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"content": "\u003cp>Just west of Los Angeles, decimated populations of spiny rockfish rummage for prey among bush-like corals. Cold currents from deep valleys wash nutrients between the Channel Islands, fertilizing plants that are eaten by fish. The fish are eaten by dolphins and pelicans and served with fries to diners watching ocean sunsets from Venice Beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rockfish populations that crashed off the southern Californian coast in the 1990s have been protected by fishing rules and marine parks. But climate change is making a natural threat to the fish even worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”Gne3W9AHBDJJeaZ5tF6m5XUHhj56nZqJ”]As atmospheric pollution warms the planet and its seas, oxygen levels are declining in the oceans, making it harder for the bottom-dwelling fish to breathe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ocean warming is projected to continue reducing oxygen levels in some hotspots that are naturally low in oxygen, such as the eastern Pacific Ocean. The oxygen declines in coastal waters like California’s threaten to create invisible chemical barriers, boxing vulnerable wildlife into smaller territories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The importance of oxygen loss has been underestimated or overlooked by ocean scientists,” said Lisa Levin, a Scripps Institution of Oceanography professor who is helping to pioneer research into the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levin’s lab published a study last week revealing the heavy influence of oxygen levels on the biodiversity of worms, molluscs and other creatures that live in West Coast mud, which are eaten by rockfish and other marine predators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As oceans warm, fish and other sea animals need more oxygen, yet the sea water they breathe holds less of it. Ocean circulation changes caused by global warming can also reduce oxygen levels below the ocean’s surface, where it’s absorbed from the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s jeopardizing fisheries already afflicted by overfishing, wetland losses, water pollution, ocean warming and ocean acidification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For some things that can’t move, it’s going to kill them,” Levin said. “For things that can swim away, it’s going to shrink their habitat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oxygen levels can be highly variable, and scientists are still trying to untangle the role climate change may have played in declining West Coast oxygen levels since the 1980s, some of which coincided with local ocean cooling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scripps and federal government scientists calculated in 2010 that the oxygen declines could reduce cowcod habitat in protected Southern California Bight areas by 18 percent by the 2020s, if trends continued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ocean warming and ocean acidification have had much more attention,” Levin said. “The people who have been studying changes in oxygen didn’t raise the issue about global declines until probably eight years ago, and haven’t focused on communicating to the media, to the public, everywhere it needs to go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levin led a three-person Scripps research team that analyzed data from biological surveys of ocean mud using advanced statistical techniques. They reported last week in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B that oxygen levels appear to have more influence than temperature or a measure of acidity over the number of small mud-dwelling species found on West Coast coastlines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results were very different when the researchers examined samples from a different region. In the Arabian sea, the scientists discovered that the measure of ocean acidity was more closely tied to biodiversity levels than oxygen concentrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding helped to illuminate the local and regional nature of the low-oxygen threat, and the complex relationships between warming, acidification and oxygen depletion that are being caused by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If more data were available from another area, such as the East African coast, I suspect that may be different as well,” said Nancy Rabalais, a Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium professor who was not involved with the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rabalais said the new Scripps study could help scientists predict how the three major ocean changes caused by global warming — warming, acidification and deoxygenation — could affect biodiversity in key marine habitats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each of the trifecta of global warming impacts tends to harm wildlife. Each of those impacts could be slowed if a United Nations climate treaty, which was negotiated in Paris in December, succeeds in sharply curbing fossil fuel use and deforestation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists point out that battered marine ecosystems would have greater chances of surviving impacts from warming if overfishing, plastic pollution and habitat destruction are also curbed. Marine parks can also help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Extreme oxygen shortfalls already occur in seasonal dead zones, such as in the Gulf of Mexico, which is caused by farming and sewage pollution. By warming seawater, climate change can make dead zones bigger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In areas where oxygen levels are naturally low, including off the West Coast and in the eastern Atlantic and southern Indian oceans, recent modeling showed climate change is already worsening the problem — which can fuel severe oxygen shortfalls that scientists call hypoxia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those impacts were projected by computer models to spread to additional regions during future years and decades. Some high-oxygen parts of oceans, by contrast, might not experience any impacts from the declines this century, the research showed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s hard to attribute a single year of hypoxia to warming,” said Curtis Deutsch, a professor at the University of Washington who contributed to the modeling analysis, which was published this year in the journal Global Biogeochemical Cycles. “And yet, at the same time, we expect it to become more frequent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists like Deutsch are turning to models to try to understand how climate change may be influencing oxygen levels in oceans. Those concentrations are influenced by a confounding array of natural and human factors, and they haven’t been well measured.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are parts of the ocean where models predict that we can be detecting real, long-term changes in the ocean that are distinct from natural fluctuations right now,” Deutsch said. “For fisheries, it hasn’t been detected in data, but all of the indicators point toward this being an important concern for the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The modeling study honed in on oxygen impacts in the open ocean, but it didn’t reveal or project more complicated changes in coastal regions, such as in the colorful coral and sponge habitats of the Southern California Bight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings from the modeling runs corroborated those from similar studies that have been published in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are very expected results,” said John Dunne, a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration biogeochemist and climate modeler who has researched the topic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dunne said impacts from projected oxygen declines will matter most in parts of the ocean where levels are naturally low to begin with, such as along the West Coast, including the waters off Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Changes in southern California may already be squeezing decimated populations of fish that are popular with fishermen and diners, such as cowcod and other rockfish, into dangerously small territories, further threatening their survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At high levels of oxygen, it doesn’t matter,” Dunne said. “At low levels of oxygen, it matters a great deal.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Global warming is reducing oxygen supplies for marine wildlife along the West Coast and elsewhere.",
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"nprByline": "\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\" target=\"_blank\">John Upton\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Climate Central\u003c/a>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Just west of Los Angeles, decimated populations of spiny rockfish rummage for prey among bush-like corals. Cold currents from deep valleys wash nutrients between the Channel Islands, fertilizing plants that are eaten by fish. The fish are eaten by dolphins and pelicans and served with fries to diners watching ocean sunsets from Venice Beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rockfish populations that crashed off the southern Californian coast in the 1990s have been protected by fishing rules and marine parks. But climate change is making a natural threat to the fish even worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>As atmospheric pollution warms the planet and its seas, oxygen levels are declining in the oceans, making it harder for the bottom-dwelling fish to breathe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ocean warming is projected to continue reducing oxygen levels in some hotspots that are naturally low in oxygen, such as the eastern Pacific Ocean. The oxygen declines in coastal waters like California’s threaten to create invisible chemical barriers, boxing vulnerable wildlife into smaller territories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The importance of oxygen loss has been underestimated or overlooked by ocean scientists,” said Lisa Levin, a Scripps Institution of Oceanography professor who is helping to pioneer research into the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levin’s lab published a study last week revealing the heavy influence of oxygen levels on the biodiversity of worms, molluscs and other creatures that live in West Coast mud, which are eaten by rockfish and other marine predators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As oceans warm, fish and other sea animals need more oxygen, yet the sea water they breathe holds less of it. Ocean circulation changes caused by global warming can also reduce oxygen levels below the ocean’s surface, where it’s absorbed from the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s jeopardizing fisheries already afflicted by overfishing, wetland losses, water pollution, ocean warming and ocean acidification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For some things that can’t move, it’s going to kill them,” Levin said. “For things that can swim away, it’s going to shrink their habitat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oxygen levels can be highly variable, and scientists are still trying to untangle the role climate change may have played in declining West Coast oxygen levels since the 1980s, some of which coincided with local ocean cooling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scripps and federal government scientists calculated in 2010 that the oxygen declines could reduce cowcod habitat in protected Southern California Bight areas by 18 percent by the 2020s, if trends continued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ocean warming and ocean acidification have had much more attention,” Levin said. “The people who have been studying changes in oxygen didn’t raise the issue about global declines until probably eight years ago, and haven’t focused on communicating to the media, to the public, everywhere it needs to go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levin led a three-person Scripps research team that analyzed data from biological surveys of ocean mud using advanced statistical techniques. They reported last week in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B that oxygen levels appear to have more influence than temperature or a measure of acidity over the number of small mud-dwelling species found on West Coast coastlines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results were very different when the researchers examined samples from a different region. In the Arabian sea, the scientists discovered that the measure of ocean acidity was more closely tied to biodiversity levels than oxygen concentrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding helped to illuminate the local and regional nature of the low-oxygen threat, and the complex relationships between warming, acidification and oxygen depletion that are being caused by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If more data were available from another area, such as the East African coast, I suspect that may be different as well,” said Nancy Rabalais, a Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium professor who was not involved with the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rabalais said the new Scripps study could help scientists predict how the three major ocean changes caused by global warming — warming, acidification and deoxygenation — could affect biodiversity in key marine habitats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each of the trifecta of global warming impacts tends to harm wildlife. Each of those impacts could be slowed if a United Nations climate treaty, which was negotiated in Paris in December, succeeds in sharply curbing fossil fuel use and deforestation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists point out that battered marine ecosystems would have greater chances of surviving impacts from warming if overfishing, plastic pollution and habitat destruction are also curbed. Marine parks can also help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Extreme oxygen shortfalls already occur in seasonal dead zones, such as in the Gulf of Mexico, which is caused by farming and sewage pollution. By warming seawater, climate change can make dead zones bigger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In areas where oxygen levels are naturally low, including off the West Coast and in the eastern Atlantic and southern Indian oceans, recent modeling showed climate change is already worsening the problem — which can fuel severe oxygen shortfalls that scientists call hypoxia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those impacts were projected by computer models to spread to additional regions during future years and decades. Some high-oxygen parts of oceans, by contrast, might not experience any impacts from the declines this century, the research showed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s hard to attribute a single year of hypoxia to warming,” said Curtis Deutsch, a professor at the University of Washington who contributed to the modeling analysis, which was published this year in the journal Global Biogeochemical Cycles. “And yet, at the same time, we expect it to become more frequent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists like Deutsch are turning to models to try to understand how climate change may be influencing oxygen levels in oceans. Those concentrations are influenced by a confounding array of natural and human factors, and they haven’t been well measured.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are parts of the ocean where models predict that we can be detecting real, long-term changes in the ocean that are distinct from natural fluctuations right now,” Deutsch said. “For fisheries, it hasn’t been detected in data, but all of the indicators point toward this being an important concern for the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The modeling study honed in on oxygen impacts in the open ocean, but it didn’t reveal or project more complicated changes in coastal regions, such as in the colorful coral and sponge habitats of the Southern California Bight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings from the modeling runs corroborated those from similar studies that have been published in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are very expected results,” said John Dunne, a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration biogeochemist and climate modeler who has researched the topic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dunne said impacts from projected oxygen declines will matter most in parts of the ocean where levels are naturally low to begin with, such as along the West Coast, including the waters off Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Changes in southern California may already be squeezing decimated populations of fish that are popular with fishermen and diners, such as cowcod and other rockfish, into dangerously small territories, further threatening their survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At high levels of oxygen, it doesn’t matter,” Dunne said. “At low levels of oxygen, it matters a great deal.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"headTitle": "In Search of the Unknown, This Robot to Explore Pitch-Black Ocean Deep | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Ready for a year of deep ocean adventures, SuBastian, a remotely operated underwater vehicle, got its “feet” wet during its first public appearance on Wednesday at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mbari.org/\">Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The custom-built robot will be able to take 4k video, sample underwater thermal vents and collect rocks 2.8 miles below the ocean’s surface where darkness, near-freezing temperatures and intense pressure make it difficult for humans to explore.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The ROV [remotely operated vehicle] has the power of a rugby player but the dexterity of a neurosurgeon.’\u003ccite>David Wotherspoon, Schmidt Ocean Institute\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The ROV [remotely operated vehicle] has the power of a rugby player but the dexterity of a neurosurgeon,” says project manager David Wotherspoon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the first submersible vehicle the \u003ca href=\"http://schmidtocean.org/\">Schmidt Ocean Institute\u003c/a>, founded by \u003ca href=\"https://abc.xyz/\">Alphabet Inc. \u003c/a>executive chairman Eric Schmidt and his wife, Wendy, has ever built. Wendy Schmidt has also established the Ocean Health XPRIZE, a $2 million competition to improve understanding of the impact of ocean acidification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previously, the Schmidt Ocean Institute rented scientific robots and launched them off its retrofitted 272-foot German ship, \u003ca href=\"http://schmidtocean.org/rv-falkor/ship-specifications/\">Falkor\u003c/a>. (And yes, both Falkor and SuBastian get their names from the same \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_NeverEnding_Story_(film)\">1980s cult classic film\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, with the multimillion-dollar vehicle, the institute can collect data and send it back to engineers on Falkor in near real time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SuBastian’s 10 video cameras will be able to send screen grabs back to controllers in a special workstation on Falkor installed inside a shipping container. From there, engineers can send directions to SuBastian about which way to move, what samples to collect and what chemicals, like oxygen or sulfur, to measure from thermal vents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_663057\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-663057\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/alarcon-chimneys-D752.jpg\" alt=\"This thermal vent or "black smoker" is located in the Gulf of California and spews mineral-rich water that's over 550 degrees Fahrenheit.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/alarcon-chimneys-D752.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/alarcon-chimneys-D752-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/alarcon-chimneys-D752-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/alarcon-chimneys-D752-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/alarcon-chimneys-D752-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/alarcon-chimneys-D752-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/alarcon-chimneys-D752-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This thermal vent or “black smoker” is located in the Gulf of California and spews mineral-rich water that’s over 550 degrees Fahrenheit. \u003ccite>(Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These vents or “ocean chimneys” are one of the things SuBastian is specifically designed to test. The boiling hot fluids spewing out of the ocean floor occur near geologically active areas and are similar to geysers or fumaroles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Schmidt engineering team built titanium thermal probes that can take hot fluid samples from these vents. Two “arms” on the front of SuBastian can grasp the probe, which will go directly into the hottest part of the vent to take its temperature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These thermal vents support unique ecosystems that can survive in high temperatures without sunlight and studying them may hold clues about the evolution of life on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But part of researching the deep ocean means not getting stuck down there. So SuBastian has two types of sonar to map its environment.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"//giphy.com/embed/JXGc3f23868ow\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" class=\"giphy-embed\" scrolling=\"yes\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size: medium\">(Engineers test one of SuBastian’s arms.)\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forward-looking imaging sonar tells operators how close it is to certain objects while scanning sonar prevents collisions and warns of muddy or silty terrain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the ROV runs on power from the main ship it can work continuously for days or even weeks at a time. An umbilical cord connects the robot to Falkor and contains a group of copper electrical conductors and fiber optics that carry electric power, video and data signals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cord is also load-bearing so it won’t snap if the vehicle brings back heavy samples or if Falkor gets inundated by storms at sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The samples SuBastian could collect include rocks, coral or core samples that show oxygen deposits in the sea floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it may stumble upon new forms of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During a 2014 Falkor voyage, a lander (a camera-carrying underwater platform that works like an elevator) encountered a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cBxsm5T2yN8\">“ghost” fish\u003c/a>, the deepest fish known to science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">At 26,715 feet below the ocean’s surface the fish roamed an area east of Guam called the \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mariana Trench, the deepest part of the world’s oceans.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s exactly where SuBastian is headed this year. This summer the ROV crew will test SuBastian in the open ocean and after that they will conduct scientific experiments in the Marianas Trench during November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because so little of the ocean is explored—some experts, like diver and scientist Sylvia Earle, say it’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/23/magazine/champion-of-the-deep.html?pagewanted=all\">only 5 percent\u003c/a>—SuBastian will offer unparalleled opportunities to understand previously unvisited areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I’m really looking forward to getting this out there,” says Wotherspoon.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Ready for a year of deep ocean adventures, SuBastian, a remotely operated underwater vehicle, got its “feet” wet during its first public appearance on Wednesday at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mbari.org/\">Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The custom-built robot will be able to take 4k video, sample underwater thermal vents and collect rocks 2.8 miles below the ocean’s surface where darkness, near-freezing temperatures and intense pressure make it difficult for humans to explore.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The ROV [remotely operated vehicle] has the power of a rugby player but the dexterity of a neurosurgeon.’\u003ccite>David Wotherspoon, Schmidt Ocean Institute\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The ROV [remotely operated vehicle] has the power of a rugby player but the dexterity of a neurosurgeon,” says project manager David Wotherspoon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the first submersible vehicle the \u003ca href=\"http://schmidtocean.org/\">Schmidt Ocean Institute\u003c/a>, founded by \u003ca href=\"https://abc.xyz/\">Alphabet Inc. \u003c/a>executive chairman Eric Schmidt and his wife, Wendy, has ever built. Wendy Schmidt has also established the Ocean Health XPRIZE, a $2 million competition to improve understanding of the impact of ocean acidification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previously, the Schmidt Ocean Institute rented scientific robots and launched them off its retrofitted 272-foot German ship, \u003ca href=\"http://schmidtocean.org/rv-falkor/ship-specifications/\">Falkor\u003c/a>. (And yes, both Falkor and SuBastian get their names from the same \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_NeverEnding_Story_(film)\">1980s cult classic film\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, with the multimillion-dollar vehicle, the institute can collect data and send it back to engineers on Falkor in near real time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SuBastian’s 10 video cameras will be able to send screen grabs back to controllers in a special workstation on Falkor installed inside a shipping container. From there, engineers can send directions to SuBastian about which way to move, what samples to collect and what chemicals, like oxygen or sulfur, to measure from thermal vents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_663057\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-663057\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/alarcon-chimneys-D752.jpg\" alt=\"This thermal vent or "black smoker" is located in the Gulf of California and spews mineral-rich water that's over 550 degrees Fahrenheit.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/alarcon-chimneys-D752.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/alarcon-chimneys-D752-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/alarcon-chimneys-D752-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/alarcon-chimneys-D752-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/alarcon-chimneys-D752-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/alarcon-chimneys-D752-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/alarcon-chimneys-D752-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This thermal vent or “black smoker” is located in the Gulf of California and spews mineral-rich water that’s over 550 degrees Fahrenheit. \u003ccite>(Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These vents or “ocean chimneys” are one of the things SuBastian is specifically designed to test. The boiling hot fluids spewing out of the ocean floor occur near geologically active areas and are similar to geysers or fumaroles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Schmidt engineering team built titanium thermal probes that can take hot fluid samples from these vents. Two “arms” on the front of SuBastian can grasp the probe, which will go directly into the hottest part of the vent to take its temperature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These thermal vents support unique ecosystems that can survive in high temperatures without sunlight and studying them may hold clues about the evolution of life on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But part of researching the deep ocean means not getting stuck down there. So SuBastian has two types of sonar to map its environment.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"//giphy.com/embed/JXGc3f23868ow\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" class=\"giphy-embed\" scrolling=\"yes\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size: medium\">(Engineers test one of SuBastian’s arms.)\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forward-looking imaging sonar tells operators how close it is to certain objects while scanning sonar prevents collisions and warns of muddy or silty terrain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the ROV runs on power from the main ship it can work continuously for days or even weeks at a time. An umbilical cord connects the robot to Falkor and contains a group of copper electrical conductors and fiber optics that carry electric power, video and data signals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cord is also load-bearing so it won’t snap if the vehicle brings back heavy samples or if Falkor gets inundated by storms at sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The samples SuBastian could collect include rocks, coral or core samples that show oxygen deposits in the sea floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it may stumble upon new forms of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During a 2014 Falkor voyage, a lander (a camera-carrying underwater platform that works like an elevator) encountered a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cBxsm5T2yN8\">“ghost” fish\u003c/a>, the deepest fish known to science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">At 26,715 feet below the ocean’s surface the fish roamed an area east of Guam called the \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mariana Trench, the deepest part of the world’s oceans.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s exactly where SuBastian is headed this year. This summer the ROV crew will test SuBastian in the open ocean and after that they will conduct scientific experiments in the Marianas Trench during November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because so little of the ocean is explored—some experts, like diver and scientist Sylvia Earle, say it’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/23/magazine/champion-of-the-deep.html?pagewanted=all\">only 5 percent\u003c/a>—SuBastian will offer unparalleled opportunities to understand previously unvisited areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I’m really looking forward to getting this out there,” says Wotherspoon.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A dead whale has washed up at a popular California surf spot, and a boat captain says he saw another whale carcass off shore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://(http://bit.ly/1SZt4Qh\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Orange County Register\u003c/a> reports the first whale was spotted Sunday at Lower Trestles just south of San Clemente.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Todd Mansur, who captains a whale watching boat, tells the newspaper he expects the second whale to wash up in the next few days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each carcass is estimated at more than 40 feet long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.instagram.com/p/BEoViBYRJ3O/\u003cbr>\nhttps://www.instagram.com/p/BEmxPlgzbGh/?taken-by=kellyslater\u003cbr>\nMansur says he inspected both whales and saw no signs of marks from ships, propeller wounds or entanglements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says great white sharks were feeding on the carcasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lifeguards were not immediately available to comment, so it was unclear what would be done with the whale that washed ashore.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A dead whale has washed up at a popular California surf spot, and a boat captain says he saw another whale carcass off shore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://(http://bit.ly/1SZt4Qh\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Orange County Register\u003c/a> reports the first whale was spotted Sunday at Lower Trestles just south of San Clemente.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Todd Mansur, who captains a whale watching boat, tells the newspaper he expects the second whale to wash up in the next few days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each carcass is estimated at more than 40 feet long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.instagram.com/p/BEoViBYRJ3O/\u003cbr>\nhttps://www.instagram.com/p/BEmxPlgzbGh/?taken-by=kellyslater\u003cbr>\nMansur says he inspected both whales and saw no signs of marks from ships, propeller wounds or entanglements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says great white sharks were feeding on the carcasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lifeguards were not immediately available to comment, so it was unclear what would be done with the whale that washed ashore.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Tiny Forage Fish at Bottom of Marine Food Web Get New Protections",
"headTitle": "Tiny Forage Fish at Bottom of Marine Food Web Get New Protections | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Sardines, herring and other small fish species are the foundation of the marine food web—they’re essential food for birds, marine mammals and other fish. But globally, demand for these so-called forage species has exploded, with many going to feed the livestock and fish farming industries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”hubLZghGaTkFNKjQ0Snw7bd68OuLcPrN”]Some of these species are already heavily fished, and it will take time for them to recover. But other forage species have not yet been commercially targeted. And this week, the U.S. government passed measures—backed by environmentalists as well as fishermen—to protect these critical fish and invertebrate species in waters off the U.S. West Coast before they’re overfished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2016/04/04/2016-07516/fisheries-off-west-coast-states-comprehensive-ecosystem-based-amendment-1-amendments-to-the-fishery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rule\u003c/a> passed Monday by the National Marine Fisheries Service makes it illegal for commercial fishermen to develop new fisheries for hundreds of forage species unless scientists have first determined that targeting them will have no negative impacts on the marine ecosystem, existing fisheries and fishing communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forage species include such creatures as lanternfishes, Pacific saury, silversides, eulachon, surf smelt and neon flying squid. Some of these species have hardly been fished at all. They may live in deep water far from shore and are relatively absent from public awareness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just because people haven’t heard of a lot of these species yet, it’s really only a matter of time and economics before it becomes viable to put out huge nets that catch the entire base of our food web,” Geoff Shester, California Campaign Director with the group Oceana, says in an interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other forage fish species are already in trouble. Pacific sardines are at their lowest numbers in decades. Pacific herring have also declined. In the waters off Peru, the anchoveta has been heavily fished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shester says demand for forage species, which are potentially easy targets due to their tendency to gather in dense schools, is growing as aquaculture and livestock industries expand. A study published last year in \u003cem>Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture\u003c/em>reported that aquaculture production doubled from 2000 to 2012, when about 55 million tons of fish and crustaceans were reared on farms. These animals rely heavily on fishmeal and oil, and in 2012, about 18 million tons of wild-caught seafood was rendered into these products, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The demand for fish oil and fishmeal is going through the roof,” Shester says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new rule comes on the heels of two similar initiatives, both passed in 2009. One prohibits targeted commercial fishing for West Coast krill, an important marine food source for which fishing interest has rapidly grown in other parts of the ocean. Another law limits commercial fishing in parts of the Arctic Ocean as global warming melts sea ice and makes the region accessible to vessels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_624030\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-624030\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/sardines.jpg\" alt=\"Some forage fish species are already in trouble. Pacific sardines are at their lowest numbers in decades. \" width=\"800\" height=\"493\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/sardines.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/sardines-400x247.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/sardines-768x473.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some forage fish species are already in trouble. Pacific sardines are at their lowest numbers in decades. \u003ccite>(Gabriel Bouys/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Yvonne deReynier, senior resource management specialist with the National Marine Fisheries Service, says lanternfishes are one of the most ecologically important groups of fishes that will benefit from the new protections. Lanternfishes, also called myctophids, may be the most abundant vertebrate group on the planet in terms of biomass, or weight. According to a \u003ca href=\"http://usa.oceana.org/blog/myctophids-small-fish-and-colossal-action-protect-them\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report by Oceana\u003c/a>, the 246 species of myctophids in the ocean represent about two-thirds of the biomass, or weight, of all deep sea fishes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But large natural abundance of lanternfishes and other forage species doesn’t necessarily buffer them against overfishing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know what the effects of fishing on these species could be in 50 years, but we aren’t taking any chances,” says Anna Weinstein, marine program director for Audubon California, one of the groups that supported the restrictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says saury and neon flying squid have already become subjects of commercial fishing interest in other nations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So this action couldn’t have come at a better time,” Weinstein says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The forage fish protections affect the band of water between 3 and 200 miles from shore off the coast of California, Oregon and Washington – an area covering about 280,000 square miles. Weinstein says the rule will have a wide array of trickledown benefits for fishermen, marine mammals and seabirds. A great deal of conservation effort and money, she says, has already been focused on protecting islands where birds like albatrosses, puffins and shearwaters breed. Now, she says, their key food sources are protected, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists around the world have endorsed the idea of protecting important forage species before they become exploited. A 2012 report from a group of 13 scientists called the Lenfest Forage Fish Task Force called for paying closer attention to the vulnerabilities of forage fishes and how overfishing these species can negatively impact many larger species that prey on them. According to the report, titled \u003cem>Little Fish, Big Impact\u003c/em>, overfishing has contributed to the declines of the Peruvian anchoveta, Chesapeake Bay menhaden and other ecologically critical species. The authors call for setting lower catch limits for important forage species while boosting the minimum biomass that must be left in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oceana’s Shester says the new policy is long overdue and that many overfishing crises, including the current collapse of the Pacific sardine, could have been avoided if fishery regulators had taken a more precautionary approach to management years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With Pacific sardines, the fishery’s managers waited until numbers were at 10 percent,” Shester says. “We saw warning signs that the fishery was collapsing five years ago, but only when it had collapsed did we do anything.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Protecting forage species now, he says, doesn’t put them off limits forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just means that we need to take a step back before we proceed and start catching them,” Shester says. “It puts the burden of proof on the fishermen to show beforehand that they aren’t going to harm the ecosystem if they catch these species, and only then can they put nets in the water.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Demand for sardines and other small species has exploded, with many being used as feed for livestock and fish farming. New rules aim to protect these species from overfishing off the U.S. West Coast.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Sardines, herring and other small fish species are the foundation of the marine food web—they’re essential food for birds, marine mammals and other fish. But globally, demand for these so-called forage species has exploded, with many going to feed the livestock and fish farming industries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Some of these species are already heavily fished, and it will take time for them to recover. But other forage species have not yet been commercially targeted. And this week, the U.S. government passed measures—backed by environmentalists as well as fishermen—to protect these critical fish and invertebrate species in waters off the U.S. West Coast before they’re overfished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2016/04/04/2016-07516/fisheries-off-west-coast-states-comprehensive-ecosystem-based-amendment-1-amendments-to-the-fishery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rule\u003c/a> passed Monday by the National Marine Fisheries Service makes it illegal for commercial fishermen to develop new fisheries for hundreds of forage species unless scientists have first determined that targeting them will have no negative impacts on the marine ecosystem, existing fisheries and fishing communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forage species include such creatures as lanternfishes, Pacific saury, silversides, eulachon, surf smelt and neon flying squid. Some of these species have hardly been fished at all. They may live in deep water far from shore and are relatively absent from public awareness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just because people haven’t heard of a lot of these species yet, it’s really only a matter of time and economics before it becomes viable to put out huge nets that catch the entire base of our food web,” Geoff Shester, California Campaign Director with the group Oceana, says in an interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other forage fish species are already in trouble. Pacific sardines are at their lowest numbers in decades. Pacific herring have also declined. In the waters off Peru, the anchoveta has been heavily fished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shester says demand for forage species, which are potentially easy targets due to their tendency to gather in dense schools, is growing as aquaculture and livestock industries expand. A study published last year in \u003cem>Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture\u003c/em>reported that aquaculture production doubled from 2000 to 2012, when about 55 million tons of fish and crustaceans were reared on farms. These animals rely heavily on fishmeal and oil, and in 2012, about 18 million tons of wild-caught seafood was rendered into these products, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The demand for fish oil and fishmeal is going through the roof,” Shester says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new rule comes on the heels of two similar initiatives, both passed in 2009. One prohibits targeted commercial fishing for West Coast krill, an important marine food source for which fishing interest has rapidly grown in other parts of the ocean. Another law limits commercial fishing in parts of the Arctic Ocean as global warming melts sea ice and makes the region accessible to vessels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_624030\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-624030\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/sardines.jpg\" alt=\"Some forage fish species are already in trouble. Pacific sardines are at their lowest numbers in decades. \" width=\"800\" height=\"493\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/sardines.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/sardines-400x247.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/sardines-768x473.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some forage fish species are already in trouble. Pacific sardines are at their lowest numbers in decades. \u003ccite>(Gabriel Bouys/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Yvonne deReynier, senior resource management specialist with the National Marine Fisheries Service, says lanternfishes are one of the most ecologically important groups of fishes that will benefit from the new protections. Lanternfishes, also called myctophids, may be the most abundant vertebrate group on the planet in terms of biomass, or weight. According to a \u003ca href=\"http://usa.oceana.org/blog/myctophids-small-fish-and-colossal-action-protect-them\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report by Oceana\u003c/a>, the 246 species of myctophids in the ocean represent about two-thirds of the biomass, or weight, of all deep sea fishes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But large natural abundance of lanternfishes and other forage species doesn’t necessarily buffer them against overfishing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know what the effects of fishing on these species could be in 50 years, but we aren’t taking any chances,” says Anna Weinstein, marine program director for Audubon California, one of the groups that supported the restrictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says saury and neon flying squid have already become subjects of commercial fishing interest in other nations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So this action couldn’t have come at a better time,” Weinstein says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The forage fish protections affect the band of water between 3 and 200 miles from shore off the coast of California, Oregon and Washington – an area covering about 280,000 square miles. Weinstein says the rule will have a wide array of trickledown benefits for fishermen, marine mammals and seabirds. A great deal of conservation effort and money, she says, has already been focused on protecting islands where birds like albatrosses, puffins and shearwaters breed. Now, she says, their key food sources are protected, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists around the world have endorsed the idea of protecting important forage species before they become exploited. A 2012 report from a group of 13 scientists called the Lenfest Forage Fish Task Force called for paying closer attention to the vulnerabilities of forage fishes and how overfishing these species can negatively impact many larger species that prey on them. According to the report, titled \u003cem>Little Fish, Big Impact\u003c/em>, overfishing has contributed to the declines of the Peruvian anchoveta, Chesapeake Bay menhaden and other ecologically critical species. The authors call for setting lower catch limits for important forage species while boosting the minimum biomass that must be left in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oceana’s Shester says the new policy is long overdue and that many overfishing crises, including the current collapse of the Pacific sardine, could have been avoided if fishery regulators had taken a more precautionary approach to management years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With Pacific sardines, the fishery’s managers waited until numbers were at 10 percent,” Shester says. “We saw warning signs that the fishery was collapsing five years ago, but only when it had collapsed did we do anything.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Protecting forage species now, he says, doesn’t put them off limits forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just means that we need to take a step back before we proceed and start catching them,” Shester says. “It puts the burden of proof on the fishermen to show beforehand that they aren’t going to harm the ecosystem if they catch these species, and only then can they put nets in the water.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Arctic Sea Ice Hits Record Low Peak, Again",
"headTitle": "Arctic Sea Ice Hits Record Low Peak, Again | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>It’s been a winter for the books in the Arctic. Capping off a season of sustained, mind-boggling warm weather and \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/arctic-sea-ice-record-low-again-20044\">stunted sea ice growth\u003c/a>, the annual Arctic sea ice maximum hit its lowest level ever recorded. That marks the second straight year that the winter maximum ice extent set a record low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve never seen such a warm, crazy winter in the Arctic,” Mark Serreze, director of the \u003ca href=\"https://nsidc.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Snow and Ice Data Center\u003c/a>, said in a statement. “The heat was relentless.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with other indicators like global average temperature and sea level rise, the record-setting sea ice cover is a key example of how much climate change is affecting the planet. Diminished sea ice can impact the ability of Arctic species like polar bears and walruses to find food, and could \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/polar-vortex-whats-the-role-of-warming-18654\">impact the weather\u003c/a> across North America, Europe and Asia, though that connection is still contentious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Arctic is in crisis. Year by year, it’s slipping into a new state, and it’s hard to see how that won’t have an effect on weather throughout the Northern Hemisphere,” Ted Scambos, an NSIDC lead scientist, said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://nsidc.org/news/newsroom/arctic-sets-yet-another-record-low-maximum-extent\">NSIDC announced on Monday\u003c/a> that Arctic sea ice hit its maximum extent for the winter on March 24, when it averaged 5.607 million square miles. That beat \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/arctic-sea-hits-record-low-winter-peak-18795\">last year’s record low\u003c/a> of 5.612 million square miles, set on Feb. 25, 2015, by 5,000 square miles or just a bit smaller than the area of Connecticut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/ferqrZi4WF4?rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year’s peak came earlier than is typical, while this year’s was later than the average peak time. That late peak date sets up a shorter-than-normal ice melt season this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The record low maximum doesn’t necessarily guarantee a record-low summer sea ice minimum, though, as ice melt depends heavily on Arctic weather patterns through the spring and summer months. Last year’s minimum was the\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/arctic-ice-4th-lowest-record-19455\">fourth lowest on record\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, though, Arctic sea ice has seen \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/video-old-arctic-sea-ice-20112\">a clear decline\u003c/a> since satellites first began monitoring it in 1979. Since that time, winter sea ice extent has dropped 3.2 percent per decade, while the summer minimum has seen an even steeper drop of 13.7 percent per decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That decline is linked to the rapid warming of the region, which is heating up twice as fast as the rest of the globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This winter, that warmth reached astounding levels, with air temperatures over the Arctic Ocean ranging from 4°F to 11°F (2°C to 6°C) above average in nearly every region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That incredible warmth helped contribute to January and February successively setting the record for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/february-winter-record-warm-for-planet-20150\">most anomalously warm months\u003c/a> globally in more than 130 years of record keeping.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s been a winter for the books in the Arctic. Capping off a season of sustained, mind-boggling warm weather and \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/arctic-sea-ice-record-low-again-20044\">stunted sea ice growth\u003c/a>, the annual Arctic sea ice maximum hit its lowest level ever recorded. That marks the second straight year that the winter maximum ice extent set a record low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve never seen such a warm, crazy winter in the Arctic,” Mark Serreze, director of the \u003ca href=\"https://nsidc.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Snow and Ice Data Center\u003c/a>, said in a statement. “The heat was relentless.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with other indicators like global average temperature and sea level rise, the record-setting sea ice cover is a key example of how much climate change is affecting the planet. Diminished sea ice can impact the ability of Arctic species like polar bears and walruses to find food, and could \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/polar-vortex-whats-the-role-of-warming-18654\">impact the weather\u003c/a> across North America, Europe and Asia, though that connection is still contentious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Arctic is in crisis. Year by year, it’s slipping into a new state, and it’s hard to see how that won’t have an effect on weather throughout the Northern Hemisphere,” Ted Scambos, an NSIDC lead scientist, said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://nsidc.org/news/newsroom/arctic-sets-yet-another-record-low-maximum-extent\">NSIDC announced on Monday\u003c/a> that Arctic sea ice hit its maximum extent for the winter on March 24, when it averaged 5.607 million square miles. That beat \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/arctic-sea-hits-record-low-winter-peak-18795\">last year’s record low\u003c/a> of 5.612 million square miles, set on Feb. 25, 2015, by 5,000 square miles or just a bit smaller than the area of Connecticut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/ferqrZi4WF4?rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year’s peak came earlier than is typical, while this year’s was later than the average peak time. That late peak date sets up a shorter-than-normal ice melt season this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The record low maximum doesn’t necessarily guarantee a record-low summer sea ice minimum, though, as ice melt depends heavily on Arctic weather patterns through the spring and summer months. Last year’s minimum was the\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/arctic-ice-4th-lowest-record-19455\">fourth lowest on record\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, though, Arctic sea ice has seen \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/video-old-arctic-sea-ice-20112\">a clear decline\u003c/a> since satellites first began monitoring it in 1979. Since that time, winter sea ice extent has dropped 3.2 percent per decade, while the summer minimum has seen an even steeper drop of 13.7 percent per decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That decline is linked to the rapid warming of the region, which is heating up twice as fast as the rest of the globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This winter, that warmth reached astounding levels, with air temperatures over the Arctic Ocean ranging from 4°F to 11°F (2°C to 6°C) above average in nearly every region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That incredible warmth helped contribute to January and February successively setting the record for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/february-winter-record-warm-for-planet-20150\">most anomalously warm months\u003c/a> globally in more than 130 years of record keeping.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Navy Tugboat Lost for a Century Found Off California Coast",
"headTitle": "Navy Tugboat Lost for a Century Found Off California Coast | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">A Navy tugboat that sank nearly a century ago has been found by a team of government researchers off the San Francisco coast, officials announced Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">The USS Conestoga departed San Francisco Bay for Pearl Harbor in March 1921. But the boat never made it to Hawaii, and her 56-man crew was declared lost. The boat was never found, despite a search that covered hundreds of thousands of square miles and was the biggest air and sea search of its time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">Officials from the Navy and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration announced that the tug has been found about 30 miles off the coast, near the Farallon Islands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_594093\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-594093\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga.jpg\" alt=\"The USS Conestoga. \" width=\"1000\" height=\"587\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-400x235.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-800x470.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-768x451.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-960x564.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The USS Conestoga. \u003ccite>(Naval History & Heritage Command NH 71299)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_594098\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-594098\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/multibeam-sonar.jpg\" alt=\"Multibeam sonar image of the shipwreck site. \" width=\"1000\" height=\"788\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/multibeam-sonar.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/multibeam-sonar-400x315.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/multibeam-sonar-800x630.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/multibeam-sonar-768x605.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/multibeam-sonar-960x756.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Multibeam sonar image of the shipwreck site. \u003ccite>(Fugro/NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">NOAA is in the midst of a multiyear effort to map roughly 300 shipwrecks off in the waters off San Francisco. The discovery process began in 2009 when a coastal survey documented a possible shipwreck near the islands. In October 2015, a joint NOAA and Navy mission confirmed the Conestoga’s identity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">The 170-foot steel tugboat, one of the largest seagoing tugboats in the period, was launched in 1903. It was originally built to tow coal barges for the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">The U.S. Navy purchased the Conestoga in September 1917 after the United States entered World War I. It carried out towing duties along the Atlantic coast and at the end of the war it was attached to Naval Base No. 13, Azores. After the war it was assigned to harbor tug duty at Norfolk, Virginia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">It was reclassified USS Conestoga AT 54 in 1920 and after undergoing alterations, it was ordered to duty as a station ship in American Samoa, but disappeared on its way after departing San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_594096\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-594096\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-stern.jpg\" alt=\"The stern of the USS Conestoga. \" width=\"1000\" height=\"561\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-stern.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-stern-400x224.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-stern-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-stern-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-stern-960x539.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The stern of the USS Conestoga. \u003ccite>(NOAA/Teledyne SeaBotix)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">When the Conestoga failed to arrive in Hawaii, the Navy launched a massive search, finding only a lifeboat with the letter “C” on its bow off Manzanillo, Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A Navy tugboat headed for Pearl Harbor sank nearly a century ago has been found off the San Francisco coast. \r\n\r\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">A Navy tugboat that sank nearly a century ago has been found by a team of government researchers off the San Francisco coast, officials announced Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">The USS Conestoga departed San Francisco Bay for Pearl Harbor in March 1921. But the boat never made it to Hawaii, and her 56-man crew was declared lost. The boat was never found, despite a search that covered hundreds of thousands of square miles and was the biggest air and sea search of its time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">Officials from the Navy and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration announced that the tug has been found about 30 miles off the coast, near the Farallon Islands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_594093\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-594093\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga.jpg\" alt=\"The USS Conestoga. \" width=\"1000\" height=\"587\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-400x235.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-800x470.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-768x451.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-960x564.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The USS Conestoga. \u003ccite>(Naval History & Heritage Command NH 71299)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_594098\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-594098\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/multibeam-sonar.jpg\" alt=\"Multibeam sonar image of the shipwreck site. \" width=\"1000\" height=\"788\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/multibeam-sonar.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/multibeam-sonar-400x315.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/multibeam-sonar-800x630.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/multibeam-sonar-768x605.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/multibeam-sonar-960x756.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Multibeam sonar image of the shipwreck site. \u003ccite>(Fugro/NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">NOAA is in the midst of a multiyear effort to map roughly 300 shipwrecks off in the waters off San Francisco. The discovery process began in 2009 when a coastal survey documented a possible shipwreck near the islands. In October 2015, a joint NOAA and Navy mission confirmed the Conestoga’s identity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">The 170-foot steel tugboat, one of the largest seagoing tugboats in the period, was launched in 1903. It was originally built to tow coal barges for the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">The U.S. Navy purchased the Conestoga in September 1917 after the United States entered World War I. It carried out towing duties along the Atlantic coast and at the end of the war it was attached to Naval Base No. 13, Azores. After the war it was assigned to harbor tug duty at Norfolk, Virginia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">It was reclassified USS Conestoga AT 54 in 1920 and after undergoing alterations, it was ordered to duty as a station ship in American Samoa, but disappeared on its way after departing San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_594096\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-594096\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-stern.jpg\" alt=\"The stern of the USS Conestoga. \" width=\"1000\" height=\"561\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-stern.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-stern-400x224.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-stern-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-stern-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/conestoga-stern-960x539.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The stern of the USS Conestoga. \u003ccite>(NOAA/Teledyne SeaBotix)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">When the Conestoga failed to arrive in Hawaii, the Navy launched a massive search, finding only a lifeboat with the letter “C” on its bow off Manzanillo, Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A new study suggests that sea levels are rising at an unprecedented rate and that the problem will continue well into this century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sea level rise in the 20th century was truly extraordinary by historical standards,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.bobkopp.net/\">Bob Kopp\u003c/a>, an associate professor of Earth and planetary sciences at Rutgers University, and who is lead author on \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2016/02/17/1517056113.full\">the study\u003c/a>, which appears in the journal \u003cem>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”AvuAsiu83wIKEQ0WfuFbSTPRc7gcR9I6″]Sea levels rose by roughly 5½ inches in the past hundred years, Kopp says, noting, “That’s faster than any century since at least 800 B.C., since the founding of Rome.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kopp’s team based its findings on dozens of earlier studies carried out around the world. Those studies determined past sea levels by looking at everything from microbial fossils to the locations of ancient Roman ruins along the Italian coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results show sea levels remained largely unchanged for more than two millennia — except for one period around 1000 A.D., in which the oceans dropped slightly due to a brief medieval cold snap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking forward, Kopp and his co-authors predict things are going to get worse. The team’s findings suggest sea levels will rise between 1 to 4 feet by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kopp says those kinds of increases will put many coastal cities at risk of frequent flooding. Although cutting carbon emissions could help in the future, rising seas now appear inevitable. Sea level rise “is going to be something we have to prepare for,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Sea+Levels+Rose+Faster+Last+Century+Than+In+Previous+2%2C700+Years%2C+Study+Finds&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A new study suggests that sea levels are rising at an unprecedented rate and that the problem will continue well into this century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sea level rise in the 20th century was truly extraordinary by historical standards,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.bobkopp.net/\">Bob Kopp\u003c/a>, an associate professor of Earth and planetary sciences at Rutgers University, and who is lead author on \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2016/02/17/1517056113.full\">the study\u003c/a>, which appears in the journal \u003cem>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Sea levels rose by roughly 5½ inches in the past hundred years, Kopp says, noting, “That’s faster than any century since at least 800 B.C., since the founding of Rome.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kopp’s team based its findings on dozens of earlier studies carried out around the world. Those studies determined past sea levels by looking at everything from microbial fossils to the locations of ancient Roman ruins along the Italian coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results show sea levels remained largely unchanged for more than two millennia — except for one period around 1000 A.D., in which the oceans dropped slightly due to a brief medieval cold snap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking forward, Kopp and his co-authors predict things are going to get worse. The team’s findings suggest sea levels will rise between 1 to 4 feet by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kopp says those kinds of increases will put many coastal cities at risk of frequent flooding. Although cutting carbon emissions could help in the future, rising seas now appear inevitable. Sea level rise “is going to be something we have to prepare for,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Sea+Levels+Rose+Faster+Last+Century+Than+In+Previous+2%2C700+Years%2C+Study+Finds&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "El Niño Weakening, Stage Set for La Niña and Possible Dry Winter Next Year",
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"content": "\u003cp>Federal climate scientists say the near-record El Niño conditions in the Pacific Ocean have peaked and are slowly waning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forecasters now say conditions are likely to flip to their opposite phase, known as \u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/ninonina.html\">La Niña\u003c/a> by late summer or early fall, which could set the stage for another drier-than-normal winter and prolonged drought in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are reasonably confident that there will be a La Niña,” says Huug van den Dool, seasonal forecaster at NOAA’s Climate Prediction Center, “but we plead ignorance as to whether this is going to be a small, moderate, or strong La Niña.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just as the stronger El Niños tend to favor wetter winters in California, the mirror-image La Niña is sometimes a harbinger of drought. Strength is measured by how much ocean waters deviate from their normal temperatures. Warmer waters provide more moisture to brewing Pacific storms, while colder waters tend to dry things out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shift is \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/3877#disqus_thread\">not likely to have major implications\u003c/a> for what remains of this winter. California’s weather tends to lag the ocean conditions that influence it by as much as a couple of months, so the possibility still lingers for a soggy spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_537110\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 712px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-537110\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/NOAA3-mo_Feb.gif\" alt=\"NOAA's three-month outlook (which is notoriously iffy) pegs the odds for above-average precipitation at 73% for Southern California and 66% for the state's midsection (map numbers converted to actual percentages).\" width=\"712\" height=\"388\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NOAA’s three-month outlook (which is notoriously iffy) pegs the odds for above-average precipitation at 73% for Southern California and 66% for the state’s midsection (map numbers converted to actual percentages). \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The abnormally warm water along the equator that defines El Niño probably peaked in December, van den Dool told reporters in a Thursday conference call, but still has some \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/3877#disqus_thread\">steam left in the boiler,\u003c/a> seen in the rapid upward movement of warm, moist air over the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van den Dool points to sea surface temperatures that remain above normal, promoting “very strong convection” over the eastern and central Pacific. Convection is a key driver of storm activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van den Dool says it’s too early to say with certainty whether the current El Niño (now about six months old) is the strongest on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is something that’s going to be debated, of course, for some time,” he predicts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using only the sea surface temperatures in one closely-watched zone of the Pacific, he says this one is “at least on par with 1997-98.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiously, though this event \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/02/01/why-this-el-nino-is-one-for-the-books/\">has not packed nearly the precipitation\u003c/a> punch as the “Godzilla” El Niño of 97-’98, when San Francisco doubled it’s normal rainfall. The \u003ca href=\"http://mashable.com/2016/02/17/el-nino-was-supposed-to-bail-out-parched-california-so-where-are-the-storms/#XDlDYmz7daqO\">complex reasons for that\u003c/a> will be part of the ongoing scientific debate, but so far this winter, many California locations are still at or below their long-term averages for rainfall. San Francisco, Sacramento and San Jose remain below normal, as does Santa Rosa, a perennial Bay Area wet spot. Fresno, by contrast, has seen 40 percent more than its usual rainfall at this point in the season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/02/08/californias-water-supply-at-risk-from-warmer-winters/\">Sierra snowpack\u003c/a>, which typically provides about a third of the state’s water supply, was piling up pleasingly in January, but has now \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">slipped slightly\u003c/a> below seasonal norms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Federal climate scientists say the near-record El Niño conditions in the Pacific Ocean have peaked and are slowly waning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forecasters now say conditions are likely to flip to their opposite phase, known as \u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/ninonina.html\">La Niña\u003c/a> by late summer or early fall, which could set the stage for another drier-than-normal winter and prolonged drought in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are reasonably confident that there will be a La Niña,” says Huug van den Dool, seasonal forecaster at NOAA’s Climate Prediction Center, “but we plead ignorance as to whether this is going to be a small, moderate, or strong La Niña.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just as the stronger El Niños tend to favor wetter winters in California, the mirror-image La Niña is sometimes a harbinger of drought. Strength is measured by how much ocean waters deviate from their normal temperatures. Warmer waters provide more moisture to brewing Pacific storms, while colder waters tend to dry things out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shift is \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/3877#disqus_thread\">not likely to have major implications\u003c/a> for what remains of this winter. California’s weather tends to lag the ocean conditions that influence it by as much as a couple of months, so the possibility still lingers for a soggy spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_537110\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 712px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-537110\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/NOAA3-mo_Feb.gif\" alt=\"NOAA's three-month outlook (which is notoriously iffy) pegs the odds for above-average precipitation at 73% for Southern California and 66% for the state's midsection (map numbers converted to actual percentages).\" width=\"712\" height=\"388\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NOAA’s three-month outlook (which is notoriously iffy) pegs the odds for above-average precipitation at 73% for Southern California and 66% for the state’s midsection (map numbers converted to actual percentages). \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The abnormally warm water along the equator that defines El Niño probably peaked in December, van den Dool told reporters in a Thursday conference call, but still has some \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/3877#disqus_thread\">steam left in the boiler,\u003c/a> seen in the rapid upward movement of warm, moist air over the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van den Dool points to sea surface temperatures that remain above normal, promoting “very strong convection” over the eastern and central Pacific. Convection is a key driver of storm activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van den Dool says it’s too early to say with certainty whether the current El Niño (now about six months old) is the strongest on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is something that’s going to be debated, of course, for some time,” he predicts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using only the sea surface temperatures in one closely-watched zone of the Pacific, he says this one is “at least on par with 1997-98.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiously, though this event \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/02/01/why-this-el-nino-is-one-for-the-books/\">has not packed nearly the precipitation\u003c/a> punch as the “Godzilla” El Niño of 97-’98, when San Francisco doubled it’s normal rainfall. The \u003ca href=\"http://mashable.com/2016/02/17/el-nino-was-supposed-to-bail-out-parched-california-so-where-are-the-storms/#XDlDYmz7daqO\">complex reasons for that\u003c/a> will be part of the ongoing scientific debate, but so far this winter, many California locations are still at or below their long-term averages for rainfall. San Francisco, Sacramento and San Jose remain below normal, as does Santa Rosa, a perennial Bay Area wet spot. Fresno, by contrast, has seen 40 percent more than its usual rainfall at this point in the season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/02/08/californias-water-supply-at-risk-from-warmer-winters/\">Sierra snowpack\u003c/a>, which typically provides about a third of the state’s water supply, was piling up pleasingly in January, but has now \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">slipped slightly\u003c/a> below seasonal norms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"id": "baycurious",
"title": "Bay Curious",
"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/news/series/baycurious",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 3
},
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"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious",
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}
},
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"info": "The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "BBC World Service"
},
"link": "/radio/program/bbc-world-service",
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/",
"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
}
},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/26099305-72af-4542-9dde-ac1807fe36d5/kqed-s-the-california-report",
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}
},
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"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/",
"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 1
},
"link": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"
}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
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