-Jq1ktp-qUsrf1-jfgbxk-8bwoqu-nP3hNS-4P3fo4-7TjLvN-xKd8fn-7tHiJR-5NkLGw-e6NcFg-6eGp5Z-a7jVAF-4j5B3K-mXSbYY-8qnrTu-e6TQmj-i7dAKj-GhA8ty-72WRNW-CHzgiz-3452aH-6eLjHC-SrDLyw-7uwEzc-ofqtjj-3452aD-9GMXE1-ozNhzc-7pgUMf-4f5NUe-CjFMUz-FNAuMh-D9M7Hr-n4XKsj-n4VUFe-n4W52X-n4XKeJ-n4XKbY-n4W4TF-n4XJYy-n4W4MD-n4W4Na-9wMyAV\" target=\"_blank\">Ian Abbott/flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The biggest concern, says Chapman, is that easily frightened moms will abandon their pups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Marine Mammal Center doesn’t know how often this is happening due to drones, but they’re concerned that the number of abandonment incidents could rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans are already having an impact on the seals—from kayakers encroaching on the seals’ turf to off-leash dogs barking at the animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past decade, The Marine Mammal Center has handled 140 cases where humans harmed seals or sea lions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The disturbances include seal moms abandoning their pups because of human presence, and well-meaning visitors attempting to “rescue” the animals by picking them up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, for example\u003cem>,\u003c/em> a family hoisted a baby seal they thought was abandoned into their minivan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not the best case scenario for the animal to be picked up and driven around in a minivan,” says Chapman. “The best case is that mom would come back for her pup.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Protecting the Seals\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Docents at the \u003ca href=\"http://montereybay.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary\u003c/a> say drones flying over Monterey beaches aren’t just a nuisance—they’re breaking the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.faa.gov/uas/media/Sec_331_336_UAS.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Federal Aviation Administration\u003c/a> bans drone use within five miles of an airport without prior approval and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.montereyairport.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Monterey Regional Airport\u003c/a> is just 3.5 nautical miles from a harbor seal rookery near the Monterey Bay Aquarium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1500662\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 410px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1500662\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/harbor-seal_aquarium.jpg\" alt='A California harbor seal near \"tank reef\" and underwater diving spot in Monterey.' width=\"410\" height=\"614\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/harbor-seal_aquarium.jpg 410w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/harbor-seal_aquarium-160x240.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/harbor-seal_aquarium-240x359.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/harbor-seal_aquarium-375x562.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 410px) 100vw, 410px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A California harbor seal near “tank reef” an underwater diving spot in Monterey.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And the federal \u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/dontfeedorharass.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marine Mammal Protection Act\u003c/a> safeguards seals from harassment and requires beach-goers to stay 150 feet away from them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The marine sanctuary in Monterey is monitoring drone use, relying on volunteers to tell drone users to take their vehicles out of the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thom Akeman, a docent with the sanctuary, regularly patrols Hopkins Beach where harbor seals breed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s approached several drone operators, asking them to stay away from the resting animals. Akeman says he’s not sure why people are flying drones over the beach, and whether or not they’re capturing video footage. But he says his priority is convincing drone hobbyists to take the aircraft out of the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“About half the time they’re very cooperative,” says Akeman. “Other times they’re very belligerent because they think they have a right to fly anywhere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Akeman has a tip for concerned beach-goers. If you’re strolling along a Monterey beach and happen to see a drone, notify one of the docents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for a stranded seal pup, Laura Chapman says don’t try and rescue it. Give the animal space, let the mother return and if you’re still concerned, call the Marine Mammal Center.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Drone hobbyists flying unmanned-aircraft over California beaches are spooking seals during prime mating and pupping season.",
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"description": "Drone hobbyists flying unmanned-aircraft over California beaches are spooking seals during prime mating and pupping season.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://montereybay.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">national marine sanctuary in Monterey Bay\u003c/a> is cracking down on drones flying over nursing seals and their young during mating season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hopkins Beach, at the center of the sanctuary\u003cem>, \u003c/em>is where about 100 harbor seals sleep, mate and give birth from February through June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elephant seal pups also roam California beaches this time of year—most notably at \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=523\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Año Nuevo State Park\u003c/a> where seal moms depart in mid-March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp> This year marks the first time that \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/?referrer=https://www.google.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Marine Mammal Center\u003c/a>, based in Sausalito, has received complaints about amateur drones “harassing” seals. The center performs wild animal rescues and rehabilitation of distressed and injured animals in Northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Drones are totally foreign to these animals,” says Laura Chapman, a rescue coordinator with The Marine Mammal Center. “They make a sound that they [the animals] don’t expect.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seals nap during the day so if they’re startled by a buzzing drone it interrupts their sleep cycle, says Chapman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we want people to be aware of is that if an animal is looking at you, if they’re looking at the drone, that animal is being harassed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chapman says noisy drones flying above the beach can cause the animals to alter their natural behavior during their prime reproductive and pupping season, when mother seals need to bond with their young.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harbor seals only have about five weeks to nurse and teach their young how to survive before the baby animals are on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These animals are really sensitive and they need that time, the pups need that time with mom,” says Chapman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1500230\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2048px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1500230\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k.jpg\" alt=\"Seals sun themselves on the beach adjacent to the Hopkins Marine Station in Pacific Grove, California.\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1365\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/14315814206_43739cc671_k-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Seals sun themselves on the beach adjacent to the Hopkins Marine Station in Pacific Grove, California. \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/ian_e_abbott/14315814206/in/photolist-7pFBRo-r9K5FA-Jq1ktp-qUsrf1-jfgbxk-8bwoqu-nP3hNS-4P3fo4-7TjLvN-xKd8fn-7tHiJR-5NkLGw-e6NcFg-6eGp5Z-a7jVAF-4j5B3K-mXSbYY-8qnrTu-e6TQmj-i7dAKj-GhA8ty-72WRNW-CHzgiz-3452aH-6eLjHC-SrDLyw-7uwEzc-ofqtjj-3452aD-9GMXE1-ozNhzc-7pgUMf-4f5NUe-CjFMUz-FNAuMh-D9M7Hr-n4XKsj-n4VUFe-n4W52X-n4XKeJ-n4XKbY-n4W4TF-n4XJYy-n4W4MD-n4W4Na-9wMyAV\" target=\"_blank\">Ian Abbott/flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The biggest concern, says Chapman, is that easily frightened moms will abandon their pups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Marine Mammal Center doesn’t know how often this is happening due to drones, but they’re concerned that the number of abandonment incidents could rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans are already having an impact on the seals—from kayakers encroaching on the seals’ turf to off-leash dogs barking at the animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past decade, The Marine Mammal Center has handled 140 cases where humans harmed seals or sea lions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The disturbances include seal moms abandoning their pups because of human presence, and well-meaning visitors attempting to “rescue” the animals by picking them up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, for example\u003cem>,\u003c/em> a family hoisted a baby seal they thought was abandoned into their minivan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not the best case scenario for the animal to be picked up and driven around in a minivan,” says Chapman. “The best case is that mom would come back for her pup.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Protecting the Seals\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Docents at the \u003ca href=\"http://montereybay.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary\u003c/a> say drones flying over Monterey beaches aren’t just a nuisance—they’re breaking the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.faa.gov/uas/media/Sec_331_336_UAS.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Federal Aviation Administration\u003c/a> bans drone use within five miles of an airport without prior approval and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.montereyairport.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Monterey Regional Airport\u003c/a> is just 3.5 nautical miles from a harbor seal rookery near the Monterey Bay Aquarium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1500662\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 410px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1500662\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/harbor-seal_aquarium.jpg\" alt='A California harbor seal near \"tank reef\" and underwater diving spot in Monterey.' width=\"410\" height=\"614\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/harbor-seal_aquarium.jpg 410w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/harbor-seal_aquarium-160x240.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/harbor-seal_aquarium-240x359.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/harbor-seal_aquarium-375x562.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 410px) 100vw, 410px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A California harbor seal near “tank reef” an underwater diving spot in Monterey.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And the federal \u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/dontfeedorharass.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marine Mammal Protection Act\u003c/a> safeguards seals from harassment and requires beach-goers to stay 150 feet away from them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The marine sanctuary in Monterey is monitoring drone use, relying on volunteers to tell drone users to take their vehicles out of the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thom Akeman, a docent with the sanctuary, regularly patrols Hopkins Beach where harbor seals breed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s approached several drone operators, asking them to stay away from the resting animals. Akeman says he’s not sure why people are flying drones over the beach, and whether or not they’re capturing video footage. But he says his priority is convincing drone hobbyists to take the aircraft out of the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“About half the time they’re very cooperative,” says Akeman. “Other times they’re very belligerent because they think they have a right to fly anywhere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Akeman has a tip for concerned beach-goers. If you’re strolling along a Monterey beach and happen to see a drone, notify one of the docents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for a stranded seal pup, Laura Chapman says don’t try and rescue it. Give the animal space, let the mother return and if you’re still concerned, call the Marine Mammal Center.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "New Coastal Commission Director Says Trump Threatens California Coast",
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"content": "\u003cp>The new executive director of the California Coastal Commission, Jack Ainsworth, says his appointment demonstrates the Commission’s commitment to coastal protection and that his recommendations to Commissioners will be based on science and facts. Ainsworth took the helm as executive director in February, after a tumultuous year in which environmental advocates accused the Commission of firing the previous director to please developers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Brian Watt talked with Ainsworth recently about his priorities, and how he plans to handle threats from the Trump administration to undo environmental protections. Here’s a transcript of that conversation, edited for brevity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: Let’s imagine you have a crystal ball. What do you want to see along California’s coast in fifty years, given the challenges of balancing development and protection?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ainsworth: One would be one continuous coastal trail along the entire state of California, and we’re working towards that goal right now. The other thing is I want to see is sandy beaches along our coastline. I want to see communities that are not affected by the rising seas we see from climate change. The rising sea levels over the next 50 to 100 years are going to be the biggest threat to California. So ensuring we are building and planning for resilient communities is really going to be a critical part of what we’re about going forward. We have an $18 billion coastal tourism and recreation economy in California and that is threatened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1486132\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1486132\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-800x577.jpg\" alt=\"Jack Ainsworth, Executive Director of the California Coastal Commission\" width=\"800\" height=\"577\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-800x577.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-160x115.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-768x554.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-1020x735.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-1920x1384.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-1180x851.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-960x692.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-240x173.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-375x270.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-520x375.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jack Ainsworth, executive director of the California Coastal Commission \u003ccite>(California Coastal Commission)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: Well let’s talk about California and this new administration. President Trump has called climate change a “hoax.” He’s promised to cut regulations. Is the current atmosphere in Washington a threat to California’s coastline?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ainsworth: Absolutely. It is one of the most significant threats we’ve had in many, many years. The administration is proposing significant cuts to NOAA’s budget, and the Commission receives 10 percent of its budget through coastal zone management grants to California, and if we lose that funding it will mean laying off staff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: Are you worried about offshore drilling and a potential fight over that issue in this administration?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAinsworth: Yes, opening up of the federal oil and gas leases offshore is a significant concern for the Commission, as well as weakening what we call our “federal consistency authority” under the Coastal Zone Management Act. The Commission has the authority to review federal projects both in federal waters three miles offshore, and within our state waters and on land. So weakening that authority is a concern as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: You know that a lot of things that the Commission does, like protecting the coast from mega-development and keeping access in the public’s hands, can be very political. How tough are you now as executive director with Californians who might want to use their wealth to block beach access for the public?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ainsworth: This is a battle that we’ve had over the 40-year life of the Coastal Act on providing access to the shoreline. That is one of the primary mandates of the Coastal Act. And I can tell you, from my position as executive director, that is one of my highest priorities going forward — is not only protecting it for the residents of those areas, but for all Californians and those Californians that may not have had access to the coast, particularly those in disadvantaged communities, and communities of color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: How are you going to address that?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAinsworth: One of the ways of accessing the coast is the ability to stay overnight at the coast at an affordable accommodation. And so working to realize those types of low cost accommodations along the shoreline is one way of dealing with it. The other part of it is through our public education grants directed at underserved communities for trips to the beach, for marine and environmental education programs. There are many children within 20 miles from the coast that have never seen the coast. And that is a real tragedy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: The Commission has had a pretty bumpy ride recently. The firing last year of the previous director, Charles Lester, angered a lot of people in the environmental community. What are you doing to heal any tensions or any lingering distrust right now?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAinsworth: It was upsetting, the loss of our executive director, to staff. We felt it could have represented an attack on the coastal program. But in the end, with my appointment — I’ve been a long-time employee of the commission and I have the trust and confidence of staff — I think that showed that the Commission was committed to this program moving forward and the protection of our coastal resources and public access. The important thing is, our recommendations from the staff going forward need to be based on the facts, sound science and the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: So the fight that could arise when a millionaire wants to essentially buy the beach, you’re ready?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ainsworth: Yes, I am. I’m ready. We’ve had battles over the years and we’ve proven that we will aggressively defend access to the coast, and that is my commitment to the people of the state of California.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The new executive director of the California Coastal Commission, Jack Ainsworth, says his appointment demonstrates the Commission’s commitment to coastal protection and that his recommendations to Commissioners will be based on science and facts. Ainsworth took the helm as executive director in February, after a tumultuous year in which environmental advocates accused the Commission of firing the previous director to please developers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Brian Watt talked with Ainsworth recently about his priorities, and how he plans to handle threats from the Trump administration to undo environmental protections. Here’s a transcript of that conversation, edited for brevity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: Let’s imagine you have a crystal ball. What do you want to see along California’s coast in fifty years, given the challenges of balancing development and protection?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ainsworth: One would be one continuous coastal trail along the entire state of California, and we’re working towards that goal right now. The other thing is I want to see is sandy beaches along our coastline. I want to see communities that are not affected by the rising seas we see from climate change. The rising sea levels over the next 50 to 100 years are going to be the biggest threat to California. So ensuring we are building and planning for resilient communities is really going to be a critical part of what we’re about going forward. We have an $18 billion coastal tourism and recreation economy in California and that is threatened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1486132\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1486132\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-800x577.jpg\" alt=\"Jack Ainsworth, Executive Director of the California Coastal Commission\" width=\"800\" height=\"577\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-800x577.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-160x115.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-768x554.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-1020x735.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-1920x1384.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-1180x851.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-960x692.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-240x173.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-375x270.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-520x375.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jack Ainsworth, executive director of the California Coastal Commission \u003ccite>(California Coastal Commission)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: Well let’s talk about California and this new administration. President Trump has called climate change a “hoax.” He’s promised to cut regulations. Is the current atmosphere in Washington a threat to California’s coastline?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ainsworth: Absolutely. It is one of the most significant threats we’ve had in many, many years. The administration is proposing significant cuts to NOAA’s budget, and the Commission receives 10 percent of its budget through coastal zone management grants to California, and if we lose that funding it will mean laying off staff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: Are you worried about offshore drilling and a potential fight over that issue in this administration?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAinsworth: Yes, opening up of the federal oil and gas leases offshore is a significant concern for the Commission, as well as weakening what we call our “federal consistency authority” under the Coastal Zone Management Act. The Commission has the authority to review federal projects both in federal waters three miles offshore, and within our state waters and on land. So weakening that authority is a concern as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: You know that a lot of things that the Commission does, like protecting the coast from mega-development and keeping access in the public’s hands, can be very political. How tough are you now as executive director with Californians who might want to use their wealth to block beach access for the public?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ainsworth: This is a battle that we’ve had over the 40-year life of the Coastal Act on providing access to the shoreline. That is one of the primary mandates of the Coastal Act. And I can tell you, from my position as executive director, that is one of my highest priorities going forward — is not only protecting it for the residents of those areas, but for all Californians and those Californians that may not have had access to the coast, particularly those in disadvantaged communities, and communities of color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: How are you going to address that?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAinsworth: One of the ways of accessing the coast is the ability to stay overnight at the coast at an affordable accommodation. And so working to realize those types of low cost accommodations along the shoreline is one way of dealing with it. The other part of it is through our public education grants directed at underserved communities for trips to the beach, for marine and environmental education programs. There are many children within 20 miles from the coast that have never seen the coast. And that is a real tragedy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: The Commission has had a pretty bumpy ride recently. The firing last year of the previous director, Charles Lester, angered a lot of people in the environmental community. What are you doing to heal any tensions or any lingering distrust right now?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAinsworth: It was upsetting, the loss of our executive director, to staff. We felt it could have represented an attack on the coastal program. But in the end, with my appointment — I’ve been a long-time employee of the commission and I have the trust and confidence of staff — I think that showed that the Commission was committed to this program moving forward and the protection of our coastal resources and public access. The important thing is, our recommendations from the staff going forward need to be based on the facts, sound science and the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: So the fight that could arise when a millionaire wants to essentially buy the beach, you’re ready?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ainsworth: Yes, I am. I’m ready. We’ve had battles over the years and we’ve proven that we will aggressively defend access to the coast, and that is my commitment to the people of the state of California.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Extraordinary Effort to Save the White Abalone",
"headTitle": "The Extraordinary Effort to Save the White Abalone | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">O\u003c/span>n a rainy winter evening, biologist \u003ca href=\"http://kristinaquilino.weebly.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kristin Aquilino\u003c/a> was rummaging through the trunk of her pickup truck in the \u003ca href=\"http://bml.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bodega Marine Lab\u003c/a> parking lot. She was looking for a rubber spatula—a tool she needed to pry a recently captured white abalone from inside an ice chest brimming with seawater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aquilino had driven the rare animal 385 miles from Los Angeles, where it was captured off the coast, and where small numbers of this endangered species can still be found. She was about to introduce the 7-inch marine snail to its new home, a research facility at UC Davis’ Bodega Marine Lab in Bodega Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1483680\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1483680\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656.jpg\" alt=\"Kristen Aquilino searches for a spatula so she can remove a wild-caught white abalone from inside a cooler that transported the animal from Los Angeles to San Francisco.\" width=\"1000\" height=\"667\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kristen Aquilino searches for a spatula so she can remove a wild-caught white abalone from inside a cooler that transported the animal from Los Angeles to San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Maggie Carson Jurow)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now Aquilino had the unenviable task of trying to pry loose the creature’s squishy orange foot without injuring it. Any nick to this male abalone’s flesh, or chip to its shell, could cause the snail to bleed uncontrollably since its fluid doesn’t clot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve been studying these animals for years and this is one of the few wild white abalone I’ve seen,” says Aquilino, an abalone expert at the Bodega Marine Lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because there are more white abalone living in captivity than there are in the wild. And the mollusk suctioning Aquilino’s hands is the first wild white abalone scientists have collected from the ocean in more than a decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These rare creatures are incredibly difficult for divers to find in the deep waters where they live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been working for six to seven years to find loner abalone along the coast,” says fish biologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.habitat.noaa.gov/restoration/connection/davewitting.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dave Witting\u003c/a> from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1484296\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 346px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1484296\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660.jpg\" alt='A wild white abalone was covered in so much algae that scientists say he was \"extremely hard\" to find.' width=\"346\" height=\"342\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-160x158.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-800x789.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-768x757.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-960x947.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-240x237.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-375x370.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-520x513.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-128x128.jpg 128w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 346px) 100vw, 346px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A wild white abalone was covered in so much algae that scientists say he was “extremely hard” to find. \u003ccite>(Maggie Carson Jurow)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We spoke to old abalone divers who are long retired now, but, basically we picked their brains and found some locations,” says Witting, who collected the male abalone that Aquilino drove to Bodega Marine Lab. “\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">He was extremely hard to find,” says Witting. “\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It looked like a fuzzy rock.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only was the abalone difficult to spot, but Witting needed a special Endangered Species Act permit to collect him—a permit that took two years to acquire. So the animal’s arrival at Bodega Marine Lab was historic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a big moment,” said Aquilino. “They will go extinct in 10 to 15 years if there’s not a program to place them back in the wild.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aquilino gingerly placed the snail inside a bright blue bucket at the lab, where her 12-person research team runs a captive breeding program to protect white abalone from dying off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like all new abalone that arrive, he received a nickname: abalone 314 or “Pi.” Researchers were hoping Pi’s arrival would introduce new DNA into the aging captive population, creating stronger offspring with more genetic diversity—and a better chance for survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1427858\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1427858\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey.jpg\" alt=\"A free diver searches for abalone off the California coast.\" width=\"1000\" height=\"665\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey-960x638.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey-375x249.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A free diver searches for abalone off the California coast. \u003ccite>(Ken Bailey)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Path to Extinction\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>White abalone was once a delicacy at California seafood restaurants, the most highly prized of all abalone species for its soft meat. Then it disappeared from menus in 1993 when the fishery was closed due to overfishing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Abalone-Worldwide-Haliotidae-Daniel-Geiger/dp/3939767433\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Buzz Owen\u003c/a>, a retired commercial and recreational abalone diver, recalls his abundant abalone catches back in the ’50s and ’60s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was no limit on the number you could take,” says Owen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My record was in 1961. After diving for nine hours near Catalina Island when I caught 83 dozen including some whites and greens and pinks. “That didn’t even dent this population.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1483445\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 768px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1483445\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Abalone_shell_pile.png\" alt=\"These abalone shells in Monterey, California on September 5, 1930 sit outside a market after the tender meat was removed. White was so popular that it was nearly eaten to extinction.\" width=\"768\" height=\"546\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Abalone_shell_pile.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Abalone_shell_pile-160x114.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Abalone_shell_pile-240x171.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Abalone_shell_pile-375x267.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Abalone_shell_pile-520x370.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">White abalone was so popular that it was nearly eaten to extinction. These shells sit outside a Monterey market in 1930. \u003ccite>(Richard S. Crocker/Online Archive of California)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Size limits on what divers could catch were intended to protect abalone so they could mature and reproduce. But it wasn’t enough to prevent the numbers from dwindling to a crisis point. The scattered survivors were too far apart for their ejected sperm and eggs to mingle, so spawning was rarely successful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The government eventually realized closing the fishery wasn’t enough, so they made collection of all abalone a federal crime in 1997. (One exception for abalone diving remains: there’s still a legal, recreational red abalone fishery north of San Francisco.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then in 2001, white abalone became the first marine invertebrate to receive federal protection as an endangered species after the population had declined by almost \u003ca href=\"http://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/pr/species/esa/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">99 percent\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The success—or failure—of white abalone now depends on the breeding program at the Bodega Lab, and six other organizations, including the \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Department of Fish and Wildlife\u003c/a> and NOAA, that support the effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the first captive breeding attempt at UC Santa Barbara in 2001, the parent abalone created 100,000 juveniles, but almost all of them died due to a fatal wasting disease called withering syndrome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2003, the \u003ca href=\"http://cimwi.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Channel Islands Marine Resource Institute\u003c/a> in Santa Barbara bred the abalone again and after the Bodega lab received a permit in 2011, it bred animals in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Captive breeding was finally turning a corner. Between 2012 and 2014, the number of abalone that survived to be juveniles increased threefold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[gallery type=\"rectangular\" size=\"medium\" ids=\"1483442,1484303,1484302\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are now 8,000 juveniles living in captivity at Bodega’s lab. They haven’t been released into the wild yet because scientists still need to test methods for introduction into the ocean—an environment the animals have never experienced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in a make-or-break situation right now with the wild population,” says Aquilino.\u003cb> \u003c/b>“We put them in this mess, so it’s up to us to save them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Abalone Brings Hope \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Pi arrived at the Bodega Lab, Aquilino was excited about breeding him in March. White abalone only spawn once a year so timing is critical. It would be the first breeding of a newly collected abalone in more than a decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even hopeful stories don’t always turn out to be happy ones. In early February, 15 weeks after Pi’s arrival to Bodega, Aquilino sent an email with “cruddy news.” He didn’t survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">By 2019, scientists may be ready to release of thousands of young white abalone into the wild.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know why,” she later explained over the phone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was obviously very sudden and unexpected. He looked fine on Tuesday and then a day later he was no longer holding on to the side of the tank.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In late February, Jim Moore, a California Department of Fish and Wildlife shellfish health expert, examined the animal’s tissue, and says “Pi” may have developed a foot infection, though he couldn’t be sure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We may never be able to pinpoint cause of death, that is just the way it is sometimes,” says Moore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there was some good news for Aquilino and her team. A female white abalone recently captured off the coast of Southern California arrived at the Bodega lab just before Pi’s death—just in time for breeding. They named her “Green 312.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She was one of 13 animals that successfully spawned on March 1. For the scientists, it was a big deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1483453 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Map_partial.jpeg\" alt=\"Map_partial\" width=\"370\" height=\"407\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Map_partial.jpeg 680w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Map_partial-160x176.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Map_partial-240x264.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Map_partial-375x413.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Map_partial-520x572.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 370px) 100vw, 370px\">“\u003cem>Pretty cool that there are new genes in the program for the first time in 14 years!!!\u003c/em>” Aquilino said in an email to colleagues a day after the event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Green 312 and four other female abalone from the original captive group produced about 14 million eggs. By the next morning, scientists woke up to find millions of embryos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was lucky enough to witness one of the embryos from the wild female hatching under the scope this morning, Aquilino wrote, “which was a first for me and super duper exciting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bodega Marine Lab and six other agencies have a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/stories/2016/02/docs/white__abalone_spotlight_species_5_year_action_plan_final_web.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">five-year plan\u003c/a> and expect to be ready in about two years for a release of thousands of young white abalone into the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We now have enough captive white abalone to start testing the best methods for reintroduction to the wild once a permit is in place,” says Aquilino, “and we’re hopeful.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "On the brink of extinction, white abalone get another chance inside a Northern California science lab.",
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"description": "On the brink of extinction, white abalone get another chance inside a Northern California science lab.",
"title": "The Extraordinary Effort to Save the White Abalone | KQED",
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"headline": "The Extraordinary Effort to Save the White Abalone",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">O\u003c/span>n a rainy winter evening, biologist \u003ca href=\"http://kristinaquilino.weebly.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kristin Aquilino\u003c/a> was rummaging through the trunk of her pickup truck in the \u003ca href=\"http://bml.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bodega Marine Lab\u003c/a> parking lot. She was looking for a rubber spatula—a tool she needed to pry a recently captured white abalone from inside an ice chest brimming with seawater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aquilino had driven the rare animal 385 miles from Los Angeles, where it was captured off the coast, and where small numbers of this endangered species can still be found. She was about to introduce the 7-inch marine snail to its new home, a research facility at UC Davis’ Bodega Marine Lab in Bodega Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1483680\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1483680\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656.jpg\" alt=\"Kristen Aquilino searches for a spatula so she can remove a wild-caught white abalone from inside a cooler that transported the animal from Los Angeles to San Francisco.\" width=\"1000\" height=\"667\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kristen Aquilino searches for a spatula so she can remove a wild-caught white abalone from inside a cooler that transported the animal from Los Angeles to San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Maggie Carson Jurow)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now Aquilino had the unenviable task of trying to pry loose the creature’s squishy orange foot without injuring it. Any nick to this male abalone’s flesh, or chip to its shell, could cause the snail to bleed uncontrollably since its fluid doesn’t clot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve been studying these animals for years and this is one of the few wild white abalone I’ve seen,” says Aquilino, an abalone expert at the Bodega Marine Lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because there are more white abalone living in captivity than there are in the wild. And the mollusk suctioning Aquilino’s hands is the first wild white abalone scientists have collected from the ocean in more than a decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These rare creatures are incredibly difficult for divers to find in the deep waters where they live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been working for six to seven years to find loner abalone along the coast,” says fish biologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.habitat.noaa.gov/restoration/connection/davewitting.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dave Witting\u003c/a> from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1484296\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 346px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1484296\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660.jpg\" alt='A wild white abalone was covered in so much algae that scientists say he was \"extremely hard\" to find.' width=\"346\" height=\"342\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-160x158.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-800x789.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-768x757.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-960x947.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-240x237.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-375x370.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-520x513.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-128x128.jpg 128w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 346px) 100vw, 346px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A wild white abalone was covered in so much algae that scientists say he was “extremely hard” to find. \u003ccite>(Maggie Carson Jurow)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We spoke to old abalone divers who are long retired now, but, basically we picked their brains and found some locations,” says Witting, who collected the male abalone that Aquilino drove to Bodega Marine Lab. “\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">He was extremely hard to find,” says Witting. “\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It looked like a fuzzy rock.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only was the abalone difficult to spot, but Witting needed a special Endangered Species Act permit to collect him—a permit that took two years to acquire. So the animal’s arrival at Bodega Marine Lab was historic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a big moment,” said Aquilino. “They will go extinct in 10 to 15 years if there’s not a program to place them back in the wild.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aquilino gingerly placed the snail inside a bright blue bucket at the lab, where her 12-person research team runs a captive breeding program to protect white abalone from dying off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like all new abalone that arrive, he received a nickname: abalone 314 or “Pi.” Researchers were hoping Pi’s arrival would introduce new DNA into the aging captive population, creating stronger offspring with more genetic diversity—and a better chance for survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1427858\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1427858\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey.jpg\" alt=\"A free diver searches for abalone off the California coast.\" width=\"1000\" height=\"665\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey-960x638.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey-375x249.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A free diver searches for abalone off the California coast. \u003ccite>(Ken Bailey)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Path to Extinction\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>White abalone was once a delicacy at California seafood restaurants, the most highly prized of all abalone species for its soft meat. Then it disappeared from menus in 1993 when the fishery was closed due to overfishing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Abalone-Worldwide-Haliotidae-Daniel-Geiger/dp/3939767433\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Buzz Owen\u003c/a>, a retired commercial and recreational abalone diver, recalls his abundant abalone catches back in the ’50s and ’60s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was no limit on the number you could take,” says Owen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My record was in 1961. After diving for nine hours near Catalina Island when I caught 83 dozen including some whites and greens and pinks. “That didn’t even dent this population.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1483445\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 768px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1483445\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Abalone_shell_pile.png\" alt=\"These abalone shells in Monterey, California on September 5, 1930 sit outside a market after the tender meat was removed. White was so popular that it was nearly eaten to extinction.\" width=\"768\" height=\"546\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Abalone_shell_pile.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Abalone_shell_pile-160x114.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Abalone_shell_pile-240x171.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Abalone_shell_pile-375x267.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Abalone_shell_pile-520x370.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">White abalone was so popular that it was nearly eaten to extinction. These shells sit outside a Monterey market in 1930. \u003ccite>(Richard S. Crocker/Online Archive of California)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Size limits on what divers could catch were intended to protect abalone so they could mature and reproduce. But it wasn’t enough to prevent the numbers from dwindling to a crisis point. The scattered survivors were too far apart for their ejected sperm and eggs to mingle, so spawning was rarely successful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The government eventually realized closing the fishery wasn’t enough, so they made collection of all abalone a federal crime in 1997. (One exception for abalone diving remains: there’s still a legal, recreational red abalone fishery north of San Francisco.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then in 2001, white abalone became the first marine invertebrate to receive federal protection as an endangered species after the population had declined by almost \u003ca href=\"http://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/pr/species/esa/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">99 percent\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The success—or failure—of white abalone now depends on the breeding program at the Bodega Lab, and six other organizations, including the \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Department of Fish and Wildlife\u003c/a> and NOAA, that support the effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the first captive breeding attempt at UC Santa Barbara in 2001, the parent abalone created 100,000 juveniles, but almost all of them died due to a fatal wasting disease called withering syndrome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2003, the \u003ca href=\"http://cimwi.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Channel Islands Marine Resource Institute\u003c/a> in Santa Barbara bred the abalone again and after the Bodega lab received a permit in 2011, it bred animals in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Captive breeding was finally turning a corner. Between 2012 and 2014, the number of abalone that survived to be juveniles increased threefold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are now 8,000 juveniles living in captivity at Bodega’s lab. They haven’t been released into the wild yet because scientists still need to test methods for introduction into the ocean—an environment the animals have never experienced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in a make-or-break situation right now with the wild population,” says Aquilino.\u003cb> \u003c/b>“We put them in this mess, so it’s up to us to save them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Abalone Brings Hope \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Pi arrived at the Bodega Lab, Aquilino was excited about breeding him in March. White abalone only spawn once a year so timing is critical. It would be the first breeding of a newly collected abalone in more than a decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even hopeful stories don’t always turn out to be happy ones. In early February, 15 weeks after Pi’s arrival to Bodega, Aquilino sent an email with “cruddy news.” He didn’t survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">By 2019, scientists may be ready to release of thousands of young white abalone into the wild.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know why,” she later explained over the phone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was obviously very sudden and unexpected. He looked fine on Tuesday and then a day later he was no longer holding on to the side of the tank.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In late February, Jim Moore, a California Department of Fish and Wildlife shellfish health expert, examined the animal’s tissue, and says “Pi” may have developed a foot infection, though he couldn’t be sure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We may never be able to pinpoint cause of death, that is just the way it is sometimes,” says Moore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there was some good news for Aquilino and her team. A female white abalone recently captured off the coast of Southern California arrived at the Bodega lab just before Pi’s death—just in time for breeding. They named her “Green 312.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She was one of 13 animals that successfully spawned on March 1. For the scientists, it was a big deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1483453 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Map_partial.jpeg\" alt=\"Map_partial\" width=\"370\" height=\"407\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Map_partial.jpeg 680w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Map_partial-160x176.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Map_partial-240x264.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Map_partial-375x413.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Map_partial-520x572.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 370px) 100vw, 370px\">“\u003cem>Pretty cool that there are new genes in the program for the first time in 14 years!!!\u003c/em>” Aquilino said in an email to colleagues a day after the event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Green 312 and four other female abalone from the original captive group produced about 14 million eggs. By the next morning, scientists woke up to find millions of embryos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was lucky enough to witness one of the embryos from the wild female hatching under the scope this morning, Aquilino wrote, “which was a first for me and super duper exciting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bodega Marine Lab and six other agencies have a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/stories/2016/02/docs/white__abalone_spotlight_species_5_year_action_plan_final_web.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">five-year plan\u003c/a> and expect to be ready in about two years for a release of thousands of young white abalone into the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We now have enough captive white abalone to start testing the best methods for reintroduction to the wild once a permit is in place,” says Aquilino, “and we’re hopeful.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "archerfish-says-i-spit-in-your-face",
"title": "Archerfish Says...\"I Spit in Your Face!\"",
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"headTitle": "Archerfish Says…”I Spit in Your Face!” | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]Most people would find getting regularly spit in the face an unacceptable occupational hazard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that’s life for researchers like \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J32TQQRfzg8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Morgan Burnett,\u003c/a> a biologist at \u003ca href=\"http://college.wfu.edu/biology/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wake Forest University\u003c/a> in North Carolina who studies archerfish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If they see something moving up there, they’re gonna spit at it,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That includes your eyes, which draw the fish’s attention because of their shine, contrast and darting movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burnett’s been hit too many times to count. “I’ve taken a few surprise shots,” he said, “this cold stream of water just hits you.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1351890\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-Fish-full-profile-CRX.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1351890\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-Fish-full-profile-CRX-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"Archerfish like this one at the California Academy of Sciences live in the mangrove forests of Asia and Australia.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-Fish-full-profile-CRX-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-Fish-full-profile-CRX-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-Fish-full-profile-CRX-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-Fish-full-profile-CRX-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-Fish-full-profile-CRX-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-Fish-full-profile-CRX-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-Fish-full-profile-CRX-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-Fish-full-profile-CRX-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-Fish-full-profile-CRX-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-Fish-full-profile-CRX-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Archerfish like this one at the California Academy of Sciences live in the mangrove forests of Asia and Australia. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Spitting is exploratory,” explained Caitlin Newport, a zoologist at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.zoo.ox.ac.uk/department-zoology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Oxford,\u003c/a> who also studies the fish. Her subjects fire at most things that move within their field of vision, she said, “especially things that are shiny and move quickly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Archerfish normally do their spitting in the mangrove forests of Southeast Asia and Australia, where they take aim at ants, beetles and other insects living on the trees’ half-submerged roots. The fish’s high-pressure projectiles knock prey from their perches into the water, and the fish swoops in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The day I went to scout this episode of “Deep Look” at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> in San Francisco, I arrived when feeding time was getting underway. As the archerfish scanned the artificial vines of their aquarium for crickets, they reminded me of dogs intent on chasing\u003cb> \u003c/b>a stick. The way they track their targets, take aim, and strike is focused, almost cold-blooded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1355252\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403_archerfish_spit_720-1.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1355252\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403_archerfish_spit_720-1.gif\" alt=\"With its controlled jets of water, archerfish can take prey up to six feet away.\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">With its controlled jets of water, archerfish can take prey up to six feet away. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This novel feeding behavior, restricted to only seven species of fish, has attracted the attention of researchers ever since it was first described in 1764.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Albert Schlosser, an eminent Dutch naturalist, described the scene this way to the \u003ca href=\"http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/54/89\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Royal Society of London\u003c/a> almost 250 years ago:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“With surprizing dexterity, it ejects out of its tubular-mouth a single drop of water, which never fails striking the fly into the sea….”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s pretty charming to watch, as you can \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/XJKcyU1TtuU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tell from my reaction.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Schlosser’s time, researchers like Burnett have refined our understanding of the fish’s technique. For one, that \u003cem>single drop\u003c/em> isn’t a drop at all, but a jet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The jet’s tip and tail unite at the moment of impact, which is critical to the success of the attack, especially as the target distance approaches the limit of the fish’s maximum spitting range of about 6 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the fish fires the shot,” Burnett explained, citing the work of other \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822(14)00922-1?_returnURL=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0960982214009221%3Fshowall%3Dtrue\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">researchers in Germany\u003c/a> who first used high-speed cameras to observe the projectiles in 2014, “the water leaves the mouth as essentially a very long stream. But during flight, the stream merges into a ball.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1355253\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403_archerfish_longspit_720-1.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1355253\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403_archerfish_longspit_720-1.gif\" alt=\"German scientists used high-speed cameras to observe the archerfish's spitting habits.\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">German scientists used high-speed cameras to observe the archerfish’s spitting habits. \u003ccite>(Stefan Schuster)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It takes a certain amount of force to knock an insect off its perch. When the tail of the stream adds its size to the stream’s head, it bumps up the overall force of the strike, even as the projectile slows in the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At that moment, thanks to Newton’s second law of motion, \u003cem>whammo! \u003c/em>—dinner is served.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fish accomplishes this feat of timing through deliberate control of its highly-evolved mouthparts, in particular its lips, which act like an adjustable hose that can expand and contract while releasing the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So in a way, to hit a target that’s further away, the fish doesn’t spit harder. It spits smarter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans have always assumed we’ve cornered the market on intelligence. But because of archerfish and other bright lights in the animal kingdom—not all of them mammals—that idea is itself evolving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1352007\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-fish-looking-at-you-closer-CRX.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1352007\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-fish-looking-at-you-closer-CRX-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"The archerfish could be smarter than it looks.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-fish-looking-at-you-closer-CRX-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-fish-looking-at-you-closer-CRX-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-fish-looking-at-you-closer-CRX-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-fish-looking-at-you-closer-CRX-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-fish-looking-at-you-closer-CRX-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-fish-looking-at-you-closer-CRX-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-fish-looking-at-you-closer-CRX-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-fish-looking-at-you-closer-CRX-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-fish-looking-at-you-closer-CRX-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-fish-looking-at-you-closer-CRX-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The archerfish could be smarter than it looks. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The German scientists, including Stefan Schuster at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.uni-bayreuth.de/en/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Bayreuth,\u003c/a> even suggested that the archerfish’s hunting practice constitutes tool use. \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822(14)00922-1?_returnURL=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0960982214009221%3Fshowall%3Dtrue\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">In the 2014 paper,\u003c/a> he wrote that the fish can “change the hydrodynamic properties of a free jet of water—a task considered difficult in human technology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to evolutionary theory, Schuster reminds us in his paper, the invention of throwing (stones, spears) by humans called extra neurons into action, enlarging the brain over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So if archerfish are basically \u003cem>throwing water,\u003c/em> are they on some kind of evolutionary fast track, about to make some giant leap with a new brand of water-based technology, like the aliens in James Cameron’s \u003cem>The Abyss? \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just how smart is an archerfish?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last June, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/articles/srep27523\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">another experiment,\u003c/a> conducted at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.uq.edu.au/sbms/front-page\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Queensland,\u003c/a> prompted headlines like “‘Smart’ Fish Can Recognize Humans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The headline’s a stunner because, according to Newport, who’s since moved to Oxford, “Recognizing faces has been considered something uniquely human. We think only we can do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using the archerfish’s spitting habits as a starting point, Newport trained some lab fish to spit at an image of one human face with food rewards. Then, on a monitor suspended over the fish tank, she showed them a series of other faces, in pairs, adding in the familiar one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1352008\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Caitlin-Newport-still-Archerfish-facial-discrimination-longer_Cait-Newport.mov.00_00_05_06.Still001.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1352008\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Caitlin-Newport-still-Archerfish-facial-discrimination-longer_Cait-Newport.mov.00_00_05_06.Still001-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"Caitlin Newport's experiment showed that archerfish can tell human apart.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Caitlin-Newport-still-Archerfish-facial-discrimination-longer_Cait-Newport.mov.00_00_05_06.Still001-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Caitlin-Newport-still-Archerfish-facial-discrimination-longer_Cait-Newport.mov.00_00_05_06.Still001-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Caitlin-Newport-still-Archerfish-facial-discrimination-longer_Cait-Newport.mov.00_00_05_06.Still001-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Caitlin-Newport-still-Archerfish-facial-discrimination-longer_Cait-Newport.mov.00_00_05_06.Still001-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Caitlin-Newport-still-Archerfish-facial-discrimination-longer_Cait-Newport.mov.00_00_05_06.Still001-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Caitlin-Newport-still-Archerfish-facial-discrimination-longer_Cait-Newport.mov.00_00_05_06.Still001-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Caitlin-Newport-still-Archerfish-facial-discrimination-longer_Cait-Newport.mov.00_00_05_06.Still001-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Caitlin-Newport-still-Archerfish-facial-discrimination-longer_Cait-Newport.mov.00_00_05_06.Still001-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Caitlin-Newport-still-Archerfish-facial-discrimination-longer_Cait-Newport.mov.00_00_05_06.Still001-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Caitlin-Newport-still-Archerfish-facial-discrimination-longer_Cait-Newport.mov.00_00_05_06.Still001.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Caitlin Newport’s experiment showed that archerfish can tell human faces apart. \u003ccite>(Caitlin Newport)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I asked Newport why she used faces instead of, say, apples and oranges. Facial recognition in humans takes place in the neocortex, she told me, and fish have no neocortex. Instead their eyes are wired to an optic tectum, a more instinctual, primitive part of the brain. Recognizing a face should be beyond them, anatomically speaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She wanted to see how they’d do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the trained fish saw that familiar face, they would spit, to a high degree of accuracy. In a sense, the fish “recognized” the face.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a sense. According to Newport, however, what her experiment showed is only that an archerfish could \u003cem>discriminate \u003c/em>between two human faces. Full-fledged \u003cem>recognition\u003c/em> is a higher-order task and remains unproved in the fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To go from discrimination to recognition,” Newport explained to me, “you would have to show different views, or a partial view.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, the fish would have to know that what it’s looking at isn’t the whole story, and be able to infer what’s missing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the next experiment,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, even this level of discrimination should have been beyond the archerfish’s ability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think we know the limits,” Newport said. “The point that we’re coming to is that there’s lots they can do with their simple brain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1352009\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-Fish-no-mirror-CRX.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1352009\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-Fish-no-mirror-CRX-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"An archerfish eyes its terrestrial prey from underwater. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-Fish-no-mirror-CRX-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-Fish-no-mirror-CRX-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-Fish-no-mirror-CRX-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-Fish-no-mirror-CRX-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-Fish-no-mirror-CRX-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-Fish-no-mirror-CRX-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-Fish-no-mirror-CRX-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-Fish-no-mirror-CRX-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-Fish-no-mirror-CRX-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-Fish-no-mirror-CRX-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An archerfish eyes its terrestrial prey from underwater. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The archerfish hunts by spitting water at terrestrial targets with weapon-like precision, and can even tell human faces apart. Is this fish smarter than it looks?",
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"title": "Archerfish Says...\"I Spit in Your Face!\" | KQED",
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"headline": "Archerfish Says...\"I Spit in Your Face!\"",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Most people would find getting regularly spit in the face an unacceptable occupational hazard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that’s life for researchers like \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J32TQQRfzg8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Morgan Burnett,\u003c/a> a biologist at \u003ca href=\"http://college.wfu.edu/biology/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wake Forest University\u003c/a> in North Carolina who studies archerfish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If they see something moving up there, they’re gonna spit at it,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That includes your eyes, which draw the fish’s attention because of their shine, contrast and darting movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burnett’s been hit too many times to count. “I’ve taken a few surprise shots,” he said, “this cold stream of water just hits you.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1351890\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-Fish-full-profile-CRX.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1351890\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-Fish-full-profile-CRX-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"Archerfish like this one at the California Academy of Sciences live in the mangrove forests of Asia and Australia.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-Fish-full-profile-CRX-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-Fish-full-profile-CRX-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-Fish-full-profile-CRX-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-Fish-full-profile-CRX-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-Fish-full-profile-CRX-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-Fish-full-profile-CRX-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-Fish-full-profile-CRX-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-Fish-full-profile-CRX-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-Fish-full-profile-CRX-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-Fish-full-profile-CRX-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Archerfish like this one at the California Academy of Sciences live in the mangrove forests of Asia and Australia. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Spitting is exploratory,” explained Caitlin Newport, a zoologist at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.zoo.ox.ac.uk/department-zoology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Oxford,\u003c/a> who also studies the fish. Her subjects fire at most things that move within their field of vision, she said, “especially things that are shiny and move quickly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Archerfish normally do their spitting in the mangrove forests of Southeast Asia and Australia, where they take aim at ants, beetles and other insects living on the trees’ half-submerged roots. The fish’s high-pressure projectiles knock prey from their perches into the water, and the fish swoops in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The day I went to scout this episode of “Deep Look” at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> in San Francisco, I arrived when feeding time was getting underway. As the archerfish scanned the artificial vines of their aquarium for crickets, they reminded me of dogs intent on chasing\u003cb> \u003c/b>a stick. The way they track their targets, take aim, and strike is focused, almost cold-blooded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1355252\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403_archerfish_spit_720-1.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1355252\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403_archerfish_spit_720-1.gif\" alt=\"With its controlled jets of water, archerfish can take prey up to six feet away.\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">With its controlled jets of water, archerfish can take prey up to six feet away. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This novel feeding behavior, restricted to only seven species of fish, has attracted the attention of researchers ever since it was first described in 1764.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Albert Schlosser, an eminent Dutch naturalist, described the scene this way to the \u003ca href=\"http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/54/89\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Royal Society of London\u003c/a> almost 250 years ago:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“With surprizing dexterity, it ejects out of its tubular-mouth a single drop of water, which never fails striking the fly into the sea….”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s pretty charming to watch, as you can \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/XJKcyU1TtuU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tell from my reaction.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Schlosser’s time, researchers like Burnett have refined our understanding of the fish’s technique. For one, that \u003cem>single drop\u003c/em> isn’t a drop at all, but a jet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The jet’s tip and tail unite at the moment of impact, which is critical to the success of the attack, especially as the target distance approaches the limit of the fish’s maximum spitting range of about 6 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the fish fires the shot,” Burnett explained, citing the work of other \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822(14)00922-1?_returnURL=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0960982214009221%3Fshowall%3Dtrue\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">researchers in Germany\u003c/a> who first used high-speed cameras to observe the projectiles in 2014, “the water leaves the mouth as essentially a very long stream. But during flight, the stream merges into a ball.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1355253\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403_archerfish_longspit_720-1.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1355253\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403_archerfish_longspit_720-1.gif\" alt=\"German scientists used high-speed cameras to observe the archerfish's spitting habits.\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">German scientists used high-speed cameras to observe the archerfish’s spitting habits. \u003ccite>(Stefan Schuster)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It takes a certain amount of force to knock an insect off its perch. When the tail of the stream adds its size to the stream’s head, it bumps up the overall force of the strike, even as the projectile slows in the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At that moment, thanks to Newton’s second law of motion, \u003cem>whammo! \u003c/em>—dinner is served.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fish accomplishes this feat of timing through deliberate control of its highly-evolved mouthparts, in particular its lips, which act like an adjustable hose that can expand and contract while releasing the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So in a way, to hit a target that’s further away, the fish doesn’t spit harder. It spits smarter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans have always assumed we’ve cornered the market on intelligence. But because of archerfish and other bright lights in the animal kingdom—not all of them mammals—that idea is itself evolving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1352007\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-fish-looking-at-you-closer-CRX.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1352007\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-fish-looking-at-you-closer-CRX-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"The archerfish could be smarter than it looks.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-fish-looking-at-you-closer-CRX-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-fish-looking-at-you-closer-CRX-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-fish-looking-at-you-closer-CRX-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-fish-looking-at-you-closer-CRX-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-fish-looking-at-you-closer-CRX-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-fish-looking-at-you-closer-CRX-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-fish-looking-at-you-closer-CRX-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-fish-looking-at-you-closer-CRX-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-fish-looking-at-you-closer-CRX-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-fish-looking-at-you-closer-CRX-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The archerfish could be smarter than it looks. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The German scientists, including Stefan Schuster at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.uni-bayreuth.de/en/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Bayreuth,\u003c/a> even suggested that the archerfish’s hunting practice constitutes tool use. \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822(14)00922-1?_returnURL=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0960982214009221%3Fshowall%3Dtrue\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">In the 2014 paper,\u003c/a> he wrote that the fish can “change the hydrodynamic properties of a free jet of water—a task considered difficult in human technology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to evolutionary theory, Schuster reminds us in his paper, the invention of throwing (stones, spears) by humans called extra neurons into action, enlarging the brain over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So if archerfish are basically \u003cem>throwing water,\u003c/em> are they on some kind of evolutionary fast track, about to make some giant leap with a new brand of water-based technology, like the aliens in James Cameron’s \u003cem>The Abyss? \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just how smart is an archerfish?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last June, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/articles/srep27523\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">another experiment,\u003c/a> conducted at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.uq.edu.au/sbms/front-page\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Queensland,\u003c/a> prompted headlines like “‘Smart’ Fish Can Recognize Humans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The headline’s a stunner because, according to Newport, who’s since moved to Oxford, “Recognizing faces has been considered something uniquely human. We think only we can do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using the archerfish’s spitting habits as a starting point, Newport trained some lab fish to spit at an image of one human face with food rewards. Then, on a monitor suspended over the fish tank, she showed them a series of other faces, in pairs, adding in the familiar one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1352008\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Caitlin-Newport-still-Archerfish-facial-discrimination-longer_Cait-Newport.mov.00_00_05_06.Still001.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1352008\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Caitlin-Newport-still-Archerfish-facial-discrimination-longer_Cait-Newport.mov.00_00_05_06.Still001-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"Caitlin Newport's experiment showed that archerfish can tell human apart.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Caitlin-Newport-still-Archerfish-facial-discrimination-longer_Cait-Newport.mov.00_00_05_06.Still001-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Caitlin-Newport-still-Archerfish-facial-discrimination-longer_Cait-Newport.mov.00_00_05_06.Still001-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Caitlin-Newport-still-Archerfish-facial-discrimination-longer_Cait-Newport.mov.00_00_05_06.Still001-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Caitlin-Newport-still-Archerfish-facial-discrimination-longer_Cait-Newport.mov.00_00_05_06.Still001-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Caitlin-Newport-still-Archerfish-facial-discrimination-longer_Cait-Newport.mov.00_00_05_06.Still001-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Caitlin-Newport-still-Archerfish-facial-discrimination-longer_Cait-Newport.mov.00_00_05_06.Still001-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Caitlin-Newport-still-Archerfish-facial-discrimination-longer_Cait-Newport.mov.00_00_05_06.Still001-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Caitlin-Newport-still-Archerfish-facial-discrimination-longer_Cait-Newport.mov.00_00_05_06.Still001-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Caitlin-Newport-still-Archerfish-facial-discrimination-longer_Cait-Newport.mov.00_00_05_06.Still001-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Caitlin-Newport-still-Archerfish-facial-discrimination-longer_Cait-Newport.mov.00_00_05_06.Still001.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Caitlin Newport’s experiment showed that archerfish can tell human faces apart. \u003ccite>(Caitlin Newport)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I asked Newport why she used faces instead of, say, apples and oranges. Facial recognition in humans takes place in the neocortex, she told me, and fish have no neocortex. Instead their eyes are wired to an optic tectum, a more instinctual, primitive part of the brain. Recognizing a face should be beyond them, anatomically speaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She wanted to see how they’d do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the trained fish saw that familiar face, they would spit, to a high degree of accuracy. In a sense, the fish “recognized” the face.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a sense. According to Newport, however, what her experiment showed is only that an archerfish could \u003cem>discriminate \u003c/em>between two human faces. Full-fledged \u003cem>recognition\u003c/em> is a higher-order task and remains unproved in the fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To go from discrimination to recognition,” Newport explained to me, “you would have to show different views, or a partial view.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, the fish would have to know that what it’s looking at isn’t the whole story, and be able to infer what’s missing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the next experiment,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, even this level of discrimination should have been beyond the archerfish’s ability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think we know the limits,” Newport said. “The point that we’re coming to is that there’s lots they can do with their simple brain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1352009\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-Fish-no-mirror-CRX.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1352009\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-Fish-no-mirror-CRX-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"An archerfish eyes its terrestrial prey from underwater. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-Fish-no-mirror-CRX-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-Fish-no-mirror-CRX-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-Fish-no-mirror-CRX-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-Fish-no-mirror-CRX-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-Fish-no-mirror-CRX-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-Fish-no-mirror-CRX-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-Fish-no-mirror-CRX-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-Fish-no-mirror-CRX-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-Fish-no-mirror-CRX-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/DL403-Fish-no-mirror-CRX-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An archerfish eyes its terrestrial prey from underwater. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"order": 9
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"order": 15
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"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 18
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"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
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"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
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"source": "American Public Media"
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"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"meta": {
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"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 11
},
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"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
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"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
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},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
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"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
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"planet-money": {
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
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},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/e0c2d153-ad36-4c8d-901d-f1da6a724824/political-breakdown",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
"meta": {
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
"subscribe": {
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pri.org/programs/the-world",
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