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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13541\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/mavericks.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13541 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/mavericks.jpg\" alt=\"A surfer drops into a wave at Mavericks in 2010. (rickbucich/Flickr) \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Surfer Ion Banner drops into a wave at Mavericks in 2010. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/rbucich/4360784494/\">rickbucich/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Twenty-four of the world’s best surfers are scheduled to compete Friday at the Mavericks Invitational. Tens of thousands of people are expected to descend on Half Moon Bay to watch them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they won’t be watching from the nearby beach or cliffs. This year, those are off-limits to spectators. So how do you get a glimpse of the big waves?\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Buy a ticket and go to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mavericksinvitational.com/contest/mavericks-festival/\">Mavericks Viewing Festival & Awards Ceremony\u003c/a> at the \u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps?q=oceano+hotel+half+moon+bay&ll=37.505096,-122.483912&spn=0.013856,0.018904&oe=utf-8&client=firefox-a&t=m&z=16\">Oceano Hotel\u003c/a>, which is across the street from the beach. They’ll have big screens set up there.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Watch it \u003ca href=\"http://www.mavericksinvitational.com/\">online\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If you get the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mavericksinvitational.com/2014/01/universal-sports/\">Universal Sports Network\u003c/a>, watch the final heats on TV.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The restrictions are in place for a couple of reasons. The conditions that create the waves, ideal for daredevil surfers, also make it dangerous for people on the beach. At Mavericks in 2010, a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/10/22/what-makes-sneaker-waves-so-sneaky-and-dangerous/\">sneaker wave\u003c/a> upended spectators and injured some of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mavericks notwithstanding, it’s not a good day to be at the beach\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong>\u003cem>” \u003c/em>said \u003cem>\u003c/em>Rebecca Rosenblatt, a spokeswoman for the San Mateo County Sheriff’s Office, which does not want a repeat of the 2010 incident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said there are environmental concerns, too. With 30-or-40,000 people, the coastal plants get trampled and the soft sandy cliffs nearby might not be safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fP1QK0XCt1U\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The giant waves only happen in the winter, and don’t come every year. They start forming far offshore, in storms over the Pacific. The waves escape the storms, hurtle toward the coast, and run into the Colorado Reef, which lies just off of Half Moon Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It goes from really deep water to really shallow water fairly quickly,” explained Larry Smith, a meteorologist at the National Weather Service in Monterey. “And that kind of pushes the wave energy up and gives them a tremendously large wave.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith says the faces of the waves could be 40 feet or higher.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13483\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 307px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/cstraus_JDobson_1975.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-13483 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/cstraus_JDobson_1975.jpg\" alt=\"John Dobson at Mount Tamalpais in 1975. (Carol Straus)\" width=\"307\" height=\"244\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">John Dobson at Mount Tamalpais in 1975. (Carol Straus)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>John Dobson, the co-founder of San Francisco Sidewalk Astronomers and the inventor of a telescope that people can build themselves, died on January 15 in Burbank. He was 98.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, Dobson introduced the public to the sky, setting up telescopes in cities and parks and inviting passers-by to take a look into space. And he taught them how to build their own telescopes, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dobson put his first telescope together from found objects in the 1950s, when he was a monk. He had been assigned to spend his life “reconciling ancient Hindu scripture with modern physics,” according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/22/science/space/john-dobson-dies-at-98-taught-art-of-stargazing.html?hpw&rref=science\">New York Times\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>It was as part of this quest that he decided to make a telescope to look at the universe. As material he used plywood, cardboard tubes, glass from ship portholes and even cereal boxes.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Dobson was eventually expelled from his monastery in Sacramento because he was spending too much time away from it, teaching other people how to build telescopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘I just see myself as a curious worm that got born in this place and worried about it.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>He came to San Francisco, and continued sharing his love of space with anyone around him, setting up telescopes in parking lots and on sidewalks. He co-founded the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfsidewalkastronomers.org/\">San Francisco Sidewalk Astronomers\u003c/a> in 1968.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dobson never patented the telescope he invented, as his biography on the \u003ca href=\"http://sidewalkastronomers.us/id32.html\">Sidewalk Astronomers website\u003c/a> explains:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>It’s like re-inventing a cup, we’ve had cups all along, and if you try to patent a cup with a handle, you can’t. While patenting his design might have been difficult, it wouldn’t have been difficult to copyright the name “Dobsonian”, but that was never something John even considered. His mission was to get as many telescopes out there as possible by making it as easy as possible, not making it harder with restrictions.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>“I think other people think of me as a teacher,” Dobson said in an \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/amateur-astronomers/\">interview with KQED’s Quest\u003c/a> TV series. “I just see myself as a curious worm that got born in this place and worried about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year’s International Sidewalk Astronomy Night, an event organized by the Sidewalk Astronomers on March 8, will be \u003ca href=\"http://sidewalkastronomers.us/2014.01.01_arch.html\">dedicated to Dobson\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cobject width=\"639\" height=\"359\" classid=\"d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0\">\u003cparam name=\"src\" value=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/files/jw-player-plugin-for-wordpress/player/player.swf\">\u003cparam name=\"flashvars\" value=\"&bandwidth=2841&controlbar=over&dock=false&file=205b_astronomers.flv&image=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fposter_frames%2F205b_astronomers300.jpg&gapro.accountid=UA-1538528-1&gapro.height=359&gapro.pluginmode=FLASH&gapro.trackpercentage=true&gapro.trackstarts=true&gapro.tracktime=true&gapro.visible=true&gapro.width=639&gapro.x=0&gapro.y=0&plugins=gapro-1&skin=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fplugins%2Fjw-player-plugin-for-wordpress%2Fskins%2Fglow.zip&streamer=rtmp%3A%2F%2Fkqed-flash02.streamguys.us%2Fquest%2F&viral.allowmenu=true&viral.bgcolor=0x333333&viral.fgcolor=0xffffff&viral.functions=embed&viral.matchplayercolors=true&viral.oncomplete=false&viral.pluginmode=FLASH\">\u003cembed width=\"639\" height=\"359\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" src=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/files/jw-player-plugin-for-wordpress/player/player.swf\" flashvars=\"&bandwidth=2841&controlbar=over&dock=false&file=205b_astronomers.flv&image=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fposter_frames%2F205b_astronomers300.jpg&gapro.accountid=UA-1538528-1&gapro.height=359&gapro.pluginmode=FLASH&gapro.trackpercentage=true&gapro.trackstarts=true&gapro.tracktime=true&gapro.visible=true&gapro.width=639&gapro.x=0&gapro.y=0&plugins=gapro-1&skin=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fplugins%2Fjw-player-plugin-for-wordpress%2Fskins%2Fglow.zip&streamer=rtmp%3A%2F%2Fkqed-flash02.streamguys.us%2Fquest%2F&viral.allowmenu=true&viral.bgcolor=0x333333&viral.fgcolor=0xffffff&viral.functions=embed&viral.matchplayercolors=true&viral.oncomplete=false&viral.pluginmode=FLASH\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13483\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 307px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/cstraus_JDobson_1975.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-13483 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/cstraus_JDobson_1975.jpg\" alt=\"John Dobson at Mount Tamalpais in 1975. (Carol Straus)\" width=\"307\" height=\"244\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">John Dobson at Mount Tamalpais in 1975. (Carol Straus)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>John Dobson, the co-founder of San Francisco Sidewalk Astronomers and the inventor of a telescope that people can build themselves, died on January 15 in Burbank. He was 98.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, Dobson introduced the public to the sky, setting up telescopes in cities and parks and inviting passers-by to take a look into space. And he taught them how to build their own telescopes, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dobson put his first telescope together from found objects in the 1950s, when he was a monk. He had been assigned to spend his life “reconciling ancient Hindu scripture with modern physics,” according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/22/science/space/john-dobson-dies-at-98-taught-art-of-stargazing.html?hpw&rref=science\">New York Times\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>It was as part of this quest that he decided to make a telescope to look at the universe. As material he used plywood, cardboard tubes, glass from ship portholes and even cereal boxes.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Dobson was eventually expelled from his monastery in Sacramento because he was spending too much time away from it, teaching other people how to build telescopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘I just see myself as a curious worm that got born in this place and worried about it.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>He came to San Francisco, and continued sharing his love of space with anyone around him, setting up telescopes in parking lots and on sidewalks. He co-founded the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfsidewalkastronomers.org/\">San Francisco Sidewalk Astronomers\u003c/a> in 1968.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dobson never patented the telescope he invented, as his biography on the \u003ca href=\"http://sidewalkastronomers.us/id32.html\">Sidewalk Astronomers website\u003c/a> explains:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>It’s like re-inventing a cup, we’ve had cups all along, and if you try to patent a cup with a handle, you can’t. While patenting his design might have been difficult, it wouldn’t have been difficult to copyright the name “Dobsonian”, but that was never something John even considered. His mission was to get as many telescopes out there as possible by making it as easy as possible, not making it harder with restrictions.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>“I think other people think of me as a teacher,” Dobson said in an \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/amateur-astronomers/\">interview with KQED’s Quest\u003c/a> TV series. “I just see myself as a curious worm that got born in this place and worried about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year’s International Sidewalk Astronomy Night, an event organized by the Sidewalk Astronomers on March 8, will be \u003ca href=\"http://sidewalkastronomers.us/2014.01.01_arch.html\">dedicated to Dobson\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cobject width=\"639\" height=\"359\" classid=\"d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0\">\u003cparam name=\"src\" value=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/files/jw-player-plugin-for-wordpress/player/player.swf\">\u003cparam name=\"flashvars\" value=\"&bandwidth=2841&controlbar=over&dock=false&file=205b_astronomers.flv&image=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fposter_frames%2F205b_astronomers300.jpg&gapro.accountid=UA-1538528-1&gapro.height=359&gapro.pluginmode=FLASH&gapro.trackpercentage=true&gapro.trackstarts=true&gapro.tracktime=true&gapro.visible=true&gapro.width=639&gapro.x=0&gapro.y=0&plugins=gapro-1&skin=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fplugins%2Fjw-player-plugin-for-wordpress%2Fskins%2Fglow.zip&streamer=rtmp%3A%2F%2Fkqed-flash02.streamguys.us%2Fquest%2F&viral.allowmenu=true&viral.bgcolor=0x333333&viral.fgcolor=0xffffff&viral.functions=embed&viral.matchplayercolors=true&viral.oncomplete=false&viral.pluginmode=FLASH\">\u003cembed width=\"639\" height=\"359\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" src=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/files/jw-player-plugin-for-wordpress/player/player.swf\" flashvars=\"&bandwidth=2841&controlbar=over&dock=false&file=205b_astronomers.flv&image=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fposter_frames%2F205b_astronomers300.jpg&gapro.accountid=UA-1538528-1&gapro.height=359&gapro.pluginmode=FLASH&gapro.trackpercentage=true&gapro.trackstarts=true&gapro.tracktime=true&gapro.visible=true&gapro.width=639&gapro.x=0&gapro.y=0&plugins=gapro-1&skin=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fplugins%2Fjw-player-plugin-for-wordpress%2Fskins%2Fglow.zip&streamer=rtmp%3A%2F%2Fkqed-flash02.streamguys.us%2Fquest%2F&viral.allowmenu=true&viral.bgcolor=0x333333&viral.fgcolor=0xffffff&viral.functions=embed&viral.matchplayercolors=true&viral.oncomplete=false&viral.pluginmode=FLASH\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Drought Loosens Some Environmental Rules",
"headTitle": "California Drought Loosens Some Environmental Rules | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13419\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/AmericanRiver77.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13419\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/AmericanRiver77.jpg\" alt=\"The American River during 1977 drought, when freshwater flows were drastically low. (Photo: CA DWR)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The American River during the 1977 drought, when freshwater flows were drastically low. (Photo: CA DWR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown is \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/01/16/california-drought-update-governor-jerry-brown-declaring-drought-emergency\">calling for water conservation\u003c/a> as the primary strategy against California’s record drought, but his \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=18368\">emergency declaration\u003c/a> on Friday also opened the door for weakening some environmental rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State regulators can now relax water quality standards, allowing rivers and estuaries to be saltier and warmer, as they try to manage the state’s limited supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The change is making some fishing and environmental groups wary, who fear that wildlife concerns will come second to the needs of parched cities and farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There will be some tough choices coming down the road on how we balance protections for the environment and water supply,” said Doug Obegi of the Natural Resources Defense Council. “There’s just no getting around it in critically dry years like this one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The change focuses on \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/plans_policies/\">water quality control plans\u003c/a>, like the one for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/ca-delta/\">hub of the state’s water supply\u003c/a>. The plan assures that a minimum amount of water is released from dams, so freshwater is provided for downstream water users and wildlife, including salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“This year, everybody is going to feel some pain”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“They’re minimum standards for protection of the estuary and they really are minimums,” said Obegi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the drought declaration, regulators can “consider modifying requirements for reservoir releases or diversion limitations.” Dam operators may ask to reduce releases to keep water in the reservoirs, so it can be used later in the year. That could violate water quality standards in rivers below the dams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s critical that we really maintain those minimal protections so that we don’t further exacerbate the precarious nature of our native fisheries,” says Obegi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The rivers are going to be super warm and super low,” says John McManus of the Golden Gate Salmon Association. “Salmon are going need to help because we’ve got tens of thousands of jobs hanging in the balance that depend on California salmon runs.” \u003ca href=\"http://mavensnotebook.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/U.S-Fish-and-Wildlife-Service-Releases-750000-Salmon-Into-Death-Zone.pdf\">Several fishing groups are concerned\u003c/a> that young salmon released from hatcheries won’t survive the dry conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Regulators Cite Needed Flexibility\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13422\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 344px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Gov-Drought.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13422\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Gov-Drought.jpg\" alt=\"Governor Jerry Brown cites record-low rainfall, making an emergency drought declaration. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"344\" height=\"269\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Governor Jerry Brown cites record-low rainfall, making an emergency drought declaration on Friday. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Felicia Marcus of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/\">State Water Resources Control Board\u003c/a> says the new flexibility is key for her agency to balance the needs of wildlife and farms and cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just allows us to manage and operate this extraordinary circumstance in a more intelligent way,” Marcus said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allowing dam operators to hold water back now could benefit both people and wildlife, Marcus said. The water will be released later in the year, when it’s crucial for salmon runs and useful for farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It gets reduced to ‘fish versus farms’, but it’s not that simple,” said Marcus. “Sometimes the molecule of water a fish needs is the same molecule that a farmer needs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marcus says they’ll be looking at water quality rules on a case-by-case basis. “When we run out of water, everyone gets less water and you have to figure out how, within the small amount of control you have, how it gets allocated,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just managing the needs of wildlife will be complicated. Some threatened fish species need water at different times of year than others do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How do we manage these limited water resources so we can preserve cold water for salmon while also providing for downstream water quality for fisheries and people?” says Obegi. “It’s going to be a real balancing act.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water supplies from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta are also controlled at certain times of year by environmental restrictions. Two large pumping plants near Tracy \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/money-environmental-concerns-could-sink-governors-delta-water-plan/\">must slow operations\u003c/a> when young salmon and Delta smelt could be harmed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”7b444ffc4cea399fa30f2adddb14bbc7″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some water districts blame those environmental regulations for limiting water supplies, but state regulators say in extremely dry years like this one, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/sfbaydelta/documents/smelt_working_group/swg_notes_01-13-2014.pdf\">rules have little effect\u003c/a>. There simply isn’t enough water to pump in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just hasn’t rained,” said Mark Cowin of the Department of Water Resources. “The environmental regulations still control pumping to some degree, but this is really about Mother Nature.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state has said water districts in the Bay Area, Central Valley and Southern California can expect \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/swpao/deliveries.cfm\">just five percent of their full allocation\u003c/a> from the Delta. Regulators will revisit that number after the state’s February snow survey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This year, everybody is going to feel some pain and we need to be smart about how we use our water supplies,” said Cowin.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13419\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/AmericanRiver77.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13419\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/AmericanRiver77.jpg\" alt=\"The American River during 1977 drought, when freshwater flows were drastically low. (Photo: CA DWR)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The American River during the 1977 drought, when freshwater flows were drastically low. (Photo: CA DWR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown is \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/01/16/california-drought-update-governor-jerry-brown-declaring-drought-emergency\">calling for water conservation\u003c/a> as the primary strategy against California’s record drought, but his \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=18368\">emergency declaration\u003c/a> on Friday also opened the door for weakening some environmental rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State regulators can now relax water quality standards, allowing rivers and estuaries to be saltier and warmer, as they try to manage the state’s limited supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The change is making some fishing and environmental groups wary, who fear that wildlife concerns will come second to the needs of parched cities and farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There will be some tough choices coming down the road on how we balance protections for the environment and water supply,” said Doug Obegi of the Natural Resources Defense Council. “There’s just no getting around it in critically dry years like this one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The change focuses on \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/plans_policies/\">water quality control plans\u003c/a>, like the one for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/ca-delta/\">hub of the state’s water supply\u003c/a>. The plan assures that a minimum amount of water is released from dams, so freshwater is provided for downstream water users and wildlife, including salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“This year, everybody is going to feel some pain”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“They’re minimum standards for protection of the estuary and they really are minimums,” said Obegi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the drought declaration, regulators can “consider modifying requirements for reservoir releases or diversion limitations.” Dam operators may ask to reduce releases to keep water in the reservoirs, so it can be used later in the year. That could violate water quality standards in rivers below the dams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s critical that we really maintain those minimal protections so that we don’t further exacerbate the precarious nature of our native fisheries,” says Obegi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The rivers are going to be super warm and super low,” says John McManus of the Golden Gate Salmon Association. “Salmon are going need to help because we’ve got tens of thousands of jobs hanging in the balance that depend on California salmon runs.” \u003ca href=\"http://mavensnotebook.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/U.S-Fish-and-Wildlife-Service-Releases-750000-Salmon-Into-Death-Zone.pdf\">Several fishing groups are concerned\u003c/a> that young salmon released from hatcheries won’t survive the dry conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Regulators Cite Needed Flexibility\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13422\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 344px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Gov-Drought.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13422\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Gov-Drought.jpg\" alt=\"Governor Jerry Brown cites record-low rainfall, making an emergency drought declaration. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"344\" height=\"269\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Governor Jerry Brown cites record-low rainfall, making an emergency drought declaration on Friday. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Felicia Marcus of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/\">State Water Resources Control Board\u003c/a> says the new flexibility is key for her agency to balance the needs of wildlife and farms and cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just allows us to manage and operate this extraordinary circumstance in a more intelligent way,” Marcus said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allowing dam operators to hold water back now could benefit both people and wildlife, Marcus said. The water will be released later in the year, when it’s crucial for salmon runs and useful for farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It gets reduced to ‘fish versus farms’, but it’s not that simple,” said Marcus. “Sometimes the molecule of water a fish needs is the same molecule that a farmer needs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marcus says they’ll be looking at water quality rules on a case-by-case basis. “When we run out of water, everyone gets less water and you have to figure out how, within the small amount of control you have, how it gets allocated,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just managing the needs of wildlife will be complicated. Some threatened fish species need water at different times of year than others do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How do we manage these limited water resources so we can preserve cold water for salmon while also providing for downstream water quality for fisheries and people?” says Obegi. “It’s going to be a real balancing act.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water supplies from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta are also controlled at certain times of year by environmental restrictions. Two large pumping plants near Tracy \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/money-environmental-concerns-could-sink-governors-delta-water-plan/\">must slow operations\u003c/a> when young salmon and Delta smelt could be harmed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some water districts blame those environmental regulations for limiting water supplies, but state regulators say in extremely dry years like this one, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/sfbaydelta/documents/smelt_working_group/swg_notes_01-13-2014.pdf\">rules have little effect\u003c/a>. There simply isn’t enough water to pump in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just hasn’t rained,” said Mark Cowin of the Department of Water Resources. “The environmental regulations still control pumping to some degree, but this is really about Mother Nature.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state has said water districts in the Bay Area, Central Valley and Southern California can expect \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/swpao/deliveries.cfm\">just five percent of their full allocation\u003c/a> from the Delta. Regulators will revisit that number after the state’s February snow survey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This year, everybody is going to feel some pain and we need to be smart about how we use our water supplies,” said Cowin.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "David Perlman: The Energizer Bunny of Bay Area Science Writers",
"headTitle": "David Perlman: The Energizer Bunny of Bay Area Science Writers | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/01/20140120science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The long view is in short supply these days and the media is often found wanting in that respect. But there’s no shortage of historical perspective from one Bay Area journalist. The San Francisco Chronicle’s science editor has been on the job for more than a half-century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13303\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/RS8246_IMG_0436-sfi.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13303\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/RS8246_IMG_0436-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"David Perlman, science editor at the San Francisco Chronicle, was working at the Chronicle when Pear Harbor was attacked. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Perlman, science editor at the San Francisco Chronicle, has been working there since before Pearl Harbor was attacked. (Craig Miller/KQED) \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last month, David Perlman turned 95. We’ll do the math for you. That means Perlman was born in 1918, right at the tail end of a world war — the first one. Perlman says today, young people have trouble enough envisioning the second one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I say World War II, ‘When was that?’ That’s the kind of reaction I get.” He laughs ironically. “It’s sad because it just means that nobody’s teaching history properly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perlman got some of his own history lessons first-hand. The New York native was a copy boy at the Chronicle when reports came in of an attack on Pearl Harbor. But he admits that his early inspiration to be a journalist came from a screwball comedy: a play about fast-talking, hard-nosed newspaper reporters called \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M9XnfQuzu7g\">The Front Page\u003c/a>. The 1931 film adaptation was loaded with rapid-fire lines like, “Hey, listen you crazy baboon, get a pencil and paper and take this down because it’s important!” Perlman can’t quote the film but he can still quote the playwright’s description of this odd breed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13317\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 343px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Perlman_6.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-13317 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Perlman_6.jpg\" alt=\"Perlman in the field in 1955. (Art Frisch/San Francisco Chronicle)\" width=\"343\" height=\"437\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Perlman in the field in 1955. (Art Frisch/San Francisco Chronicle)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“He called them, ‘seedy, catatonic Paul Reveres, full of strange oaths and a touch of childhood.’ I wanted to be like that,” Perlman recalls. “And as a matter of fact, I got to be like that. I think I got more than a touch of childhood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perlman’s always retained a childlike wonder, covering the frontiers of science through five decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Human evolution, let’s say — that’s a great topic,” Perlman offered, recalling the 1974 \u003ca title=\"Nat Geo - post\" href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/09/060920-lucy.html\">discovery of “Lucy,”\u003c/a> the skeletal remains of a female hominid from more than three million years ago. Perlman seems to have mastered the art of evolution himself, deftly negotiating the long path from manual typewriters to Twitter. (Yes, he does on occasion, tweet from \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/daveperlman\">@daveperlman\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Space is clearly one of his passions. “The universe and planets and stars and galaxies, and all the nature of the universe into which we are born.” It was space that launched Perlman’s career as a science writer, in the late 1950s. Hobbled by a skiing mishap, he found himself surprisingly engrossed in a book by British astronomer \u003ca title=\"Wiki - Fred Hoyle\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Hoyle\">Sir Fred Hoyle\u003c/a>, “The Nature of the Universe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And I got kind of curious about what-all astronomers do — what’s all that about?” he wondered. That led him to \u003ca title=\"Lick Observatory - main\" href=\"http://www.ucolick.org/\">Lick Observatory\u003c/a>, outside San Jose, and the first of his own science writing, an article on the birth of stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We didn’t have a science writer at the time, so I got to be one,” Perlman said, matter-of-factly. “And it’s been a learning experience for me ever since.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13175\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/PerlmanScan_PCBs_1969_crop-e1389835829286.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13175 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/PerlmanScan_PCBs_1969_crop-e1389835829286.jpg\" alt=\"Perlman had already been covering science for a decade when he filed this 1969 piece about the newly-discovered family of toxic chemicals: PCBs. (San Francisco Chronicle)\" width=\"320\" height=\"377\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Perlman had already been covering science for a decade when he filed this 1969 piece about an emerging family of toxic chemicals: PCBs. (San Francisco Chronicle)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That’s a bit of an understatement. Perlman has churned out thousands of articles over the years. Not only has he won numerous science journalism awards, there are two named \u003cem>for\u003c/em> him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perlman’s life has spanned whole epochs in science: the launch of the space age, the entire unfolding of the computer age and, as the Los Angeles Times \u003ca title=\"LAT - post\" href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2013/feb/21/local/la-me-perlman-20130222\">noted in a profile\u003c/a>, Pluto’s entire life as a planet, from its discovery in 1930, to its recent demotion to subplanet. Now he finds himself at the dawn of the “Anthropocene,” in which this planet starts to convulse from effects of the human presence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything that I see in scientific journals or talking to scientists, I have to say that climate change—global warming, whatever you call it—is real and dangerous and is going to deprive us of our sources of what we eat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How times have changed. He remembers the Apollo days, when it seemed like science-driven optimism had infected the whole nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I do remember those days, and they were gripping. Everybody got excited about it,” he recalls. “And of course the President’s call for a space race, in a sense, and we were trying to beat the Soviets to the Moon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It disturbs him that some of that excitement has waned, as we’ve passed into a new era of scientific pragmatism. As we spoke, budget cuts \u003ca title=\"Merc - post\" href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/science/ci_24734951/lick-observatorys-astronomy-research-could-end\">threatened to close Lick Observatory\u003c/a>, the birthplace of Perlman’s own science career.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is kind of absurd,” he opined. “I mean there’s a new telescope that has just been installed or developed at Lick Observatory, and it’s looking for planets far out in the Milky Way galaxy. I think it’s an extremely important telescope and why they would close the observatory just as they got a new telescope, it defeats me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perlman’s been following closely the adventures of a remote-controlled \u003ca title=\"Quest - post\" href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/24/nasas-new-mars-rover-armed-and-curious/\">rover called Curiosity\u003c/a>, which recently found a spot on Mars where conditions once could have nurtured life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a great discovery.” Perlman thinks it might be a step toward the ultimate discovery. “Sooner or later on that planet or elsewhere, somebody’s gonna discover some micro-organisms: microbes that are actually alive. Just think of that. That turns me on. I hope it turns other people on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’d like to be around to write that story. “Oh, yeah! I’d love it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As he navigates the Chronicle city room from his corner cubicle (which, itself, resembles an archeological dig), Perlman has only one job complaint: it’s too quiet. Reared on the incessant clacking of typewriters and teletypes, he says the silence drives him nuts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Perlman returns to his cube, and fills the silence with his signature two-fingered typing. He has no plans to stop.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "David Perlman, the San Francisco Chronicle's science editor has been on the job for more than a half-century. He covered the launch of the space age and the unfolding of the computer age, and his career has spanned Pluto's entire life as a planet, from its discovery in 1930 to its demotion to sub-planet.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The long view is in short supply these days and the media is often found wanting in that respect. But there’s no shortage of historical perspective from one Bay Area journalist. The San Francisco Chronicle’s science editor has been on the job for more than a half-century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13303\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/RS8246_IMG_0436-sfi.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13303\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/RS8246_IMG_0436-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"David Perlman, science editor at the San Francisco Chronicle, was working at the Chronicle when Pear Harbor was attacked. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Perlman, science editor at the San Francisco Chronicle, has been working there since before Pearl Harbor was attacked. (Craig Miller/KQED) \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last month, David Perlman turned 95. We’ll do the math for you. That means Perlman was born in 1918, right at the tail end of a world war — the first one. Perlman says today, young people have trouble enough envisioning the second one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I say World War II, ‘When was that?’ That’s the kind of reaction I get.” He laughs ironically. “It’s sad because it just means that nobody’s teaching history properly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perlman got some of his own history lessons first-hand. The New York native was a copy boy at the Chronicle when reports came in of an attack on Pearl Harbor. But he admits that his early inspiration to be a journalist came from a screwball comedy: a play about fast-talking, hard-nosed newspaper reporters called \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M9XnfQuzu7g\">The Front Page\u003c/a>. The 1931 film adaptation was loaded with rapid-fire lines like, “Hey, listen you crazy baboon, get a pencil and paper and take this down because it’s important!” Perlman can’t quote the film but he can still quote the playwright’s description of this odd breed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13317\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 343px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Perlman_6.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-13317 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Perlman_6.jpg\" alt=\"Perlman in the field in 1955. (Art Frisch/San Francisco Chronicle)\" width=\"343\" height=\"437\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Perlman in the field in 1955. (Art Frisch/San Francisco Chronicle)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“He called them, ‘seedy, catatonic Paul Reveres, full of strange oaths and a touch of childhood.’ I wanted to be like that,” Perlman recalls. “And as a matter of fact, I got to be like that. I think I got more than a touch of childhood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perlman’s always retained a childlike wonder, covering the frontiers of science through five decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Human evolution, let’s say — that’s a great topic,” Perlman offered, recalling the 1974 \u003ca title=\"Nat Geo - post\" href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/09/060920-lucy.html\">discovery of “Lucy,”\u003c/a> the skeletal remains of a female hominid from more than three million years ago. Perlman seems to have mastered the art of evolution himself, deftly negotiating the long path from manual typewriters to Twitter. (Yes, he does on occasion, tweet from \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/daveperlman\">@daveperlman\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Space is clearly one of his passions. “The universe and planets and stars and galaxies, and all the nature of the universe into which we are born.” It was space that launched Perlman’s career as a science writer, in the late 1950s. Hobbled by a skiing mishap, he found himself surprisingly engrossed in a book by British astronomer \u003ca title=\"Wiki - Fred Hoyle\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Hoyle\">Sir Fred Hoyle\u003c/a>, “The Nature of the Universe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And I got kind of curious about what-all astronomers do — what’s all that about?” he wondered. That led him to \u003ca title=\"Lick Observatory - main\" href=\"http://www.ucolick.org/\">Lick Observatory\u003c/a>, outside San Jose, and the first of his own science writing, an article on the birth of stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We didn’t have a science writer at the time, so I got to be one,” Perlman said, matter-of-factly. “And it’s been a learning experience for me ever since.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13175\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/PerlmanScan_PCBs_1969_crop-e1389835829286.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13175 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/PerlmanScan_PCBs_1969_crop-e1389835829286.jpg\" alt=\"Perlman had already been covering science for a decade when he filed this 1969 piece about the newly-discovered family of toxic chemicals: PCBs. (San Francisco Chronicle)\" width=\"320\" height=\"377\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Perlman had already been covering science for a decade when he filed this 1969 piece about an emerging family of toxic chemicals: PCBs. (San Francisco Chronicle)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That’s a bit of an understatement. Perlman has churned out thousands of articles over the years. Not only has he won numerous science journalism awards, there are two named \u003cem>for\u003c/em> him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perlman’s life has spanned whole epochs in science: the launch of the space age, the entire unfolding of the computer age and, as the Los Angeles Times \u003ca title=\"LAT - post\" href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2013/feb/21/local/la-me-perlman-20130222\">noted in a profile\u003c/a>, Pluto’s entire life as a planet, from its discovery in 1930, to its recent demotion to subplanet. Now he finds himself at the dawn of the “Anthropocene,” in which this planet starts to convulse from effects of the human presence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything that I see in scientific journals or talking to scientists, I have to say that climate change—global warming, whatever you call it—is real and dangerous and is going to deprive us of our sources of what we eat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How times have changed. He remembers the Apollo days, when it seemed like science-driven optimism had infected the whole nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I do remember those days, and they were gripping. Everybody got excited about it,” he recalls. “And of course the President’s call for a space race, in a sense, and we were trying to beat the Soviets to the Moon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It disturbs him that some of that excitement has waned, as we’ve passed into a new era of scientific pragmatism. As we spoke, budget cuts \u003ca title=\"Merc - post\" href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/science/ci_24734951/lick-observatorys-astronomy-research-could-end\">threatened to close Lick Observatory\u003c/a>, the birthplace of Perlman’s own science career.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is kind of absurd,” he opined. “I mean there’s a new telescope that has just been installed or developed at Lick Observatory, and it’s looking for planets far out in the Milky Way galaxy. I think it’s an extremely important telescope and why they would close the observatory just as they got a new telescope, it defeats me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perlman’s been following closely the adventures of a remote-controlled \u003ca title=\"Quest - post\" href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/24/nasas-new-mars-rover-armed-and-curious/\">rover called Curiosity\u003c/a>, which recently found a spot on Mars where conditions once could have nurtured life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a great discovery.” Perlman thinks it might be a step toward the ultimate discovery. “Sooner or later on that planet or elsewhere, somebody’s gonna discover some micro-organisms: microbes that are actually alive. Just think of that. That turns me on. I hope it turns other people on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’d like to be around to write that story. “Oh, yeah! I’d love it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As he navigates the Chronicle city room from his corner cubicle (which, itself, resembles an archeological dig), Perlman has only one job complaint: it’s too quiet. Reared on the incessant clacking of typewriters and teletypes, he says the silence drives him nuts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Icebergs and Green Paint: Lessons from California’s Big Droughts",
"headTitle": "Icebergs and Green Paint: Lessons from California’s Big Droughts | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13166\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/MMWD.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13166\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/MMWD.jpg\" alt=\"A water pipe was built across the San Rafael Bridge in 1976 to supply Marin County, as California's most severe drought hit the area. (Photo: Marin Municipal Water District)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A water pipe was built across the San Rafael Bridge in 1976 to supply Marin County, as California’s most severe drought hit the area. (Marin Municipal Water District)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While it wasn’t a surprise, Governor Jerry Brown \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/01/16/california-drought-update-governor-jerry-brown-declaring-drought-emergency\">made California’s drought official\u003c/a> on Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal climatologists affirmed that 2013 was the state’s driest calendar year on record, with about one-third the normal amount of precipitation. Currently the Sierra Nevada snowpack is \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">just 15 percent of normal\u003c/a> for this time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But drought is nothing new around here. The 1987-92 drought lasted six years, when statewide reservoir storage hovered around 60 percent. The record for worst drought is still held by 1976-77, when low rainfall sent the state scrambling. Runoff was just 20 percent of normal in 1977. Officials now say we’re on track to beat that low-water mark.[contextly_sidebar id=”ca4540d9da0c388ed37c28be532d2206″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This year, it really looks grim,” says Maurice Roos, a hydrologist with the Department of Water Resources, who has been with the agency for more than 50 years. “It’s even worse than even some of the other bad years, like 1977.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dry times have inspired some creative thinking in California:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>In 1976, an \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Drought-spotlights-region-s-patchwork-water-supply-3292001.php#photo-2439740\">emergency 24-inch water pipe\u003c/a> was laid across the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge next to the traffic lanes. Water reserves at the Marin Municipal Water District were critically low and the pipeline supplied the area with half of what it needed during the drought. Residents were ordered to cut their water use by 57 percent.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>City officials in Ventura \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/1990-06-06/local/me-455_1_city-council-meetings\">considered using a tugboat to haul an iceberg\u003c/a> from the polar seas and park it offshore to supply freshwater. The strategy was part of a $175,000 study approved by the city council in 1990, as the drought dragged on.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>During several past droughts, \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2008/aug/15/local/me-water15\">Los Angeles banned serving water\u003c/a> in restaurants unless customers specifically asked for it.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>The city of Santa Barbara instituted a 14-month ban on watering lawns during the late 1980s drought. Landscape companies began offering to \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/1990-05-07/news/mn-92_1_santa-barbara\">paint dead lawns green\u003c/a>. Billionaire Harold Simmons kept watering his 23-acre estate despite the restrictions and racked up more than $25,000 in city fines (\u003ca href=\"http://www.independent.com/news/2013/dec/30/harold-simmons-dies/?on\">a fact that led his obituary\u003c/a> when he passed away in December).\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Big Strides in Conservation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s “green” reputation is the product of sheer necessity, in many cases. The state’s water conservation policies trace their roots back to the 1976-77 drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13167\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Folsom.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13167\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Folsom.jpg\" alt=\"Cracked lake bed at Folsom Lake during the 1976-77 drought. (Photo: CA DWR)\" width=\"320\" height=\"254\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cracked lake bed at Folsom Lake during the 1976-77 drought. (Calif. DWR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“That was the beginning of the modern era of drought response,” says Peter Gleick of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacinst.org/\">Pacific Institute\u003c/a>, an Oakland-based water policy think tank. “At the time, we didn’t have water conservation departments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When dry weather returned a decade later, water agencies began offering rebates for low-flow toilets and fixtures. New standards were developed for washing machines and other appliances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Compared to the 1970s, almost all of the fixtures in our home are completely different now,” says Lester Snow of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiawaterfoundation.org/\">California Water Foundation\u003c/a> and a long-time head of DWR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The low-flow fixtures and landscaping helped put a lid on water consumption after droughts ended, along with other policies. According to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/publication.asp?i=890\">Public Policy Institute of California\u003c/a>, communities on the Southern California coast used almost 450,000 less acre-feet of water in 2005 than they did a decade earlier, despite growing by two million people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s much more that we can do on conservation,” says Snow. “I don’t think we’ve pushed as hard as we can.” New conservation programs go beyond \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/newsroom/video/drought.cfm\">classic public service announcements\u003c/a> and are \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/01/14/want-to-save-water-try-some-neighborly-competition/\">using behavioral science\u003c/a> to inspire water savings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Looking for New Supplies\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water shortages invariably lead to \u003ca href=\"http://valadao.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=364665\">calls for more dams and reservoirs\u003c/a>, like \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2001/apr/15/news/mn-51340\">Diamond Valley Lake\u003c/a> in Southern California, which broke ground in 1995.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘This year, it really looks grim.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“There was additional storage built, because California’s climate has wet and dry periods, so you have to be prepared for something that’s erratic,” says DWR’s Maurice Roos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the changing climate, the focus on water storage is likely to continue. More of California’s precipitation is expected to fall as rain instead of snow, reducing the Sierra Nevada snowpack, often called the state’s “frozen reservoir.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In June, Senator Dianne Feinstein \u003ca href=\"http://www.feinstein.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/op-eds?ID=df2ad233-bcc0-4476-a248-b8ef5b09d9f0\">called for expanding four state reservoirs\u003c/a>, saying “if we don’t take significant and rapid action, I fear California is at risk of becoming a desert state.” Proponents are hoping a revised water bond, \u003ca title=\"TCR - story\" href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201008100850/b\">postponed from 2010\u003c/a>, will make the November ballot. The original draft had $3 billion slated for water storage projects (see our \u003ca title=\"CW - water bond map\" href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?oe=utf-8&client=firefox-a&ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=109113054396355581272.000477e93a1c507e4d467&ll=35.924645,-120.102539&spn=7.115112,10.722656&z=6&source=embed\">interactive map\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think there are any good places to build new surface water storage,” says Gleick. “But there are other storage options. There are places where groundwater has been drawn down where it can be recharged and used in later years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Expensive Technology Looks Better\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water from desalination plants, where seawater is turned into drinking water, is generally two-to-five times more expensive than other sources of water. But when dry weather hits and districts are faced with pricey water purchases and transfers, desalination starts looking more attractive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13168\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/TahoeTruckee88-2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13168 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/TahoeTruckee88-2.jpg\" alt=\"Lake Tahoe dam in 1988 when flow into the Truckee River was extremely low. (Photo: CA DWR)\" width=\"320\" height=\"255\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lake Tahoe dam in 1988, when flow into the Truckee River was extremely low. (DWR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The city of Santa Barbara built a $34 million desalination plant in 1991, after facing drastic water shortages. Once the drought ended and water prices went down, the plant couldn’t compete and was decommissioned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water recycling plants, like those \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/toilet-to-tap/\">in Orange County and Silicon Valley\u003c/a>, are also costly to build, but offer a way to reuse wastewater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a lot of wastewater that we spend a lot of money collecting and treating to a pretty high standard,” says Gleick. “We ought to \u003ca title=\"CW - post\" href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/10/30/toilet-to-tap-water-recycling-might-be-in-your-future/\">put it to use\u003c/a>. It’s a new source of water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Some Things Haven’t Changed\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re over-pumping groundwater all the time, in wet years and in dry years,” says Gleick. “But in dry years, that goes way up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an average year, groundwater makes up about 25-to-40 percent of the state’s water supply. During the drought in 1977, groundwater made up 76 percent of water used in the San Joaquin Valley. \u003ca href=\"http://californiawaterblog.com/2013/01/30/californias-groundwater-problems-and-prospects/\">Groundwater levels are still dropping\u003c/a> at alarming rates in many parts of the Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m sort of sorry that in past droughts we haven’t taken the opportunity to implement serious statewide groundwater monitoring and legislation,” Gleick says. “We’re one of the only states in the nation without comprehensive groundwater law.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Droughts often create flurries of new bills in the state legislature. “With this drought pressure, I think you’ll see a lot more legislative attention on: what should we be investing in to make sure that the next time there’s a drought, we’re better prepared than we are today,” says Snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hardest part may be keeping public attention on California’s water problems once a drought ends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Quite often, we end a drought with a flood,” says Roos. The 1987-92 drought went out with a roar. In December of 1992, rainfall was double the long-term average, creating severe flooding in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Roll mouse over the graph, below, to see data for individual years.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/assets/graph/drought-0114.jsp\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Importing an Arctic iceberg for freshwater? Painting brown lawns green? California has had some creative ideas for droughts in the past.",
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"description": "Importing an Arctic iceberg for freshwater? Painting brown lawns green? California has had some creative ideas for droughts in the past.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13166\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/MMWD.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13166\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/MMWD.jpg\" alt=\"A water pipe was built across the San Rafael Bridge in 1976 to supply Marin County, as California's most severe drought hit the area. (Photo: Marin Municipal Water District)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A water pipe was built across the San Rafael Bridge in 1976 to supply Marin County, as California’s most severe drought hit the area. (Marin Municipal Water District)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While it wasn’t a surprise, Governor Jerry Brown \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/01/16/california-drought-update-governor-jerry-brown-declaring-drought-emergency\">made California’s drought official\u003c/a> on Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal climatologists affirmed that 2013 was the state’s driest calendar year on record, with about one-third the normal amount of precipitation. Currently the Sierra Nevada snowpack is \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">just 15 percent of normal\u003c/a> for this time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But drought is nothing new around here. The 1987-92 drought lasted six years, when statewide reservoir storage hovered around 60 percent. The record for worst drought is still held by 1976-77, when low rainfall sent the state scrambling. Runoff was just 20 percent of normal in 1977. Officials now say we’re on track to beat that low-water mark.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This year, it really looks grim,” says Maurice Roos, a hydrologist with the Department of Water Resources, who has been with the agency for more than 50 years. “It’s even worse than even some of the other bad years, like 1977.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dry times have inspired some creative thinking in California:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>In 1976, an \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Drought-spotlights-region-s-patchwork-water-supply-3292001.php#photo-2439740\">emergency 24-inch water pipe\u003c/a> was laid across the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge next to the traffic lanes. Water reserves at the Marin Municipal Water District were critically low and the pipeline supplied the area with half of what it needed during the drought. Residents were ordered to cut their water use by 57 percent.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>City officials in Ventura \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/1990-06-06/local/me-455_1_city-council-meetings\">considered using a tugboat to haul an iceberg\u003c/a> from the polar seas and park it offshore to supply freshwater. The strategy was part of a $175,000 study approved by the city council in 1990, as the drought dragged on.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>During several past droughts, \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2008/aug/15/local/me-water15\">Los Angeles banned serving water\u003c/a> in restaurants unless customers specifically asked for it.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>The city of Santa Barbara instituted a 14-month ban on watering lawns during the late 1980s drought. Landscape companies began offering to \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/1990-05-07/news/mn-92_1_santa-barbara\">paint dead lawns green\u003c/a>. Billionaire Harold Simmons kept watering his 23-acre estate despite the restrictions and racked up more than $25,000 in city fines (\u003ca href=\"http://www.independent.com/news/2013/dec/30/harold-simmons-dies/?on\">a fact that led his obituary\u003c/a> when he passed away in December).\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Big Strides in Conservation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s “green” reputation is the product of sheer necessity, in many cases. The state’s water conservation policies trace their roots back to the 1976-77 drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13167\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Folsom.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13167\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Folsom.jpg\" alt=\"Cracked lake bed at Folsom Lake during the 1976-77 drought. (Photo: CA DWR)\" width=\"320\" height=\"254\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cracked lake bed at Folsom Lake during the 1976-77 drought. (Calif. DWR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“That was the beginning of the modern era of drought response,” says Peter Gleick of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacinst.org/\">Pacific Institute\u003c/a>, an Oakland-based water policy think tank. “At the time, we didn’t have water conservation departments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When dry weather returned a decade later, water agencies began offering rebates for low-flow toilets and fixtures. New standards were developed for washing machines and other appliances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Compared to the 1970s, almost all of the fixtures in our home are completely different now,” says Lester Snow of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiawaterfoundation.org/\">California Water Foundation\u003c/a> and a long-time head of DWR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The low-flow fixtures and landscaping helped put a lid on water consumption after droughts ended, along with other policies. According to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/publication.asp?i=890\">Public Policy Institute of California\u003c/a>, communities on the Southern California coast used almost 450,000 less acre-feet of water in 2005 than they did a decade earlier, despite growing by two million people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s much more that we can do on conservation,” says Snow. “I don’t think we’ve pushed as hard as we can.” New conservation programs go beyond \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/newsroom/video/drought.cfm\">classic public service announcements\u003c/a> and are \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/01/14/want-to-save-water-try-some-neighborly-competition/\">using behavioral science\u003c/a> to inspire water savings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Looking for New Supplies\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water shortages invariably lead to \u003ca href=\"http://valadao.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=364665\">calls for more dams and reservoirs\u003c/a>, like \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2001/apr/15/news/mn-51340\">Diamond Valley Lake\u003c/a> in Southern California, which broke ground in 1995.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘This year, it really looks grim.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“There was additional storage built, because California’s climate has wet and dry periods, so you have to be prepared for something that’s erratic,” says DWR’s Maurice Roos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the changing climate, the focus on water storage is likely to continue. More of California’s precipitation is expected to fall as rain instead of snow, reducing the Sierra Nevada snowpack, often called the state’s “frozen reservoir.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In June, Senator Dianne Feinstein \u003ca href=\"http://www.feinstein.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/op-eds?ID=df2ad233-bcc0-4476-a248-b8ef5b09d9f0\">called for expanding four state reservoirs\u003c/a>, saying “if we don’t take significant and rapid action, I fear California is at risk of becoming a desert state.” Proponents are hoping a revised water bond, \u003ca title=\"TCR - story\" href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201008100850/b\">postponed from 2010\u003c/a>, will make the November ballot. The original draft had $3 billion slated for water storage projects (see our \u003ca title=\"CW - water bond map\" href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?oe=utf-8&client=firefox-a&ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=109113054396355581272.000477e93a1c507e4d467&ll=35.924645,-120.102539&spn=7.115112,10.722656&z=6&source=embed\">interactive map\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think there are any good places to build new surface water storage,” says Gleick. “But there are other storage options. There are places where groundwater has been drawn down where it can be recharged and used in later years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Expensive Technology Looks Better\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water from desalination plants, where seawater is turned into drinking water, is generally two-to-five times more expensive than other sources of water. But when dry weather hits and districts are faced with pricey water purchases and transfers, desalination starts looking more attractive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13168\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/TahoeTruckee88-2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13168 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/TahoeTruckee88-2.jpg\" alt=\"Lake Tahoe dam in 1988 when flow into the Truckee River was extremely low. (Photo: CA DWR)\" width=\"320\" height=\"255\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lake Tahoe dam in 1988, when flow into the Truckee River was extremely low. (DWR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The city of Santa Barbara built a $34 million desalination plant in 1991, after facing drastic water shortages. Once the drought ended and water prices went down, the plant couldn’t compete and was decommissioned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water recycling plants, like those \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/toilet-to-tap/\">in Orange County and Silicon Valley\u003c/a>, are also costly to build, but offer a way to reuse wastewater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a lot of wastewater that we spend a lot of money collecting and treating to a pretty high standard,” says Gleick. “We ought to \u003ca title=\"CW - post\" href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/10/30/toilet-to-tap-water-recycling-might-be-in-your-future/\">put it to use\u003c/a>. It’s a new source of water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Some Things Haven’t Changed\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re over-pumping groundwater all the time, in wet years and in dry years,” says Gleick. “But in dry years, that goes way up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an average year, groundwater makes up about 25-to-40 percent of the state’s water supply. During the drought in 1977, groundwater made up 76 percent of water used in the San Joaquin Valley. \u003ca href=\"http://californiawaterblog.com/2013/01/30/californias-groundwater-problems-and-prospects/\">Groundwater levels are still dropping\u003c/a> at alarming rates in many parts of the Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m sort of sorry that in past droughts we haven’t taken the opportunity to implement serious statewide groundwater monitoring and legislation,” Gleick says. “We’re one of the only states in the nation without comprehensive groundwater law.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Droughts often create flurries of new bills in the state legislature. “With this drought pressure, I think you’ll see a lot more legislative attention on: what should we be investing in to make sure that the next time there’s a drought, we’re better prepared than we are today,” says Snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hardest part may be keeping public attention on California’s water problems once a drought ends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Quite often, we end a drought with a flood,” says Roos. The 1987-92 drought went out with a roar. In December of 1992, rainfall was double the long-term average, creating severe flooding in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Roll mouse over the graph, below, to see data for individual years.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "As Toxics Regulations Increase, Companies Simply Switch Chemicals",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13137\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13137\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Demetri-Parides.Flickr-e1389835324349.jpg\" alt=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/demetri/\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Phthalates are used to make cosmetics more fragrant. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/demetri/\">Demetri Parides/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A federal ban, as well as pressure from environmental groups, seems to be reducing part of the chemical load that many of us carry in our bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1306681/\">study,\u003c/a> released Wednesday in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives, looks at a class of industrial chemicals called phthalates, used to make plastic soft and cosmetics more fragrant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While some phthalates are on the decline, others are increasing, raising concerns about how these chemicals affect human health, as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/health/article/Banned-chemicals-replaced-by-worrisome-ones-UCSF-5144291.php\">Chronicle\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_24914205/exposure-harmful-chemicals-personal-care-products-and-household\">Mercury News\u003c/a> reported today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tracey Woodruff, who directs the \u003ca href=\"http://prhe.ucsf.edu/prhe/\">Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment\u003c/a> at the University of California, San Francisco, and her team looked at urine samples collected over a ten-year period as part of the federally-funded \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/about_nhanes.htm\">National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey\u003c/a> program – the same data that was used to show how a federal ban on lead in gasoline resulted in less lead in children’s bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED Science asked Woodruff whether she thinks current regulations on chemicals are working, and why it’s a bad idea to put plastic dishware in the microwave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why study phthalates this way?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s been a lot of interest in phthalates over the last ten-to-12 years. We wanted to see does this interest, both by advocacy groups and the government, make a difference?\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Do bans and education campaigns leave us with fewer chemicals in our bodies?\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When you say \u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">“interest,”\u003c/span> it’s not like there have been widespread bans other than the ban on toys and kids products. But there’s been more media coverage of the topic, more advocacy group campaigns, etc. Is that what you mean?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, there’s been higher consumer awareness about phthalates, and that’s translated into changes in the marketplace in terms of what people are buying. There’s been a focus from advocacy groups, which have been working with industry to get them to remove some of these phthalates from their products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do we know about how these chemicals affect human health?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, there’s a range to how well some of these phthalates have been studied. The ones that have been banned (\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">here’s\u003c/span> \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpsc.gov/en/Regulations-Laws--Standards/Statutes/The-Consumer-Product-Safety-Improvement-Act/Phthalates/Phthalates-Information/\">more about those\u003c/a>) have more studies on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13144\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 387px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/woodruff387_0.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-13144\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13144\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/woodruff387_0.jpg\" alt=\"Tracey Woodruff heads UCSF's Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment. (UCSF)\" width=\"387\" height=\"258\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tracey Woodruff heads UCSF’s Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment. (UCSF)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Several of those have been linked to adverse effects on male reproductive development. Some of them have also been linked to effects on sperm quality. And there are some studies that suggest that exposure to phthalates can alter behavior in children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Obviously, you can’t expose a child or a fetus to phthalates and see what happens. So how do we know this? Are these studies with rats? Or observational studies in people, that point to a correlation between amounts of chemicals and physical/behavioral changes?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>Observational. (Ed note: \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=phthalates+rats+barlow\">Rat\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19491204\">marmoset\u003c/a> studies back up some of the concerns.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When we ban a chemical, what are we replacing it with? And how do we know that a replacement chemical is safer than what it replaces?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ways the laws are set up in the U.S., you don’t have to fully test a chemical before you substitute it for something else. So we’re always playing catch up. It’s a game of Whac-A-Mole with chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of these phthalates, DiBP (ed: used in cosmetics and food packaging), which has increased over 200 percent, is very structurally similar to one of the ones that was banned because of concerns over its effects on male reproductive development \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">A game of Whac-A-Mole with chemicals.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Consumers hear often about \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/12/24/sf-clothing-company-accused-of-knowingly-selling-lead-laden-products/\">products that have lead in them\u003c/a>, in part because under California’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCsQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.kqed.org%2Fscience%2Faudio%2Fwho-profits-from-proposition-65-part-one%2F&ei=lR3XUsEOiqrIAcDVgcAN&usg=AFQjCNElvL2a4jM0B9iKaE3gR_CgXqLnyg&sig2=g-i_TYdsqjOf1NTndOtphQ&bvm=bv.59568121,d.aWc\">Prop. 65\u003c/a>, those products have to be labeled. \u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>But with phthalates, it’s a little less clear where they are. Why is that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>It’s easy to test for lead because we have a good test. It’s a little more tricky with the phthalates. And yes, Prop. 65 gives people an incentive to look for certain chemicals in products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What would be more efficient and better would be to know in advance what products these chemicals are going into, rather than waiting until they get onto the marketplace. Because once they’re in the marketplace, if they pose a health risk, it’s too late.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the takeaway from your study\u003c/strong>?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The takeaway for me is that if you find a chemical and identify it as posing a potential health risk, then we can take an action and actually see a reduction of the chemical in people’s bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when it comes to the replacement chemicals, we may just be repeating the same cycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Not microwaving plastics is a “common-sense approach.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>OK, so this last question, I’m going to exploit your expertise a bit, since it’s not directly related to the paper.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is it true that putting plastic dishware in the dishwasher or microwave breaks down the plastic, thereby releasing phthalates and other chemicals into food?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a little hard to talk about these things because while we know there can be migration of these chemicals (into food) under heating circumstances, for example, we don’t really know how much is migrating and to what extent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have a series of brochures called \u003ca href=\"http://prhe.ucsf.edu/prhe/toxicmatters.html\">Toxic Matters\u003c/a> that include recommendations for people to lower their exposure to toxic chemicals. One of the recommendations is, “don’t microwave plastics and wash them by hand.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s more of a common-sense, preventative approach than a science-based approach. These are things that are easy to do, and come with little cost.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13137\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13137\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Demetri-Parides.Flickr-e1389835324349.jpg\" alt=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/demetri/\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Phthalates are used to make cosmetics more fragrant. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/demetri/\">Demetri Parides/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A federal ban, as well as pressure from environmental groups, seems to be reducing part of the chemical load that many of us carry in our bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1306681/\">study,\u003c/a> released Wednesday in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives, looks at a class of industrial chemicals called phthalates, used to make plastic soft and cosmetics more fragrant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While some phthalates are on the decline, others are increasing, raising concerns about how these chemicals affect human health, as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/health/article/Banned-chemicals-replaced-by-worrisome-ones-UCSF-5144291.php\">Chronicle\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_24914205/exposure-harmful-chemicals-personal-care-products-and-household\">Mercury News\u003c/a> reported today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tracey Woodruff, who directs the \u003ca href=\"http://prhe.ucsf.edu/prhe/\">Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment\u003c/a> at the University of California, San Francisco, and her team looked at urine samples collected over a ten-year period as part of the federally-funded \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/about_nhanes.htm\">National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey\u003c/a> program – the same data that was used to show how a federal ban on lead in gasoline resulted in less lead in children’s bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED Science asked Woodruff whether she thinks current regulations on chemicals are working, and why it’s a bad idea to put plastic dishware in the microwave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why study phthalates this way?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s been a lot of interest in phthalates over the last ten-to-12 years. We wanted to see does this interest, both by advocacy groups and the government, make a difference?\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Do bans and education campaigns leave us with fewer chemicals in our bodies?\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When you say \u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">“interest,”\u003c/span> it’s not like there have been widespread bans other than the ban on toys and kids products. But there’s been more media coverage of the topic, more advocacy group campaigns, etc. Is that what you mean?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, there’s been higher consumer awareness about phthalates, and that’s translated into changes in the marketplace in terms of what people are buying. There’s been a focus from advocacy groups, which have been working with industry to get them to remove some of these phthalates from their products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do we know about how these chemicals affect human health?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, there’s a range to how well some of these phthalates have been studied. The ones that have been banned (\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">here’s\u003c/span> \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpsc.gov/en/Regulations-Laws--Standards/Statutes/The-Consumer-Product-Safety-Improvement-Act/Phthalates/Phthalates-Information/\">more about those\u003c/a>) have more studies on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13144\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 387px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/woodruff387_0.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-13144\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13144\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/woodruff387_0.jpg\" alt=\"Tracey Woodruff heads UCSF's Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment. (UCSF)\" width=\"387\" height=\"258\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tracey Woodruff heads UCSF’s Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment. (UCSF)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Several of those have been linked to adverse effects on male reproductive development. Some of them have also been linked to effects on sperm quality. And there are some studies that suggest that exposure to phthalates can alter behavior in children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Obviously, you can’t expose a child or a fetus to phthalates and see what happens. So how do we know this? Are these studies with rats? Or observational studies in people, that point to a correlation between amounts of chemicals and physical/behavioral changes?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>Observational. (Ed note: \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=phthalates+rats+barlow\">Rat\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19491204\">marmoset\u003c/a> studies back up some of the concerns.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When we ban a chemical, what are we replacing it with? And how do we know that a replacement chemical is safer than what it replaces?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ways the laws are set up in the U.S., you don’t have to fully test a chemical before you substitute it for something else. So we’re always playing catch up. It’s a game of Whac-A-Mole with chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of these phthalates, DiBP (ed: used in cosmetics and food packaging), which has increased over 200 percent, is very structurally similar to one of the ones that was banned because of concerns over its effects on male reproductive development \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">A game of Whac-A-Mole with chemicals.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Consumers hear often about \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/12/24/sf-clothing-company-accused-of-knowingly-selling-lead-laden-products/\">products that have lead in them\u003c/a>, in part because under California’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCsQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.kqed.org%2Fscience%2Faudio%2Fwho-profits-from-proposition-65-part-one%2F&ei=lR3XUsEOiqrIAcDVgcAN&usg=AFQjCNElvL2a4jM0B9iKaE3gR_CgXqLnyg&sig2=g-i_TYdsqjOf1NTndOtphQ&bvm=bv.59568121,d.aWc\">Prop. 65\u003c/a>, those products have to be labeled. \u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>But with phthalates, it’s a little less clear where they are. Why is that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>It’s easy to test for lead because we have a good test. It’s a little more tricky with the phthalates. And yes, Prop. 65 gives people an incentive to look for certain chemicals in products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What would be more efficient and better would be to know in advance what products these chemicals are going into, rather than waiting until they get onto the marketplace. Because once they’re in the marketplace, if they pose a health risk, it’s too late.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the takeaway from your study\u003c/strong>?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The takeaway for me is that if you find a chemical and identify it as posing a potential health risk, then we can take an action and actually see a reduction of the chemical in people’s bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when it comes to the replacement chemicals, we may just be repeating the same cycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Not microwaving plastics is a “common-sense approach.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>OK, so this last question, I’m going to exploit your expertise a bit, since it’s not directly related to the paper.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is it true that putting plastic dishware in the dishwasher or microwave breaks down the plastic, thereby releasing phthalates and other chemicals into food?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a little hard to talk about these things because while we know there can be migration of these chemicals (into food) under heating circumstances, for example, we don’t really know how much is migrating and to what extent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have a series of brochures called \u003ca href=\"http://prhe.ucsf.edu/prhe/toxicmatters.html\">Toxic Matters\u003c/a> that include recommendations for people to lower their exposure to toxic chemicals. One of the recommendations is, “don’t microwave plastics and wash them by hand.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s more of a common-sense, preventative approach than a science-based approach. These are things that are easy to do, and come with little cost.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "New Fukushima Radiation Study Will Focus on West Coast Kelp Forests",
"headTitle": "New Fukushima Radiation Study Will Focus on West Coast Kelp Forests | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13101\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13101\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/ER_undercanopy.jpg\" alt=\"A kelp forest near Catalina Island. (Thomas Farrugia)\" width=\"640\" height=\"334\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A kelp forest near Catalina Island. (Thomas Farrugia)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Researchers are launching a new project to monitor California’s kelp forests for radiation from the Fukushima nuclear power plant in Japan. For \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/science-shorts/2014/01/13/berkeley-lab-and-cal-state-long-beach-researchers-launch-%E2%80%98kelp-watch%E2%80%99-to-determine-extent-of-fukushima-contamination/\">Kelp Watch 2014\u003c/a>, as it’s called, scientists will fan out this year along the California coast, to collect kelp and find out if it has absorbed any radiation from the 2011 meltdown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve gotten calls from people who are coming here to surf, people who live along the coastline, asking me, ‘Is it safe to go in the water?'” said Steven Manley, a biology professor at California State University, Long Beach who created Kelp Watch 2014. His plan is to measure radiation levels in kelp three times in multiple locations between the Oregon border and Baja California from mid February through next winter and make the results public.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘It’s sort of like having a large Geiger counter stretching the entire coastline.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Part of the reason for doing this is because the public is very freaked out by all this talk of radioactivity,” he said. “If they can actually see the numbers and a commentary as to what they mean, hopefully that’ll put them at ease.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kelp forests, he said, are a good indicator. For one, they’re all over the place. “You can find them along the entire California coastline from San Diego all the way up to Del Norte County,” Manley said. Plus, kelp acts sort of like a sponge, taking in whatever is in the seawater on the surface of the ocean. “It’s sort of like having a large Geiger counter stretching the entire coastline,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manley did an \u003ca href=\"http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/2012/radioactive-iodine-from-fukushima-in-california-kelp\">earlier study of Fukushima radiation and kelp\u003c/a>. A month after the accident, he found radioactive iodine in kelp on the West Coast. The iodine had traveled from the nuclear power plant through the atmosphere, and has a very short half-life. So it got here quickly and disappeared quickly. Within a few months, he said, it was gone. The radioactiviy posed no health risk to humans, he said at the time, and had no effects on the giant kelp, or on fish or other marine life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now attention is directed to the radiation traveling in ocean currents, which are much slower than the jet stream. Scientists think that could begin hitting California shores in the next couple years. By measuring radiation in kelp forests up and down the coast, Manley said he hopes to find out if and when it enters the kelp forest ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it gets into the kelp, certain fish feed directly on the kelp. Other fish feed indirectly by eating other organisms. The fish are going to have some in them,” he said. “Now, is it enough to worry about? Probably not. But people have the right to know what’s there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manley and volunteers from 19 institutions (this is, at this point, a project composed completely of researchers working pro bono) will send their kelp samples to Kai Vetter, a professor at the University of California, Berkeley and head of the Applied Nuclear Physics program at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Vetter has been measuring \u003ca href=\"http://www.nuc.berkeley.edu/UCBAirSampling/RainWaterSampling\">signals from Fukushima\u003c/a> here in California since the accident.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘The concentration of radioactive materials which will be washed ashore here has no impact whatsoever on our daily life.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>While sampling rainwater in 2011 and 2012, Vetter and his colleagues found extremely low levels of radioactivity from Fukushima. A week after the accident, for example, they reported that a person would have to drink 632 liters of Berkeley rainwater – 166 gallons – to be exposed to the same level of radiation as a passenger experiences during a round-trip flight between San Francisco and Washington D.C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once radiation from Fukushima does arrive on the West Coast from the ocean, Vetter said, he expects it will be in miniscule amounts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The concentration of radioactive materials which will be washed ashore here has no impact whatsoever on our daily life,” he said. “The levels we are measuring, they will not be harmful. They will not have any measurable health impact on humans or any detrimental effects in marine biology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite several recent online videos and blog posts claiming that Fukushima radiation is causing widespread contamination of the West Coast and harming fish, scientists say their research so far shows that is not the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers from Stony Brook University in New York and Stanford University’s Hopkins Marine Station tested Pacific Bluefin tuna after the 2011 Fukushima incident. They have \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/science/la-me-west-coast-radiation-20140113,0,4048380.story#axzz2qOfTY4Nk\">published research\u003c/a> showing radiation levels were low – less than what people are exposed to by eating a banana or other potassium-rich foods that contain naturally occurring radioactive isotopes — and have been falling ever since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Public Health earlier this week, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/pubsforms/Pubs/FukushimaEnvironmentalMonitoring.pdf\">released a statement responding to radiation concerns\u003c/a>, saying “Information from Federal agencies, State programs, as well as the Department’s own sampling results, conclude there are no health and safety concerns to California residents.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Researchers are launching a new project to monitor California's kelp forests for radiation from the Fukushima nuclear power plant in Japan. Scientists will fan out along the California coast to collect kelp and find out if it has absorbed any radiation from the 2011 meltdown.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13101\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13101\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/ER_undercanopy.jpg\" alt=\"A kelp forest near Catalina Island. (Thomas Farrugia)\" width=\"640\" height=\"334\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A kelp forest near Catalina Island. (Thomas Farrugia)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Researchers are launching a new project to monitor California’s kelp forests for radiation from the Fukushima nuclear power plant in Japan. For \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/science-shorts/2014/01/13/berkeley-lab-and-cal-state-long-beach-researchers-launch-%E2%80%98kelp-watch%E2%80%99-to-determine-extent-of-fukushima-contamination/\">Kelp Watch 2014\u003c/a>, as it’s called, scientists will fan out this year along the California coast, to collect kelp and find out if it has absorbed any radiation from the 2011 meltdown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve gotten calls from people who are coming here to surf, people who live along the coastline, asking me, ‘Is it safe to go in the water?'” said Steven Manley, a biology professor at California State University, Long Beach who created Kelp Watch 2014. His plan is to measure radiation levels in kelp three times in multiple locations between the Oregon border and Baja California from mid February through next winter and make the results public.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘It’s sort of like having a large Geiger counter stretching the entire coastline.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Part of the reason for doing this is because the public is very freaked out by all this talk of radioactivity,” he said. “If they can actually see the numbers and a commentary as to what they mean, hopefully that’ll put them at ease.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kelp forests, he said, are a good indicator. For one, they’re all over the place. “You can find them along the entire California coastline from San Diego all the way up to Del Norte County,” Manley said. Plus, kelp acts sort of like a sponge, taking in whatever is in the seawater on the surface of the ocean. “It’s sort of like having a large Geiger counter stretching the entire coastline,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manley did an \u003ca href=\"http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/2012/radioactive-iodine-from-fukushima-in-california-kelp\">earlier study of Fukushima radiation and kelp\u003c/a>. A month after the accident, he found radioactive iodine in kelp on the West Coast. The iodine had traveled from the nuclear power plant through the atmosphere, and has a very short half-life. So it got here quickly and disappeared quickly. Within a few months, he said, it was gone. The radioactiviy posed no health risk to humans, he said at the time, and had no effects on the giant kelp, or on fish or other marine life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now attention is directed to the radiation traveling in ocean currents, which are much slower than the jet stream. Scientists think that could begin hitting California shores in the next couple years. By measuring radiation in kelp forests up and down the coast, Manley said he hopes to find out if and when it enters the kelp forest ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it gets into the kelp, certain fish feed directly on the kelp. Other fish feed indirectly by eating other organisms. The fish are going to have some in them,” he said. “Now, is it enough to worry about? Probably not. But people have the right to know what’s there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manley and volunteers from 19 institutions (this is, at this point, a project composed completely of researchers working pro bono) will send their kelp samples to Kai Vetter, a professor at the University of California, Berkeley and head of the Applied Nuclear Physics program at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Vetter has been measuring \u003ca href=\"http://www.nuc.berkeley.edu/UCBAirSampling/RainWaterSampling\">signals from Fukushima\u003c/a> here in California since the accident.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘The concentration of radioactive materials which will be washed ashore here has no impact whatsoever on our daily life.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>While sampling rainwater in 2011 and 2012, Vetter and his colleagues found extremely low levels of radioactivity from Fukushima. A week after the accident, for example, they reported that a person would have to drink 632 liters of Berkeley rainwater – 166 gallons – to be exposed to the same level of radiation as a passenger experiences during a round-trip flight between San Francisco and Washington D.C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once radiation from Fukushima does arrive on the West Coast from the ocean, Vetter said, he expects it will be in miniscule amounts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The concentration of radioactive materials which will be washed ashore here has no impact whatsoever on our daily life,” he said. “The levels we are measuring, they will not be harmful. They will not have any measurable health impact on humans or any detrimental effects in marine biology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite several recent online videos and blog posts claiming that Fukushima radiation is causing widespread contamination of the West Coast and harming fish, scientists say their research so far shows that is not the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers from Stony Brook University in New York and Stanford University’s Hopkins Marine Station tested Pacific Bluefin tuna after the 2011 Fukushima incident. They have \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/science/la-me-west-coast-radiation-20140113,0,4048380.story#axzz2qOfTY4Nk\">published research\u003c/a> showing radiation levels were low – less than what people are exposed to by eating a banana or other potassium-rich foods that contain naturally occurring radioactive isotopes — and have been falling ever since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Public Health earlier this week, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/pubsforms/Pubs/FukushimaEnvironmentalMonitoring.pdf\">released a statement responding to radiation concerns\u003c/a>, saying “Information from Federal agencies, State programs, as well as the Department’s own sampling results, conclude there are no health and safety concerns to California residents.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Want to Save Water? Try Some Neighborly Competition",
"headTitle": "Want to Save Water? Try Some Neighborly Competition | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13037\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Sprinkler.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13037\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Sprinkler.jpg\" alt=\"An East Bay MUD conservation program has cut water use by comparing customers with their neighbors. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An East Bay MUD conservation program has cut water use by comparing customers with their neighbors. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The record dry weather means California water districts are ramping up conservation programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebmud.com/\">East Bay Municipal Utility District\u003c/a> is encouraging some of its customers to use less by having them compete with their neighbors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 10,000 EBMUD customers have been getting personalized reports in the mail over the past year, summarizing their water use and comparing it to the consumption of similar households in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It puts it into a context,” says Richard Harris, water conservation manager at EBMUD. “Like: for similar households with three-to-four people and with a [property] lot of this size in this zip code, this is how you compare. It creates an awareness of a benchmark.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The comparison is done anonymously – no neighbors are outed by name — but Harris says the small dose of peer pressure seems to work. An \u003ca href=\"http://californiawaterfoundation.org/uploads/1389391749-Watersmart_evaluation_report_FINAL_12-12-13%2800238356%29.pdf\">independent review\u003c/a> of the program found customers who got the information cut their water use by five percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13041\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 324px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/hwr-anon-ebmud-code-791x1024.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-13041\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/hwr-anon-ebmud-code-791x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge - example of WaterSmart's statements for EBMUD customers.\" width=\"324\" height=\"417\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge – example of WaterSmart’s statements for EBMUD customers.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We were targeting two percent,” says Harris. “So five percent is a pretty good savings rate. Compare that to conservation incentives where you’re enticing someone to buy something. If you can do it through behavioral science, it’s much more cost-effective.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reports also make personalized recommendations for conservation measures. EBMUD found that customers getting the peer reports were twice as likely to participate in conservation programs, compared to other average customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pilot program was run by San Francisco start-up \u003ca href=\"http://www.watersmartsoftware.com/\">WaterSmart Software\u003c/a>. It’s similar to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/07/what-makes-us-conserve-energy-6-lessons-from-the-smart-grid/\">what companies like Opower have done\u003c/a> with electricity consumption through “social norms” programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Peer pressure turns out to be the major motivator in changing behavior,” says WaterSmart Software CEO Peter Yolles. “Eight of ten people are more likely to change behavior based on social comparison than they are through saving money or saving the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yolles says in these programs, about one-third of the reduction in water consumption comes from home retrofits, like low-flow faucets or toilets. Two-thirds comes from behavioral changes, like shifting outdoor watering habits. WaterSmart is also working on projects in Davis and Newport Beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”aee988b64727bfb1fb39cd7ce0a8fcac”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s new in my perspective and it’s gaining some traction,” says Harris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water districts are looking for new conservation techniques in light of California’s plan to cut per-capita water use 20 percent statewide by 2020 – and because of the current drought. 2013 was the driest year on record in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re all feeling that,” says Harris. “As we get through the spring, we’ll see what happens in February and March. If it stays dry, we’ll likely have to enhance conservation measures and we’ll know then if we have to take additional actions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EBMUD is currently considering expanding the pilot program to more customers.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Utilities find that nothing drives water savings quite like giving you a peek at your neighbors' habits.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13037\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Sprinkler.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13037\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Sprinkler.jpg\" alt=\"An East Bay MUD conservation program has cut water use by comparing customers with their neighbors. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An East Bay MUD conservation program has cut water use by comparing customers with their neighbors. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The record dry weather means California water districts are ramping up conservation programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebmud.com/\">East Bay Municipal Utility District\u003c/a> is encouraging some of its customers to use less by having them compete with their neighbors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 10,000 EBMUD customers have been getting personalized reports in the mail over the past year, summarizing their water use and comparing it to the consumption of similar households in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It puts it into a context,” says Richard Harris, water conservation manager at EBMUD. “Like: for similar households with three-to-four people and with a [property] lot of this size in this zip code, this is how you compare. It creates an awareness of a benchmark.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The comparison is done anonymously – no neighbors are outed by name — but Harris says the small dose of peer pressure seems to work. An \u003ca href=\"http://californiawaterfoundation.org/uploads/1389391749-Watersmart_evaluation_report_FINAL_12-12-13%2800238356%29.pdf\">independent review\u003c/a> of the program found customers who got the information cut their water use by five percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13041\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 324px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/hwr-anon-ebmud-code-791x1024.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-13041\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/hwr-anon-ebmud-code-791x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge - example of WaterSmart's statements for EBMUD customers.\" width=\"324\" height=\"417\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge – example of WaterSmart’s statements for EBMUD customers.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We were targeting two percent,” says Harris. “So five percent is a pretty good savings rate. Compare that to conservation incentives where you’re enticing someone to buy something. If you can do it through behavioral science, it’s much more cost-effective.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reports also make personalized recommendations for conservation measures. EBMUD found that customers getting the peer reports were twice as likely to participate in conservation programs, compared to other average customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pilot program was run by San Francisco start-up \u003ca href=\"http://www.watersmartsoftware.com/\">WaterSmart Software\u003c/a>. It’s similar to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/07/what-makes-us-conserve-energy-6-lessons-from-the-smart-grid/\">what companies like Opower have done\u003c/a> with electricity consumption through “social norms” programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Peer pressure turns out to be the major motivator in changing behavior,” says WaterSmart Software CEO Peter Yolles. “Eight of ten people are more likely to change behavior based on social comparison than they are through saving money or saving the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yolles says in these programs, about one-third of the reduction in water consumption comes from home retrofits, like low-flow faucets or toilets. Two-thirds comes from behavioral changes, like shifting outdoor watering habits. WaterSmart is also working on projects in Davis and Newport Beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s new in my perspective and it’s gaining some traction,” says Harris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water districts are looking for new conservation techniques in light of California’s plan to cut per-capita water use 20 percent statewide by 2020 – and because of the current drought. 2013 was the driest year on record in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re all feeling that,” says Harris. “As we get through the spring, we’ll see what happens in February and March. If it stays dry, we’ll likely have to enhance conservation measures and we’ll know then if we have to take additional actions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EBMUD is currently considering expanding the pilot program to more customers.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Silicon Valley Billionaire Battles Surfers Over Beach Access",
"headTitle": "Silicon Valley Billionaire Battles Surfers Over Beach Access | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/01/20140113science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12935\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/pelicanrock_scale-e1389396164850.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12935\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/pelicanrock_scale-e1389396164850.jpg\" alt=\"Pelican Rock marks the northern end of Martins Beach. (Amy Standen/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pelican Rock marks the northern end of Martins Beach. (Amy Standen/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Martins Beach, three miles south of Half Moon Bay, was once a hidden gem of the San Mateo County coastline, known to just a handful of local surfers and people who rented cottages along the shore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”61b860e0cb4ab6cf8dfc83ea28432088″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those days are over. The small beach has become ground zero for a protracted legal battle between locals and one Silicon Valley billionaire who would like to keep the public out.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nFor locals, “a little Yosemite”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even on a windy gray day, Martins Beach is perfect. About a quarter mile long, the beach is hidden from Highway 1, accessible by a winding road that passes through a small community of modest beach houses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the south end of the beach, cliffs jut up from the ocean; at the north, waves crash against a massive rock formation shaped like a shark fin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think John Muir would roll over in his grave if he thought we’d be losing access to this completely unique spot,” says Mike Wallace, who coaches the surf team at the local high school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12938\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 355px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/MW_scale-e1389396343762.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-12938 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/MW_scale-e1389396343762.jpg\" alt=\"Mike Wallace used to bring his high school surf team to practice at Martins Beach. Here, he stands next to a mural depicting the beach's former owners. (Amy Standen/KQED)\" width=\"355\" height=\"266\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mike Wallace used to bring his high school surf team to practice at Martins Beach. Here, he stands next to a mural depicting a former cabin-owner. (Amy Standen/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>His daughter caught her first wave off of Martins Beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For a lot of us, it feels like a little Yosemite of the coast,” Wallace says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the heart of the battle is not on this beach, lovely as it may be. All California beaches are public — that is, from the ocean up to the high water line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The real heart of the battle is the road that leads to the beach. Because other than a boat, there is only one way to get here: the road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The turn from Highway 1 can be hard to find. A large sign that once beckoned visitors to Martins Beach is now painted black. This particularly galls Wallace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know, out of sight, out of mind. Paint the sign black and all of a sudden the public loses interest and it falls off the map. We don’t want it to fall off the map.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sold to an unnamed buyer\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2008, the property was sold for $37.5 million to a private owner. The sign was painted and a gate went up, saying, “Private property. Keep out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12934\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/khosla_duncan_scale.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-12934 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/khosla_duncan_scale.jpg\" alt=\"Silicon Valley investor Vinod Khosla is the new owner of Martins Beach. (James Duncan Davidson/O'Reilly Media, Inc.)\" width=\"270\" height=\"359\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Silicon Valley investor Vinod Khosla is the new owner of Martins Beach. (James Duncan Davidson/O’Reilly Media, Inc.)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Initially, Wallace and other regulars weren’t sure who the new owners were. The legal documents cited an LLC called, simply, Martins Beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But eventually, they figured it out. The new owner of Martins Beach was Vinod Khosla, the Silicon Valley billionaire investor best known for his investments in clean tech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of what’s gotten this case so much press is that Khosla isn’t the type of person you’d expect to find in a show-down with environmentalists, such as Mark Massara, a long-time surfer and attorney on one of four lawsuits filed so far over Martins Beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even for billionaires with a solid track record of conservation efforts, taking coastal property and trying to privatize it… people are generally not willing to allow that to happen,” says Massara.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Massara and others argue that the road to Martins Beach has been used by the public for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The previous owners, the Deeney family, charged a $10 fee to people who wanted to park their cars there. There are public bathrooms at the beach and a café, now closed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is, in other words, a longtime precedent of public access at Martins Beach, says Massara, even though the property does not contain an easement requiring public access on the road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12997\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 346px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/MM_Sclae-21.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-12997 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/MM_Sclae-21.jpg\" alt=\"Surfer and environmental attorney Mark Massara at home near San Francisco's Ocean Beach. (Amy Standen/KQED)\" width=\"346\" height=\"260\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Surfer and environmental attorney Mark Massara at home near San Francisco’s Ocean Beach. (Amy Standen/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The courts haven’t always agreed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In October, a county judge ruled that Khosla can keep the public from walking or driving to the beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the beach contained no easement when it was acquired through a 19th-century Mexican land grant, San Mateo County Superior Court Judge Gerald Buchwald ruled, the property is not subject to the state’s constitutional laws regarding public access.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Massara says that precedent could imperil public access up and down California’s coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Setting a precedent\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Make no mistake,” Massara says, “if it stands in this case, it’ll inspire other efforts by other wealthy individuals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That decision is likely to be appealed. Meanwhile, Massara, along with the Surfrider Foundation, has filed another lawsuit, which may go to court this spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">A David and Goliath battle waged entirely in paperwork\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The Surfrider suit contends that Khosla is required to seek permits from the California Coastal Commission for any improvements to the property. That includes several recent changes: the gate at the top of the road, road maintenance and an emergency seawall constructed on the beach this winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This seemingly dull and technical point – building permits – may turn out to be the true arena for the Martins Beach battle, particularly if the investor plans to remove the cottages when their leases expire in 2021 and build a private residence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12937\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/cafe_scale1-e1389398208404.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12937\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/cafe_scale1-e1389398208404.jpg\" alt=\"The beach's former owners, the Deeney family, ran a cafe on Martins Beach. (Amy Standen/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The beach’s former owners, the Deeney family, ran a cafe on Martins Beach. (Amy Standen/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Think of it as a David-and-Goliath battle waged entirely in paperwork, between a billionaire and the chronically-unfunded agency in charge of issuing these permits, the California Coastal Commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A state agency intent on public access\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We couldn’t get a comment from Khosla for this story. His office in Menlo Park forwarded our request to his lawyers, who declined to answer questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For their part, staff members at the Coastal Commission say they’ve tried to negotiate with the owner from the start.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We asked them if they wanted to resolve it. In fact, we met with the owner’s attorneys,” says Nancy Cave, a district manager for the North Central Division of the California Coastal Commission, which has fought to establish public access to California beaches since its founding in 1972.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\n“They showed no interest in resolving. They only wanted to litigate.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Nancy Cave and her staff want to keep Martins Beach open to the public. Khosla will need permits from the Commission if he wants to do almost anything on the property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, Cave thought, maybe they could strike a deal. She was wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They showed no interest in resolving,” says Cave. “They only wanted to litigate. They wanted us to act so they could litigate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In two separate lawsuits, Khosla’s attorneys have argued that developing the property will not require permits from the Coastal Commission. Both suits have been dismissed, the second by Khosla’s attorneys themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Massara believes this drawn-out litigation plays to Khosla’s strength: a personal fortune that far exceeds the Commission’s annual budget of $16 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Steeling for a fight\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Commission staff members say they’re well used to taking on affluent land owners, most famously, David Geffen, who tried (and failed) to keep the public from accessing a path near his Malibu Beach estate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Talking to Cave and her colleagues, you get the sense they’re steeling themselves for a drawn-out fight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12954\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/P1140220-e1389398089205.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12954\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/P1140220-e1389398089205.jpg\" alt=\"Martins Beach is home to the residents of about 45 small beach houses, all of whose leases expire in 2021. (Amy Standen/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"960\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Martins Beach is home to the residents of about 45 small beach houses, all of whose leases expire in 2021. (Amy Standen/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’re pretty used to litigating against deep pockets,” says Alex Helperin, senior staff counsel for the Coastal Commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been in litigation with a lot of wealthy adversaries,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Does that stop us from doing our work?” says Nancy Cave, “No.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first of the permits on the Martins Beach property — for an emergency seawall built recently to prevent erosion – is due this month.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A small beach in Half Moon Bay has become ground zero for a drawn-out legal battle between locals and one Silicon Valley billionaire who would like to keep the public out.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12935\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/pelicanrock_scale-e1389396164850.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12935\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/pelicanrock_scale-e1389396164850.jpg\" alt=\"Pelican Rock marks the northern end of Martins Beach. (Amy Standen/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pelican Rock marks the northern end of Martins Beach. (Amy Standen/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Martins Beach, three miles south of Half Moon Bay, was once a hidden gem of the San Mateo County coastline, known to just a handful of local surfers and people who rented cottages along the shore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those days are over. The small beach has become ground zero for a protracted legal battle between locals and one Silicon Valley billionaire who would like to keep the public out.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nFor locals, “a little Yosemite”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even on a windy gray day, Martins Beach is perfect. About a quarter mile long, the beach is hidden from Highway 1, accessible by a winding road that passes through a small community of modest beach houses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the south end of the beach, cliffs jut up from the ocean; at the north, waves crash against a massive rock formation shaped like a shark fin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think John Muir would roll over in his grave if he thought we’d be losing access to this completely unique spot,” says Mike Wallace, who coaches the surf team at the local high school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12938\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 355px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/MW_scale-e1389396343762.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-12938 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/MW_scale-e1389396343762.jpg\" alt=\"Mike Wallace used to bring his high school surf team to practice at Martins Beach. Here, he stands next to a mural depicting the beach's former owners. (Amy Standen/KQED)\" width=\"355\" height=\"266\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mike Wallace used to bring his high school surf team to practice at Martins Beach. Here, he stands next to a mural depicting a former cabin-owner. (Amy Standen/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>His daughter caught her first wave off of Martins Beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For a lot of us, it feels like a little Yosemite of the coast,” Wallace says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the heart of the battle is not on this beach, lovely as it may be. All California beaches are public — that is, from the ocean up to the high water line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The real heart of the battle is the road that leads to the beach. Because other than a boat, there is only one way to get here: the road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The turn from Highway 1 can be hard to find. A large sign that once beckoned visitors to Martins Beach is now painted black. This particularly galls Wallace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know, out of sight, out of mind. Paint the sign black and all of a sudden the public loses interest and it falls off the map. We don’t want it to fall off the map.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sold to an unnamed buyer\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2008, the property was sold for $37.5 million to a private owner. The sign was painted and a gate went up, saying, “Private property. Keep out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12934\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/khosla_duncan_scale.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-12934 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/khosla_duncan_scale.jpg\" alt=\"Silicon Valley investor Vinod Khosla is the new owner of Martins Beach. (James Duncan Davidson/O'Reilly Media, Inc.)\" width=\"270\" height=\"359\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Silicon Valley investor Vinod Khosla is the new owner of Martins Beach. (James Duncan Davidson/O’Reilly Media, Inc.)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Initially, Wallace and other regulars weren’t sure who the new owners were. The legal documents cited an LLC called, simply, Martins Beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But eventually, they figured it out. The new owner of Martins Beach was Vinod Khosla, the Silicon Valley billionaire investor best known for his investments in clean tech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of what’s gotten this case so much press is that Khosla isn’t the type of person you’d expect to find in a show-down with environmentalists, such as Mark Massara, a long-time surfer and attorney on one of four lawsuits filed so far over Martins Beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even for billionaires with a solid track record of conservation efforts, taking coastal property and trying to privatize it… people are generally not willing to allow that to happen,” says Massara.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Massara and others argue that the road to Martins Beach has been used by the public for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The previous owners, the Deeney family, charged a $10 fee to people who wanted to park their cars there. There are public bathrooms at the beach and a café, now closed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is, in other words, a longtime precedent of public access at Martins Beach, says Massara, even though the property does not contain an easement requiring public access on the road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12997\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 346px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/MM_Sclae-21.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-12997 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/MM_Sclae-21.jpg\" alt=\"Surfer and environmental attorney Mark Massara at home near San Francisco's Ocean Beach. (Amy Standen/KQED)\" width=\"346\" height=\"260\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Surfer and environmental attorney Mark Massara at home near San Francisco’s Ocean Beach. (Amy Standen/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The courts haven’t always agreed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In October, a county judge ruled that Khosla can keep the public from walking or driving to the beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the beach contained no easement when it was acquired through a 19th-century Mexican land grant, San Mateo County Superior Court Judge Gerald Buchwald ruled, the property is not subject to the state’s constitutional laws regarding public access.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Massara says that precedent could imperil public access up and down California’s coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Setting a precedent\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Make no mistake,” Massara says, “if it stands in this case, it’ll inspire other efforts by other wealthy individuals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That decision is likely to be appealed. Meanwhile, Massara, along with the Surfrider Foundation, has filed another lawsuit, which may go to court this spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">A David and Goliath battle waged entirely in paperwork\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The Surfrider suit contends that Khosla is required to seek permits from the California Coastal Commission for any improvements to the property. That includes several recent changes: the gate at the top of the road, road maintenance and an emergency seawall constructed on the beach this winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This seemingly dull and technical point – building permits – may turn out to be the true arena for the Martins Beach battle, particularly if the investor plans to remove the cottages when their leases expire in 2021 and build a private residence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12937\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/cafe_scale1-e1389398208404.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12937\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/cafe_scale1-e1389398208404.jpg\" alt=\"The beach's former owners, the Deeney family, ran a cafe on Martins Beach. (Amy Standen/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The beach’s former owners, the Deeney family, ran a cafe on Martins Beach. (Amy Standen/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Think of it as a David-and-Goliath battle waged entirely in paperwork, between a billionaire and the chronically-unfunded agency in charge of issuing these permits, the California Coastal Commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A state agency intent on public access\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We couldn’t get a comment from Khosla for this story. His office in Menlo Park forwarded our request to his lawyers, who declined to answer questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For their part, staff members at the Coastal Commission say they’ve tried to negotiate with the owner from the start.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We asked them if they wanted to resolve it. In fact, we met with the owner’s attorneys,” says Nancy Cave, a district manager for the North Central Division of the California Coastal Commission, which has fought to establish public access to California beaches since its founding in 1972.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\n“They showed no interest in resolving. They only wanted to litigate.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Nancy Cave and her staff want to keep Martins Beach open to the public. Khosla will need permits from the Commission if he wants to do almost anything on the property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, Cave thought, maybe they could strike a deal. She was wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They showed no interest in resolving,” says Cave. “They only wanted to litigate. They wanted us to act so they could litigate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In two separate lawsuits, Khosla’s attorneys have argued that developing the property will not require permits from the Coastal Commission. Both suits have been dismissed, the second by Khosla’s attorneys themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Massara believes this drawn-out litigation plays to Khosla’s strength: a personal fortune that far exceeds the Commission’s annual budget of $16 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Steeling for a fight\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Commission staff members say they’re well used to taking on affluent land owners, most famously, David Geffen, who tried (and failed) to keep the public from accessing a path near his Malibu Beach estate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Talking to Cave and her colleagues, you get the sense they’re steeling themselves for a drawn-out fight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12954\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/P1140220-e1389398089205.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12954\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/P1140220-e1389398089205.jpg\" alt=\"Martins Beach is home to the residents of about 45 small beach houses, all of whose leases expire in 2021. (Amy Standen/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"960\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Martins Beach is home to the residents of about 45 small beach houses, all of whose leases expire in 2021. (Amy Standen/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’re pretty used to litigating against deep pockets,” says Alex Helperin, senior staff counsel for the Coastal Commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been in litigation with a lot of wealthy adversaries,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Does that stop us from doing our work?” says Nancy Cave, “No.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13016\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13016\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/pittsburgoilprotest.jpg\" alt=\"About 150 people marched to Pittsburg city hall on Saturday, protesting a proposed oil terminal. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">About 150 people marched to Pittsburg city hall on Saturday, protesting a proposed oil terminal. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The East Bay city of Pittsburg is considering a new oil terminal, which would supply crude to Bay Area refineries. Some residents are hoping to stop the plan in its tracks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The terminal would bring in oil via ship, pipeline and railroad. At maximum capacity, it could handle 375,000 barrels of crude a day. Local residents are concerned about the effects it would have on air and water quality, and — in light of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationaljournal.com/energy/regulators-face-growing-pressure-after-oil-by-rail-accidents-20140109\">a number of recent accidents\u003c/a> outside California — the safety of transporting crude oil by rail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a rally on Saturday, about 150 people gathered to protest the project, proposed by an Irvine-based energy company called \u003ca href=\"http://www.wespac.com/index01.html\">WesPac\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We got kids, we got grandkids, nieces and nephews and young people like myself who grew up here all our lives,” said Quincy Kaisa, president of the Pittsburg Ethics Council, a group formed to fight the oil terminal. “We hope to better the future of Pittsburg, but we can’t do that if WesPac is polluting our air and our water supply.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”7aba884b2c7b476e2da12e3cd59fb67d”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>WesPac is proposing to re-open a marine terminal and oil storage facility that used to belong to PG&E. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pittsburgterminalproject.com/projectoverview.htm\">The company’s plan\u003c/a> is to update the existing infrastructure and to build a new rail terminal nearby, on property that would be leased from BNSF Railway Company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our project is going to be completely silent and odorless and the safest facility in the country for this type of business,” said WesPac project manager Art Diefenbach. “And it’s consistent with the types of operations that are going on in that area already.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Refineries here in the Bay Area have traditionally taken in crude via pipeline, from Southern California, or by ship, from Alaska or overseas. But California’s oil fields are producing less, while there’s a boom in the central part of the country, in places like North Dakota’s Bakken formation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil companies are eager to get access to the lower-cost crude, and the way to get that crude oil to refineries on the West Coast is by rail. Valero, in Benicia, is looking to build \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/valero-rail-project-fuels-tar-sands-speculation-in-bay-area/\">its own rail facility\u003c/a>, and there are \u003ca href=\"http://www.kansascity.com/2014/01/10/4742631/california-expects-more-crude.html\">other projects in the table\u003c/a> in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But after a series of derailments and explosions, transporting crude oil by rail — especially from the Bakken Shale in North Dakota — is coming under closer scrutiny. \u003ca href=\"http://www.phmsa.dot.gov/portal/site/PHMSA/menuitem.ebdc7a8a7e39f2e55cf2031050248a0c/?vgnextoid=c6efec1c60f23410VgnVCM100000d2c97898RCRD&vgnextchannel=d248724dd7d6c010VgnVCM10000080e8a8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=print\">Federal agencies are investigating\u003c/a> the risks of transporting Bakken crude by rail. And Governor Jerry Brown proposed boosting the funding for California’s oil spill response program in his \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebudget.ca.gov/2014-15/pdf/BudgetSummary/NaturalResources.pdf\">budget proposal\u003c/a>, citing the expected increase of oil shipments by rail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.pittsburg.ca.us/index.aspx?page=700\">Pittsburg is preparing an environmental impact report\u003c/a> on the WesPac project. That’s expected to be completed sometime this month, after which the planning department and city council will decide whether it can go forward.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13016\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13016\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/pittsburgoilprotest.jpg\" alt=\"About 150 people marched to Pittsburg city hall on Saturday, protesting a proposed oil terminal. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">About 150 people marched to Pittsburg city hall on Saturday, protesting a proposed oil terminal. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The East Bay city of Pittsburg is considering a new oil terminal, which would supply crude to Bay Area refineries. Some residents are hoping to stop the plan in its tracks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The terminal would bring in oil via ship, pipeline and railroad. At maximum capacity, it could handle 375,000 barrels of crude a day. Local residents are concerned about the effects it would have on air and water quality, and — in light of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationaljournal.com/energy/regulators-face-growing-pressure-after-oil-by-rail-accidents-20140109\">a number of recent accidents\u003c/a> outside California — the safety of transporting crude oil by rail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a rally on Saturday, about 150 people gathered to protest the project, proposed by an Irvine-based energy company called \u003ca href=\"http://www.wespac.com/index01.html\">WesPac\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We got kids, we got grandkids, nieces and nephews and young people like myself who grew up here all our lives,” said Quincy Kaisa, president of the Pittsburg Ethics Council, a group formed to fight the oil terminal. “We hope to better the future of Pittsburg, but we can’t do that if WesPac is polluting our air and our water supply.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>WesPac is proposing to re-open a marine terminal and oil storage facility that used to belong to PG&E. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pittsburgterminalproject.com/projectoverview.htm\">The company’s plan\u003c/a> is to update the existing infrastructure and to build a new rail terminal nearby, on property that would be leased from BNSF Railway Company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our project is going to be completely silent and odorless and the safest facility in the country for this type of business,” said WesPac project manager Art Diefenbach. “And it’s consistent with the types of operations that are going on in that area already.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Refineries here in the Bay Area have traditionally taken in crude via pipeline, from Southern California, or by ship, from Alaska or overseas. But California’s oil fields are producing less, while there’s a boom in the central part of the country, in places like North Dakota’s Bakken formation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil companies are eager to get access to the lower-cost crude, and the way to get that crude oil to refineries on the West Coast is by rail. Valero, in Benicia, is looking to build \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/valero-rail-project-fuels-tar-sands-speculation-in-bay-area/\">its own rail facility\u003c/a>, and there are \u003ca href=\"http://www.kansascity.com/2014/01/10/4742631/california-expects-more-crude.html\">other projects in the table\u003c/a> in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But after a series of derailments and explosions, transporting crude oil by rail — especially from the Bakken Shale in North Dakota — is coming under closer scrutiny. \u003ca href=\"http://www.phmsa.dot.gov/portal/site/PHMSA/menuitem.ebdc7a8a7e39f2e55cf2031050248a0c/?vgnextoid=c6efec1c60f23410VgnVCM100000d2c97898RCRD&vgnextchannel=d248724dd7d6c010VgnVCM10000080e8a8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=print\">Federal agencies are investigating\u003c/a> the risks of transporting Bakken crude by rail. And Governor Jerry Brown proposed boosting the funding for California’s oil spill response program in his \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebudget.ca.gov/2014-15/pdf/BudgetSummary/NaturalResources.pdf\">budget proposal\u003c/a>, citing the expected increase of oil shipments by rail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.pittsburg.ca.us/index.aspx?page=700\">Pittsburg is preparing an environmental impact report\u003c/a> on the WesPac project. That’s expected to be completed sometime this month, after which the planning department and city council will decide whether it can go forward.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Governor's Budget Plan Getting High Marks from Environmentalists",
"headTitle": "Governor’s Budget Plan Getting High Marks from Environmentalists | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Environmental groups are generally lauding \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebudget.ca.gov/FullBudgetSummary.pdf\">Governor Jerry Brown’s proposed budget\u003c/a>, which includes an outline for spending revenue from the state’s carbon auctions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2012/11/14/five-reasons-you-should-care-about-california%E2%80%99s-cap-and-trade-carbon-market/\">cap-and-trade program\u003c/a> charges companies for the right to pollute. Fees are then supposed to be used for programs aimed at cutting greenhouse gas emissions and to shield consumers from any hikes in their electric bill caused by the regulation. Brown’s budget proposes how to spend $850 million from the program:\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12899\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12899\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/capandtradebudget.jpg\" alt=\"(Source: Governor's Full Budget Summary)\" width=\"640\" height=\"429\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Source: Governor’s Full Budget Summary)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A quarter of the revenue is required to go towards helping environmentally disadvantaged areas, with one tenth invested within those communities.[contextly_sidebar id=”981f6f2762c3416bfb4ebc29109a638d”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most vulnerable to climate change are those who are low-income and communities of color,” said Mari Rose Taruc with the \u003ca href=\"http://apen4ej.org/\">Asian Pacific Environmental Network\u003c/a>. “A few of the priority investment areas include energy efficiency for low-income homes. It includes affordable transit-oriented development as part of a broader sustainable communities strategy, as well as urban forestry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, the governor outraged environmentalists by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/05/14/enviros-livid-as-brown-diverts-cap-and-trade-funds/\">“borrowing” cap-and-trade revenues\u003c/a> to balance the general fund. This year’s budget includes $100 million being repaid from that loan, plus $750 million in expected revenue from the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The overall budget picture is rosier than in years past, as KQED’s Sacramento bureau chief \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/01/09/happy-days-are-here-again-brown-unveils-106-billion-budget-draft/\">Scott Detrow explains\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Brace yourself, Californians: There’s no state budget crisis this year. Repeat: \u003cem>No crisis. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown didn’t actually say those exact words this morning as he unveiled \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebudget.ca.gov/2014-15/BudgetSummary/BSS/BSS.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">his spending plan\u003c/a> for the next fiscal year, but he did sound a rare note of budget optimism. “For this year, there is very good news,” Brown said. “Good news in the fiscal stability and resources available for the state of California.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Other environmental budget items include $785,000 for \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/who-profits-from-proposition-65-part-one/\">Proposition 65 reform\u003c/a>; $655 million for state parks, including $40 million to catch up on deferred maintenance; $6.7 million for oil spill prevention and response, with an eye toward the expected increase in shipments of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/12/04/tank-battle-activists-take-aim-at-bay-area-crude-projects/\">crude oil by rail\u003c/a>; and $618 million for water-related spending, including conservation, infrastructure, flood prevention, drinking water and habitat restoration\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When asked in a press conference this morning about more immediate water concerns in this \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/01/02/2013-californias-big-dry/\">very dry year\u003c/a>, Brown said he’ll do everything “humanly possible” to address water resources, but added, “Governors can’t make it rain.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Environmental groups are generally lauding \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebudget.ca.gov/FullBudgetSummary.pdf\">Governor Jerry Brown’s proposed budget\u003c/a>, which includes an outline for spending revenue from the state’s carbon auctions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2012/11/14/five-reasons-you-should-care-about-california%E2%80%99s-cap-and-trade-carbon-market/\">cap-and-trade program\u003c/a> charges companies for the right to pollute. Fees are then supposed to be used for programs aimed at cutting greenhouse gas emissions and to shield consumers from any hikes in their electric bill caused by the regulation. Brown’s budget proposes how to spend $850 million from the program:\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12899\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12899\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/capandtradebudget.jpg\" alt=\"(Source: Governor's Full Budget Summary)\" width=\"640\" height=\"429\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Source: Governor’s Full Budget Summary)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A quarter of the revenue is required to go towards helping environmentally disadvantaged areas, with one tenth invested within those communities.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most vulnerable to climate change are those who are low-income and communities of color,” said Mari Rose Taruc with the \u003ca href=\"http://apen4ej.org/\">Asian Pacific Environmental Network\u003c/a>. “A few of the priority investment areas include energy efficiency for low-income homes. It includes affordable transit-oriented development as part of a broader sustainable communities strategy, as well as urban forestry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, the governor outraged environmentalists by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/05/14/enviros-livid-as-brown-diverts-cap-and-trade-funds/\">“borrowing” cap-and-trade revenues\u003c/a> to balance the general fund. This year’s budget includes $100 million being repaid from that loan, plus $750 million in expected revenue from the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Ford Motor company is trying to be the first on the road with a solar-powered car for everyday use. The company is unveiling its concept model at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cesweb.org/\">Consumer Electronics Show\u003c/a> in Las Vegas this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-12749\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/C-MAXSolarEnergi_10.jpg\" alt=\"C-MAXSolarEnergi_10\" width=\"640\" height=\"377\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ford has taken its\u003ca href=\"http://www.ford.com/cars/cmax/trim/energi/\"> C-MAX Energi plug-in hybrid\u003c/a>, a gas and electric powered car, and lined its rooftop with solar panels provided by San Jose-based \u003ca href=\"http://us.sunpower.com/\">SunPower\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 300 watts of energy the rooftop solar panels generate are not nearly enough for a full day’s charge, but the company has tried to solve that problem by building a solar-charging carport. “When you park that car under a concentrator, basically a magnifying glass,” Ford’s Mike Tinskey says, “we can actually, in six hours, get a full 21 miles of range on that vehicle and that’s the part we are really excited about.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Using 19th century technology to harness the sun\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not clear what you would do during those six hours that the car is charging. Most electric car drivers charge at home, at night, when electricity is cheapest. Ford’s solar-charging carports would need to be in a very sunny place. But what’s kind of cool about Ford’s large magnifying glass thingy, is that the company is using a 19th century technology, a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnel_lens\">Fresnel lens\u003c/a>, to harness the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They were invented a long time ago for lighthouse use to take a single light and make it visible for a long distance. So we are using that same concept that was invented back in the 1800s to magnify the sun on top of our vehicle,” says Tinskey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if you are saying, “Hey, what about the fact that the sun moves during the day,” well, good question and Ford has tried to address that. You can see their special solar-charging canopy and tracking system in this video.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CvEhtqcbJ4U?rel=0\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>100 miles per gallon\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just like other plug-in electric hybrids, after the battery runs out of fuel, in this case, solar energy, Ford’s solar concept car can then switch over and run on gasoline. Ford says the car can get 100 miles per gallon in city and highway driving combined. That’s more than enough to cut down on greenhouse gas emissions and be eligible for the HOV (carpool) lane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While this concept car may never make it to mass production — the company would have to build an entire infrastructure of solar-charging carports — some of the technology could end up in a solar-powered car in the future.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not clear what you would do during those six hours that the car is charging. Most electric car drivers charge at home, at night, when electricity is cheapest. Ford’s solar-charging carports would need to be in a very sunny place. But what’s kind of cool about Ford’s large magnifying glass thingy, is that the company is using a 19th century technology, a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnel_lens\">Fresnel lens\u003c/a>, to harness the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They were invented a long time ago for lighthouse use to take a single light and make it visible for a long distance. So we are using that same concept that was invented back in the 1800s to magnify the sun on top of our vehicle,” says Tinskey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if you are saying, “Hey, what about the fact that the sun moves during the day,” well, good question and Ford has tried to address that. You can see their special solar-charging canopy and tracking system in this video.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CvEhtqcbJ4U?rel=0\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>100 miles per gallon\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just like other plug-in electric hybrids, after the battery runs out of fuel, in this case, solar energy, Ford’s solar concept car can then switch over and run on gasoline. Ford says the car can get 100 miles per gallon in city and highway driving combined. That’s more than enough to cut down on greenhouse gas emissions and be eligible for the HOV (carpool) lane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While this concept car may never make it to mass production — the company would have to build an entire infrastructure of solar-charging carports — some of the technology could end up in a solar-powered car in the future.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"onourwatch": {
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
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"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
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