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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://u.s.kqed.net/2014/02/13/Drought.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>The Cosumnes River, before and after the atmospheric river storm of February 8-9. (Carson Jeffres)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watching the TV news reporters out in their slickers, in front of \u003ca title=\"KTVU - post\" href=\"http://www.ktvu.com/news/news/local/storm-helps-refill-parched-russian-river/ndJZN/?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=twitter\">suddenly raging rivers\u003c/a> last weekend, it was tempting to open the taps and start celebrating the end of California’s Big Dry. But officials and forecasters were \u003ca title=\"SF Gate - post\" href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/California-drought-Storm-a-reprieve-not-a-cure-5222416.php\">quick to point out\u003c/a> that the festivities would be premature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a few reasons for this. One is the sheer depth of California’s precipitation deficit. Over a three-day period, some places doubled their total seasonal rainfall totals–and still found themselves at just 30 or 40 percent of average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another was that this atmospheric river pouring in from the Pacific was a rifle, not a shotgun. It “kind of sat in one spot and hosed one part of the state,” explains \u003ca title=\"UC Davis - CWS\" href=\"https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/people/jfmount\">Jeffrey Mount\u003c/a>, a consulting geologist and co-founder of the \u003ca title=\"UC Davis - CWS\" href=\"https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/\">Center for Watershed Sciences\u003c/a> at University of California, Davis. “We’re in a statewide drought, so this did nothing to relieve anything basically south of Sacramento.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the third reason is more elusive. It has to do with how extremely dry conditions were when the storm arrived.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It rained so hard that it saturated the ground right near the surface,” says Mount, who is a fluvial geomorphologist, which is to say an expert on how rivers change and respond to major weather events. “Once it’s saturated, that water starts running right off the surface. It’s not stored at all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hence, rivers that were right in the path of the storm went from nearly bone-dry to running amok in a matter of hours. Carson Jeffres, a colleague of Mount’s at Davis, was up on the Cosumnes River, watching it swell. “The river went from dry to out in the floodplain in about 16 hours,” Jeffres wrote in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://u.s.kqed.net/2014/02/13/RussianRiver.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>The Russian River seen from Badger Park in Healdsburg, before and after the atmospheric river storm of February 8-9. (Before: Craig Miller. After: Jacob Katz)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But much of that water didn’t stick around long enough to recharge underground aquifers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount says it has to do with “infiltration capacity” of the soils. “Think of your ability to absorb information,” he says. “You have an infiltration capacity. The soils are the same way. Lighter, more prolonged rains don’t tend to overwhelm the ground’s infiltration capacity. “It goes into soil and it actually starts moving downslope below the surface and discharges into the river, which is why you often will see rivers will rise very slowly in gentle storms and then go down very slowly, long after the storm has gone. That’s because the soils just below the surface are feeding water into the rivers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when the water all comes at once, as it did in the early February deluge, “Up comes the river and down goes the river, very quickly,” says Mount.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In extremely dry conditions, Mount says the soil can turn “hydrophobic.” That doesn’t mean the dirt has rabies but it does mean it’s “afraid” of water, as he explains it. “The first rain doesn’t penetrate much. It literally bounces right off and runs off. The way water ran off during that storm, one would wonder if that was the case.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not that there weren’t winners from the storm. At one point, Mount says \u003ca title=\"SacBee - post\" href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/2014/02/10/6143952/long-awaited-soaking-quenches.html\">Folsom Lake\u003c/a>, a lynchpin reservoir for the Sacramento region, was taking in 50,000 acre-feet per day from the suddenly engorged American River. “That’s enough for the City of Folsom to make it through a whole year,” he says. But similar flows on the Russian River, for instance, went straight out the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>NASA’s LADEE Mission (that’s “LAD-ee,” not “lady,” short for Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer), managed by Ames Research Center in Mountain View, has sent back its first images from the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So NASA made a nifty little gif out of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 752px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/adjusted_despeck_landscape.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"752\" height=\"580\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Five images captured by the LADEE spacecraft, on its mission to explain lunar dust. (NASA/Ames)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The five photos were taken at one-minute intervals on February 8th, as LADEE zoomed along the moon’s orbit at approximately 60 miles a minute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA Ames provides \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/ames/ladee-sends-its-first-images-of-the-moon-back-to-earth/#.Uv1KQvldV8E\">a guide\u003c/a> to the many craters captured in the images, including Krieger crater, about 14 miles in diameter, in the first image, and a lunar mountain range, Montes Agricola, in the third image.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>LADEE’s lunar voyage is a $280-million attempt to answer a forty-two year-old mystery: Was it dust that caused those strange, colorful bands of light that Commander Eugene Cernan saw through the window of Apollo 17’s command module as it orbited the moon?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(For more on that – plus Cernan’s original sketch — here’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/09/03/new-nasa-moon-mission-aims-to-solve-a-40-year-old-mystery/\">our post\u003c/a> from last September.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>LADEE made for a striking \u003ca href=\"http://kqedscience.tumblr.com/post/60798364934/look-at-nasas-ladee-spacecraft-soaring-over-nyc\">light show\u003c/a> when it passed over NYC back in September. It’ll orbit the moon for about three months, taking dust samples and beaming data back to Earth, while also experimenting with a new (and much faster) laser data transmission system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, LADEE will crash-land onto the surface of the moon, analyzing dust samples all the way until its bitter end.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA’s LADEE Mission (that’s “LAD-ee,” not “lady,” short for Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer), managed by Ames Research Center in Mountain View, has sent back its first images from the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So NASA made a nifty little gif out of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 752px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/adjusted_despeck_landscape.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"752\" height=\"580\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Five images captured by the LADEE spacecraft, on its mission to explain lunar dust. (NASA/Ames)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The five photos were taken at one-minute intervals on February 8th, as LADEE zoomed along the moon’s orbit at approximately 60 miles a minute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA Ames provides \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/ames/ladee-sends-its-first-images-of-the-moon-back-to-earth/#.Uv1KQvldV8E\">a guide\u003c/a> to the many craters captured in the images, including Krieger crater, about 14 miles in diameter, in the first image, and a lunar mountain range, Montes Agricola, in the third image.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>LADEE’s lunar voyage is a $280-million attempt to answer a forty-two year-old mystery: Was it dust that caused those strange, colorful bands of light that Commander Eugene Cernan saw through the window of Apollo 17’s command module as it orbited the moon?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(For more on that – plus Cernan’s original sketch — here’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/09/03/new-nasa-moon-mission-aims-to-solve-a-40-year-old-mystery/\">our post\u003c/a> from last September.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>LADEE made for a striking \u003ca href=\"http://kqedscience.tumblr.com/post/60798364934/look-at-nasas-ladee-spacecraft-soaring-over-nyc\">light show\u003c/a> when it passed over NYC back in September. It’ll orbit the moon for about three months, taking dust samples and beaming data back to Earth, while also experimenting with a new (and much faster) laser data transmission system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, LADEE will crash-land onto the surface of the moon, analyzing dust samples all the way until its bitter end.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Leaky Natural Gas Pipes Are a Bigger Problem Than Previously Thought",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14303\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-14303\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/11441208065_1856cda974_h-1024x545.jpg\" alt=\"The H. F. Lee natural gas plant in Goldsboro, North Carolina. (Photo: Duke Energy)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"545\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The H. F. Lee natural gas plant in Goldsboro, North Carolina. (Photo: Duke Energy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">America’s vast network of natural gas lines is leaking more than federal environmental officials had previously thought, according to an analysis out today from Stanford University and published in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://news.sciencemag.org/earth/2014/02/natural-gas-coal-good-climate-trade-despite-leaks-researchers-argue?rss=1\">Science\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to estimates from the Environmental Protection Agency, 1.5 percent of the natural gas produced in the United States is wasted, thanks to leaky pipes, valves and other parts along the country’s vast transmission system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new study says the actual amount lost is much higher, although lead author Peter Brandt, an assistant professor of energy resources engineering at Stanford, says it wasn’t possible to calculate a new figure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since these leaks are predominantly of methane, a potent greenhouse gas, they contribute disproportionately to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news, says Brandt, is that “a large fraction of the leakage can come from a small fraction of the sources.” A few fixes at natural gas plants across the country, he says, would go a long way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brandt cites two obstacles to making those fixes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One, plant operators have not always cooperated with efforts to detect leaks. In one study Brandt reviewed, EPA inspectors asked operators at 30 gas processing plants for permission to come onsite and look for leaks. Only six operators agreed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another problem: Current technologies for spotting leaks are expensive and labor-intensive. Brandt says researchers at Stanford and elsewhere are busily looking for alternatives. Those might include airplane-mounted methane detectors that could survey large swaths of pipes and plants, and cheap on-site methane sensors– much like smoke detectors — that could be mounted to pipes and sound an alarm when escaped gas is detected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s Andy Revkin’s write up on Dot Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\" src=\"http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/blogs_v5/../icons/t_logo_291_black.png\" alt=\"\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" href=\"http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/02/13/study-sees-path-to-cutting-substantial-american-natural-gas-leaks/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Study Sees Path to Cutting Substantial American Natural Gas Leaks\u003c/a>A policy analysis published in Science today examines 20 years of research on leakage from natural gas production and distribution systems in North America, including hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, and finds big opportunities to cut the worst leaks and a substantial climate benefit from a coal-to-gas switch, even accounting for higher leak rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float: right\">\u003ca title=\"Powered by Embedly\" href=\"http://embed.ly/code?url=http%3A%2F%2Fdotearth.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F02%2F13%2Fstudy-sees-path-to-cutting-substantial-american-natural-gas-leaks%2F%3F_php%3Dtrue%26_type%3Dblogs%26_r%3D0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">via \u003ca class=\"media-attribution-link\" href=\"http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nytimes\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14303\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-14303\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/11441208065_1856cda974_h-1024x545.jpg\" alt=\"The H. F. Lee natural gas plant in Goldsboro, North Carolina. (Photo: Duke Energy)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"545\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The H. F. Lee natural gas plant in Goldsboro, North Carolina. (Photo: Duke Energy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">America’s vast network of natural gas lines is leaking more than federal environmental officials had previously thought, according to an analysis out today from Stanford University and published in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://news.sciencemag.org/earth/2014/02/natural-gas-coal-good-climate-trade-despite-leaks-researchers-argue?rss=1\">Science\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to estimates from the Environmental Protection Agency, 1.5 percent of the natural gas produced in the United States is wasted, thanks to leaky pipes, valves and other parts along the country’s vast transmission system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new study says the actual amount lost is much higher, although lead author Peter Brandt, an assistant professor of energy resources engineering at Stanford, says it wasn’t possible to calculate a new figure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since these leaks are predominantly of methane, a potent greenhouse gas, they contribute disproportionately to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news, says Brandt, is that “a large fraction of the leakage can come from a small fraction of the sources.” A few fixes at natural gas plants across the country, he says, would go a long way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brandt cites two obstacles to making those fixes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One, plant operators have not always cooperated with efforts to detect leaks. In one study Brandt reviewed, EPA inspectors asked operators at 30 gas processing plants for permission to come onsite and look for leaks. Only six operators agreed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another problem: Current technologies for spotting leaks are expensive and labor-intensive. Brandt says researchers at Stanford and elsewhere are busily looking for alternatives. Those might include airplane-mounted methane detectors that could survey large swaths of pipes and plants, and cheap on-site methane sensors– much like smoke detectors — that could be mounted to pipes and sound an alarm when escaped gas is detected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s Andy Revkin’s write up on Dot Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\" src=\"http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/blogs_v5/../icons/t_logo_291_black.png\" alt=\"\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" href=\"http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/02/13/study-sees-path-to-cutting-substantial-american-natural-gas-leaks/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Study Sees Path to Cutting Substantial American Natural Gas Leaks\u003c/a>A policy analysis published in Science today examines 20 years of research on leakage from natural gas production and distribution systems in North America, including hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, and finds big opportunities to cut the worst leaks and a substantial climate benefit from a coal-to-gas switch, even accounting for higher leak rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float: right\">\u003ca title=\"Powered by Embedly\" href=\"http://embed.ly/code?url=http%3A%2F%2Fdotearth.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F02%2F13%2Fstudy-sees-path-to-cutting-substantial-american-natural-gas-leaks%2F%3F_php%3Dtrue%26_type%3Dblogs%26_r%3D0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">via \u003ca class=\"media-attribution-link\" href=\"http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nytimes\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "World's Largest Solar Plant Opens",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14241\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/RS5657_Ivanpah5-e1392320592264.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14241\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/RS5657_Ivanpah5-e1392320592264.jpg\" alt=\"The Ivanpah solar project in the Mojave Desert, the largest solar farm in the world. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Ivanpah solar project in the Mojave Desert, the largest solar farm in the world. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The largest solar plant in the world officially starts generating electricity on Thursday. The Ivanpah solar farm, in California’s Mojave Desert about 40 miles south of Las Vegas, will produce enough electricity to power 140,000 homes per year.[contextly_sidebar id=”9a895c24be9201b555cdf2381bd2df09″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took nearly four years to build the massive plant, which was developed by Oakland-based BrightSource Energy. NRG and Google are also investors in the plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The facility is not without \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/as-worlds-largest-solar-thermal-plant-opens-california-looks-to-end-solar-wars/\">controversy\u003c/a>: its planning and construction included measures to protect the threatened desert tortoise to the tune of $55,000 per tortoise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department of Energy provided Ivanpah’s developers with a $1.6 billion loan guarantee in 2011. Ivanpah is one of seven massive solar plants scheduled to open in California in 2014. Together they’re part of the coming of age of big solar in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A–1eRAcQd0\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14199\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14199\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/LaserBay-0506-11956DP_14-300dp-1-copy.jpg\" alt=\"Inside NIF, a football-field sized array of lasers. (NIF)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inside NIF, a football-field sized array of lasers. (NIF)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nuclear fusion is the holy grail of clean energy. It’s the energy the sun runs on. It doesn’t generate greenhouse gases or nuclear waste. It’s also been pretty much out of reach for mere mortals like us to create. But Tuesday, physicists at Lawrence Livermore National Lab’s National Ignition Facility said they’ve taken a significant step.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/02/12/275896094/scientists-say-their-giant-laser-has-produced-nuclear-fusion\">NPR\u003c/a> gets into the details:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The laser is known as the \u003ca href=\"https://lasers.llnl.gov/\">National Ignition Facility\u003c/a>, or NIF. Constructed at a cost of more than $3 billion, it consists of 192 beams that take up the length of three football fields. For a brief moment, the beams can focus 500 trillion watts of power — more power than is being used in that same time across the entire United States — onto a target about the width of a No. 2 pencil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal is fusion: a process where hydrogen atoms are squeezed together to make helium atoms.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The milestone that scientists published today in the journal, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature13008.html\">Nature\u003c/a>, is this: more energy is coming out of that pellet of fuel than they’re putting in. But it’s not more energy than is in all those lasers \u003cem>overall\u003c/em>. Only about one percent of all the lasers’ energy is actually reaching the fuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can think about this as a proof of principle,” Livermore Lab physicist Denise Hinkel told KQED. “Once we’ve performed the proof of principle it opens up the horizon and opportunities for different creative ways to use it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Science News calls it a “\u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencenews.org/article/getting-warmer-attempt-reach-ignition\">modest milestone\u003c/a>“:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The reactions… produced nearly 10 times as much energy as the previous record for laser fusion research. But they still fall well short of recouping the energy supplied by the world’s most powerful laser.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a very important milestone,” says Steven Rose, a plasma physicist at Imperial College London. “However, there are many other milestones to pass.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>After scientists completed the experiment last fall, it generated some breathless headlines. This \u003ca href=\"http://news.sciencemag.org/physics/2013/10/fusion-breakthrough-nif-uh-not-really-%E2%80%A6\">article from Science\u003c/a> gives some perspective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, NIF has come under \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/in-livermore-still-waiting-on-nuclear-fusion/\">criticism\u003c/a> for falling short of expectations. It cost $5 billion (that’s construction plus operating costs), and missed its target of achieving ignition by October, 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Want more NIF? Here’s a video KQED produced about it before it opened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dmIHD6P3rdo\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Physicists at Lawrence Livermore National Lab's National Ignition Facility said they've taken a significant step toward achieving nuclear fusion ignition. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14199\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14199\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/LaserBay-0506-11956DP_14-300dp-1-copy.jpg\" alt=\"Inside NIF, a football-field sized array of lasers. (NIF)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inside NIF, a football-field sized array of lasers. (NIF)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nuclear fusion is the holy grail of clean energy. It’s the energy the sun runs on. It doesn’t generate greenhouse gases or nuclear waste. It’s also been pretty much out of reach for mere mortals like us to create. But Tuesday, physicists at Lawrence Livermore National Lab’s National Ignition Facility said they’ve taken a significant step.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/02/12/275896094/scientists-say-their-giant-laser-has-produced-nuclear-fusion\">NPR\u003c/a> gets into the details:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The laser is known as the \u003ca href=\"https://lasers.llnl.gov/\">National Ignition Facility\u003c/a>, or NIF. Constructed at a cost of more than $3 billion, it consists of 192 beams that take up the length of three football fields. For a brief moment, the beams can focus 500 trillion watts of power — more power than is being used in that same time across the entire United States — onto a target about the width of a No. 2 pencil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal is fusion: a process where hydrogen atoms are squeezed together to make helium atoms.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The milestone that scientists published today in the journal, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature13008.html\">Nature\u003c/a>, is this: more energy is coming out of that pellet of fuel than they’re putting in. But it’s not more energy than is in all those lasers \u003cem>overall\u003c/em>. Only about one percent of all the lasers’ energy is actually reaching the fuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can think about this as a proof of principle,” Livermore Lab physicist Denise Hinkel told KQED. “Once we’ve performed the proof of principle it opens up the horizon and opportunities for different creative ways to use it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Science News calls it a “\u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencenews.org/article/getting-warmer-attempt-reach-ignition\">modest milestone\u003c/a>“:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The reactions… produced nearly 10 times as much energy as the previous record for laser fusion research. But they still fall well short of recouping the energy supplied by the world’s most powerful laser.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a very important milestone,” says Steven Rose, a plasma physicist at Imperial College London. “However, there are many other milestones to pass.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>After scientists completed the experiment last fall, it generated some breathless headlines. This \u003ca href=\"http://news.sciencemag.org/physics/2013/10/fusion-breakthrough-nif-uh-not-really-%E2%80%A6\">article from Science\u003c/a> gives some perspective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, NIF has come under \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/in-livermore-still-waiting-on-nuclear-fusion/\">criticism\u003c/a> for falling short of expectations. It cost $5 billion (that’s construction plus operating costs), and missed its target of achieving ignition by October, 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Want more NIF? Here’s a video KQED produced about it before it opened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/dmIHD6P3rdo'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/dmIHD6P3rdo'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Drought Leads to Tough Tradeoffs for California Salmon",
"headTitle": "Drought Leads to Tough Tradeoffs for California Salmon | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14173\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/chinooksalmon.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14173\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/chinooksalmon.jpg\" alt=\"Juvenile chinook salmon. (Roger Tabor/USFWS)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">With the drought and recent state actions, young Chinook salmon are facing a tough year. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/usfwspacific/6093338474/in/photostream/\">Roger Tabor/USFWS\u003c/a>) \u003ccite>((Roger Tabor/USFWS))\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While farms and cities struggle with low water supplies, California wildlife managers are struggling to protect the fish facing the same problem. State officials are trying to avoid some of the worst impacts on endangered salmon, but helping some fish could actually harm others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think everyone who works on salmon is concerned right now, looking at the drought unfolding,” said Mara Rea of the National Marine Fisheries Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Endangered winter-run \u003ca href=\"https://www.dfg.ca.gov/fish/Resources/Chinook/\">Chinook salmon\u003c/a>, a species that has struggled over the last decade, will likely be harmed by low water in the Sacramento River, even though water officials are trying to keep rivers flowing through these extremely dry conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14152\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/Redd_Dewatering.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14152\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/Redd_Dewatering.jpg\" alt=\"A pool in the Sacramento River where young salmon were stranded last year (Photo: Fish and Wildlife Service)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pool in the Sacramento River where young salmon were stranded last year (Fish and Wildlife Service)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The adult salmon migrate from the ocean between November and May and swim up the Sacramento River, where they lay their eggs during the summer. The eggs need plenty of cold water to stay alive, so reservoirs are required to provide consistent water releases until the fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With reservoir levels critically low, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/02/11/record-drought-could-hurt-water-quality/\">the state ordered\u003c/a> that some water that would normally flow downstream in February be reserved in reservoirs, so it can be released later this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s probably a good idea to hold back some water so that we can try to maintain conditions for this year’s cohort of migrating adult salmon that will spawn later this summer and fall,” says Jon Rosenfield, a biologist with the Bay Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the decision could harm the very species it’s meant to protect. Young winter-run Chinook are migrating out of the Sacramento River this time of year, including some bred in fish hatcheries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Young Endangered Salmon at Risk\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As they leave the Sacramento River, the young fish head into a maze of islands and channels in the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/ca-delta/\">Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta\u003c/a>, on their way to San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14154\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 330px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/RS8480_5053949935_524a684d5f_o-sfi.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14154\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/RS8480_5053949935_524a684d5f_o-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"The cross-channel gates are normally closed this time of year to protect endangered salmon. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\" width=\"330\" height=\"247\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The cross-channel gates are normally closed this time of year to protect endangered salmon. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The juveniles face a gauntlet of predators, so water officials aim to minimize the amount of time they spend in the Delta by blocking off a water channel that leads over into the Central Delta, farther away from San Francisco Bay. That channel is usually closed off with large “cross-channel gates.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this month, officials ordered those gates to stay open. With river levels so low, water in the Delta is becoming saltier (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/02/11/record-drought-could-hurt-water-quality/\">see our post yesterday for more\u003c/a>). Keeping the gates open allows more freshwater to flow into the Delta. That puts the young winter-run salmon at risk, potentially setting back the species’ recovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is about making really hard decisions on a real-time basis where we may have to accept some impact now to avoid much greater impact later,” said Chuck Bonham of the California Department of Fish and Wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildlife officials are monitoring the fish populations daily, hoping to limit the impact. On Monday, the gates were closed temporarily, as the weekend’s rains carried young salmon closer to the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maria Rea says the conditions this year are particularly disappointing, because after years of decline, “we had a fairly healthy cohort of juveniles from last year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chinook salmon live about three years in the ocean before returning to where they were born to spawn. That means each year, a different group of adults or “cohort” comes back (just as a different senior class graduates from high school each year).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any one cohort that suffers a loss can increase the chance of extinction,” Rea said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Salmon Fishery Impact\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”4d19d774a22337f7a2597abe724bbec5″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Low river flows this month could also do damage to fall-run Chinook, the salmon species the California fishing industry depends on. Salmon runs are named for the season when the adults begin their migration back to freshwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fall-run salmon recently laid their eggs in the riverbed, and as the water level drops, the egg clusters are exposed to the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/2014/01/07/6050449/drought-prompts-deep-cuts-in-american.html\">estimated 10 to 15 percent\u003c/a> of the egg clusters could be lost. Young salmon could also be stranded in shallow pools that get separated from the main river, \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&ved=0CDAQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fws.gov%2Fredbluff%2FgetReport.aspx%3Fid%3D473&ei=eOz7UvyqMcaGogSQ7IHYBg&usg=AFQjCNFa8cNbtQ_ZlL8Az7lkChH7wlnMrg&sig2=-rGQ1pDzSzSRUTyPYwMi_Q&bvm=bv.60983673,d.cGU\">as has happened in past years\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If dry conditions persist into the spring, all of our runs of Chinook salmon will be impacted,” says Rosenfield. “I would not want to be a commercial fisherman, sport fishing guide, or tackle shop owner two-and-a-half years from now when this year’s migrants return from the ocean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fish released from hatcheries help boost the population of fall-run salmon. Fishing groups are asking that the young hatchery fish be trucked down below the Delta and released there, to increase the likelihood they’ll survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Doing this could save dwindling numbers of protected fish while also providing plenty of hatchery-bred salmon for the tens of thousands of workers and their families that depend on salmon to make a living,” said John McManus of the \u003ca href=\"http://goldengatesalmonassociation.com/\">Golden Gate Salmon Association\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "State officials are trying to do damage control to help endangered salmon during the drought, but helping some fish could hurt others.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14173\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/chinooksalmon.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14173\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/chinooksalmon.jpg\" alt=\"Juvenile chinook salmon. (Roger Tabor/USFWS)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">With the drought and recent state actions, young Chinook salmon are facing a tough year. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/usfwspacific/6093338474/in/photostream/\">Roger Tabor/USFWS\u003c/a>) \u003ccite>((Roger Tabor/USFWS))\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While farms and cities struggle with low water supplies, California wildlife managers are struggling to protect the fish facing the same problem. State officials are trying to avoid some of the worst impacts on endangered salmon, but helping some fish could actually harm others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think everyone who works on salmon is concerned right now, looking at the drought unfolding,” said Mara Rea of the National Marine Fisheries Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Endangered winter-run \u003ca href=\"https://www.dfg.ca.gov/fish/Resources/Chinook/\">Chinook salmon\u003c/a>, a species that has struggled over the last decade, will likely be harmed by low water in the Sacramento River, even though water officials are trying to keep rivers flowing through these extremely dry conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14152\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/Redd_Dewatering.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14152\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/Redd_Dewatering.jpg\" alt=\"A pool in the Sacramento River where young salmon were stranded last year (Photo: Fish and Wildlife Service)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pool in the Sacramento River where young salmon were stranded last year (Fish and Wildlife Service)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The adult salmon migrate from the ocean between November and May and swim up the Sacramento River, where they lay their eggs during the summer. The eggs need plenty of cold water to stay alive, so reservoirs are required to provide consistent water releases until the fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With reservoir levels critically low, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/02/11/record-drought-could-hurt-water-quality/\">the state ordered\u003c/a> that some water that would normally flow downstream in February be reserved in reservoirs, so it can be released later this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s probably a good idea to hold back some water so that we can try to maintain conditions for this year’s cohort of migrating adult salmon that will spawn later this summer and fall,” says Jon Rosenfield, a biologist with the Bay Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the decision could harm the very species it’s meant to protect. Young winter-run Chinook are migrating out of the Sacramento River this time of year, including some bred in fish hatcheries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Young Endangered Salmon at Risk\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As they leave the Sacramento River, the young fish head into a maze of islands and channels in the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/ca-delta/\">Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta\u003c/a>, on their way to San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14154\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 330px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/RS8480_5053949935_524a684d5f_o-sfi.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14154\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/RS8480_5053949935_524a684d5f_o-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"The cross-channel gates are normally closed this time of year to protect endangered salmon. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\" width=\"330\" height=\"247\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The cross-channel gates are normally closed this time of year to protect endangered salmon. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The juveniles face a gauntlet of predators, so water officials aim to minimize the amount of time they spend in the Delta by blocking off a water channel that leads over into the Central Delta, farther away from San Francisco Bay. That channel is usually closed off with large “cross-channel gates.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this month, officials ordered those gates to stay open. With river levels so low, water in the Delta is becoming saltier (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/02/11/record-drought-could-hurt-water-quality/\">see our post yesterday for more\u003c/a>). Keeping the gates open allows more freshwater to flow into the Delta. That puts the young winter-run salmon at risk, potentially setting back the species’ recovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is about making really hard decisions on a real-time basis where we may have to accept some impact now to avoid much greater impact later,” said Chuck Bonham of the California Department of Fish and Wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildlife officials are monitoring the fish populations daily, hoping to limit the impact. On Monday, the gates were closed temporarily, as the weekend’s rains carried young salmon closer to the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maria Rea says the conditions this year are particularly disappointing, because after years of decline, “we had a fairly healthy cohort of juveniles from last year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chinook salmon live about three years in the ocean before returning to where they were born to spawn. That means each year, a different group of adults or “cohort” comes back (just as a different senior class graduates from high school each year).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any one cohort that suffers a loss can increase the chance of extinction,” Rea said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Salmon Fishery Impact\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Low river flows this month could also do damage to fall-run Chinook, the salmon species the California fishing industry depends on. Salmon runs are named for the season when the adults begin their migration back to freshwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fall-run salmon recently laid their eggs in the riverbed, and as the water level drops, the egg clusters are exposed to the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/2014/01/07/6050449/drought-prompts-deep-cuts-in-american.html\">estimated 10 to 15 percent\u003c/a> of the egg clusters could be lost. Young salmon could also be stranded in shallow pools that get separated from the main river, \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&ved=0CDAQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fws.gov%2Fredbluff%2FgetReport.aspx%3Fid%3D473&ei=eOz7UvyqMcaGogSQ7IHYBg&usg=AFQjCNFa8cNbtQ_ZlL8Az7lkChH7wlnMrg&sig2=-rGQ1pDzSzSRUTyPYwMi_Q&bvm=bv.60983673,d.cGU\">as has happened in past years\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If dry conditions persist into the spring, all of our runs of Chinook salmon will be impacted,” says Rosenfield. “I would not want to be a commercial fisherman, sport fishing guide, or tackle shop owner two-and-a-half years from now when this year’s migrants return from the ocean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fish released from hatcheries help boost the population of fall-run salmon. Fishing groups are asking that the young hatchery fish be trucked down below the Delta and released there, to increase the likelihood they’ll survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Doing this could save dwindling numbers of protected fish while also providing plenty of hatchery-bred salmon for the tens of thousands of workers and their families that depend on salmon to make a living,” said John McManus of the \u003ca href=\"http://goldengatesalmonassociation.com/\">Golden Gate Salmon Association\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14071\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/RS7677_IMG_5083-sfi.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14071\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/RS7677_IMG_5083-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"Low water levels at Shasta Lake this year (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Low water levels in the reservoir behind Shasta Dam in November. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This weekend’s heavy rainfall was a welcome sight, but it wasn’t enough to end California’s record drought. State officials are still facing tough choices about how to make the low water supply last through the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with little water in streams and rivers, declining water quality could be an even bigger challenge, potentially raising problems for drinking water and causing harmful algal blooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials made their \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/01/31/state-water-project-deliveries-canceled-because-of-drought\">first major water quality decision\u003c/a> at the end of January, ordering that reservoir operators in Northern California limit water releases from dams. About 144,000 acre-feet of water will be held back this month, water that’s normally required to flow into rivers and the \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/what-is-california%E2%80%99s-delta/\">Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The freshwater will be used later in the year to keep seawater away from drinking water intakes. The Delta is where freshwater from rivers mixes with saltwater from San Francisco Bay. When there isn’t enough freshwater pushing against the Bay’s tides, saltwater creeps into the Delta, where canals and aqueducts draw water that supplies 25 million Californians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Failing to take this action could result in our reservoirs running out of water later in the year, which means no available water to prevent saltwater intrusion in the Delta,” said Mark Cowin of the Department of Water Resources. “That would result in ruined water supplies both in the Delta and south of the Delta and major environmental impacts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Challenges for Water Districts\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even beyond saltwater intruding, water quality in the Delta is likely to suffer due to salty agricultural runoff, which is concentrated as the slow-moving water evaporates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The San Joaquin River at this point is primarily agricultural drainage and wastewater treatment effluent,” explained William Fleenor of UC Davis’s Center for Watershed Sciences. “Those concentrations will be in the Delta and we won’t be flushing them out as fast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water districts that rely on the Delta for drinking water say it’s a cause for concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re watching salinity levels very closely,” said Jennifer Allen, spokesperson for the Contra Costa Water District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14067\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/salinity.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14067\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/salinity.jpg\" alt=\"Seawater (in red) pushes into the Delta when the inflow from rivers is low. (Resource Management Associates, cited in Delta Plan)\" width=\"640\" height=\"340\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Seawater (in red) from San Francisco Bay pushes into the Delta when freshwater from rivers is low (blue). (Resource Management Associates, cited in Delta Plan)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ccwater.com/\">Contra Costa Water Distric\u003c/a>t gets 100 percent of its supply from the Delta and serves 500,000 people in Antioch, Concord, Martinez and Pittsburg. The district withdraws that water through the Contra Costa Canal, which taps into the Delta not far from the saltwater-freshwater mixing zone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the 1976-77 drought, salt levels in \u003ca href=\"http://www.ccwater.com/losvaqueros/wqDamHistory.asp\">their water exceeded public health limits\u003c/a>, prompting water rationing orders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The district has since built the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ccwater.com/losvaqueros/\">Los Vaqueros Reservoir\u003c/a>, which stores higher quality water from the wet months that can be blended with lower quality water coming from the Delta in dry months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s something the district normally does, but “what’s different this year is that we’ve notice the salt levels rising earlier than normal,” said Allen. Los Vaqueros Reservoir is in relatively good shape this year, holding 79 percent of its storage capacity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The poor water quality could also reach massive pumps in the South Delta that feed water to the Bay Area, Central Valley and Southern California. That includes Santa Clara County and East Bay cities like Fremont and Livermore. But officials have announced that very little water will be delivered through that system, simply because of the dry conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water treatment plants are built to handle salt, as well as other contaminants like bromide and organic carbon, but poor water quality raises their operating costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’ll cost them more to treat,” said Fleenor. “It’s quite expensive to remove chloride”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water quality problems are only expected to get worse with sea level rise, which would push saltwater farther into the Delta. A UC Davis study found that \u003ca href=\"http://retrocee.engr.ucdavis.edu/faculty/lund/papers/Chen2010.pdf\">water treatment costs could more than double\u003c/a> with a one-foot rise in sea level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Effects on Agriculture\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”6dfc1a71e88f65ca185ee886de193e28″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers and residents living in the Delta itself also have an eye on their water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re concerned about the water quality,” said Mike Robinson of Robinson Farms Feed Company, which grows alfalfa and hay on Roberts Island in the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It becomes a question later on in the year whether you want to irrigate or not, because high salt content will hurt, damage or kill some crops.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robinson says they’re already seeing saltier water than they normally do. “We’d just stop irrigating at some point if we have to,” he says. “I hope the storms put a lot of snow in the mountains cause that’s our only chance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials say keeping water in upstream reservoirs now will allow them to flush it into the Delta later in the year, meeting water quality standards. Those standards are lowered in years that are critically dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Certainly the standards will be met,” said Tom Howard, director of the State Water Resources Control Board. “That’s the intent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Harmful Algae Blooms\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some water quality problems may not be avoidable. Lower water levels usually mean the water is warmer, which encourages harmful blue-green algae called \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/ssr/microcystis.cfm\">Microcystis\u003c/a>. The algae blooms, first noticed in the Delta around 2000, produce a liver toxin that affects people, fish and wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14063\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 294px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/microcystis.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14063\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/microcystis.jpg\" alt=\"A toxic blue-green algae bloom (Peggy Lehman, Department of Water Resources)\" width=\"294\" height=\"260\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A toxic blue-green algae bloom (Peggy Lehman, Department of Water Resources)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We expect to see very large blooms if the low flows continue to occur,” said Peggy Lehman, a scientist with the California Department of Water Resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It grows in warm conditions and we already have high nutrients in the water that facilitate it,” Lehman said. “It sits on the surface and it looks a bit like green cornflakes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blooms normally begin in June or July, but could be seen earlier this year. Harmful effects have been in seen in Delta fish that play a key role in the ecosystem, like threadfin shad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are health affects to people that use Delta water, so we’re watching that very closely,” said Lehman. “If people see it in the water column, they don’t want to swim there and want to make sure they aren’t drinking it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This is the first of two posts on water quality problems caused by the drought. Tomorrow, we look at the impacts on endangered fish and wildlife.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14071\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/RS7677_IMG_5083-sfi.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14071\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/RS7677_IMG_5083-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"Low water levels at Shasta Lake this year (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Low water levels in the reservoir behind Shasta Dam in November. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This weekend’s heavy rainfall was a welcome sight, but it wasn’t enough to end California’s record drought. State officials are still facing tough choices about how to make the low water supply last through the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with little water in streams and rivers, declining water quality could be an even bigger challenge, potentially raising problems for drinking water and causing harmful algal blooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials made their \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/01/31/state-water-project-deliveries-canceled-because-of-drought\">first major water quality decision\u003c/a> at the end of January, ordering that reservoir operators in Northern California limit water releases from dams. About 144,000 acre-feet of water will be held back this month, water that’s normally required to flow into rivers and the \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/what-is-california%E2%80%99s-delta/\">Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The freshwater will be used later in the year to keep seawater away from drinking water intakes. The Delta is where freshwater from rivers mixes with saltwater from San Francisco Bay. When there isn’t enough freshwater pushing against the Bay’s tides, saltwater creeps into the Delta, where canals and aqueducts draw water that supplies 25 million Californians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Failing to take this action could result in our reservoirs running out of water later in the year, which means no available water to prevent saltwater intrusion in the Delta,” said Mark Cowin of the Department of Water Resources. “That would result in ruined water supplies both in the Delta and south of the Delta and major environmental impacts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Challenges for Water Districts\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even beyond saltwater intruding, water quality in the Delta is likely to suffer due to salty agricultural runoff, which is concentrated as the slow-moving water evaporates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The San Joaquin River at this point is primarily agricultural drainage and wastewater treatment effluent,” explained William Fleenor of UC Davis’s Center for Watershed Sciences. “Those concentrations will be in the Delta and we won’t be flushing them out as fast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water districts that rely on the Delta for drinking water say it’s a cause for concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re watching salinity levels very closely,” said Jennifer Allen, spokesperson for the Contra Costa Water District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14067\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/salinity.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14067\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/salinity.jpg\" alt=\"Seawater (in red) pushes into the Delta when the inflow from rivers is low. (Resource Management Associates, cited in Delta Plan)\" width=\"640\" height=\"340\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Seawater (in red) from San Francisco Bay pushes into the Delta when freshwater from rivers is low (blue). (Resource Management Associates, cited in Delta Plan)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ccwater.com/\">Contra Costa Water Distric\u003c/a>t gets 100 percent of its supply from the Delta and serves 500,000 people in Antioch, Concord, Martinez and Pittsburg. The district withdraws that water through the Contra Costa Canal, which taps into the Delta not far from the saltwater-freshwater mixing zone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the 1976-77 drought, salt levels in \u003ca href=\"http://www.ccwater.com/losvaqueros/wqDamHistory.asp\">their water exceeded public health limits\u003c/a>, prompting water rationing orders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The district has since built the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ccwater.com/losvaqueros/\">Los Vaqueros Reservoir\u003c/a>, which stores higher quality water from the wet months that can be blended with lower quality water coming from the Delta in dry months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s something the district normally does, but “what’s different this year is that we’ve notice the salt levels rising earlier than normal,” said Allen. Los Vaqueros Reservoir is in relatively good shape this year, holding 79 percent of its storage capacity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The poor water quality could also reach massive pumps in the South Delta that feed water to the Bay Area, Central Valley and Southern California. That includes Santa Clara County and East Bay cities like Fremont and Livermore. But officials have announced that very little water will be delivered through that system, simply because of the dry conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water treatment plants are built to handle salt, as well as other contaminants like bromide and organic carbon, but poor water quality raises their operating costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’ll cost them more to treat,” said Fleenor. “It’s quite expensive to remove chloride”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water quality problems are only expected to get worse with sea level rise, which would push saltwater farther into the Delta. A UC Davis study found that \u003ca href=\"http://retrocee.engr.ucdavis.edu/faculty/lund/papers/Chen2010.pdf\">water treatment costs could more than double\u003c/a> with a one-foot rise in sea level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Effects on Agriculture\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers and residents living in the Delta itself also have an eye on their water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re concerned about the water quality,” said Mike Robinson of Robinson Farms Feed Company, which grows alfalfa and hay on Roberts Island in the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It becomes a question later on in the year whether you want to irrigate or not, because high salt content will hurt, damage or kill some crops.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robinson says they’re already seeing saltier water than they normally do. “We’d just stop irrigating at some point if we have to,” he says. “I hope the storms put a lot of snow in the mountains cause that’s our only chance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials say keeping water in upstream reservoirs now will allow them to flush it into the Delta later in the year, meeting water quality standards. Those standards are lowered in years that are critically dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Certainly the standards will be met,” said Tom Howard, director of the State Water Resources Control Board. “That’s the intent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Harmful Algae Blooms\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some water quality problems may not be avoidable. Lower water levels usually mean the water is warmer, which encourages harmful blue-green algae called \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/ssr/microcystis.cfm\">Microcystis\u003c/a>. The algae blooms, first noticed in the Delta around 2000, produce a liver toxin that affects people, fish and wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14063\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 294px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/microcystis.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14063\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/microcystis.jpg\" alt=\"A toxic blue-green algae bloom (Peggy Lehman, Department of Water Resources)\" width=\"294\" height=\"260\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A toxic blue-green algae bloom (Peggy Lehman, Department of Water Resources)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We expect to see very large blooms if the low flows continue to occur,” said Peggy Lehman, a scientist with the California Department of Water Resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It grows in warm conditions and we already have high nutrients in the water that facilitate it,” Lehman said. “It sits on the surface and it looks a bit like green cornflakes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blooms normally begin in June or July, but could be seen earlier this year. Harmful effects have been in seen in Delta fish that play a key role in the ecosystem, like threadfin shad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are health affects to people that use Delta water, so we’re watching that very closely,” said Lehman. “If people see it in the water column, they don’t want to swim there and want to make sure they aren’t drinking it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This is the first of two posts on water quality problems caused by the drought. Tomorrow, we look at the impacts on endangered fish and wildlife.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Megadroughts: Four Points to Put California's Dry Times in Perspective",
"headTitle": "Megadroughts: Four Points to Put California’s Dry Times in Perspective | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/02/20140210science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14010\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14010\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/droughtcar.jpg\" alt=\"A car sits on the exposed bottom of the Almaden Reservoir in San Jose on January 28, 2014. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A car sits on the exposed bottom of the Almaden Reservoir in San Jose on January 28, 2014. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Unprecedented.” It’s a word that we’re hearing a lot these days to describe the \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - Drought Watch\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/california-drought-watch/\">current drought\u003c/a>. And in some ways it is already a record-beater, so far back as we \u003cem> have \u003c/em>records. 2013 was the state’s driest calendar year on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, Governor Jerry Brown has started using the term “megadrought” to express the urgency of the current scarcity of water. But to climate scientists, megadrought means something unlike any living Californian has seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if the evidence provided by nature is accurate, our three years of drought might be just the beginning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Three years is not a megadrought.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We see evidence that on a pretty regular basis, we had droughts over a decade long,” says \u003ca title=\"UCB - Ingram\" href=\"http://geography.berkeley.edu/people/person_detail.php?person=25\">Lynn Ingram\u003c/a>, a paleoclimatologist at the University of California, Berkeley. Ingram has co-authored an ominous-sounding book, \u003ca title=\"Sci Am - post\" href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/review-the-west-without-water/\">The West Without Water\u003c/a>, which chronicles her search for clues to the future, from the distant past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14045\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/stump_WalkerR.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-14045\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14045\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/stump_WalkerR.jpg\" alt=\"Growth rings in tree stumps, like this one in the Walker River, yield valuable drought data from the past. This one dates from the Medieval Warm Period. (Donald J. DePaolo)\" width=\"300\" height=\"448\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Growth rings in tree stumps like this one in the Walker River, yield valuable drought data from the past. This one dates from the Medieval Warm Period. (Donald J. DePaolo)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So how regular were these marathon dry spells?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maybe every 50 to 90 years,” Ingram says. “And then if you go back, maybe during the \u003ca title=\"NOAA NCDC - MWP\" href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/globalwarming/medieval.html\">medieval [warm] period\u003c/a>, between 900 and 1400 AD, there were a couple of droughts that were over a century long.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, \u003cem>that’s\u003c/em> a megadrought. It doesn’t mean that it didn’t rain for 100 years, just like the current drought doesn’t mean that it hasn’t rained in three years. But it does mean 100 years of abnormally low levels of precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What we think of as normal, isn’t.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003c/em>If you take the \u003cem>really long\u003c/em> view, the last century was unusually damp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you look back over the last 1-or-2,000 years, you can see that that stood out as being a wet century,” Ingram says, adding that the average over the last couple of thousand years might’ve been 15 percent drier than the 20th century. And that’s precisely when most development happened in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 20th century, California’s population grew more than twenty-fold and farmers planted millions of acres of irrigated farmland. The planning and building of California’s vast plumbing system of dams and canals was based on the climate that engineers \u003cem>thought\u003c/em> we had.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ingram and her fellow paleoclimatologists glean their information from a variety of clues. They study tree rings that show by their thickness how much water was available for growth in each year. There are also clues buried deep in the sediments of lake beds and marshes, like the one in Benicia where Ingram’s co-author, Frances Malamud-Roam, took core samples to see what sort of plant life prevailed hundreds or thousands of years ago. Ingram studied sediment cores from San Francisco Bay, which reveal that the Bay got saltier for hundreds of years at a time. That suggests a lack of freshwater runoff from the mountains, which, in turn, suggests a lack of rain and snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Don’t underestimate this drought.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘If it continues the way it is, it could be one of the driest years in the past 500 years.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Megadroughts — some that dragged on for decades — were actually pretty common in California’s past. What’s \u003cem>not\u003c/em> so common is a single so-called rainy season as dry as the one we’re having right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it continues the way it is, it could be one of the driest years in the past 500 years,” says Ingram.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 1580, to be more precise. That’s the year that Sir Francis Drake returned to Plymouth, England after circumnavigating the globe. And Captain John Smith? Legendary leader of the Jamestown Colony? Charmed Pocahontas? Mapped the Chesapeake Bay? He was barely conceived. Ingram says we haven’t had a single year that dry, since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s from the tree ring record, including the giant sequoia tree ring records that showed either no growth, so you literally had no growth that year, or an extremely narrow ring, in 1580,” Ingram adds, with surprising equanimity. “This year is sort of on track for potentially being that dry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On track” doesn’t mean it will happen but even the recent substantial rains are a drop in the bucket toward ending the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>In California, warmer has generally meant drier.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The changing climate doesn’t bode well for abundant water in our future. This year’s visitation from the polar vortex notwithstanding, the long-term trend is that the planet is warming. And these same physical records from long ago reveal that when it got warmer, it got drier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’ve seen in the past records during the warm periods, like in the Medieval Warm Period—and if we go further back in time to the \u003ca title=\"NOAA NCDC - Mid Holocene\" href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/globalwarming/holocene.html\">Middle Holocene\u003c/a> climate optimum, which was about 5,000 years ago—it was drier,” Ingram observes. “So we see this very strong correlation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But whether California is trending toward a new normal that’s consistently drier, is something we just have to wait and see. It turns out that science, as it stands today, has a much better lens for looking backward, than forward.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14010\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14010\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/droughtcar.jpg\" alt=\"A car sits on the exposed bottom of the Almaden Reservoir in San Jose on January 28, 2014. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A car sits on the exposed bottom of the Almaden Reservoir in San Jose on January 28, 2014. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Unprecedented.” It’s a word that we’re hearing a lot these days to describe the \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - Drought Watch\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/california-drought-watch/\">current drought\u003c/a>. And in some ways it is already a record-beater, so far back as we \u003cem> have \u003c/em>records. 2013 was the state’s driest calendar year on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, Governor Jerry Brown has started using the term “megadrought” to express the urgency of the current scarcity of water. But to climate scientists, megadrought means something unlike any living Californian has seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if the evidence provided by nature is accurate, our three years of drought might be just the beginning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Three years is not a megadrought.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We see evidence that on a pretty regular basis, we had droughts over a decade long,” says \u003ca title=\"UCB - Ingram\" href=\"http://geography.berkeley.edu/people/person_detail.php?person=25\">Lynn Ingram\u003c/a>, a paleoclimatologist at the University of California, Berkeley. Ingram has co-authored an ominous-sounding book, \u003ca title=\"Sci Am - post\" href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/review-the-west-without-water/\">The West Without Water\u003c/a>, which chronicles her search for clues to the future, from the distant past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14045\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/stump_WalkerR.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-14045\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14045\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/stump_WalkerR.jpg\" alt=\"Growth rings in tree stumps, like this one in the Walker River, yield valuable drought data from the past. This one dates from the Medieval Warm Period. (Donald J. DePaolo)\" width=\"300\" height=\"448\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Growth rings in tree stumps like this one in the Walker River, yield valuable drought data from the past. This one dates from the Medieval Warm Period. (Donald J. DePaolo)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So how regular were these marathon dry spells?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maybe every 50 to 90 years,” Ingram says. “And then if you go back, maybe during the \u003ca title=\"NOAA NCDC - MWP\" href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/globalwarming/medieval.html\">medieval [warm] period\u003c/a>, between 900 and 1400 AD, there were a couple of droughts that were over a century long.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, \u003cem>that’s\u003c/em> a megadrought. It doesn’t mean that it didn’t rain for 100 years, just like the current drought doesn’t mean that it hasn’t rained in three years. But it does mean 100 years of abnormally low levels of precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What we think of as normal, isn’t.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003c/em>If you take the \u003cem>really long\u003c/em> view, the last century was unusually damp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you look back over the last 1-or-2,000 years, you can see that that stood out as being a wet century,” Ingram says, adding that the average over the last couple of thousand years might’ve been 15 percent drier than the 20th century. And that’s precisely when most development happened in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 20th century, California’s population grew more than twenty-fold and farmers planted millions of acres of irrigated farmland. The planning and building of California’s vast plumbing system of dams and canals was based on the climate that engineers \u003cem>thought\u003c/em> we had.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ingram and her fellow paleoclimatologists glean their information from a variety of clues. They study tree rings that show by their thickness how much water was available for growth in each year. There are also clues buried deep in the sediments of lake beds and marshes, like the one in Benicia where Ingram’s co-author, Frances Malamud-Roam, took core samples to see what sort of plant life prevailed hundreds or thousands of years ago. Ingram studied sediment cores from San Francisco Bay, which reveal that the Bay got saltier for hundreds of years at a time. That suggests a lack of freshwater runoff from the mountains, which, in turn, suggests a lack of rain and snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Don’t underestimate this drought.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘If it continues the way it is, it could be one of the driest years in the past 500 years.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Megadroughts — some that dragged on for decades — were actually pretty common in California’s past. What’s \u003cem>not\u003c/em> so common is a single so-called rainy season as dry as the one we’re having right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it continues the way it is, it could be one of the driest years in the past 500 years,” says Ingram.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 1580, to be more precise. That’s the year that Sir Francis Drake returned to Plymouth, England after circumnavigating the globe. And Captain John Smith? Legendary leader of the Jamestown Colony? Charmed Pocahontas? Mapped the Chesapeake Bay? He was barely conceived. Ingram says we haven’t had a single year that dry, since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s from the tree ring record, including the giant sequoia tree ring records that showed either no growth, so you literally had no growth that year, or an extremely narrow ring, in 1580,” Ingram adds, with surprising equanimity. “This year is sort of on track for potentially being that dry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On track” doesn’t mean it will happen but even the recent substantial rains are a drop in the bucket toward ending the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>In California, warmer has generally meant drier.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The changing climate doesn’t bode well for abundant water in our future. This year’s visitation from the polar vortex notwithstanding, the long-term trend is that the planet is warming. And these same physical records from long ago reveal that when it got warmer, it got drier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’ve seen in the past records during the warm periods, like in the Medieval Warm Period—and if we go further back in time to the \u003ca title=\"NOAA NCDC - Mid Holocene\" href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/globalwarming/holocene.html\">Middle Holocene\u003c/a> climate optimum, which was about 5,000 years ago—it was drier,” Ingram observes. “So we see this very strong correlation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But whether California is trending toward a new normal that’s consistently drier, is something we just have to wait and see. It turns out that science, as it stands today, has a much better lens for looking backward, than forward.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Drought Forces Tough Decisions on Farmers and Ranchers",
"headTitle": "Drought Forces Tough Decisions on Farmers and Ranchers | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14014\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14014\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/photo-12.jpg\" alt=\"Joe Morris, owner of Morris Grassfed in San Juan Bautista, herds cattle up a hill in Hollister. (Vinnee Tong/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Joe Morris, owner of Morris Grassfed in San Juan Bautista, herds cattle up a hill in Hollister. (Vinnee Tong/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201402071630/a\">Vinnee Tong, Reporter, The California Report\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Odds are, any thought you’ve given to the drought is pretty cursory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sure, you’ve heard that we’re short on water, and maybe you’re even starting to turn off the tap more quickly than usual. But if you live in a relatively large city where water managers have planned ahead, your worry is simply theoretical at this point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Drought to a lot of our neighbors is pretty abstract,” rancher Joe Morris said. “You turn on the water and it still comes out. You go to the bathroom, flush it, take a 20-minute shower, whatever. But this is real.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Heart palpitations at 3 in the morning are kind of a fairly common experience for ranchers in this situation.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It’s a pretty dire situation for ranchers right now and for farmers, too. Governor Jerry Brown declared an official drought emergency last month, and some municipalities are said to be already running short on their supplies. Meanwhile, the U.S. Department of Agriculture is calling most of the state a “natural disaster area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Morris owns Morris Grassfed in San Juan Bautista, which is about 15 minutes south of Gilroy on California’s Central Coast. He says the long stretch of dry months forced him to cut his herd — it’s now half its usual size. Other ranchers across the state have been cutting their herds, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Heart palpitations at 3 in the morning are kind of a fairly common experience for ranchers in this situation,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14020\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-14020 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/photo-2-e1391822940387.jpg\" alt=\"Joe Morris moved his cows from a ranch where there wasn't enough water to sustain them. (Vinnee Tong/KQED)\" width=\"288\" height=\"288\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Joe Morris moved his cows from a ranch where there wasn’t enough water to sustain them. (Vinnee Tong/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Morris said he’s had to sell off calves early and say no to managing cattle for a bigger company, so that he could be sure his own cows get enough to drink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ranchers are among the first to feel a drought. That’s because they rely on creeks and streams to provide drinking water and on rain to nourish the vegetation. Morris’ counterparts in the farming world are also feeling it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almond grower Shawn Coburn operates 3,500 acres in three counties: Fresno, Merced and Madera. And in a typical year he grows almonds, wine grapes, tomatoes, alfalfa and a few other crops. This year, though, the lineup might be a bit different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re probably not going to grow any row crops whatsoever this year and just try to keep trees and vines alive,” Coburn said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means no cantaloupes, no tomatoes, and — for his almond trees and vineyards — there are some difficult decisions coming up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Of course growers in the Central Valley in particular, right around now is usually when they’re making their planting decisions,” said Jeanine Jones, deputy drought manager for the state Department of Water Resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says farmers are weighing decisions such as how much water to use to maintain permanent plantings, like trees and vines, or the need to fallow land that would normally hold row crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For farmers around the state, the price of water is skyrocketing. One Central Valley Water District recently put some stored water up for bid. What used to cost around $400 per acre-foot is now selling for upward of $1,000 per acre-foot.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘If it continues down the road we’re going, I’m going to lay off the majority of my employees, lay off or fire…The crops that are on the ranch will pretty much die.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Coburn says having plenty of cash isn’t enough to solve the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think you could come out with a $1.5 million check and buy a thousand acre-feet of water,” Coburn said. “I don’t think it exists anymore.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jones and the State Water Project — which stores and delivers water in a system of reservoirs and aqueducts — say that this year farmers who get state water will get no water at all. That compares to the more typical 65 to 70 percent in a more normal rainfall year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growers who get water from a federally run system that serves the Central Valley are expecting bad news, too. The formal announcement of how much they’ll get is likely to be made in late February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of Coburn’s colleagues said today’s drought might be the worst he can remember. Grant Craven grows almonds, walnuts and fruits in Stanislaus and Fresno counties. He remembers droughts in 1976, the early 1990s and more recently 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But I have to say that the outlook for 2014 and beyond is maybe more severe than those were, just because it’s a two-headed monster,” Craven said. “We’re having a climate drought, because of lack of precipitation, but we also have a lot of political issues that are impairing our ability to move water around.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coburn said today’s water shortage is a game changer: He might soon be forced to cut jobs for some of his workers, many of whom live paycheck to paycheck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it continues down the road we’re going, I’m going to lay off the majority of my employees, lay off or fire,” he said. “The crops that are on the ranch will pretty much die, so we’ll grind them up in a tub grinder, and ship them off to a co-generation plant and that’ll be that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Politicians and state leaders are scrambling to help farmers and ranchers cope — introducing various plans to conserve or free up water, or to manage it differently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The growers who can pump groundwater will do that. Those who can’t are left with very few options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever happens, leaving land fallow will mean fewer cantaloupes, tomatoes, almonds and crops of all kinds on the market. And before too long, that’s likely to lead to higher prices at the grocery store.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/133637228&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_artwork=true\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Among the first and hardest-hit by the drought are ranchers and farmers who are now faced with some tough choices. The decisions they'll soon be making will have a ripple effect from the farm to the table.",
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"description": "Among the first and hardest-hit by the drought are ranchers and farmers who are now faced with some tough choices. The decisions they'll soon be making will have a ripple effect from the farm to the table.",
"title": "Drought Forces Tough Decisions on Farmers and Ranchers | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14014\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14014\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/photo-12.jpg\" alt=\"Joe Morris, owner of Morris Grassfed in San Juan Bautista, herds cattle up a hill in Hollister. (Vinnee Tong/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Joe Morris, owner of Morris Grassfed in San Juan Bautista, herds cattle up a hill in Hollister. (Vinnee Tong/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201402071630/a\">Vinnee Tong, Reporter, The California Report\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Odds are, any thought you’ve given to the drought is pretty cursory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sure, you’ve heard that we’re short on water, and maybe you’re even starting to turn off the tap more quickly than usual. But if you live in a relatively large city where water managers have planned ahead, your worry is simply theoretical at this point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Drought to a lot of our neighbors is pretty abstract,” rancher Joe Morris said. “You turn on the water and it still comes out. You go to the bathroom, flush it, take a 20-minute shower, whatever. But this is real.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Heart palpitations at 3 in the morning are kind of a fairly common experience for ranchers in this situation.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It’s a pretty dire situation for ranchers right now and for farmers, too. Governor Jerry Brown declared an official drought emergency last month, and some municipalities are said to be already running short on their supplies. Meanwhile, the U.S. Department of Agriculture is calling most of the state a “natural disaster area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Morris owns Morris Grassfed in San Juan Bautista, which is about 15 minutes south of Gilroy on California’s Central Coast. He says the long stretch of dry months forced him to cut his herd — it’s now half its usual size. Other ranchers across the state have been cutting their herds, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Heart palpitations at 3 in the morning are kind of a fairly common experience for ranchers in this situation,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14020\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-14020 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/photo-2-e1391822940387.jpg\" alt=\"Joe Morris moved his cows from a ranch where there wasn't enough water to sustain them. (Vinnee Tong/KQED)\" width=\"288\" height=\"288\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Joe Morris moved his cows from a ranch where there wasn’t enough water to sustain them. (Vinnee Tong/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Morris said he’s had to sell off calves early and say no to managing cattle for a bigger company, so that he could be sure his own cows get enough to drink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ranchers are among the first to feel a drought. That’s because they rely on creeks and streams to provide drinking water and on rain to nourish the vegetation. Morris’ counterparts in the farming world are also feeling it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almond grower Shawn Coburn operates 3,500 acres in three counties: Fresno, Merced and Madera. And in a typical year he grows almonds, wine grapes, tomatoes, alfalfa and a few other crops. This year, though, the lineup might be a bit different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re probably not going to grow any row crops whatsoever this year and just try to keep trees and vines alive,” Coburn said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means no cantaloupes, no tomatoes, and — for his almond trees and vineyards — there are some difficult decisions coming up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Of course growers in the Central Valley in particular, right around now is usually when they’re making their planting decisions,” said Jeanine Jones, deputy drought manager for the state Department of Water Resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says farmers are weighing decisions such as how much water to use to maintain permanent plantings, like trees and vines, or the need to fallow land that would normally hold row crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For farmers around the state, the price of water is skyrocketing. One Central Valley Water District recently put some stored water up for bid. What used to cost around $400 per acre-foot is now selling for upward of $1,000 per acre-foot.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘If it continues down the road we’re going, I’m going to lay off the majority of my employees, lay off or fire…The crops that are on the ranch will pretty much die.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Coburn says having plenty of cash isn’t enough to solve the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think you could come out with a $1.5 million check and buy a thousand acre-feet of water,” Coburn said. “I don’t think it exists anymore.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jones and the State Water Project — which stores and delivers water in a system of reservoirs and aqueducts — say that this year farmers who get state water will get no water at all. That compares to the more typical 65 to 70 percent in a more normal rainfall year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growers who get water from a federally run system that serves the Central Valley are expecting bad news, too. The formal announcement of how much they’ll get is likely to be made in late February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of Coburn’s colleagues said today’s drought might be the worst he can remember. Grant Craven grows almonds, walnuts and fruits in Stanislaus and Fresno counties. He remembers droughts in 1976, the early 1990s and more recently 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But I have to say that the outlook for 2014 and beyond is maybe more severe than those were, just because it’s a two-headed monster,” Craven said. “We’re having a climate drought, because of lack of precipitation, but we also have a lot of political issues that are impairing our ability to move water around.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coburn said today’s water shortage is a game changer: He might soon be forced to cut jobs for some of his workers, many of whom live paycheck to paycheck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it continues down the road we’re going, I’m going to lay off the majority of my employees, lay off or fire,” he said. “The crops that are on the ranch will pretty much die, so we’ll grind them up in a tub grinder, and ship them off to a co-generation plant and that’ll be that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Politicians and state leaders are scrambling to help farmers and ranchers cope — introducing various plans to conserve or free up water, or to manage it differently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The growers who can pump groundwater will do that. Those who can’t are left with very few options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever happens, leaving land fallow will mean fewer cantaloupes, tomatoes, almonds and crops of all kinds on the market. And before too long, that’s likely to lead to higher prices at the grocery store.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/133637228&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_artwork=true\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Drought: Town North of L.A. Could Run Out of Water",
"headTitle": "California Drought: Town North of L.A. Could Run Out of Water | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14000\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 729px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14000\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/ladyofthesnows-e1391800506497.jpg\" alt=\"The Lake of the Woods Mutual Water Company is one of 17 communities that state health officials are worried will run out of water within 90 days. (Molly Peterson/KPCC)\" width=\"729\" height=\"410\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Lake of the Woods Mutual Water Company is one of 17 communities that state health officials are worried will run out of water within 90 days. (Molly Peterson/KPCC)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2014/02/07/42048/california-drought-town-north-of-la-could-run-out/\">Molly Peterson, KPCC Environment Correspondent\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with some recent rain, California’s drought grinds on, and health officials say 17 communities could run out of water within the next four months – or sooner. One of those, an hour north of Los Angeles, is the town of Lake of the Woods, perched above the Tejon Pass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Our Lady of the Snows, parishioners have been praying lately for the thing their church was named for. Father Sidath Wilegoda is the parish priest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have been praying. We have asked the people to pray for the snow and rain,” he said. “On special Sundays, we pray a special intention.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”7d115de97a5dd4e26ef06f9d206503d6”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thursday’s rain answered those prayers – somewhat (rain but no snow). But it won’t buy much more time for this town of 900. Lake of the Woods has relied on well water \u003ca href=\"http://rrchs.org/low_page.html\">since Mrs. Florence Cuddy subdivided her land, creating this town in 1925\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Last year we were doing fine. The wells were doing fine. and now, you know, they’ve gone down dramatically,” said Bob Stowell, chairman of the Lake of the Woods Mutual Water Company. One of the company’s consultants estimates Lake of the Woods has lost 70 percent of its supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can’t predict this,” Stowell said. “And you can’t prepare for it as much as you like because of the lack of funds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last summer, the water board knew trouble was coming when surveys showed the wells were draining faster than expected. They tried sinking new wells. All came up dry. The effort sapped the financial reserves of the water company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lake of the Woods could be a victim of location. It shares groundwater with several other water districts, some lower in elevation. “The water follows faultlines and stuff like that, so it’s naturally draining downhill,” said Raphael Molina Jr., the operations manager for Lake of the Woods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Molina works for Lake of the Woods and Krista Mutual Water Company part time. His full time job is for the Lebec County Water District. On his belt is a fat ring of keys for trucks, offices, and locks around wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lebec sold water to Lake of the Woods last summer. Lake of the Woods trucked it up hill and delivered it to homeowners’ tanks. This year, Molina says, that might not happen. Lebec has its own problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our water table here at this well dropped 14 feet in a year,” he said, standing at Lebec’s main well. “So a year ago the water table I think was at 93 feet. So I mean, It is dropping.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Molina is a babyfaced 23-year-old with five years of experience in the region’s water geology under his belt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water emergency\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s getting experience in human psychology, too. When Lake of the Woods declared a water emergency last summer, Molina went door to door to tell residents. At one house, a man shouted at him, and “got in his face.” A woman tore up the emergency notice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What would it take, for people like that to conserve? I ask. “For them to have no water,” he says. “Sometimes you need a rude awakening. That’s what my dad always told me, you know. “\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water remains available over at the Mountain View market, where they sell Lake of the Woods water to all comers with a plastic jug. Rosa Marillo works the deli counter. “I think it’s like 25 cents a gallon?” she said, shrugging. “That is very fair.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Property owners all pay around 45 dollars a month for an unlimited supply of water. Even with little incentive to conserve, Marillo says most people she knows are taking care to cut their use. Still, she’s never heard a water alarm this loud, this early, before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I mean, we never heard about this before,” she says. “And now I’m 22 and I can only imagine what the future is going to be like if we don’t have any water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Town water managers hope that doesn’t happen. A contract with the state will give them around $240,000 towards sinking new wells. They’re looking into other federal and state funding opportunities, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a meeting this week, water board members hung on every word from a hydrogeologist. Consultant Ken Schmidt pointed out on maps where he thought test wells might succeed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From your maps here does it look assuring that there is deep water down there?” one board member asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schmidt nodded. “I think the chances are worth pursuing; they’re greater than 50 percent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Locating areas likely to have water is a science, but pinpointing the location to actually sink a wellhead is more of an art, and sometimes just a guess. Dave Warner’s company, Self-Help, is helping the town raise money for the new well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You could drill there and you could move over twenty feet and come up without water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I ask, if the Lake of the Woods water company was a horse, would he bet on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dave Warner answers immediately. “Yes, because they’re running. If they weren’t running all bets would be off. But they’re running,” he laughs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’ll have to run fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t find any water in Lake of the Woods, you know property values aren’t going to be that much. You’re not going to be able to sell your home. But people are sure gonna leave,” said Raphael Molina, Jr. “I certainly wouldn’t want to live somewhere where there’s no water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state estimates the current wells at Lake of the Woods could run dry by May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2014/02/07/42048/california-drought-town-north-of-la-could-run-out/\">originally appeared on KPCC\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Even with some recent rain, California’s drought grinds on, and health officials say 17 communities could run out of water within the next four months – or sooner. One of those, an hour north of Los Angeles, is the town of Lake of the Woods, perched above the Tejon Pass.",
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"description": "Even with some recent rain, California’s drought grinds on, and health officials say 17 communities could run out of water within the next four months – or sooner. One of those, an hour north of Los Angeles, is the town of Lake of the Woods, perched above the Tejon Pass.",
"title": "California Drought: Town North of L.A. Could Run Out of Water | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14000\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 729px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14000\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/ladyofthesnows-e1391800506497.jpg\" alt=\"The Lake of the Woods Mutual Water Company is one of 17 communities that state health officials are worried will run out of water within 90 days. (Molly Peterson/KPCC)\" width=\"729\" height=\"410\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Lake of the Woods Mutual Water Company is one of 17 communities that state health officials are worried will run out of water within 90 days. (Molly Peterson/KPCC)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2014/02/07/42048/california-drought-town-north-of-la-could-run-out/\">Molly Peterson, KPCC Environment Correspondent\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with some recent rain, California’s drought grinds on, and health officials say 17 communities could run out of water within the next four months – or sooner. One of those, an hour north of Los Angeles, is the town of Lake of the Woods, perched above the Tejon Pass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Our Lady of the Snows, parishioners have been praying lately for the thing their church was named for. Father Sidath Wilegoda is the parish priest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have been praying. We have asked the people to pray for the snow and rain,” he said. “On special Sundays, we pray a special intention.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thursday’s rain answered those prayers – somewhat (rain but no snow). But it won’t buy much more time for this town of 900. Lake of the Woods has relied on well water \u003ca href=\"http://rrchs.org/low_page.html\">since Mrs. Florence Cuddy subdivided her land, creating this town in 1925\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Last year we were doing fine. The wells were doing fine. and now, you know, they’ve gone down dramatically,” said Bob Stowell, chairman of the Lake of the Woods Mutual Water Company. One of the company’s consultants estimates Lake of the Woods has lost 70 percent of its supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can’t predict this,” Stowell said. “And you can’t prepare for it as much as you like because of the lack of funds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last summer, the water board knew trouble was coming when surveys showed the wells were draining faster than expected. They tried sinking new wells. All came up dry. The effort sapped the financial reserves of the water company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lake of the Woods could be a victim of location. It shares groundwater with several other water districts, some lower in elevation. “The water follows faultlines and stuff like that, so it’s naturally draining downhill,” said Raphael Molina Jr., the operations manager for Lake of the Woods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Molina works for Lake of the Woods and Krista Mutual Water Company part time. His full time job is for the Lebec County Water District. On his belt is a fat ring of keys for trucks, offices, and locks around wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lebec sold water to Lake of the Woods last summer. Lake of the Woods trucked it up hill and delivered it to homeowners’ tanks. This year, Molina says, that might not happen. Lebec has its own problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our water table here at this well dropped 14 feet in a year,” he said, standing at Lebec’s main well. “So a year ago the water table I think was at 93 feet. So I mean, It is dropping.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Molina is a babyfaced 23-year-old with five years of experience in the region’s water geology under his belt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water emergency\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s getting experience in human psychology, too. When Lake of the Woods declared a water emergency last summer, Molina went door to door to tell residents. At one house, a man shouted at him, and “got in his face.” A woman tore up the emergency notice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What would it take, for people like that to conserve? I ask. “For them to have no water,” he says. “Sometimes you need a rude awakening. That’s what my dad always told me, you know. “\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water remains available over at the Mountain View market, where they sell Lake of the Woods water to all comers with a plastic jug. Rosa Marillo works the deli counter. “I think it’s like 25 cents a gallon?” she said, shrugging. “That is very fair.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Property owners all pay around 45 dollars a month for an unlimited supply of water. Even with little incentive to conserve, Marillo says most people she knows are taking care to cut their use. Still, she’s never heard a water alarm this loud, this early, before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I mean, we never heard about this before,” she says. “And now I’m 22 and I can only imagine what the future is going to be like if we don’t have any water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Town water managers hope that doesn’t happen. A contract with the state will give them around $240,000 towards sinking new wells. They’re looking into other federal and state funding opportunities, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a meeting this week, water board members hung on every word from a hydrogeologist. Consultant Ken Schmidt pointed out on maps where he thought test wells might succeed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From your maps here does it look assuring that there is deep water down there?” one board member asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schmidt nodded. “I think the chances are worth pursuing; they’re greater than 50 percent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Locating areas likely to have water is a science, but pinpointing the location to actually sink a wellhead is more of an art, and sometimes just a guess. Dave Warner’s company, Self-Help, is helping the town raise money for the new well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You could drill there and you could move over twenty feet and come up without water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I ask, if the Lake of the Woods water company was a horse, would he bet on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dave Warner answers immediately. “Yes, because they’re running. If they weren’t running all bets would be off. But they’re running,” he laughs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’ll have to run fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t find any water in Lake of the Woods, you know property values aren’t going to be that much. You’re not going to be able to sell your home. But people are sure gonna leave,” said Raphael Molina, Jr. “I certainly wouldn’t want to live somewhere where there’s no water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state estimates the current wells at Lake of the Woods could run dry by May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2014/02/07/42048/california-drought-town-north-of-la-could-run-out/\">originally appeared on KPCC\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "L.A. Ducks Drought by Saving up Water for a Dry Day",
"headTitle": "L.A. Ducks Drought by Saving up Water for a Dry Day | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13962\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13962\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/DVL-Westdam.jpg\" alt=\"The west dam at Diamond Valley Lake. (Lvi56/Wikimedia)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The west dam at Diamond Valley Lake. (Lvi56/Wikimedia)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>by Steven Cuevas, Los Angeles Bureau Chief, The California Report\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s severe water shortage has certainly left no drought of ideas for how to address it—from lawmakers floating a host of water bills, to Governor Jerry Brown calling on residents to curb usage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in Southern California, there’s no imminent threat of water rationing. In fact, the region may be in a position to help other water-starved parts of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”9be5708c07ca6373412a0216a70bd208″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main supplier of water for 26 Southland cities—from Los Angeles to the Inland Empire—is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mwdh2o.com/index.htm\">Metropolitan Water District\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We supply water to 19-million residents of Southern California, basically one out of every two Californians,” says MWD director Jeff Kightlinger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2009, the agency has invested $3 billion in water storage and recycling projects. So even though the MWD still draws more than half its supply from outside sources like the Colorado River Aqueduct and the State Water Project, the agency has built up reserves that could last through 2016 and allow it to avoid rationing this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a recent news conference at MWD headquarters in L.A., Kightlinger said it’s possible the agency might actually be able give up a portion of its Colorado River water to Northern California. State officials have identified communities in ten counties that could run out of water within the next few months. The MWD did something similar in 1977, the year that was the benchmark for bad droughts in California—until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back then, says Kightlinger, the MWD was able to jury-rig part of the Colorado River Aqueduct to divert water to Northern California communities. And right now, there aren’t many more sources of water the MWD could share.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This situation is so severe we don’t even have supplies up in Northern California that we could exchange,” says Kightlinger. “That situation could change. We will look at all available tools to work with the rest of the state in response to this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We’ve had 30 year droughts in Southern California so that’s kind of the benchmark we should be shooting for.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Working collaboratively on a drought response is a message Governor Jerry Brown stressed at a meeting with water officials in L.A. last week, along with doling out some tried-and-true practical advice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Don’t flush more than you have to, don’t shower longer than you need to and turn the water off when you’re shaving or brushing your teeth,” the Governor said. “Every day this drought goes on we’re going to have to tighten the screws on what people are doing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown is also touting his administration’s five-year State Water Action Plan. It earmarks nearly $620-million for expanded storage, more efficient groundwater management, recycling and other actions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These strategies have been central to Southern California water planning for years, aimed at reducing reliance on imported water from the Colorado, the Owens Valley and other sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those efforts also include large-scale wastewater recycling partnerships between local water agencies and big industrial and commercial water consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ron Wildermuth is head of governmental affairs at the West Basin Municipal Water District, which operates the Edward Little Water Recycling Facility in El Segundo, just south of Santa Monica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Born from the drought of the late 1980’s, the facility recycles about 40-million gallons of wastewater a day, much of which is used in oil production at refineries that ring Santa Monica Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, they’ve spent $5 billion in the last two decades investing in storage and helping local projects like ours, so that we’re surviving this drought without restrictions right now,” said Wildermuth during a recent tour of the facility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildermuth says it’s great when the Governor calls on residents to flush less and take shorter showers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But we’ve had 30-year droughts in Southern California so that’s kind of the benchmark we should be shooting for.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says there should be even more emphasis on plans for long-term water storage and more ambitious goals for wastewater treatment and recycling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the rainless clouds above California have a silver lining says Wildermuth, it’s that times of drought can also be used to spur lawmakers and other decision makers into pumping even more into California’s water management future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a lot of water professionals who believe we should take advantage of the drought to remind people that the golden era of water when you could have as much as you want for any purpose at a cheap price is ending.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that everyone across the state is facing a future of water scarcity, where better management and greater collaboration are critical.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13962\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13962\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/DVL-Westdam.jpg\" alt=\"The west dam at Diamond Valley Lake. (Lvi56/Wikimedia)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The west dam at Diamond Valley Lake. (Lvi56/Wikimedia)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>by Steven Cuevas, Los Angeles Bureau Chief, The California Report\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s severe water shortage has certainly left no drought of ideas for how to address it—from lawmakers floating a host of water bills, to Governor Jerry Brown calling on residents to curb usage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in Southern California, there’s no imminent threat of water rationing. In fact, the region may be in a position to help other water-starved parts of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main supplier of water for 26 Southland cities—from Los Angeles to the Inland Empire—is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mwdh2o.com/index.htm\">Metropolitan Water District\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We supply water to 19-million residents of Southern California, basically one out of every two Californians,” says MWD director Jeff Kightlinger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2009, the agency has invested $3 billion in water storage and recycling projects. So even though the MWD still draws more than half its supply from outside sources like the Colorado River Aqueduct and the State Water Project, the agency has built up reserves that could last through 2016 and allow it to avoid rationing this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a recent news conference at MWD headquarters in L.A., Kightlinger said it’s possible the agency might actually be able give up a portion of its Colorado River water to Northern California. State officials have identified communities in ten counties that could run out of water within the next few months. The MWD did something similar in 1977, the year that was the benchmark for bad droughts in California—until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back then, says Kightlinger, the MWD was able to jury-rig part of the Colorado River Aqueduct to divert water to Northern California communities. And right now, there aren’t many more sources of water the MWD could share.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This situation is so severe we don’t even have supplies up in Northern California that we could exchange,” says Kightlinger. “That situation could change. We will look at all available tools to work with the rest of the state in response to this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We’ve had 30 year droughts in Southern California so that’s kind of the benchmark we should be shooting for.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Working collaboratively on a drought response is a message Governor Jerry Brown stressed at a meeting with water officials in L.A. last week, along with doling out some tried-and-true practical advice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Don’t flush more than you have to, don’t shower longer than you need to and turn the water off when you’re shaving or brushing your teeth,” the Governor said. “Every day this drought goes on we’re going to have to tighten the screws on what people are doing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown is also touting his administration’s five-year State Water Action Plan. It earmarks nearly $620-million for expanded storage, more efficient groundwater management, recycling and other actions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These strategies have been central to Southern California water planning for years, aimed at reducing reliance on imported water from the Colorado, the Owens Valley and other sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those efforts also include large-scale wastewater recycling partnerships between local water agencies and big industrial and commercial water consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ron Wildermuth is head of governmental affairs at the West Basin Municipal Water District, which operates the Edward Little Water Recycling Facility in El Segundo, just south of Santa Monica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Born from the drought of the late 1980’s, the facility recycles about 40-million gallons of wastewater a day, much of which is used in oil production at refineries that ring Santa Monica Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, they’ve spent $5 billion in the last two decades investing in storage and helping local projects like ours, so that we’re surviving this drought without restrictions right now,” said Wildermuth during a recent tour of the facility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildermuth says it’s great when the Governor calls on residents to flush less and take shorter showers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But we’ve had 30-year droughts in Southern California so that’s kind of the benchmark we should be shooting for.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says there should be even more emphasis on plans for long-term water storage and more ambitious goals for wastewater treatment and recycling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the rainless clouds above California have a silver lining says Wildermuth, it’s that times of drought can also be used to spur lawmakers and other decision makers into pumping even more into California’s water management future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a lot of water professionals who believe we should take advantage of the drought to remind people that the golden era of water when you could have as much as you want for any purpose at a cheap price is ending.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that everyone across the state is facing a future of water scarcity, where better management and greater collaboration are critical.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Drought Could Take a Toll on Electricity Supply",
"headTitle": "California Drought Could Take a Toll on Electricity Supply | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13901\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13901\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/shasta.jpg\" alt=\"Shasta Dam generates hydropower, controls floods and provides water to the Central Valley Project. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shasta Dam generates hydropower, controls floods and provides water to the Central Valley Project. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California’s deepening drought could have an effect on the electricity supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydropower, which accounts for about 14 percent of the state’s power, comes from the mountains: reservoirs trap the snow as it melts, when the water is released it spins turbines and voila, electricity. But \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/products/rescond.pdf\">reservoir levels\u003c/a> are well below normal, stream flows are down to a trickle, and the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/01/30/sierra-snow-survey-offers-little-hope-as-drought-lingers/\">snowpack\u003c/a> is, frankly, pathetic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”731cb6d168a90f04a5853a258393280a”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no cause for concern about shortages, according to Steven Greenlee, a spokesman with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.caiso.com/Pages/default.aspx\">California Independent System Operator\u003c/a>, which manages California’s grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re used to balancing supply and demand whenever we have a sudden loss of a resource,” he said, pointing out that they deal with power plants and transmission lines going down all the time. But, he added, rates could go up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With less hydroelectricity on the grid, which is a very cost-efficient and effective resource, we may have to run more natural gas units, and natural gas is a bit higher in its base price,” Greenlee said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More natural gas also means more \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-and-you/affect/natural-gas.html\">air pollution\u003c/a>, though Greenlee said solar and wind energy will also help make up for the decrease in hydropower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drought is something utilities know to plan for in California, as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/2014/02/04/6125877/drought-cuts-into-states-hydro.html\">Sacramento Bee explained\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Utilities are also being a lot more careful about running their hydro plants, holding off as much as possible until summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can hold onto water and use it during the summer,” said Paul Moreno\u003ca href=\"http://topics.sacbee.com/Paul+Moreno/\" rel=\"nofollow\">,\u003c/a> spokesman for Pacific Gas and Electric Co. “We are managing our available water resources so this summer we’ll be able to deliver power.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/waterandpower/\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13908 alignright\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/WarnerPowerAndWater300.jpg\" alt=\"WarnerPowerAndWater300\" width=\"300\" height=\"192\">\u003c/a>We explored the connection between water and power in California in a series couple years ago, and especially dug into how a \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2012/06/17/hydropower-with-a-shrinking-snowpack/\">shrinking snowpack could affect electricity rates\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The years 2007-09 were dry, for example, and in those years, Juliet Christian-Smith from the \u003ca href=\"http://pacinst.org/\">Pacific Institute\u003c/a> calculated the cost, both financial and environmental:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>She ran the numbers and found that as utilities were forced to switch some of the load to natural gas-fired plants to make up the difference, “The cost to electricity consumers was about $1.7 billion dollars.” That’s billion, with a “B.” And here are some more billions from the same time frame: 13 billion additional tons of carbon dioxide emissions because, well, burning natural gas emits CO2 and hydropower does not. Christian-Smith says that, “Given the impact of this drought on our energy production possibilities and the costs that we had to pay for energy, it’s important to think about what a longer and more severe drought might do.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "California's deepening drought could have an effect on the electricity supply. Hydropower usually accounts for about 14 percent of the state's power, but with low reservoir levels, officials are preparing for it to be less.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13901\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13901\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/shasta.jpg\" alt=\"Shasta Dam generates hydropower, controls floods and provides water to the Central Valley Project. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shasta Dam generates hydropower, controls floods and provides water to the Central Valley Project. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California’s deepening drought could have an effect on the electricity supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydropower, which accounts for about 14 percent of the state’s power, comes from the mountains: reservoirs trap the snow as it melts, when the water is released it spins turbines and voila, electricity. But \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/products/rescond.pdf\">reservoir levels\u003c/a> are well below normal, stream flows are down to a trickle, and the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/01/30/sierra-snow-survey-offers-little-hope-as-drought-lingers/\">snowpack\u003c/a> is, frankly, pathetic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no cause for concern about shortages, according to Steven Greenlee, a spokesman with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.caiso.com/Pages/default.aspx\">California Independent System Operator\u003c/a>, which manages California’s grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re used to balancing supply and demand whenever we have a sudden loss of a resource,” he said, pointing out that they deal with power plants and transmission lines going down all the time. But, he added, rates could go up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With less hydroelectricity on the grid, which is a very cost-efficient and effective resource, we may have to run more natural gas units, and natural gas is a bit higher in its base price,” Greenlee said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More natural gas also means more \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-and-you/affect/natural-gas.html\">air pollution\u003c/a>, though Greenlee said solar and wind energy will also help make up for the decrease in hydropower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drought is something utilities know to plan for in California, as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/2014/02/04/6125877/drought-cuts-into-states-hydro.html\">Sacramento Bee explained\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Utilities are also being a lot more careful about running their hydro plants, holding off as much as possible until summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can hold onto water and use it during the summer,” said Paul Moreno\u003ca href=\"http://topics.sacbee.com/Paul+Moreno/\" rel=\"nofollow\">,\u003c/a> spokesman for Pacific Gas and Electric Co. “We are managing our available water resources so this summer we’ll be able to deliver power.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/waterandpower/\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13908 alignright\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/WarnerPowerAndWater300.jpg\" alt=\"WarnerPowerAndWater300\" width=\"300\" height=\"192\">\u003c/a>We explored the connection between water and power in California in a series couple years ago, and especially dug into how a \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2012/06/17/hydropower-with-a-shrinking-snowpack/\">shrinking snowpack could affect electricity rates\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The years 2007-09 were dry, for example, and in those years, Juliet Christian-Smith from the \u003ca href=\"http://pacinst.org/\">Pacific Institute\u003c/a> calculated the cost, both financial and environmental:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>She ran the numbers and found that as utilities were forced to switch some of the load to natural gas-fired plants to make up the difference, “The cost to electricity consumers was about $1.7 billion dollars.” That’s billion, with a “B.” And here are some more billions from the same time frame: 13 billion additional tons of carbon dioxide emissions because, well, burning natural gas emits CO2 and hydropower does not. Christian-Smith says that, “Given the impact of this drought on our energy production possibilities and the costs that we had to pay for energy, it’s important to think about what a longer and more severe drought might do.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"radiolab": {
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},
"rightnowish": {
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"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
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"soldout": {
"id": "soldout",
"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
"info": "Sold Out: Rethinking Housing in America",
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