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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14693\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14693\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/multi_transits_many_full_0.jpg\" alt=\"NASA has discovered hundreds of planets that orbit stars in solar systems similar to ours. (NASA)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA has discovered hundreds of planets that orbit stars in solar systems similar to ours. (NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Earth is a little less lonely in the galaxy today. A NASA research team announced the discovery of 715 new planets, all orbiting with other planets around a star, much like our own solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A critical piece of the research — the tool, in fact, that unleashed such a huge number of planets, so suddenly — comes from the Bay Area’s own NASA outpost, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/home/#.Uw6R-IWtwYs\">Ames Research Center\u003c/a> in Mountain View.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Today we announce a major step forward toward the ultimate goal,” said Doug Hudgins,\u003ca href=\"http://exep.jpl.nasa.gov/\"> NASA’s exoplanet exploration program\u003c/a> scientist, “finding Earth 2.0. Finding another planet capable of fostering life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We’ve been able to open the bottleneck to access the motherlode.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/ames/kepler/nasas-kepler-mission-announces-a-planet-bonanza/#.Uw6STYWtwYs\"> discovery\u003c/a> is the result of analysis from two years of the Kepler mission, the space observatory that launched in 2009 and is aimed at discovering other planets in the Milky Way galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research team announced two other significant findings: 1) the majority of planets in our galaxy are small, between the size of Earth and the size of Neptune, and 2) planetary systems, in which multiple planets orbit around one star, are common in our galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers said they are able to announce such a large number of planets at once because of a new technique for verifying planetary systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the Kepler mission has found what Ames planetary scientist Jack Lissauer called a “motherlode” of astral bodies that could be planets, the process of verifying whether they are planets or stars has been lengthy, mostly involving hours and hours of time looking through telescopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14695\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 344px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/nasakeplerbottleneck-1024x760.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-14695 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/nasakeplerbottleneck-1024x760.png\" alt=\"Scientists as NASA's Ames Research Center are able to identify planetary systems more quickly than they could before. (NASA)\" width=\"344\" height=\"255\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists as NASA’s Ames Research Center are able to identify planetary systems more quickly than they could before. (NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s been a real bottleneck,” Lissauer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But no longer. The research team announced today they have a new technique — developed at Ames — for verifying planetary systems that allows them to identify planets by the dozens, rather than one by one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been able to open the bottleneck to access the motherlode,” Lissauer said, “and deliver to you more than 20 times as many planets as have ever been found and announced at once, previously.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new technique involves probability theory and applied math, which is Lissauer’s bailiwick. In essence, it goes like this: About one percent of stars show the slight dimming that suggests something is orbiting around them. Statistically, only one percent \u003cem>of that one percent\u003c/em> of stars should reasonably have more than one planet orbiting around them. But Kepler was spotting a few hundred stars with more than one body orbiting them, which is vastly, hugely, more potential planetary systems than should, statistically, exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So there must be a reason, Lissauer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the other kind of body that could orbit a star is another star. But here’s the clue: Star systems are notoriously unstable. A bunch of stars orbiting another star would look like the animation on the right of this video, which resembles the daily life of the average mom, but doesn’t at all resemble the stable planetary system of the animation on the left.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 640px;\" class=\"wp-video\">\u003c!--[if lt IE 9]>\u003cscript>document.createElement('video');\u003c/script>\u003c![endif]-->\u003cbr>\n\u003cvideo class=\"wp-video-shortcode\" id=\"video-0-1\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" preload=\"metadata\" controls=\"controls\">\u003csource type=\"video/mp4\" src=\"http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/mov-nbody-V6.mp4?_=1\">\u003c/source>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/mov-nbody-V6.mp4\">http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/mov-nbody-V6.mp4\u003c/a>\u003c/video>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The research team put all this knowledge together with some advanced mathematics and data crunching on the Kepler observations, and out popped—a probability. A number indicating the statistical probability that Kepler was seeing a lot of star systems. It was a very, very low probability. Extremely low. Lower than the threshold required for certainty. It’s the kind of probability I mean when I say I’ll probably write my Christmas thank you notes this weekend: It’s so thoroughly improbable you can go to press with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler was not seeing star systems; it was seeing planetary systems. These 715 newly identified planets, NASA researchers can now say, are orbiting around 305 stars, and four of those planets are in the habitable zone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/02/26/283050461/-planet-bonanza-indeed-nasa-unveils-715-new-worlds\">NPR’s story\u003c/a> on the new planets:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“Four of the planets are about twice the size of Earth and orbit in their star’s so-called habitable zone,” NPR’s Nell Greenfieldboyce reports for our Newscast unit, “where temperatures might be suitable for liquid water.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers will now turn to the next two years of Kepler data, and expect to be able to announce hundreds more planets in future years.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers said they are able to announce such a large number of planets at once because of a new technique for verifying planetary systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the Kepler mission has found what Ames planetary scientist Jack Lissauer called a “motherlode” of astral bodies that could be planets, the process of verifying whether they are planets or stars has been lengthy, mostly involving hours and hours of time looking through telescopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14695\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 344px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/nasakeplerbottleneck-1024x760.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-14695 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/nasakeplerbottleneck-1024x760.png\" alt=\"Scientists as NASA's Ames Research Center are able to identify planetary systems more quickly than they could before. (NASA)\" width=\"344\" height=\"255\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists as NASA’s Ames Research Center are able to identify planetary systems more quickly than they could before. (NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s been a real bottleneck,” Lissauer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But no longer. The research team announced today they have a new technique — developed at Ames — for verifying planetary systems that allows them to identify planets by the dozens, rather than one by one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been able to open the bottleneck to access the motherlode,” Lissauer said, “and deliver to you more than 20 times as many planets as have ever been found and announced at once, previously.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new technique involves probability theory and applied math, which is Lissauer’s bailiwick. In essence, it goes like this: About one percent of stars show the slight dimming that suggests something is orbiting around them. Statistically, only one percent \u003cem>of that one percent\u003c/em> of stars should reasonably have more than one planet orbiting around them. But Kepler was spotting a few hundred stars with more than one body orbiting them, which is vastly, hugely, more potential planetary systems than should, statistically, exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So there must be a reason, Lissauer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the other kind of body that could orbit a star is another star. But here’s the clue: Star systems are notoriously unstable. A bunch of stars orbiting another star would look like the animation on the right of this video, which resembles the daily life of the average mom, but doesn’t at all resemble the stable planetary system of the animation on the left.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 640px;\" class=\"wp-video\">\u003c!--[if lt IE 9]>\u003cscript>document.createElement('video');\u003c/script>\u003c![endif]-->\u003cbr>\n\u003cvideo class=\"wp-video-shortcode\" id=\"video-0-1\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" preload=\"metadata\" controls=\"controls\">\u003csource type=\"video/mp4\" src=\"http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/mov-nbody-V6.mp4?_=1\">\u003c/source>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/mov-nbody-V6.mp4\">http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/mov-nbody-V6.mp4\u003c/a>\u003c/video>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The research team put all this knowledge together with some advanced mathematics and data crunching on the Kepler observations, and out popped—a probability. A number indicating the statistical probability that Kepler was seeing a lot of star systems. It was a very, very low probability. Extremely low. Lower than the threshold required for certainty. It’s the kind of probability I mean when I say I’ll probably write my Christmas thank you notes this weekend: It’s so thoroughly improbable you can go to press with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler was not seeing star systems; it was seeing planetary systems. These 715 newly identified planets, NASA researchers can now say, are orbiting around 305 stars, and four of those planets are in the habitable zone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/02/26/283050461/-planet-bonanza-indeed-nasa-unveils-715-new-worlds\">NPR’s story\u003c/a> on the new planets:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“Four of the planets are about twice the size of Earth and orbit in their star’s so-called habitable zone,” NPR’s Nell Greenfieldboyce reports for our Newscast unit, “where temperatures might be suitable for liquid water.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers will now turn to the next two years of Kepler data, and expect to be able to announce hundreds more planets in future years.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Fukushima Radiation on its Way to California, Scientists Say it Poses No Threat",
"headTitle": "Fukushima Radiation on its Way to California, Scientists Say it Poses No Threat | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14590\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14590 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/beach-e1393293321141.jpg\" alt=\"The California coast is -- so far -- free of Cesium-134, the radioactive isotope traveling across the ocean from the Fukushima nuclear power plant. (Damian Gadal/Flickr) http://www.flickr.com/photos/23024164@N06/11975479114/\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The California coast is — so far — free of Cesium-134, the radioactive isotope traveling across the Pacific from the Fukushima nuclear power plant. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/23024164@N06/11975479114/\">Damian Gadal/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Radiation in the ocean from the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident in 2011 in Japan has yet to reach the California coast, scientists said Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have detected miniscule amounts of the radioactive isotope \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/radiation/radionuclides/cesium.html\">cesium-134\u003c/a> in the ocean off Vancouver, Canada, as John Norton Smith, a senior research scientist at Canada’s Bedford Institute of Oceanography, said at a meeting of the American Geophysical Union in Hawaii. It’s at levels lower than naturally occurring radiation, like \u003ca href=\"http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Factsheets/English/polonium210.html\">polonium-210\u003c/a>, which is already in the ocean, he said.\u003cdel datetime=\"2014-02-24T17:33\">\u003c/del>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are testing samples and using models to try to zero in on when it will reach the California coast — they say they expect it this spring — and how much there will be when it does, said Ken Buesseler, a scientist at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Massachusetts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have also detected radioactive cesium-137 in the ocean. This is not a surprise, said Buesseler. It’s been around since the nuclear weapons tests in the 1950s and 1960s. With a half-life of 30 years, it’s going away, but still around in trace amounts.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘It’s clearly not an environmental or human health radiological threat.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>One of the outstanding questions now is, how much cesium-134 — the stuff from Fukushima — will eventually make it to our coast?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data collected by scientists at the Bedford Institute fits into two different models — one predicting that it could reach levels comparable to the levels of cesium-137 when weapons testing was still going on, the other that it would be closer to cesium-137 levels in the 1990s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really a little hard to predict at this moment which model is correct, said Smith. Either outcome, he emphasizes, is not dangerous to humans because the levels are so low.\u003cins cite=\"mailto:LENOVO%20USER\" datetime=\"2014-02-24T17:18\">\u003c/ins>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s clearly not an environmental or human health radiological threat,” he said Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”06629c71697c48c363c830394a2736cc”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once it does start arriving researchers will know, said Buesseler. He’s organizing a \u003ca href=\"http://ourradioactiveocean.org/\">citizen science project\u003c/a>, in which volunteers all over the West Coast collect ocean water samples to test for radioactivity. Collection points in California include Point Reyes, Pacifica and Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not here yet,” Buesseler said. “When we’re talking about the arrival of the plume — and, you know, I’m the first person to say radioactivity can be quite dangerous, we should be concerned — but maybe not at the levels we’re going to expect coming across from Japan.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another radiation-detecting project underway in California is Kelp Watch 2014, a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/01/15/new-fukushima-radiation-study-will-focus-on-west-coast-kelp-forests/\">program to monitor kelp forests\u003c/a> on the coast for cesium-134.\u003cins cite=\"mailto:LENOVO%20USER\" datetime=\"2014-02-24T17:19\">\u003c/ins>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14590\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14590 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/beach-e1393293321141.jpg\" alt=\"The California coast is -- so far -- free of Cesium-134, the radioactive isotope traveling across the ocean from the Fukushima nuclear power plant. (Damian Gadal/Flickr) http://www.flickr.com/photos/23024164@N06/11975479114/\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The California coast is — so far — free of Cesium-134, the radioactive isotope traveling across the Pacific from the Fukushima nuclear power plant. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/23024164@N06/11975479114/\">Damian Gadal/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Radiation in the ocean from the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident in 2011 in Japan has yet to reach the California coast, scientists said Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have detected miniscule amounts of the radioactive isotope \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/radiation/radionuclides/cesium.html\">cesium-134\u003c/a> in the ocean off Vancouver, Canada, as John Norton Smith, a senior research scientist at Canada’s Bedford Institute of Oceanography, said at a meeting of the American Geophysical Union in Hawaii. It’s at levels lower than naturally occurring radiation, like \u003ca href=\"http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Factsheets/English/polonium210.html\">polonium-210\u003c/a>, which is already in the ocean, he said.\u003cdel datetime=\"2014-02-24T17:33\">\u003c/del>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are testing samples and using models to try to zero in on when it will reach the California coast — they say they expect it this spring — and how much there will be when it does, said Ken Buesseler, a scientist at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Massachusetts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have also detected radioactive cesium-137 in the ocean. This is not a surprise, said Buesseler. It’s been around since the nuclear weapons tests in the 1950s and 1960s. With a half-life of 30 years, it’s going away, but still around in trace amounts.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘It’s clearly not an environmental or human health radiological threat.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>One of the outstanding questions now is, how much cesium-134 — the stuff from Fukushima — will eventually make it to our coast?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data collected by scientists at the Bedford Institute fits into two different models — one predicting that it could reach levels comparable to the levels of cesium-137 when weapons testing was still going on, the other that it would be closer to cesium-137 levels in the 1990s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really a little hard to predict at this moment which model is correct, said Smith. Either outcome, he emphasizes, is not dangerous to humans because the levels are so low.\u003cins cite=\"mailto:LENOVO%20USER\" datetime=\"2014-02-24T17:18\">\u003c/ins>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s clearly not an environmental or human health radiological threat,” he said Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once it does start arriving researchers will know, said Buesseler. He’s organizing a \u003ca href=\"http://ourradioactiveocean.org/\">citizen science project\u003c/a>, in which volunteers all over the West Coast collect ocean water samples to test for radioactivity. Collection points in California include Point Reyes, Pacifica and Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not here yet,” Buesseler said. “When we’re talking about the arrival of the plume — and, you know, I’m the first person to say radioactivity can be quite dangerous, we should be concerned — but maybe not at the levels we’re going to expect coming across from Japan.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another radiation-detecting project underway in California is Kelp Watch 2014, a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/01/15/new-fukushima-radiation-study-will-focus-on-west-coast-kelp-forests/\">program to monitor kelp forests\u003c/a> on the coast for cesium-134.\u003cins cite=\"mailto:LENOVO%20USER\" datetime=\"2014-02-24T17:19\">\u003c/ins>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Drought One More Setback for River That Runs Dry",
"headTitle": "California Drought One More Setback for River That Runs Dry | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/02/20140224science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14545\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/DSC01081-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-14545\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/DSC01081-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Charles Hueth holds up a tagged Chinook salmon for a photograph before it's released into the San Joaquin River. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Charles Hueth holds up a tagged Chinook salmon for a photo before releasing it into the San Joaquin River. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California’s historic drought means tight water supplies for everyone this year. It’s putting environmental restoration projects in the spotlight, especially the effort to bring salmon back to the state’s second longest river, the San Joaquin River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Republican House Speaker John Boehner singled out the project when he visited California last month. The House \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/02/03/brown-blasts-gop-drought-bill-as-divisive\">recently passed a bill\u003c/a> that would end the restoration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How you can favor fish over people is something people in my part of the world would never understand,” Boehner said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>River That Runs Dry\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What you’re looking at is the main channel of the river and there’s no water in it,” said Monty Schmitt of the Natural Resources Defense Council, looking at a dusty riverbed outside of Los Banos in the Central Valley. The drought is one reason this stretch isn’t full of water, but it’s not the only reason.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a highly altered river,” said Schmitt. “The federal government built Friant Dam and for 60 years, dried up the river.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Joaquin River runs from the west slope of the Sierra Nevada down to San Francisco Bay. In the 1940s, a new dam near Fresno corralled the river to irrigate a million acres of Central Valley farmland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14543\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/Drought_JoshC-4290-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-14543\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/Drought_JoshC-4290-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"In many years, this channel connecting the San Joaquin River outside of Los Banos runs dry. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In many years, this channel connecting the San Joaquin River outside of Los Banos runs dry. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Just that change alone had a huge impact on the river,” Schmitt said. “Obviously all the salmon were wiped out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Friant Dam diverted so much water that large sections of the river – up to 60 miles – went completely dry in most years. It was the end of the state’s second-largest salmon run, at least until recently. NRDC sued the federal government and in 2006, signed a settlement agreement with farmers and the federal government that launched the return of Chinook salmon to the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Salmon Return to the River\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In December, a state and federal restoration team pulled a Chinook salmon out of a net they had stretched across the lower San Joaquin, where downstream tributaries get the river flowing again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We take measurements on the length of the fish and we check them to see the ripeness for the males and females,” said Matt Bigelow of California’s Department of Fish and Wildlife, examining a large female Chinook with a smattering of black spots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ripeness – meaning eggs and sperm. These salmon were trying to get upstream to reproduce and were getting some help from a kind of salmon shuttle service. Bigelow and his team loaded them in a tanker truck that would haul them upstream, past the dry part of the river, and release them near Friant Dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14546\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/DSC01101-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-14546\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/DSC01101-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"A restoration team brings in a Chinook salmon caught in the lower reaches of the river. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A restoration team brings in a Chinook salmon caught in the lower reaches of the river. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Obviously what we’re doing right here, this is quite a bit of intervention to get fish up into suitable spawning habitat,” said Gerald Hatler, the restoration program manager with California’s Department of Fish and Wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Returning salmon to the San Joaquin River means moving them fish-by-fish right now, because the river isn’t quite ready for water to start flowing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s still a lot of things that need to happen,” said Hatler. “There’s still substantial physical barriers to the fish moving upstream.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”3493ef1327062e0a6024ff7b5915e9b3″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crews need to screen off water pipes and intakes and put in drains to prevent farmland from flooding. Under the restoration plan, the river won’t start flowing again until more of those projects are done, and they’re behind schedule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 300 adult salmon were moved upstream during the winter and their young recently hatched. Without river flows, the young won’t be able to reach the ocean on their own, at least not without a miracle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If Mother Nature gives us a lot of water in the spring of 2014, we may see a large number of those juveniles make their way out,” Hatler said in December.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chances of that happening are slim to none at this point, so the restoration team is \u003ca href=\"http://www.usbr.gov/mp/nepa/nepa_projdetails.cfm?Project_ID=16361\">planning to move the young salmon\u003c/a> downstream in trucks, just like their parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14547\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/Drought_JoshC-4217-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-14547\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/Drought_JoshC-4217-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"An old stretch of the San Joaqun river runs through some of Cannon Michael's 10,000 acres. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An old stretch of the San Joaquin river runs through some of Cannon Michael’s 10,000 acres. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Political Heat\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reality is it’s not going according to plan,” said Cannon Michael of Bowles Farming Company. He farms 10,000 acres just outside Los Banos and an old fork of the San Joaquin runs right through it. It’s choked with dry vegetation, but it’s on the list for restoration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With the progress they’re making in terms of physical projects, this is way down the road,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael says there’s been a lot of frustration. Farmers agreed to give up about 18 percent of their water under the restoration, in exchange for new water supply projects and barriers to keep the river from encroaching onto their land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Don’t just put back fish and spend a lot of money trucking them around the river,” Michael said. “Don’t you want to get the river fixed to the point where you can have them go up the river instead of trucking them?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first phase of the project is expected to cost $500 million, with the bulk of it coming from Congress. But with the economic downturn, appropriations have been slow. Still, after eight years of work, Michael doesn’t want to see the project in the political cross hairs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14544\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/Drought_JoshC-4362-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-14544\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/Drought_JoshC-4362-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Monty Schmitt of the Natural Resources Defense Council stands near a stretch of river that's been cut off for decades. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Monty Schmitt of the Natural Resources Defense Council stands near a stretch of river that’s been cut off for decades. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Let’s find a way to get people back on board with it instead of it being a divisive thing where the GOP maybe is using it as a tool,” Michael said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monty Schmitt of the Natural Resources Defense Council agrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The old model is to sit in court, fighting each other,” Schmitt said. “Instead we all sat down and we worked something out that we all could live with and support.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schmitt said he’s looking at a \u003ca href=\"https://soundcloud.com/kqed/sen-dianne-feinstein-on\">drought bill from Senator Dianne Feinstein\u003c/a> that could help some of the restoration projects get rolling. Even if that happens, the river wouldn’t start flowing this year. Federal officials have said the flows will be cut because of the extreme drought.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Just as salmon are being returned to the San Joaquin River, the extreme drought is bringing political heat to one of the most ambitious environmental restoration efforts in the state.",
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"description": "Just as salmon are being returned to the San Joaquin River, the extreme drought is bringing political heat to one of the most ambitious environmental restoration efforts in the state.",
"title": "California Drought One More Setback for River That Runs Dry | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14545\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/DSC01081-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-14545\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/DSC01081-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Charles Hueth holds up a tagged Chinook salmon for a photograph before it's released into the San Joaquin River. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Charles Hueth holds up a tagged Chinook salmon for a photo before releasing it into the San Joaquin River. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California’s historic drought means tight water supplies for everyone this year. It’s putting environmental restoration projects in the spotlight, especially the effort to bring salmon back to the state’s second longest river, the San Joaquin River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Republican House Speaker John Boehner singled out the project when he visited California last month. The House \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/02/03/brown-blasts-gop-drought-bill-as-divisive\">recently passed a bill\u003c/a> that would end the restoration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How you can favor fish over people is something people in my part of the world would never understand,” Boehner said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>River That Runs Dry\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What you’re looking at is the main channel of the river and there’s no water in it,” said Monty Schmitt of the Natural Resources Defense Council, looking at a dusty riverbed outside of Los Banos in the Central Valley. The drought is one reason this stretch isn’t full of water, but it’s not the only reason.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a highly altered river,” said Schmitt. “The federal government built Friant Dam and for 60 years, dried up the river.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Joaquin River runs from the west slope of the Sierra Nevada down to San Francisco Bay. In the 1940s, a new dam near Fresno corralled the river to irrigate a million acres of Central Valley farmland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14543\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/Drought_JoshC-4290-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-14543\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/Drought_JoshC-4290-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"In many years, this channel connecting the San Joaquin River outside of Los Banos runs dry. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In many years, this channel connecting the San Joaquin River outside of Los Banos runs dry. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Just that change alone had a huge impact on the river,” Schmitt said. “Obviously all the salmon were wiped out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Friant Dam diverted so much water that large sections of the river – up to 60 miles – went completely dry in most years. It was the end of the state’s second-largest salmon run, at least until recently. NRDC sued the federal government and in 2006, signed a settlement agreement with farmers and the federal government that launched the return of Chinook salmon to the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Salmon Return to the River\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In December, a state and federal restoration team pulled a Chinook salmon out of a net they had stretched across the lower San Joaquin, where downstream tributaries get the river flowing again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We take measurements on the length of the fish and we check them to see the ripeness for the males and females,” said Matt Bigelow of California’s Department of Fish and Wildlife, examining a large female Chinook with a smattering of black spots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ripeness – meaning eggs and sperm. These salmon were trying to get upstream to reproduce and were getting some help from a kind of salmon shuttle service. Bigelow and his team loaded them in a tanker truck that would haul them upstream, past the dry part of the river, and release them near Friant Dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14546\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/DSC01101-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-14546\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/DSC01101-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"A restoration team brings in a Chinook salmon caught in the lower reaches of the river. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A restoration team brings in a Chinook salmon caught in the lower reaches of the river. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Obviously what we’re doing right here, this is quite a bit of intervention to get fish up into suitable spawning habitat,” said Gerald Hatler, the restoration program manager with California’s Department of Fish and Wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Returning salmon to the San Joaquin River means moving them fish-by-fish right now, because the river isn’t quite ready for water to start flowing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s still a lot of things that need to happen,” said Hatler. “There’s still substantial physical barriers to the fish moving upstream.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crews need to screen off water pipes and intakes and put in drains to prevent farmland from flooding. Under the restoration plan, the river won’t start flowing again until more of those projects are done, and they’re behind schedule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 300 adult salmon were moved upstream during the winter and their young recently hatched. Without river flows, the young won’t be able to reach the ocean on their own, at least not without a miracle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If Mother Nature gives us a lot of water in the spring of 2014, we may see a large number of those juveniles make their way out,” Hatler said in December.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chances of that happening are slim to none at this point, so the restoration team is \u003ca href=\"http://www.usbr.gov/mp/nepa/nepa_projdetails.cfm?Project_ID=16361\">planning to move the young salmon\u003c/a> downstream in trucks, just like their parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14547\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/Drought_JoshC-4217-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-14547\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/Drought_JoshC-4217-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"An old stretch of the San Joaqun river runs through some of Cannon Michael's 10,000 acres. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An old stretch of the San Joaquin river runs through some of Cannon Michael’s 10,000 acres. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Political Heat\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reality is it’s not going according to plan,” said Cannon Michael of Bowles Farming Company. He farms 10,000 acres just outside Los Banos and an old fork of the San Joaquin runs right through it. It’s choked with dry vegetation, but it’s on the list for restoration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With the progress they’re making in terms of physical projects, this is way down the road,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael says there’s been a lot of frustration. Farmers agreed to give up about 18 percent of their water under the restoration, in exchange for new water supply projects and barriers to keep the river from encroaching onto their land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Don’t just put back fish and spend a lot of money trucking them around the river,” Michael said. “Don’t you want to get the river fixed to the point where you can have them go up the river instead of trucking them?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first phase of the project is expected to cost $500 million, with the bulk of it coming from Congress. But with the economic downturn, appropriations have been slow. Still, after eight years of work, Michael doesn’t want to see the project in the political cross hairs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14544\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/Drought_JoshC-4362-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-14544\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/Drought_JoshC-4362-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Monty Schmitt of the Natural Resources Defense Council stands near a stretch of river that's been cut off for decades. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Monty Schmitt of the Natural Resources Defense Council stands near a stretch of river that’s been cut off for decades. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Let’s find a way to get people back on board with it instead of it being a divisive thing where the GOP maybe is using it as a tool,” Michael said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monty Schmitt of the Natural Resources Defense Council agrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The old model is to sit in court, fighting each other,” Schmitt said. “Instead we all sat down and we worked something out that we all could live with and support.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schmitt said he’s looking at a \u003ca href=\"https://soundcloud.com/kqed/sen-dianne-feinstein-on\">drought bill from Senator Dianne Feinstein\u003c/a> that could help some of the restoration projects get rolling. Even if that happens, the river wouldn’t start flowing this year. Federal officials have said the flows will be cut because of the extreme drought.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Seven Things to Know About the Sixth Mass Extinction",
"headTitle": "Seven Things to Know About the Sixth Mass Extinction | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14482\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/coralreef.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14482\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/coralreef.jpg\" alt=\"Coral Reef at Palmyra Atoll National Wildlife Refuge (Jim Maragos/U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service) http://www.flickr.com/photos/usfwspacific/5565696408/\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Coral reefs are the first major ecosystems that could be wiped out by human impacts. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/usfwspacific/5565696408/\">Jim Maragos/U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You gotta love an author who manages to turn complex scientific theories and millions of years of history into an easy-to-understand thesis — even if that thesis is that humans are causing mass extinction. Elizabeth Kolbert’s book \u003ca href=\"http://www.indiebound.org/book/9780805092998\">“The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History”\u003c/a> centers around two ideas: that humans are witnessing a very high rate of species extinction and that we’re causing much of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kolbert joined \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201402191000\">KQED’s Forum\u003c/a> to discuss her book and the disappearance of everything from the snails of the Hawaiian islands to bats in upstate New York. The topic isn’t a cheery one, but as Kolbert writes in the introduction, “If extinction is a morbid topic, mass extinction is, well, massively so. It’s also a fascinating one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are highlights from the Forum interview, edited for clarity:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. We Don’t Know Yet How Bad This Extinction Will Be\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are clearly at a time of very high extinction rates. Whether we rise to the level of the major – the five major – mass extinctions of the last half billion years certainly remains to be determined. There have also been, somewhat oxymoronically, “minor” mass extinctions in the record. Where this extinction event is going to fit into that is obviously impossible to know when you’re in the midst of it. But increasingly you hear scientists comparing us to the asteroid that killed off the dinosaurs and many other groups.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14487\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/trilobites.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14487\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/trilobites.jpg\" alt=\"Trilobites went extinct in the mass extinction at the end of the Permian. (Kevin Walsh/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Trilobites went extinct in the mass extinction at the end of the Permian. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/86624586@N00/513424023/\">Kevin Walsh/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Based on Carbon Emissions, We May Be On Track For the Worst Mass Extinction, Ever\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The worst mass extinction in the history of the planet happened about 250 million years ago at the end of what’s known as the Permian period. And it’s believed that it was caused by this major burst of volcanic activity that emitted a lot of CO2 into the air and warmed the planet very radically and changed the chemistry of the oceans very radically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And very soberingly, scientists have recently tried to figure out at what rate was CO2 being emitted at that point. And the best estimate that they can come up with – this is a pretty recent paper – suggests that we are pouring CO2 into the air faster than was poured into the air in the events leading up to the end of the Permian extinction. So you increasingly hear ‘We cannot rule out that kind of an outcome: the Permian,’ which was the worst mass extinction in history. I find that – even I, who wrote this book, and feel like I couldn’t be surprised by much anymore – find that, just extremely sobering and terrifying.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. Invasive Species Have Created a “New Pangea”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Invasive species actually are implicated in, some people would say, the majority of extinctions we know about. Invasive species turn out to be really important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Effectively about 250 million years ago all of the continents of the world were smushed together in this supercontinent that has been called Pangea. And then they drifted apart due to plate tectonics and we eventually got the world as we know it, with seven continents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What we’re doing by bringing together all of the flora and fauna of the world just by transporting things around the world, in a biological sense, is erasing those boundaries between the continents and smushing them back together. So a term has been coined: the ‘New Pangea.’ We are creating the New Pangea. We’re bringing everything back together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that can have, it turns out, very devastating consequences. Often it has no consequences — you move something around the world, it can’t make it in a new place so it just disappears, or it establishes itself and it doesn’t do any damage, it just sort of coexists with what was there before. But a certain percentage of the time, and even if it’s a very small percentage – [because] you are doing it over and over again, it obviously adds up – a certain percentage of the time you bring together these evolutionary lineages that have been separated for tens of millions of years and very devastating things happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14485\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/wns28-e1392943860258.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14485\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/wns28-e1392943860258.jpg\" alt=\"Bats hibernating in a cave in New York with fungal growth on their faces. (Nancy Heaslip/NY Department of Environmental Conservation)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bats hibernating in a cave in New York with fungal growth on their faces. (Nancy Heaslip/NY Department of Environmental Conservation)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. White-Nose Syndrome, a European Fungus, Is Decimating North American Bats\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[The fungus] has been traced back to Europe – it came over quite possibly on someone’s shoe, or in their suitcase. It almost certainly landed somewhere in upstate New York, because that is where we first started to see these huge die-offs. It’s very devastating to bats, it gets on their skin, it irritates their skin. You can \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/disease_information/white-nose_syndrome/\">see it\u003c/a>. It looks like the bats have been dunked in talcum powder or cocaine, some people have said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What happens is that bats in the North Eastern U.S. hibernate during the winter. So they hang by their toes, their body temperature drops, their immune system shuts down and they really, really need to conserve energy. They are very small little creatures, they need that energy to get through the winter – there’s nothing to eat. And this fungus irritates them, they wake up, they fly around, there’s nothing to eat, they drop dead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. Coral Reefs Could Be the First Major Ecosystems to Disappear Because of Humans\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many marine scientists believe that coral reefs will be the first major ecosystem to be done in by human impacts. So there will still be corals, but they will no longer be able to form these fantastic reefs that support a tremendous variety of species anywhere between half a million and something like nine million species spend part of their lives on coral reefs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Changing water temperatures are really dramatically affecting reefs. Reefs have this interesting symbiosis going on. They have algae inside them, that feed them, that provide carbohydrates for them and that they get a lot of their energy from. And when water temperatures get too high this relationship breaks down, they expel [the algae] and they basically starve to death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/coral_bleach.html\">Coral bleaching events\u003c/a>, which are happening more and more frequently because water temperatures are going up, those are already really reducing coral cover in a lot of parts of the world. So for example, in the Great Barrier Reef, which is the world’s largest reef, coral cover has declined by something like 50 percent just in the last few decades.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>6. The Chemistry of the Oceans Is Changing Radically\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you talk to scientists – certainly if you talk to marine scientists – one thing that really, really worries them that has not gotten the press it deserves is this issue of ocean acidification. That’s the phenomenon where, when you pour CO2 into the air as we are — there’s just no debate about that, we’re pouring about ten billion tons of carbon into the atmosphere every year just by burning fossil fuels — a lot of it is going to end up in the oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When CO2 dissolves in water it forms a weak acid. It forms carbonic acid … And it’s changing the chemistry of the oceans very radically.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>7. There’s No Saying What Will Survive This Extinction Event\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People are actively interested in this question precisely because we seem to be in another mass extinction event. What comes through? What tends to come through these extinction events? And they’ve found very very few rules. It’s very hard to say that there’s a rule. The dinosaurs were the dominate group on Earth for tens of millions of years and they all – every species of non-avian dinosaur dies out. Why is that? No one really knows.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can listen to the complete interview below:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/135726672&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_artwork=true\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Elizabeth Kolbert’s book “The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History” centers around two premises: that humans are witnessing a very high rate of species extinction and that humans are causing much of it.",
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"description": "Elizabeth Kolbert’s book “The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History” centers around two premises: that humans are witnessing a very high rate of species extinction and that humans are causing much of it.",
"title": "Seven Things to Know About the Sixth Mass Extinction | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14482\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/coralreef.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14482\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/coralreef.jpg\" alt=\"Coral Reef at Palmyra Atoll National Wildlife Refuge (Jim Maragos/U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service) http://www.flickr.com/photos/usfwspacific/5565696408/\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Coral reefs are the first major ecosystems that could be wiped out by human impacts. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/usfwspacific/5565696408/\">Jim Maragos/U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You gotta love an author who manages to turn complex scientific theories and millions of years of history into an easy-to-understand thesis — even if that thesis is that humans are causing mass extinction. Elizabeth Kolbert’s book \u003ca href=\"http://www.indiebound.org/book/9780805092998\">“The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History”\u003c/a> centers around two ideas: that humans are witnessing a very high rate of species extinction and that we’re causing much of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kolbert joined \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201402191000\">KQED’s Forum\u003c/a> to discuss her book and the disappearance of everything from the snails of the Hawaiian islands to bats in upstate New York. The topic isn’t a cheery one, but as Kolbert writes in the introduction, “If extinction is a morbid topic, mass extinction is, well, massively so. It’s also a fascinating one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are highlights from the Forum interview, edited for clarity:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. We Don’t Know Yet How Bad This Extinction Will Be\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are clearly at a time of very high extinction rates. Whether we rise to the level of the major – the five major – mass extinctions of the last half billion years certainly remains to be determined. There have also been, somewhat oxymoronically, “minor” mass extinctions in the record. Where this extinction event is going to fit into that is obviously impossible to know when you’re in the midst of it. But increasingly you hear scientists comparing us to the asteroid that killed off the dinosaurs and many other groups.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14487\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/trilobites.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14487\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/trilobites.jpg\" alt=\"Trilobites went extinct in the mass extinction at the end of the Permian. (Kevin Walsh/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Trilobites went extinct in the mass extinction at the end of the Permian. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/86624586@N00/513424023/\">Kevin Walsh/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Based on Carbon Emissions, We May Be On Track For the Worst Mass Extinction, Ever\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The worst mass extinction in the history of the planet happened about 250 million years ago at the end of what’s known as the Permian period. And it’s believed that it was caused by this major burst of volcanic activity that emitted a lot of CO2 into the air and warmed the planet very radically and changed the chemistry of the oceans very radically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And very soberingly, scientists have recently tried to figure out at what rate was CO2 being emitted at that point. And the best estimate that they can come up with – this is a pretty recent paper – suggests that we are pouring CO2 into the air faster than was poured into the air in the events leading up to the end of the Permian extinction. So you increasingly hear ‘We cannot rule out that kind of an outcome: the Permian,’ which was the worst mass extinction in history. I find that – even I, who wrote this book, and feel like I couldn’t be surprised by much anymore – find that, just extremely sobering and terrifying.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. Invasive Species Have Created a “New Pangea”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Invasive species actually are implicated in, some people would say, the majority of extinctions we know about. Invasive species turn out to be really important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Effectively about 250 million years ago all of the continents of the world were smushed together in this supercontinent that has been called Pangea. And then they drifted apart due to plate tectonics and we eventually got the world as we know it, with seven continents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What we’re doing by bringing together all of the flora and fauna of the world just by transporting things around the world, in a biological sense, is erasing those boundaries between the continents and smushing them back together. So a term has been coined: the ‘New Pangea.’ We are creating the New Pangea. We’re bringing everything back together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that can have, it turns out, very devastating consequences. Often it has no consequences — you move something around the world, it can’t make it in a new place so it just disappears, or it establishes itself and it doesn’t do any damage, it just sort of coexists with what was there before. But a certain percentage of the time, and even if it’s a very small percentage – [because] you are doing it over and over again, it obviously adds up – a certain percentage of the time you bring together these evolutionary lineages that have been separated for tens of millions of years and very devastating things happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14485\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/wns28-e1392943860258.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14485\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/wns28-e1392943860258.jpg\" alt=\"Bats hibernating in a cave in New York with fungal growth on their faces. (Nancy Heaslip/NY Department of Environmental Conservation)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bats hibernating in a cave in New York with fungal growth on their faces. (Nancy Heaslip/NY Department of Environmental Conservation)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. White-Nose Syndrome, a European Fungus, Is Decimating North American Bats\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[The fungus] has been traced back to Europe – it came over quite possibly on someone’s shoe, or in their suitcase. It almost certainly landed somewhere in upstate New York, because that is where we first started to see these huge die-offs. It’s very devastating to bats, it gets on their skin, it irritates their skin. You can \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/disease_information/white-nose_syndrome/\">see it\u003c/a>. It looks like the bats have been dunked in talcum powder or cocaine, some people have said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What happens is that bats in the North Eastern U.S. hibernate during the winter. So they hang by their toes, their body temperature drops, their immune system shuts down and they really, really need to conserve energy. They are very small little creatures, they need that energy to get through the winter – there’s nothing to eat. And this fungus irritates them, they wake up, they fly around, there’s nothing to eat, they drop dead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. Coral Reefs Could Be the First Major Ecosystems to Disappear Because of Humans\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many marine scientists believe that coral reefs will be the first major ecosystem to be done in by human impacts. So there will still be corals, but they will no longer be able to form these fantastic reefs that support a tremendous variety of species anywhere between half a million and something like nine million species spend part of their lives on coral reefs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Changing water temperatures are really dramatically affecting reefs. Reefs have this interesting symbiosis going on. They have algae inside them, that feed them, that provide carbohydrates for them and that they get a lot of their energy from. And when water temperatures get too high this relationship breaks down, they expel [the algae] and they basically starve to death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/coral_bleach.html\">Coral bleaching events\u003c/a>, which are happening more and more frequently because water temperatures are going up, those are already really reducing coral cover in a lot of parts of the world. So for example, in the Great Barrier Reef, which is the world’s largest reef, coral cover has declined by something like 50 percent just in the last few decades.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>6. The Chemistry of the Oceans Is Changing Radically\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you talk to scientists – certainly if you talk to marine scientists – one thing that really, really worries them that has not gotten the press it deserves is this issue of ocean acidification. That’s the phenomenon where, when you pour CO2 into the air as we are — there’s just no debate about that, we’re pouring about ten billion tons of carbon into the atmosphere every year just by burning fossil fuels — a lot of it is going to end up in the oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When CO2 dissolves in water it forms a weak acid. It forms carbonic acid … And it’s changing the chemistry of the oceans very radically.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>7. There’s No Saying What Will Survive This Extinction Event\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People are actively interested in this question precisely because we seem to be in another mass extinction event. What comes through? What tends to come through these extinction events? And they’ve found very very few rules. It’s very hard to say that there’s a rule. The dinosaurs were the dominate group on Earth for tens of millions of years and they all – every species of non-avian dinosaur dies out. Why is that? No one really knows.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can listen to the complete interview below:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Gas Tax Proposed for California Would Change Existing Climate Law",
"headTitle": "Gas Tax Proposed for California Would Change Existing Climate Law | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14505\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/caremissions.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14505\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/caremissions.jpg\" alt=\"Under California climate law, gas prices are likely to rise in 2015. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Under California climate law, gas prices are likely to rise next year. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>State Senator Darrell Steinberg is proposing a carbon tax on gasoline that would put a price on the pollution that causes climate change. The plan would also preempt a key piece of California’s existing climate law, due to kick in next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s cap-and-trade program, created by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/ab32/ab32.htm\">Global Warming Solutions Act\u003c/a> of 2006, puts a limit on how much companies in California can pollute by pumping out greenhouse gases. Right now, it only applies to factories, refineries and other industrial polluters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next year for the first time, transportation fuels will come under the program: oil companies will have to account for the emissions from Californians’ cars and trucks. The cost of buying additional pollution permits is one that companies are almost certain to pass along to consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘For climate policy to work, it has to sting. I am concerned about who we sting.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Steinberg’s \u003ca href=\"http://sd06.senate.ca.gov/news/2014-02-20-steinberg-announces-major-proposal-strengthen-ca-climate-policy\">plan\u003c/a> would make it more direct, as a tax that we pay at the pump. His reasoning is that while drivers will pay more for gas either way, with a tax the increase is more predictable and transparent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Under my proposal, the price of carbon fuel is projected to rise gradually and predictably,” Steinberg explained \u003ca href=\"http://sd06.senate.ca.gov/sites/sd06.senate.ca.gov/files/MASTER-Press-Club-2014-Speech.pdf\">in a speech\u003c/a> at the Sacramento Press Club on Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sacramento Democrat says his plan would also ensure that low-income Californians aren’t inordinately burdened by higher taxes, by building in an earned income tax credit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Putting a price on carbon fuels is essential to salvaging our environment. For climate policy to work, it has to sting,” he said. “I am concerned about who we sting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What people in California also need is pollution cuts,” said Tim O’Connor, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.edf.org/climate/california-climate-launch-pad\">Environmental Defense Fund’s California Climate Initiative\u003c/a>. He said that while he supports some of the ideas behind Steinberg’s proposal, he’s concerned it could undermine California’s efforts to charge for the right to pollute, and to reduce greenhouse emissions overall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”95fe02a5676e91eab10616cbeecd4297″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cap-and-trade does both, by introducing a cap on emissions and then methodically lowering it, and by allowing companies to buy and trade pollution permits. The program launched in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opting for a tax instead of the market-based program might have been a good idea, said Severin Borenstein, an energy economist at University of California, Berkeley, but at this point, California is too invested in cap-and-trade. “The program is already running,” he said. “The fuels coming in in 2015 is already something that has been very much accounted for and vetted, and it would take a huge change in the program to now take fuels back out of the cap.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.wspa.org/\">Western States Petroleum Association\u003c/a>, an industry group, welcomed Steinberg’s proposal in a statement. “By acknowledging that the state’s cap-and-trade regulations for fuels are about to have a significant impact on the cost of fuel for consumers, Sen. Steinberg has proposed a transparent carbon tax as an alternative.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steinberg’s bill would need a two-thirds majority to pass.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "State Senator Darrell Steinberg is proposing a carbon tax on gasoline that would put a price on the pollution that causes climate change. The plan would also dismantle a key piece of California's existing climate law.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14505\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/caremissions.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14505\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/caremissions.jpg\" alt=\"Under California climate law, gas prices are likely to rise in 2015. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Under California climate law, gas prices are likely to rise next year. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>State Senator Darrell Steinberg is proposing a carbon tax on gasoline that would put a price on the pollution that causes climate change. The plan would also preempt a key piece of California’s existing climate law, due to kick in next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s cap-and-trade program, created by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/ab32/ab32.htm\">Global Warming Solutions Act\u003c/a> of 2006, puts a limit on how much companies in California can pollute by pumping out greenhouse gases. Right now, it only applies to factories, refineries and other industrial polluters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next year for the first time, transportation fuels will come under the program: oil companies will have to account for the emissions from Californians’ cars and trucks. The cost of buying additional pollution permits is one that companies are almost certain to pass along to consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘For climate policy to work, it has to sting. I am concerned about who we sting.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Steinberg’s \u003ca href=\"http://sd06.senate.ca.gov/news/2014-02-20-steinberg-announces-major-proposal-strengthen-ca-climate-policy\">plan\u003c/a> would make it more direct, as a tax that we pay at the pump. His reasoning is that while drivers will pay more for gas either way, with a tax the increase is more predictable and transparent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Under my proposal, the price of carbon fuel is projected to rise gradually and predictably,” Steinberg explained \u003ca href=\"http://sd06.senate.ca.gov/sites/sd06.senate.ca.gov/files/MASTER-Press-Club-2014-Speech.pdf\">in a speech\u003c/a> at the Sacramento Press Club on Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sacramento Democrat says his plan would also ensure that low-income Californians aren’t inordinately burdened by higher taxes, by building in an earned income tax credit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Putting a price on carbon fuels is essential to salvaging our environment. For climate policy to work, it has to sting,” he said. “I am concerned about who we sting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What people in California also need is pollution cuts,” said Tim O’Connor, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.edf.org/climate/california-climate-launch-pad\">Environmental Defense Fund’s California Climate Initiative\u003c/a>. He said that while he supports some of the ideas behind Steinberg’s proposal, he’s concerned it could undermine California’s efforts to charge for the right to pollute, and to reduce greenhouse emissions overall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cap-and-trade does both, by introducing a cap on emissions and then methodically lowering it, and by allowing companies to buy and trade pollution permits. The program launched in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opting for a tax instead of the market-based program might have been a good idea, said Severin Borenstein, an energy economist at University of California, Berkeley, but at this point, California is too invested in cap-and-trade. “The program is already running,” he said. “The fuels coming in in 2015 is already something that has been very much accounted for and vetted, and it would take a huge change in the program to now take fuels back out of the cap.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.wspa.org/\">Western States Petroleum Association\u003c/a>, an industry group, welcomed Steinberg’s proposal in a statement. “By acknowledging that the state’s cap-and-trade regulations for fuels are about to have a significant impact on the cost of fuel for consumers, Sen. Steinberg has proposed a transparent carbon tax as an alternative.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steinberg’s bill would need a two-thirds majority to pass.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Ticks in the Bay Area Can Carry Lyme Disease - and That's Not All",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14435\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14435\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/ticks_news.jpg\" alt=\"Western black-legged ticks can carry the bacteria that cause Lyme disease and other pathogens. (Ervic Aquino/Stanford)\" width=\"640\" height=\"361\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Western black-legged ticks can carry pathogens including the bacteria that cause Lyme Disease. (Ervic Aquino/Stanford)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Contrary to a common misconception, ticks in the Bay Area \u003cem>can\u003c/em> carry the bacteria that causes Lyme Disease. And it turns out local ticks carry another disease that can make you sick, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bacteria called Borrelia burgdorferi causes Lyme disease. It’s more common in the Midwest and the Northeast where, in some places, more than 30 percent of ticks carry it. In the Bay Area, it’s closer to two percent, according to a new study. And the \u003ca href=\"http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/3/13-0668_article.htm\">study\u003c/a>, published in the journal Emerging Infectious Disease by Stanford researcher Dan Salkeld, turned up another bacteria just as often: \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/ticks/miyamotoi.html\">Borrelia miyamotoi\u003c/a>, which causes similar symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That was the big surprise for us,” said Salkeld. “I think there were a couple studies that found miyamotoi in California before — one in Tilden Park and one up in Mendocino County — but we were quite surprised by how frequently you could find it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salkeld collected and tested ticks from \u003ca href=\"http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/3/13-0668-t1.htm\">18 parks\u003c/a> around the Bay Area. The collection was decidedly low-tech: Salkeld, with help from Stanford students and local volunteers, dragged blankets around and let the ticks hop on board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are no known cases of the disease caused by miyamotoi in California, according to Salkeld, but, he said, that may be because doctors haven’t known to look for it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“(It’s) a big cause for humility that we don’t always know what’s in the backyard,” he said. Miyamotoi was just diagnosed as a human pathogen in the U.S. \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/18/new-deer-tick-disease-borrelia-miyamotoi_n_2499581.html\">last year\u003c/a>. “Although ticks are disgusting in almost every way, it is quite amazing to realize that we’re just looking at the tip of an iceberg in terms of what we know about pathogens in wildlife.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14435\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14435\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/ticks_news.jpg\" alt=\"Western black-legged ticks can carry the bacteria that cause Lyme disease and other pathogens. (Ervic Aquino/Stanford)\" width=\"640\" height=\"361\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Western black-legged ticks can carry pathogens including the bacteria that cause Lyme Disease. (Ervic Aquino/Stanford)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Contrary to a common misconception, ticks in the Bay Area \u003cem>can\u003c/em> carry the bacteria that causes Lyme Disease. And it turns out local ticks carry another disease that can make you sick, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bacteria called Borrelia burgdorferi causes Lyme disease. It’s more common in the Midwest and the Northeast where, in some places, more than 30 percent of ticks carry it. In the Bay Area, it’s closer to two percent, according to a new study. And the \u003ca href=\"http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/3/13-0668_article.htm\">study\u003c/a>, published in the journal Emerging Infectious Disease by Stanford researcher Dan Salkeld, turned up another bacteria just as often: \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/ticks/miyamotoi.html\">Borrelia miyamotoi\u003c/a>, which causes similar symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That was the big surprise for us,” said Salkeld. “I think there were a couple studies that found miyamotoi in California before — one in Tilden Park and one up in Mendocino County — but we were quite surprised by how frequently you could find it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salkeld collected and tested ticks from \u003ca href=\"http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/3/13-0668-t1.htm\">18 parks\u003c/a> around the Bay Area. The collection was decidedly low-tech: Salkeld, with help from Stanford students and local volunteers, dragged blankets around and let the ticks hop on board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are no known cases of the disease caused by miyamotoi in California, according to Salkeld, but, he said, that may be because doctors haven’t known to look for it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“(It’s) a big cause for humility that we don’t always know what’s in the backyard,” he said. Miyamotoi was just diagnosed as a human pathogen in the U.S. \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/18/new-deer-tick-disease-borrelia-miyamotoi_n_2499581.html\">last year\u003c/a>. “Although ticks are disgusting in almost every way, it is quite amazing to realize that we’re just looking at the tip of an iceberg in terms of what we know about pathogens in wildlife.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Bay Area Residents Resist Crude-by-Rail as Accidents Rise",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/02/20140217science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update: \u003c/strong>On Tuesday, February 18, Pittsburg sent a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/WesPac-DEIR-Letter.pdf\">letter to WesPac\u003c/a>, reopening the comment period on the environmental review process for the project. The comment period had initially closed in September, 2013. This step will prolong the approval process for the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And on Friday, February 21, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ktiv.com/story/24787278/apnewsbreak-railroads-confront-crude-safety\">AP reported\u003c/a> that railroads that haul crude oil had reached an agreement with transportation officials to adopt increased safety measures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original story:\u003c/strong> The city of Pittsburg, 20 miles east of Oakland, is considering approving a new oil terminal to supply crude to Bay Area refineries. The oil would come via ship, pipeline and railroad. But there have been a number of recent accidents around the United States involving rail shipments of crude oil, and some locals are concerned about the safety of the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘A Dynamite Factory in Our Backyard’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a Saturday morning in January, about 150 people gathered at a playground in Pittsburg. Greg Osorio, a local pastor stepped up to a microphone and got the rally started.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They want to put a dynamite factory in our backyard with crude oil bombs,” he said. “Right next to housing. Turn around and look at that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A cluster of faded yellow metal oil tanks sit just behind the park. Each one is the size of a house. Right now they’re empty, and have been for 15 years. But they soon could be filled with crude oil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Riding the Crude-by-Rail Boom\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14385\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/train.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14385 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/train.jpg\" alt=\"Tank cars on the tracks in Pittsburg. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tank cars on the tracks in Pittsburg. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pittsburgterminalproject.com/index.htm\">WesPac\u003c/a>, an Irvine-based company, is proposing to re-open and upgrade the tanks. The property, which includes a power plant that’s still in use, once belonged to PG&E and is now owned by an energy company called NRG. WesPac wants to take over the tanks to bring in oil, store it and redistribute it to Bay Area refineries to make into gasoline, diesel, jet fuel and other products. The $200 million project would be able to store up to 375,000 barrels of oil in 17 tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s consistent with the types of operations that are going on in that area already,” said \u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>Art Diefenbach, the project manager for WesPac. This is an existing facility in a traditionally industrial town, he says, so the project makes sense here. After the tanks were decommissioned, neighborhoods grew up around them, but Diefenbach says that won’t present a problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll be installing additional safety equipment and noise reduction equipment and air pollution control equipment so that it’s actually going to be better than it is today,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>Better, he means, than sitting empty. Plus, the project would create up to 40 permanent jobs, though those wouldn’t be guaranteed to Pittsburg residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But community members aren’t just concerned about the oil in the tanks; they’re also concerned about the trains that would deliver it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14372\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14372\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/crudebyrailincalifornia.png\" alt=\"Barrels of oil coming into California by train, 2009-2013. Data from the California Energy Commission.\" width=\"600\" height=\"371\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Barrels of oil coming into California by train, 2009-2013. Data from the \u003ca href=\"http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/petroleum/statistics/2013_crude_by_rail.html\">California Energy Commission\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 2008, there was no oil coming into California by rail. Last year in December alone, trains carried more than a million barrels into the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because there’s an oil boom in North Dakota and Canada, explained Tupper Hull, the spokesman for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.wspa.org/\">Western States Petroleum Association\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The problem that we have is, there’s not a terribly good infrastructure to get oil to the coasts where most of the refining and frankly most of the customers are, for that energy, located,” he said.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without pipelines, oil companies are turning to trains. While crude delivered by rail accounts for a little less than two percent of all the oil California uses now, that may be changing. WesPac is one of six crude-by-rail projects being considered in the state. If they all get approved, rail could provide a quarter or more of California’s oil, according to the California Energy Commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Trains, More Accidents\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But more crude-by-rail has led to more crude-by-rail accidents. Last summer in Quebec, 47 people died when an oil train exploded. In the past four months, there have been derailments in Pennsylvania, North Dakota, Alabama and New Brunswick, Canada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”d273e0a75a34e70e6e84cc38b95cf978″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People here are concerned about that happening,” said Andres Soto, an organizer with \u003ca href=\"http://www.cbecal.org/\">Communities for a Better Environment\u003c/a>. “They’d rather prevent it than respond to it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pittsburg is a city that’s weathered industrial catastrophes before. In 1944, 320 people were killed when two Navy munitions ships in nearby Port Chicago exploded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Andres Soto says he thinks oil companies aren’t being transparent about safety concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They don’t want to admit the risk,” he said. “Because if they did, the community would say, ‘Not in my backyard.’ And the people have a right to say that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been some responses: The National Transportation Safety Board is \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/24/business/us-and-canada-urge-new-safety-rules-for-crude-oil-rail-shipments.html\">making recommendations\u003c/a> to improve crude-by-rail safety; Governor Jerry Brown’s budget proposal boosts funding for the agency that cleans up oil spills; Attorney General Kamala Harris wrote a letter to the Pittsburg planning department, expressing her concerns about the WesPac project, particularly the impacts on air quality and the risk of accidents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tupper Hull says the companies he works with are aware of the safety concerns, and he expects there will be more regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14383\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 307px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/monterreys.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-14383 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/monterreys.jpg\" alt=\"Pittsburg residents George and Lyana Monterrey are among those leading protests against the oil terminal. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"307\" height=\"173\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pittsburg residents George and Lyana Monterrey are among those leading protests against the oil terminal. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’re in one of these eras where the market has brought us good news, and now we’re catching up on the regulatory and the infrastructure side.” Good news, he said, because this is domestic oil—rather than from overseas—and it’s cheap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lyana Monterrey, a Pittsburg resident and one of the people leading the charge against the project, isn’t buying it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not here,” she said. “Not next to a community. You don’t sacrifice people, community for your profits. That’s wrong. That’s an injustice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city of Pittsburg is\u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.pittsburg.ca.us/index.aspx?page=700\"> currently considering\u003c/a> the project. The city council is expected to decide on its fate soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[googlemaps https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=696+west+10th+street+pittsburg+ca&aq=&sll=37.975598,-122.187538&sspn=0.220294,0.302467&t=h&gl=us&ie=UTF8&hq=&hnear=696+W+10th+St,+Pittsburg,+California+94565&ll=38.035383,-121.894855&spn=0.016901,0.027423&z=15&output=embed&w=640&h=500]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The oil tanks are the round shapes on the map.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update: \u003c/strong>On Tuesday, February 18, Pittsburg sent a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/WesPac-DEIR-Letter.pdf\">letter to WesPac\u003c/a>, reopening the comment period on the environmental review process for the project. The comment period had initially closed in September, 2013. This step will prolong the approval process for the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And on Friday, February 21, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ktiv.com/story/24787278/apnewsbreak-railroads-confront-crude-safety\">AP reported\u003c/a> that railroads that haul crude oil had reached an agreement with transportation officials to adopt increased safety measures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original story:\u003c/strong> The city of Pittsburg, 20 miles east of Oakland, is considering approving a new oil terminal to supply crude to Bay Area refineries. The oil would come via ship, pipeline and railroad. But there have been a number of recent accidents around the United States involving rail shipments of crude oil, and some locals are concerned about the safety of the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘A Dynamite Factory in Our Backyard’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a Saturday morning in January, about 150 people gathered at a playground in Pittsburg. Greg Osorio, a local pastor stepped up to a microphone and got the rally started.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They want to put a dynamite factory in our backyard with crude oil bombs,” he said. “Right next to housing. Turn around and look at that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A cluster of faded yellow metal oil tanks sit just behind the park. Each one is the size of a house. Right now they’re empty, and have been for 15 years. But they soon could be filled with crude oil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Riding the Crude-by-Rail Boom\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14385\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/train.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14385 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/train.jpg\" alt=\"Tank cars on the tracks in Pittsburg. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tank cars on the tracks in Pittsburg. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pittsburgterminalproject.com/index.htm\">WesPac\u003c/a>, an Irvine-based company, is proposing to re-open and upgrade the tanks. The property, which includes a power plant that’s still in use, once belonged to PG&E and is now owned by an energy company called NRG. WesPac wants to take over the tanks to bring in oil, store it and redistribute it to Bay Area refineries to make into gasoline, diesel, jet fuel and other products. The $200 million project would be able to store up to 375,000 barrels of oil in 17 tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s consistent with the types of operations that are going on in that area already,” said \u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>Art Diefenbach, the project manager for WesPac. This is an existing facility in a traditionally industrial town, he says, so the project makes sense here. After the tanks were decommissioned, neighborhoods grew up around them, but Diefenbach says that won’t present a problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll be installing additional safety equipment and noise reduction equipment and air pollution control equipment so that it’s actually going to be better than it is today,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>Better, he means, than sitting empty. Plus, the project would create up to 40 permanent jobs, though those wouldn’t be guaranteed to Pittsburg residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But community members aren’t just concerned about the oil in the tanks; they’re also concerned about the trains that would deliver it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14372\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14372\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/crudebyrailincalifornia.png\" alt=\"Barrels of oil coming into California by train, 2009-2013. Data from the California Energy Commission.\" width=\"600\" height=\"371\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Barrels of oil coming into California by train, 2009-2013. Data from the \u003ca href=\"http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/petroleum/statistics/2013_crude_by_rail.html\">California Energy Commission\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 2008, there was no oil coming into California by rail. Last year in December alone, trains carried more than a million barrels into the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because there’s an oil boom in North Dakota and Canada, explained Tupper Hull, the spokesman for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.wspa.org/\">Western States Petroleum Association\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The problem that we have is, there’s not a terribly good infrastructure to get oil to the coasts where most of the refining and frankly most of the customers are, for that energy, located,” he said.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without pipelines, oil companies are turning to trains. While crude delivered by rail accounts for a little less than two percent of all the oil California uses now, that may be changing. WesPac is one of six crude-by-rail projects being considered in the state. If they all get approved, rail could provide a quarter or more of California’s oil, according to the California Energy Commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Trains, More Accidents\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But more crude-by-rail has led to more crude-by-rail accidents. Last summer in Quebec, 47 people died when an oil train exploded. In the past four months, there have been derailments in Pennsylvania, North Dakota, Alabama and New Brunswick, Canada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People here are concerned about that happening,” said Andres Soto, an organizer with \u003ca href=\"http://www.cbecal.org/\">Communities for a Better Environment\u003c/a>. “They’d rather prevent it than respond to it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pittsburg is a city that’s weathered industrial catastrophes before. In 1944, 320 people were killed when two Navy munitions ships in nearby Port Chicago exploded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Andres Soto says he thinks oil companies aren’t being transparent about safety concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They don’t want to admit the risk,” he said. “Because if they did, the community would say, ‘Not in my backyard.’ And the people have a right to say that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been some responses: The National Transportation Safety Board is \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/24/business/us-and-canada-urge-new-safety-rules-for-crude-oil-rail-shipments.html\">making recommendations\u003c/a> to improve crude-by-rail safety; Governor Jerry Brown’s budget proposal boosts funding for the agency that cleans up oil spills; Attorney General Kamala Harris wrote a letter to the Pittsburg planning department, expressing her concerns about the WesPac project, particularly the impacts on air quality and the risk of accidents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tupper Hull says the companies he works with are aware of the safety concerns, and he expects there will be more regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14383\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 307px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/monterreys.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-14383 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/monterreys.jpg\" alt=\"Pittsburg residents George and Lyana Monterrey are among those leading protests against the oil terminal. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"307\" height=\"173\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pittsburg residents George and Lyana Monterrey are among those leading protests against the oil terminal. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’re in one of these eras where the market has brought us good news, and now we’re catching up on the regulatory and the infrastructure side.” Good news, he said, because this is domestic oil—rather than from overseas—and it’s cheap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lyana Monterrey, a Pittsburg resident and one of the people leading the charge against the project, isn’t buying it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not here,” she said. “Not next to a community. You don’t sacrifice people, community for your profits. That’s wrong. That’s an injustice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city of Pittsburg is\u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.pittsburg.ca.us/index.aspx?page=700\"> currently considering\u003c/a> the project. The city council is expected to decide on its fate soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ciframe\n src='https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=696+west+10th+street+pittsburg+ca&aq=&sll=37.975598,-122.187538&sspn=0.220294,0.302467&t=h&gl=us&ie=UTF8&hq=&hnear=696+W+10th+St,+Pittsburg,+California+94565&ll=38.035383,-121.894855&spn=0.016901,0.027423&z=15&output=embed&w=640&h=500'\n title='https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=696+west+10th+street+pittsburg+ca&aq=&sll=37.975598,-122.187538&sspn=0.220294,0.302467&t=h&gl=us&ie=UTF8&hq=&hnear=696+W+10th+St,+Pittsburg,+California+94565&ll=38.035383,-121.894855&spn=0.016901,0.027423&z=15&output=embed&w=640&h=500'\n width='640'\n height='500'\n scrolling='no'\n frameborder='no'>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The oil tanks are the round shapes on the map.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://u.s.kqed.net/2014/02/13/Drought.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>The Cosumnes River, before and after the atmospheric river storm of February 8-9. (Carson Jeffres)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watching the TV news reporters out in their slickers, in front of \u003ca title=\"KTVU - post\" href=\"http://www.ktvu.com/news/news/local/storm-helps-refill-parched-russian-river/ndJZN/?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=twitter\">suddenly raging rivers\u003c/a> last weekend, it was tempting to open the taps and start celebrating the end of California’s Big Dry. But officials and forecasters were \u003ca title=\"SF Gate - post\" href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/California-drought-Storm-a-reprieve-not-a-cure-5222416.php\">quick to point out\u003c/a> that the festivities would be premature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a few reasons for this. One is the sheer depth of California’s precipitation deficit. Over a three-day period, some places doubled their total seasonal rainfall totals–and still found themselves at just 30 or 40 percent of average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another was that this atmospheric river pouring in from the Pacific was a rifle, not a shotgun. It “kind of sat in one spot and hosed one part of the state,” explains \u003ca title=\"UC Davis - CWS\" href=\"https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/people/jfmount\">Jeffrey Mount\u003c/a>, a consulting geologist and co-founder of the \u003ca title=\"UC Davis - CWS\" href=\"https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/\">Center for Watershed Sciences\u003c/a> at University of California, Davis. “We’re in a statewide drought, so this did nothing to relieve anything basically south of Sacramento.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the third reason is more elusive. It has to do with how extremely dry conditions were when the storm arrived.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It rained so hard that it saturated the ground right near the surface,” says Mount, who is a fluvial geomorphologist, which is to say an expert on how rivers change and respond to major weather events. “Once it’s saturated, that water starts running right off the surface. It’s not stored at all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hence, rivers that were right in the path of the storm went from nearly bone-dry to running amok in a matter of hours. Carson Jeffres, a colleague of Mount’s at Davis, was up on the Cosumnes River, watching it swell. “The river went from dry to out in the floodplain in about 16 hours,” Jeffres wrote in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://u.s.kqed.net/2014/02/13/RussianRiver.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>The Russian River seen from Badger Park in Healdsburg, before and after the atmospheric river storm of February 8-9. (Before: Craig Miller. After: Jacob Katz)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But much of that water didn’t stick around long enough to recharge underground aquifers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount says it has to do with “infiltration capacity” of the soils. “Think of your ability to absorb information,” he says. “You have an infiltration capacity. The soils are the same way. Lighter, more prolonged rains don’t tend to overwhelm the ground’s infiltration capacity. “It goes into soil and it actually starts moving downslope below the surface and discharges into the river, which is why you often will see rivers will rise very slowly in gentle storms and then go down very slowly, long after the storm has gone. That’s because the soils just below the surface are feeding water into the rivers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when the water all comes at once, as it did in the early February deluge, “Up comes the river and down goes the river, very quickly,” says Mount.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In extremely dry conditions, Mount says the soil can turn “hydrophobic.” That doesn’t mean the dirt has rabies but it does mean it’s “afraid” of water, as he explains it. “The first rain doesn’t penetrate much. It literally bounces right off and runs off. The way water ran off during that storm, one would wonder if that was the case.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not that there weren’t winners from the storm. At one point, Mount says \u003ca title=\"SacBee - post\" href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/2014/02/10/6143952/long-awaited-soaking-quenches.html\">Folsom Lake\u003c/a>, a lynchpin reservoir for the Sacramento region, was taking in 50,000 acre-feet per day from the suddenly engorged American River. “That’s enough for the City of Folsom to make it through a whole year,” he says. But similar flows on the Russian River, for instance, went straight out the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://u.s.kqed.net/2014/02/13/Drought.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>The Cosumnes River, before and after the atmospheric river storm of February 8-9. (Carson Jeffres)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watching the TV news reporters out in their slickers, in front of \u003ca title=\"KTVU - post\" href=\"http://www.ktvu.com/news/news/local/storm-helps-refill-parched-russian-river/ndJZN/?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=twitter\">suddenly raging rivers\u003c/a> last weekend, it was tempting to open the taps and start celebrating the end of California’s Big Dry. But officials and forecasters were \u003ca title=\"SF Gate - post\" href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/California-drought-Storm-a-reprieve-not-a-cure-5222416.php\">quick to point out\u003c/a> that the festivities would be premature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a few reasons for this. One is the sheer depth of California’s precipitation deficit. Over a three-day period, some places doubled their total seasonal rainfall totals–and still found themselves at just 30 or 40 percent of average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another was that this atmospheric river pouring in from the Pacific was a rifle, not a shotgun. It “kind of sat in one spot and hosed one part of the state,” explains \u003ca title=\"UC Davis - CWS\" href=\"https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/people/jfmount\">Jeffrey Mount\u003c/a>, a consulting geologist and co-founder of the \u003ca title=\"UC Davis - CWS\" href=\"https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/\">Center for Watershed Sciences\u003c/a> at University of California, Davis. “We’re in a statewide drought, so this did nothing to relieve anything basically south of Sacramento.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the third reason is more elusive. It has to do with how extremely dry conditions were when the storm arrived.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It rained so hard that it saturated the ground right near the surface,” says Mount, who is a fluvial geomorphologist, which is to say an expert on how rivers change and respond to major weather events. “Once it’s saturated, that water starts running right off the surface. It’s not stored at all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hence, rivers that were right in the path of the storm went from nearly bone-dry to running amok in a matter of hours. Carson Jeffres, a colleague of Mount’s at Davis, was up on the Cosumnes River, watching it swell. “The river went from dry to out in the floodplain in about 16 hours,” Jeffres wrote in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://u.s.kqed.net/2014/02/13/RussianRiver.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>The Russian River seen from Badger Park in Healdsburg, before and after the atmospheric river storm of February 8-9. (Before: Craig Miller. After: Jacob Katz)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But much of that water didn’t stick around long enough to recharge underground aquifers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount says it has to do with “infiltration capacity” of the soils. “Think of your ability to absorb information,” he says. “You have an infiltration capacity. The soils are the same way. Lighter, more prolonged rains don’t tend to overwhelm the ground’s infiltration capacity. “It goes into soil and it actually starts moving downslope below the surface and discharges into the river, which is why you often will see rivers will rise very slowly in gentle storms and then go down very slowly, long after the storm has gone. That’s because the soils just below the surface are feeding water into the rivers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when the water all comes at once, as it did in the early February deluge, “Up comes the river and down goes the river, very quickly,” says Mount.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In extremely dry conditions, Mount says the soil can turn “hydrophobic.” That doesn’t mean the dirt has rabies but it does mean it’s “afraid” of water, as he explains it. “The first rain doesn’t penetrate much. It literally bounces right off and runs off. The way water ran off during that storm, one would wonder if that was the case.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not that there weren’t winners from the storm. At one point, Mount says \u003ca title=\"SacBee - post\" href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/2014/02/10/6143952/long-awaited-soaking-quenches.html\">Folsom Lake\u003c/a>, a lynchpin reservoir for the Sacramento region, was taking in 50,000 acre-feet per day from the suddenly engorged American River. “That’s enough for the City of Folsom to make it through a whole year,” he says. But similar flows on the Russian River, for instance, went straight out the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "NASA's LADEE Spacecraft Sends Back New Moon Images",
"headTitle": "NASA’s LADEE Spacecraft Sends Back New Moon Images | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>NASA’s LADEE Mission (that’s “LAD-ee,” not “lady,” short for Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer), managed by Ames Research Center in Mountain View, has sent back its first images from the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So NASA made a nifty little gif out of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 752px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/adjusted_despeck_landscape.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"752\" height=\"580\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Five images captured by the LADEE spacecraft, on its mission to explain lunar dust. (NASA/Ames)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The five photos were taken at one-minute intervals on February 8th, as LADEE zoomed along the moon’s orbit at approximately 60 miles a minute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA Ames provides \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/ames/ladee-sends-its-first-images-of-the-moon-back-to-earth/#.Uv1KQvldV8E\">a guide\u003c/a> to the many craters captured in the images, including Krieger crater, about 14 miles in diameter, in the first image, and a lunar mountain range, Montes Agricola, in the third image.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>LADEE’s lunar voyage is a $280-million attempt to answer a forty-two year-old mystery: Was it dust that caused those strange, colorful bands of light that Commander Eugene Cernan saw through the window of Apollo 17’s command module as it orbited the moon?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(For more on that – plus Cernan’s original sketch — here’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/09/03/new-nasa-moon-mission-aims-to-solve-a-40-year-old-mystery/\">our post\u003c/a> from last September.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>LADEE made for a striking \u003ca href=\"http://kqedscience.tumblr.com/post/60798364934/look-at-nasas-ladee-spacecraft-soaring-over-nyc\">light show\u003c/a> when it passed over NYC back in September. It’ll orbit the moon for about three months, taking dust samples and beaming data back to Earth, while also experimenting with a new (and much faster) laser data transmission system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, LADEE will crash-land onto the surface of the moon, analyzing dust samples all the way until its bitter end.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA’s LADEE Mission (that’s “LAD-ee,” not “lady,” short for Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer), managed by Ames Research Center in Mountain View, has sent back its first images from the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So NASA made a nifty little gif out of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 752px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/adjusted_despeck_landscape.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"752\" height=\"580\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Five images captured by the LADEE spacecraft, on its mission to explain lunar dust. (NASA/Ames)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The five photos were taken at one-minute intervals on February 8th, as LADEE zoomed along the moon’s orbit at approximately 60 miles a minute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA Ames provides \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/ames/ladee-sends-its-first-images-of-the-moon-back-to-earth/#.Uv1KQvldV8E\">a guide\u003c/a> to the many craters captured in the images, including Krieger crater, about 14 miles in diameter, in the first image, and a lunar mountain range, Montes Agricola, in the third image.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>LADEE’s lunar voyage is a $280-million attempt to answer a forty-two year-old mystery: Was it dust that caused those strange, colorful bands of light that Commander Eugene Cernan saw through the window of Apollo 17’s command module as it orbited the moon?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(For more on that – plus Cernan’s original sketch — here’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/09/03/new-nasa-moon-mission-aims-to-solve-a-40-year-old-mystery/\">our post\u003c/a> from last September.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>LADEE made for a striking \u003ca href=\"http://kqedscience.tumblr.com/post/60798364934/look-at-nasas-ladee-spacecraft-soaring-over-nyc\">light show\u003c/a> when it passed over NYC back in September. It’ll orbit the moon for about three months, taking dust samples and beaming data back to Earth, while also experimenting with a new (and much faster) laser data transmission system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, LADEE will crash-land onto the surface of the moon, analyzing dust samples all the way until its bitter end.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Leaky Natural Gas Pipes Are a Bigger Problem Than Previously Thought",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14303\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-14303\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/11441208065_1856cda974_h-1024x545.jpg\" alt=\"The H. F. Lee natural gas plant in Goldsboro, North Carolina. (Photo: Duke Energy)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"545\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The H. F. Lee natural gas plant in Goldsboro, North Carolina. (Photo: Duke Energy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">America’s vast network of natural gas lines is leaking more than federal environmental officials had previously thought, according to an analysis out today from Stanford University and published in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://news.sciencemag.org/earth/2014/02/natural-gas-coal-good-climate-trade-despite-leaks-researchers-argue?rss=1\">Science\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to estimates from the Environmental Protection Agency, 1.5 percent of the natural gas produced in the United States is wasted, thanks to leaky pipes, valves and other parts along the country’s vast transmission system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new study says the actual amount lost is much higher, although lead author Peter Brandt, an assistant professor of energy resources engineering at Stanford, says it wasn’t possible to calculate a new figure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since these leaks are predominantly of methane, a potent greenhouse gas, they contribute disproportionately to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news, says Brandt, is that “a large fraction of the leakage can come from a small fraction of the sources.” A few fixes at natural gas plants across the country, he says, would go a long way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brandt cites two obstacles to making those fixes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One, plant operators have not always cooperated with efforts to detect leaks. In one study Brandt reviewed, EPA inspectors asked operators at 30 gas processing plants for permission to come onsite and look for leaks. Only six operators agreed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another problem: Current technologies for spotting leaks are expensive and labor-intensive. Brandt says researchers at Stanford and elsewhere are busily looking for alternatives. Those might include airplane-mounted methane detectors that could survey large swaths of pipes and plants, and cheap on-site methane sensors– much like smoke detectors — that could be mounted to pipes and sound an alarm when escaped gas is detected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s Andy Revkin’s write up on Dot Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\" src=\"http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/blogs_v5/../icons/t_logo_291_black.png\" alt=\"\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" href=\"http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/02/13/study-sees-path-to-cutting-substantial-american-natural-gas-leaks/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Study Sees Path to Cutting Substantial American Natural Gas Leaks\u003c/a>A policy analysis published in Science today examines 20 years of research on leakage from natural gas production and distribution systems in North America, including hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, and finds big opportunities to cut the worst leaks and a substantial climate benefit from a coal-to-gas switch, even accounting for higher leak rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float: right\">\u003ca title=\"Powered by Embedly\" href=\"http://embed.ly/code?url=http%3A%2F%2Fdotearth.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F02%2F13%2Fstudy-sees-path-to-cutting-substantial-american-natural-gas-leaks%2F%3F_php%3Dtrue%26_type%3Dblogs%26_r%3D0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">via \u003ca class=\"media-attribution-link\" href=\"http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nytimes\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14303\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-14303\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/11441208065_1856cda974_h-1024x545.jpg\" alt=\"The H. F. Lee natural gas plant in Goldsboro, North Carolina. (Photo: Duke Energy)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"545\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The H. F. Lee natural gas plant in Goldsboro, North Carolina. (Photo: Duke Energy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">America’s vast network of natural gas lines is leaking more than federal environmental officials had previously thought, according to an analysis out today from Stanford University and published in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://news.sciencemag.org/earth/2014/02/natural-gas-coal-good-climate-trade-despite-leaks-researchers-argue?rss=1\">Science\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to estimates from the Environmental Protection Agency, 1.5 percent of the natural gas produced in the United States is wasted, thanks to leaky pipes, valves and other parts along the country’s vast transmission system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new study says the actual amount lost is much higher, although lead author Peter Brandt, an assistant professor of energy resources engineering at Stanford, says it wasn’t possible to calculate a new figure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since these leaks are predominantly of methane, a potent greenhouse gas, they contribute disproportionately to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news, says Brandt, is that “a large fraction of the leakage can come from a small fraction of the sources.” A few fixes at natural gas plants across the country, he says, would go a long way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brandt cites two obstacles to making those fixes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One, plant operators have not always cooperated with efforts to detect leaks. In one study Brandt reviewed, EPA inspectors asked operators at 30 gas processing plants for permission to come onsite and look for leaks. Only six operators agreed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another problem: Current technologies for spotting leaks are expensive and labor-intensive. Brandt says researchers at Stanford and elsewhere are busily looking for alternatives. Those might include airplane-mounted methane detectors that could survey large swaths of pipes and plants, and cheap on-site methane sensors– much like smoke detectors — that could be mounted to pipes and sound an alarm when escaped gas is detected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s Andy Revkin’s write up on Dot Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\" src=\"http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/blogs_v5/../icons/t_logo_291_black.png\" alt=\"\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" href=\"http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/02/13/study-sees-path-to-cutting-substantial-american-natural-gas-leaks/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Study Sees Path to Cutting Substantial American Natural Gas Leaks\u003c/a>A policy analysis published in Science today examines 20 years of research on leakage from natural gas production and distribution systems in North America, including hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, and finds big opportunities to cut the worst leaks and a substantial climate benefit from a coal-to-gas switch, even accounting for higher leak rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float: right\">\u003ca title=\"Powered by Embedly\" href=\"http://embed.ly/code?url=http%3A%2F%2Fdotearth.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F02%2F13%2Fstudy-sees-path-to-cutting-substantial-american-natural-gas-leaks%2F%3F_php%3Dtrue%26_type%3Dblogs%26_r%3D0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">via \u003ca class=\"media-attribution-link\" href=\"http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nytimes\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "World's Largest Solar Plant Opens",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14241\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/RS5657_Ivanpah5-e1392320592264.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14241\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/RS5657_Ivanpah5-e1392320592264.jpg\" alt=\"The Ivanpah solar project in the Mojave Desert, the largest solar farm in the world. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Ivanpah solar project in the Mojave Desert, the largest solar farm in the world. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The largest solar plant in the world officially starts generating electricity on Thursday. The Ivanpah solar farm, in California’s Mojave Desert about 40 miles south of Las Vegas, will produce enough electricity to power 140,000 homes per year.[contextly_sidebar id=”9a895c24be9201b555cdf2381bd2df09″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took nearly four years to build the massive plant, which was developed by Oakland-based BrightSource Energy. NRG and Google are also investors in the plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The facility is not without \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/as-worlds-largest-solar-thermal-plant-opens-california-looks-to-end-solar-wars/\">controversy\u003c/a>: its planning and construction included measures to protect the threatened desert tortoise to the tune of $55,000 per tortoise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department of Energy provided Ivanpah’s developers with a $1.6 billion loan guarantee in 2011. Ivanpah is one of seven massive solar plants scheduled to open in California in 2014. Together they’re part of the coming of age of big solar in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A–1eRAcQd0\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14199\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14199\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/LaserBay-0506-11956DP_14-300dp-1-copy.jpg\" alt=\"Inside NIF, a football-field sized array of lasers. (NIF)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inside NIF, a football-field sized array of lasers. (NIF)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nuclear fusion is the holy grail of clean energy. It’s the energy the sun runs on. It doesn’t generate greenhouse gases or nuclear waste. It’s also been pretty much out of reach for mere mortals like us to create. But Tuesday, physicists at Lawrence Livermore National Lab’s National Ignition Facility said they’ve taken a significant step.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/02/12/275896094/scientists-say-their-giant-laser-has-produced-nuclear-fusion\">NPR\u003c/a> gets into the details:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The laser is known as the \u003ca href=\"https://lasers.llnl.gov/\">National Ignition Facility\u003c/a>, or NIF. Constructed at a cost of more than $3 billion, it consists of 192 beams that take up the length of three football fields. For a brief moment, the beams can focus 500 trillion watts of power — more power than is being used in that same time across the entire United States — onto a target about the width of a No. 2 pencil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal is fusion: a process where hydrogen atoms are squeezed together to make helium atoms.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The milestone that scientists published today in the journal, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature13008.html\">Nature\u003c/a>, is this: more energy is coming out of that pellet of fuel than they’re putting in. But it’s not more energy than is in all those lasers \u003cem>overall\u003c/em>. Only about one percent of all the lasers’ energy is actually reaching the fuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can think about this as a proof of principle,” Livermore Lab physicist Denise Hinkel told KQED. “Once we’ve performed the proof of principle it opens up the horizon and opportunities for different creative ways to use it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Science News calls it a “\u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencenews.org/article/getting-warmer-attempt-reach-ignition\">modest milestone\u003c/a>“:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The reactions… produced nearly 10 times as much energy as the previous record for laser fusion research. But they still fall well short of recouping the energy supplied by the world’s most powerful laser.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a very important milestone,” says Steven Rose, a plasma physicist at Imperial College London. “However, there are many other milestones to pass.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>After scientists completed the experiment last fall, it generated some breathless headlines. This \u003ca href=\"http://news.sciencemag.org/physics/2013/10/fusion-breakthrough-nif-uh-not-really-%E2%80%A6\">article from Science\u003c/a> gives some perspective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, NIF has come under \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/in-livermore-still-waiting-on-nuclear-fusion/\">criticism\u003c/a> for falling short of expectations. It cost $5 billion (that’s construction plus operating costs), and missed its target of achieving ignition by October, 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Want more NIF? Here’s a video KQED produced about it before it opened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dmIHD6P3rdo\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
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"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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