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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16371\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Healdsburg_4493.jpg\" alt=\"A woman and her dog sit by a shrunken stretch of the Russian River in Healdsburg, Sonoma County. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16371\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A woman and her dog sit by a shrunken stretch of the Russian River in Healdsburg, Sonoma County. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With California’s reservoirs and snowpack \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/2014/03/18/into-the-drought-californias-shrinking-reservoirs/\">still far below normal\u003c/a>, state officials \u003ca href=\"http://www.ca.gov/drought/top-story-4.html\">released a plan\u003c/a> on Wednesday that outlines how they’ll manage meager water supplies during the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think anybody has enjoyed the recent storm events more than I have,” said Mark Cowin, who heads the Department of Water Resources. “But it’s pretty clear that our dry and warm weather has returned and I expect that the reality of drought will become much more apparent to us all moving forward.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a diplomatic way of saying that water managers are walking a tightrope this year, balancing three competing needs: how much water to deliver to people and agriculture, how much to provide for wildlife and how much to save for next year, in case it’s just as dry. Here’s how they propose to do it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water for People\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water districts around the state have already been warned to expect \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/02/21/federal-water-project-announces-deep-drought-cuts/\">no water deliveries\u003c/a> from the two main projects in California, the State Water Project and the federally operated Central Valley Project. While drinking water needs would be met, agricultural water would be cut, leading many farmers to fallow some of their land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent storms have lifted conditions out of the worst-cast scenario for which the state was planning. So far, that extra water is earmarked for two purposes. Some is going to water districts that were already owed water from last year, because at the time, they opted to carry the supply over to this year instead of using it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some water is going to holders of “senior” water rights. Under California’s complex system of rights, they’re first in line to have their needs met. That includes rights holders on the Feather River, north of Sacramento, and San Joaquin River exchange contractors in the Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As to how much districts with “junior” rights will get, state officials left the door open on what their final water deliveries would be, saying they’re still analyzing the effects of recent storms on the \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/04/01/sierra-snowpack-better-but-far-from-whats-needed-for-drought/\">Sierra snowpack\u003c/a>, and that a reassessment may come later this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water for Wildlife\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is also suspending some rules designed to protect endangered salmon and fish in the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/ca-delta/\">Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta\u003c/a>. The standards specify the amount of freshwater in the ecosystem, as well as the quality and temperature – all factors that help chinook salmon, steelhead and Delta smelt survive and reproduce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This proposal falls far short of being a balanced plan,” says Kate Poole of the Natural Resources Defense Council. “It calls for the Central Valley Project and State Water Project to violate upstream water temperature requirements, waive water quality standards and violate pumping restrictions in the Delta.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”912fb154015396400e782621b5625d64″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think what we’re doing is finding maximum flexibility under existing law and trying to balance multiple needs in a third dry year,” said Chuck Bonham of California’s Department of Fish and Wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The toll on \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/02/12/drought-leads-to-tough-tradeoffs-for-california-salmon/\">endangered winter-run chinook salmon\u003c/a> could be substantial. Adult salmon lay their eggs in the Sacramento River during the summer. To survive, the eggs and young salmon rely on cold water, which is released from Shasta Dam. Under the worst-case scenario, water in the river would be too warm for salmon by the end of the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a serious situation for that species,” says Maria Rea of NOAA Fisheries. The plan includes increased monitoring of salmon. Rea says they’re also looking at producing more young hatchery salmon and potentially rescuing salmon in the river and relocating them to new habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildlife refuges and wetlands, a \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/during-drought-pop-up-wetlands-give-birds-a-break/\">crucial stopover for migratory birds\u003c/a>, will receive 15-to-30 percent of their water supply. “We’re looking at very wet conditions in the Midwest and Canada,” said Bonham. “We anticipate a whole heck of a lot of birds coming to California and they’ll be looking down at some of the driest habitat they’ve seen in decades.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water for Next Year\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the state faces a growing chorus of demands for water this year, officials are also planning to bank water, in case 2015 is an equally dry year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As we consider any increase in allocations, one of our priorities will be to ensure we have enough water to meet those 2015 needs,” said Cowin. Demand for drinking water from state and federal projects could be even higher next year, as water districts lean heavily on local supplies to meet needs this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan calls for 1 million acre-feet of water to be reserved in Lake Oroville this year. (One acre-foot is about 325,000 gallons, about what two California household use in a year.) Federal reservoirs will hold 1.4-to-1.9 million acre-feet of water to carry over into next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The current plan doesn’t factor in a possible El Niño, which \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/science/ci_25208082/california-drought-rare-good-news-storms-move-and\">some early indications\u003c/a> show could create wet conditions this winter. “Clearly, we’d love an El Niño or any other weather condition that improves the drought situation but we’re not going to bet on that,” says Cowin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials stressed that the plan is a framework for water operations this summer, but could change as demands and priorities shift.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16371\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Healdsburg_4493.jpg\" alt=\"A woman and her dog sit by a shrunken stretch of the Russian River in Healdsburg, Sonoma County. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16371\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A woman and her dog sit by a shrunken stretch of the Russian River in Healdsburg, Sonoma County. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With California’s reservoirs and snowpack \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/2014/03/18/into-the-drought-californias-shrinking-reservoirs/\">still far below normal\u003c/a>, state officials \u003ca href=\"http://www.ca.gov/drought/top-story-4.html\">released a plan\u003c/a> on Wednesday that outlines how they’ll manage meager water supplies during the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think anybody has enjoyed the recent storm events more than I have,” said Mark Cowin, who heads the Department of Water Resources. “But it’s pretty clear that our dry and warm weather has returned and I expect that the reality of drought will become much more apparent to us all moving forward.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a diplomatic way of saying that water managers are walking a tightrope this year, balancing three competing needs: how much water to deliver to people and agriculture, how much to provide for wildlife and how much to save for next year, in case it’s just as dry. Here’s how they propose to do it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water for People\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water districts around the state have already been warned to expect \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/02/21/federal-water-project-announces-deep-drought-cuts/\">no water deliveries\u003c/a> from the two main projects in California, the State Water Project and the federally operated Central Valley Project. While drinking water needs would be met, agricultural water would be cut, leading many farmers to fallow some of their land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent storms have lifted conditions out of the worst-cast scenario for which the state was planning. So far, that extra water is earmarked for two purposes. Some is going to water districts that were already owed water from last year, because at the time, they opted to carry the supply over to this year instead of using it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some water is going to holders of “senior” water rights. Under California’s complex system of rights, they’re first in line to have their needs met. That includes rights holders on the Feather River, north of Sacramento, and San Joaquin River exchange contractors in the Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As to how much districts with “junior” rights will get, state officials left the door open on what their final water deliveries would be, saying they’re still analyzing the effects of recent storms on the \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/04/01/sierra-snowpack-better-but-far-from-whats-needed-for-drought/\">Sierra snowpack\u003c/a>, and that a reassessment may come later this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water for Wildlife\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is also suspending some rules designed to protect endangered salmon and fish in the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/ca-delta/\">Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta\u003c/a>. The standards specify the amount of freshwater in the ecosystem, as well as the quality and temperature – all factors that help chinook salmon, steelhead and Delta smelt survive and reproduce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This proposal falls far short of being a balanced plan,” says Kate Poole of the Natural Resources Defense Council. “It calls for the Central Valley Project and State Water Project to violate upstream water temperature requirements, waive water quality standards and violate pumping restrictions in the Delta.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think what we’re doing is finding maximum flexibility under existing law and trying to balance multiple needs in a third dry year,” said Chuck Bonham of California’s Department of Fish and Wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The toll on \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/02/12/drought-leads-to-tough-tradeoffs-for-california-salmon/\">endangered winter-run chinook salmon\u003c/a> could be substantial. Adult salmon lay their eggs in the Sacramento River during the summer. To survive, the eggs and young salmon rely on cold water, which is released from Shasta Dam. Under the worst-case scenario, water in the river would be too warm for salmon by the end of the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a serious situation for that species,” says Maria Rea of NOAA Fisheries. The plan includes increased monitoring of salmon. Rea says they’re also looking at producing more young hatchery salmon and potentially rescuing salmon in the river and relocating them to new habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildlife refuges and wetlands, a \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/during-drought-pop-up-wetlands-give-birds-a-break/\">crucial stopover for migratory birds\u003c/a>, will receive 15-to-30 percent of their water supply. “We’re looking at very wet conditions in the Midwest and Canada,” said Bonham. “We anticipate a whole heck of a lot of birds coming to California and they’ll be looking down at some of the driest habitat they’ve seen in decades.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water for Next Year\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the state faces a growing chorus of demands for water this year, officials are also planning to bank water, in case 2015 is an equally dry year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As we consider any increase in allocations, one of our priorities will be to ensure we have enough water to meet those 2015 needs,” said Cowin. Demand for drinking water from state and federal projects could be even higher next year, as water districts lean heavily on local supplies to meet needs this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan calls for 1 million acre-feet of water to be reserved in Lake Oroville this year. (One acre-foot is about 325,000 gallons, about what two California household use in a year.) Federal reservoirs will hold 1.4-to-1.9 million acre-feet of water to carry over into next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The current plan doesn’t factor in a possible El Niño, which \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/science/ci_25208082/california-drought-rare-good-news-storms-move-and\">some early indications\u003c/a> show could create wet conditions this winter. “Clearly, we’d love an El Niño or any other weather condition that improves the drought situation but we’re not going to bet on that,” says Cowin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials stressed that the plan is a framework for water operations this summer, but could change as demands and priorities shift.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Cold, Then Dry: Dealing California Citrus Farmers a Double Punch",
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"content": "\u003cp>These are magic weeks in the groves of the Central Valley citrus belt, a time when orchards are buzzing with honeybees and redolent with the heady, sweet smell of orange blossoms. But around the Tulare County town of Terra Bella, farmers like Matt Fisher smell doom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You don’t want all these flowers,” Fisher says, reaching into a tree and knocking off some blossoms. “The reason this tree is blooming so hard, is because the tree by nature wants to come out fighting from a freeze.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16309\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-16309\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Terra-Bella-4-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"Jeff Fisher and his wife invested their life savings in 40 acres of citrus in Terra Bella, only to be hit with a devastating freeze last winter, and the drought this year. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Matt Fisher and his wife invested their life savings in 40 acres of citrus in Terra Bella, only to be hit with a devastating freeze last winter, and the drought this year. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201401060850/b\">cold snap\u003c/a> last December \u003ca title=\"LAT - post\" href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2014/feb/03/business/la-fi-mo-citrus-damage-20140203\">hit this area hard\u003c/a> and dried up lots of Fisher’s fruit. Many of his baby mandarin trees are still brown and fried. The surviving orange trees face a double-whammy: first the freeze, now no irrigation water whatsoever to keep them alive as they move into the spring and summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The trees are already starting to go into a wilt,” says Fisher. “You see the leaves are curling. These trees are just running out of gas. It’s hard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fisher farms in the \u003ca title=\"USBR - doc\" href=\"http://www.usbr.gov/mp/watershare/wcplans/2013/Terra_Bella%20.pdf\">Terra Bella Irrigation District\u003c/a>, which is in an especially tight spot. Farmers in other parts of the San Joaquin Valley may decide not to plant tomatoes or onions this year. But in Terra Bella, the main crops are citrus and pistachio trees. Not watering them could cripple the local farm economy for years to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘You’ve literally just got to watch your trees go into a dead wilt, turn brown, and that’s it.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Unlike other parts of California’s farm belt, Terra Bella has almost no groundwater. Now Terra Bella’s 600 farmers have gotten some shattering news. For the first time ever, they’re likely to get \u003ca title=\"USBR - release\" href=\"https://www.usbr.gov/newsroom/newsrelease/detail.cfm?RecordID=46045\">no water this year\u003c/a> from the federally-operated \u003ca title=\"Wiki - Friant-Kern Canal\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friant-Kern_Canal\">Friant-Kern canal\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t have any well water, so we’re waiting on rain, and that’s it,” says Fisher. “The noose is tightening around our necks, more and more every day. You’ve literally just got to watch your trees go into a dead wilt, turn brown, and that’s it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers in this part of the valley have always enjoyed priority rights to the water that comes from the federal canals. But last month, authorities here sealed the water connections to all farms in the district.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fisher opens up the lid to his water meter to show me a wire wrapped around the spigot, hooked to a green tag that reads, “No irrigation water is available this year. Illegal use of irrigation water is subject to penalties. Your meter has been sealed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16313\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-16313\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Terra-Bella-7-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"The Terra Bella Irrigation District has put a physical seal on the spigots that deliver water to farmers. There is a $10,000 penalty for breaking the seal. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Terra Bella Irrigation District has put a physical seal on the spigots that deliver water to farmers. There is a $10,000 penalty for breaking the seal. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The irrigation district is levying some hefty fines, including a $10,000 penalty for cutting the seal. But with Terra Bella’s $100 million citrus crop at stake, irrigation district manager Sean Geivet knows a $10,000 fine may not be enough of a deterrent to keep farmers from breaking the seals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve heard rumors that it may be worth paying the penalties to keep your trees alive, so we’ll see how it works,” says Geivet, standing in the pump house that usually sends canal water out to Terra Bella’s 7,000 acres of citrus. “I don’t want to be a water cop, but this year, that’s what we’re looking like.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”040792ff5c8448f89bab0ced86ac667c”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geivet’s also looking like a banker. Desperate farmers have dropped off $4 million in checks at Geivet’s office. He’s just holding them in his safe until he can find some water to buy on their behalf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a projected allocation of “zero” water from the federal \u003ca title=\"USBOR - CVP\" href=\"https://www.usbr.gov/projects/Project.jsp?proj_Name=Central+Valley+Project\">Central Valley Project\u003c/a>, Geivet spends nearly all his time on the phone, trying to drum up other sources of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But at zero,” he says. “There’s not even enough water in the system to try and trade things around.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That zero adds up to trouble for the town of Terra Bella, where about 6,000 people rely heavily on the citrus industry – and the same irrigation canal that feeds area farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government does plan to continue supplying drinking water for residential customers here who rely on the Friant-Kern canal, but only half the usual amount.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We don’t know what’s going to happen with our jobs if there’s no water.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> At the irrigation district office, Patty Gutierrez tries to explain the importance of conservation to residential customers like farmworker Miguel Cortes, who comes to pay his bill in his cowboy hat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to conserve water,” Gutierrez reminds him in Spanish. “You can’t use more than 32,670 cubic feet per year.” (That’s about three-quarters of what a typical American household uses.) Customers who go beyond that in Terra Bella may face a $3,000 fine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this point, Cortes is more worried about losing his livelihood than whether or not there’s enough water to wash his car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We depend on the work in the fields,” he says in Spanish. “We don’t know what’s going to happen with our jobs if there’s no water. What can we do? All we can do is wait for what’s coming next,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just down the road, Terra Bella resident Jose Melendez is carefully watering his plants with a coffee can. “There’s no water coming in. We’re out. I get it,” he says, pointing to the hose he once used to wash off his patio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like many residents here, Melendez has two meters: one for outdoor irrigation, and one that provides filtered canal water for indoor use. And like Terra Bella famers, his outdoor irrigation meter is sealed. So now he’s having to use the more expensive drinking water for his plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s willing to do that, and to stop watering his lawn. But he wants the irrigation district to do a better job of educating residents on conservation and helping them calculate a running total of how much they are using. There’s nothing on their monthly bill that shows how close they are getting to the limit set by the district.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because if we don’t know. How are we supposed to really conserve?” asks Melendez. “They shouldn’t be keeping us in the dark.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water district says it is sending out letters to residents about conservation, but its main concern is not household use. It’s agriculture. Farmers use more than 90 percent of the water here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/143726744&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_artwork=true\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>These are magic weeks in the groves of the Central Valley citrus belt, a time when orchards are buzzing with honeybees and redolent with the heady, sweet smell of orange blossoms. But around the Tulare County town of Terra Bella, farmers like Matt Fisher smell doom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You don’t want all these flowers,” Fisher says, reaching into a tree and knocking off some blossoms. “The reason this tree is blooming so hard, is because the tree by nature wants to come out fighting from a freeze.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16309\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-16309\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Terra-Bella-4-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"Jeff Fisher and his wife invested their life savings in 40 acres of citrus in Terra Bella, only to be hit with a devastating freeze last winter, and the drought this year. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Matt Fisher and his wife invested their life savings in 40 acres of citrus in Terra Bella, only to be hit with a devastating freeze last winter, and the drought this year. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201401060850/b\">cold snap\u003c/a> last December \u003ca title=\"LAT - post\" href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2014/feb/03/business/la-fi-mo-citrus-damage-20140203\">hit this area hard\u003c/a> and dried up lots of Fisher’s fruit. Many of his baby mandarin trees are still brown and fried. The surviving orange trees face a double-whammy: first the freeze, now no irrigation water whatsoever to keep them alive as they move into the spring and summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The trees are already starting to go into a wilt,” says Fisher. “You see the leaves are curling. These trees are just running out of gas. It’s hard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fisher farms in the \u003ca title=\"USBR - doc\" href=\"http://www.usbr.gov/mp/watershare/wcplans/2013/Terra_Bella%20.pdf\">Terra Bella Irrigation District\u003c/a>, which is in an especially tight spot. Farmers in other parts of the San Joaquin Valley may decide not to plant tomatoes or onions this year. But in Terra Bella, the main crops are citrus and pistachio trees. Not watering them could cripple the local farm economy for years to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘You’ve literally just got to watch your trees go into a dead wilt, turn brown, and that’s it.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Unlike other parts of California’s farm belt, Terra Bella has almost no groundwater. Now Terra Bella’s 600 farmers have gotten some shattering news. For the first time ever, they’re likely to get \u003ca title=\"USBR - release\" href=\"https://www.usbr.gov/newsroom/newsrelease/detail.cfm?RecordID=46045\">no water this year\u003c/a> from the federally-operated \u003ca title=\"Wiki - Friant-Kern Canal\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friant-Kern_Canal\">Friant-Kern canal\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t have any well water, so we’re waiting on rain, and that’s it,” says Fisher. “The noose is tightening around our necks, more and more every day. You’ve literally just got to watch your trees go into a dead wilt, turn brown, and that’s it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers in this part of the valley have always enjoyed priority rights to the water that comes from the federal canals. But last month, authorities here sealed the water connections to all farms in the district.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fisher opens up the lid to his water meter to show me a wire wrapped around the spigot, hooked to a green tag that reads, “No irrigation water is available this year. Illegal use of irrigation water is subject to penalties. Your meter has been sealed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16313\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-16313\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Terra-Bella-7-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"The Terra Bella Irrigation District has put a physical seal on the spigots that deliver water to farmers. There is a $10,000 penalty for breaking the seal. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Terra Bella Irrigation District has put a physical seal on the spigots that deliver water to farmers. There is a $10,000 penalty for breaking the seal. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The irrigation district is levying some hefty fines, including a $10,000 penalty for cutting the seal. But with Terra Bella’s $100 million citrus crop at stake, irrigation district manager Sean Geivet knows a $10,000 fine may not be enough of a deterrent to keep farmers from breaking the seals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve heard rumors that it may be worth paying the penalties to keep your trees alive, so we’ll see how it works,” says Geivet, standing in the pump house that usually sends canal water out to Terra Bella’s 7,000 acres of citrus. “I don’t want to be a water cop, but this year, that’s what we’re looking like.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geivet’s also looking like a banker. Desperate farmers have dropped off $4 million in checks at Geivet’s office. He’s just holding them in his safe until he can find some water to buy on their behalf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a projected allocation of “zero” water from the federal \u003ca title=\"USBOR - CVP\" href=\"https://www.usbr.gov/projects/Project.jsp?proj_Name=Central+Valley+Project\">Central Valley Project\u003c/a>, Geivet spends nearly all his time on the phone, trying to drum up other sources of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But at zero,” he says. “There’s not even enough water in the system to try and trade things around.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That zero adds up to trouble for the town of Terra Bella, where about 6,000 people rely heavily on the citrus industry – and the same irrigation canal that feeds area farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government does plan to continue supplying drinking water for residential customers here who rely on the Friant-Kern canal, but only half the usual amount.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We don’t know what’s going to happen with our jobs if there’s no water.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> At the irrigation district office, Patty Gutierrez tries to explain the importance of conservation to residential customers like farmworker Miguel Cortes, who comes to pay his bill in his cowboy hat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to conserve water,” Gutierrez reminds him in Spanish. “You can’t use more than 32,670 cubic feet per year.” (That’s about three-quarters of what a typical American household uses.) Customers who go beyond that in Terra Bella may face a $3,000 fine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this point, Cortes is more worried about losing his livelihood than whether or not there’s enough water to wash his car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We depend on the work in the fields,” he says in Spanish. “We don’t know what’s going to happen with our jobs if there’s no water. What can we do? All we can do is wait for what’s coming next,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just down the road, Terra Bella resident Jose Melendez is carefully watering his plants with a coffee can. “There’s no water coming in. We’re out. I get it,” he says, pointing to the hose he once used to wash off his patio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like many residents here, Melendez has two meters: one for outdoor irrigation, and one that provides filtered canal water for indoor use. And like Terra Bella famers, his outdoor irrigation meter is sealed. So now he’s having to use the more expensive drinking water for his plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s willing to do that, and to stop watering his lawn. But he wants the irrigation district to do a better job of educating residents on conservation and helping them calculate a running total of how much they are using. There’s nothing on their monthly bill that shows how close they are getting to the limit set by the district.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because if we don’t know. How are we supposed to really conserve?” asks Melendez. “They shouldn’t be keeping us in the dark.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water district says it is sending out letters to residents about conservation, but its main concern is not household use. It’s agriculture. Farmers use more than 90 percent of the water here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"headTitle": "California Farmers Look to Oil Industry for Water | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/04/20140407science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16174\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Chevron1-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-16174\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Chevron1-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Water from Chevron's Kern River oil field supplies orchards near Bakersfield. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water from Chevron’s Kern River oil field supplies almond orchards near Bakersfield. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With California’s reservoirs running low, many Central Valley farmers are struggling to keep their trees and crops alive this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the southern San Joaquin Valley, some are getting extra water from an unlikely source: the oil industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is the third largest oil-producing state in the country, extracting roughly 200 million barrels a year. But in the process of getting oil, companies also produce massive volumes of water, found naturally in the same underground formations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To produce one barrel of oil, we produce about nine barrels of water,” says Chevron’s Thep Smith, walking around the company’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=209G4bJ7A9Y\">Kern River oil field\u003c/a>, east of Bakersfield. Almost 10,000 pump jacks cover the hills. The field is more than a century old, but is still the second-most productive in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rock formations that bear oil in California are also full of briny, brackish water, leading to an old saying about oil companies in California: they’re actually water companies that get oil as a byproduct. “This is really a water plant that skims oil,” Smith says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cstrong>How Water and Oil Mix in California\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/03/31/how-water-and-oil-mix-in-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">See how water\u003c/a> is part of fracking and oil production in California.\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/03/31/how-water-and-oil-mix-in-california/\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-15920\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/KQED-Fraq-panel1-blank.jpg\" alt=\"KQED-Fraq-panel1-blank\" width=\"276\" height=\"276\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>After the oil is separated, Chevron handles millions of gallons of water a day. The company uses about a quarter of it to enhance oil production, turning the water into steam and injecting it back into the rock formation to boost oil flow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The stuff here is really heavy oil,” Smith says, “kind of like molasses. At room temperature, it actually is almost solid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After using some for steam, there’s still plenty of water to get rid of. Many companies dispose of it long-term by pumping it back underground, where it’s trapped in rock layers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>From Pump Jacks to Produce\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the only project of its kind in the state, Chevron’s water travels several miles through a 40-inch pipe, until it arrives in a reservoir used by the Cawelo Water District. Chevron provides up to a quarter of the water district’s supply each year, around 26,000 acre-feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fact that we have this water coming in, it’s a tremendous bonus,” says David Ansolabehere, general manager of the irrigation district, near Bakersfield. “We deliver water to about 45,000 acres, about 95 percent permanent crops which are nut trees, citrus and vineyards,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The district mixes Chevron’s water with an equal amount of freshwater, until it reaches a quality that works for local orchards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t deliver it straight,” Ansolabehere says. “It has too much salt, but we blend it down and then it’s irrigation quality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16177\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Chevron2-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-16177\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Chevron2-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Water from Chevron arrives in a reservoir that serves the Cawelo Water District. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water from Chevron gushes out of a pipeline in a reservoir that serves the Cawelo Water District. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>During this year’s drought, it’s the district’s only reliable supply, since water deliveries from state and federal water projects have been cut completely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to be very tough,” Ansolabehere says. “We’re looking at just making sure the landowners can keep their trees alive this year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other Central Valley water districts are in the same boat right now, which is why Ansolabehere says there’s been a lot of interest in this recycling project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Lately, I’ve been getting a lot of phone calls,” he says, “meeting with people that want to do the same type of thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Oil Industry as Water Source, Not Sink\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil and agriculture have long been neighbors in Kern County. And it hasn’t been lost on farmers that while their water supplies are going dry this year, the industry next door is \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/03/31/how-water-and-oil-mix-in-california/\">swimming in billions of gallons\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s especially true on the west side of the San Joaquin Valley, where many water districts rely almost entirely on tenuous supplies imported from elsewhere in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”54626724379a9606d2f66d79412499c5″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have tremendous water resources that are a byproduct of oil production,” says Tupper Hull of the Western States Petroleum Association, an oil industry group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very conceivable that in the very near future,” Hull says, “oil production could be a net provider of water for California ag and other purposes, as opposed to a consumer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents have criticized the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/with-drought-new-scrutiny-over-frackings-water-use/\">oil industry’s use of water\u003c/a>, largely because the controversial oil extraction technique known as hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, consumes freshwater. Recycling water would offset that use, but to duplicate Chevron’s project in other parts of the state, the industry would face significant hurdles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>High Water Treatment Costs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the problems they’ve seen at that project is very high arsenic levels in the water,” says Kassie Siegel of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/\">Center for Biological Diversity\u003c/a>, an environmental advocacy group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until a few years ago, Chevron released water from the Kern River field into a local creek during the winter, when demand from farmers was low. The water wasn’t diluted and the company was fined by the regional water quality control board for violating limits on arsenic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just shows again that there’s no safe way to deal with the oil and gas wastewater,” Siegel says. “Every single method that has been proposed and used has real risks and health harms associated with it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16179\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Chevron3-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-16179\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Chevron3-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Chevron's Kern River oil field produces millions of gallons of water a day. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chevron’s Kern River field produces millions of gallons of brackish water a day as a byproduct of oil extraction. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Dealing with contaminants could be even tougher in other oil fields. “The water that’s here at Kern River field is at an almost near freshwater quality,” says Chevron’s Abby Auffant, “and that is different from water elsewhere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water produced in the company’s other fields is significantly saltier and would need to go through a treatment process like reverse osmosis, which adds cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we were able to identify a cost-effective manner in which to treat the water,” Auffant says, “it’s certainly something that we would be interested in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“It’s very conceivable that in the very near future, oil production could be a net provider of water.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The economic case improves in drought years when water prices are sky-high, but drought economics only last so long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Normally the water’s going for $30-40 an acre-foot,” says Ansolabehere. “When it costs you $500 to treat it, there’s not really a market except for years like this and then you can’t get the treatment in place in time to really make any effect. So you have to think a couple years ahead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As technology advances and reduces those costs, he adds, it becomes more likely that water recycling projects would come together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many, the drought has added new urgency, as a reminder of the state’s limited water resources. “I think as the resource becomes more strained, people look to these other sources as a solution,” says Harry Starkey, general manager of the West Kern Water District, west of Bakersfield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That conversation is happening on the west side,” Starkey says. “It’ll be interesting to see if you can get oil companies, that tend to be very private, to engage. Getting those two to partner up in those regards – they’re different classmates. It’s a matter of building trust.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s something many farmers are watching closely, as they face the long, dry summer ahead.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "As water supplies tighten for California farmers, some are looking to an unlikely new source: a water recycling project in one of the state's oldest oil fields.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16174\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Chevron1-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-16174\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Chevron1-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Water from Chevron's Kern River oil field supplies orchards near Bakersfield. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water from Chevron’s Kern River oil field supplies almond orchards near Bakersfield. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With California’s reservoirs running low, many Central Valley farmers are struggling to keep their trees and crops alive this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the southern San Joaquin Valley, some are getting extra water from an unlikely source: the oil industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is the third largest oil-producing state in the country, extracting roughly 200 million barrels a year. But in the process of getting oil, companies also produce massive volumes of water, found naturally in the same underground formations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To produce one barrel of oil, we produce about nine barrels of water,” says Chevron’s Thep Smith, walking around the company’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=209G4bJ7A9Y\">Kern River oil field\u003c/a>, east of Bakersfield. Almost 10,000 pump jacks cover the hills. The field is more than a century old, but is still the second-most productive in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rock formations that bear oil in California are also full of briny, brackish water, leading to an old saying about oil companies in California: they’re actually water companies that get oil as a byproduct. “This is really a water plant that skims oil,” Smith says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cstrong>How Water and Oil Mix in California\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/03/31/how-water-and-oil-mix-in-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">See how water\u003c/a> is part of fracking and oil production in California.\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/03/31/how-water-and-oil-mix-in-california/\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-15920\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/KQED-Fraq-panel1-blank.jpg\" alt=\"KQED-Fraq-panel1-blank\" width=\"276\" height=\"276\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>After the oil is separated, Chevron handles millions of gallons of water a day. The company uses about a quarter of it to enhance oil production, turning the water into steam and injecting it back into the rock formation to boost oil flow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The stuff here is really heavy oil,” Smith says, “kind of like molasses. At room temperature, it actually is almost solid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After using some for steam, there’s still plenty of water to get rid of. Many companies dispose of it long-term by pumping it back underground, where it’s trapped in rock layers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>From Pump Jacks to Produce\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the only project of its kind in the state, Chevron’s water travels several miles through a 40-inch pipe, until it arrives in a reservoir used by the Cawelo Water District. Chevron provides up to a quarter of the water district’s supply each year, around 26,000 acre-feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fact that we have this water coming in, it’s a tremendous bonus,” says David Ansolabehere, general manager of the irrigation district, near Bakersfield. “We deliver water to about 45,000 acres, about 95 percent permanent crops which are nut trees, citrus and vineyards,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The district mixes Chevron’s water with an equal amount of freshwater, until it reaches a quality that works for local orchards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t deliver it straight,” Ansolabehere says. “It has too much salt, but we blend it down and then it’s irrigation quality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16177\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Chevron2-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-16177\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Chevron2-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Water from Chevron arrives in a reservoir that serves the Cawelo Water District. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water from Chevron gushes out of a pipeline in a reservoir that serves the Cawelo Water District. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>During this year’s drought, it’s the district’s only reliable supply, since water deliveries from state and federal water projects have been cut completely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to be very tough,” Ansolabehere says. “We’re looking at just making sure the landowners can keep their trees alive this year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other Central Valley water districts are in the same boat right now, which is why Ansolabehere says there’s been a lot of interest in this recycling project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Lately, I’ve been getting a lot of phone calls,” he says, “meeting with people that want to do the same type of thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Oil Industry as Water Source, Not Sink\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil and agriculture have long been neighbors in Kern County. And it hasn’t been lost on farmers that while their water supplies are going dry this year, the industry next door is \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/03/31/how-water-and-oil-mix-in-california/\">swimming in billions of gallons\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s especially true on the west side of the San Joaquin Valley, where many water districts rely almost entirely on tenuous supplies imported from elsewhere in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have tremendous water resources that are a byproduct of oil production,” says Tupper Hull of the Western States Petroleum Association, an oil industry group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very conceivable that in the very near future,” Hull says, “oil production could be a net provider of water for California ag and other purposes, as opposed to a consumer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents have criticized the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/with-drought-new-scrutiny-over-frackings-water-use/\">oil industry’s use of water\u003c/a>, largely because the controversial oil extraction technique known as hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, consumes freshwater. Recycling water would offset that use, but to duplicate Chevron’s project in other parts of the state, the industry would face significant hurdles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>High Water Treatment Costs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the problems they’ve seen at that project is very high arsenic levels in the water,” says Kassie Siegel of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/\">Center for Biological Diversity\u003c/a>, an environmental advocacy group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until a few years ago, Chevron released water from the Kern River field into a local creek during the winter, when demand from farmers was low. The water wasn’t diluted and the company was fined by the regional water quality control board for violating limits on arsenic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just shows again that there’s no safe way to deal with the oil and gas wastewater,” Siegel says. “Every single method that has been proposed and used has real risks and health harms associated with it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16179\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Chevron3-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-16179\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Chevron3-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Chevron's Kern River oil field produces millions of gallons of water a day. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chevron’s Kern River field produces millions of gallons of brackish water a day as a byproduct of oil extraction. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Dealing with contaminants could be even tougher in other oil fields. “The water that’s here at Kern River field is at an almost near freshwater quality,” says Chevron’s Abby Auffant, “and that is different from water elsewhere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water produced in the company’s other fields is significantly saltier and would need to go through a treatment process like reverse osmosis, which adds cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we were able to identify a cost-effective manner in which to treat the water,” Auffant says, “it’s certainly something that we would be interested in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“It’s very conceivable that in the very near future, oil production could be a net provider of water.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The economic case improves in drought years when water prices are sky-high, but drought economics only last so long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Normally the water’s going for $30-40 an acre-foot,” says Ansolabehere. “When it costs you $500 to treat it, there’s not really a market except for years like this and then you can’t get the treatment in place in time to really make any effect. So you have to think a couple years ahead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As technology advances and reduces those costs, he adds, it becomes more likely that water recycling projects would come together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many, the drought has added new urgency, as a reminder of the state’s limited water resources. “I think as the resource becomes more strained, people look to these other sources as a solution,” says Harry Starkey, general manager of the West Kern Water District, west of Bakersfield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That conversation is happening on the west side,” Starkey says. “It’ll be interesting to see if you can get oil companies, that tend to be very private, to engage. Getting those two to partner up in those regards – they’re different classmates. It’s a matter of building trust.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s something many farmers are watching closely, as they face the long, dry summer ahead.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Blood Moon: A Chance to Watch a Total Lunar Eclipse",
"headTitle": "Blood Moon: A Chance to Watch a Total Lunar Eclipse | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16212\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16212\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Lunar-Eclipse-08-28-07-composite-8bt-small.jpg\" alt=\"Total lunar eclipse August, 28th, 2007. Credit: Conrad Jung\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Total lunar eclipse on August 28th, 2007. (Conrad Jung/Chabot Space and Science Center)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bay Area residents will be able to watch one of the moon’s most remarkable displays \u003ca href=\"http://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/lunar/2014-april-15\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">late on the night of April 14 and early, early on the morning of April 15\u003c/a> when the shadow of Earth crosses the moon in a total lunar eclipse. A cosmic dance between Earth, sun and moon, this total lunar eclipse will be the first in three years to be visible here, weather permitting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Is a Total Lunar Eclipse?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>When to watch:\u003c/strong> The eclipse starts at 10:58 p.m. PST. At 12:07 a.m. the total eclipse phase begins. Earth will block the sun completely until 1:25 a.m., and then the moon travels through the semi-shadow until 2:33 a.m.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Where to watch:\u003c/strong> Just go outside. You can see the eclipse from wherever you can usually see the moon.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> During a total lunar eclipse, Earth passes exactly between the full moon and the sun. As the celestial bodies move, the full moon enters Earth’s shadow until it is completely covered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You may wonder, since the moon is constantly orbiting around the Earth, why there isn’t a lunar eclipse every month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It turns out the orbit of the moon is tilted relative to the orbit of the Earth around the sun so it doesn’t happen regularly,” says Andrew Fraknoi, Astronomy Department Chair at Foothill College. “Only when the two orbits cross—the orbit of the moon around the Earth and the orbit of the Earth around the sun—can you have an eclipse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a visualization of what will be happening in space, check out this animated video from NASA, explaining the movements of celestial bodies during the total lunar eclipse on June 15, 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wuhNZejHeBg\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where and When Can I Watch It?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Late on the night of April 14, the moon will have risen far above the horizon line when it enters Earth’s shadow, so the timing of this eclipse will make it remarkably accessible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it’s clear Monday evening and Tuesday morning,” Fraknoi says, “there should be a spectacular eclipse, pretty high in the sky so that anyone with a good view of the sky can see it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’d like to join a large watching party, you can grab at ticket for the viewing event at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/calendar.htm?date=4-14-2014&p=1439355\">Chabot Space and Science Center\u003c/a> or perhaps gather with neighbors on a hill near your home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Bay Area, the eclipse will start at 10:58 p.m., when the moon enters the penumbra of Earth, or the semi-shadow. Then at 12:07 a.m., the moon enters Earth’s umbra, directly in line with the sun, and the total eclipse phase begins. Earth will block the sun completely until 1:25 a.m., and then the moon travels through the semi-shadow until 2:33 a.m., when it finally emerges again to reflect the sun’s light. The whole event will last 3 hours and 35 minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Blood Moon Effect\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The moon during a total lunar eclipse is also called a “blood moon” because, rather than turning dark when Earth’s shadow passes over it, the moon turns a rusty red or brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That color comes from the rays of sunlight peeking around the edges of Earth, through its atmosphere. Colors with a shorter wavelength, like the blues, scatter as they hit Earth’s atmosphere, whereas colors with longer wavelengths like red, bend and reach the moon, casting a reddish glow across its surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A rich color also tells us there are a lot of particles thickening the atmosphere. “The more sooty the atmosphere,” Fraknoi says, “the better this reddening effect.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Coming Up\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s actually an eclipse season roughly every six months when it’s possible to see either a solar or a lunar eclipse. This total lunar eclipse is the first of four in a row, what astronomers call a tetrad. The other three total lunar eclipses will occur on October 8th, 2014, April 4th, 2015, and September 28th, 2015, and all will be visible in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Get your fill because after that, the next total lunar eclipse won’t occur until 2018, and we won’t see another tetrad until 2032-33.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16212\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16212\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Lunar-Eclipse-08-28-07-composite-8bt-small.jpg\" alt=\"Total lunar eclipse August, 28th, 2007. Credit: Conrad Jung\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Total lunar eclipse on August 28th, 2007. (Conrad Jung/Chabot Space and Science Center)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bay Area residents will be able to watch one of the moon’s most remarkable displays \u003ca href=\"http://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/lunar/2014-april-15\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">late on the night of April 14 and early, early on the morning of April 15\u003c/a> when the shadow of Earth crosses the moon in a total lunar eclipse. A cosmic dance between Earth, sun and moon, this total lunar eclipse will be the first in three years to be visible here, weather permitting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Is a Total Lunar Eclipse?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>When to watch:\u003c/strong> The eclipse starts at 10:58 p.m. PST. At 12:07 a.m. the total eclipse phase begins. Earth will block the sun completely until 1:25 a.m., and then the moon travels through the semi-shadow until 2:33 a.m.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Where to watch:\u003c/strong> Just go outside. You can see the eclipse from wherever you can usually see the moon.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> During a total lunar eclipse, Earth passes exactly between the full moon and the sun. As the celestial bodies move, the full moon enters Earth’s shadow until it is completely covered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You may wonder, since the moon is constantly orbiting around the Earth, why there isn’t a lunar eclipse every month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It turns out the orbit of the moon is tilted relative to the orbit of the Earth around the sun so it doesn’t happen regularly,” says Andrew Fraknoi, Astronomy Department Chair at Foothill College. “Only when the two orbits cross—the orbit of the moon around the Earth and the orbit of the Earth around the sun—can you have an eclipse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a visualization of what will be happening in space, check out this animated video from NASA, explaining the movements of celestial bodies during the total lunar eclipse on June 15, 2011.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/wuhNZejHeBg'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/wuhNZejHeBg'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where and When Can I Watch It?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Late on the night of April 14, the moon will have risen far above the horizon line when it enters Earth’s shadow, so the timing of this eclipse will make it remarkably accessible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it’s clear Monday evening and Tuesday morning,” Fraknoi says, “there should be a spectacular eclipse, pretty high in the sky so that anyone with a good view of the sky can see it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’d like to join a large watching party, you can grab at ticket for the viewing event at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/calendar.htm?date=4-14-2014&p=1439355\">Chabot Space and Science Center\u003c/a> or perhaps gather with neighbors on a hill near your home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Bay Area, the eclipse will start at 10:58 p.m., when the moon enters the penumbra of Earth, or the semi-shadow. Then at 12:07 a.m., the moon enters Earth’s umbra, directly in line with the sun, and the total eclipse phase begins. Earth will block the sun completely until 1:25 a.m., and then the moon travels through the semi-shadow until 2:33 a.m., when it finally emerges again to reflect the sun’s light. The whole event will last 3 hours and 35 minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Blood Moon Effect\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The moon during a total lunar eclipse is also called a “blood moon” because, rather than turning dark when Earth’s shadow passes over it, the moon turns a rusty red or brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That color comes from the rays of sunlight peeking around the edges of Earth, through its atmosphere. Colors with a shorter wavelength, like the blues, scatter as they hit Earth’s atmosphere, whereas colors with longer wavelengths like red, bend and reach the moon, casting a reddish glow across its surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A rich color also tells us there are a lot of particles thickening the atmosphere. “The more sooty the atmosphere,” Fraknoi says, “the better this reddening effect.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Coming Up\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s actually an eclipse season roughly every six months when it’s possible to see either a solar or a lunar eclipse. This total lunar eclipse is the first of four in a row, what astronomers call a tetrad. The other three total lunar eclipses will occur on October 8th, 2014, April 4th, 2015, and September 28th, 2015, and all will be visible in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Get your fill because after that, the next total lunar eclipse won’t occur until 2018, and we won’t see another tetrad until 2032-33.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16134\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 717px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/LADEE.Artist-1024x768.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-16134\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-16134 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/LADEE.Artist-1024x768.png\" alt=\"An artist's depiction of LADEE in orbit around the moon. (Dana Berry/NASA Ames)\" width=\"717\" height=\"538\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist’s depiction of LADEE in orbit around the moon. (Dana Berry/NASA Ames)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A NASA mission designed here in the Bay Area has solved a 42-year-old mystery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The LADEE mission – whose launch \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/09/03/new-nasa-moon-mission-aims-to-solve-a-40-year-old-mystery/\">we covered\u003c/a> back in September – was designed at NASA Ames in Mountain View to explain the mysterious colorful streaks that astronaut Eugene Cernan spotted from the window of Apollo 17 in 1972.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(You can read more about that, and see Cernan’s sketches of those mysterious “streamers,” \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/09/03/new-nasa-moon-mission-aims-to-solve-a-40-year-old-mystery/\">here\u003c/a>. And while you’re at it, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/02/13/nasas-ladee-spacecraft-sends-back-new-moon-images/\">take a look\u003c/a> at some of the moon pictures LADEE sent back from its travels.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>LADEE (that’s LAD-ee, not “lady”) stands for \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/ladee/main/#.Uz3qC_ldV8E\">Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Launched on September 6 from the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia, the spacecraft spent 100 days orbiting the moon, taking sips of lunar atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“A dust veil enshrouds the moon perpetually.”\u003cbr>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Those sips, NASA reported today, contained traces of magnesium, aluminum, neon, titanium – particles that are kicked up every time a meteorite slips through the moon’s thin atmosphere and crashes onto the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every time a meteorite comes to the surface of the moon, it creates this ejecta-cloud,” explains NASA Ames space scientist Rick Elphic. “These particles are sent up from the surface, as if by an explosion.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This dust “veil” Elphic explained, “enshrouds the moon perpetually.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thankfully, here on Earth, our robust atmosphere protects us from that fate. The LADEE findings hint at the conditions on other planets with thin atmospheres, like Mercury or the planet-formerly-known-as-Pluto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16129\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 662px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/lro_view_of_ladee_labeled_0_0.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-16129\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-16129 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/lro_view_of_ladee_labeled_0_0.jpg\" alt=\"That little sliver is the LADEE spacecraft, designed in Mountain View and photographed by another NASA mission, the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. (NASA/ Goddard/Arizona State University)\" width=\"662\" height=\"662\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">That little sliver is the LADEE spacecraft, designed in Mountain View and photographed by another NASA mission, the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. (NASA/ Goddard/Arizona State University)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>LADEE’s observations also provided reassurance that future human missions to the moon’s surface will face no hazard from the dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’ve seen means clear sailing for any future missions around there,” said Elphic.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">The findings mean “clear sailing” for future human missions to the moon.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Having completed its mission, LADEE is now on a planned demolition course.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On April 14th, LADEE will fly through a lunar eclipse. That experience could freeze the instruments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or LADEE could keep on collecting scientific data all the way until April 21st \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/content/take-the-plunge-ladee-impact-challenge/#.Uz3q8PldV8E\">or thereabouts\u003c/a>, when the spacecraft is expected to collide with the moon at over 3,500 miles per hour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s fast enough, say scientists, to instantly “vaporize” the $280 million spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Having solved a 42-year-old mystery about lunar \"streamers,\" the $280 million LADEE spacecraft is set to vaporize when it collides with the moon around April 21st. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16134\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 717px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/LADEE.Artist-1024x768.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-16134\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-16134 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/LADEE.Artist-1024x768.png\" alt=\"An artist's depiction of LADEE in orbit around the moon. (Dana Berry/NASA Ames)\" width=\"717\" height=\"538\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist’s depiction of LADEE in orbit around the moon. (Dana Berry/NASA Ames)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A NASA mission designed here in the Bay Area has solved a 42-year-old mystery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The LADEE mission – whose launch \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/09/03/new-nasa-moon-mission-aims-to-solve-a-40-year-old-mystery/\">we covered\u003c/a> back in September – was designed at NASA Ames in Mountain View to explain the mysterious colorful streaks that astronaut Eugene Cernan spotted from the window of Apollo 17 in 1972.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(You can read more about that, and see Cernan’s sketches of those mysterious “streamers,” \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/09/03/new-nasa-moon-mission-aims-to-solve-a-40-year-old-mystery/\">here\u003c/a>. And while you’re at it, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/02/13/nasas-ladee-spacecraft-sends-back-new-moon-images/\">take a look\u003c/a> at some of the moon pictures LADEE sent back from its travels.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>LADEE (that’s LAD-ee, not “lady”) stands for \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/ladee/main/#.Uz3qC_ldV8E\">Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Launched on September 6 from the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia, the spacecraft spent 100 days orbiting the moon, taking sips of lunar atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“A dust veil enshrouds the moon perpetually.”\u003cbr>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Those sips, NASA reported today, contained traces of magnesium, aluminum, neon, titanium – particles that are kicked up every time a meteorite slips through the moon’s thin atmosphere and crashes onto the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every time a meteorite comes to the surface of the moon, it creates this ejecta-cloud,” explains NASA Ames space scientist Rick Elphic. “These particles are sent up from the surface, as if by an explosion.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This dust “veil” Elphic explained, “enshrouds the moon perpetually.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thankfully, here on Earth, our robust atmosphere protects us from that fate. The LADEE findings hint at the conditions on other planets with thin atmospheres, like Mercury or the planet-formerly-known-as-Pluto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16129\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 662px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/lro_view_of_ladee_labeled_0_0.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-16129\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-16129 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/lro_view_of_ladee_labeled_0_0.jpg\" alt=\"That little sliver is the LADEE spacecraft, designed in Mountain View and photographed by another NASA mission, the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. (NASA/ Goddard/Arizona State University)\" width=\"662\" height=\"662\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">That little sliver is the LADEE spacecraft, designed in Mountain View and photographed by another NASA mission, the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. (NASA/ Goddard/Arizona State University)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>LADEE’s observations also provided reassurance that future human missions to the moon’s surface will face no hazard from the dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’ve seen means clear sailing for any future missions around there,” said Elphic.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">The findings mean “clear sailing” for future human missions to the moon.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Having completed its mission, LADEE is now on a planned demolition course.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On April 14th, LADEE will fly through a lunar eclipse. That experience could freeze the instruments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or LADEE could keep on collecting scientific data all the way until April 21st \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/content/take-the-plunge-ladee-impact-challenge/#.Uz3q8PldV8E\">or thereabouts\u003c/a>, when the spacecraft is expected to collide with the moon at over 3,500 miles per hour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s fast enough, say scientists, to instantly “vaporize” the $280 million spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Yosemite Opens Areas Closed After Last Summer's Huge Rim Fire",
"headTitle": "Yosemite Opens Areas Closed After Last Summer’s Huge Rim Fire | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>National Park Service officials have re-opened parts of Yosemite that have been closed ever since the Rim Fire tore through large swaths of the park last summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visitors can now return to the Tuolumne Grove of Giant Sequoias and to hiking trails near Hetch Hetchy, among other areas. Park officials caution visitors to be careful in burned lands, however, as these areas can still be dangerous, with uneven ground, debris on trails, hazardous trees and the potential for falling rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Rim Fire burned more than a quarter of a million acres, including about 77,000 acres inside Yosemite National Park, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/can-renewable-energy-reduce-californias-fire-risk/\">leaving a stark and denuded landscape of dead trees\u003c/a>. Park closures during and after the fire crippled businesses that cater to visitors from around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16073\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/7017scr_d01835d281bde2b.jpg\" alt=\"The forest after the Rim Fire, just outside of Yosemite National Park. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16073\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The forest after the Rim Fire, just outside of Yosemite National Park. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“With the opening of these closed areas and looking at a good year,” said park ranger Scott Gediman, “we’re hopeful that a lot of those businesses can rebound and do well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/10/03/drought-could-hamper-forest-recovery-after-rim-fire/\">Fire ecologists say it will take decades\u003c/a> for the forests to recover, both because of the extent of the burned area and because of California’s drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Rim Fire started in the Stanislaus National Forest on August 17, 2013, when a hunter’s illegal fire got out of control and raged through \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/can-california-burn-its-way-out-of-its-wildfire-problem/\">forests thick with dry trees and brush\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The photos below show the same location in the Stanislaus National Forest before the fire, and about two weeks after it. Fire scientist Scott Stephens of the University of California, Berkeley, was measuring plots and taking a timber inventory with graduate students when the fire forced them to evacuate. Stephens said when he returned to the area in late September, he had to locate it using GPS, as it was so changed he couldn’t recognize it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was 100 percent mortality,” Stephens said, “so all trees in this site were dead. And this is actually very sad, because one reason I was interested in this particular spot is there are remnant old trees here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Drag the slider back and forth to compare before and after shots.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/rimfire/rimfiresliders.html\" height=\"2280px\" width=\"640px\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nIn the first “before” photo, a lone California black oak pokes gnarled branches into the sky amid a stand of conifers. Stephens said the black oak is important for wildlife, both for its acorns and for the cavities it creates where birds and small mammals nest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This actually in some ways is a little victory for the oak,” Stephens said, “because the oak’s the only species that can re-sprout. So it’ll re-sprout from dormant buds under its bark and that tree’s going to grow like crazy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next picture shows a downed sugar pine log, with a small dead tree laying across it. The “after” photo shows the shrunken, scarred remains of that small tree. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The final picture shows how the fire cleared out the dead sapling in the foreground. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The fire burned more than a quarter of a million acres in Yosemite and the Stanislaus National Forest. See before-and-after photos from a plot in the national forest.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>National Park Service officials have re-opened parts of Yosemite that have been closed ever since the Rim Fire tore through large swaths of the park last summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visitors can now return to the Tuolumne Grove of Giant Sequoias and to hiking trails near Hetch Hetchy, among other areas. Park officials caution visitors to be careful in burned lands, however, as these areas can still be dangerous, with uneven ground, debris on trails, hazardous trees and the potential for falling rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Rim Fire burned more than a quarter of a million acres, including about 77,000 acres inside Yosemite National Park, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/can-renewable-energy-reduce-californias-fire-risk/\">leaving a stark and denuded landscape of dead trees\u003c/a>. Park closures during and after the fire crippled businesses that cater to visitors from around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16073\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/7017scr_d01835d281bde2b.jpg\" alt=\"The forest after the Rim Fire, just outside of Yosemite National Park. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16073\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The forest after the Rim Fire, just outside of Yosemite National Park. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“With the opening of these closed areas and looking at a good year,” said park ranger Scott Gediman, “we’re hopeful that a lot of those businesses can rebound and do well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/10/03/drought-could-hamper-forest-recovery-after-rim-fire/\">Fire ecologists say it will take decades\u003c/a> for the forests to recover, both because of the extent of the burned area and because of California’s drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Rim Fire started in the Stanislaus National Forest on August 17, 2013, when a hunter’s illegal fire got out of control and raged through \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/can-california-burn-its-way-out-of-its-wildfire-problem/\">forests thick with dry trees and brush\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The photos below show the same location in the Stanislaus National Forest before the fire, and about two weeks after it. Fire scientist Scott Stephens of the University of California, Berkeley, was measuring plots and taking a timber inventory with graduate students when the fire forced them to evacuate. Stephens said when he returned to the area in late September, he had to locate it using GPS, as it was so changed he couldn’t recognize it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was 100 percent mortality,” Stephens said, “so all trees in this site were dead. And this is actually very sad, because one reason I was interested in this particular spot is there are remnant old trees here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Drag the slider back and forth to compare before and after shots.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/rimfire/rimfiresliders.html\" height=\"2280px\" width=\"640px\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nIn the first “before” photo, a lone California black oak pokes gnarled branches into the sky amid a stand of conifers. Stephens said the black oak is important for wildlife, both for its acorns and for the cavities it creates where birds and small mammals nest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This actually in some ways is a little victory for the oak,” Stephens said, “because the oak’s the only species that can re-sprout. So it’ll re-sprout from dormant buds under its bark and that tree’s going to grow like crazy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next picture shows a downed sugar pine log, with a small dead tree laying across it. The “after” photo shows the shrunken, scarred remains of that small tree. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The final picture shows how the fire cleared out the dead sapling in the foreground. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16049\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16049\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/sierrasnowwater.jpg\" alt=\"Abut a third of California's water comes from snow in the Sierra Nevada. (David McNew/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Abut a third of California’s water comes from snow in the Sierra Nevada. (David McNew/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After months of nervous anticipation, the jury is back on the water potential from this winter’s Sierra snowfall. Make no mistake: the flurry of late-season precipitation has helped, but \u003ca title=\"Merc - post\" href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/science/ci_25468885/droughts-not-over-yet-california-storms-improve-sierra\">has not rescued California\u003c/a> from its historic drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than a week’s worth of \u003ca title=\"CoCo Times - post\" href=\"http://www.contracostatimes.com/news/ci_25458057/rain-thunderstorms-expected-monday-and-tuesday-bay\">rain and snow \u003c/a>that rounded out March and seemed to be shaping up as an “April miracle” gave the \u003ca title=\"DWR - snowpack\" href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">meager snowpack\u003c/a> a significant boost, from about a quarter of the 30-year average to about a third. That’s the good news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bad news: it’s still only 32 percent of average. In the northern Sierra, it’s even worse: water content is still only 23 percent of normal. This is an ugly prospect for a state that counts on the “frozen reservoir” for about a third of its water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”e327cf882e2a712168b6bf40c866653e”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the five monthly surveys officials do of the Sierra snowpack each winter, April is considered the most important benchmark. This is usually when the snowpack has peaked, the wet season is winding down, things are warming up and the runoff season begins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“February and March storms have probably kept us from breaking records for historic drought this year,” Mark Cowin, the head of California’s Department of Water Resources told reporters, “but they certainly haven’t rescued us from that drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cowin said that state and federal water managers will try to harness some of the recent precipitation by temporarily increasing pumping of water to customers south of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As water managers were weighing in the scant water content of Sierra snows, the Association of California Water Agencies \u003ca title=\"ACWA - release\" href=\"http://www.acwa.com/news/water-supply-challenges/acwa-calls-statewide-conservation-response-drought\">weighed in\u003c/a> with its 400-plus members, issuing an unusual plea for them to \u003ca title=\"ACWA - Drought map\" href=\"http://www.acwa.com/content/drought-map\">ask more sacrifices\u003c/a> of its urban customers. The Sacramento-based trade group is urging local water managers to “request heightened water conservation from their customers in response to drought conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the first time that ACWA has made such a call to its member agencies. “Reducing water use has been standard practice in California for more than a decade,” noted ACWA President John Coleman in a written statement, “but given the severity of this drought and the impacts starting to be felt across the state’s economy, it is imperative that all residents step up their conservation efforts now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/142610983&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_artwork=true\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>The latest \u003ca href=\"http://ipcc-wg2.gov/AR5/\">report from the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change\u003c/a> focuses on impacts from climate change, both current and looming, and recommendations for how to adapt. It also ratchets up considerably the confidence levels for those predicted impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201404010900\">KQED’s Forum\u003c/a> hosted a segment on the report Tuesday morning. And the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/01/science/earth/climate.html\">New York Times has this story\u003c/a> on the scope of the IPCC’s work, the expected impacts from climate change — hunger, thirst, flooding, violent conflicts, mass migrations — and the political response (or lack thereof):\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceItemEmbedly\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://static01.nyt.com/images/2014/03/31/science/earth/31climate/31climate-videoSixteenByNine1050.jpg\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/01/science/earth/climate.html\" rel=\"noopener\">Panel’s Warning on Climate Risk: Worst Is Yet to Come\u003c/a>YOKOHAMA, Japan – Climate change is already having sweeping effects on every continent and throughout the world’s oceans, scientists reported on Monday, and they warned that the problem was likely to grow substantially worse unless greenhouse emissions are brought under control.\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float:right\">\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://embed.ly/code?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F04%2F01%2Fscience%2Fearth%2Fclimate.html\" title=\"Powered by Embedly\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">\u003cspan>via \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com\" class=\"media-attribution-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nytimes\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://ipcc-wg2.gov/AR5/images/uploads/WGIIAR5-Chap26_FGDall.pdf\">North America\u003c/a> section drills down into some local impacts. Here’s a taste of what the IPCC says we can expect in California. And yes, the report says that some of this is already happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Flooding in the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/ca-delta/\">Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Loss of suitable land for wine growing\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/heat-and-harvest/\">Declines in agricultural productivity\u003c/a> for other crops, though some of that may be softened by irrigation\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>A longer \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/can-california-burn-its-way-out-of-its-wildfire-problem/\">wildfire season\u003c/a> and more acreage burned\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Earlier spring runoff and declines in the amount of water stored by the mountain snowpack\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/san-francisco-a-test-case-for-coping-with-rising-seas/\">Sea level rise\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The latest \u003ca href=\"http://ipcc-wg2.gov/AR5/\">report from the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change\u003c/a> focuses on impacts from climate change, both current and looming, and recommendations for how to adapt. It also ratchets up considerably the confidence levels for those predicted impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201404010900\">KQED’s Forum\u003c/a> hosted a segment on the report Tuesday morning. And the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/01/science/earth/climate.html\">New York Times has this story\u003c/a> on the scope of the IPCC’s work, the expected impacts from climate change — hunger, thirst, flooding, violent conflicts, mass migrations — and the political response (or lack thereof):\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceItemEmbedly\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://static01.nyt.com/images/2014/03/31/science/earth/31climate/31climate-videoSixteenByNine1050.jpg\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/01/science/earth/climate.html\" rel=\"noopener\">Panel’s Warning on Climate Risk: Worst Is Yet to Come\u003c/a>YOKOHAMA, Japan – Climate change is already having sweeping effects on every continent and throughout the world’s oceans, scientists reported on Monday, and they warned that the problem was likely to grow substantially worse unless greenhouse emissions are brought under control.\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float:right\">\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://embed.ly/code?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F04%2F01%2Fscience%2Fearth%2Fclimate.html\" title=\"Powered by Embedly\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">\u003cspan>via \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com\" class=\"media-attribution-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nytimes\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://ipcc-wg2.gov/AR5/images/uploads/WGIIAR5-Chap26_FGDall.pdf\">North America\u003c/a> section drills down into some local impacts. Here’s a taste of what the IPCC says we can expect in California. And yes, the report says that some of this is already happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Flooding in the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/ca-delta/\">Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Loss of suitable land for wine growing\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/heat-and-harvest/\">Declines in agricultural productivity\u003c/a> for other crops, though some of that may be softened by irrigation\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>A longer \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/can-california-burn-its-way-out-of-its-wildfire-problem/\">wildfire season\u003c/a> and more acreage burned\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Earlier spring runoff and declines in the amount of water stored by the mountain snowpack\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/san-francisco-a-test-case-for-coping-with-rising-seas/\">Sea level rise\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>[http_redir]\u003cbr>\nCalifornia is the third-largest oil producing state in the country. To produce oil, companies deal with massive amounts of water. They need it for hydraulic fracturing, and they produce a lot from underground. (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/with-drought-new-scrutiny-over-frackings-water-use/\">More in our related story\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Water Usage in the Fracking Process\" src=\"http://publicmedia.psu.edu/kqed/indexV2.html\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"640\" height=\"800\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16193\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 626px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/water-oil-ratio-CA.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16193\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/water-oil-ratio-CA.jpg\" alt=\"Graphics designed by Penn State Public Media/WPSU\" width=\"626\" height=\"563\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graphics designed by \u003ca href=\"http://exploreshale.org/\">Penn State Public Media/WPSU\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15986\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-15986\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/tankcarsrichmond-1024x575.jpg\" alt=\"Tank cars parked in Richmond. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"575\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tank cars parked in Richmond. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>More and more crude oil is being transported into California by rail lines, and questions about safety are prompting local governments and environmentalists to take action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups filed suit yesterday against the Bay Area Air Quality Management District and energy company \u003ca href=\"http://www.kindermorgan.com/\">Kinder Morgan\u003c/a>. A \u003ca href=\"http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2014/03/14/trains-carrying-fracked-oil-spotted-in-bay-area/\">KPIX investigation\u003c/a> found Kinder Morgan has been unloading trains full of crude in Richmond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this week, the Richmond and Berkeley city councils both passed resolutions opposing crude-by-rail projects. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.richmond.ca.us/ArchiveCenter/ViewFile/Item/5723\">Richmond’s\u003c/a> was against the Kinder Morgan operations; \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.berkeley.ca.us/Clerk/City_Council/2014/03_Mar/Documents/2014-03-25_Item_29_Opposition_to_Rail_Transport_of_Hazardous.aspx\">Berkeley’s\u003c/a> against a \u003ca href=\"http://www.phillips66.com/EN/about/our-businesses/refining-marketing/refining/santamaria/Pages/rail-project-information.aspx\">Phillips 66\u003c/a> plan to build a rail terminal at its San Luis Obispo County refinery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a quick review of what’s going on with crude-by-rail in the Bay Area, and why.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Oil companies want to transport crude oil by train because it’s cheap and (relatively) local.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Area refineries mostly get their oil from pipelines and ships, from \u003ca href=\"http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/petroleum/statistics/crude_oil_receipts.html\">Southern California, Alaska and the Middle East\u003c/a>. But there’s an oil boom right now in the middle part of North America. In North Dakota it’s oil coming from the Bakken formation, and in Alberta it’s from the tar sands. Oil companies want to get all that oil to the coasts, where the refineries and most of their customers are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In defense of the projects, oil companies point out that this oil is either from right here in the U.S. or from our friendly neighbor Canada, rather than from overseas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crude oil imports by rail into California have \u003ca href=\"http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/petroleum/statistics/2013_crude_by_rail.html\">shot up in recent years\u003c/a>, from zero in early 2009, to more than a million barrels in December 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Opponents of crude-by-rail are concerned about public safety and environmental impacts.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”e32339a5417a6ad21b6a745149deb72f”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crude oil from Alberta’s tar sands is heavy and high in sulfur. Environmentalists say it’s “dirty,” that it pollutes more to get it out of the ground and to refine it. So that’s the climate change and air pollution side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, the safety concerns are mostly about the oil from the Bakken formation. It’s light and sweet, that is, lower in sulfur. But it’s also volatile. The oil trains that have derailed and exploded recently, including the one in Lac-Mégantic, Quebec, that killed 47 people, were carrying Bakken crude.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It turns out crude-by-rail was already coming into Richmond.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kinder Morgan has been bringing in 100-car trains of crude oil to its \u003ca href=\"http://www.kindermorgan.com/business/products_pipelines/terminals_W_richmond.cfm\">terminal in Richmond\u003c/a>, which is on the BNSF rail line. \u003ca href=\"http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2014/03/14/trains-carrying-fracked-oil-spotted-in-bay-area/\">KPIX followed the oil\u003c/a> as it was loaded into a truck and brought to the \u003ca href=\"http://tsocorp.com/refining/martinez-calif/\">Tesoro refinery in Martinez\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team of \u003ca href=\"http://earthjustice.org/news/press/2014/groups-challenge-crude-by-rail-shipments-to-bay-area-city\">environmental and community groups is suing\u003c/a> the Air District and Kinder Morgan to stop the operation. They say there should have been a full environmental review before bringing in trains full of crude oil. Kinder Morgan was already using the facility to bring in chemicals like ethanol. (The lawsuit is embedded at the bottom of this article.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13016\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13016\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/pittsburgoilprotest.jpg\" alt=\"About 150 people marched to Pittsburg city hall on January 11, protesting a proposed oil terminal. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">About 150 people marched to Pittsburg city hall on January 11, protesting a proposed oil terminal. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>There are more crude-by-rail projects on the table in the Bay Area and Central Coast. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valero wants to build a crude-by-rail terminal at its \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/valero-rail-project-fuels-tar-sands-speculation-in-bay-area/\">refinery in Benicia\u003c/a>. The city is working on an \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/index.asp?SEC=%7BC45EA667-8D39-4B30-87EB-9110A2F9CE13%7D\">environmental impact report\u003c/a> on the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Pittsburg, an energy company called WesPac is trying to open an \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/bay-area-residents-resist-crude-by-rail-as-accidents-rise/\">oil terminal\u003c/a> that would bring crude in by rail, pipeline and ship. The city recently reopened that \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.pittsburg.ca.us/index.aspx?page=700\">environmental impact report\u003c/a>, to do more research on the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And on the Central Coast, the Phillips 66 refinery in San Luis Obispo County has applied to build a rail terminal. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.slocounty.ca.gov/planning/environmental/EnvironmentalNotices/railproject.htm\">comment period\u003c/a> on that project has also just been reopened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>There has been some progress on making transporting crude oil by train safer.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Transportation Safety Board \u003ca href=\"https://www.ntsb.gov/news/2014/140123.html\">has been asking for safety upgrades\u003c/a> to the tank cars used to transport oil. Those would need to go through the U.S. Department of Transportation; the NTSB can make recommendations, but not regulations. That’s been a slow process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the Association of American Railroads has announced \u003ca href=\"https://www.aar.org/newsandevents/Press-Releases/Pages/Freight-Railroads-Join-U-S-Transportation-Secretary-Foxx-in-Announcing-Industry-Crude-By-Rail-Safety-Initiative.aspx#.UzYLfYUXJfQ\">voluntary safety improvements\u003c/a> for crude-by-rail, including more inspections on rail lines, decreased speeds in urban areas and updated brake systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 12px auto 6px auto;font-family: Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: normal;font-size: 14px;line-height: normal\">\u003ca style=\"text-decoration: underline\" title=\"View Crude-By-Rail Lawsuit on Scribd\" href=\"http://www.scribd.com/doc/215141448/Crude-By-Rail-Lawsuit\">Crude-By-Rail Lawsuit\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"doc_75730\" src=\"//www.scribd.com/embeds/215141448/content?start_page=1&view_mode=scroll&show_recommendations=true\" width=\"100%\" height=\"600\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/141950402&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_artwork=true\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15986\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-15986\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/tankcarsrichmond-1024x575.jpg\" alt=\"Tank cars parked in Richmond. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"575\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tank cars parked in Richmond. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>More and more crude oil is being transported into California by rail lines, and questions about safety are prompting local governments and environmentalists to take action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups filed suit yesterday against the Bay Area Air Quality Management District and energy company \u003ca href=\"http://www.kindermorgan.com/\">Kinder Morgan\u003c/a>. A \u003ca href=\"http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2014/03/14/trains-carrying-fracked-oil-spotted-in-bay-area/\">KPIX investigation\u003c/a> found Kinder Morgan has been unloading trains full of crude in Richmond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this week, the Richmond and Berkeley city councils both passed resolutions opposing crude-by-rail projects. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.richmond.ca.us/ArchiveCenter/ViewFile/Item/5723\">Richmond’s\u003c/a> was against the Kinder Morgan operations; \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.berkeley.ca.us/Clerk/City_Council/2014/03_Mar/Documents/2014-03-25_Item_29_Opposition_to_Rail_Transport_of_Hazardous.aspx\">Berkeley’s\u003c/a> against a \u003ca href=\"http://www.phillips66.com/EN/about/our-businesses/refining-marketing/refining/santamaria/Pages/rail-project-information.aspx\">Phillips 66\u003c/a> plan to build a rail terminal at its San Luis Obispo County refinery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a quick review of what’s going on with crude-by-rail in the Bay Area, and why.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Oil companies want to transport crude oil by train because it’s cheap and (relatively) local.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Area refineries mostly get their oil from pipelines and ships, from \u003ca href=\"http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/petroleum/statistics/crude_oil_receipts.html\">Southern California, Alaska and the Middle East\u003c/a>. But there’s an oil boom right now in the middle part of North America. In North Dakota it’s oil coming from the Bakken formation, and in Alberta it’s from the tar sands. Oil companies want to get all that oil to the coasts, where the refineries and most of their customers are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In defense of the projects, oil companies point out that this oil is either from right here in the U.S. or from our friendly neighbor Canada, rather than from overseas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crude oil imports by rail into California have \u003ca href=\"http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/petroleum/statistics/2013_crude_by_rail.html\">shot up in recent years\u003c/a>, from zero in early 2009, to more than a million barrels in December 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Opponents of crude-by-rail are concerned about public safety and environmental impacts.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crude oil from Alberta’s tar sands is heavy and high in sulfur. Environmentalists say it’s “dirty,” that it pollutes more to get it out of the ground and to refine it. So that’s the climate change and air pollution side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, the safety concerns are mostly about the oil from the Bakken formation. It’s light and sweet, that is, lower in sulfur. But it’s also volatile. The oil trains that have derailed and exploded recently, including the one in Lac-Mégantic, Quebec, that killed 47 people, were carrying Bakken crude.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It turns out crude-by-rail was already coming into Richmond.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kinder Morgan has been bringing in 100-car trains of crude oil to its \u003ca href=\"http://www.kindermorgan.com/business/products_pipelines/terminals_W_richmond.cfm\">terminal in Richmond\u003c/a>, which is on the BNSF rail line. \u003ca href=\"http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2014/03/14/trains-carrying-fracked-oil-spotted-in-bay-area/\">KPIX followed the oil\u003c/a> as it was loaded into a truck and brought to the \u003ca href=\"http://tsocorp.com/refining/martinez-calif/\">Tesoro refinery in Martinez\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team of \u003ca href=\"http://earthjustice.org/news/press/2014/groups-challenge-crude-by-rail-shipments-to-bay-area-city\">environmental and community groups is suing\u003c/a> the Air District and Kinder Morgan to stop the operation. They say there should have been a full environmental review before bringing in trains full of crude oil. Kinder Morgan was already using the facility to bring in chemicals like ethanol. (The lawsuit is embedded at the bottom of this article.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13016\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13016\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/pittsburgoilprotest.jpg\" alt=\"About 150 people marched to Pittsburg city hall on January 11, protesting a proposed oil terminal. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">About 150 people marched to Pittsburg city hall on January 11, protesting a proposed oil terminal. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>There are more crude-by-rail projects on the table in the Bay Area and Central Coast. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valero wants to build a crude-by-rail terminal at its \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/valero-rail-project-fuels-tar-sands-speculation-in-bay-area/\">refinery in Benicia\u003c/a>. The city is working on an \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/index.asp?SEC=%7BC45EA667-8D39-4B30-87EB-9110A2F9CE13%7D\">environmental impact report\u003c/a> on the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Pittsburg, an energy company called WesPac is trying to open an \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/bay-area-residents-resist-crude-by-rail-as-accidents-rise/\">oil terminal\u003c/a> that would bring crude in by rail, pipeline and ship. The city recently reopened that \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.pittsburg.ca.us/index.aspx?page=700\">environmental impact report\u003c/a>, to do more research on the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And on the Central Coast, the Phillips 66 refinery in San Luis Obispo County has applied to build a rail terminal. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.slocounty.ca.gov/planning/environmental/EnvironmentalNotices/railproject.htm\">comment period\u003c/a> on that project has also just been reopened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>There has been some progress on making transporting crude oil by train safer.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Transportation Safety Board \u003ca href=\"https://www.ntsb.gov/news/2014/140123.html\">has been asking for safety upgrades\u003c/a> to the tank cars used to transport oil. Those would need to go through the U.S. Department of Transportation; the NTSB can make recommendations, but not regulations. 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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15857\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Vivid-Dancer_Will-Elder.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15857\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Vivid-Dancer_Will-Elder.jpg\" alt=\"A vivid dancer. (Will Elder/Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A vivid dancer. (Will Elder/Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists, students and volunteers are descending on the \u003ca title=\"Golden Gate National Recreation Area (U.S. National Park Service)\" href=\"http://www.nps.gov/goga/index.htm\">Golden Gate National Recreation Area\u003c/a> this Friday and Saturday to record as many plant and animal species as possible in 24 hours. It’s part of an event called a \u003ca title=\"BioBlitz 2014, Golden Gate National Parks, California Species Inventory Information, Facts -- National Geographic\" href=\"http://www.nationalgeographic.com/explorers/projects/bioblitz/golden-gate-california-2014/\">BioBlitz\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Geographic Society has been organizing annual BioBlitz events at national parks across the country, as a lead up to the \u003ca title=\"U.S. National Park Service - Experience Your America\" href=\"http://www.nps.gov/index.htm\">National Park Service’s \u003c/a>centennial celebration in 2016. The goal is to transform park visitors into citizen scientists, as they help to observe and count the parks’ biodiversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15862\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 346px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-15862 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Bobcat_JessicaWeinberg.jpg\" alt=\"A bobcat. (Jessica Weinberg/Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy)\" width=\"346\" height=\"231\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bobcat. (Jessica Weinberg/Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“One of the most important things for the BioBlitz is to reach out and engage the citizens that live around the park lands in a different way,” says National Park Service spokeswoman Alexandra Picavet. “Students will get a closer look at a park they may already enjoy while riding their bikes or walking their dog.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three hundred scientists will lead teams throughout the Golden Gate National Recreation Area, from Muir Woods to Fort Point and the Marin Headlands. More than 4700 volunteers are expected to take part in this year’s BioBlitz, including 1400 students from the San Francisco Unified School District. They’ll be searching for all signs of life, from microscopic bacteria to bobcats. The counting starts at noon on Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have entomologists coming from UC Davis who are going to do a lot of work in the newest part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area, and that’s\u003ca title=\"Rancho Corral de Tierra - Golden Gate National Recreation Area (U.S. National Park Service)\" href=\"http://www.nps.gov/goga/rcdt.htm\"> Rancho Corral de Tierra\u003c/a>,” says Picavet. “They’ll be looking for beetles, and for ticks, and for mosquitoes and all signs of insect life down there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15863\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15863 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Bat_JessicaWeinberg.jpg\" alt=\"(Jessica Weinberg/Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy)\" width=\"640\" height=\"422\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Jessica Weinberg/Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The citizen scientists will use a smart phone app called \u003ca title=\"INaturalist.org · A Community for Naturalists\" href=\"http://www.inaturalist.org\">iNaturalis\u003c/a>t to record, photograph and map their findings, which will be added to park service databases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evolution of technology has allowed more people to get involved with research, says Marie Studer, with the \u003ca title=\"Encyclopedia of Life - Animals - Plants - Pictures & Information\" href=\"http://eol.org/\">Encyclopedia of Life\u003c/a>, which has partnered with iNaturalist. But she says it’s not just the technology that’s fueling events like BioBlitz. It’s a growing concern about species loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People are recognizing that we’re in a biodiversity crisis,” says Studer. “It’s considered that we’re in the sixth mass extinction on the planet. We’re losing species at a very rapid rate before we’re able to recognize and catalog all that we know about.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15864\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15864\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/West-Coast-Lady_WillElder.jpg\" alt=\"A West Coast lady (Will Elder/Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A West Coast lady (Will Elder/Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The BioBlitz species counts are all booked up with volunteers. But members of the general public are welcome to attend the \u003ca title=\"BioBlitz 2014 Biodiversity Festival, Golden Gate National Parks, California Species Inventory Information, Facts -- National Geographic\" href=\"http://www.nationalgeographic.com/explorers/projects/bioblitz/golden-gate-california-2014-festival/\">Biodiversity Festival\u003c/a> at Crissy Field on Friday and Saturday, starting at 9am. The family-friendly event will include music from the Banana Slugs Band, photography workshops, and live animal demonstrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the festival wraps up on Saturday afternoon, scientists will return from the field to share stories of what they found, and present a grand tally of all the plants, animals and bacteria they were able to count during the 24-hour BioBlitz.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Scientists, students and volunteers are descending on the Golden Gate National Recreation Area this Friday and Saturday to record as many plant and animal species as possible in 24 hours. It's part of an event called a BioBlitz.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15857\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Vivid-Dancer_Will-Elder.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15857\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Vivid-Dancer_Will-Elder.jpg\" alt=\"A vivid dancer. (Will Elder/Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A vivid dancer. (Will Elder/Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists, students and volunteers are descending on the \u003ca title=\"Golden Gate National Recreation Area (U.S. National Park Service)\" href=\"http://www.nps.gov/goga/index.htm\">Golden Gate National Recreation Area\u003c/a> this Friday and Saturday to record as many plant and animal species as possible in 24 hours. It’s part of an event called a \u003ca title=\"BioBlitz 2014, Golden Gate National Parks, California Species Inventory Information, Facts -- National Geographic\" href=\"http://www.nationalgeographic.com/explorers/projects/bioblitz/golden-gate-california-2014/\">BioBlitz\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Geographic Society has been organizing annual BioBlitz events at national parks across the country, as a lead up to the \u003ca title=\"U.S. National Park Service - Experience Your America\" href=\"http://www.nps.gov/index.htm\">National Park Service’s \u003c/a>centennial celebration in 2016. The goal is to transform park visitors into citizen scientists, as they help to observe and count the parks’ biodiversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15862\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 346px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-15862 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Bobcat_JessicaWeinberg.jpg\" alt=\"A bobcat. (Jessica Weinberg/Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy)\" width=\"346\" height=\"231\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bobcat. (Jessica Weinberg/Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“One of the most important things for the BioBlitz is to reach out and engage the citizens that live around the park lands in a different way,” says National Park Service spokeswoman Alexandra Picavet. “Students will get a closer look at a park they may already enjoy while riding their bikes or walking their dog.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three hundred scientists will lead teams throughout the Golden Gate National Recreation Area, from Muir Woods to Fort Point and the Marin Headlands. More than 4700 volunteers are expected to take part in this year’s BioBlitz, including 1400 students from the San Francisco Unified School District. They’ll be searching for all signs of life, from microscopic bacteria to bobcats. The counting starts at noon on Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have entomologists coming from UC Davis who are going to do a lot of work in the newest part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area, and that’s\u003ca title=\"Rancho Corral de Tierra - Golden Gate National Recreation Area (U.S. National Park Service)\" href=\"http://www.nps.gov/goga/rcdt.htm\"> Rancho Corral de Tierra\u003c/a>,” says Picavet. “They’ll be looking for beetles, and for ticks, and for mosquitoes and all signs of insect life down there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15863\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15863 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Bat_JessicaWeinberg.jpg\" alt=\"(Jessica Weinberg/Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy)\" width=\"640\" height=\"422\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Jessica Weinberg/Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The citizen scientists will use a smart phone app called \u003ca title=\"INaturalist.org · A Community for Naturalists\" href=\"http://www.inaturalist.org\">iNaturalis\u003c/a>t to record, photograph and map their findings, which will be added to park service databases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evolution of technology has allowed more people to get involved with research, says Marie Studer, with the \u003ca title=\"Encyclopedia of Life - Animals - Plants - Pictures & Information\" href=\"http://eol.org/\">Encyclopedia of Life\u003c/a>, which has partnered with iNaturalist. But she says it’s not just the technology that’s fueling events like BioBlitz. It’s a growing concern about species loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People are recognizing that we’re in a biodiversity crisis,” says Studer. “It’s considered that we’re in the sixth mass extinction on the planet. We’re losing species at a very rapid rate before we’re able to recognize and catalog all that we know about.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15864\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15864\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/West-Coast-Lady_WillElder.jpg\" alt=\"A West Coast lady (Will Elder/Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A West Coast lady (Will Elder/Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The BioBlitz species counts are all booked up with volunteers. But members of the general public are welcome to attend the \u003ca title=\"BioBlitz 2014 Biodiversity Festival, Golden Gate National Parks, California Species Inventory Information, Facts -- National Geographic\" href=\"http://www.nationalgeographic.com/explorers/projects/bioblitz/golden-gate-california-2014-festival/\">Biodiversity Festival\u003c/a> at Crissy Field on Friday and Saturday, starting at 9am. The family-friendly event will include music from the Banana Slugs Band, photography workshops, and live animal demonstrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the festival wraps up on Saturday afternoon, scientists will return from the field to share stories of what they found, and present a grand tally of all the plants, animals and bacteria they were able to count during the 24-hour BioBlitz.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "New Devil's Slide Trail Opens to the Public on Thursday",
"headTitle": "New Devil’s Slide Trail Opens to the Public on Thursday | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15815\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DevilSlide-JoshC-5010-1024x682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-15815\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DevilSlide-JoshC-5010-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"The new Devil's Slide Trail replaces a treacherous stretch of Highway 1. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The new Devil’s Slide Trail replaces a treacherous stretch of Highway 1. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Drivers have long been tempted to steal a quick glimpse of the rugged Northern California coastline below Highway 1, but with the opening of the new \u003ca href=\"http://parks.smcgov.org/devils-slide-coastal-trail-project\">Devil’s Slide Trail\u003c/a> visitors will be encouraged to stop and take it all in. This Thursday, San Mateo County Parks will open the new multi-use trail to the public, giving new life to the once-treacherous stretch of highway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15813\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DevilSlide-JoshC-49681-1024x682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-15813\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DevilSlide-JoshC-49681-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"The trail features a fantastic array of wildlife and stunning views of the coast. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The trail features a fantastic array of wildlife and stunning views of the coast. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since its opening in 1937, this strip of Highway 1 was notorious for its dangerous driving conditions and susceptibility to landslides. In 2013 Caltrans completed \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/25/at-last-devils-slide-tunnels-open/\">two 4,200-foot-long tunnels\u003c/a> bypassing the worst section. That provided the opportunity to create this trail out of the unused strip of highway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15818\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DevilSlide-JoshC-5098-1024x682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-15818\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DevilSlide-JoshC-5098-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"Members of the Devil's Slide Trail Ambassador Program will work with park staff to provide safety observations and visitor information. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Members of the Devil’s Slide Trail Ambassador Program will work with park staff to provide safety observations and visitor information. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s really a fun walk,” said Don Traeger of Woodside, who was out walking his chocolate lab, Maverick. Traeger has been been a volunteer for San Mateo County Parks for over a year, and had early access to the trail. “After having driven it for so long, to finally just walk it and see all the things we miss because the road was so intense to drive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15826\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DevilSlide-JoshC-5119-1024x682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-15826\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DevilSlide-JoshC-5119-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"Don Traeger says his dog Maverick always wants to jump over the rail because it's so interesting on the other side. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Don Traeger says his dog Maverick always wants to jump over the rail because it’s so interesting on the other side. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I just can’t wait until this trail opens and I get to see people enjoying Devil’s Slide,” said Marlene Finley, the San Mateo County Parks director. “Every time I’ve been out here I find that I want to stay longer than I’ve planned. We saw whales in December; we’ve seen dolphins.” And there are peregrine falcons nesting nearby, too, she added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15814\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DevilSlide-JoshC-4996-1024x682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-15814\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DevilSlide-JoshC-4996-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"A researcher monitors nesting shorebirds from a peak above the new Devil's Slide Trail. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A researcher monitors nesting shorebirds from a peak above the new Devil’s Slide Trail. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The 1.3-mile trail is open to pedestrians, bicyclists, equestrians and dogs on leashes. It’s handicapped-accessible. There is no fee to visit and parking is available in lots at either end of the trail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15817\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 682px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DevilSlide-JoshC-5088-682x1024.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-15817\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DevilSlide-JoshC-5088-682x1024.jpg\" alt=\"A bicyclist cruises along the Devil's Slide Trail. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"682\" height=\"1024\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bicyclist cruises along the Devil’s Slide Trail. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>More information:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How to get there on \u003ca href=\"http://www.samtrans.com/schedulesandmaps/timetables/17.html\">SamTrans\u003c/a> or Pacifica’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.cityofpacifica.org/civica/filebank/blobdload.asp?BlobID=5349\">free weekend shuttle\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://parks.smcgov.org/volunteers\">Volunteer opportunities\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.devilsslidecoast.org/map/\">Interactive map \u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15815\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DevilSlide-JoshC-5010-1024x682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-15815\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DevilSlide-JoshC-5010-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"The new Devil's Slide Trail replaces a treacherous stretch of Highway 1. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The new Devil’s Slide Trail replaces a treacherous stretch of Highway 1. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Drivers have long been tempted to steal a quick glimpse of the rugged Northern California coastline below Highway 1, but with the opening of the new \u003ca href=\"http://parks.smcgov.org/devils-slide-coastal-trail-project\">Devil’s Slide Trail\u003c/a> visitors will be encouraged to stop and take it all in. This Thursday, San Mateo County Parks will open the new multi-use trail to the public, giving new life to the once-treacherous stretch of highway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15813\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DevilSlide-JoshC-49681-1024x682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-15813\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DevilSlide-JoshC-49681-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"The trail features a fantastic array of wildlife and stunning views of the coast. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The trail features a fantastic array of wildlife and stunning views of the coast. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since its opening in 1937, this strip of Highway 1 was notorious for its dangerous driving conditions and susceptibility to landslides. In 2013 Caltrans completed \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/25/at-last-devils-slide-tunnels-open/\">two 4,200-foot-long tunnels\u003c/a> bypassing the worst section. That provided the opportunity to create this trail out of the unused strip of highway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15818\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DevilSlide-JoshC-5098-1024x682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-15818\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DevilSlide-JoshC-5098-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"Members of the Devil's Slide Trail Ambassador Program will work with park staff to provide safety observations and visitor information. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Members of the Devil’s Slide Trail Ambassador Program will work with park staff to provide safety observations and visitor information. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s really a fun walk,” said Don Traeger of Woodside, who was out walking his chocolate lab, Maverick. Traeger has been been a volunteer for San Mateo County Parks for over a year, and had early access to the trail. “After having driven it for so long, to finally just walk it and see all the things we miss because the road was so intense to drive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15826\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DevilSlide-JoshC-5119-1024x682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-15826\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DevilSlide-JoshC-5119-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"Don Traeger says his dog Maverick always wants to jump over the rail because it's so interesting on the other side. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Don Traeger says his dog Maverick always wants to jump over the rail because it’s so interesting on the other side. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I just can’t wait until this trail opens and I get to see people enjoying Devil’s Slide,” said Marlene Finley, the San Mateo County Parks director. “Every time I’ve been out here I find that I want to stay longer than I’ve planned. We saw whales in December; we’ve seen dolphins.” And there are peregrine falcons nesting nearby, too, she added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15814\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DevilSlide-JoshC-4996-1024x682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-15814\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DevilSlide-JoshC-4996-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"A researcher monitors nesting shorebirds from a peak above the new Devil's Slide Trail. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A researcher monitors nesting shorebirds from a peak above the new Devil’s Slide Trail. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The 1.3-mile trail is open to pedestrians, bicyclists, equestrians and dogs on leashes. It’s handicapped-accessible. There is no fee to visit and parking is available in lots at either end of the trail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15817\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 682px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DevilSlide-JoshC-5088-682x1024.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-15817\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DevilSlide-JoshC-5088-682x1024.jpg\" alt=\"A bicyclist cruises along the Devil's Slide Trail. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"682\" height=\"1024\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bicyclist cruises along the Devil’s Slide Trail. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>More information:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How to get there on \u003ca href=\"http://www.samtrans.com/schedulesandmaps/timetables/17.html\">SamTrans\u003c/a> or Pacifica’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.cityofpacifica.org/civica/filebank/blobdload.asp?BlobID=5349\">free weekend shuttle\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://parks.smcgov.org/volunteers\">Volunteer opportunities\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.devilsslidecoast.org/map/\">Interactive map \u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"radiolab": {
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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"reveal": {
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"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"order": 16
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},
"science-friday": {
"id": "science-friday",
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"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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"snap-judgment": {
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"description": "[caption id=\"attachment_13657\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"351\"] Just over 2,000 wells have been fracked in California, according to industry data. (Craig Miller/KQED)[/caption] Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, has been used for more than 30 years in California, but it’s attracting attention and scrutiny because of renewed interest in the state’s large oil reserve, known as the Monterey Shale. In California, fracking is done mainly for oil, while in other states with recent fracking booms, like Pennsylvania and Texas, it’s used largely for natural gas. What is it? Fracking is just one phase of the process used to bring an oil or gas well into production. The technique is used to release oil from rocks deep underground. Water, mixed with sand and chemicals, is injected down the well bore at high pressure to create tiny fractures in the rock. According to the oil industry, more than 2,000 wells have been fracked in the state. Concerns Environmental groups have called for a moratorium on fracking until the state does a comprehensive review of potential impacts on both water and air quality. A chief concern is the chemicals used, some of which are carcinogens, and potential contamination of groundwater. Fracking also uses large volumes of freshwater. Industry sources say it uses less freshwater in California than is used in other states and no cases of groundwater contamination have been found. Where it Stands In November 2013, state regulators released draft rules for fracking that are now expected to go into effect in July 2015. They followed passage of SB 4, a bill signed by Governor Jerry Brown, that spelled out what the regulations should cover. Under the rules, oil and gas operators would be required to apply for a permit prior to fracking a well, and to provide written notice to nearby landowners. Operators would have to disclose what chemicals they use, but not the specific concentrations if they consider those a trade secret. State water regulators are also developing a groundwater monitoring program. The regulations are expected to be finalized by the end of 2014.",
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"key": "Restaurant Cuisine",
"filters": [
"Any Cuisine"
]
}
},
"restaurantDataById": {},
"restaurantIdsSorted": [],
"error": null
},
"userAgentReducer": {
"userAgent": "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)",
"isBot": true
},
"requestOutcomesReducer": {
"notFound": []
}
}
