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"title": "Drought Leads to Tough Tradeoffs for California Salmon",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14173\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/chinooksalmon.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14173\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/chinooksalmon.jpg\" alt=\"Juvenile chinook salmon. (Roger Tabor/USFWS)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">With the drought and recent state actions, young Chinook salmon are facing a tough year. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/usfwspacific/6093338474/in/photostream/\">Roger Tabor/USFWS\u003c/a>) \u003ccite>((Roger Tabor/USFWS))\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While farms and cities struggle with low water supplies, California wildlife managers are struggling to protect the fish facing the same problem. State officials are trying to avoid some of the worst impacts on endangered salmon, but helping some fish could actually harm others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think everyone who works on salmon is concerned right now, looking at the drought unfolding,” said Mara Rea of the National Marine Fisheries Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Endangered winter-run \u003ca href=\"https://www.dfg.ca.gov/fish/Resources/Chinook/\">Chinook salmon\u003c/a>, a species that has struggled over the last decade, will likely be harmed by low water in the Sacramento River, even though water officials are trying to keep rivers flowing through these extremely dry conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14152\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/Redd_Dewatering.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14152\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/Redd_Dewatering.jpg\" alt=\"A pool in the Sacramento River where young salmon were stranded last year (Photo: Fish and Wildlife Service)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pool in the Sacramento River where young salmon were stranded last year (Fish and Wildlife Service)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The adult salmon migrate from the ocean between November and May and swim up the Sacramento River, where they lay their eggs during the summer. The eggs need plenty of cold water to stay alive, so reservoirs are required to provide consistent water releases until the fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With reservoir levels critically low, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/02/11/record-drought-could-hurt-water-quality/\">the state ordered\u003c/a> that some water that would normally flow downstream in February be reserved in reservoirs, so it can be released later this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s probably a good idea to hold back some water so that we can try to maintain conditions for this year’s cohort of migrating adult salmon that will spawn later this summer and fall,” says Jon Rosenfield, a biologist with the Bay Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the decision could harm the very species it’s meant to protect. Young winter-run Chinook are migrating out of the Sacramento River this time of year, including some bred in fish hatcheries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Young Endangered Salmon at Risk\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As they leave the Sacramento River, the young fish head into a maze of islands and channels in the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/ca-delta/\">Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta\u003c/a>, on their way to San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14154\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 330px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/RS8480_5053949935_524a684d5f_o-sfi.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14154\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/RS8480_5053949935_524a684d5f_o-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"The cross-channel gates are normally closed this time of year to protect endangered salmon. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\" width=\"330\" height=\"247\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The cross-channel gates are normally closed this time of year to protect endangered salmon. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The juveniles face a gauntlet of predators, so water officials aim to minimize the amount of time they spend in the Delta by blocking off a water channel that leads over into the Central Delta, farther away from San Francisco Bay. That channel is usually closed off with large “cross-channel gates.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this month, officials ordered those gates to stay open. With river levels so low, water in the Delta is becoming saltier (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/02/11/record-drought-could-hurt-water-quality/\">see our post yesterday for more\u003c/a>). Keeping the gates open allows more freshwater to flow into the Delta. That puts the young winter-run salmon at risk, potentially setting back the species’ recovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is about making really hard decisions on a real-time basis where we may have to accept some impact now to avoid much greater impact later,” said Chuck Bonham of the California Department of Fish and Wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildlife officials are monitoring the fish populations daily, hoping to limit the impact. On Monday, the gates were closed temporarily, as the weekend’s rains carried young salmon closer to the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maria Rea says the conditions this year are particularly disappointing, because after years of decline, “we had a fairly healthy cohort of juveniles from last year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chinook salmon live about three years in the ocean before returning to where they were born to spawn. That means each year, a different group of adults or “cohort” comes back (just as a different senior class graduates from high school each year).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any one cohort that suffers a loss can increase the chance of extinction,” Rea said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Salmon Fishery Impact\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”4d19d774a22337f7a2597abe724bbec5″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Low river flows this month could also do damage to fall-run Chinook, the salmon species the California fishing industry depends on. Salmon runs are named for the season when the adults begin their migration back to freshwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fall-run salmon recently laid their eggs in the riverbed, and as the water level drops, the egg clusters are exposed to the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/2014/01/07/6050449/drought-prompts-deep-cuts-in-american.html\">estimated 10 to 15 percent\u003c/a> of the egg clusters could be lost. Young salmon could also be stranded in shallow pools that get separated from the main river, \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&ved=0CDAQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fws.gov%2Fredbluff%2FgetReport.aspx%3Fid%3D473&ei=eOz7UvyqMcaGogSQ7IHYBg&usg=AFQjCNFa8cNbtQ_ZlL8Az7lkChH7wlnMrg&sig2=-rGQ1pDzSzSRUTyPYwMi_Q&bvm=bv.60983673,d.cGU\">as has happened in past years\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If dry conditions persist into the spring, all of our runs of Chinook salmon will be impacted,” says Rosenfield. “I would not want to be a commercial fisherman, sport fishing guide, or tackle shop owner two-and-a-half years from now when this year’s migrants return from the ocean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fish released from hatcheries help boost the population of fall-run salmon. Fishing groups are asking that the young hatchery fish be trucked down below the Delta and released there, to increase the likelihood they’ll survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Doing this could save dwindling numbers of protected fish while also providing plenty of hatchery-bred salmon for the tens of thousands of workers and their families that depend on salmon to make a living,” said John McManus of the \u003ca href=\"http://goldengatesalmonassociation.com/\">Golden Gate Salmon Association\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14173\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/chinooksalmon.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14173\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/chinooksalmon.jpg\" alt=\"Juvenile chinook salmon. (Roger Tabor/USFWS)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">With the drought and recent state actions, young Chinook salmon are facing a tough year. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/usfwspacific/6093338474/in/photostream/\">Roger Tabor/USFWS\u003c/a>) \u003ccite>((Roger Tabor/USFWS))\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While farms and cities struggle with low water supplies, California wildlife managers are struggling to protect the fish facing the same problem. State officials are trying to avoid some of the worst impacts on endangered salmon, but helping some fish could actually harm others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think everyone who works on salmon is concerned right now, looking at the drought unfolding,” said Mara Rea of the National Marine Fisheries Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Endangered winter-run \u003ca href=\"https://www.dfg.ca.gov/fish/Resources/Chinook/\">Chinook salmon\u003c/a>, a species that has struggled over the last decade, will likely be harmed by low water in the Sacramento River, even though water officials are trying to keep rivers flowing through these extremely dry conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14152\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/Redd_Dewatering.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14152\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/Redd_Dewatering.jpg\" alt=\"A pool in the Sacramento River where young salmon were stranded last year (Photo: Fish and Wildlife Service)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pool in the Sacramento River where young salmon were stranded last year (Fish and Wildlife Service)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The adult salmon migrate from the ocean between November and May and swim up the Sacramento River, where they lay their eggs during the summer. The eggs need plenty of cold water to stay alive, so reservoirs are required to provide consistent water releases until the fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With reservoir levels critically low, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/02/11/record-drought-could-hurt-water-quality/\">the state ordered\u003c/a> that some water that would normally flow downstream in February be reserved in reservoirs, so it can be released later this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s probably a good idea to hold back some water so that we can try to maintain conditions for this year’s cohort of migrating adult salmon that will spawn later this summer and fall,” says Jon Rosenfield, a biologist with the Bay Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the decision could harm the very species it’s meant to protect. Young winter-run Chinook are migrating out of the Sacramento River this time of year, including some bred in fish hatcheries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Young Endangered Salmon at Risk\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As they leave the Sacramento River, the young fish head into a maze of islands and channels in the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/ca-delta/\">Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta\u003c/a>, on their way to San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14154\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 330px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/RS8480_5053949935_524a684d5f_o-sfi.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14154\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/RS8480_5053949935_524a684d5f_o-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"The cross-channel gates are normally closed this time of year to protect endangered salmon. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\" width=\"330\" height=\"247\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The cross-channel gates are normally closed this time of year to protect endangered salmon. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The juveniles face a gauntlet of predators, so water officials aim to minimize the amount of time they spend in the Delta by blocking off a water channel that leads over into the Central Delta, farther away from San Francisco Bay. That channel is usually closed off with large “cross-channel gates.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this month, officials ordered those gates to stay open. With river levels so low, water in the Delta is becoming saltier (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/02/11/record-drought-could-hurt-water-quality/\">see our post yesterday for more\u003c/a>). Keeping the gates open allows more freshwater to flow into the Delta. That puts the young winter-run salmon at risk, potentially setting back the species’ recovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is about making really hard decisions on a real-time basis where we may have to accept some impact now to avoid much greater impact later,” said Chuck Bonham of the California Department of Fish and Wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildlife officials are monitoring the fish populations daily, hoping to limit the impact. On Monday, the gates were closed temporarily, as the weekend’s rains carried young salmon closer to the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maria Rea says the conditions this year are particularly disappointing, because after years of decline, “we had a fairly healthy cohort of juveniles from last year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chinook salmon live about three years in the ocean before returning to where they were born to spawn. That means each year, a different group of adults or “cohort” comes back (just as a different senior class graduates from high school each year).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any one cohort that suffers a loss can increase the chance of extinction,” Rea said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Salmon Fishery Impact\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Low river flows this month could also do damage to fall-run Chinook, the salmon species the California fishing industry depends on. Salmon runs are named for the season when the adults begin their migration back to freshwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fall-run salmon recently laid their eggs in the riverbed, and as the water level drops, the egg clusters are exposed to the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/2014/01/07/6050449/drought-prompts-deep-cuts-in-american.html\">estimated 10 to 15 percent\u003c/a> of the egg clusters could be lost. Young salmon could also be stranded in shallow pools that get separated from the main river, \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&ved=0CDAQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fws.gov%2Fredbluff%2FgetReport.aspx%3Fid%3D473&ei=eOz7UvyqMcaGogSQ7IHYBg&usg=AFQjCNFa8cNbtQ_ZlL8Az7lkChH7wlnMrg&sig2=-rGQ1pDzSzSRUTyPYwMi_Q&bvm=bv.60983673,d.cGU\">as has happened in past years\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If dry conditions persist into the spring, all of our runs of Chinook salmon will be impacted,” says Rosenfield. “I would not want to be a commercial fisherman, sport fishing guide, or tackle shop owner two-and-a-half years from now when this year’s migrants return from the ocean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fish released from hatcheries help boost the population of fall-run salmon. Fishing groups are asking that the young hatchery fish be trucked down below the Delta and released there, to increase the likelihood they’ll survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Doing this could save dwindling numbers of protected fish while also providing plenty of hatchery-bred salmon for the tens of thousands of workers and their families that depend on salmon to make a living,” said John McManus of the \u003ca href=\"http://goldengatesalmonassociation.com/\">Golden Gate Salmon Association\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14071\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/RS7677_IMG_5083-sfi.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14071\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/RS7677_IMG_5083-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"Low water levels at Shasta Lake this year (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Low water levels in the reservoir behind Shasta Dam in November. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This weekend’s heavy rainfall was a welcome sight, but it wasn’t enough to end California’s record drought. State officials are still facing tough choices about how to make the low water supply last through the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with little water in streams and rivers, declining water quality could be an even bigger challenge, potentially raising problems for drinking water and causing harmful algal blooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials made their \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/01/31/state-water-project-deliveries-canceled-because-of-drought\">first major water quality decision\u003c/a> at the end of January, ordering that reservoir operators in Northern California limit water releases from dams. About 144,000 acre-feet of water will be held back this month, water that’s normally required to flow into rivers and the \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/what-is-california%E2%80%99s-delta/\">Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The freshwater will be used later in the year to keep seawater away from drinking water intakes. The Delta is where freshwater from rivers mixes with saltwater from San Francisco Bay. When there isn’t enough freshwater pushing against the Bay’s tides, saltwater creeps into the Delta, where canals and aqueducts draw water that supplies 25 million Californians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Failing to take this action could result in our reservoirs running out of water later in the year, which means no available water to prevent saltwater intrusion in the Delta,” said Mark Cowin of the Department of Water Resources. “That would result in ruined water supplies both in the Delta and south of the Delta and major environmental impacts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Challenges for Water Districts\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even beyond saltwater intruding, water quality in the Delta is likely to suffer due to salty agricultural runoff, which is concentrated as the slow-moving water evaporates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The San Joaquin River at this point is primarily agricultural drainage and wastewater treatment effluent,” explained William Fleenor of UC Davis’s Center for Watershed Sciences. “Those concentrations will be in the Delta and we won’t be flushing them out as fast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water districts that rely on the Delta for drinking water say it’s a cause for concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re watching salinity levels very closely,” said Jennifer Allen, spokesperson for the Contra Costa Water District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14067\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/salinity.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14067\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/salinity.jpg\" alt=\"Seawater (in red) pushes into the Delta when the inflow from rivers is low. (Resource Management Associates, cited in Delta Plan)\" width=\"640\" height=\"340\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Seawater (in red) from San Francisco Bay pushes into the Delta when freshwater from rivers is low (blue). (Resource Management Associates, cited in Delta Plan)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ccwater.com/\">Contra Costa Water Distric\u003c/a>t gets 100 percent of its supply from the Delta and serves 500,000 people in Antioch, Concord, Martinez and Pittsburg. The district withdraws that water through the Contra Costa Canal, which taps into the Delta not far from the saltwater-freshwater mixing zone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the 1976-77 drought, salt levels in \u003ca href=\"http://www.ccwater.com/losvaqueros/wqDamHistory.asp\">their water exceeded public health limits\u003c/a>, prompting water rationing orders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The district has since built the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ccwater.com/losvaqueros/\">Los Vaqueros Reservoir\u003c/a>, which stores higher quality water from the wet months that can be blended with lower quality water coming from the Delta in dry months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s something the district normally does, but “what’s different this year is that we’ve notice the salt levels rising earlier than normal,” said Allen. Los Vaqueros Reservoir is in relatively good shape this year, holding 79 percent of its storage capacity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The poor water quality could also reach massive pumps in the South Delta that feed water to the Bay Area, Central Valley and Southern California. That includes Santa Clara County and East Bay cities like Fremont and Livermore. But officials have announced that very little water will be delivered through that system, simply because of the dry conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water treatment plants are built to handle salt, as well as other contaminants like bromide and organic carbon, but poor water quality raises their operating costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’ll cost them more to treat,” said Fleenor. “It’s quite expensive to remove chloride”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water quality problems are only expected to get worse with sea level rise, which would push saltwater farther into the Delta. A UC Davis study found that \u003ca href=\"http://retrocee.engr.ucdavis.edu/faculty/lund/papers/Chen2010.pdf\">water treatment costs could more than double\u003c/a> with a one-foot rise in sea level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Effects on Agriculture\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”6dfc1a71e88f65ca185ee886de193e28″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers and residents living in the Delta itself also have an eye on their water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re concerned about the water quality,” said Mike Robinson of Robinson Farms Feed Company, which grows alfalfa and hay on Roberts Island in the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It becomes a question later on in the year whether you want to irrigate or not, because high salt content will hurt, damage or kill some crops.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robinson says they’re already seeing saltier water than they normally do. “We’d just stop irrigating at some point if we have to,” he says. “I hope the storms put a lot of snow in the mountains cause that’s our only chance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials say keeping water in upstream reservoirs now will allow them to flush it into the Delta later in the year, meeting water quality standards. Those standards are lowered in years that are critically dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Certainly the standards will be met,” said Tom Howard, director of the State Water Resources Control Board. “That’s the intent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Harmful Algae Blooms\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some water quality problems may not be avoidable. Lower water levels usually mean the water is warmer, which encourages harmful blue-green algae called \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/ssr/microcystis.cfm\">Microcystis\u003c/a>. The algae blooms, first noticed in the Delta around 2000, produce a liver toxin that affects people, fish and wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14063\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 294px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/microcystis.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14063\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/microcystis.jpg\" alt=\"A toxic blue-green algae bloom (Peggy Lehman, Department of Water Resources)\" width=\"294\" height=\"260\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A toxic blue-green algae bloom (Peggy Lehman, Department of Water Resources)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We expect to see very large blooms if the low flows continue to occur,” said Peggy Lehman, a scientist with the California Department of Water Resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It grows in warm conditions and we already have high nutrients in the water that facilitate it,” Lehman said. “It sits on the surface and it looks a bit like green cornflakes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blooms normally begin in June or July, but could be seen earlier this year. Harmful effects have been in seen in Delta fish that play a key role in the ecosystem, like threadfin shad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are health affects to people that use Delta water, so we’re watching that very closely,” said Lehman. “If people see it in the water column, they don’t want to swim there and want to make sure they aren’t drinking it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This is the first of two posts on water quality problems caused by the drought. Tomorrow, we look at the impacts on endangered fish and wildlife.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14071\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/RS7677_IMG_5083-sfi.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14071\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/RS7677_IMG_5083-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"Low water levels at Shasta Lake this year (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Low water levels in the reservoir behind Shasta Dam in November. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This weekend’s heavy rainfall was a welcome sight, but it wasn’t enough to end California’s record drought. State officials are still facing tough choices about how to make the low water supply last through the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with little water in streams and rivers, declining water quality could be an even bigger challenge, potentially raising problems for drinking water and causing harmful algal blooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials made their \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/01/31/state-water-project-deliveries-canceled-because-of-drought\">first major water quality decision\u003c/a> at the end of January, ordering that reservoir operators in Northern California limit water releases from dams. About 144,000 acre-feet of water will be held back this month, water that’s normally required to flow into rivers and the \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/what-is-california%E2%80%99s-delta/\">Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The freshwater will be used later in the year to keep seawater away from drinking water intakes. The Delta is where freshwater from rivers mixes with saltwater from San Francisco Bay. When there isn’t enough freshwater pushing against the Bay’s tides, saltwater creeps into the Delta, where canals and aqueducts draw water that supplies 25 million Californians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Failing to take this action could result in our reservoirs running out of water later in the year, which means no available water to prevent saltwater intrusion in the Delta,” said Mark Cowin of the Department of Water Resources. “That would result in ruined water supplies both in the Delta and south of the Delta and major environmental impacts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Challenges for Water Districts\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even beyond saltwater intruding, water quality in the Delta is likely to suffer due to salty agricultural runoff, which is concentrated as the slow-moving water evaporates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The San Joaquin River at this point is primarily agricultural drainage and wastewater treatment effluent,” explained William Fleenor of UC Davis’s Center for Watershed Sciences. “Those concentrations will be in the Delta and we won’t be flushing them out as fast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water districts that rely on the Delta for drinking water say it’s a cause for concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re watching salinity levels very closely,” said Jennifer Allen, spokesperson for the Contra Costa Water District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14067\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/salinity.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14067\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/salinity.jpg\" alt=\"Seawater (in red) pushes into the Delta when the inflow from rivers is low. (Resource Management Associates, cited in Delta Plan)\" width=\"640\" height=\"340\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Seawater (in red) from San Francisco Bay pushes into the Delta when freshwater from rivers is low (blue). (Resource Management Associates, cited in Delta Plan)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ccwater.com/\">Contra Costa Water Distric\u003c/a>t gets 100 percent of its supply from the Delta and serves 500,000 people in Antioch, Concord, Martinez and Pittsburg. The district withdraws that water through the Contra Costa Canal, which taps into the Delta not far from the saltwater-freshwater mixing zone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the 1976-77 drought, salt levels in \u003ca href=\"http://www.ccwater.com/losvaqueros/wqDamHistory.asp\">their water exceeded public health limits\u003c/a>, prompting water rationing orders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The district has since built the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ccwater.com/losvaqueros/\">Los Vaqueros Reservoir\u003c/a>, which stores higher quality water from the wet months that can be blended with lower quality water coming from the Delta in dry months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s something the district normally does, but “what’s different this year is that we’ve notice the salt levels rising earlier than normal,” said Allen. Los Vaqueros Reservoir is in relatively good shape this year, holding 79 percent of its storage capacity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The poor water quality could also reach massive pumps in the South Delta that feed water to the Bay Area, Central Valley and Southern California. That includes Santa Clara County and East Bay cities like Fremont and Livermore. But officials have announced that very little water will be delivered through that system, simply because of the dry conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water treatment plants are built to handle salt, as well as other contaminants like bromide and organic carbon, but poor water quality raises their operating costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’ll cost them more to treat,” said Fleenor. “It’s quite expensive to remove chloride”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water quality problems are only expected to get worse with sea level rise, which would push saltwater farther into the Delta. A UC Davis study found that \u003ca href=\"http://retrocee.engr.ucdavis.edu/faculty/lund/papers/Chen2010.pdf\">water treatment costs could more than double\u003c/a> with a one-foot rise in sea level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Effects on Agriculture\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers and residents living in the Delta itself also have an eye on their water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re concerned about the water quality,” said Mike Robinson of Robinson Farms Feed Company, which grows alfalfa and hay on Roberts Island in the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It becomes a question later on in the year whether you want to irrigate or not, because high salt content will hurt, damage or kill some crops.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robinson says they’re already seeing saltier water than they normally do. “We’d just stop irrigating at some point if we have to,” he says. “I hope the storms put a lot of snow in the mountains cause that’s our only chance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials say keeping water in upstream reservoirs now will allow them to flush it into the Delta later in the year, meeting water quality standards. Those standards are lowered in years that are critically dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Certainly the standards will be met,” said Tom Howard, director of the State Water Resources Control Board. “That’s the intent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Harmful Algae Blooms\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some water quality problems may not be avoidable. Lower water levels usually mean the water is warmer, which encourages harmful blue-green algae called \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/ssr/microcystis.cfm\">Microcystis\u003c/a>. The algae blooms, first noticed in the Delta around 2000, produce a liver toxin that affects people, fish and wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14063\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 294px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/microcystis.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14063\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/microcystis.jpg\" alt=\"A toxic blue-green algae bloom (Peggy Lehman, Department of Water Resources)\" width=\"294\" height=\"260\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A toxic blue-green algae bloom (Peggy Lehman, Department of Water Resources)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We expect to see very large blooms if the low flows continue to occur,” said Peggy Lehman, a scientist with the California Department of Water Resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It grows in warm conditions and we already have high nutrients in the water that facilitate it,” Lehman said. “It sits on the surface and it looks a bit like green cornflakes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blooms normally begin in June or July, but could be seen earlier this year. Harmful effects have been in seen in Delta fish that play a key role in the ecosystem, like threadfin shad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are health affects to people that use Delta water, so we’re watching that very closely,” said Lehman. “If people see it in the water column, they don’t want to swim there and want to make sure they aren’t drinking it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This is the first of two posts on water quality problems caused by the drought. Tomorrow, we look at the impacts on endangered fish and wildlife.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Megadroughts: Four Points to Put California's Dry Times in Perspective",
"headTitle": "Megadroughts: Four Points to Put California’s Dry Times in Perspective | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/02/20140210science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14010\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14010\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/droughtcar.jpg\" alt=\"A car sits on the exposed bottom of the Almaden Reservoir in San Jose on January 28, 2014. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A car sits on the exposed bottom of the Almaden Reservoir in San Jose on January 28, 2014. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Unprecedented.” It’s a word that we’re hearing a lot these days to describe the \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - Drought Watch\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/california-drought-watch/\">current drought\u003c/a>. And in some ways it is already a record-beater, so far back as we \u003cem> have \u003c/em>records. 2013 was the state’s driest calendar year on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, Governor Jerry Brown has started using the term “megadrought” to express the urgency of the current scarcity of water. But to climate scientists, megadrought means something unlike any living Californian has seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if the evidence provided by nature is accurate, our three years of drought might be just the beginning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Three years is not a megadrought.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We see evidence that on a pretty regular basis, we had droughts over a decade long,” says \u003ca title=\"UCB - Ingram\" href=\"http://geography.berkeley.edu/people/person_detail.php?person=25\">Lynn Ingram\u003c/a>, a paleoclimatologist at the University of California, Berkeley. Ingram has co-authored an ominous-sounding book, \u003ca title=\"Sci Am - post\" href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/review-the-west-without-water/\">The West Without Water\u003c/a>, which chronicles her search for clues to the future, from the distant past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14045\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/stump_WalkerR.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-14045\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14045\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/stump_WalkerR.jpg\" alt=\"Growth rings in tree stumps, like this one in the Walker River, yield valuable drought data from the past. This one dates from the Medieval Warm Period. (Donald J. DePaolo)\" width=\"300\" height=\"448\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Growth rings in tree stumps like this one in the Walker River, yield valuable drought data from the past. This one dates from the Medieval Warm Period. (Donald J. DePaolo)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So how regular were these marathon dry spells?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maybe every 50 to 90 years,” Ingram says. “And then if you go back, maybe during the \u003ca title=\"NOAA NCDC - MWP\" href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/globalwarming/medieval.html\">medieval [warm] period\u003c/a>, between 900 and 1400 AD, there were a couple of droughts that were over a century long.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, \u003cem>that’s\u003c/em> a megadrought. It doesn’t mean that it didn’t rain for 100 years, just like the current drought doesn’t mean that it hasn’t rained in three years. But it does mean 100 years of abnormally low levels of precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What we think of as normal, isn’t.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003c/em>If you take the \u003cem>really long\u003c/em> view, the last century was unusually damp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you look back over the last 1-or-2,000 years, you can see that that stood out as being a wet century,” Ingram says, adding that the average over the last couple of thousand years might’ve been 15 percent drier than the 20th century. And that’s precisely when most development happened in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 20th century, California’s population grew more than twenty-fold and farmers planted millions of acres of irrigated farmland. The planning and building of California’s vast plumbing system of dams and canals was based on the climate that engineers \u003cem>thought\u003c/em> we had.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ingram and her fellow paleoclimatologists glean their information from a variety of clues. They study tree rings that show by their thickness how much water was available for growth in each year. There are also clues buried deep in the sediments of lake beds and marshes, like the one in Benicia where Ingram’s co-author, Frances Malamud-Roam, took core samples to see what sort of plant life prevailed hundreds or thousands of years ago. Ingram studied sediment cores from San Francisco Bay, which reveal that the Bay got saltier for hundreds of years at a time. That suggests a lack of freshwater runoff from the mountains, which, in turn, suggests a lack of rain and snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Don’t underestimate this drought.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘If it continues the way it is, it could be one of the driest years in the past 500 years.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Megadroughts — some that dragged on for decades — were actually pretty common in California’s past. What’s \u003cem>not\u003c/em> so common is a single so-called rainy season as dry as the one we’re having right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it continues the way it is, it could be one of the driest years in the past 500 years,” says Ingram.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 1580, to be more precise. That’s the year that Sir Francis Drake returned to Plymouth, England after circumnavigating the globe. And Captain John Smith? Legendary leader of the Jamestown Colony? Charmed Pocahontas? Mapped the Chesapeake Bay? He was barely conceived. Ingram says we haven’t had a single year that dry, since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s from the tree ring record, including the giant sequoia tree ring records that showed either no growth, so you literally had no growth that year, or an extremely narrow ring, in 1580,” Ingram adds, with surprising equanimity. “This year is sort of on track for potentially being that dry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On track” doesn’t mean it will happen but even the recent substantial rains are a drop in the bucket toward ending the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>In California, warmer has generally meant drier.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The changing climate doesn’t bode well for abundant water in our future. This year’s visitation from the polar vortex notwithstanding, the long-term trend is that the planet is warming. And these same physical records from long ago reveal that when it got warmer, it got drier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’ve seen in the past records during the warm periods, like in the Medieval Warm Period—and if we go further back in time to the \u003ca title=\"NOAA NCDC - Mid Holocene\" href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/globalwarming/holocene.html\">Middle Holocene\u003c/a> climate optimum, which was about 5,000 years ago—it was drier,” Ingram observes. “So we see this very strong correlation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But whether California is trending toward a new normal that’s consistently drier, is something we just have to wait and see. It turns out that science, as it stands today, has a much better lens for looking backward, than forward.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "California has had its share of \"megadroughts.\" This isn't one of them...yet.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14010\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14010\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/droughtcar.jpg\" alt=\"A car sits on the exposed bottom of the Almaden Reservoir in San Jose on January 28, 2014. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A car sits on the exposed bottom of the Almaden Reservoir in San Jose on January 28, 2014. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Unprecedented.” It’s a word that we’re hearing a lot these days to describe the \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - Drought Watch\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/california-drought-watch/\">current drought\u003c/a>. And in some ways it is already a record-beater, so far back as we \u003cem> have \u003c/em>records. 2013 was the state’s driest calendar year on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, Governor Jerry Brown has started using the term “megadrought” to express the urgency of the current scarcity of water. But to climate scientists, megadrought means something unlike any living Californian has seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if the evidence provided by nature is accurate, our three years of drought might be just the beginning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Three years is not a megadrought.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We see evidence that on a pretty regular basis, we had droughts over a decade long,” says \u003ca title=\"UCB - Ingram\" href=\"http://geography.berkeley.edu/people/person_detail.php?person=25\">Lynn Ingram\u003c/a>, a paleoclimatologist at the University of California, Berkeley. Ingram has co-authored an ominous-sounding book, \u003ca title=\"Sci Am - post\" href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/review-the-west-without-water/\">The West Without Water\u003c/a>, which chronicles her search for clues to the future, from the distant past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14045\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/stump_WalkerR.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-14045\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14045\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/stump_WalkerR.jpg\" alt=\"Growth rings in tree stumps, like this one in the Walker River, yield valuable drought data from the past. This one dates from the Medieval Warm Period. (Donald J. DePaolo)\" width=\"300\" height=\"448\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Growth rings in tree stumps like this one in the Walker River, yield valuable drought data from the past. This one dates from the Medieval Warm Period. (Donald J. DePaolo)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So how regular were these marathon dry spells?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maybe every 50 to 90 years,” Ingram says. “And then if you go back, maybe during the \u003ca title=\"NOAA NCDC - MWP\" href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/globalwarming/medieval.html\">medieval [warm] period\u003c/a>, between 900 and 1400 AD, there were a couple of droughts that were over a century long.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, \u003cem>that’s\u003c/em> a megadrought. It doesn’t mean that it didn’t rain for 100 years, just like the current drought doesn’t mean that it hasn’t rained in three years. But it does mean 100 years of abnormally low levels of precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What we think of as normal, isn’t.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003c/em>If you take the \u003cem>really long\u003c/em> view, the last century was unusually damp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you look back over the last 1-or-2,000 years, you can see that that stood out as being a wet century,” Ingram says, adding that the average over the last couple of thousand years might’ve been 15 percent drier than the 20th century. And that’s precisely when most development happened in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 20th century, California’s population grew more than twenty-fold and farmers planted millions of acres of irrigated farmland. The planning and building of California’s vast plumbing system of dams and canals was based on the climate that engineers \u003cem>thought\u003c/em> we had.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ingram and her fellow paleoclimatologists glean their information from a variety of clues. They study tree rings that show by their thickness how much water was available for growth in each year. There are also clues buried deep in the sediments of lake beds and marshes, like the one in Benicia where Ingram’s co-author, Frances Malamud-Roam, took core samples to see what sort of plant life prevailed hundreds or thousands of years ago. Ingram studied sediment cores from San Francisco Bay, which reveal that the Bay got saltier for hundreds of years at a time. That suggests a lack of freshwater runoff from the mountains, which, in turn, suggests a lack of rain and snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Don’t underestimate this drought.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘If it continues the way it is, it could be one of the driest years in the past 500 years.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Megadroughts — some that dragged on for decades — were actually pretty common in California’s past. What’s \u003cem>not\u003c/em> so common is a single so-called rainy season as dry as the one we’re having right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it continues the way it is, it could be one of the driest years in the past 500 years,” says Ingram.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 1580, to be more precise. That’s the year that Sir Francis Drake returned to Plymouth, England after circumnavigating the globe. And Captain John Smith? Legendary leader of the Jamestown Colony? Charmed Pocahontas? Mapped the Chesapeake Bay? He was barely conceived. Ingram says we haven’t had a single year that dry, since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s from the tree ring record, including the giant sequoia tree ring records that showed either no growth, so you literally had no growth that year, or an extremely narrow ring, in 1580,” Ingram adds, with surprising equanimity. “This year is sort of on track for potentially being that dry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On track” doesn’t mean it will happen but even the recent substantial rains are a drop in the bucket toward ending the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>In California, warmer has generally meant drier.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The changing climate doesn’t bode well for abundant water in our future. This year’s visitation from the polar vortex notwithstanding, the long-term trend is that the planet is warming. And these same physical records from long ago reveal that when it got warmer, it got drier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’ve seen in the past records during the warm periods, like in the Medieval Warm Period—and if we go further back in time to the \u003ca title=\"NOAA NCDC - Mid Holocene\" href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/globalwarming/holocene.html\">Middle Holocene\u003c/a> climate optimum, which was about 5,000 years ago—it was drier,” Ingram observes. “So we see this very strong correlation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But whether California is trending toward a new normal that’s consistently drier, is something we just have to wait and see. It turns out that science, as it stands today, has a much better lens for looking backward, than forward.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Drought Forces Tough Decisions on Farmers and Ranchers",
"headTitle": "Drought Forces Tough Decisions on Farmers and Ranchers | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14014\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14014\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/photo-12.jpg\" alt=\"Joe Morris, owner of Morris Grassfed in San Juan Bautista, herds cattle up a hill in Hollister. (Vinnee Tong/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Joe Morris, owner of Morris Grassfed in San Juan Bautista, herds cattle up a hill in Hollister. (Vinnee Tong/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201402071630/a\">Vinnee Tong, Reporter, The California Report\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Odds are, any thought you’ve given to the drought is pretty cursory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sure, you’ve heard that we’re short on water, and maybe you’re even starting to turn off the tap more quickly than usual. But if you live in a relatively large city where water managers have planned ahead, your worry is simply theoretical at this point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Drought to a lot of our neighbors is pretty abstract,” rancher Joe Morris said. “You turn on the water and it still comes out. You go to the bathroom, flush it, take a 20-minute shower, whatever. But this is real.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Heart palpitations at 3 in the morning are kind of a fairly common experience for ranchers in this situation.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It’s a pretty dire situation for ranchers right now and for farmers, too. Governor Jerry Brown declared an official drought emergency last month, and some municipalities are said to be already running short on their supplies. Meanwhile, the U.S. Department of Agriculture is calling most of the state a “natural disaster area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Morris owns Morris Grassfed in San Juan Bautista, which is about 15 minutes south of Gilroy on California’s Central Coast. He says the long stretch of dry months forced him to cut his herd — it’s now half its usual size. Other ranchers across the state have been cutting their herds, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Heart palpitations at 3 in the morning are kind of a fairly common experience for ranchers in this situation,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14020\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-14020 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/photo-2-e1391822940387.jpg\" alt=\"Joe Morris moved his cows from a ranch where there wasn't enough water to sustain them. (Vinnee Tong/KQED)\" width=\"288\" height=\"288\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Joe Morris moved his cows from a ranch where there wasn’t enough water to sustain them. (Vinnee Tong/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Morris said he’s had to sell off calves early and say no to managing cattle for a bigger company, so that he could be sure his own cows get enough to drink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ranchers are among the first to feel a drought. That’s because they rely on creeks and streams to provide drinking water and on rain to nourish the vegetation. Morris’ counterparts in the farming world are also feeling it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almond grower Shawn Coburn operates 3,500 acres in three counties: Fresno, Merced and Madera. And in a typical year he grows almonds, wine grapes, tomatoes, alfalfa and a few other crops. This year, though, the lineup might be a bit different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re probably not going to grow any row crops whatsoever this year and just try to keep trees and vines alive,” Coburn said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means no cantaloupes, no tomatoes, and — for his almond trees and vineyards — there are some difficult decisions coming up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Of course growers in the Central Valley in particular, right around now is usually when they’re making their planting decisions,” said Jeanine Jones, deputy drought manager for the state Department of Water Resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says farmers are weighing decisions such as how much water to use to maintain permanent plantings, like trees and vines, or the need to fallow land that would normally hold row crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For farmers around the state, the price of water is skyrocketing. One Central Valley Water District recently put some stored water up for bid. What used to cost around $400 per acre-foot is now selling for upward of $1,000 per acre-foot.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘If it continues down the road we’re going, I’m going to lay off the majority of my employees, lay off or fire…The crops that are on the ranch will pretty much die.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Coburn says having plenty of cash isn’t enough to solve the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think you could come out with a $1.5 million check and buy a thousand acre-feet of water,” Coburn said. “I don’t think it exists anymore.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jones and the State Water Project — which stores and delivers water in a system of reservoirs and aqueducts — say that this year farmers who get state water will get no water at all. That compares to the more typical 65 to 70 percent in a more normal rainfall year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growers who get water from a federally run system that serves the Central Valley are expecting bad news, too. The formal announcement of how much they’ll get is likely to be made in late February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of Coburn’s colleagues said today’s drought might be the worst he can remember. Grant Craven grows almonds, walnuts and fruits in Stanislaus and Fresno counties. He remembers droughts in 1976, the early 1990s and more recently 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But I have to say that the outlook for 2014 and beyond is maybe more severe than those were, just because it’s a two-headed monster,” Craven said. “We’re having a climate drought, because of lack of precipitation, but we also have a lot of political issues that are impairing our ability to move water around.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coburn said today’s water shortage is a game changer: He might soon be forced to cut jobs for some of his workers, many of whom live paycheck to paycheck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it continues down the road we’re going, I’m going to lay off the majority of my employees, lay off or fire,” he said. “The crops that are on the ranch will pretty much die, so we’ll grind them up in a tub grinder, and ship them off to a co-generation plant and that’ll be that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Politicians and state leaders are scrambling to help farmers and ranchers cope — introducing various plans to conserve or free up water, or to manage it differently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The growers who can pump groundwater will do that. Those who can’t are left with very few options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever happens, leaving land fallow will mean fewer cantaloupes, tomatoes, almonds and crops of all kinds on the market. And before too long, that’s likely to lead to higher prices at the grocery store.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/133637228&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_artwork=true\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Among the first and hardest-hit by the drought are ranchers and farmers who are now faced with some tough choices. The decisions they'll soon be making will have a ripple effect from the farm to the table.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14014\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14014\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/photo-12.jpg\" alt=\"Joe Morris, owner of Morris Grassfed in San Juan Bautista, herds cattle up a hill in Hollister. (Vinnee Tong/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Joe Morris, owner of Morris Grassfed in San Juan Bautista, herds cattle up a hill in Hollister. (Vinnee Tong/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201402071630/a\">Vinnee Tong, Reporter, The California Report\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Odds are, any thought you’ve given to the drought is pretty cursory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sure, you’ve heard that we’re short on water, and maybe you’re even starting to turn off the tap more quickly than usual. But if you live in a relatively large city where water managers have planned ahead, your worry is simply theoretical at this point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Drought to a lot of our neighbors is pretty abstract,” rancher Joe Morris said. “You turn on the water and it still comes out. You go to the bathroom, flush it, take a 20-minute shower, whatever. But this is real.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Heart palpitations at 3 in the morning are kind of a fairly common experience for ranchers in this situation.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It’s a pretty dire situation for ranchers right now and for farmers, too. Governor Jerry Brown declared an official drought emergency last month, and some municipalities are said to be already running short on their supplies. Meanwhile, the U.S. Department of Agriculture is calling most of the state a “natural disaster area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Morris owns Morris Grassfed in San Juan Bautista, which is about 15 minutes south of Gilroy on California’s Central Coast. He says the long stretch of dry months forced him to cut his herd — it’s now half its usual size. Other ranchers across the state have been cutting their herds, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Heart palpitations at 3 in the morning are kind of a fairly common experience for ranchers in this situation,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14020\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-14020 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/photo-2-e1391822940387.jpg\" alt=\"Joe Morris moved his cows from a ranch where there wasn't enough water to sustain them. (Vinnee Tong/KQED)\" width=\"288\" height=\"288\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Joe Morris moved his cows from a ranch where there wasn’t enough water to sustain them. (Vinnee Tong/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Morris said he’s had to sell off calves early and say no to managing cattle for a bigger company, so that he could be sure his own cows get enough to drink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ranchers are among the first to feel a drought. That’s because they rely on creeks and streams to provide drinking water and on rain to nourish the vegetation. Morris’ counterparts in the farming world are also feeling it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almond grower Shawn Coburn operates 3,500 acres in three counties: Fresno, Merced and Madera. And in a typical year he grows almonds, wine grapes, tomatoes, alfalfa and a few other crops. This year, though, the lineup might be a bit different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re probably not going to grow any row crops whatsoever this year and just try to keep trees and vines alive,” Coburn said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means no cantaloupes, no tomatoes, and — for his almond trees and vineyards — there are some difficult decisions coming up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Of course growers in the Central Valley in particular, right around now is usually when they’re making their planting decisions,” said Jeanine Jones, deputy drought manager for the state Department of Water Resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says farmers are weighing decisions such as how much water to use to maintain permanent plantings, like trees and vines, or the need to fallow land that would normally hold row crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For farmers around the state, the price of water is skyrocketing. One Central Valley Water District recently put some stored water up for bid. What used to cost around $400 per acre-foot is now selling for upward of $1,000 per acre-foot.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘If it continues down the road we’re going, I’m going to lay off the majority of my employees, lay off or fire…The crops that are on the ranch will pretty much die.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Coburn says having plenty of cash isn’t enough to solve the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think you could come out with a $1.5 million check and buy a thousand acre-feet of water,” Coburn said. “I don’t think it exists anymore.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jones and the State Water Project — which stores and delivers water in a system of reservoirs and aqueducts — say that this year farmers who get state water will get no water at all. That compares to the more typical 65 to 70 percent in a more normal rainfall year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growers who get water from a federally run system that serves the Central Valley are expecting bad news, too. The formal announcement of how much they’ll get is likely to be made in late February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of Coburn’s colleagues said today’s drought might be the worst he can remember. Grant Craven grows almonds, walnuts and fruits in Stanislaus and Fresno counties. He remembers droughts in 1976, the early 1990s and more recently 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But I have to say that the outlook for 2014 and beyond is maybe more severe than those were, just because it’s a two-headed monster,” Craven said. “We’re having a climate drought, because of lack of precipitation, but we also have a lot of political issues that are impairing our ability to move water around.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coburn said today’s water shortage is a game changer: He might soon be forced to cut jobs for some of his workers, many of whom live paycheck to paycheck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it continues down the road we’re going, I’m going to lay off the majority of my employees, lay off or fire,” he said. “The crops that are on the ranch will pretty much die, so we’ll grind them up in a tub grinder, and ship them off to a co-generation plant and that’ll be that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Politicians and state leaders are scrambling to help farmers and ranchers cope — introducing various plans to conserve or free up water, or to manage it differently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The growers who can pump groundwater will do that. Those who can’t are left with very few options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever happens, leaving land fallow will mean fewer cantaloupes, tomatoes, almonds and crops of all kinds on the market. And before too long, that’s likely to lead to higher prices at the grocery store.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/133637228&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_artwork=true\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Drought: Town North of L.A. Could Run Out of Water",
"headTitle": "California Drought: Town North of L.A. Could Run Out of Water | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14000\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 729px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14000\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/ladyofthesnows-e1391800506497.jpg\" alt=\"The Lake of the Woods Mutual Water Company is one of 17 communities that state health officials are worried will run out of water within 90 days. (Molly Peterson/KPCC)\" width=\"729\" height=\"410\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Lake of the Woods Mutual Water Company is one of 17 communities that state health officials are worried will run out of water within 90 days. (Molly Peterson/KPCC)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2014/02/07/42048/california-drought-town-north-of-la-could-run-out/\">Molly Peterson, KPCC Environment Correspondent\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with some recent rain, California’s drought grinds on, and health officials say 17 communities could run out of water within the next four months – or sooner. One of those, an hour north of Los Angeles, is the town of Lake of the Woods, perched above the Tejon Pass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Our Lady of the Snows, parishioners have been praying lately for the thing their church was named for. Father Sidath Wilegoda is the parish priest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have been praying. We have asked the people to pray for the snow and rain,” he said. “On special Sundays, we pray a special intention.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”7d115de97a5dd4e26ef06f9d206503d6”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thursday’s rain answered those prayers – somewhat (rain but no snow). But it won’t buy much more time for this town of 900. Lake of the Woods has relied on well water \u003ca href=\"http://rrchs.org/low_page.html\">since Mrs. Florence Cuddy subdivided her land, creating this town in 1925\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Last year we were doing fine. The wells were doing fine. and now, you know, they’ve gone down dramatically,” said Bob Stowell, chairman of the Lake of the Woods Mutual Water Company. One of the company’s consultants estimates Lake of the Woods has lost 70 percent of its supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can’t predict this,” Stowell said. “And you can’t prepare for it as much as you like because of the lack of funds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last summer, the water board knew trouble was coming when surveys showed the wells were draining faster than expected. They tried sinking new wells. All came up dry. The effort sapped the financial reserves of the water company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lake of the Woods could be a victim of location. It shares groundwater with several other water districts, some lower in elevation. “The water follows faultlines and stuff like that, so it’s naturally draining downhill,” said Raphael Molina Jr., the operations manager for Lake of the Woods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Molina works for Lake of the Woods and Krista Mutual Water Company part time. His full time job is for the Lebec County Water District. On his belt is a fat ring of keys for trucks, offices, and locks around wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lebec sold water to Lake of the Woods last summer. Lake of the Woods trucked it up hill and delivered it to homeowners’ tanks. This year, Molina says, that might not happen. Lebec has its own problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our water table here at this well dropped 14 feet in a year,” he said, standing at Lebec’s main well. “So a year ago the water table I think was at 93 feet. So I mean, It is dropping.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Molina is a babyfaced 23-year-old with five years of experience in the region’s water geology under his belt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water emergency\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s getting experience in human psychology, too. When Lake of the Woods declared a water emergency last summer, Molina went door to door to tell residents. At one house, a man shouted at him, and “got in his face.” A woman tore up the emergency notice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What would it take, for people like that to conserve? I ask. “For them to have no water,” he says. “Sometimes you need a rude awakening. That’s what my dad always told me, you know. “\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water remains available over at the Mountain View market, where they sell Lake of the Woods water to all comers with a plastic jug. Rosa Marillo works the deli counter. “I think it’s like 25 cents a gallon?” she said, shrugging. “That is very fair.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Property owners all pay around 45 dollars a month for an unlimited supply of water. Even with little incentive to conserve, Marillo says most people she knows are taking care to cut their use. Still, she’s never heard a water alarm this loud, this early, before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I mean, we never heard about this before,” she says. “And now I’m 22 and I can only imagine what the future is going to be like if we don’t have any water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Town water managers hope that doesn’t happen. A contract with the state will give them around $240,000 towards sinking new wells. They’re looking into other federal and state funding opportunities, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a meeting this week, water board members hung on every word from a hydrogeologist. Consultant Ken Schmidt pointed out on maps where he thought test wells might succeed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From your maps here does it look assuring that there is deep water down there?” one board member asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schmidt nodded. “I think the chances are worth pursuing; they’re greater than 50 percent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Locating areas likely to have water is a science, but pinpointing the location to actually sink a wellhead is more of an art, and sometimes just a guess. Dave Warner’s company, Self-Help, is helping the town raise money for the new well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You could drill there and you could move over twenty feet and come up without water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I ask, if the Lake of the Woods water company was a horse, would he bet on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dave Warner answers immediately. “Yes, because they’re running. If they weren’t running all bets would be off. But they’re running,” he laughs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’ll have to run fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t find any water in Lake of the Woods, you know property values aren’t going to be that much. You’re not going to be able to sell your home. But people are sure gonna leave,” said Raphael Molina, Jr. “I certainly wouldn’t want to live somewhere where there’s no water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state estimates the current wells at Lake of the Woods could run dry by May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2014/02/07/42048/california-drought-town-north-of-la-could-run-out/\">originally appeared on KPCC\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Even with some recent rain, California’s drought grinds on, and health officials say 17 communities could run out of water within the next four months – or sooner. One of those, an hour north of Los Angeles, is the town of Lake of the Woods, perched above the Tejon Pass.",
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"description": "Even with some recent rain, California’s drought grinds on, and health officials say 17 communities could run out of water within the next four months – or sooner. One of those, an hour north of Los Angeles, is the town of Lake of the Woods, perched above the Tejon Pass.",
"title": "California Drought: Town North of L.A. Could Run Out of Water | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14000\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 729px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14000\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/ladyofthesnows-e1391800506497.jpg\" alt=\"The Lake of the Woods Mutual Water Company is one of 17 communities that state health officials are worried will run out of water within 90 days. (Molly Peterson/KPCC)\" width=\"729\" height=\"410\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Lake of the Woods Mutual Water Company is one of 17 communities that state health officials are worried will run out of water within 90 days. (Molly Peterson/KPCC)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2014/02/07/42048/california-drought-town-north-of-la-could-run-out/\">Molly Peterson, KPCC Environment Correspondent\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with some recent rain, California’s drought grinds on, and health officials say 17 communities could run out of water within the next four months – or sooner. One of those, an hour north of Los Angeles, is the town of Lake of the Woods, perched above the Tejon Pass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Our Lady of the Snows, parishioners have been praying lately for the thing their church was named for. Father Sidath Wilegoda is the parish priest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have been praying. We have asked the people to pray for the snow and rain,” he said. “On special Sundays, we pray a special intention.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thursday’s rain answered those prayers – somewhat (rain but no snow). But it won’t buy much more time for this town of 900. Lake of the Woods has relied on well water \u003ca href=\"http://rrchs.org/low_page.html\">since Mrs. Florence Cuddy subdivided her land, creating this town in 1925\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Last year we were doing fine. The wells were doing fine. and now, you know, they’ve gone down dramatically,” said Bob Stowell, chairman of the Lake of the Woods Mutual Water Company. One of the company’s consultants estimates Lake of the Woods has lost 70 percent of its supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can’t predict this,” Stowell said. “And you can’t prepare for it as much as you like because of the lack of funds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last summer, the water board knew trouble was coming when surveys showed the wells were draining faster than expected. They tried sinking new wells. All came up dry. The effort sapped the financial reserves of the water company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lake of the Woods could be a victim of location. It shares groundwater with several other water districts, some lower in elevation. “The water follows faultlines and stuff like that, so it’s naturally draining downhill,” said Raphael Molina Jr., the operations manager for Lake of the Woods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Molina works for Lake of the Woods and Krista Mutual Water Company part time. His full time job is for the Lebec County Water District. On his belt is a fat ring of keys for trucks, offices, and locks around wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lebec sold water to Lake of the Woods last summer. Lake of the Woods trucked it up hill and delivered it to homeowners’ tanks. This year, Molina says, that might not happen. Lebec has its own problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our water table here at this well dropped 14 feet in a year,” he said, standing at Lebec’s main well. “So a year ago the water table I think was at 93 feet. So I mean, It is dropping.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Molina is a babyfaced 23-year-old with five years of experience in the region’s water geology under his belt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water emergency\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s getting experience in human psychology, too. When Lake of the Woods declared a water emergency last summer, Molina went door to door to tell residents. At one house, a man shouted at him, and “got in his face.” A woman tore up the emergency notice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What would it take, for people like that to conserve? I ask. “For them to have no water,” he says. “Sometimes you need a rude awakening. That’s what my dad always told me, you know. “\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water remains available over at the Mountain View market, where they sell Lake of the Woods water to all comers with a plastic jug. Rosa Marillo works the deli counter. “I think it’s like 25 cents a gallon?” she said, shrugging. “That is very fair.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Property owners all pay around 45 dollars a month for an unlimited supply of water. Even with little incentive to conserve, Marillo says most people she knows are taking care to cut their use. Still, she’s never heard a water alarm this loud, this early, before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I mean, we never heard about this before,” she says. “And now I’m 22 and I can only imagine what the future is going to be like if we don’t have any water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Town water managers hope that doesn’t happen. A contract with the state will give them around $240,000 towards sinking new wells. They’re looking into other federal and state funding opportunities, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a meeting this week, water board members hung on every word from a hydrogeologist. Consultant Ken Schmidt pointed out on maps where he thought test wells might succeed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From your maps here does it look assuring that there is deep water down there?” one board member asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schmidt nodded. “I think the chances are worth pursuing; they’re greater than 50 percent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Locating areas likely to have water is a science, but pinpointing the location to actually sink a wellhead is more of an art, and sometimes just a guess. Dave Warner’s company, Self-Help, is helping the town raise money for the new well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You could drill there and you could move over twenty feet and come up without water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I ask, if the Lake of the Woods water company was a horse, would he bet on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dave Warner answers immediately. “Yes, because they’re running. If they weren’t running all bets would be off. But they’re running,” he laughs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’ll have to run fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t find any water in Lake of the Woods, you know property values aren’t going to be that much. You’re not going to be able to sell your home. But people are sure gonna leave,” said Raphael Molina, Jr. “I certainly wouldn’t want to live somewhere where there’s no water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state estimates the current wells at Lake of the Woods could run dry by May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2014/02/07/42048/california-drought-town-north-of-la-could-run-out/\">originally appeared on KPCC\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "L.A. Ducks Drought by Saving up Water for a Dry Day",
"headTitle": "L.A. Ducks Drought by Saving up Water for a Dry Day | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13962\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13962\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/DVL-Westdam.jpg\" alt=\"The west dam at Diamond Valley Lake. (Lvi56/Wikimedia)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The west dam at Diamond Valley Lake. (Lvi56/Wikimedia)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>by Steven Cuevas, Los Angeles Bureau Chief, The California Report\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s severe water shortage has certainly left no drought of ideas for how to address it—from lawmakers floating a host of water bills, to Governor Jerry Brown calling on residents to curb usage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in Southern California, there’s no imminent threat of water rationing. In fact, the region may be in a position to help other water-starved parts of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”9be5708c07ca6373412a0216a70bd208″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main supplier of water for 26 Southland cities—from Los Angeles to the Inland Empire—is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mwdh2o.com/index.htm\">Metropolitan Water District\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We supply water to 19-million residents of Southern California, basically one out of every two Californians,” says MWD director Jeff Kightlinger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2009, the agency has invested $3 billion in water storage and recycling projects. So even though the MWD still draws more than half its supply from outside sources like the Colorado River Aqueduct and the State Water Project, the agency has built up reserves that could last through 2016 and allow it to avoid rationing this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a recent news conference at MWD headquarters in L.A., Kightlinger said it’s possible the agency might actually be able give up a portion of its Colorado River water to Northern California. State officials have identified communities in ten counties that could run out of water within the next few months. The MWD did something similar in 1977, the year that was the benchmark for bad droughts in California—until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back then, says Kightlinger, the MWD was able to jury-rig part of the Colorado River Aqueduct to divert water to Northern California communities. And right now, there aren’t many more sources of water the MWD could share.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This situation is so severe we don’t even have supplies up in Northern California that we could exchange,” says Kightlinger. “That situation could change. We will look at all available tools to work with the rest of the state in response to this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We’ve had 30 year droughts in Southern California so that’s kind of the benchmark we should be shooting for.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Working collaboratively on a drought response is a message Governor Jerry Brown stressed at a meeting with water officials in L.A. last week, along with doling out some tried-and-true practical advice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Don’t flush more than you have to, don’t shower longer than you need to and turn the water off when you’re shaving or brushing your teeth,” the Governor said. “Every day this drought goes on we’re going to have to tighten the screws on what people are doing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown is also touting his administration’s five-year State Water Action Plan. It earmarks nearly $620-million for expanded storage, more efficient groundwater management, recycling and other actions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These strategies have been central to Southern California water planning for years, aimed at reducing reliance on imported water from the Colorado, the Owens Valley and other sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those efforts also include large-scale wastewater recycling partnerships between local water agencies and big industrial and commercial water consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ron Wildermuth is head of governmental affairs at the West Basin Municipal Water District, which operates the Edward Little Water Recycling Facility in El Segundo, just south of Santa Monica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Born from the drought of the late 1980’s, the facility recycles about 40-million gallons of wastewater a day, much of which is used in oil production at refineries that ring Santa Monica Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, they’ve spent $5 billion in the last two decades investing in storage and helping local projects like ours, so that we’re surviving this drought without restrictions right now,” said Wildermuth during a recent tour of the facility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildermuth says it’s great when the Governor calls on residents to flush less and take shorter showers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But we’ve had 30-year droughts in Southern California so that’s kind of the benchmark we should be shooting for.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says there should be even more emphasis on plans for long-term water storage and more ambitious goals for wastewater treatment and recycling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the rainless clouds above California have a silver lining says Wildermuth, it’s that times of drought can also be used to spur lawmakers and other decision makers into pumping even more into California’s water management future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a lot of water professionals who believe we should take advantage of the drought to remind people that the golden era of water when you could have as much as you want for any purpose at a cheap price is ending.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that everyone across the state is facing a future of water scarcity, where better management and greater collaboration are critical.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We supply water to 19-million residents of Southern California, basically one out of every two Californians,” says MWD director Jeff Kightlinger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2009, the agency has invested $3 billion in water storage and recycling projects. So even though the MWD still draws more than half its supply from outside sources like the Colorado River Aqueduct and the State Water Project, the agency has built up reserves that could last through 2016 and allow it to avoid rationing this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a recent news conference at MWD headquarters in L.A., Kightlinger said it’s possible the agency might actually be able give up a portion of its Colorado River water to Northern California. State officials have identified communities in ten counties that could run out of water within the next few months. The MWD did something similar in 1977, the year that was the benchmark for bad droughts in California—until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back then, says Kightlinger, the MWD was able to jury-rig part of the Colorado River Aqueduct to divert water to Northern California communities. And right now, there aren’t many more sources of water the MWD could share.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This situation is so severe we don’t even have supplies up in Northern California that we could exchange,” says Kightlinger. “That situation could change. We will look at all available tools to work with the rest of the state in response to this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We’ve had 30 year droughts in Southern California so that’s kind of the benchmark we should be shooting for.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Working collaboratively on a drought response is a message Governor Jerry Brown stressed at a meeting with water officials in L.A. last week, along with doling out some tried-and-true practical advice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Don’t flush more than you have to, don’t shower longer than you need to and turn the water off when you’re shaving or brushing your teeth,” the Governor said. “Every day this drought goes on we’re going to have to tighten the screws on what people are doing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown is also touting his administration’s five-year State Water Action Plan. It earmarks nearly $620-million for expanded storage, more efficient groundwater management, recycling and other actions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These strategies have been central to Southern California water planning for years, aimed at reducing reliance on imported water from the Colorado, the Owens Valley and other sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those efforts also include large-scale wastewater recycling partnerships between local water agencies and big industrial and commercial water consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ron Wildermuth is head of governmental affairs at the West Basin Municipal Water District, which operates the Edward Little Water Recycling Facility in El Segundo, just south of Santa Monica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Born from the drought of the late 1980’s, the facility recycles about 40-million gallons of wastewater a day, much of which is used in oil production at refineries that ring Santa Monica Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, they’ve spent $5 billion in the last two decades investing in storage and helping local projects like ours, so that we’re surviving this drought without restrictions right now,” said Wildermuth during a recent tour of the facility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildermuth says it’s great when the Governor calls on residents to flush less and take shorter showers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But we’ve had 30-year droughts in Southern California so that’s kind of the benchmark we should be shooting for.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says there should be even more emphasis on plans for long-term water storage and more ambitious goals for wastewater treatment and recycling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the rainless clouds above California have a silver lining says Wildermuth, it’s that times of drought can also be used to spur lawmakers and other decision makers into pumping even more into California’s water management future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a lot of water professionals who believe we should take advantage of the drought to remind people that the golden era of water when you could have as much as you want for any purpose at a cheap price is ending.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that everyone across the state is facing a future of water scarcity, where better management and greater collaboration are critical.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Drought Could Take a Toll on Electricity Supply",
"headTitle": "California Drought Could Take a Toll on Electricity Supply | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13901\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13901\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/shasta.jpg\" alt=\"Shasta Dam generates hydropower, controls floods and provides water to the Central Valley Project. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shasta Dam generates hydropower, controls floods and provides water to the Central Valley Project. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California’s deepening drought could have an effect on the electricity supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydropower, which accounts for about 14 percent of the state’s power, comes from the mountains: reservoirs trap the snow as it melts, when the water is released it spins turbines and voila, electricity. But \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/products/rescond.pdf\">reservoir levels\u003c/a> are well below normal, stream flows are down to a trickle, and the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/01/30/sierra-snow-survey-offers-little-hope-as-drought-lingers/\">snowpack\u003c/a> is, frankly, pathetic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”731cb6d168a90f04a5853a258393280a”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no cause for concern about shortages, according to Steven Greenlee, a spokesman with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.caiso.com/Pages/default.aspx\">California Independent System Operator\u003c/a>, which manages California’s grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re used to balancing supply and demand whenever we have a sudden loss of a resource,” he said, pointing out that they deal with power plants and transmission lines going down all the time. But, he added, rates could go up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With less hydroelectricity on the grid, which is a very cost-efficient and effective resource, we may have to run more natural gas units, and natural gas is a bit higher in its base price,” Greenlee said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More natural gas also means more \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-and-you/affect/natural-gas.html\">air pollution\u003c/a>, though Greenlee said solar and wind energy will also help make up for the decrease in hydropower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drought is something utilities know to plan for in California, as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/2014/02/04/6125877/drought-cuts-into-states-hydro.html\">Sacramento Bee explained\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Utilities are also being a lot more careful about running their hydro plants, holding off as much as possible until summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can hold onto water and use it during the summer,” said Paul Moreno\u003ca href=\"http://topics.sacbee.com/Paul+Moreno/\" rel=\"nofollow\">,\u003c/a> spokesman for Pacific Gas and Electric Co. “We are managing our available water resources so this summer we’ll be able to deliver power.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/waterandpower/\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13908 alignright\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/WarnerPowerAndWater300.jpg\" alt=\"WarnerPowerAndWater300\" width=\"300\" height=\"192\">\u003c/a>We explored the connection between water and power in California in a series couple years ago, and especially dug into how a \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2012/06/17/hydropower-with-a-shrinking-snowpack/\">shrinking snowpack could affect electricity rates\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The years 2007-09 were dry, for example, and in those years, Juliet Christian-Smith from the \u003ca href=\"http://pacinst.org/\">Pacific Institute\u003c/a> calculated the cost, both financial and environmental:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>She ran the numbers and found that as utilities were forced to switch some of the load to natural gas-fired plants to make up the difference, “The cost to electricity consumers was about $1.7 billion dollars.” That’s billion, with a “B.” And here are some more billions from the same time frame: 13 billion additional tons of carbon dioxide emissions because, well, burning natural gas emits CO2 and hydropower does not. Christian-Smith says that, “Given the impact of this drought on our energy production possibilities and the costs that we had to pay for energy, it’s important to think about what a longer and more severe drought might do.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "California's deepening drought could have an effect on the electricity supply. Hydropower usually accounts for about 14 percent of the state's power, but with low reservoir levels, officials are preparing for it to be less.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13901\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13901\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/shasta.jpg\" alt=\"Shasta Dam generates hydropower, controls floods and provides water to the Central Valley Project. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shasta Dam generates hydropower, controls floods and provides water to the Central Valley Project. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California’s deepening drought could have an effect on the electricity supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydropower, which accounts for about 14 percent of the state’s power, comes from the mountains: reservoirs trap the snow as it melts, when the water is released it spins turbines and voila, electricity. But \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/products/rescond.pdf\">reservoir levels\u003c/a> are well below normal, stream flows are down to a trickle, and the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/01/30/sierra-snow-survey-offers-little-hope-as-drought-lingers/\">snowpack\u003c/a> is, frankly, pathetic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no cause for concern about shortages, according to Steven Greenlee, a spokesman with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.caiso.com/Pages/default.aspx\">California Independent System Operator\u003c/a>, which manages California’s grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re used to balancing supply and demand whenever we have a sudden loss of a resource,” he said, pointing out that they deal with power plants and transmission lines going down all the time. But, he added, rates could go up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With less hydroelectricity on the grid, which is a very cost-efficient and effective resource, we may have to run more natural gas units, and natural gas is a bit higher in its base price,” Greenlee said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More natural gas also means more \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-and-you/affect/natural-gas.html\">air pollution\u003c/a>, though Greenlee said solar and wind energy will also help make up for the decrease in hydropower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drought is something utilities know to plan for in California, as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/2014/02/04/6125877/drought-cuts-into-states-hydro.html\">Sacramento Bee explained\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Utilities are also being a lot more careful about running their hydro plants, holding off as much as possible until summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can hold onto water and use it during the summer,” said Paul Moreno\u003ca href=\"http://topics.sacbee.com/Paul+Moreno/\" rel=\"nofollow\">,\u003c/a> spokesman for Pacific Gas and Electric Co. “We are managing our available water resources so this summer we’ll be able to deliver power.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/waterandpower/\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13908 alignright\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/WarnerPowerAndWater300.jpg\" alt=\"WarnerPowerAndWater300\" width=\"300\" height=\"192\">\u003c/a>We explored the connection between water and power in California in a series couple years ago, and especially dug into how a \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2012/06/17/hydropower-with-a-shrinking-snowpack/\">shrinking snowpack could affect electricity rates\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The years 2007-09 were dry, for example, and in those years, Juliet Christian-Smith from the \u003ca href=\"http://pacinst.org/\">Pacific Institute\u003c/a> calculated the cost, both financial and environmental:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>She ran the numbers and found that as utilities were forced to switch some of the load to natural gas-fired plants to make up the difference, “The cost to electricity consumers was about $1.7 billion dollars.” That’s billion, with a “B.” And here are some more billions from the same time frame: 13 billion additional tons of carbon dioxide emissions because, well, burning natural gas emits CO2 and hydropower does not. Christian-Smith says that, “Given the impact of this drought on our energy production possibilities and the costs that we had to pay for energy, it’s important to think about what a longer and more severe drought might do.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"headTitle": "Should Wine Bottles Carry a Deposit? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/01/20140203science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>For most people, tossing cans and bottles into the recycling bin marks the last time they’ll ever think about them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for many others – including a San Jose program for high-school drop-outs – that trip to the recycling bin is just the beginning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13799\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 291px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-13799 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/CC-Jocelyn-Serna-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Jocelyn Serna, 18, graduated from the San Jose Conservation Corps Charter School on January 24th, the first in her family to receive a high school diploma. (Francesca Segre/KQED)\" width=\"291\" height=\"387\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jocelyn Serna, 18, graduated from the San Jose Conservation Corps Charter School on January 24th. (Francesca Segre/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Earlier this month, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sjcccharterschool.org/\">San Jose Conservation Corps Charter School\u003c/a> held its winter graduation at the Santa Clara County Fairgrounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jocelyn Serna, 18, became the first person in her family to receive a high school diploma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything I’m doing, everything is for the high school she’s finishing today,” said her mother, Michel Sanchez. “I’m happy. Very, very happy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bob Hennessey, a former Catholic priest, \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wz_5gwRaj7Q&feature=youtu.be\">founded the charter school program\u003c/a> in 1987. He said it’s designed to meet the needs of primarily young adults who have dropped out of high school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some dropped out in seventh grade, some at tenth,” Hennessey said. “Some were asked to leave. So without giving any thought to what their lives have been, we’re there to help them change their lives now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now what, you may be asking, does a conservation corps charter school have to do with recycling? There’s a simple, three letter answer to that: CRV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CRV stands for the California Redemption Value. CRV is why you pay an extra five cents every time you buy a can of Coke, or ten cents for that big bottle of Gatorade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the CRV program, you can have that nickel or dime back if you take the can to a certified recycling center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alternatively, you can let someone else do it for you. For example, a recycling company will pick up bottles and cans at the curbside, funding its operations through the CRV value, plus whatever the material is worth on the scrap market.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘I think most folks assume that the CRV program covers all beverages. They’re surprised when they find out that wine and liquor are exempt.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In many cities, scavengers beat them to it, digging cans and bottles out of recycling bins in order to collect the CRV deposit, although this practice is illegal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if no one collects that nickel (maybe because the bottle goes into the landfill, or breaks) it goes into a giant pot of nickels and dimes overseen by the state, amounting to $1.1 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That money funds recycling outreach, community grants and \u003ca href=\"http://www.californialocalconservationcorps.org/\">local Conservation Corps\u003c/a>, including the one in San Jose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The bottle bill was what started the local Corps,” said Bob Hennessey. “Fourteen of us [local Conservation Corps] depend on the bottle bill as base funding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the state’s fund is running out of money. Recycling rates are high these days, largely because in a tough economy, more people want their nickels back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This crisis has led the state to pursue several changes to the recycling program. Most of these changes will be imperceptible to the average consumer, but they hit California’s poorer citizens much harder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebudget.ca.gov/2014-15/pdf/BudgetSummary/EnvironmentalProtection.pdf\">next year’s budget\u003c/a>, Governor Brown proposes to stop funding the local Conservation Corps out of the bottle fund. According to the plan, groups like Hennessey’s would draw from alternate streams, such as the state’s electronic-waste recycling program, or used-oil programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Hennessey fears the new funding streams won’t materialize, or will be insufficient to cover the $6 million his organization depends on annually to run its charter school, vocational training and other programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, two new laws target recycling fraud. One takes aim at recycling importers, who bring in bottles and cans from out of state in order to take advantage of California’s relatively generous CRV program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another addresses a practice known as “comingling,” in which recycling centers are permitted to reimburse customers by weight, rather than counting each CRV container separately.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Comingling saves time, but over-compensates recyclers by reimbursing them for containers that are not included in the CRV program, such as liquor or milk bottles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Murray, head of the Sacramento-based non-profit \u003ca href=\"http://www.cawrecycles.org/\">Californians Against Waste\u003c/a>, said some of these changes are necessary to address the shortfall in the state’s recycling fund and make the program more efficient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s another change he’d like to see as well, one that would simplify the recycling process, raise recycling rates and help the state’s bottom line: adding wine and liquor bottles to the beverage container recycling law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13791\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13791\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/bottles.jpg\" alt=\"In California, beer bottles do carry a deposit, but liquor and wine bottles don't. (James Cridland/Flickr) http://www.flickr.com/photos/jamescridland/393978012/\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In California, beer bottles do carry a deposit, but liquor and wine bottles don’t. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/jamescridland/393978012/\">James Cridland/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I think most folks assume that the CRV program covers all beverages,” said Murray. “They’re surprised when they find out that wine and liquor are exempt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Murray estimates that 800 million glass wine and liquor bottles are generated in the state. Wine bottles, which make up the bulk of that number, have what he calls a “dismal” recycling rate: somewhere in the neighborhood of 40 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of that rate is the nature of glass. Many wine bottles tossed into recycling bins won’t survive the trip. Broken glass is much harder to recycle than intact bottles, and often ends up in landfills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adding a deposit, said Murray, would give recyclers an incentive to do a better job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And any uncollected deposits would plump up the state fund by $20 million or more a year, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can both close a funding shortfall and double the recycling rate by adding these currently exempt containers to the recycling program,” Murray said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tim Shmelzer is a director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wineinstitute.org/\">Wine Institute\u003c/a>, which represents California wine makers. He disagrees such changes are necessary to drive recycling rates up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We believe we’re past the age where we need to provide a financial incentive for people to do that,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shmelzer said the industry is proud of the recycling rate for wine bottles, though he declined to provide a figure for what that rate might be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t have a comment on that particular number,” Shmelzer said. “Like I said, we believe wine bottles are already being recycled at a high rate right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Murray and Hennessey said they’ve tried for years to convince legislators to add wine and liquor bottles to the program, but lobbyists from those industries have blocked the effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This winter, the duo said they’ll be back in Sacramento, trying again.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Some are calling for bottle deposits on wine and liquor bottles to solve the deficit in the state’s recycling fund, but the industry says its recycling rates are already high.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>For most people, tossing cans and bottles into the recycling bin marks the last time they’ll ever think about them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for many others – including a San Jose program for high-school drop-outs – that trip to the recycling bin is just the beginning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13799\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 291px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-13799 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/CC-Jocelyn-Serna-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Jocelyn Serna, 18, graduated from the San Jose Conservation Corps Charter School on January 24th, the first in her family to receive a high school diploma. (Francesca Segre/KQED)\" width=\"291\" height=\"387\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jocelyn Serna, 18, graduated from the San Jose Conservation Corps Charter School on January 24th. (Francesca Segre/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Earlier this month, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sjcccharterschool.org/\">San Jose Conservation Corps Charter School\u003c/a> held its winter graduation at the Santa Clara County Fairgrounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jocelyn Serna, 18, became the first person in her family to receive a high school diploma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything I’m doing, everything is for the high school she’s finishing today,” said her mother, Michel Sanchez. “I’m happy. Very, very happy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bob Hennessey, a former Catholic priest, \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wz_5gwRaj7Q&feature=youtu.be\">founded the charter school program\u003c/a> in 1987. He said it’s designed to meet the needs of primarily young adults who have dropped out of high school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some dropped out in seventh grade, some at tenth,” Hennessey said. “Some were asked to leave. So without giving any thought to what their lives have been, we’re there to help them change their lives now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now what, you may be asking, does a conservation corps charter school have to do with recycling? There’s a simple, three letter answer to that: CRV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CRV stands for the California Redemption Value. CRV is why you pay an extra five cents every time you buy a can of Coke, or ten cents for that big bottle of Gatorade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the CRV program, you can have that nickel or dime back if you take the can to a certified recycling center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alternatively, you can let someone else do it for you. For example, a recycling company will pick up bottles and cans at the curbside, funding its operations through the CRV value, plus whatever the material is worth on the scrap market.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘I think most folks assume that the CRV program covers all beverages. They’re surprised when they find out that wine and liquor are exempt.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In many cities, scavengers beat them to it, digging cans and bottles out of recycling bins in order to collect the CRV deposit, although this practice is illegal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if no one collects that nickel (maybe because the bottle goes into the landfill, or breaks) it goes into a giant pot of nickels and dimes overseen by the state, amounting to $1.1 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That money funds recycling outreach, community grants and \u003ca href=\"http://www.californialocalconservationcorps.org/\">local Conservation Corps\u003c/a>, including the one in San Jose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The bottle bill was what started the local Corps,” said Bob Hennessey. “Fourteen of us [local Conservation Corps] depend on the bottle bill as base funding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the state’s fund is running out of money. Recycling rates are high these days, largely because in a tough economy, more people want their nickels back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This crisis has led the state to pursue several changes to the recycling program. Most of these changes will be imperceptible to the average consumer, but they hit California’s poorer citizens much harder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebudget.ca.gov/2014-15/pdf/BudgetSummary/EnvironmentalProtection.pdf\">next year’s budget\u003c/a>, Governor Brown proposes to stop funding the local Conservation Corps out of the bottle fund. According to the plan, groups like Hennessey’s would draw from alternate streams, such as the state’s electronic-waste recycling program, or used-oil programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Hennessey fears the new funding streams won’t materialize, or will be insufficient to cover the $6 million his organization depends on annually to run its charter school, vocational training and other programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, two new laws target recycling fraud. One takes aim at recycling importers, who bring in bottles and cans from out of state in order to take advantage of California’s relatively generous CRV program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another addresses a practice known as “comingling,” in which recycling centers are permitted to reimburse customers by weight, rather than counting each CRV container separately.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Comingling saves time, but over-compensates recyclers by reimbursing them for containers that are not included in the CRV program, such as liquor or milk bottles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Murray, head of the Sacramento-based non-profit \u003ca href=\"http://www.cawrecycles.org/\">Californians Against Waste\u003c/a>, said some of these changes are necessary to address the shortfall in the state’s recycling fund and make the program more efficient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s another change he’d like to see as well, one that would simplify the recycling process, raise recycling rates and help the state’s bottom line: adding wine and liquor bottles to the beverage container recycling law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13791\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13791\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/bottles.jpg\" alt=\"In California, beer bottles do carry a deposit, but liquor and wine bottles don't. (James Cridland/Flickr) http://www.flickr.com/photos/jamescridland/393978012/\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In California, beer bottles do carry a deposit, but liquor and wine bottles don’t. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/jamescridland/393978012/\">James Cridland/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I think most folks assume that the CRV program covers all beverages,” said Murray. “They’re surprised when they find out that wine and liquor are exempt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Murray estimates that 800 million glass wine and liquor bottles are generated in the state. Wine bottles, which make up the bulk of that number, have what he calls a “dismal” recycling rate: somewhere in the neighborhood of 40 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of that rate is the nature of glass. Many wine bottles tossed into recycling bins won’t survive the trip. Broken glass is much harder to recycle than intact bottles, and often ends up in landfills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adding a deposit, said Murray, would give recyclers an incentive to do a better job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And any uncollected deposits would plump up the state fund by $20 million or more a year, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can both close a funding shortfall and double the recycling rate by adding these currently exempt containers to the recycling program,” Murray said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tim Shmelzer is a director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wineinstitute.org/\">Wine Institute\u003c/a>, which represents California wine makers. He disagrees such changes are necessary to drive recycling rates up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We believe we’re past the age where we need to provide a financial incentive for people to do that,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shmelzer said the industry is proud of the recycling rate for wine bottles, though he declined to provide a figure for what that rate might be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t have a comment on that particular number,” Shmelzer said. “Like I said, we believe wine bottles are already being recycled at a high rate right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Murray and Hennessey said they’ve tried for years to convince legislators to add wine and liquor bottles to the program, but lobbyists from those industries have blocked the effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Sierra Snow Survey Offers Little Hope as Drought Lingers",
"headTitle": "Sierra Snow Survey Offers Little Hope as Drought Lingers | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13766\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13766\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/snowytahoe.jpg\" alt=\"Snow is accumulating at lake level in South Lake Tahoe. (Jim Siler)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Accumulations in South Lake Tahoe on Thursday provided mostly window dressing for the monthly snow survey. (Jim Siler)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Snow finally came to the Sierra on Thursday but the flurries were too little, too late, to plump up the closely-watched Sierra snowpack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About six inches of heavy, wet snow blanketed areas near Lake Tahoe, just as state water managers were scrounging for some good news for the \u003ca title=\"CDEC - Snowpack\" href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">monthly Sierra snow survey\u003c/a>. They didn’t find much to celebrate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”e17969dcba3a0cd128270772da553a21″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water managers keep a close eye on two measures. First: where the snowpack stands compared to the average for this date. Answer: just 12 percent of normal, statewide. That shatters the previous mark for this point in the winter of 21 percent, which had stood for more than 20 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second number is even more sobering: Thursday’s measurements put the water content of Sierra snows at just 7 percent of the average for April 1st, when accumulation is typically at its peak and the runoff season is about to start. With just two months to go, that’s a lot of precipitation to make up, considering that California counts on the mountain snowpack for about a third of its water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National Weather Service forecasters in Sacramento called the current unsettled conditions, “the first significant weather system to affect the region in almost two months.” And it’s the end of January. That means two of the three months most counted on for Northern California’s annual precipitation have gone by the boards with barely a whimper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A mix of snow and rain showers could linger into the weekend but hope of another wave of precipitation next week has largely evaporated, and \u003ca title=\"NWS - map\" href=\"http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/predictions/30day/\">longer-range forecasts remain stubbornly dry\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown has begun \u003ca title=\"SF Gate - post\" href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/science/article/California-drought-Meager-snowpack-sets-new-5190495.php\">using the term, “megadrought”\u003c/a> to describe current conditions. Earlier this week, state health officials \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/01/29/california-drought-17-communities-on-the-critical-list/\">identified 17 communities\u003c/a> that could exhaust their water supplies sometime in the next one to four months, including several parts of Sonoma and Mendocino Counties. Meanwhile, the state Department of Fish & Wildlife \u003ca title=\"Lake County Times - post\" href=\"http://www.lakeconews.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=35175:cdfw-puts-closures-in-effect-on-some-rivers-recommends-more-changes-to-the-fish-and-game-commission&catid=44:recreation&Itemid=176\">closed off significant stretches\u003c/a> of northern California rivers to fishing, until river conditions improve. Officials say water levels were so low in some places that fish were being trapped in small, isolated pools.The closures included portions of the Russian and American Rivers, in effect through April.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National Weather Service forecasters in Sacramento called the current unsettled conditions, “the first significant weather system to affect the region in almost two months.” And it’s the end of January. That means two of the three months most counted on for Northern California’s annual precipitation have gone by the boards with barely a whimper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A mix of snow and rain showers could linger into the weekend but hope of another wave of precipitation next week has largely evaporated, and \u003ca title=\"NWS - map\" href=\"http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/predictions/30day/\">longer-range forecasts remain stubbornly dry\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown has begun \u003ca title=\"SF Gate - post\" href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/science/article/California-drought-Meager-snowpack-sets-new-5190495.php\">using the term, “megadrought”\u003c/a> to describe current conditions. Earlier this week, state health officials \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/01/29/california-drought-17-communities-on-the-critical-list/\">identified 17 communities\u003c/a> that could exhaust their water supplies sometime in the next one to four months, including several parts of Sonoma and Mendocino Counties. Meanwhile, the state Department of Fish & Wildlife \u003ca title=\"Lake County Times - post\" href=\"http://www.lakeconews.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=35175:cdfw-puts-closures-in-effect-on-some-rivers-recommends-more-changes-to-the-fish-and-game-commission&catid=44:recreation&Itemid=176\">closed off significant stretches\u003c/a> of northern California rivers to fishing, until river conditions improve. Officials say water levels were so low in some places that fish were being trapped in small, isolated pools.The closures included portions of the Russian and American Rivers, in effect through April.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Drought: 17 Communities on the Critical List",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13665\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/reservoir-featured.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13665 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/reservoir-featured.jpg\" alt=\"Almaden Reservoir in San Jose is owned by the Santa Clara Valley Water District, a large water supplier, and not one of the ones currently in trouble. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Almaden Reservoir in San Jose is owned by the Santa Clara Valley Water District, a large water supplier, and not one of the ones currently in trouble. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The scant amounts of rain and snow that finally infiltrated Northern California this week will put barely a dent in the ongoing drought. Now, 17 communities in California are at risk of running out of water within one to four months, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/Pages/NR14-012.aspx\">California Department of Public Health\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED Science managing editor and San Jose Mercury News reporter Paul Rogers \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/science/ci_25013388/california-drought-17-communities-could-run-out-water\">described the problem in the Merc\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>In some communities, wells are running dry. In others, reservoirs are nearly empty. Some have long-running problems that predate the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water systems, all in rural areas, serve from 39 to 11,000 residents. They range from the tiny Lompico County Water District in Santa Cruz County to districts that serve the cities of Healdsburg and Cloverdale in Sonoma County.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘I expect if the drought continues, we will see more small areas getting in trouble and needing help.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“These little districts with the small number of ratepayers don’t have a safety net,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201401311630/a\">Rogers told The California Report’s Scott Shafer\u003c/a>. “Many of them were vulnerable to begin with.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike big urban water agencies such as the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, Santa Clara Valley Water District and East Bay Municipal Utility District, smaller water districts don’t have the resources to build new reservoirs and manage water conservation programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so while some of the large districts with water banked in big reservoirs are asking for \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/01/28/san-francisco-seeks-10-percent-voluntary-cut-in-water-consumption\">voluntary cutbacks\u003c/a> — 10 percent in San Francisco and the Peninsula, for instance, and 20 percent in Alameda County — Rogers said these 17 small districts will be looking at more drastic solutions: new pipelines, trucking in water, drilling new wells or bringing in mobile desalination plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the drought drags on, they may not be the only ones. “I expect if the drought continues, we will see more small areas getting in trouble and needing help,” Rogers said. “When we talk about who’s going to suffer the most, it’s small, rural communities without money and it’s farmers and ranchers who need the water the most for their economics.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While we may get, oh, another tenth of an inch or so of rain in today’s weather system, the National Weather Service is \u003ca href=\"http://forecast.weather.gov/product.php?site=NWS&issuedby=MTR&product=AFD&format=CI&version=1&glossary=1\">forecasting more dry weather\u003c/a> on the horizon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/20140128_091728_ssjm0129nowater90.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-13671 aligncenter\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/20140128_091728_ssjm0129nowater90.jpg\" alt=\"NEW GRAPHICS TEMPLATE\" width=\"586\" height=\"476\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "It finally rained and snowed in parts of Northern California, but we are still deep in a drought. Now, 17 communities in California are at risk of running out of water within 60 to 100 days.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13665\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/reservoir-featured.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13665 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/reservoir-featured.jpg\" alt=\"Almaden Reservoir in San Jose is owned by the Santa Clara Valley Water District, a large water supplier, and not one of the ones currently in trouble. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Almaden Reservoir in San Jose is owned by the Santa Clara Valley Water District, a large water supplier, and not one of the ones currently in trouble. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The scant amounts of rain and snow that finally infiltrated Northern California this week will put barely a dent in the ongoing drought. Now, 17 communities in California are at risk of running out of water within one to four months, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/Pages/NR14-012.aspx\">California Department of Public Health\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED Science managing editor and San Jose Mercury News reporter Paul Rogers \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/science/ci_25013388/california-drought-17-communities-could-run-out-water\">described the problem in the Merc\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>In some communities, wells are running dry. In others, reservoirs are nearly empty. Some have long-running problems that predate the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water systems, all in rural areas, serve from 39 to 11,000 residents. They range from the tiny Lompico County Water District in Santa Cruz County to districts that serve the cities of Healdsburg and Cloverdale in Sonoma County.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘I expect if the drought continues, we will see more small areas getting in trouble and needing help.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“These little districts with the small number of ratepayers don’t have a safety net,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201401311630/a\">Rogers told The California Report’s Scott Shafer\u003c/a>. “Many of them were vulnerable to begin with.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike big urban water agencies such as the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, Santa Clara Valley Water District and East Bay Municipal Utility District, smaller water districts don’t have the resources to build new reservoirs and manage water conservation programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so while some of the large districts with water banked in big reservoirs are asking for \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/01/28/san-francisco-seeks-10-percent-voluntary-cut-in-water-consumption\">voluntary cutbacks\u003c/a> — 10 percent in San Francisco and the Peninsula, for instance, and 20 percent in Alameda County — Rogers said these 17 small districts will be looking at more drastic solutions: new pipelines, trucking in water, drilling new wells or bringing in mobile desalination plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the drought drags on, they may not be the only ones. “I expect if the drought continues, we will see more small areas getting in trouble and needing help,” Rogers said. “When we talk about who’s going to suffer the most, it’s small, rural communities without money and it’s farmers and ranchers who need the water the most for their economics.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While we may get, oh, another tenth of an inch or so of rain in today’s weather system, the National Weather Service is \u003ca href=\"http://forecast.weather.gov/product.php?site=NWS&issuedby=MTR&product=AFD&format=CI&version=1&glossary=1\">forecasting more dry weather\u003c/a> on the horizon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/20140128_091728_ssjm0129nowater90.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-13671 aligncenter\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/20140128_091728_ssjm0129nowater90.jpg\" alt=\"NEW GRAPHICS TEMPLATE\" width=\"586\" height=\"476\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13620\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13620\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/vineyard.jpg\" alt=\"drought vineyard california napa craig miller\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Prunings pile up among vines in the Napa Valley. Heavy pruning will produce lower grape yields, but require less water–and could even improve the wine. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Northern California vintners are already looking ahead to the next wine harvest and bracing for impacts as the drought deepens. Some will be hit much harder than others.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We could see a dramatic reduction in yield, so it could have a very large economic impact.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Yield is going to be the major factor this year,” says Domenick Bianco, who oversees growing operations for Renteria Vineyard Management, which farms about 1,300 acres in the Napa Valley. Sometimes smaller yields can produce very high-quality wines. Napa growers are aggressively pruning back vines, which will concentrate precious water and nutrients on a smaller number of grape clusters. But fewer grapes still mean lower profits. “We could see a dramatic reduction in yield, so it could have a very large economic impact,” warns Bianco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”a37a03c465e397175b33c09038c5a5c4″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s too early to tell what that impact will be. Napa County’s grape harvest produced $656 million in 2012 — that’s just the grapes, not the wine. But the impact is almost sure to be worse in regions like the Anderson Valley and the Central Valley, which are more reliant on surface water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Napa growers say the \u003ca title=\"Wine Searcher - post\" href=\"http://www.wine-searcher.com/m/2014/01/groundwater-helps-napa-vintners-weather-drought\">abundant groundwater\u003c/a> that lies under the valley should cushion them from the kind of \u003ca title=\"Wine Searcher - post\" href=\"http://www.wine-searcher.com/m/2014/01/california-wine-threatened-by-drought-crisis\">water crises unfolding\u003c/a> in other winemaking regions, like Paso Robles and even Mendocino County. But they’re not taking it lightly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In my opinion it’s very serious,” says Hal Huffsmith, senior vice president at the Trincharo Family Estates unit of Sutter Home Winery. “Groundwater is a crutch at this point.” It’s also expensive to pump out, which further squeezes margins for growers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our fields are not up to capacity. There’s not excess water in the ground for our vines to feed on,” Huffsmith explains. “It could be a very significant and serious problem going forward, as we’re not able to compensate effectively the loss of winter rainfall.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far that rainfall is looking pretty pathetic. Huffsmith says the region has logged about two inches, whereas area vintners would normally expect ten times that amount. Growers say there is still time for substantial rain to fall before the fruit emerges, though there is \u003ca title=\"NewsFix - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/01/27/draft-forecasters-say-it-might-rain-really-it-might/\">little in the forecast\u003c/a>. The lack of rain could leave vines more vulnerable to damaging insects, and there’ll be less water to ward off frost, if there are more cold snaps this winter. Growers who count on draws from the Napa River for frost protection have been told that river water won’t be available this year.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13620\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13620\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/vineyard.jpg\" alt=\"drought vineyard california napa craig miller\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Prunings pile up among vines in the Napa Valley. Heavy pruning will produce lower grape yields, but require less water–and could even improve the wine. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Northern California vintners are already looking ahead to the next wine harvest and bracing for impacts as the drought deepens. Some will be hit much harder than others.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We could see a dramatic reduction in yield, so it could have a very large economic impact.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Yield is going to be the major factor this year,” says Domenick Bianco, who oversees growing operations for Renteria Vineyard Management, which farms about 1,300 acres in the Napa Valley. Sometimes smaller yields can produce very high-quality wines. Napa growers are aggressively pruning back vines, which will concentrate precious water and nutrients on a smaller number of grape clusters. But fewer grapes still mean lower profits. “We could see a dramatic reduction in yield, so it could have a very large economic impact,” warns Bianco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s too early to tell what that impact will be. Napa County’s grape harvest produced $656 million in 2012 — that’s just the grapes, not the wine. But the impact is almost sure to be worse in regions like the Anderson Valley and the Central Valley, which are more reliant on surface water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Napa growers say the \u003ca title=\"Wine Searcher - post\" href=\"http://www.wine-searcher.com/m/2014/01/groundwater-helps-napa-vintners-weather-drought\">abundant groundwater\u003c/a> that lies under the valley should cushion them from the kind of \u003ca title=\"Wine Searcher - post\" href=\"http://www.wine-searcher.com/m/2014/01/california-wine-threatened-by-drought-crisis\">water crises unfolding\u003c/a> in other winemaking regions, like Paso Robles and even Mendocino County. But they’re not taking it lightly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "During Drought, Pop-Up Wetlands Give Birds a Break",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Northern+California/Radio/Stream/Pop_up_wetlands_Jan_27_2014.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/series/california-drought-watch/\">severe drought\u003c/a> is taking a toll on wildlife around the state. Millions of birds migrate through this time of year, but the waterways and wetlands they rely on are largely dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Sacramento Valley, one environmental group is working with farmers and citizen scientists to provide some help by creating temporary “pop-up” wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winter is always a busy bird season at Douglas Thomas’s rice farm in Olivehurst, California, about 40 miles north of Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those fields behind there will fill with geese,” he says. “It’s just so loud. You can’t sleep at night. The first couple nights are pretty rough and I’m actually cussing them even though I love them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent winter morning, Thomas watches as a young bald eagle dives at some 3,000 snow geese floating in the rice fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As soon as they start getting here, this is what I sit and do,” he says “I keep my binoculars in my truck.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66369\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 314px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/TNC-map.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-66369\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/TNC-map.jpg\" alt=\"The orange areas show where migratory birds are likely to be on March 17 in the Central Valley, based on citizen science observations from eBird. The blue shows available waterways and wetlands. Scientists used a series of these maps to look for areas where wetlands are lacking. (Source: Cornell eBird, Point Blue Conservation Science, The Nature Conservancy)\" width=\"314\" height=\"465\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The \u003cstrong>orange areas\u003c/strong> show where migratory birds are likely to be on March 17 in the Central Valley, based on citizen science data from eBird. The \u003cstrong>blue\u003c/strong> shows available water. Scientists used a series of these maps to look for areas where wetlands are lacking. (Source: Cornell eBird, Point Blue Conservation Science, The Nature Conservancy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The birds come here because Thomas keeps his rice fields flooded in December and January. The water decomposes the rice straw leftover from last year’s harvest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally, at the end of January, “we would let our water go and start trying to dry our fields out because the lake that’s in front of us has to be dry enough to drive a tractor in it and then we’ve got to seed it,” he says\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not this year. Thomas is leaving water on his fields a little longer as part of an experimental project with \u003ca href=\"http://www.conserveca.org/blog_multimedia/precision-conservation.xml\">The Nature Conservancy\u003c/a>, designed to provide extra habitat for the birds when they need it most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thomas’s farm is in the middle of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-great-migration/\">Pacific Flyway\u003c/a>, a vast migration route that stretches from the Arctic to South America. The Central Valley is a key pit stop for millions of birds along the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is really the linchpin of the Pacific Flyway,” says Nature Conservancy scientist Mark Reynolds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many of these species breed in the high Arctic and are coming down to spend the wintertime in southern latitudes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some birds, like snow geese, spend the winter in California. Others only stop briefly before continuing hundreds of miles south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like stopping on a road trip so anywhere that they can find habitat and find things to eat to put on fat for their journey, they’ll stop,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But wetlands aren’t as abundant as they once were. Ninety percent of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">Central Valley’s historic wetlands\u003c/a> have been filled in and dry years like this one make it even tougher.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"California is really the linchpin of the Pacific Flyway\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Many of these water bird species on the flyway have had long-term declining population trends,” Reynolds says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reynolds wanted to know where and when the birds need wetlands, so he turned to an \u003ca href=\"http://ebird.org/content/ebird/\">app called e-Bird\u003c/a>. Birders have used it to report tens of thousands of bird sightings, creating a detailed data set.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What it gives us that we’ve not really had before is for many, many species, \u003ca href=\"http://www.conserveca.org/blog_multimedia/precision-conservation.xml\">we now can look week-by-week\u003c/a> at arrival patterns in California,” Reynolds says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In places that lack wetlands, the Nature Conservancy asked rice farmers to put up bids, pricing out how much it would cost to keep their fields flooded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group is paying farmers \u003ca href=\"http://www.conserveca.org/blog_multimedia/precision-conservation.xml\">to create about 10,000 acres\u003c/a> of these temporary wetlands in February and March. The bidding process is secret, but bids came in both above and below $45 per acre, the payments some farmers get from federal conservation programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66368\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 309px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Thomas1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-66368\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Thomas1.jpg\" alt=\"Rice farmer Douglas Thomas watches thousands of snow geese take flight. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"309\" height=\"283\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Thomas1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Thomas1-400x368.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 309px) 100vw, 309px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rice farmer Douglas Thomas watches thousands of snow geese take flight. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Thomas says his cost is largely labor. “It’ll push back our planting cycle,” he says. “We can’t get into our fields earlier. So we’re putting harder, longer hours on our tractor and our crew. We’re taking a greater risk doing this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thomas will keep two-to-four inches of water on his fields for four weeks. The water level is tailored for shorebirds, like long-billed dowitchers, sandpipers, and godwits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nature Conservancy economist Eric Hallstein says the payments help offset the farmers’ risks and are a cost-effective way to create habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The traditional model in conservation – it’s actually to permanently buy a piece of property or an easement,” Hallstein says. “It’s very expensive, prohibitively expensive. And also, we don’t want to displace farmers from that property.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Douglas Thomas sees a more personal upside. “Northern pintail is my favorite bird,” he says. “It’s such a graceful, amazing creature. And that we’re part of that annual cycle, that’s a neat, special thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By April, his fields will be dry and the birds will be on their way back north.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent winter morning, Thomas watches as a young bald eagle dives at some 3,000 snow geese floating in the rice fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As soon as they start getting here, this is what I sit and do,” he says “I keep my binoculars in my truck.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66369\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 314px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/TNC-map.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-66369\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/TNC-map.jpg\" alt=\"The orange areas show where migratory birds are likely to be on March 17 in the Central Valley, based on citizen science observations from eBird. The blue shows available waterways and wetlands. Scientists used a series of these maps to look for areas where wetlands are lacking. (Source: Cornell eBird, Point Blue Conservation Science, The Nature Conservancy)\" width=\"314\" height=\"465\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The \u003cstrong>orange areas\u003c/strong> show where migratory birds are likely to be on March 17 in the Central Valley, based on citizen science data from eBird. The \u003cstrong>blue\u003c/strong> shows available water. Scientists used a series of these maps to look for areas where wetlands are lacking. (Source: Cornell eBird, Point Blue Conservation Science, The Nature Conservancy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The birds come here because Thomas keeps his rice fields flooded in December and January. The water decomposes the rice straw leftover from last year’s harvest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally, at the end of January, “we would let our water go and start trying to dry our fields out because the lake that’s in front of us has to be dry enough to drive a tractor in it and then we’ve got to seed it,” he says\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not this year. Thomas is leaving water on his fields a little longer as part of an experimental project with \u003ca href=\"http://www.conserveca.org/blog_multimedia/precision-conservation.xml\">The Nature Conservancy\u003c/a>, designed to provide extra habitat for the birds when they need it most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thomas’s farm is in the middle of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-great-migration/\">Pacific Flyway\u003c/a>, a vast migration route that stretches from the Arctic to South America. The Central Valley is a key pit stop for millions of birds along the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is really the linchpin of the Pacific Flyway,” says Nature Conservancy scientist Mark Reynolds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many of these species breed in the high Arctic and are coming down to spend the wintertime in southern latitudes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some birds, like snow geese, spend the winter in California. Others only stop briefly before continuing hundreds of miles south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like stopping on a road trip so anywhere that they can find habitat and find things to eat to put on fat for their journey, they’ll stop,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But wetlands aren’t as abundant as they once were. Ninety percent of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">Central Valley’s historic wetlands\u003c/a> have been filled in and dry years like this one make it even tougher.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"California is really the linchpin of the Pacific Flyway\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Many of these water bird species on the flyway have had long-term declining population trends,” Reynolds says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reynolds wanted to know where and when the birds need wetlands, so he turned to an \u003ca href=\"http://ebird.org/content/ebird/\">app called e-Bird\u003c/a>. Birders have used it to report tens of thousands of bird sightings, creating a detailed data set.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What it gives us that we’ve not really had before is for many, many species, \u003ca href=\"http://www.conserveca.org/blog_multimedia/precision-conservation.xml\">we now can look week-by-week\u003c/a> at arrival patterns in California,” Reynolds says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In places that lack wetlands, the Nature Conservancy asked rice farmers to put up bids, pricing out how much it would cost to keep their fields flooded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group is paying farmers \u003ca href=\"http://www.conserveca.org/blog_multimedia/precision-conservation.xml\">to create about 10,000 acres\u003c/a> of these temporary wetlands in February and March. The bidding process is secret, but bids came in both above and below $45 per acre, the payments some farmers get from federal conservation programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66368\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 309px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Thomas1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-66368\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Thomas1.jpg\" alt=\"Rice farmer Douglas Thomas watches thousands of snow geese take flight. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"309\" height=\"283\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Thomas1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Thomas1-400x368.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 309px) 100vw, 309px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rice farmer Douglas Thomas watches thousands of snow geese take flight. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Thomas says his cost is largely labor. “It’ll push back our planting cycle,” he says. “We can’t get into our fields earlier. So we’re putting harder, longer hours on our tractor and our crew. We’re taking a greater risk doing this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thomas will keep two-to-four inches of water on his fields for four weeks. The water level is tailored for shorebirds, like long-billed dowitchers, sandpipers, and godwits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nature Conservancy economist Eric Hallstein says the payments help offset the farmers’ risks and are a cost-effective way to create habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The traditional model in conservation – it’s actually to permanently buy a piece of property or an easement,” Hallstein says. “It’s very expensive, prohibitively expensive. And also, we don’t want to displace farmers from that property.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Douglas Thomas sees a more personal upside. “Northern pintail is my favorite bird,” he says. “It’s such a graceful, amazing creature. And that we’re part of that annual cycle, that’s a neat, special thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By April, his fields will be dry and the birds will be on their way back north.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/",
"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
"title": "Close All Tabs",
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
}
},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
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