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"content": "\u003cp>Addressing the Democratic National Convention last week via a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jqGJlDwqNcw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">cellphone video\u003c/span>\u003c/a> shot in a redwood forest around Santa Cruz, about a mile from the CZU Lightning Complex fire, Gov. Gavin Newsom said the series of conflagrations ripping through the state have the fingerprints of climate change all over it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The hots are getting hotter, the drys are getting drier. Climate change is real,” he said. “If you are in denial about climate change, come to California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/DemConvention/status/1296614745374629889?s=20\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Daniel Swain\u003c/strong>, a climate scientist with UCLA and a prolific \u003ca href=\"https://weatherwest.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">chronicler \u003c/span>\u003c/a> of California’s increasingly \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1922847/wilder-weather-swings-in-californias-future-could-spell-disaster\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">wild weather\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, discussed the impact of climate change on wildfires on KQED’s Forum radio \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101879342/the-link-between-climate-change-and-wildfires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">program\u003c/a> on Tuesday. Swain and other scientists have conducted \u003cspan class=\"s1\">research\u003c/span> suggesting climate change is a key driver of more frequent wildfires in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below are some key points Swain made on the show, edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>What’s different about this series of fires?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cem>Daniel Swain:\u003c/em> It’s not the total acreage burned that’s so astonishing. It’s the fact that it occurred in about a two-week period and just in Northern California. That’s a relatively small region in a very short period of time over which to see that kind of wildfire extent, even in a part of the world that has experienced quite severe wildfire activity over the past five or six years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">What’s so surprising is how quickly the situation escalated. Often California sees its largest and fastest moving wildfires, especially in coastal areas, in the autumn, with offshore wind conditions \u003ci>—\u003c/i> the Diablo winds in the Bay Area and the Santa Ana winds in Southern California. In this case, there were no such offshore winds to speak of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>What has the effect of climate change been on California wildfires?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">My co-authors and I published a \u003ca href=\"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ab83a7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study\u003c/a> recently focused on autumn fire risk in California and did indeed find that the number of extreme fire-weather days has already doubled due to climate change and is continuing to increase as warming continues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">My same colleagues were involved in another study that came to the conclusion that there has been a very steep increase in the number of wildfire acres burned in California over the past several decades. And one of the key reasons for that is indeed the way the climate has changed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>How has climate contributed to these bad fire seasons?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Climate change has increased fire risk by increasing vegetation aridity \u003ci>—\u003c/i> what’s known as fuel moisture \u003ci>—\u003c/i> over time; meaning vegetation becomes more flammable. Increasingly, dry vegetation burns more intensely, creates more intense and larger fires, which spread more quickly and are harder to fight.\u003ci> \u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">What’s so striking this year is that we had sort of this classic sequence of events that you might expect to lead to a bad fire season. It started out with the dry winter in Northern California and then a particularly warm spring. July was actually pretty typical, which is to say, relatively mild and dry. But then we came to August and things changed very quickly. We had a very prolonged record heat wave and that big lightning event. [Lightning strikes ignited the recent series of fires in Northern California.] And then on top of that we have the legacy of climate change with this long-term dryness in the vegetation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">All the other factors that normally play into fire risk in California are still relevant. Obviously, we still worry about strong winds, especially those strong offshore winds in autumn. We worry about dry winters. We worry about dry autumns because that extends our fire season. 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"content": "\u003cp>At 3 a.m. on Friday morning, biologist Kelly Sorenson was awake, nervously watching the live webcam feed of a California condor nest on the Big Sur coast. He could see a 5-month-old chick, still unable to fly, as the flames of the Dolan Fire came into view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was just terrifying,” Sorenson said. “Having the livestreaming webcams was both a blessing and a nightmare because we had to watch the fire as it burned through the canyon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s massive wildfires have burned more than \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/projects/california-fire-map/\">1,000 homes and buildings\u003c/a> over the last week, destroying irreplaceable possessions and memories for some residents. At the same time, the fires are also threatening some of the state’s rare ecosystems and wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologists are watching closely as the blazes encroach on old-growth redwood trees in Northern and Central California, where some giants are more than 1,000 years old and are known by individual names. While some seem to have been spared, Big Basin State Park — the oldest state park in California — saw significant fire damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, biologists say there are reasons to be hopeful, because redwoods have incredibly thick bark that can withstand wildfires. Even fully charred trees can sprout again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The larger question is whether ecosystems can fully bounce back after extreme fires given that the climate change, already driving the current wildfires, can also make recovery difficult through heat stress and drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the endangered California condors, recovery is still tenuous. In 1987, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/articles/california-condor-recovery.htm\">just 27 birds remained\u003c/a>. Scientists brought them into captivity to begin a breeding program. Today, there are about 100 condors free-flying on California’s Central Coast. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.ventanaws.org/california-condors.html\">Ventana Wildlife Society\u003c/a>, where Sorenson is executive director, has been carefully tracking and releasing them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The massive birds, with a 9-foot wingspan, are still threatened by lead poisoning since they feed on the carcasses of animals that have lead bullet fragments from hunters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the eight condor nests with chicks this year, Sorenson says five are within the fire zone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even just four or five birds would be a huge loss,” said Sorenson. “It’s just really nerve-wracking now, not knowing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Sorenson is hopeful some chicks made it. In 2008, condor chicks survived a wildfire in Big Sur, protected by the tall redwood trees they nested in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were convinced there was no way the chicks could survive the fire,” he said. “Sure enough, a chick survived and we named it Phoenix.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redwood trees are built to survive fires, insulated by bark up to a foot thick. While lightning-caused fires aren’t as common in coastal redwood habitat as they are elsewhere in California, burning is still a natural cycle in the ecosystem. Native American tribes often set regular fires to shape the landscape and encourage certain plants to grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because of their resilience, I feel a lot more hopeful than super worried about the trees,” said Kristen Shive, director of science for \u003ca href=\"https://www.savetheredwoods.org/\">Save the Redwoods League\u003c/a>. “The trees really are so incredibly tough when it comes to fire. Most of them will persist and survive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even trees that look significantly scorched are still alive and can regrow from their base. Many of the largest redwood trees growing today show burn scars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If a fire is hot enough to consume the entire crown of a tree, in a pine tree, that tree is most likely dead,” Shive said. “But in redwoods, they have these buds that lie dormant under their bark and they can sprout after the fire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the younger generation of redwood trees may be more at risk. Around 95% of California’s redwoods were logged, so the majority growing today are newer, “second-growth” trees. Those forests tend to be denser, allowing wildfires to burn hotter and spread more easily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much like other California landscapes, vegetation in some redwood forests is heavier than it used to be. As wildfires were suppressed in the modern era of firefighting and Native American tribes were removed by settlers from their land, there were fewer regular fires to clear out the forest floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shive says setting controlled or “prescribed” fires in redwood forests will be even more essential as the climate warms, to prevent wildfires from doing too much damage. While redwoods are able to bounce back, they’re already stressed by hotter temperatures and drought at the southern end of their range, potentially interfering with their recovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We still need to be setting these forests up to be as fire-resilient as possible, since, as we’ve seen in this last week, this warmer and drier future is already upon us and it’s going to get worse,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Wildfires+Hit+California%27s+Redwoods+And+Condors%2C+But+There%27s+Still+Hope&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>At 3 a.m. on Friday morning, biologist Kelly Sorenson was awake, nervously watching the live webcam feed of a California condor nest on the Big Sur coast. He could see a 5-month-old chick, still unable to fly, as the flames of the Dolan Fire came into view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was just terrifying,” Sorenson said. “Having the livestreaming webcams was both a blessing and a nightmare because we had to watch the fire as it burned through the canyon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s massive wildfires have burned more than \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/projects/california-fire-map/\">1,000 homes and buildings\u003c/a> over the last week, destroying irreplaceable possessions and memories for some residents. At the same time, the fires are also threatening some of the state’s rare ecosystems and wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologists are watching closely as the blazes encroach on old-growth redwood trees in Northern and Central California, where some giants are more than 1,000 years old and are known by individual names. While some seem to have been spared, Big Basin State Park — the oldest state park in California — saw significant fire damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, biologists say there are reasons to be hopeful, because redwoods have incredibly thick bark that can withstand wildfires. Even fully charred trees can sprout again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The larger question is whether ecosystems can fully bounce back after extreme fires given that the climate change, already driving the current wildfires, can also make recovery difficult through heat stress and drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the endangered California condors, recovery is still tenuous. In 1987, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/articles/california-condor-recovery.htm\">just 27 birds remained\u003c/a>. Scientists brought them into captivity to begin a breeding program. Today, there are about 100 condors free-flying on California’s Central Coast. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.ventanaws.org/california-condors.html\">Ventana Wildlife Society\u003c/a>, where Sorenson is executive director, has been carefully tracking and releasing them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The massive birds, with a 9-foot wingspan, are still threatened by lead poisoning since they feed on the carcasses of animals that have lead bullet fragments from hunters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the eight condor nests with chicks this year, Sorenson says five are within the fire zone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even just four or five birds would be a huge loss,” said Sorenson. “It’s just really nerve-wracking now, not knowing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Sorenson is hopeful some chicks made it. In 2008, condor chicks survived a wildfire in Big Sur, protected by the tall redwood trees they nested in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were convinced there was no way the chicks could survive the fire,” he said. “Sure enough, a chick survived and we named it Phoenix.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redwood trees are built to survive fires, insulated by bark up to a foot thick. While lightning-caused fires aren’t as common in coastal redwood habitat as they are elsewhere in California, burning is still a natural cycle in the ecosystem. Native American tribes often set regular fires to shape the landscape and encourage certain plants to grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because of their resilience, I feel a lot more hopeful than super worried about the trees,” said Kristen Shive, director of science for \u003ca href=\"https://www.savetheredwoods.org/\">Save the Redwoods League\u003c/a>. “The trees really are so incredibly tough when it comes to fire. Most of them will persist and survive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even trees that look significantly scorched are still alive and can regrow from their base. Many of the largest redwood trees growing today show burn scars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If a fire is hot enough to consume the entire crown of a tree, in a pine tree, that tree is most likely dead,” Shive said. “But in redwoods, they have these buds that lie dormant under their bark and they can sprout after the fire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the younger generation of redwood trees may be more at risk. Around 95% of California’s redwoods were logged, so the majority growing today are newer, “second-growth” trees. Those forests tend to be denser, allowing wildfires to burn hotter and spread more easily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much like other California landscapes, vegetation in some redwood forests is heavier than it used to be. As wildfires were suppressed in the modern era of firefighting and Native American tribes were removed by settlers from their land, there were fewer regular fires to clear out the forest floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shive says setting controlled or “prescribed” fires in redwood forests will be even more essential as the climate warms, to prevent wildfires from doing too much damage. While redwoods are able to bounce back, they’re already stressed by hotter temperatures and drought at the southern end of their range, potentially interfering with their recovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We still need to be setting these forests up to be as fire-resilient as possible, since, as we’ve seen in this last week, this warmer and drier future is already upon us and it’s going to get worse,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Wildfires+Hit+California%27s+Redwoods+And+Condors%2C+But+There%27s+Still+Hope&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Q&A: Is Convalescent Plasma Therapy Safe and Effective as a COVID-19 Treatment?",
"headTitle": "Q&A: Is Convalescent Plasma Therapy Safe and Effective as a COVID-19 Treatment? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration on Sunday issued an emergency authorization for doctors to treat COVID-19 using blood plasma from patients who’ve recovered from the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968851\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/08/convalescent-plasma-therapy.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1968851 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/08/convalescent-plasma-therapy-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/08/convalescent-plasma-therapy-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/08/convalescent-plasma-therapy-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/08/convalescent-plasma-therapy-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/08/convalescent-plasma-therapy-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/08/convalescent-plasma-therapy-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/08/convalescent-plasma-therapy.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Alex Edelman/AFP via Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Below, STAT answers the major questions surrounding convalescent plasma as a COVID-19 treatment and the science supporting its use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is convalescent plasma, and how does it work?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When people get sick with COVID-19, their immune systems generate antibodies to fight the disease. Those antibody proteins float in their blood plasma — the liquid component of blood that suspends blood cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors can harvest the plasma, test it for safety, and then purify it to isolate those antibodies. That “plasma-derived therapy,” or “convalescent plasma,” can be injected into another patient sick with COVID-19, and the antibodies it contains can help fight the virus early in an infection until the patient’s own immune system generates its own antibodies in sufficient quantities to beat back COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Does scientific evidence show that convalescent plasma is a safe and effective treatment for COVID-19?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mayo Clinic released data in June that showed plasma treatment was safe following transfusion in a group of 20,000 patients, which included substantial enrollment from Black and Latino patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study released Aug. 13 — but not yet peer-reviewed — suggested that using convalescent plasma to treat patients with severe COVID-19 soon after their diagnosis was associated with a lower likelihood of death. But the study had serious scientific limitations that make interpreting the findings difficult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mayo Clinic study, which enrolled more than 35,000 patients, showed that patients who received transfusions within three days of their COVID-19 diagnosis had a seven-day death rate of 8.7%, while patients who received plasma treatment after four or more days had a mortality rate of 11.9%. The difference met the standard for statistical significance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study didn’t include a placebo group for comparison, however, so it’s unclear exactly how impactful the plasma treatment might be. The study was sponsored by the National Institutes of Health and sought to broaden access to convalescent plasma, part of a so-called “expanded access” program not designed to definitively test how well the treatment works, but instead to quickly get it to patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More rigorous randomized, placebo-controlled studies of convalescent plasma are ongoing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What does an emergency use authorization, or ‘EUA,’ mean?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA has issued a number of emergency authorizations for COVID-19 treatments: Most notably the Gilead Sciences antiviral remdesivir, and for the antimalarial drug hydroxychloroquine, which the agency has since withdrawn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authorizations mean, effectively, that the agency believes the treatments in question are promising and largely safe, though there’s not yet definitive data supporting their efficacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An EUA for convalescent plasma would effectively license doctors across the country to begin treating COVID-19 patients with convalescent plasma, but it’s unclear whether it will result in a meaningful expansion in access to the therapy, in part because the supply is limited by the number of recovered patients who donate plasma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mayo Clinic study, which relied on an FDA “expanded access” program, was broad enough that it allowed 35,000 patients access to the treatment despite the lack of a formal authorization for its use. It’s unclear whether an EUA will lead to a major increase in the number of doctors capable of using convalescent plasma to treat COVID-19, and the number of patients who will end up receiving the treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Aren’t some patients being treated with convalescent plasma already?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, through “compassionate use” programs like the Mayo Clinic study, and through more rigorous clinical trials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Isn’t the government already advertising convalescent plasma as a COVID-19 treatment?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes. FDA Commissioner Stephen Hahn began encouraging Americans sick with COVID-19 to donate plasma as early as April. The federal government, in fact, has already spent about $8 million on radio and online advertisements encouraging Americans to donate plasma, even though no government agency has formally endorsed its use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Donald Trump attended a roundtable on donating plasma last month at the American Red Cross national headquarters in Washington, D.C., accompanied by health secretary Alex Azar, Surgeon General Jerome Adams, and Tony Fauci, the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hahn’s face has even appeared on FDA-branded billboard advertisements that encourage passers-by: “Help us save lives. Donate plasma now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Has there been pushback regarding use of convalescent plasma?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes. The New York Times reported on Wednesday that Fauci and the director of the National Institutes of Health recently intervened to discourage the FDA from issuing an EUA for convalescent plasma, citing concerns over weak data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not clear whether their reported pushback made a difference. Francis Collins, the NIH director, and Fauci are widely respected scientists, but have no authority over FDA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists outside government have cast the convalescent plasma debate as a case study in pandemic-era science — and how the urgency of treating COVID-19 balances against the need for caution and due diligence in developing new medical treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It raises the question of what strength of evidence is necessary to treat during a pandemic,” Harlan Krumholz, director of the Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation at Yale New Haven Hospital, told STAT recently. “The problem is we have yet to resolve what is sufficient evidence to change the treatment paradigm.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/08/23/is-convalescent-plasma-safe-and-effective/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration on Sunday issued an emergency authorization for doctors to treat COVID-19 using blood plasma from patients who’ve recovered from the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968851\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/08/convalescent-plasma-therapy.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1968851 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/08/convalescent-plasma-therapy-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/08/convalescent-plasma-therapy-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/08/convalescent-plasma-therapy-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/08/convalescent-plasma-therapy-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/08/convalescent-plasma-therapy-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/08/convalescent-plasma-therapy-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/08/convalescent-plasma-therapy.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Alex Edelman/AFP via Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Below, STAT answers the major questions surrounding convalescent plasma as a COVID-19 treatment and the science supporting its use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is convalescent plasma, and how does it work?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When people get sick with COVID-19, their immune systems generate antibodies to fight the disease. Those antibody proteins float in their blood plasma — the liquid component of blood that suspends blood cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors can harvest the plasma, test it for safety, and then purify it to isolate those antibodies. That “plasma-derived therapy,” or “convalescent plasma,” can be injected into another patient sick with COVID-19, and the antibodies it contains can help fight the virus early in an infection until the patient’s own immune system generates its own antibodies in sufficient quantities to beat back COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Does scientific evidence show that convalescent plasma is a safe and effective treatment for COVID-19?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mayo Clinic released data in June that showed plasma treatment was safe following transfusion in a group of 20,000 patients, which included substantial enrollment from Black and Latino patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study released Aug. 13 — but not yet peer-reviewed — suggested that using convalescent plasma to treat patients with severe COVID-19 soon after their diagnosis was associated with a lower likelihood of death. But the study had serious scientific limitations that make interpreting the findings difficult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mayo Clinic study, which enrolled more than 35,000 patients, showed that patients who received transfusions within three days of their COVID-19 diagnosis had a seven-day death rate of 8.7%, while patients who received plasma treatment after four or more days had a mortality rate of 11.9%. The difference met the standard for statistical significance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study didn’t include a placebo group for comparison, however, so it’s unclear exactly how impactful the plasma treatment might be. The study was sponsored by the National Institutes of Health and sought to broaden access to convalescent plasma, part of a so-called “expanded access” program not designed to definitively test how well the treatment works, but instead to quickly get it to patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More rigorous randomized, placebo-controlled studies of convalescent plasma are ongoing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What does an emergency use authorization, or ‘EUA,’ mean?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA has issued a number of emergency authorizations for COVID-19 treatments: Most notably the Gilead Sciences antiviral remdesivir, and for the antimalarial drug hydroxychloroquine, which the agency has since withdrawn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authorizations mean, effectively, that the agency believes the treatments in question are promising and largely safe, though there’s not yet definitive data supporting their efficacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An EUA for convalescent plasma would effectively license doctors across the country to begin treating COVID-19 patients with convalescent plasma, but it’s unclear whether it will result in a meaningful expansion in access to the therapy, in part because the supply is limited by the number of recovered patients who donate plasma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mayo Clinic study, which relied on an FDA “expanded access” program, was broad enough that it allowed 35,000 patients access to the treatment despite the lack of a formal authorization for its use. It’s unclear whether an EUA will lead to a major increase in the number of doctors capable of using convalescent plasma to treat COVID-19, and the number of patients who will end up receiving the treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Aren’t some patients being treated with convalescent plasma already?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, through “compassionate use” programs like the Mayo Clinic study, and through more rigorous clinical trials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Isn’t the government already advertising convalescent plasma as a COVID-19 treatment?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes. FDA Commissioner Stephen Hahn began encouraging Americans sick with COVID-19 to donate plasma as early as April. The federal government, in fact, has already spent about $8 million on radio and online advertisements encouraging Americans to donate plasma, even though no government agency has formally endorsed its use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Donald Trump attended a roundtable on donating plasma last month at the American Red Cross national headquarters in Washington, D.C., accompanied by health secretary Alex Azar, Surgeon General Jerome Adams, and Tony Fauci, the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hahn’s face has even appeared on FDA-branded billboard advertisements that encourage passers-by: “Help us save lives. Donate plasma now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Has there been pushback regarding use of convalescent plasma?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes. The New York Times reported on Wednesday that Fauci and the director of the National Institutes of Health recently intervened to discourage the FDA from issuing an EUA for convalescent plasma, citing concerns over weak data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not clear whether their reported pushback made a difference. Francis Collins, the NIH director, and Fauci are widely respected scientists, but have no authority over FDA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists outside government have cast the convalescent plasma debate as a case study in pandemic-era science — and how the urgency of treating COVID-19 balances against the need for caution and due diligence in developing new medical treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It raises the question of what strength of evidence is necessary to treat during a pandemic,” Harlan Krumholz, director of the Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation at Yale New Haven Hospital, told STAT recently. “The problem is we have yet to resolve what is sufficient evidence to change the treatment paradigm.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/08/23/is-convalescent-plasma-safe-and-effective/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Weather Report from Jupiter: Mushballs, With a Chance of Shallow Lightning",
"headTitle": "Weather Report from Jupiter: Mushballs, With a Chance of Shallow Lightning | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Four years after arriving at the planet \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/jupiter/in-depth/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jupiter\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/juno/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NASA’s Juno spacecraft\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is still making fresh discoveries and sending us breathtaking pictures of the gas giant and its entourage of at least 79 \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7711&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=nasajpl&utm_content=daily-20200722-2\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">moons\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The most recent finding is a bizarre meteorological phenomenon, something not seen on \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/tq_6DClZ0Ns\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Earth\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: “shallow” lightning, accompanied by slushy hailstones made of an antifreeze-like mixture of water and ammonia, dubbed “mushballs” by NASA’s Juno science team. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968536\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1968536 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-800x1035.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1035\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-800x1035.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-1020x1320.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-160x207.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-768x994.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-1187x1536.jpg 1187w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-1583x2048.jpg 1583w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-1920x2485.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-scaled.jpg 1978w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An illustration of NASA’s Juno spacecraft, which orbits Jupiter in an elongated, looping path that carries it as close as 2,600 miles of the gas giant’s cloud tops. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These mysterious weather phenomena have helped us better understand the distribution of ammonia in the Jovian atmosphere\u003c/span>.\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> And, they can help improve our overall understanding of distant planets orbiting stars in other solar systems, too far away for us to study in detail.\u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What Makes Lightning ‘Shallow’?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since 1979, observations made by spacecraft before Juno — Voyagers 1 and 2, and Galileo — detected \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/juno-solves-39-year-old-mystery-of-jupiter-lightning\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">powerful flashes of lightning\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> through the cloud layers of Jupiter’s turbulent atmosphere. Unlike Earth, the gas giant planet has no solid surface, and is made up of ever deeper and thicker layers of gas, mostly hydrogen and helium. The potent electrical discharges — detected by earlier missions — are believed to occur as far as 40 miles below the visible cloud tops, where temperatures and atmospheric pressure are right for the formation of lightning as we understand it on Earth. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968696\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1968696 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia22474-2000-800x1036.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1036\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia22474-2000-800x1036.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia22474-2000-160x207.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia22474-2000-768x994.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia22474-2000.jpg 985w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist illustration of the distribution of powerful, “deep” lightning in Jupiter’s polar regions, detected decades ago by the Voyager and Galileo spacecraft. On Earth, solar heating drives most lightning activity in the warm equatorial region, but on Jupiter, where the sun’s light is 25 times weaker, the tropical areas are more stable, and lightning driven by Jupiter’s own internal heat appears to reside in the more turbulent polar regions. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/JunoCam)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On Earth, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nssl.noaa.gov/education/svrwx101/lightning/#:~:text=Lightning%20is%20a%20giant%20spark,the%20cloud%20and%20the%20ground.\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">lightning is generated\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> where water is found in all its states — gas, liquid droplets and solid particles of ice. Water vapor feeds the growth of liquid droplets in a cloud, and strong updrafts carry the droplets to altitudes where freezing temperatures turn them to ice particles. The ice particles fall downward, colliding with the upwelling liquid droplets, and the friction of their interaction knocks electrons from water molecules. Static electric charge builds up until it’s too strong to remain static, then discharges into the air, another cloud, or the ground. The same thing happens on a much smaller scale when you \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://scijinks.gov/lightning/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">drag your shoes across a carpet\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and build up static electricity from the friction, until you touch another electrical conductor (metal, or another person) and discharge the electrons in a tiny, sometimes painful zap of mini-lightning. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To scientists’ surprise, Juno, passing within a few thousand miles of Jupiter’s cloud tops on the night side, detected flashes of lightning much smaller than the powerful strikes earlier missions had seen coming from beneath the clouds. Estimates place the number of these lightning strokes at about 3.75 billion per year, across Jupiter’s entire surface — that’s about 119 per second on average! These fainter flashes appear to come from much higher in the atmosphere, where it is too cold — below negative 126 degrees Fahrenheit — for droplets of liquid water to exist. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968540\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1968540\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/image_5418_4e-Juno-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstaedt-Sean-Doran-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/image_5418_4e-Juno-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstaedt-Sean-Doran-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/image_5418_4e-Juno-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstaedt-Sean-Doran-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/image_5418_4e-Juno-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstaedt-Sean-Doran-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/image_5418_4e-Juno-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstaedt-Sean-Doran-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/image_5418_4e-Juno-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstaedt-Sean-Doran-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/image_5418_4e-Juno-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstaedt-Sean-Doran.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Color-enhanced image showing one of Jupiter’s turbulent storm systems. The bumpy white texture highlighting the strokes of the storm’s swirls are where power updrafts of storm cloud cells rise high above Jupiter’s general cloud tops. It is in these thunderhead towers that NASA’s Juno discovery of “shallow lighting” is thought to occur. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Gerald Eichstaedt/Sean Doran)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This was baffling at first, until one Juno scientist had an idea that could not only explain the high-altitude lightning in Jupiter’s atmosphere, but also another mystery that has puzzled scientists for years: much \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://thenextweb.com/space/2020/08/15/jupiters-atmosphere-is-regulated-by-ammonia-storms-research-reveals/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">lower than predicted amounts of ammonia\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in Jupiter’s upper atmosphere. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>The Mushball Connection\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7721&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=nasajpl&utm_content=daily-20200805-1\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">explanation\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for the shallow lightning and Jupiter’s “missing” ammonia in the upper atmosphere goes like this: Jupiter’s powerful thunderstorms and the strong updrafts of air and liquid water droplets eject plumes of water as high as 16 miles above the tops of the thunderheads, which freeze into ice crystals in the extreme cold above. There, the ice particles encounter a layer of ammonia gas, which melts the ice and blends with the water to form a liquid water-ammonia antifreeze mixture. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968539\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1968539 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia24042-image-3b-1041-NASAJPL-CaltechSwRICNRS-800x681.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"681\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia24042-image-3b-1041-NASAJPL-CaltechSwRICNRS-800x681.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia24042-image-3b-1041-NASAJPL-CaltechSwRICNRS-160x136.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia24042-image-3b-1041-NASAJPL-CaltechSwRICNRS-768x653.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia24042-image-3b-1041-NASAJPL-CaltechSwRICNRS.jpg 985w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram shows how Juno’s newly discovered “shallow lightning” may be generated by the growth of semi-slushy “mushballs” of water-ammonia that fall like hail onto updrafts of frozen water-ice particles. On Earth, it is falling solid-ice hail interacting with rising liquid water droplets that generate static electricity that drives lightning. On Jupiter, due to the involvement of ammonia, the process is turned somewhat upside down. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/CNRS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As the droplets of water-ammonia rise and fall, they collide with the water-ice crystals flung upward by the thunderhead far below. As with Earthly lightning, the friction of collision between the liquid “antifreeze” and solid ice particles generates static electricity, and high-altitude lightning is born. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Why there is less ammonia in some parts of Jupiter’s upper atmosphere than previously thought may be explained by what happens next.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the cold, high-altitude layers where the lightning is generated, a crust of water ice forms around the liquid water-ammonia core of a droplet, growing thicker and enlarging the so-called “mushball” until the atmosphere can no longer support it. It falls like a hailstone, deep into Jupiter’s atmosphere, below the visible surface of its cloud tops where it cannot be detected by spacecraft like Juno. Only then, far below the clouds, does the mushball’s icy crust melt and its water-ammonia core evaporate, potentially forming a layer of ammonia beneath the clouds. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Why Are Shallow Lightning and Mushy Ammonia Hailstones Important?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There is a great diversity in planets and moons within our own solar system, each with very different compositions and environments. As we explore Jupiter’s stormy weather, or \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/weather/storm-watch-2018/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mars’ global dust storms\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, or \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-horizons-discovers-flowing-ices-on-pluto\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pluto’s nitrogen-methane glacial flows\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, we are learning how different planets work.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As we begin to study more closely the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/09/190927135157.htm\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">thousands of extrasolar planets\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> discovered in the last 30 years, we can use what we’ve learned in our solar system as a framework to understand what lies beyond. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Four years after arriving at Jupiter, NASA's Juno spacecraft has discovered \"shallow\" lightning and \"mushballs.\" ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Four years after arriving at the planet \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/jupiter/in-depth/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jupiter\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/juno/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NASA’s Juno spacecraft\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is still making fresh discoveries and sending us breathtaking pictures of the gas giant and its entourage of at least 79 \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7711&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=nasajpl&utm_content=daily-20200722-2\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">moons\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The most recent finding is a bizarre meteorological phenomenon, something not seen on \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/tq_6DClZ0Ns\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Earth\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: “shallow” lightning, accompanied by slushy hailstones made of an antifreeze-like mixture of water and ammonia, dubbed “mushballs” by NASA’s Juno science team. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968536\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1968536 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-800x1035.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1035\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-800x1035.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-1020x1320.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-160x207.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-768x994.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-1187x1536.jpg 1187w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-1583x2048.jpg 1583w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-1920x2485.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-scaled.jpg 1978w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An illustration of NASA’s Juno spacecraft, which orbits Jupiter in an elongated, looping path that carries it as close as 2,600 miles of the gas giant’s cloud tops. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These mysterious weather phenomena have helped us better understand the distribution of ammonia in the Jovian atmosphere\u003c/span>.\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> And, they can help improve our overall understanding of distant planets orbiting stars in other solar systems, too far away for us to study in detail.\u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What Makes Lightning ‘Shallow’?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since 1979, observations made by spacecraft before Juno — Voyagers 1 and 2, and Galileo — detected \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/juno-solves-39-year-old-mystery-of-jupiter-lightning\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">powerful flashes of lightning\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> through the cloud layers of Jupiter’s turbulent atmosphere. Unlike Earth, the gas giant planet has no solid surface, and is made up of ever deeper and thicker layers of gas, mostly hydrogen and helium. The potent electrical discharges — detected by earlier missions — are believed to occur as far as 40 miles below the visible cloud tops, where temperatures and atmospheric pressure are right for the formation of lightning as we understand it on Earth. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968696\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1968696 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia22474-2000-800x1036.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1036\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia22474-2000-800x1036.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia22474-2000-160x207.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia22474-2000-768x994.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia22474-2000.jpg 985w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist illustration of the distribution of powerful, “deep” lightning in Jupiter’s polar regions, detected decades ago by the Voyager and Galileo spacecraft. On Earth, solar heating drives most lightning activity in the warm equatorial region, but on Jupiter, where the sun’s light is 25 times weaker, the tropical areas are more stable, and lightning driven by Jupiter’s own internal heat appears to reside in the more turbulent polar regions. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/JunoCam)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On Earth, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nssl.noaa.gov/education/svrwx101/lightning/#:~:text=Lightning%20is%20a%20giant%20spark,the%20cloud%20and%20the%20ground.\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">lightning is generated\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> where water is found in all its states — gas, liquid droplets and solid particles of ice. Water vapor feeds the growth of liquid droplets in a cloud, and strong updrafts carry the droplets to altitudes where freezing temperatures turn them to ice particles. The ice particles fall downward, colliding with the upwelling liquid droplets, and the friction of their interaction knocks electrons from water molecules. Static electric charge builds up until it’s too strong to remain static, then discharges into the air, another cloud, or the ground. The same thing happens on a much smaller scale when you \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://scijinks.gov/lightning/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">drag your shoes across a carpet\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and build up static electricity from the friction, until you touch another electrical conductor (metal, or another person) and discharge the electrons in a tiny, sometimes painful zap of mini-lightning. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To scientists’ surprise, Juno, passing within a few thousand miles of Jupiter’s cloud tops on the night side, detected flashes of lightning much smaller than the powerful strikes earlier missions had seen coming from beneath the clouds. Estimates place the number of these lightning strokes at about 3.75 billion per year, across Jupiter’s entire surface — that’s about 119 per second on average! These fainter flashes appear to come from much higher in the atmosphere, where it is too cold — below negative 126 degrees Fahrenheit — for droplets of liquid water to exist. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968540\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1968540\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/image_5418_4e-Juno-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstaedt-Sean-Doran-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/image_5418_4e-Juno-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstaedt-Sean-Doran-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/image_5418_4e-Juno-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstaedt-Sean-Doran-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/image_5418_4e-Juno-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstaedt-Sean-Doran-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/image_5418_4e-Juno-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstaedt-Sean-Doran-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/image_5418_4e-Juno-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstaedt-Sean-Doran-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/image_5418_4e-Juno-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstaedt-Sean-Doran.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Color-enhanced image showing one of Jupiter’s turbulent storm systems. The bumpy white texture highlighting the strokes of the storm’s swirls are where power updrafts of storm cloud cells rise high above Jupiter’s general cloud tops. It is in these thunderhead towers that NASA’s Juno discovery of “shallow lighting” is thought to occur. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Gerald Eichstaedt/Sean Doran)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This was baffling at first, until one Juno scientist had an idea that could not only explain the high-altitude lightning in Jupiter’s atmosphere, but also another mystery that has puzzled scientists for years: much \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://thenextweb.com/space/2020/08/15/jupiters-atmosphere-is-regulated-by-ammonia-storms-research-reveals/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">lower than predicted amounts of ammonia\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in Jupiter’s upper atmosphere. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>The Mushball Connection\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7721&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=nasajpl&utm_content=daily-20200805-1\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">explanation\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for the shallow lightning and Jupiter’s “missing” ammonia in the upper atmosphere goes like this: Jupiter’s powerful thunderstorms and the strong updrafts of air and liquid water droplets eject plumes of water as high as 16 miles above the tops of the thunderheads, which freeze into ice crystals in the extreme cold above. There, the ice particles encounter a layer of ammonia gas, which melts the ice and blends with the water to form a liquid water-ammonia antifreeze mixture. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968539\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1968539 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia24042-image-3b-1041-NASAJPL-CaltechSwRICNRS-800x681.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"681\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia24042-image-3b-1041-NASAJPL-CaltechSwRICNRS-800x681.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia24042-image-3b-1041-NASAJPL-CaltechSwRICNRS-160x136.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia24042-image-3b-1041-NASAJPL-CaltechSwRICNRS-768x653.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia24042-image-3b-1041-NASAJPL-CaltechSwRICNRS.jpg 985w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram shows how Juno’s newly discovered “shallow lightning” may be generated by the growth of semi-slushy “mushballs” of water-ammonia that fall like hail onto updrafts of frozen water-ice particles. On Earth, it is falling solid-ice hail interacting with rising liquid water droplets that generate static electricity that drives lightning. On Jupiter, due to the involvement of ammonia, the process is turned somewhat upside down. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/CNRS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As the droplets of water-ammonia rise and fall, they collide with the water-ice crystals flung upward by the thunderhead far below. As with Earthly lightning, the friction of collision between the liquid “antifreeze” and solid ice particles generates static electricity, and high-altitude lightning is born. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Why there is less ammonia in some parts of Jupiter’s upper atmosphere than previously thought may be explained by what happens next.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the cold, high-altitude layers where the lightning is generated, a crust of water ice forms around the liquid water-ammonia core of a droplet, growing thicker and enlarging the so-called “mushball” until the atmosphere can no longer support it. It falls like a hailstone, deep into Jupiter’s atmosphere, below the visible surface of its cloud tops where it cannot be detected by spacecraft like Juno. Only then, far below the clouds, does the mushball’s icy crust melt and its water-ammonia core evaporate, potentially forming a layer of ammonia beneath the clouds. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Why Are Shallow Lightning and Mushy Ammonia Hailstones Important?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There is a great diversity in planets and moons within our own solar system, each with very different compositions and environments. As we explore Jupiter’s stormy weather, or \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/weather/storm-watch-2018/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mars’ global dust storms\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, or \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-horizons-discovers-flowing-ices-on-pluto\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pluto’s nitrogen-methane glacial flows\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, we are learning how different planets work.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As we begin to study more closely the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/09/190927135157.htm\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">thousands of extrasolar planets\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> discovered in the last 30 years, we can use what we’ve learned in our solar system as a framework to understand what lies beyond. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Caretaker Returns to Solano County Fire-Ravaged Farm: 'Like a War Zone'",
"headTitle": "Caretaker Returns to Solano County Fire-Ravaged Farm: ‘Like a War Zone’ | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp class=\"p1\">As the caretaker and resident of an organic olive farm in Vacaville, Tom Walter is no stranger to fire season. But as flames approached the property off Pleasants Valley Road sometime after midnight Wednesday, he felt this time was different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“I’ve never seen a fire move so quickly and so aggressively towards everything in its path,” Walter said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968797\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1968797 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/Farm-2-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The main ranch house at La Ferme Soleil was leveled when the LNU Lightning Complex fire tore through Pleasants Valley Road in Vacaville in the early morning hours of Wednesday, Aug. 19, 2020. \u003ccite>(Peter Arcuni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The Hennessey Fire, part of the 350,000-acre-plus \u003ca href=\"https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2020/8/17/lnu-lightning-complex-includes-hennessey-gamble-15-10-spanish-markley-13-4-11-16/\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">LNU Lightning Complex fire\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, was racing toward the north end of his ranch, while another blaze was approaching from the west.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“I got everybody off the property, tried to get as much livestock,” Walter said, “Then I hung in there as long as I could and evacuated by about 1:30 in the morning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">A day later, with scattered embers still burning, Walter returned to survey the damage. Somehow, he says, the olive trees, which the farm harvests to produce organic olive oil under the label \u003ca href=\"http://www.lafermesoleil.com/\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">La Ferme Soleil\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, were unscathed. But the fire had destroyed much of the rest of the farm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“The whole property, it looks like war, a war zone. That’s the only way to explain it,” Walter said, “I can’t put the words together. My heart is hurting. My mind is numb.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">The 48-foot travel trailer Walter lived in was reduced to a heap of twisted, blackened metal, or “junk,” as he described it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“Everything I had was in here. Everything,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">The main ranch house, which had just been sold to new owners, was also leveled. A thick film of black soot covered the backyard pool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968795\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1968795 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/Farm-4-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/Farm-4-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/Farm-4-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/Farm-4-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/Farm-4-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/Farm-4-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/Farm-4-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/Farm-4-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The animal pen at La Ferme Soleil in Vacaville, along with sheep and goat, was lost to the LNU Lightning Complex fire. \u003ccite>(Peter Arcuni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">“The only thing standing was our guest house,” Walter said, “It’s a miracle because I have a place to stay, still.\u003ci>”\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">La Ferme Soleil also lost sheep and goat to the fire, and Walter is still searching for two lost horses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">He says many farmers in the area are now scrambling to get back to their land to see what’s left of their homes and to look out for any animals left behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">On Thursday, police had blocked off access to Pleasants Valley Road, but were letting some cars through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Walter spent Thursday morning driving around, with his labrador retriever in tow, to check on properties for neighbors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">“A lot of people still can’t come out here,” he said. “My biggest thing is trying to give good news to this devastation, and it’s hard right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“When they’re asking me about their property or their homes, I either have good news or bad news. And the majority of it’s bad news.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "As the caretaker and resident of an organic olive farm in Vacaville, Tom Walter is no stranger to fire season. But as flames approached the property, off Pleasants Valley Road, in the early hours of Wednesday morning, he felt this time was different.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"p1\">As the caretaker and resident of an organic olive farm in Vacaville, Tom Walter is no stranger to fire season. But as flames approached the property off Pleasants Valley Road sometime after midnight Wednesday, he felt this time was different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“I’ve never seen a fire move so quickly and so aggressively towards everything in its path,” Walter said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968797\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1968797 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/Farm-2-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The main ranch house at La Ferme Soleil was leveled when the LNU Lightning Complex fire tore through Pleasants Valley Road in Vacaville in the early morning hours of Wednesday, Aug. 19, 2020. \u003ccite>(Peter Arcuni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The Hennessey Fire, part of the 350,000-acre-plus \u003ca href=\"https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2020/8/17/lnu-lightning-complex-includes-hennessey-gamble-15-10-spanish-markley-13-4-11-16/\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">LNU Lightning Complex fire\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, was racing toward the north end of his ranch, while another blaze was approaching from the west.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“I got everybody off the property, tried to get as much livestock,” Walter said, “Then I hung in there as long as I could and evacuated by about 1:30 in the morning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">A day later, with scattered embers still burning, Walter returned to survey the damage. Somehow, he says, the olive trees, which the farm harvests to produce organic olive oil under the label \u003ca href=\"http://www.lafermesoleil.com/\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">La Ferme Soleil\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, were unscathed. But the fire had destroyed much of the rest of the farm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“The whole property, it looks like war, a war zone. That’s the only way to explain it,” Walter said, “I can’t put the words together. My heart is hurting. My mind is numb.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">The 48-foot travel trailer Walter lived in was reduced to a heap of twisted, blackened metal, or “junk,” as he described it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“Everything I had was in here. Everything,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">The main ranch house, which had just been sold to new owners, was also leveled. A thick film of black soot covered the backyard pool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968795\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1968795 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/Farm-4-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/Farm-4-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/Farm-4-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/Farm-4-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/Farm-4-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/Farm-4-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/Farm-4-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/Farm-4-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The animal pen at La Ferme Soleil in Vacaville, along with sheep and goat, was lost to the LNU Lightning Complex fire. \u003ccite>(Peter Arcuni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">“The only thing standing was our guest house,” Walter said, “It’s a miracle because I have a place to stay, still.\u003ci>”\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">La Ferme Soleil also lost sheep and goat to the fire, and Walter is still searching for two lost horses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">He says many farmers in the area are now scrambling to get back to their land to see what’s left of their homes and to look out for any animals left behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">On Thursday, police had blocked off access to Pleasants Valley Road, but were letting some cars through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Walter spent Thursday morning driving around, with his labrador retriever in tow, to check on properties for neighbors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">“A lot of people still can’t come out here,” he said. “My biggest thing is trying to give good news to this devastation, and it’s hard right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“When they’re asking me about their property or their homes, I either have good news or bad news. And the majority of it’s bad news.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>As wildfires continue to burn in every Bay Area county except San Francisco, the region is badly in need of firefighters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason: far fewer prisoner crews. The shortage comes during a horrendous start to this year’s fire season, with tens of thousands of residents forced out of their homes after dry lightning strikes ignited three raging sets of fires, burning hundreds of thousands of acres since last Sunday. That’s a larger burn area than in all of California last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote citation=\"Cal Fire Chief Sean Kavanaugh\"]‘We are used to lots of resources. That is not where we are at today.’[/pullquote]While firefighters have mounted a heroic assault on fast-moving flames, risking their lives to protect numerous cities and towns, fire chiefs acknowledge that crews are severely understaffed, with only about 2,000 firefighters battling the North Bay and Santa Cruz fires combined going into last weekend. Last year, more than 5,000 firefighters fought to contain the Kincade Fire in Sonoma County, which burned a far smaller area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a very large-scale incident here,” said Cal Fire Chief Sean Kavanaugh, the commander in charge of the LNU Complex fire in the North Bay. Normally, “we are used to lots of resources. That is not where we are at today.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The response has been hampered, in particular, by a lack of prisoner hand crews, each typically made up of 12 to 16 trained inmates who perform grueling chainsaw work, sweating through oppressive heat as they hack through thick coyote brush, manzanita and other coastal shrub to create containment perimeters around a fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The demand for hand crews far surpasses the need,” said Jeremy Rahn, a Cal Fire public information officer for the North Bay fires, at a press conference Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shortage stems mainly from the large number of fires burning across the state \u003cem>—\u003c/em> well over 500. But thinning ranks in California’s inmate firefighting camps, the result of the state’s attempt to slow the spread of COVID-19 in the prison system, have exacerbated the need for replacements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just weeks ago, many incarcerated firefighters were isolated in lockdown after potential exposure to the coronavirus sidelined more than half of the inmate crews, depriving California of a key firefighting resource as it entered peak fire season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, officials with the California Department of Corrections and and Rehabilitation say all fire camp inmates at the fire camps have been released from quarantine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But since July 10, the state has sent home at least 700 inmates from the camps, including 331 firefighters and the rest in support roles, through an early-release order in the wake of COVID-19’s deadly spread through state prisons, including San Quentin in Marin County, resulting in thousands of infections and dozens of deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Releasing the inmates has left the state with far fewer incarcerated firefighters than it could deploy in recent years. As of Aug. 20, more than 1,300 inmates from California’s state prison system were battling 19 different fires across the state, including the big complex blazes in the Bay Area. But in 2018, California had 3,500 firefighter inmates on hand, down from 4,300 two years before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Gavin Newsom on Friday minimized the effect of the early prisoner releases on the state’s firefighting capacity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Precisely to address that issue, precisely to address that concern,” he said, in July he authorized $72 million for the hire of 858 seasonal firefighters as replacements for the freed inmates. “We did it in anticipation. We didn’t react.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Thom Porter, director of Cal Fire, acknowledged during a July press conference that the agency doesn’t “expect this season to make it to full capacity with inmate crews.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Fathi, director of the ACLU National Prison Project, says he’s especially concerned inmates will have to work “harder, longer” because of the reduced number of incarcerated fire crews.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are not people who are doing telemarketing or folding laundry,” he said. “This is dangerous work, working with very dangerous tools like chainsaws and axes, with longer hours and less rest. Fatigue obviously increases the risk of accidents.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/mike_dewald/status/1296970811622842368\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite those risks and the backbreaking work, some prisoners have taken to the job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, you can take Samantha Vetter out of prison fire camp early, but you can’t take the wildland firefighter out of Samantha Vetter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state paroled the inmate firefighter early, and now all she can think about is getting back to work. She arrived at the Puerta La Cruz Conservation Camp in Southern California in the spring, just as the coronavirus began to spread in prison facilities. She spent most of this fire season with an all-female inmate crew battling fires in Southern California. She was battling the Apple Fire, a 30,000 acre-plus blaze, when her release came through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At various points, Vetter worked every position in her hand crew, which operates in a hook-line formation and is divided into cutting and scraping sections using chainsaws, shovels, rakes and other hand tools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, she’s living at the Santa Cruz County Gemma Transitional House, a short drive from where she grew up in the San Lorenzo Valley, where fires are currently ripping through a dense forest that hasn’t burned in 50 years. Her mother and other family members have been evacuated from their homes in Ben Lomond and elsewhere. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My hometown is on fire right now,” she said. “It’s hard sitting here knowing that the ash that’s raining down on me now is the redwoods that I grew up around, burning up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Criminal justice advocates have long criticized California’s use of prison labor to fight fires. Besides a pay rate that tops out at a few dollars a day, inmates face an uphill battle getting hired as firefighters after they’re released, due to their felony records.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Very few can get full-time firefighting jobs, says Sonja Tonnesen-Casalengo, deputy director of Root & Rebound, a prison reentry advocacy group, especially since county departments require hirees have their paramedic license.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There needs to be a pathway to sustainable long-term careers as firefighters,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first, Vetter says, she was motivated to go to fire camp to knock time off her sentence. But she loved the work, wants to continue fighting fires as a civilian and has enrolled in wildfire safety classes at a community college.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As fires ripped through the forests she frequented as a kid, Vetter called the Cal Fire stations in Santa Cruz to see if she could volunteer to help. Officials told her she could assist at an evacuation center, but they wouldn’t let her join the fire line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m just going to give it my best,” Vetter said. “If they don’t hire me, they don’t hire me.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>While firefighters have mounted a heroic assault on fast-moving flames, risking their lives to protect numerous cities and towns, fire chiefs acknowledge that crews are severely understaffed, with only about 2,000 firefighters battling the North Bay and Santa Cruz fires combined going into last weekend. Last year, more than 5,000 firefighters fought to contain the Kincade Fire in Sonoma County, which burned a far smaller area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a very large-scale incident here,” said Cal Fire Chief Sean Kavanaugh, the commander in charge of the LNU Complex fire in the North Bay. Normally, “we are used to lots of resources. That is not where we are at today.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The response has been hampered, in particular, by a lack of prisoner hand crews, each typically made up of 12 to 16 trained inmates who perform grueling chainsaw work, sweating through oppressive heat as they hack through thick coyote brush, manzanita and other coastal shrub to create containment perimeters around a fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The demand for hand crews far surpasses the need,” said Jeremy Rahn, a Cal Fire public information officer for the North Bay fires, at a press conference Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shortage stems mainly from the large number of fires burning across the state \u003cem>—\u003c/em> well over 500. But thinning ranks in California’s inmate firefighting camps, the result of the state’s attempt to slow the spread of COVID-19 in the prison system, have exacerbated the need for replacements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just weeks ago, many incarcerated firefighters were isolated in lockdown after potential exposure to the coronavirus sidelined more than half of the inmate crews, depriving California of a key firefighting resource as it entered peak fire season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, officials with the California Department of Corrections and and Rehabilitation say all fire camp inmates at the fire camps have been released from quarantine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But since July 10, the state has sent home at least 700 inmates from the camps, including 331 firefighters and the rest in support roles, through an early-release order in the wake of COVID-19’s deadly spread through state prisons, including San Quentin in Marin County, resulting in thousands of infections and dozens of deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Releasing the inmates has left the state with far fewer incarcerated firefighters than it could deploy in recent years. As of Aug. 20, more than 1,300 inmates from California’s state prison system were battling 19 different fires across the state, including the big complex blazes in the Bay Area. But in 2018, California had 3,500 firefighter inmates on hand, down from 4,300 two years before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Gavin Newsom on Friday minimized the effect of the early prisoner releases on the state’s firefighting capacity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Precisely to address that issue, precisely to address that concern,” he said, in July he authorized $72 million for the hire of 858 seasonal firefighters as replacements for the freed inmates. “We did it in anticipation. We didn’t react.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Thom Porter, director of Cal Fire, acknowledged during a July press conference that the agency doesn’t “expect this season to make it to full capacity with inmate crews.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Fathi, director of the ACLU National Prison Project, says he’s especially concerned inmates will have to work “harder, longer” because of the reduced number of incarcerated fire crews.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are not people who are doing telemarketing or folding laundry,” he said. “This is dangerous work, working with very dangerous tools like chainsaws and axes, with longer hours and less rest. Fatigue obviously increases the risk of accidents.”\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>Despite those risks and the backbreaking work, some prisoners have taken to the job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, you can take Samantha Vetter out of prison fire camp early, but you can’t take the wildland firefighter out of Samantha Vetter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state paroled the inmate firefighter early, and now all she can think about is getting back to work. She arrived at the Puerta La Cruz Conservation Camp in Southern California in the spring, just as the coronavirus began to spread in prison facilities. She spent most of this fire season with an all-female inmate crew battling fires in Southern California. She was battling the Apple Fire, a 30,000 acre-plus blaze, when her release came through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At various points, Vetter worked every position in her hand crew, which operates in a hook-line formation and is divided into cutting and scraping sections using chainsaws, shovels, rakes and other hand tools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, she’s living at the Santa Cruz County Gemma Transitional House, a short drive from where she grew up in the San Lorenzo Valley, where fires are currently ripping through a dense forest that hasn’t burned in 50 years. Her mother and other family members have been evacuated from their homes in Ben Lomond and elsewhere. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My hometown is on fire right now,” she said. “It’s hard sitting here knowing that the ash that’s raining down on me now is the redwoods that I grew up around, burning up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Criminal justice advocates have long criticized California’s use of prison labor to fight fires. Besides a pay rate that tops out at a few dollars a day, inmates face an uphill battle getting hired as firefighters after they’re released, due to their felony records.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Very few can get full-time firefighting jobs, says Sonja Tonnesen-Casalengo, deputy director of Root & Rebound, a prison reentry advocacy group, especially since county departments require hirees have their paramedic license.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There needs to be a pathway to sustainable long-term careers as firefighters,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first, Vetter says, she was motivated to go to fire camp to knock time off her sentence. But she loved the work, wants to continue fighting fires as a civilian and has enrolled in wildfire safety classes at a community college.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As fires ripped through the forests she frequented as a kid, Vetter called the Cal Fire stations in Santa Cruz to see if she could volunteer to help. Officials told her she could assist at an evacuation center, but they wouldn’t let her join the fire line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m just going to give it my best,” Vetter said. “If they don’t hire me, they don’t hire me.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Cómo protegerse del humo de incendios forestales",
"headTitle": "Cómo protegerse del humo de incendios forestales | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1926793/protecting-your-health-from-toxic-wildfire-smoke\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Read in English\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Las personas en el camino del humo de un incendio forestal deben de tomar ciertas medidas de precaución para proteger sus pulmones. Las personas de edad avanzada, niños e individuos con problemas del corazón o respiratorias son particularmente recomendadas que filtren su aire, limiten sus actividades al aire libre o dejar el área afectada temporalmente.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los niños son especialmente vulnerables a la contaminación de humo porque sus vías respiratorias siguen creciendo y respiran más aire por libra para su peso que los adultos, de acuerdo con información de los Centros para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades (CDC).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aquí le presentamos los pasos que puede tomar para protegerse a usted y sus seres queridos de los peligros del humo de los incendios forestales:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Revise los reportes locales de la calidad de aire:\u003c/strong> Para actualización en tiempo real de la calidad del aire en su vecindario, entre su código postal en el \u003ca href=\"https://airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=airnow.local_state&stateid=5&mapcenter=0&tabs=0\">sito web\u003c/a> de la Agencia de Protección Ambiental.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Mantenga limpio el aire interior:\u003c/strong> Mantenga cerradas las ventanas de su casa y de su carro. Puede tener el aire acondicionado, pero mantenga el flujo de aire exterior cerrado para prevenir exponerse a humo o residuos de humo. El California Air Resources Board recomienda limpiadores de aire mecánicos con eficiencia alta para aire particular, conocido como HEPA. El filtro de este recoleta particular pequeñas y no emite ozono u otras substancias dañinas. Estos limpiadores de aire pueden reducir drásticamente los niveles de partículas en sitios interiores, en algunos casos más de 9 porcino. Vea algunos limpiadores que están certificados y son legales en California en este \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/research/indoor/aircleaners/certified.htm\">enlace\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>En hogares sin aire acondicionado, mantenga puertas y ventanas cerradas.\u003c/strong> Esto puede reducir los \u003ca href=\"https://www3.epa.gov/airnow/wildfire_may2016.pdf\">niveles de contaminación\u003c/a> a hasta un 50 por ciento.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Evite actividades que incrementen la contaminación del aire en espacios interiores.\u003c/strong> Prender velas, cocinas en estufas de gas y usar aspiradoras puede aumentar la contaminación del aire.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Lávese su nariz y haga gárgaras con agua limpia.\u003c/strong> Haga esto cinco veces hasta que el humo baje.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Báñese y lave su ropa después de estar afuera de su casa.\u003c/strong>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Use un cubrebocas si lo hace sentir mejor, pero elija con detenimiento. \u003c/strong>Ferreterías y farmacias venden cubrebocas N95 que filtran pequeñas partículas, pero pueden ser difíciles de conseguir debido a la pandemia de coronavirus. Funcionarios de salud pública advierten que estos cubrebocas no funcionan bien para todos, y no funcionan tan bien como quedarse en su casa y cerrar las ventanas. Las opciones menos efectivas son los cubrebocas de papel para el polvo o los cubrebocas medicos que van alrededor de las orejas, estas no protegen de particular pequeñas.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Es importante mencionar que los cubrebocas de tela, como los que se usan para prevenir los contagios de covid-19, no le protegen de las partículas en el aire que se encuentran en el humo de los incendios. \u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>¿Qué se encuentra dentro del humo de los incendios forestales?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>El humo de los incendios forestales es una mezcla de gases y partículas, incluyendo al dióxido de carbono, vapor de agua, monóxido de carbon, hidrocarburos y otros químicos orgánicos, oxido de nitrógeno y minerales. Hay miles de compuestos individuales, muchos de ellos tóxicos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pero lo que más preocupa a los doctores es la materia particular en el humo, las pequeñas partes de polvo y hollín parecido al polvo. La mayoría de estos son invisibles a la vista. Los más preocupantes son las partículas con menos de 10 micrones de ancho, conocidos como PM 10. Como comparación, el cabello humano tiene un ancho de 60 micrones. Los doctores también le temen al subconjunto conocido como PM 2.5, que es materia particular que es menos de 2.5 micrones de ancho.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Estas partículas pequeñas viajan rápido por los pulmones, incluso, las más pequeñas pueden entrar al flujo sanguíneo. Las partículas más pequeñas son las más ligeras por lo que pueden viajar largas distancias en el viento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Las particles dañan al cuerpo primeramente al entrar al el, activando reacciones inflamatorias que pueden activar dificultades respiratorias, ataques al corazón e incluso infartos. Con exponerse al humo por algunos días, pulmones que estén dañados pueden sucumbir a bronquitis o neumonía. En mujeres embarazas, la exposición a estas partículas ha sido asociada con nacimientos prematuros y bajo peso en recién nacidos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Este artículo fue traducido por la periodista, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/author/amorga\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Adriana Morga\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Las personas en el camino del humo de un incendio forestal deben de tomar ciertas medidas de precaución para proteger sus pulmones.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1926793/protecting-your-health-from-toxic-wildfire-smoke\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Read in English\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Las personas en el camino del humo de un incendio forestal deben de tomar ciertas medidas de precaución para proteger sus pulmones. Las personas de edad avanzada, niños e individuos con problemas del corazón o respiratorias son particularmente recomendadas que filtren su aire, limiten sus actividades al aire libre o dejar el área afectada temporalmente.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los niños son especialmente vulnerables a la contaminación de humo porque sus vías respiratorias siguen creciendo y respiran más aire por libra para su peso que los adultos, de acuerdo con información de los Centros para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades (CDC).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aquí le presentamos los pasos que puede tomar para protegerse a usted y sus seres queridos de los peligros del humo de los incendios forestales:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Revise los reportes locales de la calidad de aire:\u003c/strong> Para actualización en tiempo real de la calidad del aire en su vecindario, entre su código postal en el \u003ca href=\"https://airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=airnow.local_state&stateid=5&mapcenter=0&tabs=0\">sito web\u003c/a> de la Agencia de Protección Ambiental.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Mantenga limpio el aire interior:\u003c/strong> Mantenga cerradas las ventanas de su casa y de su carro. Puede tener el aire acondicionado, pero mantenga el flujo de aire exterior cerrado para prevenir exponerse a humo o residuos de humo. El California Air Resources Board recomienda limpiadores de aire mecánicos con eficiencia alta para aire particular, conocido como HEPA. El filtro de este recoleta particular pequeñas y no emite ozono u otras substancias dañinas. Estos limpiadores de aire pueden reducir drásticamente los niveles de partículas en sitios interiores, en algunos casos más de 9 porcino. Vea algunos limpiadores que están certificados y son legales en California en este \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/research/indoor/aircleaners/certified.htm\">enlace\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>En hogares sin aire acondicionado, mantenga puertas y ventanas cerradas.\u003c/strong> Esto puede reducir los \u003ca href=\"https://www3.epa.gov/airnow/wildfire_may2016.pdf\">niveles de contaminación\u003c/a> a hasta un 50 por ciento.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Evite actividades que incrementen la contaminación del aire en espacios interiores.\u003c/strong> Prender velas, cocinas en estufas de gas y usar aspiradoras puede aumentar la contaminación del aire.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Lávese su nariz y haga gárgaras con agua limpia.\u003c/strong> Haga esto cinco veces hasta que el humo baje.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Báñese y lave su ropa después de estar afuera de su casa.\u003c/strong>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Use un cubrebocas si lo hace sentir mejor, pero elija con detenimiento. \u003c/strong>Ferreterías y farmacias venden cubrebocas N95 que filtran pequeñas partículas, pero pueden ser difíciles de conseguir debido a la pandemia de coronavirus. Funcionarios de salud pública advierten que estos cubrebocas no funcionan bien para todos, y no funcionan tan bien como quedarse en su casa y cerrar las ventanas. Las opciones menos efectivas son los cubrebocas de papel para el polvo o los cubrebocas medicos que van alrededor de las orejas, estas no protegen de particular pequeñas.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Es importante mencionar que los cubrebocas de tela, como los que se usan para prevenir los contagios de covid-19, no le protegen de las partículas en el aire que se encuentran en el humo de los incendios. \u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>¿Qué se encuentra dentro del humo de los incendios forestales?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>El humo de los incendios forestales es una mezcla de gases y partículas, incluyendo al dióxido de carbono, vapor de agua, monóxido de carbon, hidrocarburos y otros químicos orgánicos, oxido de nitrógeno y minerales. Hay miles de compuestos individuales, muchos de ellos tóxicos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pero lo que más preocupa a los doctores es la materia particular en el humo, las pequeñas partes de polvo y hollín parecido al polvo. La mayoría de estos son invisibles a la vista. Los más preocupantes son las partículas con menos de 10 micrones de ancho, conocidos como PM 10. Como comparación, el cabello humano tiene un ancho de 60 micrones. Los doctores también le temen al subconjunto conocido como PM 2.5, que es materia particular que es menos de 2.5 micrones de ancho.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Estas partículas pequeñas viajan rápido por los pulmones, incluso, las más pequeñas pueden entrar al flujo sanguíneo. Las partículas más pequeñas son las más ligeras por lo que pueden viajar largas distancias en el viento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Las particles dañan al cuerpo primeramente al entrar al el, activando reacciones inflamatorias que pueden activar dificultades respiratorias, ataques al corazón e incluso infartos. Con exponerse al humo por algunos días, pulmones que estén dañados pueden sucumbir a bronquitis o neumonía. En mujeres embarazas, la exposición a estas partículas ha sido asociada con nacimientos prematuros y bajo peso en recién nacidos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Este artículo fue traducido por la periodista, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/author/amorga\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Adriana Morga\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Bay Area Experiences Worst Air Quality in the World Due to Wildfires",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated Aug. 21\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After months of following shelter-at-home orders due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Bay Area residents now have another reason to stay inside: dangerously poor air quality from a series of wildfires, which continue to burn out of control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930023/map-heres-your-daily-air-quality-report-for-the-bay-area\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Air Quality Index\u003c/a> in the region degenerated to \u003ca href=\"https://waqi.info/#/c/2.436/50.934/1.4z\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">worst-in-the-world \u003c/a>status this week, with the unhealthiest conditions south, east and northeast of San Francisco, as smoke spread outward from the LNU, SCU and CZU Lightning Complex fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials are urging people in areas where the air is classified as “unhealthy” — displayed as red on color-coded maps — to stay indoors, particularly those with respiratory conditions such as asthma and COPD, as well as older adults, children and teens. For those who have to go out, the recommendation is to avoid strenuous outdoor activities or to shorten the amount of time outside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The forecast calls for the air to stay unhealthy for sensitive groups, such as those with heart or lung disease, throughout the weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.lung.org/clean-air/emergencies-and-natural-disasters/wildfires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">American Lung Association in California\u003c/a> offered the following advice for local residents struggling with the simultaneous health risks of smoke, extreme heat and COVID-19:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Stay inside as much as possible, with doors, windows and fireplace dampers shut — and clean air circulating through air conditioners and/or air cleaners. Residents should use the recirculation setting on their home air conditioners to avoid outdoor air contamination. Using whole house fans is not recommended because they can allow unfiltered outside air into the home.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Those with chronic lung disease are encouraged to gather all their medications, delivery devices, prescriptions and insurance cards in one spot so they can quickly be transported in the event of an evacuation.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If evacuating, remember to continue to follow guidance around COVID-19 such as practicing social distancing, wearing a cloth face covering and using hand sanitizer.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Contact a physician immediately if lung disease symptoms worsen or are not relieved by the usual medicines. Seek medical attention if experiencing wheezing, shortness of breath, difficulty taking a full breath, chest heaviness, lightheadedness, and dizziness.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Avoid exercising outdoors, particularly if you smell smoke or experience eye or throat irritation.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>For those returning to a fire-damaged home, limit exposure to ash by wearing protective clothing, gloves, goggles and a fitted N95 mask, if available. Note that a cloth mask, such as those often used to prevent the spread of COVID-19, will not adequately protect lungs from particles found in wildfire smoke.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Breathing particulate-heavy air could make people more susceptible to the novel coronavirus, says Dr. Madhavi Dandu, professor of medicine at UCSF.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A\u003cspan data-pm-slice='1 1 [\"paragraph-wrapper\",null,\"paragraph\",null]'>ir pollution and all type of particulate matter, but especially the particulate 2.5 that we see in fires, can really impact both lung health as well as just general immune health,” Dandu said. “O\u003c/span>\u003cspan data-pm-slice='1 1 [\"paragraph-wrapper\",null,\"paragraph\",null]'>ne of the things that it does is destroy these little hairs that we call cilia that are in the lungs, which are ways to protect the lungs. They basically wipe off the germs, or spread off the germs, so that they don’t eventually get into the bloodstream.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dandu says given the health risks associated with breathing in smoke, “staying out of the polluted air if at all possible is the safest thing to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> ‘A Very Complicated Situation’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp id=\"x_docs-internal-guid-f791b892-7fff-1715-bcab-9128ac424c34\" dir=\"ltr\">Considering the array of disasters the region is now facing, Solano County Health Officer Dr. Bela Matyas says, the choices for staying safe are no longer cut and dried, and the confluence of heat and wildfire smoke amid the backdrop of the coronavirus pandemic is making an already difficult situation worse, particularly for people with underlying health conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">For instance, for the many people in the region without air conditioning, cooled public spaces like movie theaters, malls and libraries are closed due to the pandemic. So some people now face the hard trade-off between opening the windows to get relief from the heat and breathing in the smoke that it allows in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">“This is a very complicated situation. There is no perfect solution here, because solutions for one exacerbate the other,” Matyas said. “And so the compromise of trying to protect against all of these multiple things happening at the same time is the best that we can do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">For people with a respiratory illness, breathing in wildfire smoke can be especially dangerous, he says. But those without underlying health concerns might consider opening the windows to cool their living space for a short time before closing them again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">For the most vulnerable, the county is operating three combined cooling-evacuation centers, Matyas says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">He called it “a little bit tricky, because as people are showing up, we need to screen them [for COVID-19]. But a lot of the symptoms that we screen for are actually created by the smoke. So a person shows up at an evacuation site coughing and short of breath, who’s just come from an evacuated zone within the fire. How do you know that it’s the smoke that did that as opposed to COVID?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">As for facial coverings, he distinguished between the less protective masks people are using to slow the spread of the coronavirus with the N95s that filter out harmful smoke particles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">“If you’re going to be going to a congregating environment like an evacuation center, by all means, bring your [anticoronavirus] mask so that when you’re indoors, you can maintain social distancing,” he said. “But I don’t think you can rely on masks as one of the elements of the strategy to protect against the smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">“N95 would be an appropriate type of mask to wear to protect yourself from dust and smoke. But those masks aren’t available” because of a shortage caused by the pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">In San Francisco, which spent much of the day engulfed in air classified as “unhealthy,” either for sensitive groups or the general population, Mayor London Breed put the latest crises in the context of a warming globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">“The effects of climate change are already being felt,” she said, “and sadly we know events like these are only going to become more common with drier weather and hotter temperatures.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">\u003cem>Jon Brooks and Danielle Venton contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated Aug. 21\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After months of following shelter-at-home orders due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Bay Area residents now have another reason to stay inside: dangerously poor air quality from a series of wildfires, which continue to burn out of control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930023/map-heres-your-daily-air-quality-report-for-the-bay-area\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Air Quality Index\u003c/a> in the region degenerated to \u003ca href=\"https://waqi.info/#/c/2.436/50.934/1.4z\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">worst-in-the-world \u003c/a>status this week, with the unhealthiest conditions south, east and northeast of San Francisco, as smoke spread outward from the LNU, SCU and CZU Lightning Complex fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials are urging people in areas where the air is classified as “unhealthy” — displayed as red on color-coded maps — to stay indoors, particularly those with respiratory conditions such as asthma and COPD, as well as older adults, children and teens. For those who have to go out, the recommendation is to avoid strenuous outdoor activities or to shorten the amount of time outside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The forecast calls for the air to stay unhealthy for sensitive groups, such as those with heart or lung disease, throughout the weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.lung.org/clean-air/emergencies-and-natural-disasters/wildfires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">American Lung Association in California\u003c/a> offered the following advice for local residents struggling with the simultaneous health risks of smoke, extreme heat and COVID-19:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Stay inside as much as possible, with doors, windows and fireplace dampers shut — and clean air circulating through air conditioners and/or air cleaners. Residents should use the recirculation setting on their home air conditioners to avoid outdoor air contamination. Using whole house fans is not recommended because they can allow unfiltered outside air into the home.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Those with chronic lung disease are encouraged to gather all their medications, delivery devices, prescriptions and insurance cards in one spot so they can quickly be transported in the event of an evacuation.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If evacuating, remember to continue to follow guidance around COVID-19 such as practicing social distancing, wearing a cloth face covering and using hand sanitizer.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Contact a physician immediately if lung disease symptoms worsen or are not relieved by the usual medicines. Seek medical attention if experiencing wheezing, shortness of breath, difficulty taking a full breath, chest heaviness, lightheadedness, and dizziness.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Avoid exercising outdoors, particularly if you smell smoke or experience eye or throat irritation.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>For those returning to a fire-damaged home, limit exposure to ash by wearing protective clothing, gloves, goggles and a fitted N95 mask, if available. Note that a cloth mask, such as those often used to prevent the spread of COVID-19, will not adequately protect lungs from particles found in wildfire smoke.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Breathing particulate-heavy air could make people more susceptible to the novel coronavirus, says Dr. Madhavi Dandu, professor of medicine at UCSF.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A\u003cspan data-pm-slice='1 1 [\"paragraph-wrapper\",null,\"paragraph\",null]'>ir pollution and all type of particulate matter, but especially the particulate 2.5 that we see in fires, can really impact both lung health as well as just general immune health,” Dandu said. “O\u003c/span>\u003cspan data-pm-slice='1 1 [\"paragraph-wrapper\",null,\"paragraph\",null]'>ne of the things that it does is destroy these little hairs that we call cilia that are in the lungs, which are ways to protect the lungs. They basically wipe off the germs, or spread off the germs, so that they don’t eventually get into the bloodstream.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dandu says given the health risks associated with breathing in smoke, “staying out of the polluted air if at all possible is the safest thing to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> ‘A Very Complicated Situation’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp id=\"x_docs-internal-guid-f791b892-7fff-1715-bcab-9128ac424c34\" dir=\"ltr\">Considering the array of disasters the region is now facing, Solano County Health Officer Dr. Bela Matyas says, the choices for staying safe are no longer cut and dried, and the confluence of heat and wildfire smoke amid the backdrop of the coronavirus pandemic is making an already difficult situation worse, particularly for people with underlying health conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">For instance, for the many people in the region without air conditioning, cooled public spaces like movie theaters, malls and libraries are closed due to the pandemic. So some people now face the hard trade-off between opening the windows to get relief from the heat and breathing in the smoke that it allows in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">“This is a very complicated situation. There is no perfect solution here, because solutions for one exacerbate the other,” Matyas said. “And so the compromise of trying to protect against all of these multiple things happening at the same time is the best that we can do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">For people with a respiratory illness, breathing in wildfire smoke can be especially dangerous, he says. But those without underlying health concerns might consider opening the windows to cool their living space for a short time before closing them again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">For the most vulnerable, the county is operating three combined cooling-evacuation centers, Matyas says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">He called it “a little bit tricky, because as people are showing up, we need to screen them [for COVID-19]. But a lot of the symptoms that we screen for are actually created by the smoke. So a person shows up at an evacuation site coughing and short of breath, who’s just come from an evacuated zone within the fire. How do you know that it’s the smoke that did that as opposed to COVID?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">As for facial coverings, he distinguished between the less protective masks people are using to slow the spread of the coronavirus with the N95s that filter out harmful smoke particles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">“If you’re going to be going to a congregating environment like an evacuation center, by all means, bring your [anticoronavirus] mask so that when you’re indoors, you can maintain social distancing,” he said. “But I don’t think you can rely on masks as one of the elements of the strategy to protect against the smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">“N95 would be an appropriate type of mask to wear to protect yourself from dust and smoke. But those masks aren’t available” because of a shortage caused by the pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">In San Francisco, which spent much of the day engulfed in air classified as “unhealthy,” either for sensitive groups or the general population, Mayor London Breed put the latest crises in the context of a warming globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">“The effects of climate change are already being felt,” she said, “and sadly we know events like these are only going to become more common with drier weather and hotter temperatures.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">\u003cem>Jon Brooks and Danielle Venton contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]Video by Josh Cassidy\u003cbr>\nArticle by Annie Roth\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Summer is a great time to be a bird watcher in California. Ducks, geese, and many other species of aquatic birds come to California to breed, build nests and raise broods. If you go to your local pond right now, chances are good that you will see a mallard or Canada goose paddling along with a gaggle of its offspring in tow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But watch for too long and you might find yourself wondering “how do these birds stay warm and dry in the water?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a question that \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/learn-explore/science-heroes/jack-dumbacher\">Jack Dumbacher\u003c/a>, curator of ornithology and mammalogy at the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco has been asked many times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The secret to waterproof waterfowl, it turns out, lies in their feathers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Aquatic bird feathers are really different than those of other birds,” Dumbacher said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All birds have feathers. Their size, shape, and structure vary widely, but all feathers fit into one of two categories: down or contour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contour feathers, which include flight and tail feathers, are the long, rigid feathers that give birds their shape and color. As the outermost layer, contour feathers serve as a bird’s first line of defense against the elements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968283\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/DL714_vaned_down.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1968283 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/DL714_vaned_down.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vaned feathers help birds fly, provide the contour to their bodies, and keep water out. Down feathers are fuzzier and hold a layer of warm air next to the bird’s skin below the vaned feathers. Some vaned feathers have some down feathers at their base. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Down feathers, by contrast, are the soft, fluffy feathers that sit closest to the bird’s skin. These keep birds warm by trapping a layer of air next to their skin and are used to make comforters, pillows, jackets, and other products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every feather has a central hollow shaft, known as the rachis, and a flat area known as the vane. The vane is made up of hundreds of branches known as barbs. Branching from these barbs are structures known as barbules, some of which are tapered with tiny hooks known as barbibcles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968301\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/DL714_duck_rachis_barbs.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1968301 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/DL714_duck_rachis_barbs.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Barbs extend out from the central rachis on this vaned duck feather. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Unlike down feathers, contour feathers are loaded with barbicels that interlock the neighboring barbs together like Velcro to form a wind and water-resistant barrier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968303\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/DL714__duck_feather_barbicles_SEM_labeled-scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1968303\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/DL714__duck_feather_barbicles_SEM_labeled-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/DL714__duck_feather_barbicles_SEM_labeled-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/DL714__duck_feather_barbicles_SEM_labeled-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/DL714__duck_feather_barbicles_SEM_labeled-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/DL714__duck_feather_barbicles_SEM_labeled-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/DL714__duck_feather_barbicles_SEM_labeled-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/DL714__duck_feather_barbicles_SEM_labeled-2048x1152.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/DL714__duck_feather_barbicles_SEM_labeled-1920x1080.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some barbules have hooked barbicels at their tips allowing them to hook onto the barbules of the neighboring barbs. \u003ccite>(Christopher Gilpin/Purdue University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The strain of flight and locomotion can sometimes force barbules out of alignment. When this happens, the vane of the feather splits, allowing air and water to pass through. To prevent this from happening, birds tend to their feathers regularly, in a process known as preening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Birds preen by brushing their feathers with their bill. This process allows birds to keep their feathers clean, smooth, and free of parasites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968307\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/DL714_duck_preen.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1968307\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/DL714_duck_preen.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A domestic duck preens its feathers to reconnect the barbs and spread wax on the surfaces. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Having well-groomed feathers grants all birds some degree of water resistance, but aquatic birds take it to another level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a 2016 \u003ca href=\"https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1365-2435.12820\">study\u003c/a> by scientists at the University of Debrecen in Hungary, aquatic birds like ducks and geese not only have feathers with denser, more tightly knit microstructures than their terrestrial counterparts, but they also have more of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In aquatic species, the density of the feathers is much, much greater than in terrestrial species of similar body size,” said \u003ca href=\"https://avianimmunoecology.wordpress.com/orsolya-vincze/\">Orsolya Vincze\u003c/a>, a research fellow at the Hungarian Academy of Sciences who helped conduct the study. “The barbule density is also much higher.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having super-dense plumage makes aquatic birds far more water-resistant than their terrestrial cousins, but it doesn’t make them waterproof.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To achieve that, aquatic birds coat their feathers with an oily substance known as preen oil, which is secreted from a gland on their rumps, above their tail feathers. This gland, known as the uropygial or preen gland, is present in nearly all birds, but its shape and size varies among species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Dumbacher, aquatic birds tend to have much larger and more developed preen glands than terrestrial birds, which isn’t surprising because “they have to apply oil more regularly,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968308\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/DL714_preen_gland_white.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1968308\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/DL714_preen_gland_white.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Most birds have a preen gland on their rump right above their tail feathers. It’s usually covered in stubby feathers that soak up the greasy wax that the gland produces. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When preening, birds rub their beaks against their preen gland to collect oil and then rub it over their feathers. The oil from their preen gland coats the interlocking barbules of their feathers, rendering them waterproof.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hard work. Some species will spend up to \u003ca href=\"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4535237?seq=1\">25% of their waking hours preening\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, preening isn’t just about waterproofing. Preening also rids birds of parasites and moisturizes their feathers so they can stay flexible, strong, and ready for flight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the dense microstructure of their feathers and applying copious amounts of preen oil each help insulate aquatic birds from the elements, “it’s really the combination of the two,” that allows them to stay warm and dry even in the chilliest of ponds, said Dumbacher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you want to see the wonder of waterproof feathers in person, Dumbacher recommends heading down to your local pond to watch some ducks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s fun to see how water just flips off the back of a duck,” Dumbacher said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Ducks and geese spend *a lot* of time preening their all-weather feathers. This obsessive grooming – and a little styling wax from a hidden spot on their back side – maintains the microscopic feather structure that keeps them warm and dry in frigid waters. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Video by Josh Cassidy\u003cbr>\nArticle by Annie Roth\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Summer is a great time to be a bird watcher in California. Ducks, geese, and many other species of aquatic birds come to California to breed, build nests and raise broods. If you go to your local pond right now, chances are good that you will see a mallard or Canada goose paddling along with a gaggle of its offspring in tow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But watch for too long and you might find yourself wondering “how do these birds stay warm and dry in the water?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a question that \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/learn-explore/science-heroes/jack-dumbacher\">Jack Dumbacher\u003c/a>, curator of ornithology and mammalogy at the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco has been asked many times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The secret to waterproof waterfowl, it turns out, lies in their feathers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Aquatic bird feathers are really different than those of other birds,” Dumbacher said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All birds have feathers. Their size, shape, and structure vary widely, but all feathers fit into one of two categories: down or contour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contour feathers, which include flight and tail feathers, are the long, rigid feathers that give birds their shape and color. As the outermost layer, contour feathers serve as a bird’s first line of defense against the elements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968283\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/DL714_vaned_down.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1968283 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/DL714_vaned_down.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vaned feathers help birds fly, provide the contour to their bodies, and keep water out. Down feathers are fuzzier and hold a layer of warm air next to the bird’s skin below the vaned feathers. Some vaned feathers have some down feathers at their base. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Down feathers, by contrast, are the soft, fluffy feathers that sit closest to the bird’s skin. These keep birds warm by trapping a layer of air next to their skin and are used to make comforters, pillows, jackets, and other products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every feather has a central hollow shaft, known as the rachis, and a flat area known as the vane. The vane is made up of hundreds of branches known as barbs. Branching from these barbs are structures known as barbules, some of which are tapered with tiny hooks known as barbibcles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968301\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/DL714_duck_rachis_barbs.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1968301 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/DL714_duck_rachis_barbs.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Barbs extend out from the central rachis on this vaned duck feather. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Unlike down feathers, contour feathers are loaded with barbicels that interlock the neighboring barbs together like Velcro to form a wind and water-resistant barrier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968303\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/DL714__duck_feather_barbicles_SEM_labeled-scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1968303\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/DL714__duck_feather_barbicles_SEM_labeled-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/DL714__duck_feather_barbicles_SEM_labeled-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/DL714__duck_feather_barbicles_SEM_labeled-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/DL714__duck_feather_barbicles_SEM_labeled-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/DL714__duck_feather_barbicles_SEM_labeled-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/DL714__duck_feather_barbicles_SEM_labeled-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/DL714__duck_feather_barbicles_SEM_labeled-2048x1152.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/DL714__duck_feather_barbicles_SEM_labeled-1920x1080.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some barbules have hooked barbicels at their tips allowing them to hook onto the barbules of the neighboring barbs. \u003ccite>(Christopher Gilpin/Purdue University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The strain of flight and locomotion can sometimes force barbules out of alignment. When this happens, the vane of the feather splits, allowing air and water to pass through. To prevent this from happening, birds tend to their feathers regularly, in a process known as preening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Birds preen by brushing their feathers with their bill. This process allows birds to keep their feathers clean, smooth, and free of parasites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968307\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/DL714_duck_preen.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1968307\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/DL714_duck_preen.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A domestic duck preens its feathers to reconnect the barbs and spread wax on the surfaces. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Having well-groomed feathers grants all birds some degree of water resistance, but aquatic birds take it to another level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a 2016 \u003ca href=\"https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1365-2435.12820\">study\u003c/a> by scientists at the University of Debrecen in Hungary, aquatic birds like ducks and geese not only have feathers with denser, more tightly knit microstructures than their terrestrial counterparts, but they also have more of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In aquatic species, the density of the feathers is much, much greater than in terrestrial species of similar body size,” said \u003ca href=\"https://avianimmunoecology.wordpress.com/orsolya-vincze/\">Orsolya Vincze\u003c/a>, a research fellow at the Hungarian Academy of Sciences who helped conduct the study. “The barbule density is also much higher.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having super-dense plumage makes aquatic birds far more water-resistant than their terrestrial cousins, but it doesn’t make them waterproof.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To achieve that, aquatic birds coat their feathers with an oily substance known as preen oil, which is secreted from a gland on their rumps, above their tail feathers. This gland, known as the uropygial or preen gland, is present in nearly all birds, but its shape and size varies among species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Dumbacher, aquatic birds tend to have much larger and more developed preen glands than terrestrial birds, which isn’t surprising because “they have to apply oil more regularly,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968308\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/DL714_preen_gland_white.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1968308\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/DL714_preen_gland_white.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Most birds have a preen gland on their rump right above their tail feathers. It’s usually covered in stubby feathers that soak up the greasy wax that the gland produces. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When preening, birds rub their beaks against their preen gland to collect oil and then rub it over their feathers. The oil from their preen gland coats the interlocking barbules of their feathers, rendering them waterproof.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hard work. Some species will spend up to \u003ca href=\"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4535237?seq=1\">25% of their waking hours preening\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, preening isn’t just about waterproofing. Preening also rids birds of parasites and moisturizes their feathers so they can stay flexible, strong, and ready for flight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the dense microstructure of their feathers and applying copious amounts of preen oil each help insulate aquatic birds from the elements, “it’s really the combination of the two,” that allows them to stay warm and dry even in the chilliest of ponds, said Dumbacher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you want to see the wonder of waterproof feathers in person, Dumbacher recommends heading down to your local pond to watch some ducks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s fun to see how water just flips off the back of a duck,” Dumbacher said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "High Temperatures, Humidity to Bake Bay Area Through Next Week",
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"content": "\u003cp>A long heat wave is settling in across most of California, threatening wildfires and raising public health risks that include the spread of COVID-19 over the next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not a dry heat, either. Temperatures will feel worse than usual, especially overnight, as a result of an unusual boost in atmospheric humidity caused by the remnants of a hurricane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday, high temperatures around the Bay Area included 109 in Fairfield, 103 in Petaluma and 103 in Santa Rosa, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.wrh.noaa.gov/map/?obs=true&wfo=mtr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">National Weather Service\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climatologist Daniel Swain says some coastal areas will escape the most unbearable temperatures, but that heat will blanket 90% of California’s land mass, so most people should get ready.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I suspect this event will probably end up being one of the most significant widespread California extreme heat events in the past decade, if not longer,” \u003ca href=\"https://weatherwest.com/archives/7427\">writes \u003c/a>Swain on his Weather West blog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/Weather_West/status/1294275589487067139\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Weather Service has issued an excessive heat warning in effect through next Wednesday, noting that “drastic temperature differences will exist” between the coast and further inland, raising fears that Californians will flock to coastal areas despite the pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/CAL_FIRE/status/1293649657222946816\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire has issued a red flag warning for the Sierra foothills and parts of northeastern California through next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, that won’t necessarily prompt a public safety power shutdown. A spokeswoman for PG&E says the utility’s in-house meteorologists take other factors into consideration, and the utility does not forsee issuing a PSPS this weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>County emergency and health officials are offering air conditioning at cooling centers for residents seeking a respite from the heat. Everyone will have to wear a mask and observe social distancing requirements, and capacity will be reduced to comply with health orders. People who believe they might have been exposed to COVID-19 should stay home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/SCC_OES/status/1294052556478377984\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"https://www.sccgov.org/sites/oes/residents/Pages/hot-weather-information.aspx?fbclid=IwAR1WV-S45wq6VB6xY4Q3ER7BEFLl3Wxq8tiPYEzRiKdvCWDYmwKFN7jpXzA\">Santa Clara County\u003c/a>, the Office of Emergency Management has opened cooling centers, some of which will be available until 9 p.m. over the weekend. \u003ca href=\"https://www.contracosta.ca.gov/CivicAlerts.aspx?AID=2295\">Contra Costa\u003c/a> has opened cooling centers at community centers where the coronavirus has curtailed the usual programs and services. Solano County cooling centers are usually in libraries; since they’re closed on weekends, few options remain, including at community centers in Fairfield. The county recommends calling first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.wrh.noaa.gov/wrh/heatrisk/?&zoom=7.6000000000000005¢er=39.16,-121.49&basemap=OpenStreetMap%20WOC&boundaries=true,true,false,false&products=false,false,false&opacity=80\">You can use NOAA’s experimental tool\u003c/a> to see more about your heat risk over the next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health officials advise drinking water, keeping children and pets away from heat whenever possible, and checking on older neighbors, especially if they are alone.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The National Weather Service has issued an excessive heat warning in effect through next Wednesday. \r\nTemperatures will feel more uncomfortable than usual, especially overnight, because of unusually high humidity.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A long heat wave is settling in across most of California, threatening wildfires and raising public health risks that include the spread of COVID-19 over the next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not a dry heat, either. Temperatures will feel worse than usual, especially overnight, as a result of an unusual boost in atmospheric humidity caused by the remnants of a hurricane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday, high temperatures around the Bay Area included 109 in Fairfield, 103 in Petaluma and 103 in Santa Rosa, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.wrh.noaa.gov/map/?obs=true&wfo=mtr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">National Weather Service\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climatologist Daniel Swain says some coastal areas will escape the most unbearable temperatures, but that heat will blanket 90% of California’s land mass, so most people should get ready.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I suspect this event will probably end up being one of the most significant widespread California extreme heat events in the past decade, if not longer,” \u003ca href=\"https://weatherwest.com/archives/7427\">writes \u003c/a>Swain on his Weather West blog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire has issued a red flag warning for the Sierra foothills and parts of northeastern California through next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, that won’t necessarily prompt a public safety power shutdown. A spokeswoman for PG&E says the utility’s in-house meteorologists take other factors into consideration, and the utility does not forsee issuing a PSPS this weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>County emergency and health officials are offering air conditioning at cooling centers for residents seeking a respite from the heat. Everyone will have to wear a mask and observe social distancing requirements, and capacity will be reduced to comply with health orders. People who believe they might have been exposed to COVID-19 should stay home.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"https://www.sccgov.org/sites/oes/residents/Pages/hot-weather-information.aspx?fbclid=IwAR1WV-S45wq6VB6xY4Q3ER7BEFLl3Wxq8tiPYEzRiKdvCWDYmwKFN7jpXzA\">Santa Clara County\u003c/a>, the Office of Emergency Management has opened cooling centers, some of which will be available until 9 p.m. over the weekend. \u003ca href=\"https://www.contracosta.ca.gov/CivicAlerts.aspx?AID=2295\">Contra Costa\u003c/a> has opened cooling centers at community centers where the coronavirus has curtailed the usual programs and services. Solano County cooling centers are usually in libraries; since they’re closed on weekends, few options remain, including at community centers in Fairfield. The county recommends calling first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.wrh.noaa.gov/wrh/heatrisk/?&zoom=7.6000000000000005¢er=39.16,-121.49&basemap=OpenStreetMap%20WOC&boundaries=true,true,false,false&products=false,false,false&opacity=80\">You can use NOAA’s experimental tool\u003c/a> to see more about your heat risk over the next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health officials advise drinking water, keeping children and pets away from heat whenever possible, and checking on older neighbors, especially if they are alone.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "millions-of-older-californians-live-where-wildfire-threatens-mostly-theyre-on-their-own",
"title": "Millions of Older Californians Live Where Wildfire Threatens. Mostly, They're on Their Own",
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"content": "\u003cp>The fire refugees kept calling, all of them elderly, all of them newly homeless after Paradise burned in 2018. Some 70 miles to the south in Grass Valley, Katrina Hardin answered those calls. Hardin managed a senior apartment complex — none were available, so she begged her friends to open up their spare rooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The demographics of the victims haunted her: About three-quarters of those who died in the Camp Fire were over the age of 65. Same with the fires that ravaged Sonoma and Napa the year before. Hardin fears for people in her own Nevada County, known as a haven for retirees, where 96% of the land is at heightened risk for wildfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got all these elderly people — their sons and daughters may be living in Southern California, in the Bay Area, in another state,” Hardin said. “The elderly are living by themselves here with just their neighbors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across the state, about 2 million people age 65 and older live in areas where wildfire is a serious threat, according to a KQED and CalMatters investigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But at the state and county level, no public agency has legal responsibility for ensuring that these older adults are able to evacuate in a disaster. The county response involves alerting residents of immediate danger and providing evacuation shelter, but not the evacuation in between.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003ch2>Areas Prone to Fire\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://api.mapbox.com/styles/v1/kqedmaps/ckdtnfz8v0d2g19np5x4wcru3/static/-119.9473,37.1318,4.68,0/500x500@2x?access_token=pk.eyJ1Ijoia3FlZG1hcHMiLCJhIjoiY2s1cG04dmR1MXhqdDNkcDR3dnEwM3RzaSJ9.QasvWSAxsfqDZ6r2A_rdMQ\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.6255em\">\u003cstrong>Credit:\u003c/strong> Lisa Pickoff-White/KQED and Lo Bénichou/CalMatters\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Source:\u003c/strong> Cal Fire’s \u003ca href=\"https://gis.data.ca.gov/datasets/789d5286736248f69c4515c04f58f414\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Fire Hazard Severity Zones\u003c/a>, SILVIS lab at the University of Wisconsin \u003ca href=\"http://silvis.forest.wisc.edu/data/wui-change/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Wildland Urban Interface\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.naturalearthdata.com/\">Natural Earth\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“There is no regulatory mandate for us to check on individuals,” said Tamaran Cook, former head of adult services and in-home health services for Nevada County. “There’s nothing statutory that’s consistent across all the counties in the state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The county has generally relied on aggressive outreach to help people with fire preparation — hosting informational meetings, sending newsletters. The county even produced a movie trailer that plays at the beginning of films in theaters, featuring people packing go bags and cleaning gutters. The county asks people not to overburden 911. Across formats the message is consistent: get yourself ready, because if a fire comes, you’re on your own.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Warning the Elderly Only Goes So Far\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Last year, the state launched an effort focused on locating and warning people deemed especially vulnerable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re looking at seniors. You’re looking at people with disabilities. You’re looking at people in poverty. You’re looking at non-English-speakers,” said Karen Baker, the co-director of \u003ca href=\"https://www.listoscalifornia.org/\">Listos\u003c/a>, a program of the California Governor’s Office of Emergency Services.\u003cbr>\n[aside label=\"Older and Overlooked\" hero=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/RS44306_GettyImages-1059345394-qut.jpg\" heroURL=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1968076\" link1=\"https://data.kqed.org/olderandoverlooked/index.html,See How Wildfires Endanger Older Californians -- and Find Out If Your Address Is in a Fire-Prone Area\" link2=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1968076/even-after-care-homes-abandoned-residents-california-still-isnt-ready-for-wildfires,Even After Care Homes Abandoned Residents, California Still Isn't Ready for Wildfires\" link3=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1968093,The Questions to Ask Your Loved One's Facility\" link4=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1968174/how-we-analyzed-where-older-californians-are-at-increased-risk-for-wildfire,How We Analyzed Where Older Californians Are at Increased Risk for Wildfire\"]In 2019, Listos granted $50 million to dozens of nonprofit and community groups, and created vulnerability assessments for every county in the state. In Napa and Sonoma counties, Listos has worked with volunteer and religious groups to offer go bags, gift cards and free produce to encourage low-income seniors to come to emergency training sessions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Sonoma, emergency managers facing growing public expectations after multiple fires \u003ca href=\"https://socoemergency.org/prepare/get-ready/stay-informed/\">have promoted\u003c/a> new alert systems — including a NOAA weather radio that can shake the bed when someone’s sleeping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, advocates say, the elderly are overrepresented in death counts after wildfires and during the current coronavirus pandemic, where nursing homes have been particularly hard hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If these were children’s hospitals and children were dying like wildfire in them, there would be a very different community response than there is now,” said Debbie Toth, CEO of Choice in Aging, an advocacy group for seniors living independently. “Like, ‘These are just disposable people: They’re elderly, they’re at the end of their life anyway, there’s no value there.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Elderly People, in Particular, Suffer After Disasters\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Disasters destabilize older adults, geographically, physically, financially and emotionally. Every bit of that happened to Jerry Canaday, 68, when he lost his home in the 2017 Tubbs Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If rescuers came that night, Jerry Canaday slept through the knock at the door.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The noise of the fire woke him. “Like a storm,” he said. He walked out his door to see chunks of debris, in flames, falling heavy through the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Canaday drove himself out of his Santa Rosa neighborhood, sleeping in his car that first night. Then he moved to an evacuation shelter set up at Finley Community Center. Weeks after the fire, some other men shook him awake in his cot when he almost stopped breathing. Doctors in the emergency room blamed the combined effects of smoke inhalation, pneumonia and heart failure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968441\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/RS44371_IMG_8332-qut.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1968441 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/RS44371_IMG_8332-qut-800x600.jpeg\" alt=\"Jerry Canaday, 68, likes to say he's going on 31, even after the Tubbs Fire took his money and his health.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/RS44371_IMG_8332-qut-800x600.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/RS44371_IMG_8332-qut-1020x765.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/RS44371_IMG_8332-qut-160x120.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/RS44371_IMG_8332-qut-768x576.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/RS44371_IMG_8332-qut-1536x1152.jpeg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/RS44371_IMG_8332-qut.jpeg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jerry Canaday, 68, likes to say he’s going on 31, even after the Tubbs Fire took his money and his health. \u003ccite>(Molly Peterson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Canaday’s house was uninsured. After it burned to the ground, he called a FEMA trailer home for almost two years. He stayed longer than FEMA intended, because it was so hard to find a room to rent that he could afford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s another one of those, one step forward, 12 steps back,” he said.\u003cbr>\nCanaday’s new residence is in a risky area, by KQED’s analysis. He can no longer drive, his license suspended for medical reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I feel isolated,” Canaday said. “I don’t feel connected so much as I’d like to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last fall, evacuation orders forced Canaday from his latest home when the Kincade Fire threatened Santa Rosa. Even his cat, Gigi, is a refugee from the Camp Fire in Butte County — a constant reminder of their shared survival, and risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just when you think you’re safe and nothing’s going to happen,” he said, “here it comes again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11785247/a-year-after-the-camp-fire-locals-are-rebuilding-paradise\">Californians\u003c/a> don’t like being told where to live, even after a disaster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why we have to \u003ca href=\"https://ucanr.edu/blogs/blogcore/postdetail.cfm?postnum=41379\">learn to live with wildfire\u003c/a> and adapt to the increasing risks brought by climate change, says Max Moritz, a UC Cooperative Extension wildfire specialist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To finally come to a coexistence with wildfire: that is a whole different way of thinking and living with a given hazard,” he said. “It means that we have to be ready for them and we have to look out for the most vulnerable people when they do come.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Building a Community to Save One\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Rosemarie Reeder and her neighbors have decided to develop a buddy system to look out for the most vulnerable among them. Nevada County has one of the highest rates of residents over 65 in the state: 24.4 compared to the statewide average of 16.5, according to the U.S. Census Bureau data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a lot of retirement up here,” she said. “Various people have walkers, some are in wheelchairs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968442\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/RS41369_IMG_4708-qut.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1968442\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/RS41369_IMG_4708-qut-800x600.jpeg\" alt=\"Rosemarie Reeder (left) and Katrina Hardin (right) in Grass Valley during December 2019.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/RS41369_IMG_4708-qut-800x600.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/RS41369_IMG_4708-qut-1020x765.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/RS41369_IMG_4708-qut-160x120.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/RS41369_IMG_4708-qut-768x576.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/RS41369_IMG_4708-qut-1536x1152.jpeg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/RS41369_IMG_4708-qut.jpeg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rosemarie Reeder (left) and Katrina Harden (right) in Grass Valley during December 2019. \u003ccite>(April Dembosky/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Their buddy system is mainly informal pairings at the moment, she says, verbal agreements between neighbors decided while out walking the dog or pushing the stroller. Reeder would like them to make a more formal list, and she wants them to practice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the coronavirus pandemic, her \u003ca href=\"https://www.gvfireadapted.org/\">neighborhood fire coalition\u003c/a> had planned to do a full evacuation drill, where everyone would get in their cars and drive the roads they would follow to get out of town during a fire. Reeder wants them to also rehearse buddies checking on each other. And she wants other towns across the state to follow their lead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s vitally needed, especially in these days, with as much climate change as we have had, we really don’t know what’s coming next and we need to prepare for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The majority of California land is fire-prone, according to an analysis by KQED and CalMatters of state-designated fire zones and scientific maps showing where wildland meets cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 23 counties, more than 75% of people age 65 or older live in risky areas, according to a KQED and CalMatters analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003ch2>Counties Where Older People Largely Live in Fire-Prone Areas\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://api.mapbox.com/styles/v1/kqedmaps/ckdus88pl1ghn19rvkvdkm7ry/static/-119.9473,37.1318,4.68,0/500x500@2x?access_token=pk.eyJ1Ijoia3FlZG1hcHMiLCJhIjoiY2s1cG04dmR1MXhqdDNkcDR3dnEwM3RzaSJ9.QasvWSAxsfqDZ6r2A_rdMQ\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.6255em\">\u003cstrong>Credit:\u003c/strong> Lisa Pickoff-White/KQED and Lo Bénichou/CalMatters\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Source:\u003c/strong> Cal Fire’s \u003ca href=\"https://gis.data.ca.gov/datasets/789d5286736248f69c4515c04f58f414\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Fire Hazard Severity Zones\u003c/a>, SILVIS lab at the University of Wisconsin \u003ca href=\"http://silvis.forest.wisc.edu/data/wui-change/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Wildland Urban Interface\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.naturalearthdata.com/\">Natural Earth\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://ipums.org/\">5-year 2018 American Community Survey\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Katrina Hardin says the old-fashioned, in-person connection of the buddy system is key for older folks like her mom who don’t use social media outlets the county and community increasingly rely on to share wildfire information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is really the most important area to have a buddy because you’re dealing with people who are used to communicating face to face,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until recently, Hardin lived with her mom and would do all her Googling and social media surfing for her. She played the police scanner app on her phone constantly, while they did housework together and for hours before bed, to monitor for wildfire activity, because she knows the fires will keep coming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can see what happened at the Camp Fire, but who is doing something different so it doesn’t happen to us?” Hardin said. “Apparently, it’s my responsibility. It’s my mom’s responsibility. It’s not the authorities’ responsibility.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>CalMatters contributed data analysis, editing and graphic design to this project. \u003ca href=\"http://calmatters.org/\">CalMatters.org\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, nonpartisan media venture explaining California policies and politics. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.capradio.org/\">Capital Public Radio\u003c/a> contributed photos to this series. As the NPR member station based in Sacramento, CapRadio serves California’s Capital region, Central Valley and Sierra Nevada.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"title": "Millions of Older Californians Live Where Wildfire Threatens. Mostly, They're on Their Own | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The fire refugees kept calling, all of them elderly, all of them newly homeless after Paradise burned in 2018. Some 70 miles to the south in Grass Valley, Katrina Hardin answered those calls. Hardin managed a senior apartment complex — none were available, so she begged her friends to open up their spare rooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The demographics of the victims haunted her: About three-quarters of those who died in the Camp Fire were over the age of 65. Same with the fires that ravaged Sonoma and Napa the year before. Hardin fears for people in her own Nevada County, known as a haven for retirees, where 96% of the land is at heightened risk for wildfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got all these elderly people — their sons and daughters may be living in Southern California, in the Bay Area, in another state,” Hardin said. “The elderly are living by themselves here with just their neighbors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across the state, about 2 million people age 65 and older live in areas where wildfire is a serious threat, according to a KQED and CalMatters investigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But at the state and county level, no public agency has legal responsibility for ensuring that these older adults are able to evacuate in a disaster. The county response involves alerting residents of immediate danger and providing evacuation shelter, but not the evacuation in between.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003ch2>Areas Prone to Fire\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://api.mapbox.com/styles/v1/kqedmaps/ckdtnfz8v0d2g19np5x4wcru3/static/-119.9473,37.1318,4.68,0/500x500@2x?access_token=pk.eyJ1Ijoia3FlZG1hcHMiLCJhIjoiY2s1cG04dmR1MXhqdDNkcDR3dnEwM3RzaSJ9.QasvWSAxsfqDZ6r2A_rdMQ\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.6255em\">\u003cstrong>Credit:\u003c/strong> Lisa Pickoff-White/KQED and Lo Bénichou/CalMatters\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Source:\u003c/strong> Cal Fire’s \u003ca href=\"https://gis.data.ca.gov/datasets/789d5286736248f69c4515c04f58f414\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Fire Hazard Severity Zones\u003c/a>, SILVIS lab at the University of Wisconsin \u003ca href=\"http://silvis.forest.wisc.edu/data/wui-change/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Wildland Urban Interface\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.naturalearthdata.com/\">Natural Earth\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“There is no regulatory mandate for us to check on individuals,” said Tamaran Cook, former head of adult services and in-home health services for Nevada County. “There’s nothing statutory that’s consistent across all the counties in the state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The county has generally relied on aggressive outreach to help people with fire preparation — hosting informational meetings, sending newsletters. The county even produced a movie trailer that plays at the beginning of films in theaters, featuring people packing go bags and cleaning gutters. The county asks people not to overburden 911. Across formats the message is consistent: get yourself ready, because if a fire comes, you’re on your own.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Warning the Elderly Only Goes So Far\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Last year, the state launched an effort focused on locating and warning people deemed especially vulnerable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re looking at seniors. You’re looking at people with disabilities. You’re looking at people in poverty. You’re looking at non-English-speakers,” said Karen Baker, the co-director of \u003ca href=\"https://www.listoscalifornia.org/\">Listos\u003c/a>, a program of the California Governor’s Office of Emergency Services.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"link1": "https://data.kqed.org/olderandoverlooked/index.html,See How Wildfires Endanger Older Californians -- and Find Out If Your Address Is in a Fire-Prone Area",
"link2": "https://www.kqed.org/science/1968076/even-after-care-homes-abandoned-residents-california-still-isnt-ready-for-wildfires,Even After Care Homes Abandoned Residents, California Still Isn't Ready for Wildfires",
"link3": "https://www.kqed.org/science/1968093,The Questions to Ask Your Loved One's Facility",
"link4": "https://www.kqed.org/science/1968174/how-we-analyzed-where-older-californians-are-at-increased-risk-for-wildfire,How We Analyzed Where Older Californians Are at Increased Risk for Wildfire"
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>In 2019, Listos granted $50 million to dozens of nonprofit and community groups, and created vulnerability assessments for every county in the state. In Napa and Sonoma counties, Listos has worked with volunteer and religious groups to offer go bags, gift cards and free produce to encourage low-income seniors to come to emergency training sessions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Sonoma, emergency managers facing growing public expectations after multiple fires \u003ca href=\"https://socoemergency.org/prepare/get-ready/stay-informed/\">have promoted\u003c/a> new alert systems — including a NOAA weather radio that can shake the bed when someone’s sleeping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, advocates say, the elderly are overrepresented in death counts after wildfires and during the current coronavirus pandemic, where nursing homes have been particularly hard hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If these were children’s hospitals and children were dying like wildfire in them, there would be a very different community response than there is now,” said Debbie Toth, CEO of Choice in Aging, an advocacy group for seniors living independently. “Like, ‘These are just disposable people: They’re elderly, they’re at the end of their life anyway, there’s no value there.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Elderly People, in Particular, Suffer After Disasters\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Disasters destabilize older adults, geographically, physically, financially and emotionally. Every bit of that happened to Jerry Canaday, 68, when he lost his home in the 2017 Tubbs Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If rescuers came that night, Jerry Canaday slept through the knock at the door.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The noise of the fire woke him. “Like a storm,” he said. He walked out his door to see chunks of debris, in flames, falling heavy through the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Canaday drove himself out of his Santa Rosa neighborhood, sleeping in his car that first night. Then he moved to an evacuation shelter set up at Finley Community Center. Weeks after the fire, some other men shook him awake in his cot when he almost stopped breathing. Doctors in the emergency room blamed the combined effects of smoke inhalation, pneumonia and heart failure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968441\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/RS44371_IMG_8332-qut.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1968441 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/RS44371_IMG_8332-qut-800x600.jpeg\" alt=\"Jerry Canaday, 68, likes to say he's going on 31, even after the Tubbs Fire took his money and his health.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/RS44371_IMG_8332-qut-800x600.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/RS44371_IMG_8332-qut-1020x765.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/RS44371_IMG_8332-qut-160x120.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/RS44371_IMG_8332-qut-768x576.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/RS44371_IMG_8332-qut-1536x1152.jpeg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/RS44371_IMG_8332-qut.jpeg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jerry Canaday, 68, likes to say he’s going on 31, even after the Tubbs Fire took his money and his health. \u003ccite>(Molly Peterson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Canaday’s house was uninsured. After it burned to the ground, he called a FEMA trailer home for almost two years. He stayed longer than FEMA intended, because it was so hard to find a room to rent that he could afford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s another one of those, one step forward, 12 steps back,” he said.\u003cbr>\nCanaday’s new residence is in a risky area, by KQED’s analysis. He can no longer drive, his license suspended for medical reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I feel isolated,” Canaday said. “I don’t feel connected so much as I’d like to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last fall, evacuation orders forced Canaday from his latest home when the Kincade Fire threatened Santa Rosa. Even his cat, Gigi, is a refugee from the Camp Fire in Butte County — a constant reminder of their shared survival, and risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just when you think you’re safe and nothing’s going to happen,” he said, “here it comes again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11785247/a-year-after-the-camp-fire-locals-are-rebuilding-paradise\">Californians\u003c/a> don’t like being told where to live, even after a disaster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why we have to \u003ca href=\"https://ucanr.edu/blogs/blogcore/postdetail.cfm?postnum=41379\">learn to live with wildfire\u003c/a> and adapt to the increasing risks brought by climate change, says Max Moritz, a UC Cooperative Extension wildfire specialist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To finally come to a coexistence with wildfire: that is a whole different way of thinking and living with a given hazard,” he said. “It means that we have to be ready for them and we have to look out for the most vulnerable people when they do come.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Building a Community to Save One\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Rosemarie Reeder and her neighbors have decided to develop a buddy system to look out for the most vulnerable among them. Nevada County has one of the highest rates of residents over 65 in the state: 24.4 compared to the statewide average of 16.5, according to the U.S. Census Bureau data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a lot of retirement up here,” she said. “Various people have walkers, some are in wheelchairs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968442\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/RS41369_IMG_4708-qut.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1968442\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/RS41369_IMG_4708-qut-800x600.jpeg\" alt=\"Rosemarie Reeder (left) and Katrina Hardin (right) in Grass Valley during December 2019.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/RS41369_IMG_4708-qut-800x600.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/RS41369_IMG_4708-qut-1020x765.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/RS41369_IMG_4708-qut-160x120.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/RS41369_IMG_4708-qut-768x576.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/RS41369_IMG_4708-qut-1536x1152.jpeg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/RS41369_IMG_4708-qut.jpeg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rosemarie Reeder (left) and Katrina Harden (right) in Grass Valley during December 2019. \u003ccite>(April Dembosky/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Their buddy system is mainly informal pairings at the moment, she says, verbal agreements between neighbors decided while out walking the dog or pushing the stroller. Reeder would like them to make a more formal list, and she wants them to practice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the coronavirus pandemic, her \u003ca href=\"https://www.gvfireadapted.org/\">neighborhood fire coalition\u003c/a> had planned to do a full evacuation drill, where everyone would get in their cars and drive the roads they would follow to get out of town during a fire. Reeder wants them to also rehearse buddies checking on each other. And she wants other towns across the state to follow their lead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s vitally needed, especially in these days, with as much climate change as we have had, we really don’t know what’s coming next and we need to prepare for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The majority of California land is fire-prone, according to an analysis by KQED and CalMatters of state-designated fire zones and scientific maps showing where wildland meets cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 23 counties, more than 75% of people age 65 or older live in risky areas, according to a KQED and CalMatters analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003ch2>Counties Where Older People Largely Live in Fire-Prone Areas\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://api.mapbox.com/styles/v1/kqedmaps/ckdus88pl1ghn19rvkvdkm7ry/static/-119.9473,37.1318,4.68,0/500x500@2x?access_token=pk.eyJ1Ijoia3FlZG1hcHMiLCJhIjoiY2s1cG04dmR1MXhqdDNkcDR3dnEwM3RzaSJ9.QasvWSAxsfqDZ6r2A_rdMQ\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.6255em\">\u003cstrong>Credit:\u003c/strong> Lisa Pickoff-White/KQED and Lo Bénichou/CalMatters\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Source:\u003c/strong> Cal Fire’s \u003ca href=\"https://gis.data.ca.gov/datasets/789d5286736248f69c4515c04f58f414\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Fire Hazard Severity Zones\u003c/a>, SILVIS lab at the University of Wisconsin \u003ca href=\"http://silvis.forest.wisc.edu/data/wui-change/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Wildland Urban Interface\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.naturalearthdata.com/\">Natural Earth\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://ipums.org/\">5-year 2018 American Community Survey\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Katrina Hardin says the old-fashioned, in-person connection of the buddy system is key for older folks like her mom who don’t use social media outlets the county and community increasingly rely on to share wildfire information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is really the most important area to have a buddy because you’re dealing with people who are used to communicating face to face,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until recently, Hardin lived with her mom and would do all her Googling and social media surfing for her. She played the police scanner app on her phone constantly, while they did housework together and for hours before bed, to monitor for wildfire activity, because she knows the fires will keep coming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can see what happened at the Camp Fire, but who is doing something different so it doesn’t happen to us?” Hardin said. “Apparently, it’s my responsibility. It’s my mom’s responsibility. It’s not the authorities’ responsibility.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>CalMatters contributed data analysis, editing and graphic design to this project. \u003ca href=\"http://calmatters.org/\">CalMatters.org\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, nonpartisan media venture explaining California policies and politics. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.capradio.org/\">Capital Public Radio\u003c/a> contributed photos to this series. As the NPR member station based in Sacramento, CapRadio serves California’s Capital region, Central Valley and Sierra Nevada.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Doctors and Nurses Are Not Doing Okay",
"headTitle": "Doctors and Nurses Are Not Doing Okay | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp class=\"p1\">After five months working shifts at an emergency department in Oakland, Douglas Frey says he’s mentally and physically spent. \u003cspan class=\"s1\">Most days the\u003c/span> tall, athletic-looking 47-year-old nurse\u003cspan class=\"s1\"> ends his shift depleted by what he calls an “undercurrent” of “tension.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Every day Frey worries he’ll make a mistake — picking up a contaminated mask, perhaps — and bring the virus home to his two boys and wife, who is immunocompromised. He’s worried about his hospital’s ability to source enough masks and protective gear for him to do his job safely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968315\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1968315 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/IMG_3506-e1597182085426-800x885.jpg\" alt=\"After working many consecutive months both as an ER nurse in Oakland Douglas Frey is emotionally and physically exhausted.\" width=\"800\" height=\"885\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/IMG_3506-e1597182085426-800x885.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/IMG_3506-e1597182085426-1020x1129.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/IMG_3506-e1597182085426-160x177.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/IMG_3506-e1597182085426-768x850.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/IMG_3506-e1597182085426-1388x1536.jpg 1388w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/IMG_3506-e1597182085426.jpg 1574w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">After working many consecutive months as an ER nurse in Oakland, Douglas Frey is emotionally and physically exhausted. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Douglas Frey)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Frey is not alone among medical staff when it comes to pandemic burnout.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">The unflappable health care heroes of the current crisis are beginning to crack under the strain. Doctors, nurses and other professionals are not only fighting an intractable virus day after day, they’re also coping with isolation, shifting official guidelines and limited ways to recharge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">A\u003ca href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/acem.14065\"> \u003cspan class=\"s2\">study\u003c/span>\u003c/a> published in June by researchers from UCSF and other universities showed emergency medicine physicians reporting a median 60% increase in emotional exhaustion and burnout over prepandemic levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">These workers cited the unavailability of protective gear, inadequate testing and the risk of spreading the virus by discharged patients as their primary concerns. Physicians noted their stress levels have decreased their affection with family members.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The gowns in one recent shipment to Frey’s hospital were so thin that managers encouraged workers to double up when they wore them, he says. But, “Even with two, they’d come off in shreds by the time you got them off.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Now, he has the opposite problem. The gowns in the current stock are made of thick, impermeable vinyl. He often leaves the hospital soaked in sweat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Frey’s work frustrations are compounded by the drumbeat of bad news and what he considers to be a lack of cohesive response on the part of political leaders. “I’m exhausted by the fact that every family, store, business, organization, school, city, county and state is having to duplicate efforts to try and figure out what to do,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">And now he’s bracing for a potentially overwhelming wave of patients this fall when COVID-19 collides with cold and flu season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>Recipe for More Burnout\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Before the pandemic hit, 42% of more than 15,000 physicians responding to an online survey by the medical news website Medscape \u003ca href=\"https://www.medscape.com/slideshow/2020-lifestyle-burnout-6012460?faf=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reported\u003c/a> being burned out. High rates of depression and suicide in the medical profession have long been a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/07/31/634217947/to-prevent-doctor-suicides-medical-industry-rethinks-how-doctors-work\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">problem\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Experts fear the coronavirus crisis will only make those numbers go up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“When the stress of hospitals gets unbelievably high, it ceases to be a place where we get sustenance, or feel like we’re being helpful,” said Bradley Dreifuss, an emergency medicine physician and public health specialist at the University of Arizona in Tucson. “Instead we feel helpless.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Dreifuss penned a \u003ci>New York Times\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/26/opinion/coronavirus-arizona-hospitals.html\"> \u003cspan class=\"s2\">editorial\u003c/span>\u003c/a> in June to draw attention to health care fatigue. He wrote the article from an Airbnb after nine consecutive shifts. For months he has lived there alone to protect his wife and 10-year-old daughter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">He says many of his colleagues are starting to withdraw emotionally and show increasing levels of cynicism, which inspired him to add mental health services to an initiative he started called\u003ca href=\"https://hcwhosted.org/\"> \u003cspan class=\"s2\">HCW Hosted.\u003c/span>\u003c/a> At first, the online platform connected health care workers with temporary housing, but now doctors and nurses can access mental health support as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Dreifuss called the current situation “very, very challenging.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“COVID patients are much sicker than our typical patients physiologically,” he said. “When you’re working with constrained resources and uncertainty, it makes it a lot worse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>Extra Burden on Latino Doctors\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The days began to blur together for Dinora Chinchilla, a pulmonologist specializing in critical care in Los Angeles County, where the virus has killed nearly\u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/projects/california-coronavirus-cases-tracking-outbreak/los-angeles-county/\"> \u003cspan class=\"s2\">5,000 \u003c/span>\u003c/a>people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968316\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1968316 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/IMG_9630-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Dinora Chinchilla is finally taking a month after seven consecutive months treating patients in an ICU in Los Angeles county.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/IMG_9630-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/IMG_9630-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/IMG_9630-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/IMG_9630-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/IMG_9630-1152x1536.jpg 1152w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/IMG_9630-1536x2048.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/IMG_9630-scaled.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Dinora Chinchilla is finally taking a month off after working seven consecutive months. \u003ccite>(Nicole Cataldi)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“All I saw was COVID, COVID, COVID,” she said. “I didn’t know Monday from a Saturday. I felt like every day was on repeat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">She is finally taking a few weeks off to refuel. Many days, when the 39-year-old looked around the intensive care unit, every single patient was connected to a ventilator. Most were older, overweight, diabetic and Latino.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“Seeing how disproportionately COVID has affected the Latino community and being able to be that person for them now is what I always wanted,” said Chinchilla. “But that comes with a big burden.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">As a kid growing up in East L.A., she dreamed of treating low-income families like hers. Bridging that barrier inspires her to work longer shifts than many of her colleagues, she says. Current COVID-19 protocols do not allow visitors inside the hospital, so she has insisted on personally calling the families of Latino patients, because she believes it’s kinder to deliver what is often devastating news directly\u003ci> \u003c/i>rather than through a translator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“It was just so emotional,” Chinchilla said, fingering the inside of a large silver hoop earring. “I can’t say that I didn’t cry often.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The heartache didn’t end at work. When Chinchilla unlocked the door to her house, her two young children would run toward her. But she had to head in the opposite direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“How sad is that?” she said. “Not being able to hug your child when she’s so happy that you’re home because you’ve been gone for 14 hours.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Chinchilla didn’t embrace her kids until she scrubbed herself raw in a scalding shower. And, now, even though she’s enjoying slower days at home recovering, her mind won’t relax.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“I feel that sense of duty,” she said. “This is my specialty. This is what I signed up for. I have to be there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968318\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1968318\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/IMG_7918-scaled-e1597180915907-800x1067.jpeg\" alt=\"The emergency room where Dr. Victor Cisneros works is running out of beds for patients, many from Latino families like his.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/IMG_7918-scaled-e1597180915907-800x1067.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/IMG_7918-scaled-e1597180915907-1020x1360.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/IMG_7918-scaled-e1597180915907-160x213.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/IMG_7918-scaled-e1597180915907-768x1024.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/IMG_7918-scaled-e1597180915907-1152x1536.jpeg 1152w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/IMG_7918-scaled-e1597180915907-1536x2048.jpeg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/IMG_7918-scaled-e1597180915907.jpeg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The emergency department in Orange County where Dr. Victor Cisneros works is running out of beds for patients, many from Latino families like his. \u003ccite>(Victor Cisneros)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Victor Cisneros, a 39-year-old emergency department physician, can relate. He treats patients in Orange County. His hospital is running out of beds for patients, many from families just like his.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“I grew up very underserved,” said Cisneros, smiling. “I come from a very humble family. I’m the first physician, the first person to graduate college.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">He’s originally from Mexico, but now much of his family lives in Los Angeles. Even though they live near each other, social distancing has made it hard for them to feel close. For Cisneros, the lack of physical contact is exacerbated because he lives alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“You just feel trapped,” he said. “Because you’re in the ER for 10 hours, which is intense, exhausting. It smells. People are vomiting. There’s blood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">He used to disconnect from work by working out or going to dinner with friends. But now, his gym is closed and many of his friends don’t want to hang out, knowing he’s around sick people all day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“So, I’m on a couch in front of a screen by myself. It’s almost like you’re in jail.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">He fears the current situation is not sustainable, especially for physicians who were already burned out. “This is probably the tipping edge for them,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Doctors aren’t known for seeking help, said Dr. Deborah Marin, a professor of psychiatry at Mount Sinai’s Icahn School of Medicine. “Suffering is kind of part of the profession to some degree,” she said. “But people shouldn’t be suffering.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Marin directs a new program called the\u003ca href=\"https://icahn.mssm.edu/about/departments/psychiatry/clinical/stress-resilience-personal-growth-center\"> \u003cspan class=\"s2\">Mount Sinai Center for Stress, Resilience, and Personal Growth\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, designed to address mental health issues like depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder in health care workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“The idea is to shore up people’s resilience and be supportive of them,” Marin said. “They need to feel like they’re not in this alone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The program includes a hotline, a wellness app and workshops designed to help connect nurses and doctors. She says the most important step is to ask for help, which could mean starting a conversation with a supervisor, friend or a therapist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Which could be good advice for not just doctors, but all of us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"p1\">After five months working shifts at an emergency department in Oakland, Douglas Frey says he’s mentally and physically spent. \u003cspan class=\"s1\">Most days the\u003c/span> tall, athletic-looking 47-year-old nurse\u003cspan class=\"s1\"> ends his shift depleted by what he calls an “undercurrent” of “tension.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Every day Frey worries he’ll make a mistake — picking up a contaminated mask, perhaps — and bring the virus home to his two boys and wife, who is immunocompromised. He’s worried about his hospital’s ability to source enough masks and protective gear for him to do his job safely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968315\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1968315 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/IMG_3506-e1597182085426-800x885.jpg\" alt=\"After working many consecutive months both as an ER nurse in Oakland Douglas Frey is emotionally and physically exhausted.\" width=\"800\" height=\"885\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/IMG_3506-e1597182085426-800x885.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/IMG_3506-e1597182085426-1020x1129.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/IMG_3506-e1597182085426-160x177.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/IMG_3506-e1597182085426-768x850.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/IMG_3506-e1597182085426-1388x1536.jpg 1388w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/IMG_3506-e1597182085426.jpg 1574w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">After working many consecutive months as an ER nurse in Oakland, Douglas Frey is emotionally and physically exhausted. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Douglas Frey)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Frey is not alone among medical staff when it comes to pandemic burnout.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">The unflappable health care heroes of the current crisis are beginning to crack under the strain. Doctors, nurses and other professionals are not only fighting an intractable virus day after day, they’re also coping with isolation, shifting official guidelines and limited ways to recharge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">A\u003ca href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/acem.14065\"> \u003cspan class=\"s2\">study\u003c/span>\u003c/a> published in June by researchers from UCSF and other universities showed emergency medicine physicians reporting a median 60% increase in emotional exhaustion and burnout over prepandemic levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">These workers cited the unavailability of protective gear, inadequate testing and the risk of spreading the virus by discharged patients as their primary concerns. Physicians noted their stress levels have decreased their affection with family members.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The gowns in one recent shipment to Frey’s hospital were so thin that managers encouraged workers to double up when they wore them, he says. But, “Even with two, they’d come off in shreds by the time you got them off.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Now, he has the opposite problem. The gowns in the current stock are made of thick, impermeable vinyl. He often leaves the hospital soaked in sweat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Frey’s work frustrations are compounded by the drumbeat of bad news and what he considers to be a lack of cohesive response on the part of political leaders. “I’m exhausted by the fact that every family, store, business, organization, school, city, county and state is having to duplicate efforts to try and figure out what to do,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">And now he’s bracing for a potentially overwhelming wave of patients this fall when COVID-19 collides with cold and flu season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>Recipe for More Burnout\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Before the pandemic hit, 42% of more than 15,000 physicians responding to an online survey by the medical news website Medscape \u003ca href=\"https://www.medscape.com/slideshow/2020-lifestyle-burnout-6012460?faf=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reported\u003c/a> being burned out. High rates of depression and suicide in the medical profession have long been a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/07/31/634217947/to-prevent-doctor-suicides-medical-industry-rethinks-how-doctors-work\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">problem\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Experts fear the coronavirus crisis will only make those numbers go up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“When the stress of hospitals gets unbelievably high, it ceases to be a place where we get sustenance, or feel like we’re being helpful,” said Bradley Dreifuss, an emergency medicine physician and public health specialist at the University of Arizona in Tucson. “Instead we feel helpless.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Dreifuss penned a \u003ci>New York Times\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/26/opinion/coronavirus-arizona-hospitals.html\"> \u003cspan class=\"s2\">editorial\u003c/span>\u003c/a> in June to draw attention to health care fatigue. He wrote the article from an Airbnb after nine consecutive shifts. For months he has lived there alone to protect his wife and 10-year-old daughter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">He says many of his colleagues are starting to withdraw emotionally and show increasing levels of cynicism, which inspired him to add mental health services to an initiative he started called\u003ca href=\"https://hcwhosted.org/\"> \u003cspan class=\"s2\">HCW Hosted.\u003c/span>\u003c/a> At first, the online platform connected health care workers with temporary housing, but now doctors and nurses can access mental health support as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Dreifuss called the current situation “very, very challenging.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“COVID patients are much sicker than our typical patients physiologically,” he said. “When you’re working with constrained resources and uncertainty, it makes it a lot worse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>Extra Burden on Latino Doctors\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The days began to blur together for Dinora Chinchilla, a pulmonologist specializing in critical care in Los Angeles County, where the virus has killed nearly\u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/projects/california-coronavirus-cases-tracking-outbreak/los-angeles-county/\"> \u003cspan class=\"s2\">5,000 \u003c/span>\u003c/a>people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968316\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1968316 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/IMG_9630-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Dinora Chinchilla is finally taking a month after seven consecutive months treating patients in an ICU in Los Angeles county.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/IMG_9630-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/IMG_9630-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/IMG_9630-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/IMG_9630-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/IMG_9630-1152x1536.jpg 1152w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/IMG_9630-1536x2048.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/IMG_9630-scaled.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Dinora Chinchilla is finally taking a month off after working seven consecutive months. \u003ccite>(Nicole Cataldi)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“All I saw was COVID, COVID, COVID,” she said. “I didn’t know Monday from a Saturday. I felt like every day was on repeat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">She is finally taking a few weeks off to refuel. Many days, when the 39-year-old looked around the intensive care unit, every single patient was connected to a ventilator. Most were older, overweight, diabetic and Latino.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“Seeing how disproportionately COVID has affected the Latino community and being able to be that person for them now is what I always wanted,” said Chinchilla. “But that comes with a big burden.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">As a kid growing up in East L.A., she dreamed of treating low-income families like hers. Bridging that barrier inspires her to work longer shifts than many of her colleagues, she says. Current COVID-19 protocols do not allow visitors inside the hospital, so she has insisted on personally calling the families of Latino patients, because she believes it’s kinder to deliver what is often devastating news directly\u003ci> \u003c/i>rather than through a translator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“It was just so emotional,” Chinchilla said, fingering the inside of a large silver hoop earring. “I can’t say that I didn’t cry often.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The heartache didn’t end at work. When Chinchilla unlocked the door to her house, her two young children would run toward her. But she had to head in the opposite direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“How sad is that?” she said. “Not being able to hug your child when she’s so happy that you’re home because you’ve been gone for 14 hours.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Chinchilla didn’t embrace her kids until she scrubbed herself raw in a scalding shower. And, now, even though she’s enjoying slower days at home recovering, her mind won’t relax.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“I feel that sense of duty,” she said. “This is my specialty. This is what I signed up for. I have to be there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968318\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1968318\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/IMG_7918-scaled-e1597180915907-800x1067.jpeg\" alt=\"The emergency room where Dr. Victor Cisneros works is running out of beds for patients, many from Latino families like his.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/IMG_7918-scaled-e1597180915907-800x1067.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/IMG_7918-scaled-e1597180915907-1020x1360.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/IMG_7918-scaled-e1597180915907-160x213.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/IMG_7918-scaled-e1597180915907-768x1024.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/IMG_7918-scaled-e1597180915907-1152x1536.jpeg 1152w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/IMG_7918-scaled-e1597180915907-1536x2048.jpeg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/IMG_7918-scaled-e1597180915907.jpeg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The emergency department in Orange County where Dr. Victor Cisneros works is running out of beds for patients, many from Latino families like his. \u003ccite>(Victor Cisneros)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Victor Cisneros, a 39-year-old emergency department physician, can relate. He treats patients in Orange County. His hospital is running out of beds for patients, many from families just like his.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“I grew up very underserved,” said Cisneros, smiling. “I come from a very humble family. I’m the first physician, the first person to graduate college.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">He’s originally from Mexico, but now much of his family lives in Los Angeles. Even though they live near each other, social distancing has made it hard for them to feel close. For Cisneros, the lack of physical contact is exacerbated because he lives alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“You just feel trapped,” he said. “Because you’re in the ER for 10 hours, which is intense, exhausting. It smells. People are vomiting. There’s blood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">He used to disconnect from work by working out or going to dinner with friends. But now, his gym is closed and many of his friends don’t want to hang out, knowing he’s around sick people all day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“So, I’m on a couch in front of a screen by myself. It’s almost like you’re in jail.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">He fears the current situation is not sustainable, especially for physicians who were already burned out. “This is probably the tipping edge for them,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Doctors aren’t known for seeking help, said Dr. Deborah Marin, a professor of psychiatry at Mount Sinai’s Icahn School of Medicine. “Suffering is kind of part of the profession to some degree,” she said. “But people shouldn’t be suffering.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Marin directs a new program called the\u003ca href=\"https://icahn.mssm.edu/about/departments/psychiatry/clinical/stress-resilience-personal-growth-center\"> \u003cspan class=\"s2\">Mount Sinai Center for Stress, Resilience, and Personal Growth\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, designed to address mental health issues like depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder in health care workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“The idea is to shore up people’s resilience and be supportive of them,” Marin said. “They need to feel like they’re not in this alone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The program includes a hotline, a wellness app and workshops designed to help connect nurses and doctors. She says the most important step is to ask for help, which could mean starting a conversation with a supervisor, friend or a therapist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Which could be good advice for not just doctors, but all of us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
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},
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"
}
},
"forum": {
"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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},
"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
}
},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 7pm-8pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Fresh-Air-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/",
"meta": {
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"here-and-now": {
"id": "here-and-now",
"title": "Here & Now",
"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
"airtime": "MON-THU 11am-12pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Here-And-Now-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
}
},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/hiddenbrain.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/hidden-brain/id1028908750?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Science-Podcasts/Hidden-Brain-p787503/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510308/podcast.xml"
}
},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"
}
},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
"imageAlt": "KQED Hyphenación",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/6c3dd23c-93fb-4aab-97ba-1725fa6315f1/hyphenaci%C3%B3n",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
}
},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/xtTd",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
}
},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/M4f5",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Political Breakdown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"subscribe": {
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/e0c2d153-ad36-4c8d-901d-f1da6a724824/political-breakdown",
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