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"title": "The Next Big Business in a Warming World? Mud",
"headTitle": "The Next Big Business in a Warming World? Mud | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>In a hotter climate, dirt is a hot commodity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With sea levels expected to rise 3 to 6 feet by the end of the century, coastal communities are moving fast to construct major shoreline projects to protect themselves. As the size of these projects expands, the primary building materials — dirt and mud — are getting scarce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dirt (what you dig up on land) and mud or sediment (the wetter variety already in rivers and bays) are the raw materials of climate change adaptation. They’re used to build levees, the massive earthen barriers that hold back waves, and to raise elevation so buildings can sit higher than the flood plain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mud is also a crucial component of restoring wetlands and marshes, which act as natural barriers against storm surges while providing valuable habitat for sensitive species. In the right conditions, marshes can gain elevation over time from sediment, potentially keeping pace with sea level rise in a way that human-built infrastructure can’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until now, mud and dirt have mostly been treated as waste products. Dirt leftover from construction projects is often just trucked to landfills. Sediment is trapped behind large dams, no longer spreading naturally throughout watersheds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sediment is also dredged from shipping channels every year, but little is reused to adapt to climate change. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers runs dredging operations, but its disposal policies mean that around 140 million cubic yards of sediment are dumped annually, even as restoration projects clamor for material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental experts warn that unless coastal regions from San Francisco Bay to the Mississippi River Delta begin managing their dirt and mud supply more comprehensively, the shortfall will be severe, leading to more expensive sea level rise protection and drowned wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re on the precipice of a huge crisis,” says Letitia Grenier, senior scientist at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfei.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">San Francisco Estuary Institute\u003c/a>, a water and ecology think tank. “If we act now, we actually have enough sediment from other sources to keep our wetlands and to keep protecting our shorelines. But if we keep doing business-as-usual approaches, we’re going to be in really big trouble.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Call the Dirt Broker\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a warming climate, there’s a job in high demand that comes with an unglamorous name: “dirt broker.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I hate that name,” says Pat Mapelli, land use manager and bay restoration lead at Graniterock, a construction materials company. “I’ll be honest with you. Dirt just has that negative connotation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mapelli is a highly sought-after terrestrial matchmaker. He brokers deals between those who need dirt and those who want to get rid of it. These days, his phone is ringing more often with requests he can’t fulfill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The demand is way beyond what the supply is,” he says, walking on an earthen levee on the eastern side of San Francisco Bay, a project he’s putting together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This part of the bay was once used for industrial salt making, and giant evaporation ponds were built here more than a century ago. Now, its marsh habitat is being restored as part of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.southbayrestoration.org/pond-complexes/eden-landing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Eden Landing Ecological Reserve\u003c/a>. The old salt pond levees still stand between the bay and hundreds of thousands of people on the shoreline. But waves and weather have eaten away at them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very much lower than it should be right now and very much narrower than it should be right now,” Mapelli says, looking at a stretch of levee bordering the blue, flat water of the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next several years, one million cubic yards of dirt will be brought to this site to build up the levees — the equivalent of 100,000 dump truck loads. Most comes from local construction projects doing excavation for foundations or underground parking garages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, not all dirt is good dirt. Some of it contains pollutants or naturally occurring metals. Other loads are too far away, making the cost of trucking prohibitive. And often, construction companies want the fastest and cheapest solution, which means taking dirt to a landfill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mapelli knows the market for his services will only get stronger as more cities grapple with the fact that their shoreline infrastructure is being quickly overwhelmed by climate change. But the supply crunch has already hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re starting to look at all the edges around the bay and there’s a lot of these projects,” he says. “But it takes material. It takes dirt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sediment Deficit \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By some estimates, the shores of San Francisco Bay were once ringed by 200,000 acres of tidal marsh, a zone of low-lying plants inundated twice a day. The vast majority were filled in and developed as the population grew. Today, more than 90% of marshes in San Francisco Bay are gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The small pockets that remain, nestled between freeways and Costcos, are a magnet for wildlife, like scores of birds that make their annual migrations on the Pacific flyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re going to go off to the Arctic and make their babies, but right now this is where they need to feed and get fat so they can make that trip,” Grenier says, looking out at flocks of dunlin and western sandpiper scouring an exposed mudflat in Richmond, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marshes also have a hidden talent, beyond providing habitat. They’re a buffer against the bay itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These marshes are knocking down the waves,” Grenier says. “They’re absorbing the water and they’re really helping create flood risk management along the shore which is really critical for many billions of dollars of infrastructure as well as neighborhoods and other communities along the shoreline.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco Bay region is gradually working towards restoring 100,000 acres of the historic marshes, through initiatives like the \u003ca href=\"https://www.southbayrestoration.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project\u003c/a>. But restoration isn’t simple. Many former marshes have sunk over the years, their mud scoured away with no plants to protect it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Often, the areas are too deep for tidal plants to grow again. So to restore them, huge amounts of mud is needed to raise the elevation. After that, the marshes are able to sustain themselves. With every tide that comes in, the water carries new sediment that is trapped by plants, replenishing the marsh up over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s how, millimeter by millimeter, marshes and wetlands survive being worn away by waves. But soon, those waves will get a lot higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rising sea levels threaten to drown wetlands by inundating and overtaking them. To keep up, marshes will require more sediment naturally floating in the water so they can build elevation to match.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Centuries of human intervention have starved almost every major watershed in the country of sediment. Enormous dams, built to store water in rivers upstream, are essentially sediment entrapment devices. Most have a growing pile of mud sitting behind their concrete wall, the collective evidence of what used to flow downstream to bays and estuaries. Nowhere is the problem more acute than on the Mississippi River, where dams reaching all the way to South Dakota are \u003ca href=\"https://www.nola.com/news/environment/article_497596b2-8d69-11eb-85a0-5f157115365e.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">trapping sediment that once fed the wetlands of Louisiana\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All together, it adds up to a massive “sediment deficit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The demand for mud has increased astronomically because of sea level rise,” Grenier says. “Because of this change that people have created, suddenly the natural world can’t supply that much mud.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grenier and her colleagues \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfei.org/news/sediment-survival-report-released#sthash.f8dndEEA.dpbs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">estimate that by 2100, 548 million metric tons of sediment will be needed\u003c/a> to both restore wetlands and keep pace with sea level rise in San Francisco Bay. The natural supply will fall far short of that, bringing in about one-third to one-half of what’s needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there are options for filling that gap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is not hopeless,” says Scott Dusterhoff, senior scientist and lead geomorphologist at the San Francisco Estuary Institute. “We have a big problem on the horizon, but if we look at all the sources of dirt and sediment that we have in the region that we can bring into play, we think we can meet it. We just have to change the way we manage sediment to get there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Stuck on the Least Cost\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every year, hundreds of container ships sail under the Golden Gate Bridge, heading for the Port of Oakland via a shipping channel that’s 50 feet deep. The depth of this channel and 10 others in the bay is maintained through regular dredging, by the Army Corps of Engineers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Large dredging ships remove more than 2 million cubic yards of sediment per year in San Francisco Bay. Around two-thirds of it is disposed of, taken to approved sites to be released underwater. One is far outside the bay in the Pacific Ocean, 50 nautical miles from the Golden Gate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, the Army Corps has fielded requests to use this material for wetland and habitat restoration. But the agency says it’s held to its “\u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-08/documents/role_of_the_federal_standard_in_the_beneficial_use_of_dredged_material.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">federal standard\u003c/a>,” a rule that stipulates the most affordable option for disposal be chosen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taking the mud to a restoration project sometimes means transporting it farther, adding cost to the trip, as well as requiring careful offloading to place it in the right spot. Releasing it at a disposal site underwater is generally cheaper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rule has limited the amount of sediment that’s been reused, frustrating local and state officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re just going to be seeing erosion of our shorelines and mudflats and marshes unless we start doing things differently with sediment,” says Amy Hutzel, deputy executive officer at California’s State Coastal Conservancy, a state agency that works on restoration projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To complete several major marsh restoration projects around the bay, California has had to find ways to work around the cost standard. \u003ca href=\"http://www.poplarislandrestoration.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Many other states have, too\u003c/a>. In a few instances, the Army Corps paid the extra cost of moving the sediment farther, but only after a specific act of Congress authorized the project, a time-consuming process. In other cases, California has \u003ca href=\"https://scc.ca.gov/2019/06/24/news-release-dredged-sediment-from-san-francisco-bay-to-be-used-for-wetland-restoration/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">paid the full additional cost itself\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s expensive,” Hutzel says. “We can’t sustain that cost. It’s in the federal interest, and the feds should be cost sharing part of it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The long term savings of avoiding flood damage from rising seas could dramatically outweigh the immediate cost of moving mud. Local and state officials say they’ve argued this point for years, but have seen little progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The urgency is huge,” says Hutzel. “It is frustrating that this has been decades of trying to solve this problem. And while there have been successes, we haven’t fundamentally changed what’s happening with dredged sediment in San Francisco Bay.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A New Standard\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Army Corps of Engineers policy might change soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, Congress passed the \u003ca href=\"https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/7575/text#toc-H21D55EC8857749A4975A0403B0B382C8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Water Resources Development Act of 2020\u003c/a>, which included language directing the Army Corps of Engineers to “maximize” reuse and consider “economic and environmental benefits” in its cost analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That language hasn’t changed things on the ground yet, and the agency is writing specific guidance on implementation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think dredge material should be viewed as a really valuable commodity in that regard,” says Tessa Beach, chief of the environmental branch of the Army Corps of Engineers San Francisco District. “We currently don’t have implementation guidance on how the agency is going to carry out this direction, but this may lead to a different way of calculating the overall cost-benefit of different placement locations in the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency is \u003ca href=\"https://www.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Releases/News-Release-Article-View/Article/2528635/office-of-the-assistant-secretary-of-the-army-for-civil-works-and-us-army-corps/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">currently gathering public feedback\u003c/a> on the issue and says it can’t comment on what the guidance will say. They expect to release it by August.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depending on the result, the effects could be felt across the country, where billions of dollars are already being spent on restoring marshes and barrier islands from \u003ca href=\"https://www.chesapeakebay.net/news/blog/poplar_island_restoration_gives_chesapeake_new_life\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Poplar Island\u003c/a> in Chesapeake Bay to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nola.com/news/environment/article_df61c669-14cc-5ba7-821d-2ee7c57becd9.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Whiskey Island\u003c/a> in Louisiana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, environmental experts warn, it will take more than a select number of restoration projects to prepare for rising seas. The Army Corps of Engineers may need to fundamentally change its approach to sediment, releasing it in locations where it can mix into the water and naturally feed surrounding wetlands and marshes. That may be their only chance to keep pace with rising seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Got+Mud%3F+For+Coastal+Cities%2C+Humble+Dirt+Has+Become+A+Hot+Commodity&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Coastal communities will need massive amounts of mud and dirt to protect their shorelines from rising seas. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In a hotter climate, dirt is a hot commodity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With sea levels expected to rise 3 to 6 feet by the end of the century, coastal communities are moving fast to construct major shoreline projects to protect themselves. As the size of these projects expands, the primary building materials — dirt and mud — are getting scarce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dirt (what you dig up on land) and mud or sediment (the wetter variety already in rivers and bays) are the raw materials of climate change adaptation. They’re used to build levees, the massive earthen barriers that hold back waves, and to raise elevation so buildings can sit higher than the flood plain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mud is also a crucial component of restoring wetlands and marshes, which act as natural barriers against storm surges while providing valuable habitat for sensitive species. In the right conditions, marshes can gain elevation over time from sediment, potentially keeping pace with sea level rise in a way that human-built infrastructure can’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until now, mud and dirt have mostly been treated as waste products. Dirt leftover from construction projects is often just trucked to landfills. Sediment is trapped behind large dams, no longer spreading naturally throughout watersheds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sediment is also dredged from shipping channels every year, but little is reused to adapt to climate change. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers runs dredging operations, but its disposal policies mean that around 140 million cubic yards of sediment are dumped annually, even as restoration projects clamor for material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental experts warn that unless coastal regions from San Francisco Bay to the Mississippi River Delta begin managing their dirt and mud supply more comprehensively, the shortfall will be severe, leading to more expensive sea level rise protection and drowned wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re on the precipice of a huge crisis,” says Letitia Grenier, senior scientist at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfei.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">San Francisco Estuary Institute\u003c/a>, a water and ecology think tank. “If we act now, we actually have enough sediment from other sources to keep our wetlands and to keep protecting our shorelines. But if we keep doing business-as-usual approaches, we’re going to be in really big trouble.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Call the Dirt Broker\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a warming climate, there’s a job in high demand that comes with an unglamorous name: “dirt broker.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I hate that name,” says Pat Mapelli, land use manager and bay restoration lead at Graniterock, a construction materials company. “I’ll be honest with you. Dirt just has that negative connotation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mapelli is a highly sought-after terrestrial matchmaker. He brokers deals between those who need dirt and those who want to get rid of it. These days, his phone is ringing more often with requests he can’t fulfill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The demand is way beyond what the supply is,” he says, walking on an earthen levee on the eastern side of San Francisco Bay, a project he’s putting together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This part of the bay was once used for industrial salt making, and giant evaporation ponds were built here more than a century ago. Now, its marsh habitat is being restored as part of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.southbayrestoration.org/pond-complexes/eden-landing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Eden Landing Ecological Reserve\u003c/a>. The old salt pond levees still stand between the bay and hundreds of thousands of people on the shoreline. But waves and weather have eaten away at them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very much lower than it should be right now and very much narrower than it should be right now,” Mapelli says, looking at a stretch of levee bordering the blue, flat water of the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next several years, one million cubic yards of dirt will be brought to this site to build up the levees — the equivalent of 100,000 dump truck loads. Most comes from local construction projects doing excavation for foundations or underground parking garages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, not all dirt is good dirt. Some of it contains pollutants or naturally occurring metals. Other loads are too far away, making the cost of trucking prohibitive. And often, construction companies want the fastest and cheapest solution, which means taking dirt to a landfill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mapelli knows the market for his services will only get stronger as more cities grapple with the fact that their shoreline infrastructure is being quickly overwhelmed by climate change. But the supply crunch has already hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re starting to look at all the edges around the bay and there’s a lot of these projects,” he says. “But it takes material. It takes dirt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sediment Deficit \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By some estimates, the shores of San Francisco Bay were once ringed by 200,000 acres of tidal marsh, a zone of low-lying plants inundated twice a day. The vast majority were filled in and developed as the population grew. Today, more than 90% of marshes in San Francisco Bay are gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The small pockets that remain, nestled between freeways and Costcos, are a magnet for wildlife, like scores of birds that make their annual migrations on the Pacific flyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re going to go off to the Arctic and make their babies, but right now this is where they need to feed and get fat so they can make that trip,” Grenier says, looking out at flocks of dunlin and western sandpiper scouring an exposed mudflat in Richmond, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marshes also have a hidden talent, beyond providing habitat. They’re a buffer against the bay itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These marshes are knocking down the waves,” Grenier says. “They’re absorbing the water and they’re really helping create flood risk management along the shore which is really critical for many billions of dollars of infrastructure as well as neighborhoods and other communities along the shoreline.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco Bay region is gradually working towards restoring 100,000 acres of the historic marshes, through initiatives like the \u003ca href=\"https://www.southbayrestoration.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project\u003c/a>. But restoration isn’t simple. Many former marshes have sunk over the years, their mud scoured away with no plants to protect it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Often, the areas are too deep for tidal plants to grow again. So to restore them, huge amounts of mud is needed to raise the elevation. After that, the marshes are able to sustain themselves. With every tide that comes in, the water carries new sediment that is trapped by plants, replenishing the marsh up over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s how, millimeter by millimeter, marshes and wetlands survive being worn away by waves. But soon, those waves will get a lot higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rising sea levels threaten to drown wetlands by inundating and overtaking them. To keep up, marshes will require more sediment naturally floating in the water so they can build elevation to match.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Centuries of human intervention have starved almost every major watershed in the country of sediment. Enormous dams, built to store water in rivers upstream, are essentially sediment entrapment devices. Most have a growing pile of mud sitting behind their concrete wall, the collective evidence of what used to flow downstream to bays and estuaries. Nowhere is the problem more acute than on the Mississippi River, where dams reaching all the way to South Dakota are \u003ca href=\"https://www.nola.com/news/environment/article_497596b2-8d69-11eb-85a0-5f157115365e.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">trapping sediment that once fed the wetlands of Louisiana\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All together, it adds up to a massive “sediment deficit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The demand for mud has increased astronomically because of sea level rise,” Grenier says. “Because of this change that people have created, suddenly the natural world can’t supply that much mud.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grenier and her colleagues \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfei.org/news/sediment-survival-report-released#sthash.f8dndEEA.dpbs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">estimate that by 2100, 548 million metric tons of sediment will be needed\u003c/a> to both restore wetlands and keep pace with sea level rise in San Francisco Bay. The natural supply will fall far short of that, bringing in about one-third to one-half of what’s needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there are options for filling that gap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is not hopeless,” says Scott Dusterhoff, senior scientist and lead geomorphologist at the San Francisco Estuary Institute. “We have a big problem on the horizon, but if we look at all the sources of dirt and sediment that we have in the region that we can bring into play, we think we can meet it. We just have to change the way we manage sediment to get there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Stuck on the Least Cost\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every year, hundreds of container ships sail under the Golden Gate Bridge, heading for the Port of Oakland via a shipping channel that’s 50 feet deep. The depth of this channel and 10 others in the bay is maintained through regular dredging, by the Army Corps of Engineers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Large dredging ships remove more than 2 million cubic yards of sediment per year in San Francisco Bay. Around two-thirds of it is disposed of, taken to approved sites to be released underwater. One is far outside the bay in the Pacific Ocean, 50 nautical miles from the Golden Gate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, the Army Corps has fielded requests to use this material for wetland and habitat restoration. But the agency says it’s held to its “\u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-08/documents/role_of_the_federal_standard_in_the_beneficial_use_of_dredged_material.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">federal standard\u003c/a>,” a rule that stipulates the most affordable option for disposal be chosen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taking the mud to a restoration project sometimes means transporting it farther, adding cost to the trip, as well as requiring careful offloading to place it in the right spot. Releasing it at a disposal site underwater is generally cheaper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rule has limited the amount of sediment that’s been reused, frustrating local and state officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re just going to be seeing erosion of our shorelines and mudflats and marshes unless we start doing things differently with sediment,” says Amy Hutzel, deputy executive officer at California’s State Coastal Conservancy, a state agency that works on restoration projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To complete several major marsh restoration projects around the bay, California has had to find ways to work around the cost standard. \u003ca href=\"http://www.poplarislandrestoration.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Many other states have, too\u003c/a>. In a few instances, the Army Corps paid the extra cost of moving the sediment farther, but only after a specific act of Congress authorized the project, a time-consuming process. In other cases, California has \u003ca href=\"https://scc.ca.gov/2019/06/24/news-release-dredged-sediment-from-san-francisco-bay-to-be-used-for-wetland-restoration/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">paid the full additional cost itself\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s expensive,” Hutzel says. “We can’t sustain that cost. It’s in the federal interest, and the feds should be cost sharing part of it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The long term savings of avoiding flood damage from rising seas could dramatically outweigh the immediate cost of moving mud. Local and state officials say they’ve argued this point for years, but have seen little progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The urgency is huge,” says Hutzel. “It is frustrating that this has been decades of trying to solve this problem. And while there have been successes, we haven’t fundamentally changed what’s happening with dredged sediment in San Francisco Bay.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A New Standard\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Army Corps of Engineers policy might change soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, Congress passed the \u003ca href=\"https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/7575/text#toc-H21D55EC8857749A4975A0403B0B382C8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Water Resources Development Act of 2020\u003c/a>, which included language directing the Army Corps of Engineers to “maximize” reuse and consider “economic and environmental benefits” in its cost analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That language hasn’t changed things on the ground yet, and the agency is writing specific guidance on implementation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think dredge material should be viewed as a really valuable commodity in that regard,” says Tessa Beach, chief of the environmental branch of the Army Corps of Engineers San Francisco District. “We currently don’t have implementation guidance on how the agency is going to carry out this direction, but this may lead to a different way of calculating the overall cost-benefit of different placement locations in the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency is \u003ca href=\"https://www.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Releases/News-Release-Article-View/Article/2528635/office-of-the-assistant-secretary-of-the-army-for-civil-works-and-us-army-corps/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">currently gathering public feedback\u003c/a> on the issue and says it can’t comment on what the guidance will say. They expect to release it by August.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depending on the result, the effects could be felt across the country, where billions of dollars are already being spent on restoring marshes and barrier islands from \u003ca href=\"https://www.chesapeakebay.net/news/blog/poplar_island_restoration_gives_chesapeake_new_life\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Poplar Island\u003c/a> in Chesapeake Bay to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nola.com/news/environment/article_df61c669-14cc-5ba7-821d-2ee7c57becd9.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Whiskey Island\u003c/a> in Louisiana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, environmental experts warn, it will take more than a select number of restoration projects to prepare for rising seas. The Army Corps of Engineers may need to fundamentally change its approach to sediment, releasing it in locations where it can mix into the water and naturally feed surrounding wetlands and marshes. That may be their only chance to keep pace with rising seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Got+Mud%3F+For+Coastal+Cities%2C+Humble+Dirt+Has+Become+A+Hot+Commodity&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Meet the Students Who Got San Mateo County High Schools to Declare a Climate Emergency",
"headTitle": "Meet the Students Who Got San Mateo County High Schools to Declare a Climate Emergency | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Frightened by a warming world, frustrated by inaction and armed with science, teenagers in San Mateo County have successfully convinced two of the county’s three high school districts to declare a climate emergency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The students got district leadership to adopt language from their \u003ca href=\"https://docs.google.com/document/d/1giAwTCo3h1h3qN0V63zWgCm23-SzRRozJ7ebbCg8z8w/edit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">template\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, which calls for firm commitments to implement climate action plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Energized by \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1947584/live-blog-bay-area-climate-strike\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">youth-led climate movements around the Bay Area\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, the students, many of whom are part of the \u003ca href=\"https://cmo.smcgov.org/smcyc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">San Mateo County Youth Commission\u003c/a>’s Environmental Justice Committee, spoke at school board sessions, met with superintendents, petitioned hundreds of students, and sat on districtwide sustainability committees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1974537\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1974537 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/05/RS48866_004_SanCarlos_KatinkaLennemann_04302021-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/05/RS48866_004_SanCarlos_KatinkaLennemann_04302021-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/05/RS48866_004_SanCarlos_KatinkaLennemann_04302021-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/05/RS48866_004_SanCarlos_KatinkaLennemann_04302021-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/05/RS48866_004_SanCarlos_KatinkaLennemann_04302021-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/05/RS48866_004_SanCarlos_KatinkaLennemann_04302021-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/05/RS48866_004_SanCarlos_KatinkaLennemann_04302021-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sequoia Union High School junior Katinka Lennemann at Highlands Park in San Carlos on April 30, 2021. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Time is of the essence; the actions we do or do not take now and in the next few years will determine the intensity of climate change and its consequences for generations to come,” one of the declarations begins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The document goes on to call for an evaluation of all district operations; a commitment to create best practices for powering buildings with clean energy; the identification of areas within the curriculum to discuss climate change; and providing students with workforce training in green jobs.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, the governing board of the Sequoia Union High School District voted 5-0 to adopt a version of the declaration and call on other school boards “to adopt strong efforts to reduce greenhouse emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My group and I are thrilled and thankful that the SUHSD board passed this resolution unanimously,” said Katinka Lennemann, 16, who led the campaign. “It’s important that schools follow this trend of increasing climate action, because every single aspect of our society needs to turn toward more sustainable practices as an overall way to combat climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Atiya Shah, a senior at San Mateo High School and chair of the youth commission’s Environmental Justice Committee, lives in Foster City, where residents in 2018 \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1924576/measure-p-foster-citys-90-million-tax-to-defend-against-rising-seas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">voted\u003c/span>\u003c/a> to tax themselves in order to reengineer an eight-mile earthen wall, the only thing standing between them and San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shah says she was motivated by the threat. “This is how climate change is showing up in my life. Time is of the essence,” she said. “If we don’t take action now, things are moving at such a fast rate that it’s really going to affect our future. And people don’t recognize that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shah and her group workshopped their emergency declaration with officials in the San Mateo Union High School District, and the district’s Board of Trustees \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5qY-SNlD8tE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">approved it\u003c/span>\u003c/a> April 1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1974539\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1974539 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/05/RS48879_008_SanMateo_AtiyaAngleenShah_04302021-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/05/RS48879_008_SanMateo_AtiyaAngleenShah_04302021-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/05/RS48879_008_SanMateo_AtiyaAngleenShah_04302021-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/05/RS48879_008_SanMateo_AtiyaAngleenShah_04302021-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/05/RS48879_008_SanMateo_AtiyaAngleenShah_04302021-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/05/RS48879_008_SanMateo_AtiyaAngleenShah_04302021-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/05/RS48879_008_SanMateo_AtiyaAngleenShah_04302021-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">High school senior Atiya Shah at Laurelwood Park in San Mateo on April 30, 2021. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.smuhsd.org/cms/lib/CA02206192/Centricity/Domain/55/4-1-21%20Board%20Mtg%20Presentation%20J_2_DeclarationOfClimateEmergencyPresentation_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">declaration\u003c/span>\u003c/a> states that the district will require “immediate and effective action from all district operations,” and it commits to passing an action plan addressing 10 areas impacting the climate, including green buildings and grounds, operations and transportation, air quality and direct greenhouse gas measurements, and clean energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effort has received “a lot of support,” Shah said.\u003cbr>\nIn a message sent to families announcing the declaration, district Superintendent Kevin Skelly wrote: “More needs to be done — the science is clear — we are heating up our world to unsustainable levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our teaching and family responsibilities are immense,” he continued. “We may not live to see climate change reversed, but we must surely add to our list of endless duties an effort to transmit the knowledge, skills, and values that will give those young people we serve the chance to do so. On we go, dedicating ourselves to environmental stewardship.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The third high school district, Jefferson Union, has yet to sign on. Shah says the committee reached out to the district but has yet to hear back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Superintendent Toni Presta said administrative officials have yet to receive a draft of the declaration and do not yet have an official position on the issue but “\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">are definitely open to considering passing the resolution.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>‘Most Exposed Throughout Their Lives’\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The students crafted the declaration in partnership with an environmental literacy \u003ca href=\"https://www.smcoe.org/for-communities/initiatives/environmental-literacy.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">initiative\u003c/span>\u003c/a> at San Mateo County’s Office of Education. This is not the first time the youth commission has engaged in climate politics. Several years ago, it wrote letters encouraging the county’s board of supervisors to support sea level rise legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The commission “takes a unique interest in the effects that sea level rise will have on San Mateo County’s youngest residents,” the group wrote in a letter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The students, which included Vikram Seshadri, a junior at Menlo School in Atherton and Eeshan Bhat, now in engineering classes at UC Berkeley, noted that a county vulnerability assessment identified several dozen schools that could be impacted by flooding, most of which are located disproportionately in poorer communities of color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Youth represent the demographic, which will be most exposed throughout their lives to the mounting issues created by sea level rise,” the group wrote. “Tackling these problems in the present and creating opportunities for youth to be involved in that process are important steps towards preparing for the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maram Ahmed, a junior at Mills High School and a co-vice chair of the Environmental Justice Committee, says she has asthma that’s been exacerbated by recent wildfires. “It keeps getting worse and worse,” she said. “There are so many things that I used to be able to do that I can’t anymore.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lilian Chang, a high school senior and current co-vice chair of the Youth Commission, has also been motivated by “the very visible wildfires and their effects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She hopes the commission can start a conversation and create accountability for schools, ensuring they achieve their climate goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve worked with the county, we worked with school districts,” she said. “It is important that we just have a united front in fighting climate change. We’re starting to get prepared for those consequences, and this is how we’re going to get through it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All of us are really proud of this work,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Frightened by a warming world, frustrated by inaction and armed with science, teenagers in San Mateo County have successfully convinced two of the county’s three high school districts to declare a climate emergency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The students got district leadership to adopt language from their \u003ca href=\"https://docs.google.com/document/d/1giAwTCo3h1h3qN0V63zWgCm23-SzRRozJ7ebbCg8z8w/edit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">template\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, which calls for firm commitments to implement climate action plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Energized by \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1947584/live-blog-bay-area-climate-strike\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">youth-led climate movements around the Bay Area\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, the students, many of whom are part of the \u003ca href=\"https://cmo.smcgov.org/smcyc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">San Mateo County Youth Commission\u003c/a>’s Environmental Justice Committee, spoke at school board sessions, met with superintendents, petitioned hundreds of students, and sat on districtwide sustainability committees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1974537\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1974537 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/05/RS48866_004_SanCarlos_KatinkaLennemann_04302021-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/05/RS48866_004_SanCarlos_KatinkaLennemann_04302021-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/05/RS48866_004_SanCarlos_KatinkaLennemann_04302021-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/05/RS48866_004_SanCarlos_KatinkaLennemann_04302021-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/05/RS48866_004_SanCarlos_KatinkaLennemann_04302021-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/05/RS48866_004_SanCarlos_KatinkaLennemann_04302021-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/05/RS48866_004_SanCarlos_KatinkaLennemann_04302021-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sequoia Union High School junior Katinka Lennemann at Highlands Park in San Carlos on April 30, 2021. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Time is of the essence; the actions we do or do not take now and in the next few years will determine the intensity of climate change and its consequences for generations to come,” one of the declarations begins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The document goes on to call for an evaluation of all district operations; a commitment to create best practices for powering buildings with clean energy; the identification of areas within the curriculum to discuss climate change; and providing students with workforce training in green jobs.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, the governing board of the Sequoia Union High School District voted 5-0 to adopt a version of the declaration and call on other school boards “to adopt strong efforts to reduce greenhouse emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My group and I are thrilled and thankful that the SUHSD board passed this resolution unanimously,” said Katinka Lennemann, 16, who led the campaign. “It’s important that schools follow this trend of increasing climate action, because every single aspect of our society needs to turn toward more sustainable practices as an overall way to combat climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Atiya Shah, a senior at San Mateo High School and chair of the youth commission’s Environmental Justice Committee, lives in Foster City, where residents in 2018 \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1924576/measure-p-foster-citys-90-million-tax-to-defend-against-rising-seas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">voted\u003c/span>\u003c/a> to tax themselves in order to reengineer an eight-mile earthen wall, the only thing standing between them and San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shah says she was motivated by the threat. “This is how climate change is showing up in my life. Time is of the essence,” she said. “If we don’t take action now, things are moving at such a fast rate that it’s really going to affect our future. And people don’t recognize that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shah and her group workshopped their emergency declaration with officials in the San Mateo Union High School District, and the district’s Board of Trustees \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5qY-SNlD8tE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">approved it\u003c/span>\u003c/a> April 1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1974539\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1974539 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/05/RS48879_008_SanMateo_AtiyaAngleenShah_04302021-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/05/RS48879_008_SanMateo_AtiyaAngleenShah_04302021-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/05/RS48879_008_SanMateo_AtiyaAngleenShah_04302021-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/05/RS48879_008_SanMateo_AtiyaAngleenShah_04302021-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/05/RS48879_008_SanMateo_AtiyaAngleenShah_04302021-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/05/RS48879_008_SanMateo_AtiyaAngleenShah_04302021-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/05/RS48879_008_SanMateo_AtiyaAngleenShah_04302021-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">High school senior Atiya Shah at Laurelwood Park in San Mateo on April 30, 2021. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.smuhsd.org/cms/lib/CA02206192/Centricity/Domain/55/4-1-21%20Board%20Mtg%20Presentation%20J_2_DeclarationOfClimateEmergencyPresentation_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">declaration\u003c/span>\u003c/a> states that the district will require “immediate and effective action from all district operations,” and it commits to passing an action plan addressing 10 areas impacting the climate, including green buildings and grounds, operations and transportation, air quality and direct greenhouse gas measurements, and clean energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effort has received “a lot of support,” Shah said.\u003cbr>\nIn a message sent to families announcing the declaration, district Superintendent Kevin Skelly wrote: “More needs to be done — the science is clear — we are heating up our world to unsustainable levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our teaching and family responsibilities are immense,” he continued. “We may not live to see climate change reversed, but we must surely add to our list of endless duties an effort to transmit the knowledge, skills, and values that will give those young people we serve the chance to do so. On we go, dedicating ourselves to environmental stewardship.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The third high school district, Jefferson Union, has yet to sign on. Shah says the committee reached out to the district but has yet to hear back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Superintendent Toni Presta said administrative officials have yet to receive a draft of the declaration and do not yet have an official position on the issue but “\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">are definitely open to considering passing the resolution.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>‘Most Exposed Throughout Their Lives’\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The students crafted the declaration in partnership with an environmental literacy \u003ca href=\"https://www.smcoe.org/for-communities/initiatives/environmental-literacy.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">initiative\u003c/span>\u003c/a> at San Mateo County’s Office of Education. This is not the first time the youth commission has engaged in climate politics. Several years ago, it wrote letters encouraging the county’s board of supervisors to support sea level rise legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The commission “takes a unique interest in the effects that sea level rise will have on San Mateo County’s youngest residents,” the group wrote in a letter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The students, which included Vikram Seshadri, a junior at Menlo School in Atherton and Eeshan Bhat, now in engineering classes at UC Berkeley, noted that a county vulnerability assessment identified several dozen schools that could be impacted by flooding, most of which are located disproportionately in poorer communities of color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Youth represent the demographic, which will be most exposed throughout their lives to the mounting issues created by sea level rise,” the group wrote. “Tackling these problems in the present and creating opportunities for youth to be involved in that process are important steps towards preparing for the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maram Ahmed, a junior at Mills High School and a co-vice chair of the Environmental Justice Committee, says she has asthma that’s been exacerbated by recent wildfires. “It keeps getting worse and worse,” she said. “There are so many things that I used to be able to do that I can’t anymore.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lilian Chang, a high school senior and current co-vice chair of the Youth Commission, has also been motivated by “the very visible wildfires and their effects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She hopes the commission can start a conversation and create accountability for schools, ensuring they achieve their climate goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve worked with the county, we worked with school districts,” she said. “It is important that we just have a united front in fighting climate change. We’re starting to get prepared for those consequences, and this is how we’re going to get through it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All of us are really proud of this work,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>America’s new normal temperature is a degree hotter than it was just two decades ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have long talked about climate change — hotter temperatures, changes in rain and snowfall and more extreme weather — being the “new normal.” Data released Tuesday by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration put hard figures on the cliche.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new United States normal is not just hotter, but wetter in the eastern and central parts of the nation and considerably drier in the West than just a decade earlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meteorologists calculate \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/us-climate-normals\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">climate normals\u003c/a> based on 30 years of data to limit the random swings of daily weather. It’s a standard set by the World Meteorological Organization. Every 10 years, NOAA \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/briefings/20210420.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">updates normal \u003c/a>for the country as a whole, states and cities — by year, month and season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the entire nation, the yearly normal temperature is now 53.3 degrees (11.8 degrees Celsius) based on weather station data from 1991 to 2020, nearly half a degree warmer than a decade ago. Twenty years ago, normal was 52.3 degrees (11.3 degrees Celsius) based on data from 1971 to 2000. The average U.S. temperature for the 20th century was 52 degrees (11.1 degrees Celsius).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/borenbears/status/1389624718655991812?s=20\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new normal annual U.S. temperature is 1.7 degrees (0.9 Celsius) hotter than the first normal calculated for 1901 to 1930.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Almost every place in the U.S. has warmed from the 1981 to 2010 normal to the 1991 to 2020 normal,” said Michael Palecki, NOAA’s normals project manager.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fargo, North Dakota, where the new normal is a tenth of a degree cooler than the old one, is an exception, but more than 90% of the U.S. has warmer normal temperatures now than 10 years ago, Palecki said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Chicago and Asheville, North Carolina, the new yearly normal temperature jumped 1.5 degrees in a decade. Seattle, Atlanta, Boston and Phoenix had their normal annual temperature rise by at least half a degree in the last decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charlottesville, Virginia, saw the biggest jump in normal temperatures among 739 major weather stations. Other large changes were in California, Texas, Virginia, Indiana, Arizona, Oregon, Arkansas, Maryland, Florida, North Carolina and Alaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New normals are warmer because the burning of fossil fuels is making \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://apnews.com/article/2020-global-temperature-record-b4f5556cbdb2b0b4de6c86d52642db4e\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the last decade\u003c/a> “a much hotter time period for much of the globe than the decades” before, said Cornell University climate scientist Natalie Mahowald.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Phoenix, the biggest change in normal came in precipitation. The normal annual rainfall for Phoenix dropped 10% down to 7.2 inches (18.2 centimeters). Rainfall in Los Angeles dropped 4.6%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, Asheville saw a nearly 9% increase in rainfall, while New York City’s rainfall rose 6%. Seattle’s normal is 5% wetter than it used to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate scientists are split about how useful or misleading newly calculated normals are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mahowald and University of Oklahoma meteorology professor Jason Furtado said updating normal calculations helps city and regional planners to prepare for flooding and drought, farmers to decide what and when to plant, energy companies to meet changing demands and doctors to tackle public health issues arising from climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Pennsylvania State University climate scientist Michael Mann said he prefers a constant baseline such as 1951 to 1980, which is what NASA uses. Adjusting normal every 10 years “perverts the meaning of ‘normal’ and ‘normalizes’ away climate change,” he said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North Carolina’s state climatologist Kathie Dello said, “It seems odd to still call them normals because 1991-2020 was anything but normal climate-wise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>America’s new normal temperature is a degree hotter than it was just two decades ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have long talked about climate change — hotter temperatures, changes in rain and snowfall and more extreme weather — being the “new normal.” Data released Tuesday by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration put hard figures on the cliche.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new United States normal is not just hotter, but wetter in the eastern and central parts of the nation and considerably drier in the West than just a decade earlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meteorologists calculate \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/us-climate-normals\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">climate normals\u003c/a> based on 30 years of data to limit the random swings of daily weather. It’s a standard set by the World Meteorological Organization. Every 10 years, NOAA \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/briefings/20210420.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">updates normal \u003c/a>for the country as a whole, states and cities — by year, month and season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the entire nation, the yearly normal temperature is now 53.3 degrees (11.8 degrees Celsius) based on weather station data from 1991 to 2020, nearly half a degree warmer than a decade ago. Twenty years ago, normal was 52.3 degrees (11.3 degrees Celsius) based on data from 1971 to 2000. The average U.S. temperature for the 20th century was 52 degrees (11.1 degrees Celsius).\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>The new normal annual U.S. temperature is 1.7 degrees (0.9 Celsius) hotter than the first normal calculated for 1901 to 1930.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Almost every place in the U.S. has warmed from the 1981 to 2010 normal to the 1991 to 2020 normal,” said Michael Palecki, NOAA’s normals project manager.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fargo, North Dakota, where the new normal is a tenth of a degree cooler than the old one, is an exception, but more than 90% of the U.S. has warmer normal temperatures now than 10 years ago, Palecki said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Chicago and Asheville, North Carolina, the new yearly normal temperature jumped 1.5 degrees in a decade. Seattle, Atlanta, Boston and Phoenix had their normal annual temperature rise by at least half a degree in the last decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charlottesville, Virginia, saw the biggest jump in normal temperatures among 739 major weather stations. Other large changes were in California, Texas, Virginia, Indiana, Arizona, Oregon, Arkansas, Maryland, Florida, North Carolina and Alaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New normals are warmer because the burning of fossil fuels is making \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://apnews.com/article/2020-global-temperature-record-b4f5556cbdb2b0b4de6c86d52642db4e\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the last decade\u003c/a> “a much hotter time period for much of the globe than the decades” before, said Cornell University climate scientist Natalie Mahowald.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Phoenix, the biggest change in normal came in precipitation. The normal annual rainfall for Phoenix dropped 10% down to 7.2 inches (18.2 centimeters). Rainfall in Los Angeles dropped 4.6%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, Asheville saw a nearly 9% increase in rainfall, while New York City’s rainfall rose 6%. Seattle’s normal is 5% wetter than it used to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate scientists are split about how useful or misleading newly calculated normals are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mahowald and University of Oklahoma meteorology professor Jason Furtado said updating normal calculations helps city and regional planners to prepare for flooding and drought, farmers to decide what and when to plant, energy companies to meet changing demands and doctors to tackle public health issues arising from climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Pennsylvania State University climate scientist Michael Mann said he prefers a constant baseline such as 1951 to 1980, which is what NASA uses. Adjusting normal every 10 years “perverts the meaning of ‘normal’ and ‘normalizes’ away climate change,” he said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North Carolina’s state climatologist Kathie Dello said, “It seems odd to still call them normals because 1991-2020 was anything but normal climate-wise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-57 Component-p-0-2-48\">The U.S. Food and Drug Administration is expected to authorize Pfizer’s COVID-19 vaccine for youngsters age 12 to 15 by next week, according to a federal official and a person familiar with the process, setting up shots for many before the beginning of the next school year. The New York Times, Washington Post and other media outlets have also reported the news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-57 Component-p-0-2-48\">The announcement is set to come a month after the company found that its shot, which is already authorized for those age 16 and older, also provided protection for the younger group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-57 Component-p-0-2-48\">The federal official, speaking on the condition of anonymity to preview the FDA’s action, said the agency was expected to expand its emergency use authorization for Pfizer’s two-dose vaccine by early next week, and perhaps even sooner. The person familiar with the process, who spoke on condition of anonymity to discuss internal matters, confirmed the timeline and added that it is expected that the FDA will approve Pfizer’s use by even younger children sometime this fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-57 Component-p-0-2-48\">The FDA action will be followed by a meeting of a federal vaccine advisory committee to discuss whether to recommend the shot for 12- to 15-year-olds. Shots could begin after the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention adopts the committee’s recommendation. Those steps could be completed in a matter of days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-57 Component-p-0-2-48\">Pfizer in late March released preliminary results from a vaccine study of 2,260 U.S. volunteers age 12 to 15, showing there were no cases of COVID-19 among fully vaccinated adolescents compared with 18 among those given dummy shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-57 Component-p-0-2-48\">Kids had side effects similar to young adults, the company said. The main side effects are pain, fever, chills and fatigue, particularly after the second dose. The study will continue to track participants for two years for more information about long-term protection and safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-57 Component-p-0-2-48\">Pfizer isn’t the only company seeking to lower the age limit for its vaccine. Results also are expected by the middle of this year from a U.S. study of Moderna’s vaccine in 12- to 17-year-olds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-57 Component-p-0-2-48\">But in a sign that the findings were promising, the FDA already allowed both companies to begin U.S. studies in children 11 and younger, working their way to as young as 6 months old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-57 Component-p-0-2-48\">More than 131 million doses of Pfizer’s vaccine have already been administered in the U.S., where demand for vaccines among adults has dramatically slowed in recent weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-57 Component-p-0-2-48\">While younger people are at dramatically lower risk of serious side effects from COVID-19, they have made up a larger share of new virus cases as a majority of U.S. adults have been at least partially vaccinated and as higher-risk activities like indoor dining and contact sports have resumed in most of the country. Officials hope that extending vaccinations to teens will further accelerate the nation’s reduced virus caseload and allow schools to reopen with minimal disruptions this fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-57 Component-p-0-2-48\">The U.S. has ordered at least 300 million doses of the Pfizer shot by the end of July, enough to protect 150 million people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-57 Component-p-0-2-48\">\n\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-57 Component-p-0-2-48\">The U.S. Food and Drug Administration is expected to authorize Pfizer’s COVID-19 vaccine for youngsters age 12 to 15 by next week, according to a federal official and a person familiar with the process, setting up shots for many before the beginning of the next school year. The New York Times, Washington Post and other media outlets have also reported the news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-57 Component-p-0-2-48\">The announcement is set to come a month after the company found that its shot, which is already authorized for those age 16 and older, also provided protection for the younger group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-57 Component-p-0-2-48\">The federal official, speaking on the condition of anonymity to preview the FDA’s action, said the agency was expected to expand its emergency use authorization for Pfizer’s two-dose vaccine by early next week, and perhaps even sooner. The person familiar with the process, who spoke on condition of anonymity to discuss internal matters, confirmed the timeline and added that it is expected that the FDA will approve Pfizer’s use by even younger children sometime this fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-57 Component-p-0-2-48\">The FDA action will be followed by a meeting of a federal vaccine advisory committee to discuss whether to recommend the shot for 12- to 15-year-olds. Shots could begin after the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention adopts the committee’s recommendation. Those steps could be completed in a matter of days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-57 Component-p-0-2-48\">Pfizer in late March released preliminary results from a vaccine study of 2,260 U.S. volunteers age 12 to 15, showing there were no cases of COVID-19 among fully vaccinated adolescents compared with 18 among those given dummy shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-57 Component-p-0-2-48\">Kids had side effects similar to young adults, the company said. The main side effects are pain, fever, chills and fatigue, particularly after the second dose. The study will continue to track participants for two years for more information about long-term protection and safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-57 Component-p-0-2-48\">Pfizer isn’t the only company seeking to lower the age limit for its vaccine. Results also are expected by the middle of this year from a U.S. study of Moderna’s vaccine in 12- to 17-year-olds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-57 Component-p-0-2-48\">But in a sign that the findings were promising, the FDA already allowed both companies to begin U.S. studies in children 11 and younger, working their way to as young as 6 months old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-57 Component-p-0-2-48\">More than 131 million doses of Pfizer’s vaccine have already been administered in the U.S., where demand for vaccines among adults has dramatically slowed in recent weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-57 Component-p-0-2-48\">While younger people are at dramatically lower risk of serious side effects from COVID-19, they have made up a larger share of new virus cases as a majority of U.S. adults have been at least partially vaccinated and as higher-risk activities like indoor dining and contact sports have resumed in most of the country. Officials hope that extending vaccinations to teens will further accelerate the nation’s reduced virus caseload and allow schools to reopen with minimal disruptions this fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-57 Component-p-0-2-48\">The U.S. has ordered at least 300 million doses of the Pfizer shot by the end of July, enough to protect 150 million people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-57 Component-p-0-2-48\">\n\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]\u003cem>Look past their grasping claws and lightning-fast stingers, and you’ll see scorpions have a delicate pair of comb-like organs on their belly called pectines. These sensory body parts help them navigate, and figure out who’s a menace, a meal or a mate.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>TRANSCRIPT\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Powerful pincers. Paralyzing venom. Armor fortified with iron and zinc. They’re totally metal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scorpion has a fierce reputation that’s lasted through the ages. Its ancestors were some of Earth’s earliest predators. But this beast has a secret — a softer side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote]\u003cbr>\nADDITIONAL RESOURCES\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://baynature.org/article/there-are-so-many-scorpions/\">Check out this article in Bay Nature about the global diversity of scorpions\u003c/a>, and how there may be a scorpion in your very backyard. The article has some excellent tips for all you brave and curious scorpion seekers out there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For further information about local San Francisco Bay Area scorpions, \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/local-scorpions\">go to the California Academy of Science, and learn from scorpion expert Lauren Esposito\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/local-scorpions\">In this video,\u003c/a> you can even see an example of a scorpion giving live birth![/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you flip over a scorpion — don’t try this at home — its belly is sensitive, and not just because its armor is thinner there. Right behind its legs, you’ll see a couple of comb-like organs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are pectines, and every scorpion has a pair. The comb teeth are covered in tiny sensors called peg sensilla. Every peg sensillum has a slit-shaped pore that takes in chemical traces from the ground and air. Each is attached to roughly a dozen nerve cells. This helps the scorpion’s brain read the chemicals, to understand its environment. It’s similar to how we taste and smell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s useful, because even though it has many eyes, a scorpion’s vision is not the best. When two scorpions meet, they use their pectines to sense each other’s pheromones — invisible chemical signals they release into the world around them. This helps them determine who’s a menace, meal, or potential mate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looks like these two are a match. They’re not fighting, they’re — well — holding hands and kissing, scorpion style. And this is their version of a slow dance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The male deposits a packet of sperm on the ground inside a casing called a spermatophore. She picks up what she needs, and just like that, this brief but sweet courtship is over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The peg sensilla are also sensitive to physical cues. They brush the ground as the scorpion walks, deciphering textures that help it navigate. But the pectines aren’t its only specialized sensors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scorpion’s dainty feet and hairs all over its body also help it pick up minuscule vibrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mmm! Dinner!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fossils show scorpions have existed in some form or another since before the dinosaurs. At night, researchers can find scorpions because they glow under a simple UV flashlight. Why this is, is a mystery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, there are more than 2,000 species found all over the planet. And scientists are still discovering more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s so much pressure out there to be tough, smart, fast. Maybe the real trick to survival is cultivating your sensitive side, for hundreds of millions of years.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "Scorpions Are Predators With a Sensitive Side | KQED",
"description": "Look past their grasping claws and lightning-fast stingers, and you’ll see scorpions have a delicate pair of comb-like organs on their belly called pectines. These sensory body parts help them navigate, and figure out who’s a menace, a meal or a mate. TRANSCRIPT Powerful pincers. Paralyzing venom. Armor fortified with iron and zinc. They’re totally metal. The scorpion has a fierce reputation that’s lasted through the ages. Its ancestors were some of Earth’s earliest predators. But this beast has a secret — a softer side. If you flip over a scorpion — don’t try this at home — its belly",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cem>Look past their grasping claws and lightning-fast stingers, and you’ll see scorpions have a delicate pair of comb-like organs on their belly called pectines. These sensory body parts help them navigate, and figure out who’s a menace, a meal or a mate.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>TRANSCRIPT\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Powerful pincers. Paralyzing venom. Armor fortified with iron and zinc. They’re totally metal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scorpion has a fierce reputation that’s lasted through the ages. Its ancestors were some of Earth’s earliest predators. But this beast has a secret — a softer side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cbr>\nADDITIONAL RESOURCES\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://baynature.org/article/there-are-so-many-scorpions/\">Check out this article in Bay Nature about the global diversity of scorpions\u003c/a>, and how there may be a scorpion in your very backyard. The article has some excellent tips for all you brave and curious scorpion seekers out there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For further information about local San Francisco Bay Area scorpions, \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/local-scorpions\">go to the California Academy of Science, and learn from scorpion expert Lauren Esposito\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/local-scorpions\">In this video,\u003c/a> you can even see an example of a scorpion giving live birth!",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you flip over a scorpion — don’t try this at home — its belly is sensitive, and not just because its armor is thinner there. Right behind its legs, you’ll see a couple of comb-like organs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are pectines, and every scorpion has a pair. The comb teeth are covered in tiny sensors called peg sensilla. Every peg sensillum has a slit-shaped pore that takes in chemical traces from the ground and air. Each is attached to roughly a dozen nerve cells. This helps the scorpion’s brain read the chemicals, to understand its environment. It’s similar to how we taste and smell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s useful, because even though it has many eyes, a scorpion’s vision is not the best. When two scorpions meet, they use their pectines to sense each other’s pheromones — invisible chemical signals they release into the world around them. This helps them determine who’s a menace, meal, or potential mate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looks like these two are a match. They’re not fighting, they’re — well — holding hands and kissing, scorpion style. And this is their version of a slow dance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The male deposits a packet of sperm on the ground inside a casing called a spermatophore. She picks up what she needs, and just like that, this brief but sweet courtship is over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The peg sensilla are also sensitive to physical cues. They brush the ground as the scorpion walks, deciphering textures that help it navigate. But the pectines aren’t its only specialized sensors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scorpion’s dainty feet and hairs all over its body also help it pick up minuscule vibrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mmm! Dinner!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fossils show scorpions have existed in some form or another since before the dinosaurs. At night, researchers can find scorpions because they glow under a simple UV flashlight. Why this is, is a mystery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, there are more than 2,000 species found all over the planet. And scientists are still discovering more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s so much pressure out there to be tough, smart, fast. Maybe the real trick to survival is cultivating your sensitive side, for hundreds of millions of years.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California's Forest Climate Program Could Actually Be Increasing CO2",
"headTitle": "California’s Forest Climate Program Could Actually Be Increasing CO2 | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>ProPublica is a Pulitzer Prize-winning investigative newsroom. Sign up for \u003ca href=\"https://www.propublica.org/newsletters/the-big-story?source=reprint&placement=top-note\">The Big Story newsletter\u003c/a> to receive stories like this one in your inbox\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>Along the coast of Northern California near the Oregon border, the cool, moist air off the Pacific sustains a strip of temperate rainforests. Soaring redwoods and Douglas firs dominate these thick, wet woodlands, creating a canopy hundreds of feet high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you travel inland the mix of trees gradually shifts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote]New research shows that California’s climate policy created up to 39 million carbon credits that aren’t achieving real carbon savings.[/pullquote]Beyond the crest of the Klamath Mountains, you descend into an evergreen medley of sugar pines, incense cedars and still more Douglas firs. As you continue into the Cascade Range, you pass through sparser forests dominated by Ponderosa pines. These tall, slender trees with prickly cones thrive in the hotter, drier conditions on the eastern side of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All trees consume carbon dioxide, releasing the oxygen and storing the carbon in their trunks, branches and roots. Every ton of carbon sequestered in a living tree is a ton that isn’t contributing to climate change. And that thick coastal forest can easily store twice as much carbon per acre as the trees deeper inland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This math is crucial to determining the success of California’s forest offset program, which seeks to reduce carbon emissions by preserving trees. The state established the program a decade ago as part of its efforts to combat climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But ecology is messy. The boundaries between forest types are nebulous, and the actual amount of carbon on any given acre depends on local climate conditions, conservation efforts, logging history and more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s top climate regulator, the Air Resources Board, glossed over much of this complexity in implementing the state’s program. The agency established fixed boundaries around giant regions, boiling down the carbon stored in a wide mix of tree species into simplified, regional averages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That decision has generated tens of millions of carbon credits with dubious climate value, according to \u003ca href=\"https://carbonplan.org/research/forest-offsets-explainer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a new analysis\u003c/a> by CarbonPlan, a San Francisco nonprofit that analyzes the scientific integrity of carbon removal efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The offset program allows forest owners across the country to earn credits for taking care of their land in ways that store or absorb more carbon, such as reducing logging or thinning out smaller trees and brush to allow for increased overall growth. Each credit represents one metric ton of CO2. Landowners can sell the credits to major polluters in California, typically oil companies and other businesses that want to emit more carbon than otherwise allowed under state law. Each extra ton of carbon emitted by industry is balanced out by an extra ton stored in the forest, allowing net emissions to stay within a cap set by the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of last fall, the program had produced some six dozen projects that had generated more than 130 million credits, worth $1.8 billion at recent prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While calculating the exact amount of carbon saved by preserving forests is complicated, California’s logic for awarding credits is relatively straightforward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Air Resources Board establishes the average amount of carbon per acre stored in a few forest types spanning large regions of the United States. If you own land that contains more carbon than the regional average, based on a survey of trees on your site, you can get credits for the difference. For example, if your land holds the equivalent of 100 tons of CO2 per acre, and the regional average is 40 tons, you can earn credits for saving 60 tons per acre. (This story will refer to each ton of CO2-equivalent as a ton of “carbon.”) You must also commit to maintaining your forest’s high carbon storage for the next 100 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These regional averages are meant to represent carbon levels in typical private forests. But the averages are determined from such large areas and such diverse forest types that they can differ dramatically from the carbon stored on lands selected for projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Project forests that significantly exceed these averages are frequently earning far more credits than the actual carbon benefits they deliver, CarbonPlan found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This design also incentivizes the developers who initiate and lead these projects to specifically look for forest tracts where carbon levels stand out above these averages — either due to the site’s location within a region, its combination of tree species, or both.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CarbonPlan estimates the state’s program has generated between 20 million and 39 million credits that don’t achieve real climate benefits. They are, in effect, ghost credits that didn’t preserve additional carbon in forests but did allow polluters to emit far more CO2, equal to the annual emissions of 8.5 million cars at the high end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those ghost credits represent nearly 1 in 3 credits issued through California’s primary forest offset program, highlighting systemic flaws in the rules and suggesting widespread gaming of the market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our work shows that California’s forest offsets program increases greenhouse gas emissions, despite being a large part of the state’s strategy for reducing climate pollution,” said Danny Cullenward, the policy director at CarbonPlan. “The program creates the false appearance of progress when in fact it makes the climate problem worse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Air Resources Board defended the program and disputed the central thesis of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We disagree with your statement that landowners or project developers are gaming the system or that there are inflated estimates” of greenhouse gas reductions, Dave Clegern, a spokesperson for the Air Resources Board, said in an email. Each version of the offset rules “went through our robust public regulatory review process,” with input from the forestry industry, academia, government agencies and nonprofits, he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s forest offset program is the largest in the country that is government regulated. Other forest offset programs are voluntary, allowing businesses or individuals to purchase credits to shrink their environmental footprint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CarbonPlan’s study comes days after the \u003ca href=\"https://grist.org/economics/after-a-decade-of-failures-washington-state-passes-a-cap-on-carbon-emissions/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Washington\u003c/a> state legislature moved a cap-and-trade bill with an offset program to the governor’s desk for approval. \u003ca href=\"https://www.oregon.gov/gov/Pages/carbonpolicy_climatechange.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Oregon\u003c/a> has also debated in recent months establishing a carbon market program that would emulate California’s policy. In Washington, D.C., the Biden administration has \u003ca href=\"https://joebiden.com/clean-energy/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">signaled growing interest\u003c/a> in harnessing forests and soil to draw down CO2. Businesses, too, increasingly plan to rely heavily on trees to offset their emissions in lieu of the harder task of cutting corporate pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forest offsets have been criticized for a variety of problems, including the risks that the \u003ca href=\"https://grist.org/climate/this-oregon-forest-was-supposed-to-store-carbon-for-100-years-now-its-on-fire/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">carbon reductions will be short-lived\u003c/a>, that carbon savings will be wiped out \u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/2019/04/18/65883/californias-cap-and-trade-program-may-vastly-overestimate-emissions-cuts/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">by increased logging elsewhere\u003c/a>, and that the projects are preserving forests \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2020-nature-conservancy-carbon-offsets-trees/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">never in jeopardy of being chopped down\u003c/a>, producing credits that don’t reflect real-world changes in carbon levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But CarbonPlan’s analysis highlights a different issue, one interlinked with these other problems. Even if everything else about a project were perfect, developers would still be able to undermine the program by exploiting regional averages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every time a polluter uses a credit that didn’t actually save a ton of carbon, the total amount of emissions goes up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Far from addressing climate change, California’s forest offsets appear to be adding tens of millions of tons of CO2 into the atmosphere on balance, undermining progress on the state’s long-term emissions goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you strip away all the jargon, you’re left with a faulty set of assumptions that leave the door wide open to issuing meaningless offset credits,” said Grayson Badgley, a postdoctoral fellow at Black Rock Forest and Columbia University, and the lead researcher on the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cherry-Picking\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CarbonPlan provided ProPublica and MIT Technology Review full and exclusive access to their analysis as it was being finalized. As part of that process, the news organizations sent the report to independent experts for review. The organizations also interviewed landowners, industry players and scientists and reviewed hundreds of pages of documents, including the project plans submitted by developers. CarbonPlan collaborated on the study with academic experts from the UC Berkeley, Columbia University and other institutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study itself wasn’t designed to assess whether developers or landowners are intentionally cherry-picking sites that stand out from regional averages, stating only that the system “allows for” developers to select such land. But the researchers themselves say that the level of excess crediting and the clustering of projects in certain areas suggest that industry players have gamed the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One form of cherry-picking identified by the researchers involves geographic boundaries. In the case of Northern California, the state’s offset program established a dividing line that separates that coastal strip of redwoods and Douglas firs from an inland region that spans more than 28,000 square miles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board’s rules state that tall mixed-conifer forests in the coastal region store an average of 205 tons of carbon per acre. For the neighboring inland region, the agency set the corresponding regional average at 122 tons per acre. The figure is lower because it includes more trees with less carbon, such as Ponderosa pines, which dominate the eastern end of the inland region and are all but absent on the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But where the two regions meet, the forest on either side is virtually identical in many places, storing similar amounts of carbon. That means a project developer can earn far more money by choosing a site just east of the border, simply because they can compare the carbon in their forest against a lower regional average. For instance, maintaining a 10,000-acre forest of coastal redwoods and Douglas firs with carbon levels of 200 tons per acre could earn zero credits west of the line, or 624,000 credits east of it. The choice is between no money and more than $8 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To claim the most credits possible, for the full difference between the carbon on their land and the regional averages, developers or landowners must show that it’s legally and financially feasible to log down to those regional averages. The averages are effectively a stand-in for the way that similar forests are typically managed in an area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A dozen projects are located in Northern California, almost entirely lined up along the western edge of the inland zone where the carbon-rich trees are juxtaposed against the lower regional average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re seeing is developers are taking advantage of the fact that the big stuff and the scrubby stuff have been averaged together,” Badgley said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once an offset project developer and landowner decide to work together, the developer will generally shepherd them through the process in exchange for a fee or share of the sales of the credits generated — an arrangement that can be worth millions of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most prolific project developers in the California system is an Australia-based timberlands investment company called New Forests. The company and its affiliates have worked on eight projects located almost entirely along the advantageous side of the border, as well as six elsewhere. CarbonPlan, in a separate analysis done for the news organizations that wasn’t included in the study, found that nearly all earned dubious credits, adding up to as much as $176 million worth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A large share of those credits came from a single project outside California that profited from a glaring mistake in the rules. New Forests’ affiliate, Forest Carbon Partners, helped the Mescalero Apache Tribe develop a forest offset project in New Mexico. The project earned 3.7 million credits worth more than $50 million, largely because it was located in an area where the Air Resources Board had set an erroneously low regional average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another form of cherry-picking involves tree species: Developers can seek out tracts with particular trees that store far more carbon than the surrounding region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the study, one project in Alaska consists almost entirely of giant Sitka spruces, yet the local regional average was calculated from a wide mix of trees, including species like cottonwoods that store far less carbon. The project earned significantly more credits than it should have due to the flaws in the system, the study said. The project owner didn’t return requests for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Preserving especially carbon-rich forests is good for the climate, in and of itself. But when the trees in the project area bear little resemblance to the types of trees that went into calculating the regional average, it exaggerates the number of credits at stake, CarbonPlan’s study found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Trexler, a former offsets developer who worked in earlier U.S. and European carbon markets, said the board should have anticipated the perverse incentives created by its program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When people write offset rules, they always ignore the fact that there are 1,000 smart people next door that will try to game them,” he said. Since the board set up a system that “incentivizes people to find the areas that are high-density, or high-carbon, that’s what they’re going to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To estimate the extent of overcrediting in California’s program, CarbonPlan calculated its own version of regional averages for each project. The researchers drew on the same raw data used by the Air Resources Board, but only used data from tree species that more closely resemble the particular mix of trees in each project area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In total, 74 such projects had been established as of September 2020, when CarbonPlan began its research. CarbonPlan was able to study 65 projects that had enough documentation to make analysis possible. All received credits for holding more carbon than the regional average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers found that the vast majority of projects were over-credited, but about a dozen would have received more credits under CarbonPlan’s formula. Those included two New Forests projects, which would have earned as much as an additional 165,000 credits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The news organizations sent officials at the Air Resources Board a copy of the study and its detailed methodology weeks before publication. Clegern declined multiple requests to interview board staff and responded only in writing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He did not address CarbonPlan’s calculations. “We were not given sufficient time to fully analyze an unpublished study and are not commenting further on the authors’ alternative methodology,” he wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outside scientists who reviewed the research on behalf of ProPublica and MIT Technology Review praised the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a really analytically robust paper and it answers a really important policy question,” said Daniel Sanchez, who runs the Carbon Removal Laboratory at UC Berkeley. While close observers are well aware of numerous problems with California’s forest offset rules, “they’re revealing a deeper set of serious methodological flaws,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of the reviewers pointed out any major technical or conceptual flaws with the paper, which has been submitted to a journal for peer review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘A Significant New Commodity Market’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In early 2015, an offsets nonprofit \u003ca href=\"https://vimeo.com/118731835\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">hosted a webinar\u003c/a> highlighting how Native American tribes could participate in California’s program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One speaker was Brian Shillinglaw, a Stanford-trained lawyer and managing director at New Forests who \u003ca href=\"https://newforests.com.au/member/brian-shillinglaw/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">oversees\u003c/a> the company’s U.S. forestry programs. The company manages the sale of carbon credits, \u003ca href=\"https://newforests.com.au/timber-products/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sells timber\u003c/a> and on behalf of investors manages \u003ca href=\"https://newforests.com.au/new-forests-announces-conversion-of-1-3-billion-australian-forestry-fund-to-long-term-mandate/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">more than 2 million\u003c/a> acres of forests globally, a portfolio it values at more than $4 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New Forests also manages its affiliate, \u003ca href=\"https://newforests.com.au/forests-carbon-partners/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Forest Carbon Partners\u003c/a>, on behalf of an institutional investment client it declined to name. Forest Carbon Partners finances offset projects and \u003ca href=\"https://newforests.com.au/forests-carbon-partners/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">shepherds landowners\u003c/a> through the process of applying for California’s offset program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The bottom line is the California carbon market has really created a significant new commodity market,” Shillinglaw said during his presentation. He said the program is something “many Native American tribes are very well situated to benefit from, in part due to past conservative stewardship of their forests, which can lead to significant credit yield in the near term.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Translation: Because many tribes have logged less aggressively than their neighbors, their carbon-rich forests were primed for big payouts of credits. Under Shillinglaw, New Forests or Forest Carbon Partners have helped to secure tens of millions of dollars’ worth of credits for native tribes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the 13 New Forests projects that CarbonPlan researchers were able to analyze, between 33% and 71% of the credits don’t represent real carbon reductions. That’s nearly 13 million credits at the high end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Although we cannot prove that New Forests acted deliberately on the basis of our statistical analysis, in our judgment there is no reasonable explanation for these outcomes other than that New Forests knowingly engaged in cherry-picking behavior to take advantage of ecological shortcomings in the forest offset protocol,” said Badgley, the lead researcher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New Forests managed the first official project in California’s program, registering 7,660 acres of forest land on or near the Yurok Reservation, which runs more than 40 miles along the Klamath River near the top of that West Coast cluster of projects. The state issued more than 700,000 credits to the project for its first year, worth $9.6 million at recent rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials have pointed to the tribe’s participation as a triumph of the program. In 2014, the board released \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xbjmbqTdXN0&feature=youtu.be\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a promotional video\u003c/a> that showed the meticulous work of measuring trees in the Yurok project. James Erler, the tribe’s then-forestry director, explained how offsets enabled the tribe to reduce logging. Near the end of the video, Shillinglaw appears in a sunlit forest, wearing a collared shirt and a New Forests-branded jacket.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a beautiful watershed,” Shillinglaw said over footage of a running stream and an elk standing before a thicket of trees. “This is the Yurok Tribe’s ancestral homeland, and in part due to the carbon market will be managed through a conservation approach.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CarbonPlan estimates the project earned more than half a million ghost credits worth nearly $6.5 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s why the researchers say it was over credited:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The boundary dividing California’s coastal and inland regions runs through the middle of the reservation. The carbon-rich forests on either side of that line are similar, filled with large Douglas firs like most of the coastal region. But more than 99% of the forest designated for preservation falls within the inland zone, where average carbon levels are much lower. The fact that the project was located in the most carbon-rich area of that zone enabled the landowners to earn an exaggerated number of credits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least one person involved in the Yurok Tribe’s forest offset efforts was aware of how geographical choices swing the credits that can be earned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erler said during a 2015 presentation at a National Indian Timber Symposium that the tribe had the “distinct pleasure” of having the boundary run through its territory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can take the same inventory data and apply it to the California Coast” — the region to the west — “and it doesn’t come out with the same numbers as you do if you cross the street,” Erler said at the conference, captured in \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?t=924&v=SlDrNcW_g3Q&feature=youtu.be\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a YouTube video\u003c/a> posted to the Intertribal Timber Council’s channel. “Vegetation may be the same, but it changes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Badgley said that while the researchers can’t speak to the intentions of any actors involved, it’s clear that this project “benefited from over-crediting and that the Yurok Tribe’s forester was aware how the specific aspects of the protocol rules our study criticizes led to beneficial outcomes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erler didn’t respond to a list of emailed questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an emailed statement, Yurok spokesperson Matt Mais said that the property was the only land the tribe had available to enroll at the time and strongly denied the tribe engaged in any sort of gaming of the system. He didn’t respond before press time to a subsequent inquiry asking why the rest of the tribe’s land wasn’t available for the offset program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last decade or so, the tribe has slowly reacquired tens of thousands of acres of its ancestral territory, in and around the watershed of Blue Creek and other streams that sustain migrating salmon, from the Green Diamond Resource Co., a major Seattle-based timber business. The complex multistep land deals were done in partnership with the nonprofit Western Rivers Conservancy and financed through government grants, philanthropic donations and the sale of the tribe’s offset credits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As we have recovered additional forestlands, we have enrolled additional acreage in California’s climate programs in support of our Tribe’s strategic goals including protecting salmon habitat, sustaining the revitalization of our cultural lifeways, and facilitating economic self-sufficiency,” Mais wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s insulting to claim that the Yurok Tribe has ‘gamed’ or ‘exploited’ California’s climate regulations,” he added. “Equally important, it’s concerning that elite institutions now criticize us for legally and ethically using a program that was created to protect mature forests and then using those funds to purchase and restore more forest land that was, at one point, ours.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New Forests defended its practices in emailed responses to questions, arguing its projects have preserved existing carbon stocks and removed CO2 from the atmosphere through subsequent tree growth “as confirmed via third-party verification.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, the company said it has worked on projects in numerous areas, not just along the program’s regional boundaries. The company said its projects “have protected and will enhance carbon storage on hundreds of thousands of acres of forests,” adding that one project with the Chugach Alaska Corp. \u003ca href=\"https://www.thecordovatimes.com/2017/01/25/bering-river-coal-field-rights-retired/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">enabled the permanent retirement\u003c/a> of a significant portion of the coal reserves in the Bering River Coal Field in southeastern Alaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New Forests follows the board’s “scientifically-accepted regulations to both the spirit and letter of the program,” the company said in a subsequent statement. “New Forests is proud of the forest carbon projects we have developed under California’s climate programs — they have generated positive environmental impact and furthered the economic and cultural objectives of the family forest landowners and Native American tribes with whom we have worked.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New Forests didn’t respond to numerous additional inquiries, including direct questions about whether it was gaming the rules of the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an emailed response, CarbonPlan stressed that its paper criticizes the design of the program — not the Yurok Tribe or other landowners. Nor does it allege anyone has broken the rules. Its analysis doesn’t consider or depend on the intent of any forest owners, who can benefit from flaws in the rules whether they intended to or even know about them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We recognize the injustices experienced by the Yurok Tribe, including the seizure of their historical lands by the United States government and its citizens,” the nonprofit stated. “We also recognize the Yurok Tribe’s legitimate interest in securing resources to repurchase lands that previously belonged to the Tribe and its people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Open Secret\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris Field, an environmental studies professor at Stanford University, was co-author of a 2017 study that found California’s program was helping to prevent emissions on balance by reducing logging. About 64% of the 39 projects studied were “being actively logged at or prior to project inception.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Field said the state program is “relatively well-designed to address key issues,” but said it can and should be improved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He added that there are firm limits on the role that offsets can play in California. From now through 2025, state polluters can only buy offsets to cover as much as 4% of their carbon emissions; from 2026 to 2030, that ceiling rises to 6%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But those numbers understate the critical role of offsets in California’s cap-and-trade program, viewed by some as a model for market-based climate policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under that program, California sells permits that allow certain industries to emit greenhouse gases, with each permit worth one metric ton of CO2. The state also regularly gives away a certain number of permits to various regulated companies. The total number of permits, called a “cap,” declines over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Polluters can also purchase permits from other companies with extras to spare, which constitutes the “trade.” Or they can buy carbon offset credits, which cost slightly less than permits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To participate in the offset program, landowners must hire technicians to survey the trees on their land, then take data such as tree type, height and diameter and plug it into equations to estimate the carbon stored per acre.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the credits are distributed during the initial stages of a project, which can help to repay setup costs. Projects can also earn additional credits over time as the trees grow and absorb CO2, but those credits accrue slowly, and are dwarfed by the initial credits given to forests with more carbon than the regional average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The type of forest projects that CarbonPlan analyzed account for 68% of all credits issued by the Air Resources Board since the program’s launch, far eclipsing other types of offsets like capturing methane from dairy farms \u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/2019/08/26/133261/whoops-californias-carbon-offsets-program-could-extend-the-life-of-coal-mines/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">or coal mines\u003c/a>, CarbonPlan found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cap and trade is designed to slash the state’s carbon footprint by 236 million tons of CO2 over the next decade, about a third of the cumulative reductions needed to meet the state’s emissions targets over that time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barbara Haya, who leads the Berkeley Carbon Trading Project at UC-Berkeley and is a co-author of the CarbonPlan study, calculated that up to half of those cap-and-trade emissions cuts could come via offsets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Haya said these cherry-picking practices have been an open secret. The study is “revealing to everyone what a lot of people in the industry understand,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Conservation vs. the Climate\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters of forest offsets say no system is perfect, and that focusing solely on the carbon math overlooks the incentives offsets create for protecting forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Field said offset systems should balance two goals: ensuring real emissions cuts, and creating ways to fund forest conservation. If CarbonPlan’s study shows projects are gravitating toward high-carbon forests, then those are exactly the types of trees you’d want to save “if you have a conservation agenda,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cody Desautel, president of the Intertribal Timber Council, a Portland-based nonprofit consortium of native tribes, said that offset programs have provided critical financial flexibility for tribes. They’ve allowed them to buy back historic land, build needed infrastructure, create jobs for members or simply save up money for financial security. But above all, they’ve created incentives to manage forests in sustainable ways, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Tribes are very conservation-minded,” said Desautel, who is also the natural resources director for Washington’s Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation, which \u003ca href=\"https://www.finitecarbon.com/project/confederated-tribes-colville-reservation/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">operate an offset project\u003c/a> under California’s system. “Their practices are largely based on what’s best for the ecosystem, not what makes the most sense economically. And there’s never been any value to that management approach in the past. These carbon projects provide an opportunity to value that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He added, “If there’s no value to owning forest land, it probably won’t be forest land long into the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Yurok Tribe’s offset projects have clearly helped in these sorts of ways, even if they didn’t provide the full promised carbon benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tribe \u003ca href=\"https://lostcoastoutpost.com/2019/aug/14/yurok-tribe-acquires-50000-acres-green-diamond-lan/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">has said\u003c/a> it is using the acquired land and funds to restore its old-growth forests, produce traditional foods and basket-weaving materials, create a salmon sanctuary and improve habitat for endangered or culturally important species like the coho salmon, northern spotted owl, blacktailed deer and Roosevelt elk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our partnership with New Forests will provide the Tribe with the means to boost biodiversity, accelerate watershed restoration, and increase the abundance of important cultural resources like acorns, huckleberry and hundreds of medicinal plants that thrive in a fully functioning forest ecosystem,” Thomas P. O’Rourke Sr., then-chairman of the Yurok Tribal Council, said \u003ca href=\"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20140211005853/en/New-Forests-and-Yurok-Tribe-Register-First-Compliance-Forest-Carbon-Offset-Project-for-California-Carbon-Market\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">in a statement\u003c/a> at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if the societal goal is preserving forests, it would be simpler and more effective to describe it accurately and fund it directly, said Haya, the UC Berkeley expert. As soon as these forests get tied up in an offset program, the carbon math does matter, because every additional ton purportedly preserved in trees enables polluters to purchase the right to generate an additional ton of CO2.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forest offsets appeal to the public partly because of what academics call “\u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-020-02653-1?ArticleAuthorAssignedToIssue_20200806&utm_content=AA_en_06082018&utm_medium=email&utm_source=ArticleAuthorAssignedToIssue&wt_mc=Internal.Event.1.SEM.ArticleAuthorAssignedToIssue\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">charismatic carbon\u003c/a>” — they offer a feel-good story of environmental and social good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any good conservation advocate would tell you there’s a desperate need for more funding, and we agree entirely,” CarbonPlan’s Cullenward said in an email. The “problem isn’t that conservation is bad, it’s that the system of carbon offsets channels these real needs and sincere hopes into a system that grinds it all up and spits out garbage on the other side.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘The Best Bang for the Buck’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s Air Resources Board approved the forest offset program’s official rules in 2011, after years of discussions with dozens of experts, including government scientists and staff from conservation groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In adopting it, the agency relied heavily on Climate Action Reserve, a nonprofit that created programs with voluntary offset credits. The nonprofit, which continues to advise the agency, led an effort to calculate regional carbon averages as part of an initiative to update its voluntary offset rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To do so, the nonprofit used data from the U.S. Forest Service, which surveys tens of thousands of forest plots nationwide. The nonprofit grouped data from different tree species and combined data from various geographic zones into larger regional areas called supersections. This simplification allowed the Climate Action Reserve to create a set of common baselines that estimated the amount of carbon stored in typical privately owned forests. The baselines take into account such forest uses as logging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the use of these broad averages obscured real differences on the ground. Some industry insiders and researchers began to notice that landowners and developers routinely located their projects in areas where the specific tract of forest differed greatly from the regional averages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zack Parisa, chief executive of the carbon offsets company SilviaTerra, previously consulted for project developers and landowners enrolling forests in California’s system. But he said he stopped out of frustration, after seeing the ways it was regularly being gamed, including the cherry-picking techniques CarbonPlan highlighted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parisa said he doesn’t blame landowners or project developers, who are acting out of rational self-interest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If someone shows up and is offering a contract to buy carbon and it doesn’t require them to change anything about how they manage the forests, that’s free money and they’d be stupid not to take it,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not hunting for a villain here,” Parisa added. “Of course they look for the best bang for the buck.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to New Forests, other developers also worked on projects where favorable boundaries and forest types boosted the credits that could be earned, according to CarbonPlan. Those include Bluesource and Finite Carbon, which \u003ca href=\"https://www.finitecarbon.com/2020/12/16/bp-acquires-majority-stake-in-largest-us-forest-carbon-offset-developer-finite-carbon/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=bp-acquires-majority-stake-in-largest-us-forest-carbon-offset-developer-finite-carbon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">BP purchased a majority stake in\u003c/a> late last year. The researchers found that those two developers’ projects, taken together, generated up to 24 million credits that don’t represent actual carbon reductions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.fia.fs.fed.us/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">New Forests,\u003c/a> Finite Carbon, Bluesource and other subjects of this article were provided the full study and an accompanying paper describing its methods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finite Carbon declined to address detailed questions, but stressed that the Air Resources Board and an independent auditor found that their projects were in compliance with the rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, the company said there were “unanswered questions” about the CarbonPlan study’s methodology, adding, “however we cannot comment further on it as the underlying raw data is not currently available for public review.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Emily Six, the marketing and communications manager for Bluesource, denied the company had gamed the rules in any way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an email, Six said California’s program actually undercounts the carbon preserved through projects by not crediting the amount stored in other parts of the forest like soil, shrubs and foliage. She also stressed that without offsets, some landowners could have chopped down their forests to carbon levels well below the regional average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Deliberately overstating climate benefits would run counter to our very purpose for existence,” she wrote. “Bluesource exists to improve the world by improving the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experts who wrote the original offset rules relied on the only national forest dataset available, from the U.S. Forest Service’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.fia.fs.fed.us/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Forest Inventory and Analysis Program, said\u003c/a> Constance Best, co-founder of the Pacific Forest Trust. The conservation nonprofit was \u003ca href=\"https://www.pacificforest.org/pacific-forest-trust-honored-by-climate-action-reserve-for-advancing-forests-in-climate-policy/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">closely involved\u003c/a> in the creation of the early program and \u003ca href=\"https://www.pacificforest.org/selling-carbon-offsets/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">participated in it\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Best said it was necessary to create carbon averages for larger regions and forest types because there wasn’t enough fine-grained data to ensure accuracy at highly local levels. She disputed CarbonPlan’s claim that its researchers had created a better way of calculating regional averages, since their method required relying on a smaller number of forest plots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reason some super sections are large is to assure the data is more accurate,” Best said in an email. “So their solution creates more problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a separate note, she said: “The paper you shared has a strong editorial bias that undermines its findings and makes me question their data and analysis. It deliberately exaggerates what they present as smoking gun over-credited projects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an emailed statement, CarbonPlan acknowledges that using fewer forest plots entails some uncertainty. But the researchers stressed they clearly accounted for it by providing a range of results, and maintained their findings are more accurate because they considered the specific mix of tree species in each project. CarbonPlan also shot back at the allegation of bias: “Having done our work on the basis of extensive public program records, and with fully reproducible methods, data, and code, we are confident that other researchers are capable of judging our paper on its merits.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the board has updated regional averages based on more recent forest data, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2021-02/tangri_neil_offsets_task_force_letter_020821.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">critics say\u003c/a> efforts to address more fundamental problems \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2021-02/nowicki_brian_offsets_task_force_letter_020821.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">have been thwarted\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers and activists also worry about the close ties between the Air Resources Board and the groups that now profit from the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, whenever a landowner wants to enroll a forest tract in California’s program, they open an account at Climate Action Reserve or two other nonprofits that have received the board’s blessing to review the documents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the project clears the Climate Action Reserve’s review and a subsequent audit by the state board, the nonprofit charges 19 cents for every credit issued. For one of the largest projects in the program, for instance, that would have added up to more than $1 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It “strikes me as a massive conflict of interest for an organization — whether nonprofit or not — that designed the system to have a financial stake in its operation,” David Victor, a professor at the UC San Diego, who has \u003ca href=\"https://www.nap.edu/read/13023/chapter/21\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">closely studied international offset systems\u003c/a>, said in an email. (Victor recently co-authored the book “Making Climate Policy Work” with Cullenward.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In any other market, putting the market players in charge of key elements of its design would lead to ‘hollers’” over the conflicts of interest, Victor said. With the forest offset program, “everyone seems fine or even happy about the arrangement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate Action Reserve didn’t respond to multiple requests for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Too Good to Be True’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hardy, drought-tolerant softwoods like junipers and pinyon pines dominate in the hot, dry landscape of central New Mexico, with smatterings of taller Douglas firs and spruces in the cooler, higher reaches of the mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But under the initial rules of California’s program, those forests were considered to contain no carbon whatsoever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The error stemmed from the fact that there was no available Forest Service data in that part of New Mexico when the Climate Action Reserve calculated regional averages, said Olaf Kuegler, a Forest Service statistician who provided technical assistance to the nonprofit on the federal database.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consequently, the Climate Action Reserve set the regional average for an area stretching nearly 34,000 square miles at zero, which meant anyone who owned a few dozen trees could earn carbon credits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kuegler said he wasn’t aware of the mistake until early or mid-2014, when Air Resources Board employee Barbara Bamberger asked him about it. Bamberger, who leads the board’s work on forest offsets, later highlighted the error during an October 2014 \u003ca href=\"https://americancarbonregistry.org/news-events/events/review-of-us-forestry-compliance-offset-protocol-updates\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">webinar\u003c/a> on offsets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During her presentation, Bamberger said the board was updating the regional averages in ways that could lead to major changes in certain areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This may be due to the fact that no data existed for some years in the original span from years 2002 to 2006,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?t=2400&v=n92ZsQNKPk4&feature=youtu.be\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">she explained\u003c/a>. “For example, in New Mexico data wasn’t collected until the end of that period.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost exactly one year after Bamberger’s presentation, New Forests’ affiliate filed the paperwork for a nearly 222,000-acre project in New Mexico, stretching across the Mescalero Apache Tribe’s nearly half-million-acre reservation about ninety minutes west of Roswell. More than a third of the project’s trees were carbon-rich Douglas firs, according to the project’s paperwork. Shillinglaw signed the forms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The erroneously low carbon calculation allowed the developer to claim they could have heavily logged the forest, boosting the amount of credits they could earn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project earned 3.7 million credits for its first year, worth more than $50 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the California board’s updated rules went into effect two weeks later, it set a far higher regional average for most of the project area. If that standard had been in place earlier, it would have eliminated nearly every credit the project earned, CarbonPlan found. The project generated more ghost credits than any other in the nonprofit’s study, based on its more conservative calculations of regional carbon averages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mescalero Apache Tribe’s president at the time, Danny Breuninger Sr., said the tribe welcomed the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“None of us had heard about the carbon credit program, and in a way it sounded too good to be true,” he said. “But it was a great deal. It worked out great for us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Breuninger referred further questions to the tribe’s current president, Gabe Aguilar. Neither Aguilar nor the tribe’s attorney, Nelva Cervantes, responded to repeated inquiries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, the Air Resources Board said the project met all the requirements of the program at that time. The fact that the board was in the process of developing new regional averages using data that didn’t previously exist didn’t make the earlier figures “invalid or erroneous,” it added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘A Second Wave of Colonization’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ghost credits matter because they allow other companies to purchase the right to continue emitting real greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Credits from the Mescalero Apache Tribe’s project were sold to PG&E, Chevron and a company that drills for oil in Kern County, California, according to the latest figures available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Yurok Tribe’s 7,660-acre project generated credits that were obtained by a variety of energy companies like Calpine, PG&E and Shell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some tribal members are \u003ca href=\"https://www.newyorker.com/news/dispatch/how-carbon-trading-became-a-way-of-life-for-californias-yurok-tribe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">deeply uncomfortable\u003c/a> with the idea of selling offsets to companies like this even if they are legitimate, fearing they’re effectively profiting from pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The offsets, by definition, allow California companies to continue producing more CO2 than otherwise allowed — as well as the toxic pollutants like soot and heavy metals that frequently accompany such emissions — often near poor neighborhoods. Communities near refineries, cement kilns and power plants have frequently opposed offset programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thomas Joseph, an activist and a member of the Hoopa Valley Tribe in California, said offset developers target tribal projects because tribes are in “dire need of revenue” and own vast tracts of mostly intact forest. He said his tribe has resisted multiple pitches from developers. “For us to use this as a means to allow corporations to continue to pollute,” he said, goes “against our cultural values.” He added, “I see it as a second wave of colonization.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Desautel, the Intertribal Timber Council president, sees it differently. When the issue comes up among tribal members, he explains that polluters under cap and trade need to pay either the state for permission to pollute, or landowners through carbon offsets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The check is getting written one way or the other,” he said. “It’s just a question of where it goes and what’s being accomplished with that funding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SilviaTerra’s Parisa said that landowners and project developers will continue to respond to the incentives created in the program, in ways that overstate climate progress, until the program itself changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need better rules,” he said. “Let’s make sure the dollars we spend actually change things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Forests really can be a part of the solution for the climate, but we haven’t gotten it right yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://pixel.propublica.org/pixel.js\">http://pixel.propublica.org/pixel.js\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "New research shows that California’s climate policy created up to 39 million carbon credits that aren’t achieving real carbon savings. But companies can buy these forest offsets to justify polluting more anyway.",
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"description": "New research shows that California’s climate policy created up to 39 million carbon credits that aren’t achieving real carbon savings. But companies can buy these forest offsets to justify polluting more anyway.",
"title": "California's Forest Climate Program Could Actually Be Increasing CO2 | KQED",
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"headline": "California's Forest Climate Program Could Actually Be Increasing CO2",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>ProPublica is a Pulitzer Prize-winning investigative newsroom. Sign up for \u003ca href=\"https://www.propublica.org/newsletters/the-big-story?source=reprint&placement=top-note\">The Big Story newsletter\u003c/a> to receive stories like this one in your inbox\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>Along the coast of Northern California near the Oregon border, the cool, moist air off the Pacific sustains a strip of temperate rainforests. Soaring redwoods and Douglas firs dominate these thick, wet woodlands, creating a canopy hundreds of feet high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you travel inland the mix of trees gradually shifts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "New research shows that California’s climate policy created up to 39 million carbon credits that aren’t achieving real carbon savings.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Beyond the crest of the Klamath Mountains, you descend into an evergreen medley of sugar pines, incense cedars and still more Douglas firs. As you continue into the Cascade Range, you pass through sparser forests dominated by Ponderosa pines. These tall, slender trees with prickly cones thrive in the hotter, drier conditions on the eastern side of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All trees consume carbon dioxide, releasing the oxygen and storing the carbon in their trunks, branches and roots. Every ton of carbon sequestered in a living tree is a ton that isn’t contributing to climate change. And that thick coastal forest can easily store twice as much carbon per acre as the trees deeper inland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This math is crucial to determining the success of California’s forest offset program, which seeks to reduce carbon emissions by preserving trees. The state established the program a decade ago as part of its efforts to combat climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But ecology is messy. The boundaries between forest types are nebulous, and the actual amount of carbon on any given acre depends on local climate conditions, conservation efforts, logging history and more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s top climate regulator, the Air Resources Board, glossed over much of this complexity in implementing the state’s program. The agency established fixed boundaries around giant regions, boiling down the carbon stored in a wide mix of tree species into simplified, regional averages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That decision has generated tens of millions of carbon credits with dubious climate value, according to \u003ca href=\"https://carbonplan.org/research/forest-offsets-explainer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a new analysis\u003c/a> by CarbonPlan, a San Francisco nonprofit that analyzes the scientific integrity of carbon removal efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The offset program allows forest owners across the country to earn credits for taking care of their land in ways that store or absorb more carbon, such as reducing logging or thinning out smaller trees and brush to allow for increased overall growth. Each credit represents one metric ton of CO2. Landowners can sell the credits to major polluters in California, typically oil companies and other businesses that want to emit more carbon than otherwise allowed under state law. Each extra ton of carbon emitted by industry is balanced out by an extra ton stored in the forest, allowing net emissions to stay within a cap set by the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of last fall, the program had produced some six dozen projects that had generated more than 130 million credits, worth $1.8 billion at recent prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While calculating the exact amount of carbon saved by preserving forests is complicated, California’s logic for awarding credits is relatively straightforward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Air Resources Board establishes the average amount of carbon per acre stored in a few forest types spanning large regions of the United States. If you own land that contains more carbon than the regional average, based on a survey of trees on your site, you can get credits for the difference. For example, if your land holds the equivalent of 100 tons of CO2 per acre, and the regional average is 40 tons, you can earn credits for saving 60 tons per acre. (This story will refer to each ton of CO2-equivalent as a ton of “carbon.”) You must also commit to maintaining your forest’s high carbon storage for the next 100 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These regional averages are meant to represent carbon levels in typical private forests. But the averages are determined from such large areas and such diverse forest types that they can differ dramatically from the carbon stored on lands selected for projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Project forests that significantly exceed these averages are frequently earning far more credits than the actual carbon benefits they deliver, CarbonPlan found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This design also incentivizes the developers who initiate and lead these projects to specifically look for forest tracts where carbon levels stand out above these averages — either due to the site’s location within a region, its combination of tree species, or both.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CarbonPlan estimates the state’s program has generated between 20 million and 39 million credits that don’t achieve real climate benefits. They are, in effect, ghost credits that didn’t preserve additional carbon in forests but did allow polluters to emit far more CO2, equal to the annual emissions of 8.5 million cars at the high end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those ghost credits represent nearly 1 in 3 credits issued through California’s primary forest offset program, highlighting systemic flaws in the rules and suggesting widespread gaming of the market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our work shows that California’s forest offsets program increases greenhouse gas emissions, despite being a large part of the state’s strategy for reducing climate pollution,” said Danny Cullenward, the policy director at CarbonPlan. “The program creates the false appearance of progress when in fact it makes the climate problem worse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Air Resources Board defended the program and disputed the central thesis of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We disagree with your statement that landowners or project developers are gaming the system or that there are inflated estimates” of greenhouse gas reductions, Dave Clegern, a spokesperson for the Air Resources Board, said in an email. Each version of the offset rules “went through our robust public regulatory review process,” with input from the forestry industry, academia, government agencies and nonprofits, he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s forest offset program is the largest in the country that is government regulated. Other forest offset programs are voluntary, allowing businesses or individuals to purchase credits to shrink their environmental footprint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CarbonPlan’s study comes days after the \u003ca href=\"https://grist.org/economics/after-a-decade-of-failures-washington-state-passes-a-cap-on-carbon-emissions/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Washington\u003c/a> state legislature moved a cap-and-trade bill with an offset program to the governor’s desk for approval. \u003ca href=\"https://www.oregon.gov/gov/Pages/carbonpolicy_climatechange.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Oregon\u003c/a> has also debated in recent months establishing a carbon market program that would emulate California’s policy. In Washington, D.C., the Biden administration has \u003ca href=\"https://joebiden.com/clean-energy/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">signaled growing interest\u003c/a> in harnessing forests and soil to draw down CO2. Businesses, too, increasingly plan to rely heavily on trees to offset their emissions in lieu of the harder task of cutting corporate pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forest offsets have been criticized for a variety of problems, including the risks that the \u003ca href=\"https://grist.org/climate/this-oregon-forest-was-supposed-to-store-carbon-for-100-years-now-its-on-fire/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">carbon reductions will be short-lived\u003c/a>, that carbon savings will be wiped out \u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/2019/04/18/65883/californias-cap-and-trade-program-may-vastly-overestimate-emissions-cuts/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">by increased logging elsewhere\u003c/a>, and that the projects are preserving forests \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2020-nature-conservancy-carbon-offsets-trees/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">never in jeopardy of being chopped down\u003c/a>, producing credits that don’t reflect real-world changes in carbon levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But CarbonPlan’s analysis highlights a different issue, one interlinked with these other problems. Even if everything else about a project were perfect, developers would still be able to undermine the program by exploiting regional averages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every time a polluter uses a credit that didn’t actually save a ton of carbon, the total amount of emissions goes up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Far from addressing climate change, California’s forest offsets appear to be adding tens of millions of tons of CO2 into the atmosphere on balance, undermining progress on the state’s long-term emissions goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you strip away all the jargon, you’re left with a faulty set of assumptions that leave the door wide open to issuing meaningless offset credits,” said Grayson Badgley, a postdoctoral fellow at Black Rock Forest and Columbia University, and the lead researcher on the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cherry-Picking\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CarbonPlan provided ProPublica and MIT Technology Review full and exclusive access to their analysis as it was being finalized. As part of that process, the news organizations sent the report to independent experts for review. The organizations also interviewed landowners, industry players and scientists and reviewed hundreds of pages of documents, including the project plans submitted by developers. CarbonPlan collaborated on the study with academic experts from the UC Berkeley, Columbia University and other institutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study itself wasn’t designed to assess whether developers or landowners are intentionally cherry-picking sites that stand out from regional averages, stating only that the system “allows for” developers to select such land. But the researchers themselves say that the level of excess crediting and the clustering of projects in certain areas suggest that industry players have gamed the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One form of cherry-picking identified by the researchers involves geographic boundaries. In the case of Northern California, the state’s offset program established a dividing line that separates that coastal strip of redwoods and Douglas firs from an inland region that spans more than 28,000 square miles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board’s rules state that tall mixed-conifer forests in the coastal region store an average of 205 tons of carbon per acre. For the neighboring inland region, the agency set the corresponding regional average at 122 tons per acre. The figure is lower because it includes more trees with less carbon, such as Ponderosa pines, which dominate the eastern end of the inland region and are all but absent on the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But where the two regions meet, the forest on either side is virtually identical in many places, storing similar amounts of carbon. That means a project developer can earn far more money by choosing a site just east of the border, simply because they can compare the carbon in their forest against a lower regional average. For instance, maintaining a 10,000-acre forest of coastal redwoods and Douglas firs with carbon levels of 200 tons per acre could earn zero credits west of the line, or 624,000 credits east of it. The choice is between no money and more than $8 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To claim the most credits possible, for the full difference between the carbon on their land and the regional averages, developers or landowners must show that it’s legally and financially feasible to log down to those regional averages. The averages are effectively a stand-in for the way that similar forests are typically managed in an area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A dozen projects are located in Northern California, almost entirely lined up along the western edge of the inland zone where the carbon-rich trees are juxtaposed against the lower regional average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re seeing is developers are taking advantage of the fact that the big stuff and the scrubby stuff have been averaged together,” Badgley said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once an offset project developer and landowner decide to work together, the developer will generally shepherd them through the process in exchange for a fee or share of the sales of the credits generated — an arrangement that can be worth millions of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most prolific project developers in the California system is an Australia-based timberlands investment company called New Forests. The company and its affiliates have worked on eight projects located almost entirely along the advantageous side of the border, as well as six elsewhere. CarbonPlan, in a separate analysis done for the news organizations that wasn’t included in the study, found that nearly all earned dubious credits, adding up to as much as $176 million worth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A large share of those credits came from a single project outside California that profited from a glaring mistake in the rules. New Forests’ affiliate, Forest Carbon Partners, helped the Mescalero Apache Tribe develop a forest offset project in New Mexico. The project earned 3.7 million credits worth more than $50 million, largely because it was located in an area where the Air Resources Board had set an erroneously low regional average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another form of cherry-picking involves tree species: Developers can seek out tracts with particular trees that store far more carbon than the surrounding region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the study, one project in Alaska consists almost entirely of giant Sitka spruces, yet the local regional average was calculated from a wide mix of trees, including species like cottonwoods that store far less carbon. The project earned significantly more credits than it should have due to the flaws in the system, the study said. The project owner didn’t return requests for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Preserving especially carbon-rich forests is good for the climate, in and of itself. But when the trees in the project area bear little resemblance to the types of trees that went into calculating the regional average, it exaggerates the number of credits at stake, CarbonPlan’s study found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Trexler, a former offsets developer who worked in earlier U.S. and European carbon markets, said the board should have anticipated the perverse incentives created by its program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When people write offset rules, they always ignore the fact that there are 1,000 smart people next door that will try to game them,” he said. Since the board set up a system that “incentivizes people to find the areas that are high-density, or high-carbon, that’s what they’re going to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To estimate the extent of overcrediting in California’s program, CarbonPlan calculated its own version of regional averages for each project. The researchers drew on the same raw data used by the Air Resources Board, but only used data from tree species that more closely resemble the particular mix of trees in each project area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In total, 74 such projects had been established as of September 2020, when CarbonPlan began its research. CarbonPlan was able to study 65 projects that had enough documentation to make analysis possible. All received credits for holding more carbon than the regional average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers found that the vast majority of projects were over-credited, but about a dozen would have received more credits under CarbonPlan’s formula. Those included two New Forests projects, which would have earned as much as an additional 165,000 credits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The news organizations sent officials at the Air Resources Board a copy of the study and its detailed methodology weeks before publication. Clegern declined multiple requests to interview board staff and responded only in writing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He did not address CarbonPlan’s calculations. “We were not given sufficient time to fully analyze an unpublished study and are not commenting further on the authors’ alternative methodology,” he wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outside scientists who reviewed the research on behalf of ProPublica and MIT Technology Review praised the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a really analytically robust paper and it answers a really important policy question,” said Daniel Sanchez, who runs the Carbon Removal Laboratory at UC Berkeley. While close observers are well aware of numerous problems with California’s forest offset rules, “they’re revealing a deeper set of serious methodological flaws,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of the reviewers pointed out any major technical or conceptual flaws with the paper, which has been submitted to a journal for peer review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘A Significant New Commodity Market’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In early 2015, an offsets nonprofit \u003ca href=\"https://vimeo.com/118731835\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">hosted a webinar\u003c/a> highlighting how Native American tribes could participate in California’s program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One speaker was Brian Shillinglaw, a Stanford-trained lawyer and managing director at New Forests who \u003ca href=\"https://newforests.com.au/member/brian-shillinglaw/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">oversees\u003c/a> the company’s U.S. forestry programs. The company manages the sale of carbon credits, \u003ca href=\"https://newforests.com.au/timber-products/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sells timber\u003c/a> and on behalf of investors manages \u003ca href=\"https://newforests.com.au/new-forests-announces-conversion-of-1-3-billion-australian-forestry-fund-to-long-term-mandate/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">more than 2 million\u003c/a> acres of forests globally, a portfolio it values at more than $4 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New Forests also manages its affiliate, \u003ca href=\"https://newforests.com.au/forests-carbon-partners/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Forest Carbon Partners\u003c/a>, on behalf of an institutional investment client it declined to name. Forest Carbon Partners finances offset projects and \u003ca href=\"https://newforests.com.au/forests-carbon-partners/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">shepherds landowners\u003c/a> through the process of applying for California’s offset program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The bottom line is the California carbon market has really created a significant new commodity market,” Shillinglaw said during his presentation. He said the program is something “many Native American tribes are very well situated to benefit from, in part due to past conservative stewardship of their forests, which can lead to significant credit yield in the near term.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Translation: Because many tribes have logged less aggressively than their neighbors, their carbon-rich forests were primed for big payouts of credits. Under Shillinglaw, New Forests or Forest Carbon Partners have helped to secure tens of millions of dollars’ worth of credits for native tribes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the 13 New Forests projects that CarbonPlan researchers were able to analyze, between 33% and 71% of the credits don’t represent real carbon reductions. That’s nearly 13 million credits at the high end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Although we cannot prove that New Forests acted deliberately on the basis of our statistical analysis, in our judgment there is no reasonable explanation for these outcomes other than that New Forests knowingly engaged in cherry-picking behavior to take advantage of ecological shortcomings in the forest offset protocol,” said Badgley, the lead researcher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New Forests managed the first official project in California’s program, registering 7,660 acres of forest land on or near the Yurok Reservation, which runs more than 40 miles along the Klamath River near the top of that West Coast cluster of projects. The state issued more than 700,000 credits to the project for its first year, worth $9.6 million at recent rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials have pointed to the tribe’s participation as a triumph of the program. In 2014, the board released \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xbjmbqTdXN0&feature=youtu.be\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a promotional video\u003c/a> that showed the meticulous work of measuring trees in the Yurok project. James Erler, the tribe’s then-forestry director, explained how offsets enabled the tribe to reduce logging. Near the end of the video, Shillinglaw appears in a sunlit forest, wearing a collared shirt and a New Forests-branded jacket.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a beautiful watershed,” Shillinglaw said over footage of a running stream and an elk standing before a thicket of trees. “This is the Yurok Tribe’s ancestral homeland, and in part due to the carbon market will be managed through a conservation approach.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CarbonPlan estimates the project earned more than half a million ghost credits worth nearly $6.5 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s why the researchers say it was over credited:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The boundary dividing California’s coastal and inland regions runs through the middle of the reservation. The carbon-rich forests on either side of that line are similar, filled with large Douglas firs like most of the coastal region. But more than 99% of the forest designated for preservation falls within the inland zone, where average carbon levels are much lower. The fact that the project was located in the most carbon-rich area of that zone enabled the landowners to earn an exaggerated number of credits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least one person involved in the Yurok Tribe’s forest offset efforts was aware of how geographical choices swing the credits that can be earned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erler said during a 2015 presentation at a National Indian Timber Symposium that the tribe had the “distinct pleasure” of having the boundary run through its territory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can take the same inventory data and apply it to the California Coast” — the region to the west — “and it doesn’t come out with the same numbers as you do if you cross the street,” Erler said at the conference, captured in \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?t=924&v=SlDrNcW_g3Q&feature=youtu.be\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a YouTube video\u003c/a> posted to the Intertribal Timber Council’s channel. “Vegetation may be the same, but it changes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Badgley said that while the researchers can’t speak to the intentions of any actors involved, it’s clear that this project “benefited from over-crediting and that the Yurok Tribe’s forester was aware how the specific aspects of the protocol rules our study criticizes led to beneficial outcomes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erler didn’t respond to a list of emailed questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an emailed statement, Yurok spokesperson Matt Mais said that the property was the only land the tribe had available to enroll at the time and strongly denied the tribe engaged in any sort of gaming of the system. He didn’t respond before press time to a subsequent inquiry asking why the rest of the tribe’s land wasn’t available for the offset program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last decade or so, the tribe has slowly reacquired tens of thousands of acres of its ancestral territory, in and around the watershed of Blue Creek and other streams that sustain migrating salmon, from the Green Diamond Resource Co., a major Seattle-based timber business. The complex multistep land deals were done in partnership with the nonprofit Western Rivers Conservancy and financed through government grants, philanthropic donations and the sale of the tribe’s offset credits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As we have recovered additional forestlands, we have enrolled additional acreage in California’s climate programs in support of our Tribe’s strategic goals including protecting salmon habitat, sustaining the revitalization of our cultural lifeways, and facilitating economic self-sufficiency,” Mais wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s insulting to claim that the Yurok Tribe has ‘gamed’ or ‘exploited’ California’s climate regulations,” he added. “Equally important, it’s concerning that elite institutions now criticize us for legally and ethically using a program that was created to protect mature forests and then using those funds to purchase and restore more forest land that was, at one point, ours.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New Forests defended its practices in emailed responses to questions, arguing its projects have preserved existing carbon stocks and removed CO2 from the atmosphere through subsequent tree growth “as confirmed via third-party verification.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, the company said it has worked on projects in numerous areas, not just along the program’s regional boundaries. The company said its projects “have protected and will enhance carbon storage on hundreds of thousands of acres of forests,” adding that one project with the Chugach Alaska Corp. \u003ca href=\"https://www.thecordovatimes.com/2017/01/25/bering-river-coal-field-rights-retired/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">enabled the permanent retirement\u003c/a> of a significant portion of the coal reserves in the Bering River Coal Field in southeastern Alaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New Forests follows the board’s “scientifically-accepted regulations to both the spirit and letter of the program,” the company said in a subsequent statement. “New Forests is proud of the forest carbon projects we have developed under California’s climate programs — they have generated positive environmental impact and furthered the economic and cultural objectives of the family forest landowners and Native American tribes with whom we have worked.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New Forests didn’t respond to numerous additional inquiries, including direct questions about whether it was gaming the rules of the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an emailed response, CarbonPlan stressed that its paper criticizes the design of the program — not the Yurok Tribe or other landowners. Nor does it allege anyone has broken the rules. Its analysis doesn’t consider or depend on the intent of any forest owners, who can benefit from flaws in the rules whether they intended to or even know about them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We recognize the injustices experienced by the Yurok Tribe, including the seizure of their historical lands by the United States government and its citizens,” the nonprofit stated. “We also recognize the Yurok Tribe’s legitimate interest in securing resources to repurchase lands that previously belonged to the Tribe and its people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Open Secret\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris Field, an environmental studies professor at Stanford University, was co-author of a 2017 study that found California’s program was helping to prevent emissions on balance by reducing logging. About 64% of the 39 projects studied were “being actively logged at or prior to project inception.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Field said the state program is “relatively well-designed to address key issues,” but said it can and should be improved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He added that there are firm limits on the role that offsets can play in California. From now through 2025, state polluters can only buy offsets to cover as much as 4% of their carbon emissions; from 2026 to 2030, that ceiling rises to 6%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But those numbers understate the critical role of offsets in California’s cap-and-trade program, viewed by some as a model for market-based climate policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under that program, California sells permits that allow certain industries to emit greenhouse gases, with each permit worth one metric ton of CO2. The state also regularly gives away a certain number of permits to various regulated companies. The total number of permits, called a “cap,” declines over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Polluters can also purchase permits from other companies with extras to spare, which constitutes the “trade.” Or they can buy carbon offset credits, which cost slightly less than permits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To participate in the offset program, landowners must hire technicians to survey the trees on their land, then take data such as tree type, height and diameter and plug it into equations to estimate the carbon stored per acre.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the credits are distributed during the initial stages of a project, which can help to repay setup costs. Projects can also earn additional credits over time as the trees grow and absorb CO2, but those credits accrue slowly, and are dwarfed by the initial credits given to forests with more carbon than the regional average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The type of forest projects that CarbonPlan analyzed account for 68% of all credits issued by the Air Resources Board since the program’s launch, far eclipsing other types of offsets like capturing methane from dairy farms \u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/2019/08/26/133261/whoops-californias-carbon-offsets-program-could-extend-the-life-of-coal-mines/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">or coal mines\u003c/a>, CarbonPlan found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cap and trade is designed to slash the state’s carbon footprint by 236 million tons of CO2 over the next decade, about a third of the cumulative reductions needed to meet the state’s emissions targets over that time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barbara Haya, who leads the Berkeley Carbon Trading Project at UC-Berkeley and is a co-author of the CarbonPlan study, calculated that up to half of those cap-and-trade emissions cuts could come via offsets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Haya said these cherry-picking practices have been an open secret. The study is “revealing to everyone what a lot of people in the industry understand,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Conservation vs. the Climate\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters of forest offsets say no system is perfect, and that focusing solely on the carbon math overlooks the incentives offsets create for protecting forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Field said offset systems should balance two goals: ensuring real emissions cuts, and creating ways to fund forest conservation. If CarbonPlan’s study shows projects are gravitating toward high-carbon forests, then those are exactly the types of trees you’d want to save “if you have a conservation agenda,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cody Desautel, president of the Intertribal Timber Council, a Portland-based nonprofit consortium of native tribes, said that offset programs have provided critical financial flexibility for tribes. They’ve allowed them to buy back historic land, build needed infrastructure, create jobs for members or simply save up money for financial security. But above all, they’ve created incentives to manage forests in sustainable ways, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Tribes are very conservation-minded,” said Desautel, who is also the natural resources director for Washington’s Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation, which \u003ca href=\"https://www.finitecarbon.com/project/confederated-tribes-colville-reservation/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">operate an offset project\u003c/a> under California’s system. “Their practices are largely based on what’s best for the ecosystem, not what makes the most sense economically. And there’s never been any value to that management approach in the past. These carbon projects provide an opportunity to value that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He added, “If there’s no value to owning forest land, it probably won’t be forest land long into the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Yurok Tribe’s offset projects have clearly helped in these sorts of ways, even if they didn’t provide the full promised carbon benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tribe \u003ca href=\"https://lostcoastoutpost.com/2019/aug/14/yurok-tribe-acquires-50000-acres-green-diamond-lan/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">has said\u003c/a> it is using the acquired land and funds to restore its old-growth forests, produce traditional foods and basket-weaving materials, create a salmon sanctuary and improve habitat for endangered or culturally important species like the coho salmon, northern spotted owl, blacktailed deer and Roosevelt elk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our partnership with New Forests will provide the Tribe with the means to boost biodiversity, accelerate watershed restoration, and increase the abundance of important cultural resources like acorns, huckleberry and hundreds of medicinal plants that thrive in a fully functioning forest ecosystem,” Thomas P. O’Rourke Sr., then-chairman of the Yurok Tribal Council, said \u003ca href=\"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20140211005853/en/New-Forests-and-Yurok-Tribe-Register-First-Compliance-Forest-Carbon-Offset-Project-for-California-Carbon-Market\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">in a statement\u003c/a> at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if the societal goal is preserving forests, it would be simpler and more effective to describe it accurately and fund it directly, said Haya, the UC Berkeley expert. As soon as these forests get tied up in an offset program, the carbon math does matter, because every additional ton purportedly preserved in trees enables polluters to purchase the right to generate an additional ton of CO2.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forest offsets appeal to the public partly because of what academics call “\u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-020-02653-1?ArticleAuthorAssignedToIssue_20200806&utm_content=AA_en_06082018&utm_medium=email&utm_source=ArticleAuthorAssignedToIssue&wt_mc=Internal.Event.1.SEM.ArticleAuthorAssignedToIssue\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">charismatic carbon\u003c/a>” — they offer a feel-good story of environmental and social good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any good conservation advocate would tell you there’s a desperate need for more funding, and we agree entirely,” CarbonPlan’s Cullenward said in an email. The “problem isn’t that conservation is bad, it’s that the system of carbon offsets channels these real needs and sincere hopes into a system that grinds it all up and spits out garbage on the other side.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘The Best Bang for the Buck’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s Air Resources Board approved the forest offset program’s official rules in 2011, after years of discussions with dozens of experts, including government scientists and staff from conservation groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In adopting it, the agency relied heavily on Climate Action Reserve, a nonprofit that created programs with voluntary offset credits. The nonprofit, which continues to advise the agency, led an effort to calculate regional carbon averages as part of an initiative to update its voluntary offset rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To do so, the nonprofit used data from the U.S. Forest Service, which surveys tens of thousands of forest plots nationwide. The nonprofit grouped data from different tree species and combined data from various geographic zones into larger regional areas called supersections. This simplification allowed the Climate Action Reserve to create a set of common baselines that estimated the amount of carbon stored in typical privately owned forests. The baselines take into account such forest uses as logging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the use of these broad averages obscured real differences on the ground. Some industry insiders and researchers began to notice that landowners and developers routinely located their projects in areas where the specific tract of forest differed greatly from the regional averages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zack Parisa, chief executive of the carbon offsets company SilviaTerra, previously consulted for project developers and landowners enrolling forests in California’s system. But he said he stopped out of frustration, after seeing the ways it was regularly being gamed, including the cherry-picking techniques CarbonPlan highlighted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parisa said he doesn’t blame landowners or project developers, who are acting out of rational self-interest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If someone shows up and is offering a contract to buy carbon and it doesn’t require them to change anything about how they manage the forests, that’s free money and they’d be stupid not to take it,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not hunting for a villain here,” Parisa added. “Of course they look for the best bang for the buck.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to New Forests, other developers also worked on projects where favorable boundaries and forest types boosted the credits that could be earned, according to CarbonPlan. Those include Bluesource and Finite Carbon, which \u003ca href=\"https://www.finitecarbon.com/2020/12/16/bp-acquires-majority-stake-in-largest-us-forest-carbon-offset-developer-finite-carbon/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=bp-acquires-majority-stake-in-largest-us-forest-carbon-offset-developer-finite-carbon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">BP purchased a majority stake in\u003c/a> late last year. The researchers found that those two developers’ projects, taken together, generated up to 24 million credits that don’t represent actual carbon reductions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.fia.fs.fed.us/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">New Forests,\u003c/a> Finite Carbon, Bluesource and other subjects of this article were provided the full study and an accompanying paper describing its methods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finite Carbon declined to address detailed questions, but stressed that the Air Resources Board and an independent auditor found that their projects were in compliance with the rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, the company said there were “unanswered questions” about the CarbonPlan study’s methodology, adding, “however we cannot comment further on it as the underlying raw data is not currently available for public review.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Emily Six, the marketing and communications manager for Bluesource, denied the company had gamed the rules in any way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an email, Six said California’s program actually undercounts the carbon preserved through projects by not crediting the amount stored in other parts of the forest like soil, shrubs and foliage. She also stressed that without offsets, some landowners could have chopped down their forests to carbon levels well below the regional average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Deliberately overstating climate benefits would run counter to our very purpose for existence,” she wrote. “Bluesource exists to improve the world by improving the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experts who wrote the original offset rules relied on the only national forest dataset available, from the U.S. Forest Service’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.fia.fs.fed.us/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Forest Inventory and Analysis Program, said\u003c/a> Constance Best, co-founder of the Pacific Forest Trust. The conservation nonprofit was \u003ca href=\"https://www.pacificforest.org/pacific-forest-trust-honored-by-climate-action-reserve-for-advancing-forests-in-climate-policy/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">closely involved\u003c/a> in the creation of the early program and \u003ca href=\"https://www.pacificforest.org/selling-carbon-offsets/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">participated in it\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Best said it was necessary to create carbon averages for larger regions and forest types because there wasn’t enough fine-grained data to ensure accuracy at highly local levels. She disputed CarbonPlan’s claim that its researchers had created a better way of calculating regional averages, since their method required relying on a smaller number of forest plots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reason some super sections are large is to assure the data is more accurate,” Best said in an email. “So their solution creates more problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a separate note, she said: “The paper you shared has a strong editorial bias that undermines its findings and makes me question their data and analysis. It deliberately exaggerates what they present as smoking gun over-credited projects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an emailed statement, CarbonPlan acknowledges that using fewer forest plots entails some uncertainty. But the researchers stressed they clearly accounted for it by providing a range of results, and maintained their findings are more accurate because they considered the specific mix of tree species in each project. CarbonPlan also shot back at the allegation of bias: “Having done our work on the basis of extensive public program records, and with fully reproducible methods, data, and code, we are confident that other researchers are capable of judging our paper on its merits.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the board has updated regional averages based on more recent forest data, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2021-02/tangri_neil_offsets_task_force_letter_020821.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">critics say\u003c/a> efforts to address more fundamental problems \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2021-02/nowicki_brian_offsets_task_force_letter_020821.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">have been thwarted\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers and activists also worry about the close ties between the Air Resources Board and the groups that now profit from the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, whenever a landowner wants to enroll a forest tract in California’s program, they open an account at Climate Action Reserve or two other nonprofits that have received the board’s blessing to review the documents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the project clears the Climate Action Reserve’s review and a subsequent audit by the state board, the nonprofit charges 19 cents for every credit issued. For one of the largest projects in the program, for instance, that would have added up to more than $1 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It “strikes me as a massive conflict of interest for an organization — whether nonprofit or not — that designed the system to have a financial stake in its operation,” David Victor, a professor at the UC San Diego, who has \u003ca href=\"https://www.nap.edu/read/13023/chapter/21\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">closely studied international offset systems\u003c/a>, said in an email. (Victor recently co-authored the book “Making Climate Policy Work” with Cullenward.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In any other market, putting the market players in charge of key elements of its design would lead to ‘hollers’” over the conflicts of interest, Victor said. With the forest offset program, “everyone seems fine or even happy about the arrangement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate Action Reserve didn’t respond to multiple requests for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Too Good to Be True’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hardy, drought-tolerant softwoods like junipers and pinyon pines dominate in the hot, dry landscape of central New Mexico, with smatterings of taller Douglas firs and spruces in the cooler, higher reaches of the mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But under the initial rules of California’s program, those forests were considered to contain no carbon whatsoever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The error stemmed from the fact that there was no available Forest Service data in that part of New Mexico when the Climate Action Reserve calculated regional averages, said Olaf Kuegler, a Forest Service statistician who provided technical assistance to the nonprofit on the federal database.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consequently, the Climate Action Reserve set the regional average for an area stretching nearly 34,000 square miles at zero, which meant anyone who owned a few dozen trees could earn carbon credits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kuegler said he wasn’t aware of the mistake until early or mid-2014, when Air Resources Board employee Barbara Bamberger asked him about it. Bamberger, who leads the board’s work on forest offsets, later highlighted the error during an October 2014 \u003ca href=\"https://americancarbonregistry.org/news-events/events/review-of-us-forestry-compliance-offset-protocol-updates\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">webinar\u003c/a> on offsets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During her presentation, Bamberger said the board was updating the regional averages in ways that could lead to major changes in certain areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This may be due to the fact that no data existed for some years in the original span from years 2002 to 2006,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?t=2400&v=n92ZsQNKPk4&feature=youtu.be\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">she explained\u003c/a>. “For example, in New Mexico data wasn’t collected until the end of that period.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost exactly one year after Bamberger’s presentation, New Forests’ affiliate filed the paperwork for a nearly 222,000-acre project in New Mexico, stretching across the Mescalero Apache Tribe’s nearly half-million-acre reservation about ninety minutes west of Roswell. More than a third of the project’s trees were carbon-rich Douglas firs, according to the project’s paperwork. Shillinglaw signed the forms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The erroneously low carbon calculation allowed the developer to claim they could have heavily logged the forest, boosting the amount of credits they could earn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project earned 3.7 million credits for its first year, worth more than $50 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the California board’s updated rules went into effect two weeks later, it set a far higher regional average for most of the project area. If that standard had been in place earlier, it would have eliminated nearly every credit the project earned, CarbonPlan found. The project generated more ghost credits than any other in the nonprofit’s study, based on its more conservative calculations of regional carbon averages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mescalero Apache Tribe’s president at the time, Danny Breuninger Sr., said the tribe welcomed the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“None of us had heard about the carbon credit program, and in a way it sounded too good to be true,” he said. “But it was a great deal. It worked out great for us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Breuninger referred further questions to the tribe’s current president, Gabe Aguilar. Neither Aguilar nor the tribe’s attorney, Nelva Cervantes, responded to repeated inquiries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, the Air Resources Board said the project met all the requirements of the program at that time. The fact that the board was in the process of developing new regional averages using data that didn’t previously exist didn’t make the earlier figures “invalid or erroneous,” it added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘A Second Wave of Colonization’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ghost credits matter because they allow other companies to purchase the right to continue emitting real greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Credits from the Mescalero Apache Tribe’s project were sold to PG&E, Chevron and a company that drills for oil in Kern County, California, according to the latest figures available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Yurok Tribe’s 7,660-acre project generated credits that were obtained by a variety of energy companies like Calpine, PG&E and Shell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some tribal members are \u003ca href=\"https://www.newyorker.com/news/dispatch/how-carbon-trading-became-a-way-of-life-for-californias-yurok-tribe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">deeply uncomfortable\u003c/a> with the idea of selling offsets to companies like this even if they are legitimate, fearing they’re effectively profiting from pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The offsets, by definition, allow California companies to continue producing more CO2 than otherwise allowed — as well as the toxic pollutants like soot and heavy metals that frequently accompany such emissions — often near poor neighborhoods. Communities near refineries, cement kilns and power plants have frequently opposed offset programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thomas Joseph, an activist and a member of the Hoopa Valley Tribe in California, said offset developers target tribal projects because tribes are in “dire need of revenue” and own vast tracts of mostly intact forest. He said his tribe has resisted multiple pitches from developers. “For us to use this as a means to allow corporations to continue to pollute,” he said, goes “against our cultural values.” He added, “I see it as a second wave of colonization.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Desautel, the Intertribal Timber Council president, sees it differently. When the issue comes up among tribal members, he explains that polluters under cap and trade need to pay either the state for permission to pollute, or landowners through carbon offsets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The check is getting written one way or the other,” he said. “It’s just a question of where it goes and what’s being accomplished with that funding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SilviaTerra’s Parisa said that landowners and project developers will continue to respond to the incentives created in the program, in ways that overstate climate progress, until the program itself changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need better rules,” he said. “Let’s make sure the dollars we spend actually change things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Forests really can be a part of the solution for the climate, but we haven’t gotten it right yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://pixel.propublica.org/pixel.js\">http://pixel.propublica.org/pixel.js\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "By Flying Helicopter, Making Oxygen on Mars, NASA Lays Groundwork for Human Visit",
"headTitle": "By Flying Helicopter, Making Oxygen on Mars, NASA Lays Groundwork for Human Visit | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The only helicopter on Mars has \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/status/297/ingenuity-completes-its-fourth-flight/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">done it\u003c/a> again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/ingenuity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ingenuity\u003c/a> took off on its fourth flight Friday, reaching an altitude of 16 feet and traveling a distance of almost three football fields — 872 feet — round trip, its longest sojourn yet. Airtime: Just short of two minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not even 2 feet tall, the spunky flier is part of \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NASA’s Perseverance mission, which has been exploring Martian terrain for over two months, and is still checking off first-ever achievements in planetary exploration from its ambitious to-do list. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Perseverance\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> rover and its helicopter sidekick \u003c/span>—\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> nicknamed Percy and Ginny by some team members at NASA’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jet Propulsion Laboratory\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> — are just as busy proving technology concepts for future Mars missions as they are conducting scientific exploration. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Besides the ever more daring flights by Ingenuity, the latest technical feats include Perseverance manufacturing oxygen directly from the Martian atmosphere.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Making 10 Minutes of Oxygen\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To explore what valuable natural resources Mars offers future human missions, Perseverance has the MOXIE.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Actually, that’s the Mars Oxygen In-Situ Resource Utilization Experiment, a small, double-shoebox-sized device designed to produce up to 10 grams of oxygen per hour directly from the planet’s thin carbon dioxide atmosphere. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wMnOo2zcjXA?start=14]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On April 20, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-s-perseverance-mars-rover-extracts-first-oxygen-from-red-planet\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">MOXIE produced 5 grams of oxygen\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> by heating carbon dioxide to over 1,400 degrees Fahrenheit. Five grams may not seem like much, but it’s enough to last an adult for about 10 minutes of breathing. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Future human missions would benefit hugely from making their own oxygen on Mars, not only for humans to breathe, but for making rocket fuel. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On a planet where free oxygen is scarce, astronauts will breathe easier if they are not dependent on supplies brought all the way from Earth. The first quick visits to Mars will probably rely on stored oxygen, but longer habitations will require astronauts to tap such a valuable resource, as well as water, where they find it, living off the land. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Ingenuity Aces Flying Tests\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Mars Helicopter’s mission to demonstrate the feasibility of aerial exploration of the planet got off to a flying start on April 19 with the first-ever powered flight on another planet, a 40-second hover maneuver that lifted it about 10 feet off the ground. But this was only the beginning of a 30-day testing program still underway. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If the altitude of 16 feet attained by the helicopter on Friday and the flight before doesn’t seem very high, consider that Mars’ atmospheric pressure at ground level is equivalent to Earth’s at an elevation of 100,000 feet. Ingenuity’s feathery 4-pound weight and \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/#Anatomy\">specially designed twin rotors\u003c/a> spinning at 2,500 rotations per minute allow it to fly where conventional helicopters couldn’t. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1974332\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1974332\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/heliocopter-1200-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/heliocopter-1200-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/heliocopter-1200-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/heliocopter-1200-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/heliocopter-1200-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/heliocopter-1200.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Mars Helicopter, Ingenuity, resting on the ground before its first flight on Mars. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What’s ahead for Ingenuity? NASA just announced that the helicopter’s mission has been extended by an additional 30 days, and will enter a \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/news/8936/nasas-ingenuity-helicopter-to-begin-new-demonstration-phase/\">new phase of flight testing\u003c/a> following its sixth flight in about two weeks. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After that, unless NASA adds another extension, Ingenuity will be grounded and the rover will move on with its \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.planetary.org/space-missions/perseverance\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">mission to search for clues of past life on Mars\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Asked if “Ginny” could be used for reconnaissance to aid the rover’s scientific mission, one JPL team member commented there is no need since “Percy’s” general route has already been mapped out and the rover will drive autonomously between programmed points of scientific interest. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Jon Brooks contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "The only helicopter on Mars has completed another roundtrip sojourn. The Perseverance mission has included not only the first flights of an aircraft on another planet, but the manufacture of oxygen by heating carbon dioxide from the Mars atmosphere.",
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"description": "The only helicopter on Mars has completed another roundtrip sojourn. The Perseverance mission has included not only the first flights of an aircraft on another planet, but the manufacture of oxygen by heating carbon dioxide from the Mars atmosphere.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The only helicopter on Mars has \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/status/297/ingenuity-completes-its-fourth-flight/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">done it\u003c/a> again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/ingenuity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ingenuity\u003c/a> took off on its fourth flight Friday, reaching an altitude of 16 feet and traveling a distance of almost three football fields — 872 feet — round trip, its longest sojourn yet. Airtime: Just short of two minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not even 2 feet tall, the spunky flier is part of \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NASA’s Perseverance mission, which has been exploring Martian terrain for over two months, and is still checking off first-ever achievements in planetary exploration from its ambitious to-do list. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Perseverance\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> rover and its helicopter sidekick \u003c/span>—\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> nicknamed Percy and Ginny by some team members at NASA’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jet Propulsion Laboratory\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> — are just as busy proving technology concepts for future Mars missions as they are conducting scientific exploration. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Besides the ever more daring flights by Ingenuity, the latest technical feats include Perseverance manufacturing oxygen directly from the Martian atmosphere.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Making 10 Minutes of Oxygen\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To explore what valuable natural resources Mars offers future human missions, Perseverance has the MOXIE.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Actually, that’s the Mars Oxygen In-Situ Resource Utilization Experiment, a small, double-shoebox-sized device designed to produce up to 10 grams of oxygen per hour directly from the planet’s thin carbon dioxide atmosphere. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/wMnOo2zcjXA?start=14'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/wMnOo2zcjXA?start=14'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On April 20, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-s-perseverance-mars-rover-extracts-first-oxygen-from-red-planet\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">MOXIE produced 5 grams of oxygen\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> by heating carbon dioxide to over 1,400 degrees Fahrenheit. Five grams may not seem like much, but it’s enough to last an adult for about 10 minutes of breathing. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Future human missions would benefit hugely from making their own oxygen on Mars, not only for humans to breathe, but for making rocket fuel. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On a planet where free oxygen is scarce, astronauts will breathe easier if they are not dependent on supplies brought all the way from Earth. The first quick visits to Mars will probably rely on stored oxygen, but longer habitations will require astronauts to tap such a valuable resource, as well as water, where they find it, living off the land. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Ingenuity Aces Flying Tests\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Mars Helicopter’s mission to demonstrate the feasibility of aerial exploration of the planet got off to a flying start on April 19 with the first-ever powered flight on another planet, a 40-second hover maneuver that lifted it about 10 feet off the ground. But this was only the beginning of a 30-day testing program still underway. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If the altitude of 16 feet attained by the helicopter on Friday and the flight before doesn’t seem very high, consider that Mars’ atmospheric pressure at ground level is equivalent to Earth’s at an elevation of 100,000 feet. Ingenuity’s feathery 4-pound weight and \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/#Anatomy\">specially designed twin rotors\u003c/a> spinning at 2,500 rotations per minute allow it to fly where conventional helicopters couldn’t. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1974332\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1974332\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/heliocopter-1200-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/heliocopter-1200-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/heliocopter-1200-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/heliocopter-1200-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/heliocopter-1200-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/heliocopter-1200.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Mars Helicopter, Ingenuity, resting on the ground before its first flight on Mars. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What’s ahead for Ingenuity? NASA just announced that the helicopter’s mission has been extended by an additional 30 days, and will enter a \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/news/8936/nasas-ingenuity-helicopter-to-begin-new-demonstration-phase/\">new phase of flight testing\u003c/a> following its sixth flight in about two weeks. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After that, unless NASA adds another extension, Ingenuity will be grounded and the rover will move on with its \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.planetary.org/space-missions/perseverance\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">mission to search for clues of past life on Mars\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Asked if “Ginny” could be used for reconnaissance to aid the rover’s scientific mission, one JPL team member commented there is no need since “Percy’s” general route has already been mapped out and the rover will drive autonomously between programmed points of scientific interest. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Jon Brooks contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Biden Reimagines FDR's Civilian Conservation Corps to Fight Climate Change",
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"content": "\u003cp>Amy Kuo saw firsthand how powerful it can be to tackle the big problems of our times in small ways when she was on a California Conservation Corps work crew a few years ago in the sweltering summer heat deep in a forest outside of Los Angeles. Kuo, now a legislative analyst for the corps, recalls slogging upstream, sometimes waist deep in water or poison oak, hauling gasoline, chain saws and other heavy gear to clear fallen trees and debris blocking the riverbed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The grueling work and discomfort could be overwhelming. But then the sound of the river running and the trees swaying in the wind pierced her consciousness. She recognized that she and her crew were engaged in something bigger than themselves, working in concert with the land like generations before them had done. They were making a difference in the world in a small but meaningful way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s absolutely important to think of the larger picture, be that from your own community or globally,” Kuo said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solving big problems with a huge workforce making lots of small contributions is the crux of an idea kicking around Washington to take on some of the most challenging issues of our times: reimagining the Depression-era Civilian Conservation Corps. The Biden White House and members of Congress want to tweak that concept to help rebuild the nation’s workforce in a stumbling economy while also reducing greenhouse gas emissions and facilitating the transition to clean energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, no matter the final shape, there’s growing support for dusting off the New Deal strategy to solve contemporary challenges, such as how to train the number of workers needed for clean-energy jobs, update the nation’s water infrastructure, reduce wildland fire hazards and foster racial justice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea of addressing these challenges with a revived CCC isn’t exactly new, but there are some fresh twists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Biden has been talking about the idea since before he took office. A week into his presidency, he \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/01/27/executive-order-on-tackling-the-climate-crisis-at-home-and-abroad/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">directed\u003c/a> the secretary of the interior to lead development of a strategy to mobilize a Civilian Climate Corps — “the next generation of conservation and resilience workers” — to help address the climate crisis. Then he called for spending $10 billion on the updated CCC in the $2 trillion \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/03/31/fact-sheet-the-american-jobs-plan/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">jobs and infrastructure\u003c/a> plan he proposed earlier this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s reached a level of seriousness and intention that I have never seen before,” said Mary Ellen Sprenkel, president and CEO of the Corps Network, a national association representing the nation’s 135 existing conservation corps, mostly private-public partnerships that have adopted the corps model for job training and community service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update for an Old Jobs Model \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In testimony last month before the House National Parks, Forests and Public Lands Subcommittee, Sprenkel told how then-President Franklin Delano Roosevelt used the Civilian Conservation Corps to put 3 million jobless Americans back to work over nine years during the Great Depression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“CCC Boys,” as they were called, constructed more than 125,000 miles of roads and trails, 318,000 dams, 47,000 bridges and 3,500 fire towers, according to Sprenkel’s testimony. They installed 90,000 miles of telephone lines, dug irrigation channels long enough to cross from New York to Los Angeles and back, planted billions of trees, developed 800 state and local parks and restored more than 20 million acres of habitat and rangeland. In addition, they responded to hundreds of hurricanes, floods and fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1974365\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1974365\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Conservation-Corps-Minnesota-Iowa-800x600.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Conservation-Corps-Minnesota-Iowa-800x600.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Conservation-Corps-Minnesota-Iowa-1020x765.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Conservation-Corps-Minnesota-Iowa-160x120.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Conservation-Corps-Minnesota-Iowa-768x576.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Conservation-Corps-Minnesota-Iowa-1536x1152.jpeg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Conservation-Corps-Minnesota-Iowa-1920x1440.jpeg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Conservation-Corps-Minnesota-Iowa.jpeg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A member of Conservation Corps Minnesota & Iowa assists with a prescribed burn at Murphy-Hanrehan Park Reserve in Minnesota in May 2019. \u003ccite>(Photo Courtesy of the Corps Network/InsideClimate News)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Even as Washington is discussing updating the concept, today’s corps scattered across the country employ about 25,000 young people a year in urban and rural areas, Sprenkel testified. In 2019, they restored 1.4 million acres of habitat, planted more than 1 million trees, built 13,000 miles of trails, constructed or improved nearly 8,000 community gardens and green spaces, recycled 31,000 pounds of waste, audited the energy use and/or weatherized more than 31,000 homes and responded to 223 natural disasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ramping up the new CCC could generate 1.5 million jobs, according to a recent \u003ca href=\"https://collaborative.evergreenaction.com/policy-hub/building-civilian-climate-corps\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">report\u003c/a> from the climate advocacy group, Evergreen Action. The Civilian Climate Corps for Jobs and Justice Act\u003cem>, \u003c/em>a bill introduced last week by\u003cem> \u003c/em>Sen. Edward J. Markey, D-Mass., and Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, D-NY, embraces key parts of the proposals in Evergreen’s report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ambitious climate action can create millions of good-paying jobs across the country,” the report concluded. “The Biden administration will have the opportunity to drive that growth by training and deploying the next generation of climate workers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The need would be great, even if the nation didn’t increase its commitment to fight climate change and transition to clean energy. The number of infrastructure and transportation workers nearing retirement will leave nearly 3 million jobs open by 2024, Sprenkel told lawmakers, so today’s corps could be doubled or even tripled in size just to meet the need that’s already coming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Diversifying a Once White and Male Jobs Program\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The original CCC largely employed white men, 16 to 25, and veterans up to the age of 35. In its report, Evergreen described the target group as fundamentally flawed because it “perpetuated white supremacy and almost entirely excluded women, and many of the national parks in which its corps members worked were formed through violent displacement of Indigenous people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Key provisions of the proposals now in play include enhancing diversity, equity and inclusion. Existing conservation work programs have made big strides in that direction — the Corps Network reports that the current makeup of groups in the network is about 45% women and 44% people of color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This focus on diversity, equity and inclusion in the new proposals has brought supporters like the NAACP, the nation’s oldest civil rights organization, and Hispanics Enjoying Camping, Hunting, and the Outdoors (HECHO) into the fold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nayyirah Shariff, director of Flint Rising, a coalition of advocacy groups, praised the conservation corps concept as “a chance to create climate resilient, self-sufficient urban centers by creating new green spaces using native plants and grasses, wetland reclamation, and training Black, Brown, and Indigenous people in careers that will reframe our relationship with the land.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others see the events of the last year highlighting the need for a federal corps that employs populations and serves communities that were underserved by the original CCC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because the health and economic consequences of the pandemic have fallen disproportionately on communities of color, our approach to healing and recovery must explicitly target those communities,” said Marc H. Morial, National Urban League president, in a statement. “This effort to transform and revive the Civilian Conservation Corps is exactly the kind of initiative that will help us build a more inclusive and equitable economy for the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are several bills pending in the current Congress that include the conservation corps concept.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.coons.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/SUMMARY%20Civilian%20Climate%20Corps%20Act.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Bills\u003c/a> creating a new Civilian Climate Corps, one carried in the House by Rep. Joe Neguse, D-Colo., and in the Senate by Chris Coons, D-Del., directs the departments of Interior and Agriculture to focus on conservation and restoration on public lands. But the legislation also would assist front-line communities adapting to climate change by finding natural climate solutions and replacing vulnerable infrastructure. And it would prioritize sending its resources to “disadvantaged communities that are often disproportionately harmed by climate change and environmental degradation, and may have fewer resources build community resilience.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another bill being sponsored by Neguse, this time in concert with Sen. Ron Wyden, D-Ore., focuses on federal forests and rural lands. Wyden has been pointing out since last year that there is a backlog of 2.5 million acres of \u003ca href=\"https://www.wyden.senate.gov/news/press-releases/wyden-presses-forest-service-on-backlog-of-hazardous-fuels-and-wildfire-prevention-projects-in-oregon-\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">hazardous fuel reduction projects\u003c/a> that are ready to go in the nation’s forests, but lack funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A kind of rural stimulus, it focuses on farms and forests after Colorado experienced the three largest wildfires in state history last year and hundreds of homes and businesses in Oregon burned in climate-driven wildfires that scorched over 1.2 million acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The answer is putting people to work in the woods to manage our forests, supporting science-based hazardous fuels treatments, investing in the health of our watersheds and, ultimately, prioritizing keeping our communities safe,” Wyden and Neguse said in a recent letter to Biden about their bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If Congress passes our bill tomorrow, forests would be more resilient and federal land managers would have the resources to reduce wildfire risk,” they wrote. “Neighborhoods would have safer homes and businesses, and cleaner air and water. Rural communities would have more jobs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Wyden-Neguse legislation, according to information from Neguse’s office, has endorsements from environmental and trade groups, including, the Sierra Club, the Access Fund, the Outdoor Recreation Roundtable, the Family Farm Action Alliance, Backcountry Hunters & Anglers and even the Ochoco Lumber Co. in Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bipartisan Interest, but Reluctance to Spend More\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In many respects, the conservation corps idea seems like it ought to be embraced by urban blue-state progressives and rural red-state conservatives alike. And polling by Data for Progress cited by Evergreen last fall suggests the idea has strong bipartisan appeal, with 77% of likely voters supporting the concept, including 65% of Republicans and 87% of Democrats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It helps that the conservation corps idea has thrived during both Republicans and Democratic White House administrations and in Congress. The late Sen. John McCain and onetime Rep. Martha McSally, both Republicans of Arizona, sponsored bipartisan conservation corps legislation in 2015 and 2017 — the 21st Century Conservation Corps Act — before Democrats picked up the legislation in subsequent congressional sessions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sprenkel, the Corps Network CEO, pointed out that Republicans have supported the programs in the past because of the aid corps members have provided in response to natural disasters. But not all Republicans are on board with the idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I do think that some, maybe more conservative Republicans, particularly those that represent extraction states, will view this as a potential either land grab or an effort to take jobs away,” she said “But, if it is designed and implemented correctly, it could be sort of a-rising-tide-lifts-all-boats [approach] and I think that’s how the administration is thinking they would like to implement the program, so every community and every person who wants to be a part of that has an opportunity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not clear now how much appetite Congress has for another Biden initiative that calls for so much spending after the COVID-19 recovery stimulus bill passed earlier this year. And, so far, just a few Democrats have agreed to be co-sponsors of the main climate and conservation corps bills that are on the table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kuo’s boss is Bruce Saito, who’s been with the California Conservation Corps for more than four decades. He’s hopeful that both Republicans and Democrats will recognize the value of expanding a program that does everything from improving energy efficiency in Harlem, to more traditional projects like trail building in Yosemite National Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saito said that, since the COVID-19 pandemic and the high unemployment it has brought, along with of civil unrest and Black Lives Matter protests that followed, there’s been a lot of discussion about the value of helping to ease lingering economic and environmental justice problems with an infrastructure package like those being proposed by Biden and congressional Democrats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve heard it before,” he said, recalling how infrastructure proposals have languished in Washington in the past. “But, you know, I’m just so hopeful that now is the time, that it’s not just talk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/newsletter\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Amy Kuo saw firsthand how powerful it can be to tackle the big problems of our times in small ways when she was on a California Conservation Corps work crew a few years ago in the sweltering summer heat deep in a forest outside of Los Angeles. Kuo, now a legislative analyst for the corps, recalls slogging upstream, sometimes waist deep in water or poison oak, hauling gasoline, chain saws and other heavy gear to clear fallen trees and debris blocking the riverbed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The grueling work and discomfort could be overwhelming. But then the sound of the river running and the trees swaying in the wind pierced her consciousness. She recognized that she and her crew were engaged in something bigger than themselves, working in concert with the land like generations before them had done. They were making a difference in the world in a small but meaningful way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s absolutely important to think of the larger picture, be that from your own community or globally,” Kuo said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solving big problems with a huge workforce making lots of small contributions is the crux of an idea kicking around Washington to take on some of the most challenging issues of our times: reimagining the Depression-era Civilian Conservation Corps. The Biden White House and members of Congress want to tweak that concept to help rebuild the nation’s workforce in a stumbling economy while also reducing greenhouse gas emissions and facilitating the transition to clean energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, no matter the final shape, there’s growing support for dusting off the New Deal strategy to solve contemporary challenges, such as how to train the number of workers needed for clean-energy jobs, update the nation’s water infrastructure, reduce wildland fire hazards and foster racial justice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea of addressing these challenges with a revived CCC isn’t exactly new, but there are some fresh twists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Biden has been talking about the idea since before he took office. A week into his presidency, he \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/01/27/executive-order-on-tackling-the-climate-crisis-at-home-and-abroad/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">directed\u003c/a> the secretary of the interior to lead development of a strategy to mobilize a Civilian Climate Corps — “the next generation of conservation and resilience workers” — to help address the climate crisis. Then he called for spending $10 billion on the updated CCC in the $2 trillion \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/03/31/fact-sheet-the-american-jobs-plan/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">jobs and infrastructure\u003c/a> plan he proposed earlier this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s reached a level of seriousness and intention that I have never seen before,” said Mary Ellen Sprenkel, president and CEO of the Corps Network, a national association representing the nation’s 135 existing conservation corps, mostly private-public partnerships that have adopted the corps model for job training and community service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update for an Old Jobs Model \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In testimony last month before the House National Parks, Forests and Public Lands Subcommittee, Sprenkel told how then-President Franklin Delano Roosevelt used the Civilian Conservation Corps to put 3 million jobless Americans back to work over nine years during the Great Depression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“CCC Boys,” as they were called, constructed more than 125,000 miles of roads and trails, 318,000 dams, 47,000 bridges and 3,500 fire towers, according to Sprenkel’s testimony. They installed 90,000 miles of telephone lines, dug irrigation channels long enough to cross from New York to Los Angeles and back, planted billions of trees, developed 800 state and local parks and restored more than 20 million acres of habitat and rangeland. In addition, they responded to hundreds of hurricanes, floods and fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1974365\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1974365\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Conservation-Corps-Minnesota-Iowa-800x600.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Conservation-Corps-Minnesota-Iowa-800x600.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Conservation-Corps-Minnesota-Iowa-1020x765.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Conservation-Corps-Minnesota-Iowa-160x120.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Conservation-Corps-Minnesota-Iowa-768x576.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Conservation-Corps-Minnesota-Iowa-1536x1152.jpeg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Conservation-Corps-Minnesota-Iowa-1920x1440.jpeg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/Conservation-Corps-Minnesota-Iowa.jpeg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A member of Conservation Corps Minnesota & Iowa assists with a prescribed burn at Murphy-Hanrehan Park Reserve in Minnesota in May 2019. \u003ccite>(Photo Courtesy of the Corps Network/InsideClimate News)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Even as Washington is discussing updating the concept, today’s corps scattered across the country employ about 25,000 young people a year in urban and rural areas, Sprenkel testified. In 2019, they restored 1.4 million acres of habitat, planted more than 1 million trees, built 13,000 miles of trails, constructed or improved nearly 8,000 community gardens and green spaces, recycled 31,000 pounds of waste, audited the energy use and/or weatherized more than 31,000 homes and responded to 223 natural disasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ramping up the new CCC could generate 1.5 million jobs, according to a recent \u003ca href=\"https://collaborative.evergreenaction.com/policy-hub/building-civilian-climate-corps\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">report\u003c/a> from the climate advocacy group, Evergreen Action. The Civilian Climate Corps for Jobs and Justice Act\u003cem>, \u003c/em>a bill introduced last week by\u003cem> \u003c/em>Sen. Edward J. Markey, D-Mass., and Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, D-NY, embraces key parts of the proposals in Evergreen’s report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ambitious climate action can create millions of good-paying jobs across the country,” the report concluded. “The Biden administration will have the opportunity to drive that growth by training and deploying the next generation of climate workers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The need would be great, even if the nation didn’t increase its commitment to fight climate change and transition to clean energy. The number of infrastructure and transportation workers nearing retirement will leave nearly 3 million jobs open by 2024, Sprenkel told lawmakers, so today’s corps could be doubled or even tripled in size just to meet the need that’s already coming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Diversifying a Once White and Male Jobs Program\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The original CCC largely employed white men, 16 to 25, and veterans up to the age of 35. In its report, Evergreen described the target group as fundamentally flawed because it “perpetuated white supremacy and almost entirely excluded women, and many of the national parks in which its corps members worked were formed through violent displacement of Indigenous people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Key provisions of the proposals now in play include enhancing diversity, equity and inclusion. Existing conservation work programs have made big strides in that direction — the Corps Network reports that the current makeup of groups in the network is about 45% women and 44% people of color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This focus on diversity, equity and inclusion in the new proposals has brought supporters like the NAACP, the nation’s oldest civil rights organization, and Hispanics Enjoying Camping, Hunting, and the Outdoors (HECHO) into the fold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nayyirah Shariff, director of Flint Rising, a coalition of advocacy groups, praised the conservation corps concept as “a chance to create climate resilient, self-sufficient urban centers by creating new green spaces using native plants and grasses, wetland reclamation, and training Black, Brown, and Indigenous people in careers that will reframe our relationship with the land.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others see the events of the last year highlighting the need for a federal corps that employs populations and serves communities that were underserved by the original CCC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because the health and economic consequences of the pandemic have fallen disproportionately on communities of color, our approach to healing and recovery must explicitly target those communities,” said Marc H. Morial, National Urban League president, in a statement. “This effort to transform and revive the Civilian Conservation Corps is exactly the kind of initiative that will help us build a more inclusive and equitable economy for the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are several bills pending in the current Congress that include the conservation corps concept.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.coons.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/SUMMARY%20Civilian%20Climate%20Corps%20Act.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Bills\u003c/a> creating a new Civilian Climate Corps, one carried in the House by Rep. Joe Neguse, D-Colo., and in the Senate by Chris Coons, D-Del., directs the departments of Interior and Agriculture to focus on conservation and restoration on public lands. But the legislation also would assist front-line communities adapting to climate change by finding natural climate solutions and replacing vulnerable infrastructure. And it would prioritize sending its resources to “disadvantaged communities that are often disproportionately harmed by climate change and environmental degradation, and may have fewer resources build community resilience.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another bill being sponsored by Neguse, this time in concert with Sen. Ron Wyden, D-Ore., focuses on federal forests and rural lands. Wyden has been pointing out since last year that there is a backlog of 2.5 million acres of \u003ca href=\"https://www.wyden.senate.gov/news/press-releases/wyden-presses-forest-service-on-backlog-of-hazardous-fuels-and-wildfire-prevention-projects-in-oregon-\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">hazardous fuel reduction projects\u003c/a> that are ready to go in the nation’s forests, but lack funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A kind of rural stimulus, it focuses on farms and forests after Colorado experienced the three largest wildfires in state history last year and hundreds of homes and businesses in Oregon burned in climate-driven wildfires that scorched over 1.2 million acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The answer is putting people to work in the woods to manage our forests, supporting science-based hazardous fuels treatments, investing in the health of our watersheds and, ultimately, prioritizing keeping our communities safe,” Wyden and Neguse said in a recent letter to Biden about their bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If Congress passes our bill tomorrow, forests would be more resilient and federal land managers would have the resources to reduce wildfire risk,” they wrote. “Neighborhoods would have safer homes and businesses, and cleaner air and water. Rural communities would have more jobs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Wyden-Neguse legislation, according to information from Neguse’s office, has endorsements from environmental and trade groups, including, the Sierra Club, the Access Fund, the Outdoor Recreation Roundtable, the Family Farm Action Alliance, Backcountry Hunters & Anglers and even the Ochoco Lumber Co. in Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bipartisan Interest, but Reluctance to Spend More\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In many respects, the conservation corps idea seems like it ought to be embraced by urban blue-state progressives and rural red-state conservatives alike. And polling by Data for Progress cited by Evergreen last fall suggests the idea has strong bipartisan appeal, with 77% of likely voters supporting the concept, including 65% of Republicans and 87% of Democrats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It helps that the conservation corps idea has thrived during both Republicans and Democratic White House administrations and in Congress. The late Sen. John McCain and onetime Rep. Martha McSally, both Republicans of Arizona, sponsored bipartisan conservation corps legislation in 2015 and 2017 — the 21st Century Conservation Corps Act — before Democrats picked up the legislation in subsequent congressional sessions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sprenkel, the Corps Network CEO, pointed out that Republicans have supported the programs in the past because of the aid corps members have provided in response to natural disasters. But not all Republicans are on board with the idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I do think that some, maybe more conservative Republicans, particularly those that represent extraction states, will view this as a potential either land grab or an effort to take jobs away,” she said “But, if it is designed and implemented correctly, it could be sort of a-rising-tide-lifts-all-boats [approach] and I think that’s how the administration is thinking they would like to implement the program, so every community and every person who wants to be a part of that has an opportunity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not clear now how much appetite Congress has for another Biden initiative that calls for so much spending after the COVID-19 recovery stimulus bill passed earlier this year. And, so far, just a few Democrats have agreed to be co-sponsors of the main climate and conservation corps bills that are on the table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kuo’s boss is Bruce Saito, who’s been with the California Conservation Corps for more than four decades. He’s hopeful that both Republicans and Democrats will recognize the value of expanding a program that does everything from improving energy efficiency in Harlem, to more traditional projects like trail building in Yosemite National Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saito said that, since the COVID-19 pandemic and the high unemployment it has brought, along with of civil unrest and Black Lives Matter protests that followed, there’s been a lot of discussion about the value of helping to ease lingering economic and environmental justice problems with an infrastructure package like those being proposed by Biden and congressional Democrats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve heard it before,” he said, recalling how infrastructure proposals have languished in Washington in the past. “But, you know, I’m just so hopeful that now is the time, that it’s not just talk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "If You're Offered the Johnson & Johnson Vaccine, Take It, Experts Say. Here's Why",
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"content": "\u003cp>This week, news of a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/coronavirusliveupdates/news/11871298/bay-area-man-treated-for-rare-blood-clot-after-receiving-jj-vaccine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">rare blood clot\u003c/a> in a patient at UCSF, after he received the Johnson & Johnson coronavirus vaccine, brought this very small risk close to home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The chance of developing these blood clots is tiny \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">—\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> only 2 in 1 million. And UCSF reported Monday that the patient is doing well and expected to go home in a few days. Still, knowing there is a risk at all is upsetting and confusing. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health experts agree Johnson & Johnson is still a great vaccine. \u003ca href=\"https://www.susanaramirez.net/\">\u003cb>Professor Susana Ramírez\u003c/b>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a UC Merced expert in \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.communicationculturehealth.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">communication, culture and public health\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, recently shared some guidelines with KQED’s \u003c/span>Raquel Maria Dillon\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> about how to evaluate risks around these vaccines. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This interview has been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>There have been 16 of these rare blood clot cases out of about 8 million Johnson & Johnson doses given out in the U.S. Can you put that overall risk of this vaccine in context for us?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Susana Ramírez: \u003c/span>\u003c/i>The extraordinarily rare events that we are seeing, with these blood clotting disorders are tragic and sad, but they’re extremely rare. But the potential to be infected with the coronavirus is much higher than the potential to get one of these severe side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As humans, we really want to avoid bad outcomes. And so it’s really easy for us to focus on the negative outcomes that we might be hearing about, even when those outcomes are so very rare. And the risks from the coronavirus are not so obvious. Some people get very sick and they are hospitalized, and some people die, but other people may not get a very significant disease. I think what we need to focus on is the relative risk here is much lower for side effects than of getting the actual coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>We’ve heard from our audience that they have concerns that the J&J shot is for homeless people or people who don’t have time to come back for a second shot. They’re basically worried it’s a lower quality option. How do you address that? \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ci>Ramírez\u003c/i>: I think the very most important fact to remember is that all three of the vaccines that are available to people in the United States have incredibly high efficacy rates. The very best vaccine is the one that you can get in your arm as soon as possible.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All three of these vaccines have prevented serious hospitalization and death from this disease. And that’s the worst case, right? That’s the worst-case outcome. And all three of these vaccines are effective at preventing those.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>But the problem with trying to compare [efficacy rates] is that these three vaccines were developed at different times, and they were developed and tested with essentially different groups of people. The Moderna and Pfizer vaccines were tested really at the early end of the pandemic over a year ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The J&J clinical trials finished very recently. And by that time, we’d been engaging in behavioral measures like wearing masks and social distancing. So those things had been in place for months when the J&J vaccine was tested. So we were a different population, and the disease itself was different by this point. We had more variants that were circulating. And so it was really tested under very different conditions. So there’s not an apples to apples comparison that you can do, although it’s tempting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some ways, even though we see a lower effectiveness, it’s really among a disease that had evolved and changed and adapted to our conditions. And so the fact that the vaccine is still effective in that context, I think is a real strength and plus in the J&J column. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I don’t think by any stretch of the imagination that we should think about it as a lesser kind of vaccine. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I think that there is definitely a kernel of truth to the idea that folks are talking about the two-dose vaccines, the Pfizer and Moderna, being for more privileged people. You have to have certain privileges like a flexible job, transportation to the vaccination site twice, a stable residence and a phone number to make those follow-up appointments, and then the ability to take some time off if you’re not feeling well after the vaccine. But that doesn’t make any of the vaccines better from a disease prevention perspective. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Are you concerned that the appeal of the J&J shot — convenience — might not be enough to convince people to get it at this point? And what would that mean for getting to herd immunity, which is the broader societal goal? \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ci>Ramírez\u003c/i>: You’re absolutely right. The number one goal is we want everybody to get a vaccine as soon as possible. We need to think about really messaging on that convenience. I think there are people like me who are terrified of needles. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">We would prefer just having to go one time. And that convenience — it’s not just about the needle. You have to take time off to get the vaccine. We may have localized side effects, which is not a big deal. But if you’re feeling kind of yucky or you have a headache, you don’t really want to go back to work the next day. And so that would be twice that you have to do that for the other two vaccines. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">So the convenience of a one-shot vaccine is really something that we need to be talking up and selling because it’s a big deal. It’s a positive condition of this particular vaccine.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In my opinion, I don’t see a clear clinical reason to prefer one vaccine over another vaccine. So it’s really about the convenience.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb> I think people want to make rational decisions, especially when it comes to their health, but there are a lot of numbers being thrown around. You’ve got Pfizer and Moderna with efficacy rates in the 90s and Johnson & Johnson’s lower. So why is this so confusing? \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ci>Ramírez\u003c/i>: I think the key number that we should be looking at as individuals is which of these vaccines is going to prevent me from getting this disease? And then which one of those is going to prevent such a severe case that I’m hospitalized or die from it? All of these have been tested in slightly different ways. And they’ve considered efficacy and measured it in different ways, like having some symptoms, any symptoms, having a positive test, or being hospitalized. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The takeaway is all three of these vaccines have prevented serious hospitalization and death from this disease. And that’s the worst case, right? That’s the worst-case outcome. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The numbers are really confusing. Even highly educated people have a really hard time making sense of risk because it’s not just a number, it’s a value and a set of values. We’re talking about our own health and the health of our loved ones. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">So, again, it’s hard to compare, but [the three vaccines are] all incredibly good. The Moderna and the Pfizer vaccines were tested early on in the pandemic and they had different clinical outcomes. And now that they’ve been out in the real world, the other comparisons of efficacy are hard to make.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s hard to give people what they want, which is a really concrete answer to the question, How risky is this vaccine? I think the best answer that we can give is the risk of the vaccines is much, much, much lower than the risk of serious complications from the coronavirus, should you not be vaccinated. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>This whole thing — the pandemic and the vaccines — is kind of a science experiment taking place on a world stage. What can people learn about science from this?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ci>Ramírez\u003c/i>: \u003c/span>The fact that we have three vaccines in the U.S. and seven in the world that are already authorized for preventing a disease that no one knew about 18 months ago — that is amazing! And millions of people have already been vaccinated. I think it’s really important that we appreciate the incredible scientific achievement and the logistical feats that were involved in getting to this point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we stop to appreciate the fact that we have this global health crisis and we already have, and have had for months, the ability to control it — I think that should inspire confidence in science. And I also think that the temporary pause that occurred with the distribution of the J&J vaccine should also be applauded and celebrated as a way of increasing our confidence in science, because that pause shows that the real-world tracking and monitoring of the vaccines is is working.\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>This week, news of a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/coronavirusliveupdates/news/11871298/bay-area-man-treated-for-rare-blood-clot-after-receiving-jj-vaccine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">rare blood clot\u003c/a> in a patient at UCSF, after he received the Johnson & Johnson coronavirus vaccine, brought this very small risk close to home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The chance of developing these blood clots is tiny \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">—\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> only 2 in 1 million. And UCSF reported Monday that the patient is doing well and expected to go home in a few days. Still, knowing there is a risk at all is upsetting and confusing. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health experts agree Johnson & Johnson is still a great vaccine. \u003ca href=\"https://www.susanaramirez.net/\">\u003cb>Professor Susana Ramírez\u003c/b>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a UC Merced expert in \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.communicationculturehealth.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">communication, culture and public health\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, recently shared some guidelines with KQED’s \u003c/span>Raquel Maria Dillon\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> about how to evaluate risks around these vaccines. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This interview has been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>There have been 16 of these rare blood clot cases out of about 8 million Johnson & Johnson doses given out in the U.S. Can you put that overall risk of this vaccine in context for us?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Susana Ramírez: \u003c/span>\u003c/i>The extraordinarily rare events that we are seeing, with these blood clotting disorders are tragic and sad, but they’re extremely rare. But the potential to be infected with the coronavirus is much higher than the potential to get one of these severe side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As humans, we really want to avoid bad outcomes. And so it’s really easy for us to focus on the negative outcomes that we might be hearing about, even when those outcomes are so very rare. And the risks from the coronavirus are not so obvious. Some people get very sick and they are hospitalized, and some people die, but other people may not get a very significant disease. I think what we need to focus on is the relative risk here is much lower for side effects than of getting the actual coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>We’ve heard from our audience that they have concerns that the J&J shot is for homeless people or people who don’t have time to come back for a second shot. They’re basically worried it’s a lower quality option. How do you address that? \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ci>Ramírez\u003c/i>: I think the very most important fact to remember is that all three of the vaccines that are available to people in the United States have incredibly high efficacy rates. The very best vaccine is the one that you can get in your arm as soon as possible.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All three of these vaccines have prevented serious hospitalization and death from this disease. And that’s the worst case, right? That’s the worst-case outcome. And all three of these vaccines are effective at preventing those.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>But the problem with trying to compare [efficacy rates] is that these three vaccines were developed at different times, and they were developed and tested with essentially different groups of people. The Moderna and Pfizer vaccines were tested really at the early end of the pandemic over a year ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The J&J clinical trials finished very recently. And by that time, we’d been engaging in behavioral measures like wearing masks and social distancing. So those things had been in place for months when the J&J vaccine was tested. So we were a different population, and the disease itself was different by this point. We had more variants that were circulating. And so it was really tested under very different conditions. So there’s not an apples to apples comparison that you can do, although it’s tempting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some ways, even though we see a lower effectiveness, it’s really among a disease that had evolved and changed and adapted to our conditions. And so the fact that the vaccine is still effective in that context, I think is a real strength and plus in the J&J column. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I don’t think by any stretch of the imagination that we should think about it as a lesser kind of vaccine. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I think that there is definitely a kernel of truth to the idea that folks are talking about the two-dose vaccines, the Pfizer and Moderna, being for more privileged people. You have to have certain privileges like a flexible job, transportation to the vaccination site twice, a stable residence and a phone number to make those follow-up appointments, and then the ability to take some time off if you’re not feeling well after the vaccine. But that doesn’t make any of the vaccines better from a disease prevention perspective. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Are you concerned that the appeal of the J&J shot — convenience — might not be enough to convince people to get it at this point? And what would that mean for getting to herd immunity, which is the broader societal goal? \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ci>Ramírez\u003c/i>: You’re absolutely right. The number one goal is we want everybody to get a vaccine as soon as possible. We need to think about really messaging on that convenience. I think there are people like me who are terrified of needles. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">We would prefer just having to go one time. And that convenience — it’s not just about the needle. You have to take time off to get the vaccine. We may have localized side effects, which is not a big deal. But if you’re feeling kind of yucky or you have a headache, you don’t really want to go back to work the next day. And so that would be twice that you have to do that for the other two vaccines. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">So the convenience of a one-shot vaccine is really something that we need to be talking up and selling because it’s a big deal. It’s a positive condition of this particular vaccine.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In my opinion, I don’t see a clear clinical reason to prefer one vaccine over another vaccine. So it’s really about the convenience.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb> I think people want to make rational decisions, especially when it comes to their health, but there are a lot of numbers being thrown around. You’ve got Pfizer and Moderna with efficacy rates in the 90s and Johnson & Johnson’s lower. So why is this so confusing? \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ci>Ramírez\u003c/i>: I think the key number that we should be looking at as individuals is which of these vaccines is going to prevent me from getting this disease? And then which one of those is going to prevent such a severe case that I’m hospitalized or die from it? All of these have been tested in slightly different ways. And they’ve considered efficacy and measured it in different ways, like having some symptoms, any symptoms, having a positive test, or being hospitalized. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The takeaway is all three of these vaccines have prevented serious hospitalization and death from this disease. And that’s the worst case, right? That’s the worst-case outcome. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The numbers are really confusing. Even highly educated people have a really hard time making sense of risk because it’s not just a number, it’s a value and a set of values. We’re talking about our own health and the health of our loved ones. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">So, again, it’s hard to compare, but [the three vaccines are] all incredibly good. The Moderna and the Pfizer vaccines were tested early on in the pandemic and they had different clinical outcomes. And now that they’ve been out in the real world, the other comparisons of efficacy are hard to make.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s hard to give people what they want, which is a really concrete answer to the question, How risky is this vaccine? I think the best answer that we can give is the risk of the vaccines is much, much, much lower than the risk of serious complications from the coronavirus, should you not be vaccinated. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>This whole thing — the pandemic and the vaccines — is kind of a science experiment taking place on a world stage. What can people learn about science from this?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ci>Ramírez\u003c/i>: \u003c/span>The fact that we have three vaccines in the U.S. and seven in the world that are already authorized for preventing a disease that no one knew about 18 months ago — that is amazing! And millions of people have already been vaccinated. I think it’s really important that we appreciate the incredible scientific achievement and the logistical feats that were involved in getting to this point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we stop to appreciate the fact that we have this global health crisis and we already have, and have had for months, the ability to control it — I think that should inspire confidence in science. And I also think that the temporary pause that occurred with the distribution of the J&J vaccine should also be applauded and celebrated as a way of increasing our confidence in science, because that pause shows that the real-world tracking and monitoring of the vaccines is is working.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "En sus propias palabras: Los residentes de la ciudad del Este de Palo Alto responden al aumento del nivel del mar que se avecina",
"headTitle": "En sus propias palabras: Los residentes de la ciudad del Este de Palo Alto responden al aumento del nivel del mar que se avecina | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Esta serie es parte de la iniciativa nacional de periodismo ‘\u003ca href=\"http://connected-coastlines.pulitzercenter.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Connected Coastlines\u003c/a>‘ del Centro Pulitzer.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1973645/in-their-own-words-east-palo-alto-residents-on-the-coming-rise-in-sea-level\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Read in English\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El creciente nivel del mar a causa del cambio climático no afectará a todos por igual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>En el Área de la Bahía, la ciudad del Este de Palo Alto \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1974191\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">corre un mayor riesgo\u003c/a> ante el aumento del nivel del mar: está rodeada de agua por tres lados y se encuentra junto a la zona sur de la bahía, donde las mareas son las más altas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=\"science_1974191,science_1974195\"]Infraestructuras críticas como el puente Dumbarton y la autopista 101 se encuentran dentro o a lado del Este de Palo Alto, y el ascendente nivel del mar en el litoral de la ciudad alterará la vida de muchos en el Área de la Bahía.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pero para las personas con un hogar en esta ciudad, que frecuentan las tiendas y parques del barrio, quienes tienen familia y amistades por todo el vecindario, la posibilidad de que siga subiendo el nivel del mar es algo mucho más estremecedor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A continuación, tres residentes comparten sus perspectivas sobre cómo luchan para proteger a la gente y los lugares que están cerca de sus corazones a medida que el mundo sigue calentándose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los siguientes testimonios han sido editados para mayor claridad y duración.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Filiberto Zaragoza, de 18 años, estudiante de cuarto año en el bachillerato Menlo-Atherton\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Cuando me enteré de lo que es el cambio climático, no sabía cómo procesar esa información. Aún era joven y pensaba, “ah, todo está bien en el mundo”. Pero aprender sobre el tema me hizo cuestionar, ¿qué en verdad está haciendo la gente para ayudarnos?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/OwnWordsPhoto1.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1973715 \" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/OwnWordsPhoto1-1020x639.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"426\" height=\"268\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/OwnWordsPhoto1-1020x639.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/OwnWordsPhoto1-800x501.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/OwnWordsPhoto1-160x100.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/OwnWordsPhoto1-768x481.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/OwnWordsPhoto1.png 1424w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 426px) 100vw, 426px\">\u003c/a>He vivido en el Este de Palo Alto toda mi vida. Vivimos a lado de la bahía, rodeados de agua. Mi mayor temor es que en el futuro regrese aquí y vea que sólo permanecen ciertas partes de mi ciudad y que los vecindarios que conozco estén sumergidos bajo el agua o inundados.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pero tengo mucha esperanza por el cambio. Soy un integrante principal del grupo ‘Youth United for Community Action’, donde luchamos a favor de la vivienda, la justicia ecológica y la justicia restaurativa. Sé que en el futuro, a medida que las cosas empeoren, YUCA seguirá aquí en el Este de Palo Alto protegiendo a la ciudad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>*Nota editorial: ‘Youth United for Community Action’ en español significa: Jóvenes Unidos para Acción Comunitaria y también es conocido como YUCA por sus siglas en inglés.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Ulises Barbosa, de 34 años, trabaja en la construcción\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1973718\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Ulises-scaled-e1618344888530-800x1141.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"275\" height=\"392\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Ulises-scaled-e1618344888530-800x1141.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Ulises-scaled-e1618344888530-1020x1455.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Ulises-scaled-e1618344888530-160x228.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Ulises-scaled-e1618344888530-768x1095.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Ulises-scaled-e1618344888530-1077x1536.jpeg 1077w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Ulises-scaled-e1618344888530-1436x2048.jpeg 1436w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Ulises-scaled-e1618344888530.jpeg 1440w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 275px) 100vw, 275px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>La primera vez que me enteré del cambio climático fue algo agridulce. Tuve sentimientos encontrados. Me interesó saber más sobre este tema, pero me di cuenta de que, de una manera inconsciente estábamos dañando nuestro planeta. Y eso me me hizo sentir muy triste e impotente, porque no sabía qué hacer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los que vivimos aquí en el Este de Palo Alto tenemos miedo porque sabemos que ya hemos sido afectados y que si no ponemos manos a la obra, no seguirá afectando. Nos gustaría tener más conocimiento sobre el cambio climático. Actualmente la mayoría de mis amigos y yo hemos estado asistiendo a una clase de concientización ambiental, en la que se habla mucho del cambio del clima.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vivimos a orillas del mar. El cambio climático puede afectar el nivel del mar lo suficiente como para que este cubra gran parte del Este de Palo Alto, prácticamente tapando todas nuestras viviendas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pues yo espero que no solamente seamos nosotros, sino que gran parte de la comunidad, los políticos y todo el mundo también se unan para contrarrestar este problema. Mientras tanto, aquí seguiremos poniendo nuestro granito de arena cada día, poco a poco.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Cristina Becerra, de 16 años, estudiante de tercer año en el bachillerato Palo Alto\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Me siento muy triste pero también con mucha esperanza y con un sentido de urgencia, hay que hacer esto ahora. Siento que debo de decirles a cuantas personas sea posible de lo que está pasando y lo que pueden hacer para ayudar. Siempre le digo a mi papá que debemos de utilizar la energía solar y que quiero plantar árboles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Cristina.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1973716\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Cristina-1020x680.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"417\" height=\"279\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Cristina-1020x680.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Cristina-800x533.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Cristina-160x107.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Cristina-768x512.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Cristina.jpeg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 417px) 100vw, 417px\">\u003c/a>Mi mayor miedo es que si no se hace nada y llegue el día en que todas estas casas se inunden, mucha gente no tendrá un lugar a donde ir, o tenga que vivir con agua en sus pisos. Simplemente no será una situación segura.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Y también la preocupación de tener que pagar el alquiler y reparar su hogar, ¿qué se supone que van hacer? ¿A dónde va ir toda esa gente?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mi esperanza es que se logren algunos cambios. Cambios a pequeña escala, como por ejemplo que toda la ciudad del Este de Palo Alto comenzara a usar energía solar. Esto en verdad motivaría a otras ciudades: “Ah, mira lo que ellos están haciendo. Deberíamos hacer eso también”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Espero que el Este de Palo Alto tome medidas preventivas, construyendo diques o simplemente asegurándose de que todas las viviendas, especialmente las que están cercas de las zonas propensas a inundaciones, estén preparadas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Este artículo fue traducido por el periodista, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/author/ccabreralomeli\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Carlos Cabrera-Lomelí \u003c/a>y editado por la periodista \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/soytapatia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">María Peña\u003c/a> del equipo de \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/kqedenespanol\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">KQED en Español\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Tres residentes de East Palo Alto hablan sobre lo que es vivir con la amenaza de inundaciones a medida que sube el nivel del mar a causa del cambio climático y lo que están haciendo al respecto.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Esta serie es parte de la iniciativa nacional de periodismo ‘\u003ca href=\"http://connected-coastlines.pulitzercenter.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Connected Coastlines\u003c/a>‘ del Centro Pulitzer.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1973645/in-their-own-words-east-palo-alto-residents-on-the-coming-rise-in-sea-level\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Read in English\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El creciente nivel del mar a causa del cambio climático no afectará a todos por igual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>En el Área de la Bahía, la ciudad del Este de Palo Alto \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1974191\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">corre un mayor riesgo\u003c/a> ante el aumento del nivel del mar: está rodeada de agua por tres lados y se encuentra junto a la zona sur de la bahía, donde las mareas son las más altas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Infraestructuras críticas como el puente Dumbarton y la autopista 101 se encuentran dentro o a lado del Este de Palo Alto, y el ascendente nivel del mar en el litoral de la ciudad alterará la vida de muchos en el Área de la Bahía.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pero para las personas con un hogar en esta ciudad, que frecuentan las tiendas y parques del barrio, quienes tienen familia y amistades por todo el vecindario, la posibilidad de que siga subiendo el nivel del mar es algo mucho más estremecedor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A continuación, tres residentes comparten sus perspectivas sobre cómo luchan para proteger a la gente y los lugares que están cerca de sus corazones a medida que el mundo sigue calentándose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los siguientes testimonios han sido editados para mayor claridad y duración.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Filiberto Zaragoza, de 18 años, estudiante de cuarto año en el bachillerato Menlo-Atherton\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Cuando me enteré de lo que es el cambio climático, no sabía cómo procesar esa información. Aún era joven y pensaba, “ah, todo está bien en el mundo”. Pero aprender sobre el tema me hizo cuestionar, ¿qué en verdad está haciendo la gente para ayudarnos?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/OwnWordsPhoto1.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1973715 \" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/OwnWordsPhoto1-1020x639.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"426\" height=\"268\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/OwnWordsPhoto1-1020x639.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/OwnWordsPhoto1-800x501.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/OwnWordsPhoto1-160x100.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/OwnWordsPhoto1-768x481.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/OwnWordsPhoto1.png 1424w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 426px) 100vw, 426px\">\u003c/a>He vivido en el Este de Palo Alto toda mi vida. Vivimos a lado de la bahía, rodeados de agua. Mi mayor temor es que en el futuro regrese aquí y vea que sólo permanecen ciertas partes de mi ciudad y que los vecindarios que conozco estén sumergidos bajo el agua o inundados.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pero tengo mucha esperanza por el cambio. Soy un integrante principal del grupo ‘Youth United for Community Action’, donde luchamos a favor de la vivienda, la justicia ecológica y la justicia restaurativa. Sé que en el futuro, a medida que las cosas empeoren, YUCA seguirá aquí en el Este de Palo Alto protegiendo a la ciudad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>*Nota editorial: ‘Youth United for Community Action’ en español significa: Jóvenes Unidos para Acción Comunitaria y también es conocido como YUCA por sus siglas en inglés.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Ulises Barbosa, de 34 años, trabaja en la construcción\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1973718\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Ulises-scaled-e1618344888530-800x1141.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"275\" height=\"392\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Ulises-scaled-e1618344888530-800x1141.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Ulises-scaled-e1618344888530-1020x1455.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Ulises-scaled-e1618344888530-160x228.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Ulises-scaled-e1618344888530-768x1095.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Ulises-scaled-e1618344888530-1077x1536.jpeg 1077w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Ulises-scaled-e1618344888530-1436x2048.jpeg 1436w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Ulises-scaled-e1618344888530.jpeg 1440w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 275px) 100vw, 275px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>La primera vez que me enteré del cambio climático fue algo agridulce. Tuve sentimientos encontrados. Me interesó saber más sobre este tema, pero me di cuenta de que, de una manera inconsciente estábamos dañando nuestro planeta. Y eso me me hizo sentir muy triste e impotente, porque no sabía qué hacer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los que vivimos aquí en el Este de Palo Alto tenemos miedo porque sabemos que ya hemos sido afectados y que si no ponemos manos a la obra, no seguirá afectando. Nos gustaría tener más conocimiento sobre el cambio climático. Actualmente la mayoría de mis amigos y yo hemos estado asistiendo a una clase de concientización ambiental, en la que se habla mucho del cambio del clima.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vivimos a orillas del mar. El cambio climático puede afectar el nivel del mar lo suficiente como para que este cubra gran parte del Este de Palo Alto, prácticamente tapando todas nuestras viviendas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pues yo espero que no solamente seamos nosotros, sino que gran parte de la comunidad, los políticos y todo el mundo también se unan para contrarrestar este problema. Mientras tanto, aquí seguiremos poniendo nuestro granito de arena cada día, poco a poco.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Cristina Becerra, de 16 años, estudiante de tercer año en el bachillerato Palo Alto\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Me siento muy triste pero también con mucha esperanza y con un sentido de urgencia, hay que hacer esto ahora. Siento que debo de decirles a cuantas personas sea posible de lo que está pasando y lo que pueden hacer para ayudar. Siempre le digo a mi papá que debemos de utilizar la energía solar y que quiero plantar árboles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Cristina.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1973716\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Cristina-1020x680.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"417\" height=\"279\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Cristina-1020x680.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Cristina-800x533.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Cristina-160x107.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Cristina-768x512.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Cristina.jpeg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 417px) 100vw, 417px\">\u003c/a>Mi mayor miedo es que si no se hace nada y llegue el día en que todas estas casas se inunden, mucha gente no tendrá un lugar a donde ir, o tenga que vivir con agua en sus pisos. Simplemente no será una situación segura.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Y también la preocupación de tener que pagar el alquiler y reparar su hogar, ¿qué se supone que van hacer? ¿A dónde va ir toda esa gente?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mi esperanza es que se logren algunos cambios. Cambios a pequeña escala, como por ejemplo que toda la ciudad del Este de Palo Alto comenzara a usar energía solar. Esto en verdad motivaría a otras ciudades: “Ah, mira lo que ellos están haciendo. Deberíamos hacer eso también”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Espero que el Este de Palo Alto tome medidas preventivas, construyendo diques o simplemente asegurándose de que todas las viviendas, especialmente las que están cercas de las zonas propensas a inundaciones, estén preparadas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Este artículo fue traducido por el periodista, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/author/ccabreralomeli\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Carlos Cabrera-Lomelí \u003c/a>y editado por la periodista \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/soytapatia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">María Peña\u003c/a> del equipo de \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/kqedenespanol\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">KQED en Español\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Mapa: Descubre cuáles lugares del Área de la Bahía están en riesgo de inundación por el aumento del nivel del mar",
"headTitle": "Mapa: Descubre cuáles lugares del Área de la Bahía están en riesgo de inundación por el aumento del nivel del mar | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Esta serie es parte de la iniciativa nacional de periodismo ‘\u003ca href=\"http://connected-coastlines.pulitzercenter.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Connected Coastlines\u003c/a>‘ del Centro Pulitzer.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1973624/maps-see-which-bay-area-locations-are-at-risk-from-rising-seas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Read in English\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch5>Una proyección del aumento del nivel del mar en el Área de la Bahía hasta el 2050\u003c/h5>\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 90%\">\u003cspan style=\"font-size: small\">\u003cem>Puede mover su mouse para explorar las direcciones del mapa. Puede usar los signos (+) y (-) para acercarse o alejarse. Selecciona la lupa para buscar una dirección específica. Para esconder la leyenda, selecciona la flecha hacia abajo que está ubicada al lado derecho de la leyenda del mapa. Fuentes: USGS, OCOF, Pacific Institute\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://kqed.carto.com/u/kqednews/builder/13e1ca7c-3df3-4f40-bcd3-8072f22d9e6c/embed\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El nivel de la marea alta de la bahía se dirige en una dirección: arriba. Los modelos utilizados en \u003ca href=\"http://www.opc.ca.gov/webmaster/ftp/pdf/docs/rising-seas-in-california-an-update-on-sea-level-rise-science.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">la última evaluación\u003c/a> del aumento del nivel del mar del estado de California, en 2017, incluyen un rango superior que está definido en términos de eventos estadísticamente menos probables. Muestran que la bahía podría elevarse hasta 1.9 pies para el año 2050 y 6.9 pies para los fines de siglo, que son mayores que los niveles demostrados en los dos mapas de esta página.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pero esto podría empeorar aún más: las ciudades que ya se están preparando para posibles inundaciones en los próximos años también tienen que preocuparse por unos metros adicionales de agua que se estrellan contra las costas durante una tormenta intensa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Durante las tormentas, East Palo Alto y otras ciudades a lo largo de la costa de la bahía ya sufren inundaciones y erosión costera, que solo se verán agravadas por el esperando aumento del nivel del mar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“El aumento del nivel del mar es uno de los efectos más seguros del cambio climático”, dijo \u003ca href=\"https://ce.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/stacey\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Mark Stacey\u003c/a>, ingeniero ambiental de UC Berkeley. “Sabemos que gran parte de eso ya está fijo, y sabemos que los mares seguirán aumentando a un ritmo constante y quizás acelerándose en las próximas décadas”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Son pocas las diferencias entre los escenarios de modelado científico antes del año 2050 , pero estas cambian drásticamente después de mediados de siglo de acuerdo conla trayectoria de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, lo cual queda en manos de los seres humanos, y el destino de las placas de hielo en Groenlandia y la Antártida.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch5>Una proyección del aumento del nivel del mar en el Área de la Bahía en 2100\u003c/h5>\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 90%\">\u003cspan style=\"font-size: small\">\u003cem>Puede mover su mouse para explorar las direcciones del mapa. Puede usar los signos (+) y (-) para acercarse o alejarse. Selecciona la lupa para buscar una dirección específica. Para esconder la leyenda, selecciona la flecha hacia abajo que está ubicada al lado derecho de la leyenda del mapa. Fuentes: USGS, OCOF, Pacific Institute\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://kqed.carto.com/u/kqednews/builder/6f66d357-18dc-49af-95d7-f34ca39e38b7/embed\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los mapas o modelos científicos no cuentan una historia más drástica, en el que las placas de hielo de Groenlandia y la Antártida colapsan. Pero si esto ocurre, el Área de la Bahía podría ver un aumento de 10 pies del nivel del mar para el 2100, lo que Stacey llama una “aceleración masiva” de 30 a 40 veces más rápida que la tasa de aumento que hemos visto durante el último siglo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Esto se extiende más allá del alcance de lo que hemos pensado en nuestro horizonte de planificación en términos de la magnitud del cambio que enfrentaremos en esta región”, dijo, y agregó que tal aumento requeriría un “replanteamiento completo de la comunidades en todo el Área de la Bahía, y un cambio de sistemas de infraestructura que sería bastante profundo “.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>La evaluación del estado dice: “Las reducciones agresivas en las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero pueden reducir sustancialmente, pero no eliminar, el riesgo de un aumento extremo del nivel del mar en California debido a la pérdida de hielo antártico”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fuente de datos\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Las proyecciones para las inundaciones del Área de la Bahía provienen del escenario 8.5 del “sendero de concentración representativa” o representative concentration pathway en inglés del Panel Intergubernamental sobre el Cambio Climático, como se detalla en \u003ca href=\"http://www.opc.ca.gov/webmaster/ftp/pdf/docs/rising-seas-in-california-an-update-on-sea-level-rise-science.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">la última evaluación científica\u003c/a> del aumento del nivel del mar en California, dirigida por Gary Griggs de UC Santa Cruz.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>El escenario asume que “no hay esfuerzos globales significativos para limitar o reducir las emisiones”.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Los mapas utilizan un modelo dinámico de \u003ca href=\"http://ourcoastourfuture.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Our Coast, Our Future\u003c/a>. Las inundaciones estimadas son aproximaciones. Los datos provienen del U.S. Geological Survey Coastal Storm Modeling System 9 CoSMoS v2.1; Barnard et al, 2014.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Este artículo fue traducido por la periodista, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/author/lblanco\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lina Blanco\u003c/a> y editado por la periodista \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/author/amorga\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Adriana Morga\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Esta serie es parte de la iniciativa nacional de periodismo ‘\u003ca href=\"http://connected-coastlines.pulitzercenter.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Connected Coastlines\u003c/a>‘ del Centro Pulitzer.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1973624/maps-see-which-bay-area-locations-are-at-risk-from-rising-seas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Read in English\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch5>Una proyección del aumento del nivel del mar en el Área de la Bahía hasta el 2050\u003c/h5>\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 90%\">\u003cspan style=\"font-size: small\">\u003cem>Puede mover su mouse para explorar las direcciones del mapa. Puede usar los signos (+) y (-) para acercarse o alejarse. Selecciona la lupa para buscar una dirección específica. Para esconder la leyenda, selecciona la flecha hacia abajo que está ubicada al lado derecho de la leyenda del mapa. Fuentes: USGS, OCOF, Pacific Institute\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://kqed.carto.com/u/kqednews/builder/13e1ca7c-3df3-4f40-bcd3-8072f22d9e6c/embed\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El nivel de la marea alta de la bahía se dirige en una dirección: arriba. Los modelos utilizados en \u003ca href=\"http://www.opc.ca.gov/webmaster/ftp/pdf/docs/rising-seas-in-california-an-update-on-sea-level-rise-science.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">la última evaluación\u003c/a> del aumento del nivel del mar del estado de California, en 2017, incluyen un rango superior que está definido en términos de eventos estadísticamente menos probables. Muestran que la bahía podría elevarse hasta 1.9 pies para el año 2050 y 6.9 pies para los fines de siglo, que son mayores que los niveles demostrados en los dos mapas de esta página.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pero esto podría empeorar aún más: las ciudades que ya se están preparando para posibles inundaciones en los próximos años también tienen que preocuparse por unos metros adicionales de agua que se estrellan contra las costas durante una tormenta intensa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Durante las tormentas, East Palo Alto y otras ciudades a lo largo de la costa de la bahía ya sufren inundaciones y erosión costera, que solo se verán agravadas por el esperando aumento del nivel del mar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“El aumento del nivel del mar es uno de los efectos más seguros del cambio climático”, dijo \u003ca href=\"https://ce.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/stacey\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Mark Stacey\u003c/a>, ingeniero ambiental de UC Berkeley. “Sabemos que gran parte de eso ya está fijo, y sabemos que los mares seguirán aumentando a un ritmo constante y quizás acelerándose en las próximas décadas”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Son pocas las diferencias entre los escenarios de modelado científico antes del año 2050 , pero estas cambian drásticamente después de mediados de siglo de acuerdo conla trayectoria de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, lo cual queda en manos de los seres humanos, y el destino de las placas de hielo en Groenlandia y la Antártida.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch5>Una proyección del aumento del nivel del mar en el Área de la Bahía en 2100\u003c/h5>\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 90%\">\u003cspan style=\"font-size: small\">\u003cem>Puede mover su mouse para explorar las direcciones del mapa. Puede usar los signos (+) y (-) para acercarse o alejarse. Selecciona la lupa para buscar una dirección específica. Para esconder la leyenda, selecciona la flecha hacia abajo que está ubicada al lado derecho de la leyenda del mapa. Fuentes: USGS, OCOF, Pacific Institute\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://kqed.carto.com/u/kqednews/builder/6f66d357-18dc-49af-95d7-f34ca39e38b7/embed\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los mapas o modelos científicos no cuentan una historia más drástica, en el que las placas de hielo de Groenlandia y la Antártida colapsan. Pero si esto ocurre, el Área de la Bahía podría ver un aumento de 10 pies del nivel del mar para el 2100, lo que Stacey llama una “aceleración masiva” de 30 a 40 veces más rápida que la tasa de aumento que hemos visto durante el último siglo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Esto se extiende más allá del alcance de lo que hemos pensado en nuestro horizonte de planificación en términos de la magnitud del cambio que enfrentaremos en esta región”, dijo, y agregó que tal aumento requeriría un “replanteamiento completo de la comunidades en todo el Área de la Bahía, y un cambio de sistemas de infraestructura que sería bastante profundo “.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>La evaluación del estado dice: “Las reducciones agresivas en las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero pueden reducir sustancialmente, pero no eliminar, el riesgo de un aumento extremo del nivel del mar en California debido a la pérdida de hielo antártico”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fuente de datos\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Las proyecciones para las inundaciones del Área de la Bahía provienen del escenario 8.5 del “sendero de concentración representativa” o representative concentration pathway en inglés del Panel Intergubernamental sobre el Cambio Climático, como se detalla en \u003ca href=\"http://www.opc.ca.gov/webmaster/ftp/pdf/docs/rising-seas-in-california-an-update-on-sea-level-rise-science.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">la última evaluación científica\u003c/a> del aumento del nivel del mar en California, dirigida por Gary Griggs de UC Santa Cruz.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>El escenario asume que “no hay esfuerzos globales significativos para limitar o reducir las emisiones”.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Los mapas utilizan un modelo dinámico de \u003ca href=\"http://ourcoastourfuture.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Our Coast, Our Future\u003c/a>. Las inundaciones estimadas son aproximaciones. Los datos provienen del U.S. Geological Survey Coastal Storm Modeling System 9 CoSMoS v2.1; Barnard et al, 2014.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Este artículo fue traducido por la periodista, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/author/lblanco\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lina Blanco\u003c/a> y editado por la periodista \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/author/amorga\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Adriana Morga\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "¿Qué puede hacer el Área de la Bahía ante el aumento del nivel del mar? El Este de Palo Alto ya está proponiendo algunas soluciones",
"headTitle": "¿Qué puede hacer el Área de la Bahía ante el aumento del nivel del mar? El Este de Palo Alto ya está proponiendo algunas soluciones | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Esta serie es parte de la iniciativa nacional de periodismo ‘\u003ca href=\"http://connected-coastlines.pulitzercenter.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Connected Coastlines\u003c/a>‘ del Centro Pulitzer.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1973805/climate-solutions-in-east-palo-alto\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Read in English\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">L\u003c/span>a primera vez que las calles se inundaron, Appollonia Grey ‘Uhilamoelangi, mejor conocida como ‘Mamá Dee’ en su comunidad del Este de Palo Alto, recordó el clima de su natal Samoa, pese a que estas lluvias eran más frías y severas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yo me sentía muy feliz esa vez”, dijo ‘Uhilamoelangi, refiriéndose a su primer gran diluvio en el Área de la Bahía. “Yo estaba afuera nadando en la lluvia, jugando en la lluvia. Había agua por todas partes”, agregó.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote]Según las proyecciones, dentro de unos 10 años hasta dos tercios del Este de Palo Alto podrían sufrir inundaciones con regularidad, lo que podría desencadenar un efecto domino de varias crisis alrededor del Área de la Bahía. Ahora, el gobierno, las empresas y los residentes se han unido para intentar prepararse.[/pullquote]Pero la ciudad del Este de Palo Alto es propensa a inundaciones, y en tres instancias en los últimos treinta años, las lluvias torrenciales han devastado a esta localidad que cuenta con alrededor de 30 mil habitantes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“En las dos últimas inundaciones, la pregunta era, ¿dónde está Dios?”, dijo ella. “No me malinterpreten. Yo creo en el poder de la oración. Pero he sobrevivido muchas catástrofes”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ahora, el nivel del mar en la bahía de San Francisco está subiendo por los efectos del cambio climático, lo cual representa una amenaza existencial para esta pequeña comunidad, compuesta por lo general de familias de color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No es una exageración. El Este de Palo Alto se encuentra situado entre las ciudades de San Francisco y San José, al extremo occidental del puente Dumbarton. De todos los condados del Área de la Bahía, el condado San Mateo es el que corre más riesgo por el aumento del nivel del mar. Y de todas las poblaciones en el condado, el Este de Palo Alto es la más vulnerable a las inundaciones provocadas por el clima.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch5>Una proyección del aumento del nivel del mar en el Área de la Bahía hasta el 2050\u003c/h5>\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 90%\">\u003cspan style=\"font-size: small\">\u003cem>Puede mover su mouse para explorar las direcciones del mapa. Puede usar los signos (+) y (-) para acercarse o alejarse. Selecciona la lupa para buscar una dirección específica. Para esconder la leyenda, selecciona la flecha hacia abajo que está ubicada al lado derecho de la leyenda del mapa. Fuentes: USGS, OCOF, Pacific Institute\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://kqed.carto.com/u/kqednews/builder/13e1ca7c-3df3-4f40-bcd3-8072f22d9e6c/embed\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Con un área de 2.5 millas cuadradas y repleta de árboles de cítricos y casas estilo rancho, la ciudad está rodeada de agua por sus tres lados: el arroyo San Francisquito que serpentea a lo largo del extremo sur y la bahía, al norte y al este.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>La mitad del Este de Palo Alto ya ha sido \u003ca href=\"https://www.cityofepa.org/sites/default/files/fileattachments/community_amp_economic_development/page/2531/fema_maps_2015_201509011239377956.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">designada como una zona de inundación\u003c/a> por el gobierno federal. Según las proyecciones, en alrededor de 10 años, hasta dos tercios del terreno dentro de los límites de la ciudad podrían sufrir inundados con regularidad. A mediados del siglo, esas zonas podrían quedar frecuentemente bajo el agua durante las altas mareas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los efectos del cambio climático están impactando de manera desproporcionada a las comunidades de color como el Este de Palo Alto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=\"science_1974232,science_1974195\"]El aburguesamiento (conocido comunmente como ‘gentrificación’) y la afluencia de los gigantes de la tecnología como Facebook, Google y Amazon ha transformado a la ciudad pero aún así, sigue siendo una comunidad mayormente compuesta por personas no blancas. El 66% de la población se identifica como Latina y muchas personas provenientes de las islas del Pacífico, como ‘Uhilamoelangi, viven aquí.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cuando las lluvias son fuertes, el arroyo se desborda e inunda las partes al este de la ciudad y un nivel de mar elevado agravará el problema aún más, complicando la viabilidad de que el Este de Palo Alto siga siendo el hogar para familias obreras, dijo Derek Ouyang académico y gerente de programas con \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cityofepa.org/sites/default/files/fileattachments/community_amp_economic_development/page/2531/fema_maps_2015_201509011239377956.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Stanford Future Bay Initiative\u003c/a>\u003c/em> (o la Iniciativa por el Futuro de la Bahía de Stanford), que trabaja con líderes comunitarios de la ciudad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Si conocieras a 100 familias del el Este de Palo Alto, quizás 50 de ellas ya han llegado al punto en que sus ahorros son tan bajos…que una inundación…podría ser su límite”, dijo Ouyang.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>En 1998, las aguas de una inundación \u003ca href=\"https://www.paloaltoonline.com/news/2018/02/03/a-flood-next-time\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">anegaron a más de mil hogares\u003c/a>. Y en el 2012, el arroyo se desbordó, resultando en evacuaciones de las zonas afectadas. Para mitigar el riesgo, la ciudad, en colaboración con otras localidades cercanas a través de la oficina de \u003cem>San Francisquito Creek Joint Powers Authority\u003c/em> (o la Autoridad de Poderes Conjuntos del Arroyo San Francisquito) rediseñó partes de su costa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1974199\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1020px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1974199\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/East-Palo-Alto-Flood-1998-1-1020x574-1.jpg\" alt=\"Varias partes del Este de Palo Alto se inundaron en 1998.\" width=\"1020\" height=\"574\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/East-Palo-Alto-Flood-1998-1-1020x574-1.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/East-Palo-Alto-Flood-1998-1-1020x574-1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/East-Palo-Alto-Flood-1998-1-1020x574-1-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/East-Palo-Alto-Flood-1998-1-1020x574-1-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1020px) 100vw, 1020px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Varias partes del Este de Palo Alto se inundaron en 1998. \u003ccite>(Teodros Hailye/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Para algunos residentes del Este de Palo Alto, no es la primera vez que las inundaciones y el cambio climático amenazan a sus hogares.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aquí viven refugiados que huyeron de una crisis ambiental en las islas del Pacífico, donde el nivel del mar aún sigue creciendo. Y ahora, a pesar de que se encuentran a miles de millas de distancia en un nuevo hogar, nuevamente enfrentan amenazas similares.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Muchos están colaborando con científicos, la ciudad y la autoridad de poderes conjuntos para salvar hogares restaurando y creando un nuevo humedal que se encuentra en la orilla de la bahía.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Y pese a que \u003ca href=\"https://www.cityofepa.org/sites/default/files/fileattachments/finance/page/4321/adopted_fy_2020-21_budget.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">el presupuesto del Este de Palo Alto\u003c/a> (que equivale $41.8 millones) es 325 veces menor que el de San Francisco, la ciudad se está desempeñando muy por encima de su capacidad en términos de planificación para un aumento en la marea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1974211\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1974211\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48667_IMG_2781-sfi-1.jpg\" alt=\"Heleine Grewe, de 17 años, y Leia Grewe, su madre, están afuera en un día soleado.\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48667_IMG_2781-sfi-1.jpg 480w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48667_IMG_2781-sfi-1-160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Heleine Grewe, de 17 años con su madre, Leia Grewe, en el Este de Palo Alto. \u003ccite>(Kevin Stark/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sin embargo, puede ser no suficiente. Los ecosistemas y la infraestructura del Área de la Bahía están profundamente interconectados, lo que significa que sin un plan regional que incluya a todas las comunidades a lo largo de la bahía, los esfuerzos de los residentes del Este de Palo Alto podrían tener un impacto muy limitado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tanto los líderes políticos como los activistas comunitarios de la ciudad, muchos quienes son adolescentes frustrados por el hecho de heredar los peores efectos del aumento en el nivel del océano y el derretimiento de las capas de hielo, entienden la importancia de este hecho.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sólo quiero un plan para el futuro, porque si esto pasa y hay inundaciones por todas partes, la gente debe de saber cómo responder”, dijo Heleine Grewe, una estudiante de 17 años en el último año de la preparatoria Menlo-Atherton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Leía Grewe, residente del Este de Palo Alto\"]‘Me acuerdo de todos los lugares que no estaban listos…Como lo que pasó con [el huracán] Katrina. Eso nos podría pasar en algunos años.’[/pullquote]Los abuelos maternos de Grewe emigraron de Tonga y la familia de su papá llegó al Este de Palo Alto como parte de una migración más grande de familias afroamericanas a la ciudad a mediados del siglo pasado. Muchos experimentaron \u003ca href=\"https://bos.smcgov.org/history-east-palo-alto#:~:text=East%20Palo%20Alto%20became%20one,in%201983%3A%201%2C782%20to%201%2C767\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">acoso inmobiliario\u003c/a> y otras \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/books/edition/Hearings_Before_the_United_States_Commis/fUXVAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=East%20Palo%20Alto\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">tácticas de vivienda discriminatorias\u003c/a>, el resultado de décadas de políticas basadas en la segregación racial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leia, su madre, teme que el agua llegará con toda su furia a su puerta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Me acuerdo de todos los lugares que no estaban listos”, dijo ella. “Como lo que pasó con [el hurac\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">án]\u003c/span> Katrina. Eso nos podría pasar en algunos años”.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Los vínculos del cambio climático\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>‘Uhilamoelangi emigró de Samoa junto a su esposo Senita (quien también lo conocen como ‘Papá Senter’) a mediados de la década de los 70 debido a que en ese entonces, los huracanes y tsunamis comenzaron a llegar con mayor frecuencia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Todo los isleños…nunca tenemos una conversación casual sobre la lluvia, las inundaciones”, explicó ella, y agregó, “Cada vez que llega un tsunami a nuestra isla, o cualquiera de las islas, todos nosotros sentimos una conexión y es muy emotivo”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pero no fue hasta mediados de los años 2010 que ella entendió el vínculo entre estas tormentas tropicales y el calentamiento del planeta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yo no sabía lo que era el cambio climático”, dijo ‘Uhilamoelangi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"Aquí puedes escuchar los reportajes que salieron en la radio de esta investigación, en inglés\" link1=\"https://traffic.omny.fm/d/clips/0af137ef-751e-4b19-a055-aaef00d2d578/ffca7e9f-6831-41c5-bcaf-aaef00f5a073/9781a65a-2213-47f8-8203-ad1201221d2f/audio.mp3,Parte 1\" link2=\"https://traffic.omny.fm/d/clips/0af137ef-751e-4b19-a055-aaef00d2d578/ffca7e9f-6831-41c5-bcaf-aaef00f5a073/eceb8c18-f067-4a06-97d7-ad13011a189e/audio.mp3,Parte 2\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Las inundaciones en el Este de Palo Alto, el clima extremo en Samoa y él aumento del nivel del mar, para ‘Uhilamoelangi, todo esto está conectado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ella logró entender cómo las inundaciones en el Este de Palo Alto, el clima extremo en Samoa y la subida del nivel del mar están todos interconectados luego de conocer a Violet Saena del grupo \u003ca href=\"https://www.acterra.org/climate-resilient-communities\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Climate Resilient Communities\u003c/em>\u003c/a> (o las ‘Comunidades Resistentes al Clima’), el cual se dedica a proteger los residentes de la península que no están respresentandos en la crisis climática.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Puedo hacer preguntas que parezcan estúpidas, pero Violet siempre me da una respuesta “, dijo Mamá Dee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saena fue la primera en dirigir los esfuerzos para enfrentar el cambio climático en Samoa, creando el primer plan de resistencia del país . Cuando acompañó a su marido al Área de la Bahía, ella vio cómo esta comunidad también necesitaba entender más sobre este riesgo que se avecina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Con el apoyo de algunos estudiantes de Stanford, ella fue de puerta en puerta en el Este de Palo Alto, preguntando a los residentes qué sabían sobre los efectos del aumento del nivel del mar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Para mí, esto es algo fácil ya que soy una persona de color y porque vengo de la isla”, dijo ella. “Ellos ven eso y piensan, ‘Ah sí, ella es como nosotros’ “.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1974212\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1020px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1974212\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48288_014_EastPaloAlto_SeaLevelRise_03292021-qut-1020x680-1.jpg\" alt=\"Violet Saena, directora ejecutiva del grupo 'Comunidades resistentes al clima' en el parque Cooley Landing del Este de Palo Alto.\" width=\"1020\" height=\"680\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48288_014_EastPaloAlto_SeaLevelRise_03292021-qut-1020x680-1.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48288_014_EastPaloAlto_SeaLevelRise_03292021-qut-1020x680-1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48288_014_EastPaloAlto_SeaLevelRise_03292021-qut-1020x680-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48288_014_EastPaloAlto_SeaLevelRise_03292021-qut-1020x680-1-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1020px) 100vw, 1020px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Violet Saena, directora ejecutiva del grupo ‘Comunidades resistentes al clima’ en el parque Cooley Landing del Este de Palo Alto. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Algo que surgió a raíz de esas pláticas fue la creación de grupos climáticos comunitarios destinados a involucrar y educar a residentes en los planes de adaptación del Este de Palo Alto, así como a ayudarles en sus necesidades básicas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>La gente quiere formar parte de “estrategias reales”, dijo Saena. “No sólo les interesa el dique. También quieren saber qué pueden hacer ellos mismos, como manejar cisternas de agua o sistemas de precipitación en sus jardines”, explicó.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ella reconoce que el número de residentes de bajos ingresos que necesitarán ayuda es alto. “No tendrán los medios para comprar otro carro si el que tienen lo pierden en una inundación. Entonces, ¿qué programas podemos desarrollar que puedan ayudar a todos?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Si toda el Área de la Bahía adoptara esta filosofía, la región podría ser mucho más resistente al cambio climático, afirma \u003ca href=\"https://www.elizabethallisonphd.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Elizabeth Allison\u003c/a>, que estudia la intersección entre la religion y la ecología en el Instituto de Estudios Integrales de California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Creo que debemos adoptar una cierta especie de ética integral de cuidado cuando consideramos el cambio climático”, dijo ella. Esto incluye ser consciente de todo el planeta, incluyendo a las generaciones por venir “de la misma manera que nos importa nuestros vecinos, amistades y familiares”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Appollonia Grey ‘Uhilamoelangi, o 'Mamá Dee', residente del Este de Palo Alto y líder comunitaria\"]‘Si queremos impedir otro desastre, ¿a dónde iremos?.’[/pullquote]Este tipo de cuidado está en el corazón de \u003ca href=\"https://anamatangi.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Anamantangi Polynesian Voices\u003c/em>\u003c/a> (o ‘Voces polinesias anamantangi’), la organización creada por los ‘Uhilamoelangi, la cual provee asistencia a los inmigrantes recién llegados con escasos recursos. Esto incluye a la educación, algo que motiva mucho a la pareja.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Somos voluntarios de tiempo completo en los esfuerzos para detener el cambio climático”, dijo Mamá Dee, “si queremos impedir otro desastre, ¿a dónde iremos?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No escapando a otra localidad posiblemente más segura, dice ella. La pareja está decidida a quedarse en el Este de Palo Alto, pese a la doble amenaza de la subida del nivel del mar y la gentrificación. Se mantendrán firmes hasta el final.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Un semicírculo de protección\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Actualmente existe en desarrollo un proyecto para proteger parte del Este de Palo Alto: un nuevo dique que separaría un segmento de la ciudad y el arroyo de San Francisquito, el cual está conectado a la bahía.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Este proyecto, que ya lleva más de 20 años, comenzó luego de la inundación del 1998”, dijo el alcalde Carlos Romero, parado encima del dique con vista a un vecindario repleto de casas de una planta y calles repletas de carros. “Todo esto estaba inundado. Tenía amigos aquí que sus salas se llenaron con cuatro pies de agua”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teme que otra inundación arremeta contra el Este de Palo Alto, lo que podría devastar a la ciudad de la misma manera que le pasó a Nueva Orleáns luego del huracán Katrina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Si te fijas y miras por encima del dique, puedes ver que algunos de los techos están por debajo de ese dique”, dijo el alcalde, “básicamente sería una repetición de lo que le pasó al noveno distrito [de Nuevo Orleáns]”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1974213\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1020px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1974213\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48549_Image-from-iOS-12-qut-1020x764-1.jpg\" alt=\"El alcalde del Este de Palo Alto, Carlos Romero, con su bicicleta en el nuevo dique que rodea partes de su ciudad. Las casas a la izquierda se encuentran a un extremo de la ciudad y a la derecha hay un arroyo que conduce a la bahía.\" width=\"1020\" height=\"764\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48549_Image-from-iOS-12-qut-1020x764-1.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48549_Image-from-iOS-12-qut-1020x764-1-800x599.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48549_Image-from-iOS-12-qut-1020x764-1-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48549_Image-from-iOS-12-qut-1020x764-1-768x575.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1020px) 100vw, 1020px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">El alcalde del Este de Palo Alto, Carlos Romero, con su bicicleta en el nuevo dique que rodea partes de su ciudad. Las casas a la izquierda se encuentran a un extremo de la ciudad y a la derecha hay un arroyo que conduce a la bahía. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Aparte de este nuevo dique, también existe la estructura de otra presa, pero esta es mucho más vieja y “ofrece un poco de protección, pero no mucho”, dijo Tess Byler, directora de proyecto con \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfcjpa.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>San Francisquito Creek Joint Powers Authority\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. Ella maneja el programa encargado de proteger a la región de la subida del nivel del mar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>La meta es completamente reemplazar el antiguo dique antes del 2030. Este proyecto se ha formalizado en el plan \u003cem>Strategy to Advance Flood Protection, Ecosystems and Recreation along San Francisco Bay\u003c/em> (o la Estrategia para Avanzar en la Protección Contra Inundaciones, Ecosistemas y Recreación a lo largo de la Bahía de San Francisco), mejor conocido como \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfcjpa.org/safer-bay-project\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>SAFER Bay\u003c/em>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Diseñado para soportar simultáneamente una inundación centenal, marea alta y hasta un aumento de 3.5 pies en el nivel del mar, este sistema de arcilla e ingeniería que también incluye pantanos y diques, llegará desde la frontera entre Redwood City y Menlo Park en el norte hasta el límite entre Palo Alto y Mountain View en el sur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>En total, este sistema tendrá que contener una proyección adicional de 10 pies en el promedio actual de la altura máxima del agua.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Este proyecto se divide en nueve fases, con la primera abarcando Menlo Park y el Este de Palo Alto. La finalización del tramo inicial, prevista para 2024, protegerá cerca de mil 600 inmuebles, la mayoría de las viviendas del Este de Palo Alto cerca de las ciénagas gestionadas por el Servicio de Pesca y Vida Silvestre de los Estados Unidos. En Menlo Park, el plan propone restaurar más de 550 acres de estanques de sal y pantanos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Para lograr formar un círculo de protección en torno a esta parte de la bahía se necesitará cooperación y los fondos de varios propietarios privados y gubernamentales tan diversos como Caltrans, Facebook, varias empresas de servicios públicos y municipios, dice Byler, agregando que también hay que tomar en cuenta la fauna con estatus especial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hay varios factores que debemos considerar, por ejemplo, las cosas que no podemos ver, como el posicionamiento de los sistemas de alcantarillado, y las cosas que sí podemos ver como las torres eléctricas”, explicó ella. “Y además debemos de ser conscientes de proteger el marjal que es hogar de muchas maravillosas especies de aves y animales”, dijo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label ='Más en español' tag='kqed-en-espanol']Todavía falta mucho que se debe resolver, dice Byler, incluyendo decidir quién va a construir los diques y cómo se va a limpiar la contaminación de arsénico en la tierra, los restos de una vieja planta procesadora de residuos peligrosos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aún así, ella está segura que el proyecto seguirá adelante, no sólo por el amplio compromiso de la comunidad, pero también porque muchas entidades parecen estar trabajando juntas, pero quizás no todas a la misma velocidad. Ella dice que fondos estatales podrían ayudar a completar el presupuesto para el proyecto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ya tenemos los fondos para el Este de Palo Alto, entonces ese será nuestra primer prioridad”, dijo ella.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pero el sistema de diques es tan solo una solución de ámbito reducido. Para proteger la infraestructura crítica del Área de la Bahía como la autopista 101 se requerirá un enfoque regional que involucre a cada condado de la región, afirma \u003ca href=\"https://oneshoreline.org/staff/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Len Materman\u003c/a>, director ejecutivo de la dependencia \u003cem>San Mateo County Flood and Sea Level Rise Resiliency District\u003c/em> (o el ‘Distrito para la Resistencia a las Inundaciones y la Subida del Nivel del Mar del Condado de San Mateo’).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Aún no lo logramos, todos los nueve condados”, dijo él e indicó, “cuanto antes se incorporen todos, mejor”.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Una reacción en cadena\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Una razón por la cual funcionarios y líderes comunitarios les interesa incluir a toda el Área de la Bahía cuando hablan de soluciones a la crisis climática es que lo que ocurre en el Este de Palo Alto no se va a quedar sólo en esa localidad. Una catástrofe aquí provocará una reacción en cadena la cual podría impactar a millones de habitantes en decenas de ciudades, poniendo en mayor riesgo a quienes viven cerca de la costa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>La casa de la familia Grewe, ubicada en una zona de alto riesgo, está situada a la misma altura por encima del nivel del mar, que las salidas y entradas del puente Dumbarton. Si se inundaran estas secciones del puente, una de las arterias de transporte más importantes del sur y el este de la Bahía fallaría, y el sistema de transporte vial de la región se podría convertir rápidamente en un caos total.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2KTNaQmeCxY\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Un vídeo publicado originalmente por la dependencia del agua del valle de Santa Clara que demuestra varios momentos durante la inundación que afectó al Este de Palo Alto luego de que el arroyo de San Francisquito se desbordara.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lo mismo podría ocurrir para las cadenas de distribución de agua y combustible y las redes de electricidad y comunicaciones, dijo Mark Stacey, un ingeniero ambiental con la Universidad de California en Berkeley. Él explica que el Área de la Bahía es un ecosistema interconectado y que cada rompeolas, cada dique, cada cambio a la costa de la bahía podría tener un gran impacto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>En el Este de Palo Alto, una inundación podría provocar una serie de crisis a lo largo de la región.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A medida que nosotros transformamos nuestras costas o a medida que nuestras costas son transformadas por la subida del nivel del mar, las dinámicas de las corrientes en la bahía cambian también”, dijo Stacey. “Cambios a nivel local en el litoral pueden tener impactos regionales en el nivel del mar”, indicó.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote]A medida que distintas comunidades fortalecen sus riberas ante la subida del nivel del mar, las corrientes por venir rebotarán en contra de estos rompeolas. Cuando esto ocurre, la fuerza de estas mismas corrientes irá creciendo en otras partes de la bahía.[/pullquote]Cuando las corrientes marinas entran del Pacífico a la bahía de San Francisco, la desembocadura más grande en la costa oeste, a veces se dispersan a lo largo de los humedales que se encuentran en varios puntos de la bahía y en otras ocasiones suman al nivel del mar cuando rebotan contra los rompeolas ubicados junto la costa, dice Stacey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A medida que distintas comunidades fortalecen sus riberas ante la subida del nivel del mar, las corrientes por venir rebotarán en contra de estos rompeolas. Cuando esto ocurre, la fuerza de estas mismas corrientes irá creciendo en otras partes de la bahía y formaría un ciclo de acción y reacción que podría sumar unas pulgadas adicionales al nivel del mar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Millones de residentes del Área de la Bahía se podrían ver afectados por esto. El sur de la bahía, donde se encuentra el Este de Palo Alto, es la zona más vulnerable a este fenómeno de “amplificación”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jessica Fain, directora de planeación para la oficina Bay Conservation and Development Commission (en español, la ‘Comisión de Conservación y Desarrollo de la Bahía’ o BCDC por sus siglas en inglés), dice que el Este de Palo Alto es el punto óptimo para abordar en un solo lugar todos los retos relacionados al aumento del nivel del mar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Aquí se unen todos los puntos”, dijo ella.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1974220\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1020px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1974220\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48685_EPA_image_selects_websize-2-1020x680-1.jpg\" alt=\"Una imagen aérea tomada por un drone del puente Dumbarton cerca de la costa del Este de Palo Alto.\" width=\"1020\" height=\"680\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48685_EPA_image_selects_websize-2-1020x680-1.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48685_EPA_image_selects_websize-2-1020x680-1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48685_EPA_image_selects_websize-2-1020x680-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48685_EPA_image_selects_websize-2-1020x680-1-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1020px) 100vw, 1020px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Una imagen aérea tomada por un drone del puente Dumbarton cerca de la costa del Este de Palo Alto. \u003ccite>(JJ Harris - Techboogie/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Detrás de la estrategia regional que Fain está ayudando a diseñar, llamada \u003ca href=\"https://www.bayadapt.org/\">\u003cem>Bay Adapt\u003c/em>\u003c/a> (o ‘la Bahía se adapta’), está la convicción de que el aumento del nivel del mar afectará a cada aspecto de la vida. La función original de la dependencia no incluía responder al aumento del nivel del mar pero ha evolucionado para formar nexos entre ciudades, condados, negocios y la gente.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Entre las herramientas a la disposición de la BCDC, existen por ejemplo las subvenciones que pueden incluir lineamientos para alentar el cumplimiento de las metas regionales. O también pueden recaudar apoyo para fomentar los buenos proyectos y rechazar aquellos que no son útiles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Pero todavía no llegamos a ese punto”, dijo Fain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Julio García, miembro de 'Nuestra Casa'\"]‘Sin mencionar la situación del COVID-19, el [cambio climático] es la crisis número uno que estamos enfrentando ahora.’[/pullquote]Lo que le falta es la autoridad para forzar a ciudades y condados a coordinar su programa de diques y otras soluciones. Por ahora, la BCDC está trabajando con grupos comunitarios por toda el Área de la Bahía para seguir desarrollando un compromiso con las metas de la dependencia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Uno de estos grupos es ‘\u003ca href=\"https://nuestracasa.org/es/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Nuestra Casa\u003c/a>‘ en el Este de Palo Alto. Julio García dirige clases, talleres y grupos de sondeo para asegurar que se escuche la voz de los residentes en el proceso en que se forman los planes de la BCDC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sin mencionar la situación del COVID-19, el [cambio climático] es la crisis número uno que estamos enfrentando ahora”, dijo García. “Como una comunidad de personas de color, como personas que trabajan, esto es algo muy importante. Porque si las casas comienzan a inundarse, ¿a donde nos vamos a ir?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>La familia Grewe forman parte de este grupo, donde Heleine enseña una clase de justicia ambiental.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“En verdad me encantaría si más ciudades aledañas se unieran para proteger a nuestra pequeña ciudad”, dijo Leía Grewe, durante una junta reciente del grupo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lo que le preocupa a García, y también a Heleine y Leía, es que si se extienden los marjales con el fin de proteger a las zonas residenciales, esto podría resultar en que suba el costo de la vivienda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Tendremos que mudarnos a Stockton, a Sacramento”, dijo Leía. “Y detesto eso porque cuando te pones a pensar en el Este de Palo Alto, tenemos a muchos familiares que no pueden regresar. Una propiedad aquí ya está fuera de su alcance”, agregó.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Con 27 años de edad, Antonio López es el concejal más joven del Este de San José y él dice que entiende la preocupación que siente la familia Grewe acerca del aburguesamiento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1974216\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1020px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1974216\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48562_Image-from-iOS-30-qut-1020x765-1.jpg\" alt=\"Antonio López, concejal de la ciudad del Este de Palo Alto, se recarga sobre un barendal cerca del arroyo de San Francisquito.\" width=\"1020\" height=\"765\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48562_Image-from-iOS-30-qut-1020x765-1.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48562_Image-from-iOS-30-qut-1020x765-1-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48562_Image-from-iOS-30-qut-1020x765-1-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48562_Image-from-iOS-30-qut-1020x765-1-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1020px) 100vw, 1020px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Antonio López, concejal de la ciudad del Este de Palo Alto, se recarga sobre un barendal cerca del arroyo de San Francisquito. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Nosotros quienes trabajamos con la ciudad luchamos para que tú puedas seguir aquí y que se escuche tu voz”, dijo él y mantiene que “los diques tan sólo son un símbolo de que todavía tenemos una oportunidad de permanecer aquí”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>López guarda una fotografía del arroyo de San Francisquito en su teléfono móvil, la cual demuestra un momento cuando el arroyo, de color café se desbordó, llegando a una pulgada por debajo de las calles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>En el mismo lugar que se tomó esta foto ahora existe un dique verde de acero que abraza la figura del arroyo, una \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfcjpa.org/reach-1-downstream-project\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sección del proyecto\u003c/a> fue completada por \u003cem>San Francisquito Creek Joint Powers Authority\u003c/em> en el 2019. En colaboración con esta dependencia, la ciudad del Este de Palo Alto amplió el arroyo, reconstruyó los salares y desarrolló un dique.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contemplando la foto, “veo la ansiedad causada por las inundaciones, pero también veo una oportunidad y un recordatorio de dónde tenemos que estar”, dijo López.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Este artículo fue traducido por el periodista, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/author/ccabreralomeli\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Carlos Cabrera-Lomelí \u003c/a>y editado por la periodista \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/soytapatia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">María Peña\u003c/a> del equipo de \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/kqedenespanol\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">KQED en Español\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "East Palo Alto, o el 'Este de Palo Alto' es una pequeña ciudad costeña que enfrenta el reto de inundaciones a medida que sube el nivel del mar a causa del cambio climático. Sin embargo, la comunidad está tomando acción.\r\n",
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"description": "East Palo Alto, o el 'Este de Palo Alto' es una pequeña ciudad costeña que enfrenta el reto de inundaciones a medida que sube el nivel del mar a causa del cambio climático. Sin embargo, la comunidad está tomando acción.\r\n",
"title": "¿Qué puede hacer el Área de la Bahía ante el aumento del nivel del mar? El Este de Palo Alto ya está proponiendo algunas soluciones | KQED",
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"headline": "¿Qué puede hacer el Área de la Bahía ante el aumento del nivel del mar? El Este de Palo Alto ya está proponiendo algunas soluciones",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Esta serie es parte de la iniciativa nacional de periodismo ‘\u003ca href=\"http://connected-coastlines.pulitzercenter.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Connected Coastlines\u003c/a>‘ del Centro Pulitzer.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1973805/climate-solutions-in-east-palo-alto\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Read in English\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">L\u003c/span>a primera vez que las calles se inundaron, Appollonia Grey ‘Uhilamoelangi, mejor conocida como ‘Mamá Dee’ en su comunidad del Este de Palo Alto, recordó el clima de su natal Samoa, pese a que estas lluvias eran más frías y severas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yo me sentía muy feliz esa vez”, dijo ‘Uhilamoelangi, refiriéndose a su primer gran diluvio en el Área de la Bahía. “Yo estaba afuera nadando en la lluvia, jugando en la lluvia. Había agua por todas partes”, agregó.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "Según las proyecciones, dentro de unos 10 años hasta dos tercios del Este de Palo Alto podrían sufrir inundaciones con regularidad, lo que podría desencadenar un efecto domino de varias crisis alrededor del Área de la Bahía. Ahora, el gobierno, las empresas y los residentes se han unido para intentar prepararse.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Pero la ciudad del Este de Palo Alto es propensa a inundaciones, y en tres instancias en los últimos treinta años, las lluvias torrenciales han devastado a esta localidad que cuenta con alrededor de 30 mil habitantes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“En las dos últimas inundaciones, la pregunta era, ¿dónde está Dios?”, dijo ella. “No me malinterpreten. Yo creo en el poder de la oración. Pero he sobrevivido muchas catástrofes”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ahora, el nivel del mar en la bahía de San Francisco está subiendo por los efectos del cambio climático, lo cual representa una amenaza existencial para esta pequeña comunidad, compuesta por lo general de familias de color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No es una exageración. El Este de Palo Alto se encuentra situado entre las ciudades de San Francisco y San José, al extremo occidental del puente Dumbarton. De todos los condados del Área de la Bahía, el condado San Mateo es el que corre más riesgo por el aumento del nivel del mar. Y de todas las poblaciones en el condado, el Este de Palo Alto es la más vulnerable a las inundaciones provocadas por el clima.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch5>Una proyección del aumento del nivel del mar en el Área de la Bahía hasta el 2050\u003c/h5>\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 90%\">\u003cspan style=\"font-size: small\">\u003cem>Puede mover su mouse para explorar las direcciones del mapa. Puede usar los signos (+) y (-) para acercarse o alejarse. Selecciona la lupa para buscar una dirección específica. Para esconder la leyenda, selecciona la flecha hacia abajo que está ubicada al lado derecho de la leyenda del mapa. Fuentes: USGS, OCOF, Pacific Institute\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://kqed.carto.com/u/kqednews/builder/13e1ca7c-3df3-4f40-bcd3-8072f22d9e6c/embed\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Con un área de 2.5 millas cuadradas y repleta de árboles de cítricos y casas estilo rancho, la ciudad está rodeada de agua por sus tres lados: el arroyo San Francisquito que serpentea a lo largo del extremo sur y la bahía, al norte y al este.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>La mitad del Este de Palo Alto ya ha sido \u003ca href=\"https://www.cityofepa.org/sites/default/files/fileattachments/community_amp_economic_development/page/2531/fema_maps_2015_201509011239377956.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">designada como una zona de inundación\u003c/a> por el gobierno federal. Según las proyecciones, en alrededor de 10 años, hasta dos tercios del terreno dentro de los límites de la ciudad podrían sufrir inundados con regularidad. A mediados del siglo, esas zonas podrían quedar frecuentemente bajo el agua durante las altas mareas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los efectos del cambio climático están impactando de manera desproporcionada a las comunidades de color como el Este de Palo Alto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>El aburguesamiento (conocido comunmente como ‘gentrificación’) y la afluencia de los gigantes de la tecnología como Facebook, Google y Amazon ha transformado a la ciudad pero aún así, sigue siendo una comunidad mayormente compuesta por personas no blancas. El 66% de la población se identifica como Latina y muchas personas provenientes de las islas del Pacífico, como ‘Uhilamoelangi, viven aquí.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cuando las lluvias son fuertes, el arroyo se desborda e inunda las partes al este de la ciudad y un nivel de mar elevado agravará el problema aún más, complicando la viabilidad de que el Este de Palo Alto siga siendo el hogar para familias obreras, dijo Derek Ouyang académico y gerente de programas con \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cityofepa.org/sites/default/files/fileattachments/community_amp_economic_development/page/2531/fema_maps_2015_201509011239377956.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Stanford Future Bay Initiative\u003c/a>\u003c/em> (o la Iniciativa por el Futuro de la Bahía de Stanford), que trabaja con líderes comunitarios de la ciudad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Si conocieras a 100 familias del el Este de Palo Alto, quizás 50 de ellas ya han llegado al punto en que sus ahorros son tan bajos…que una inundación…podría ser su límite”, dijo Ouyang.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>En 1998, las aguas de una inundación \u003ca href=\"https://www.paloaltoonline.com/news/2018/02/03/a-flood-next-time\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">anegaron a más de mil hogares\u003c/a>. Y en el 2012, el arroyo se desbordó, resultando en evacuaciones de las zonas afectadas. Para mitigar el riesgo, la ciudad, en colaboración con otras localidades cercanas a través de la oficina de \u003cem>San Francisquito Creek Joint Powers Authority\u003c/em> (o la Autoridad de Poderes Conjuntos del Arroyo San Francisquito) rediseñó partes de su costa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1974199\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1020px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1974199\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/East-Palo-Alto-Flood-1998-1-1020x574-1.jpg\" alt=\"Varias partes del Este de Palo Alto se inundaron en 1998.\" width=\"1020\" height=\"574\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/East-Palo-Alto-Flood-1998-1-1020x574-1.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/East-Palo-Alto-Flood-1998-1-1020x574-1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/East-Palo-Alto-Flood-1998-1-1020x574-1-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/East-Palo-Alto-Flood-1998-1-1020x574-1-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1020px) 100vw, 1020px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Varias partes del Este de Palo Alto se inundaron en 1998. \u003ccite>(Teodros Hailye/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Para algunos residentes del Este de Palo Alto, no es la primera vez que las inundaciones y el cambio climático amenazan a sus hogares.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aquí viven refugiados que huyeron de una crisis ambiental en las islas del Pacífico, donde el nivel del mar aún sigue creciendo. Y ahora, a pesar de que se encuentran a miles de millas de distancia en un nuevo hogar, nuevamente enfrentan amenazas similares.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Muchos están colaborando con científicos, la ciudad y la autoridad de poderes conjuntos para salvar hogares restaurando y creando un nuevo humedal que se encuentra en la orilla de la bahía.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Y pese a que \u003ca href=\"https://www.cityofepa.org/sites/default/files/fileattachments/finance/page/4321/adopted_fy_2020-21_budget.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">el presupuesto del Este de Palo Alto\u003c/a> (que equivale $41.8 millones) es 325 veces menor que el de San Francisco, la ciudad se está desempeñando muy por encima de su capacidad en términos de planificación para un aumento en la marea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1974211\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1974211\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48667_IMG_2781-sfi-1.jpg\" alt=\"Heleine Grewe, de 17 años, y Leia Grewe, su madre, están afuera en un día soleado.\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48667_IMG_2781-sfi-1.jpg 480w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48667_IMG_2781-sfi-1-160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Heleine Grewe, de 17 años con su madre, Leia Grewe, en el Este de Palo Alto. \u003ccite>(Kevin Stark/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sin embargo, puede ser no suficiente. Los ecosistemas y la infraestructura del Área de la Bahía están profundamente interconectados, lo que significa que sin un plan regional que incluya a todas las comunidades a lo largo de la bahía, los esfuerzos de los residentes del Este de Palo Alto podrían tener un impacto muy limitado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tanto los líderes políticos como los activistas comunitarios de la ciudad, muchos quienes son adolescentes frustrados por el hecho de heredar los peores efectos del aumento en el nivel del océano y el derretimiento de las capas de hielo, entienden la importancia de este hecho.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sólo quiero un plan para el futuro, porque si esto pasa y hay inundaciones por todas partes, la gente debe de saber cómo responder”, dijo Heleine Grewe, una estudiante de 17 años en el último año de la preparatoria Menlo-Atherton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘Me acuerdo de todos los lugares que no estaban listos…Como lo que pasó con [el huracán] Katrina. Eso nos podría pasar en algunos años.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Los abuelos maternos de Grewe emigraron de Tonga y la familia de su papá llegó al Este de Palo Alto como parte de una migración más grande de familias afroamericanas a la ciudad a mediados del siglo pasado. Muchos experimentaron \u003ca href=\"https://bos.smcgov.org/history-east-palo-alto#:~:text=East%20Palo%20Alto%20became%20one,in%201983%3A%201%2C782%20to%201%2C767\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">acoso inmobiliario\u003c/a> y otras \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/books/edition/Hearings_Before_the_United_States_Commis/fUXVAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=East%20Palo%20Alto\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">tácticas de vivienda discriminatorias\u003c/a>, el resultado de décadas de políticas basadas en la segregación racial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leia, su madre, teme que el agua llegará con toda su furia a su puerta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Me acuerdo de todos los lugares que no estaban listos”, dijo ella. “Como lo que pasó con [el hurac\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">án]\u003c/span> Katrina. Eso nos podría pasar en algunos años”.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Los vínculos del cambio climático\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>‘Uhilamoelangi emigró de Samoa junto a su esposo Senita (quien también lo conocen como ‘Papá Senter’) a mediados de la década de los 70 debido a que en ese entonces, los huracanes y tsunamis comenzaron a llegar con mayor frecuencia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Todo los isleños…nunca tenemos una conversación casual sobre la lluvia, las inundaciones”, explicó ella, y agregó, “Cada vez que llega un tsunami a nuestra isla, o cualquiera de las islas, todos nosotros sentimos una conexión y es muy emotivo”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pero no fue hasta mediados de los años 2010 que ella entendió el vínculo entre estas tormentas tropicales y el calentamiento del planeta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yo no sabía lo que era el cambio climático”, dijo ‘Uhilamoelangi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"label": "Aquí puedes escuchar los reportajes que salieron en la radio de esta investigación, en inglés ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Las inundaciones en el Este de Palo Alto, el clima extremo en Samoa y él aumento del nivel del mar, para ‘Uhilamoelangi, todo esto está conectado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ella logró entender cómo las inundaciones en el Este de Palo Alto, el clima extremo en Samoa y la subida del nivel del mar están todos interconectados luego de conocer a Violet Saena del grupo \u003ca href=\"https://www.acterra.org/climate-resilient-communities\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Climate Resilient Communities\u003c/em>\u003c/a> (o las ‘Comunidades Resistentes al Clima’), el cual se dedica a proteger los residentes de la península que no están respresentandos en la crisis climática.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Puedo hacer preguntas que parezcan estúpidas, pero Violet siempre me da una respuesta “, dijo Mamá Dee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saena fue la primera en dirigir los esfuerzos para enfrentar el cambio climático en Samoa, creando el primer plan de resistencia del país . Cuando acompañó a su marido al Área de la Bahía, ella vio cómo esta comunidad también necesitaba entender más sobre este riesgo que se avecina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Con el apoyo de algunos estudiantes de Stanford, ella fue de puerta en puerta en el Este de Palo Alto, preguntando a los residentes qué sabían sobre los efectos del aumento del nivel del mar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Para mí, esto es algo fácil ya que soy una persona de color y porque vengo de la isla”, dijo ella. “Ellos ven eso y piensan, ‘Ah sí, ella es como nosotros’ “.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1974212\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1020px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1974212\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48288_014_EastPaloAlto_SeaLevelRise_03292021-qut-1020x680-1.jpg\" alt=\"Violet Saena, directora ejecutiva del grupo 'Comunidades resistentes al clima' en el parque Cooley Landing del Este de Palo Alto.\" width=\"1020\" height=\"680\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48288_014_EastPaloAlto_SeaLevelRise_03292021-qut-1020x680-1.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48288_014_EastPaloAlto_SeaLevelRise_03292021-qut-1020x680-1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48288_014_EastPaloAlto_SeaLevelRise_03292021-qut-1020x680-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48288_014_EastPaloAlto_SeaLevelRise_03292021-qut-1020x680-1-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1020px) 100vw, 1020px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Violet Saena, directora ejecutiva del grupo ‘Comunidades resistentes al clima’ en el parque Cooley Landing del Este de Palo Alto. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Algo que surgió a raíz de esas pláticas fue la creación de grupos climáticos comunitarios destinados a involucrar y educar a residentes en los planes de adaptación del Este de Palo Alto, así como a ayudarles en sus necesidades básicas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>La gente quiere formar parte de “estrategias reales”, dijo Saena. “No sólo les interesa el dique. También quieren saber qué pueden hacer ellos mismos, como manejar cisternas de agua o sistemas de precipitación en sus jardines”, explicó.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ella reconoce que el número de residentes de bajos ingresos que necesitarán ayuda es alto. “No tendrán los medios para comprar otro carro si el que tienen lo pierden en una inundación. Entonces, ¿qué programas podemos desarrollar que puedan ayudar a todos?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Si toda el Área de la Bahía adoptara esta filosofía, la región podría ser mucho más resistente al cambio climático, afirma \u003ca href=\"https://www.elizabethallisonphd.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Elizabeth Allison\u003c/a>, que estudia la intersección entre la religion y la ecología en el Instituto de Estudios Integrales de California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Creo que debemos adoptar una cierta especie de ética integral de cuidado cuando consideramos el cambio climático”, dijo ella. Esto incluye ser consciente de todo el planeta, incluyendo a las generaciones por venir “de la misma manera que nos importa nuestros vecinos, amistades y familiares”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Este tipo de cuidado está en el corazón de \u003ca href=\"https://anamatangi.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Anamantangi Polynesian Voices\u003c/em>\u003c/a> (o ‘Voces polinesias anamantangi’), la organización creada por los ‘Uhilamoelangi, la cual provee asistencia a los inmigrantes recién llegados con escasos recursos. Esto incluye a la educación, algo que motiva mucho a la pareja.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Somos voluntarios de tiempo completo en los esfuerzos para detener el cambio climático”, dijo Mamá Dee, “si queremos impedir otro desastre, ¿a dónde iremos?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No escapando a otra localidad posiblemente más segura, dice ella. La pareja está decidida a quedarse en el Este de Palo Alto, pese a la doble amenaza de la subida del nivel del mar y la gentrificación. Se mantendrán firmes hasta el final.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Un semicírculo de protección\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Actualmente existe en desarrollo un proyecto para proteger parte del Este de Palo Alto: un nuevo dique que separaría un segmento de la ciudad y el arroyo de San Francisquito, el cual está conectado a la bahía.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Este proyecto, que ya lleva más de 20 años, comenzó luego de la inundación del 1998”, dijo el alcalde Carlos Romero, parado encima del dique con vista a un vecindario repleto de casas de una planta y calles repletas de carros. “Todo esto estaba inundado. Tenía amigos aquí que sus salas se llenaron con cuatro pies de agua”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teme que otra inundación arremeta contra el Este de Palo Alto, lo que podría devastar a la ciudad de la misma manera que le pasó a Nueva Orleáns luego del huracán Katrina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Si te fijas y miras por encima del dique, puedes ver que algunos de los techos están por debajo de ese dique”, dijo el alcalde, “básicamente sería una repetición de lo que le pasó al noveno distrito [de Nuevo Orleáns]”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1974213\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1020px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1974213\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48549_Image-from-iOS-12-qut-1020x764-1.jpg\" alt=\"El alcalde del Este de Palo Alto, Carlos Romero, con su bicicleta en el nuevo dique que rodea partes de su ciudad. Las casas a la izquierda se encuentran a un extremo de la ciudad y a la derecha hay un arroyo que conduce a la bahía.\" width=\"1020\" height=\"764\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48549_Image-from-iOS-12-qut-1020x764-1.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48549_Image-from-iOS-12-qut-1020x764-1-800x599.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48549_Image-from-iOS-12-qut-1020x764-1-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48549_Image-from-iOS-12-qut-1020x764-1-768x575.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1020px) 100vw, 1020px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">El alcalde del Este de Palo Alto, Carlos Romero, con su bicicleta en el nuevo dique que rodea partes de su ciudad. Las casas a la izquierda se encuentran a un extremo de la ciudad y a la derecha hay un arroyo que conduce a la bahía. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Aparte de este nuevo dique, también existe la estructura de otra presa, pero esta es mucho más vieja y “ofrece un poco de protección, pero no mucho”, dijo Tess Byler, directora de proyecto con \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfcjpa.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>San Francisquito Creek Joint Powers Authority\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. Ella maneja el programa encargado de proteger a la región de la subida del nivel del mar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>La meta es completamente reemplazar el antiguo dique antes del 2030. Este proyecto se ha formalizado en el plan \u003cem>Strategy to Advance Flood Protection, Ecosystems and Recreation along San Francisco Bay\u003c/em> (o la Estrategia para Avanzar en la Protección Contra Inundaciones, Ecosistemas y Recreación a lo largo de la Bahía de San Francisco), mejor conocido como \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfcjpa.org/safer-bay-project\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>SAFER Bay\u003c/em>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Diseñado para soportar simultáneamente una inundación centenal, marea alta y hasta un aumento de 3.5 pies en el nivel del mar, este sistema de arcilla e ingeniería que también incluye pantanos y diques, llegará desde la frontera entre Redwood City y Menlo Park en el norte hasta el límite entre Palo Alto y Mountain View en el sur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>En total, este sistema tendrá que contener una proyección adicional de 10 pies en el promedio actual de la altura máxima del agua.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Este proyecto se divide en nueve fases, con la primera abarcando Menlo Park y el Este de Palo Alto. La finalización del tramo inicial, prevista para 2024, protegerá cerca de mil 600 inmuebles, la mayoría de las viviendas del Este de Palo Alto cerca de las ciénagas gestionadas por el Servicio de Pesca y Vida Silvestre de los Estados Unidos. En Menlo Park, el plan propone restaurar más de 550 acres de estanques de sal y pantanos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Para lograr formar un círculo de protección en torno a esta parte de la bahía se necesitará cooperación y los fondos de varios propietarios privados y gubernamentales tan diversos como Caltrans, Facebook, varias empresas de servicios públicos y municipios, dice Byler, agregando que también hay que tomar en cuenta la fauna con estatus especial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hay varios factores que debemos considerar, por ejemplo, las cosas que no podemos ver, como el posicionamiento de los sistemas de alcantarillado, y las cosas que sí podemos ver como las torres eléctricas”, explicó ella. “Y además debemos de ser conscientes de proteger el marjal que es hogar de muchas maravillosas especies de aves y animales”, dijo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Todavía falta mucho que se debe resolver, dice Byler, incluyendo decidir quién va a construir los diques y cómo se va a limpiar la contaminación de arsénico en la tierra, los restos de una vieja planta procesadora de residuos peligrosos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aún así, ella está segura que el proyecto seguirá adelante, no sólo por el amplio compromiso de la comunidad, pero también porque muchas entidades parecen estar trabajando juntas, pero quizás no todas a la misma velocidad. Ella dice que fondos estatales podrían ayudar a completar el presupuesto para el proyecto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ya tenemos los fondos para el Este de Palo Alto, entonces ese será nuestra primer prioridad”, dijo ella.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pero el sistema de diques es tan solo una solución de ámbito reducido. Para proteger la infraestructura crítica del Área de la Bahía como la autopista 101 se requerirá un enfoque regional que involucre a cada condado de la región, afirma \u003ca href=\"https://oneshoreline.org/staff/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Len Materman\u003c/a>, director ejecutivo de la dependencia \u003cem>San Mateo County Flood and Sea Level Rise Resiliency District\u003c/em> (o el ‘Distrito para la Resistencia a las Inundaciones y la Subida del Nivel del Mar del Condado de San Mateo’).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Aún no lo logramos, todos los nueve condados”, dijo él e indicó, “cuanto antes se incorporen todos, mejor”.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Una reacción en cadena\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Una razón por la cual funcionarios y líderes comunitarios les interesa incluir a toda el Área de la Bahía cuando hablan de soluciones a la crisis climática es que lo que ocurre en el Este de Palo Alto no se va a quedar sólo en esa localidad. Una catástrofe aquí provocará una reacción en cadena la cual podría impactar a millones de habitantes en decenas de ciudades, poniendo en mayor riesgo a quienes viven cerca de la costa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>La casa de la familia Grewe, ubicada en una zona de alto riesgo, está situada a la misma altura por encima del nivel del mar, que las salidas y entradas del puente Dumbarton. Si se inundaran estas secciones del puente, una de las arterias de transporte más importantes del sur y el este de la Bahía fallaría, y el sistema de transporte vial de la región se podría convertir rápidamente en un caos total.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/2KTNaQmeCxY'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/2KTNaQmeCxY'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Un vídeo publicado originalmente por la dependencia del agua del valle de Santa Clara que demuestra varios momentos durante la inundación que afectó al Este de Palo Alto luego de que el arroyo de San Francisquito se desbordara.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lo mismo podría ocurrir para las cadenas de distribución de agua y combustible y las redes de electricidad y comunicaciones, dijo Mark Stacey, un ingeniero ambiental con la Universidad de California en Berkeley. Él explica que el Área de la Bahía es un ecosistema interconectado y que cada rompeolas, cada dique, cada cambio a la costa de la bahía podría tener un gran impacto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>En el Este de Palo Alto, una inundación podría provocar una serie de crisis a lo largo de la región.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A medida que nosotros transformamos nuestras costas o a medida que nuestras costas son transformadas por la subida del nivel del mar, las dinámicas de las corrientes en la bahía cambian también”, dijo Stacey. “Cambios a nivel local en el litoral pueden tener impactos regionales en el nivel del mar”, indicó.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "A medida que distintas comunidades fortalecen sus riberas ante la subida del nivel del mar, las corrientes por venir rebotarán en contra de estos rompeolas. Cuando esto ocurre, la fuerza de estas mismas corrientes irá creciendo en otras partes de la bahía.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Cuando las corrientes marinas entran del Pacífico a la bahía de San Francisco, la desembocadura más grande en la costa oeste, a veces se dispersan a lo largo de los humedales que se encuentran en varios puntos de la bahía y en otras ocasiones suman al nivel del mar cuando rebotan contra los rompeolas ubicados junto la costa, dice Stacey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A medida que distintas comunidades fortalecen sus riberas ante la subida del nivel del mar, las corrientes por venir rebotarán en contra de estos rompeolas. Cuando esto ocurre, la fuerza de estas mismas corrientes irá creciendo en otras partes de la bahía y formaría un ciclo de acción y reacción que podría sumar unas pulgadas adicionales al nivel del mar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Millones de residentes del Área de la Bahía se podrían ver afectados por esto. El sur de la bahía, donde se encuentra el Este de Palo Alto, es la zona más vulnerable a este fenómeno de “amplificación”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jessica Fain, directora de planeación para la oficina Bay Conservation and Development Commission (en español, la ‘Comisión de Conservación y Desarrollo de la Bahía’ o BCDC por sus siglas en inglés), dice que el Este de Palo Alto es el punto óptimo para abordar en un solo lugar todos los retos relacionados al aumento del nivel del mar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Aquí se unen todos los puntos”, dijo ella.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1974220\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1020px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1974220\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48685_EPA_image_selects_websize-2-1020x680-1.jpg\" alt=\"Una imagen aérea tomada por un drone del puente Dumbarton cerca de la costa del Este de Palo Alto.\" width=\"1020\" height=\"680\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48685_EPA_image_selects_websize-2-1020x680-1.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48685_EPA_image_selects_websize-2-1020x680-1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48685_EPA_image_selects_websize-2-1020x680-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48685_EPA_image_selects_websize-2-1020x680-1-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1020px) 100vw, 1020px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Una imagen aérea tomada por un drone del puente Dumbarton cerca de la costa del Este de Palo Alto. \u003ccite>(JJ Harris - Techboogie/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Detrás de la estrategia regional que Fain está ayudando a diseñar, llamada \u003ca href=\"https://www.bayadapt.org/\">\u003cem>Bay Adapt\u003c/em>\u003c/a> (o ‘la Bahía se adapta’), está la convicción de que el aumento del nivel del mar afectará a cada aspecto de la vida. La función original de la dependencia no incluía responder al aumento del nivel del mar pero ha evolucionado para formar nexos entre ciudades, condados, negocios y la gente.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Entre las herramientas a la disposición de la BCDC, existen por ejemplo las subvenciones que pueden incluir lineamientos para alentar el cumplimiento de las metas regionales. O también pueden recaudar apoyo para fomentar los buenos proyectos y rechazar aquellos que no son útiles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Pero todavía no llegamos a ese punto”, dijo Fain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"radiolab": {
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"reveal": {
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},
"rightnowish": {
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"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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"snap-judgment": {
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"title": "Snap Judgment",
"tagline": "Real stories with killer beats",
"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
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