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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/01/20140203science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>For most people, tossing cans and bottles into the recycling bin marks the last time they’ll ever think about them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for many others – including a San Jose program for high-school drop-outs – that trip to the recycling bin is just the beginning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13799\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 291px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-13799 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/CC-Jocelyn-Serna-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Jocelyn Serna, 18, graduated from the San Jose Conservation Corps Charter School on January 24th, the first in her family to receive a high school diploma. (Francesca Segre/KQED)\" width=\"291\" height=\"387\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jocelyn Serna, 18, graduated from the San Jose Conservation Corps Charter School on January 24th. (Francesca Segre/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Earlier this month, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sjcccharterschool.org/\">San Jose Conservation Corps Charter School\u003c/a> held its winter graduation at the Santa Clara County Fairgrounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jocelyn Serna, 18, became the first person in her family to receive a high school diploma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything I’m doing, everything is for the high school she’s finishing today,” said her mother, Michel Sanchez. “I’m happy. Very, very happy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bob Hennessey, a former Catholic priest, \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wz_5gwRaj7Q&feature=youtu.be\">founded the charter school program\u003c/a> in 1987. He said it’s designed to meet the needs of primarily young adults who have dropped out of high school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some dropped out in seventh grade, some at tenth,” Hennessey said. “Some were asked to leave. So without giving any thought to what their lives have been, we’re there to help them change their lives now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now what, you may be asking, does a conservation corps charter school have to do with recycling? There’s a simple, three letter answer to that: CRV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CRV stands for the California Redemption Value. CRV is why you pay an extra five cents every time you buy a can of Coke, or ten cents for that big bottle of Gatorade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the CRV program, you can have that nickel or dime back if you take the can to a certified recycling center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alternatively, you can let someone else do it for you. For example, a recycling company will pick up bottles and cans at the curbside, funding its operations through the CRV value, plus whatever the material is worth on the scrap market.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘I think most folks assume that the CRV program covers all beverages. They’re surprised when they find out that wine and liquor are exempt.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In many cities, scavengers beat them to it, digging cans and bottles out of recycling bins in order to collect the CRV deposit, although this practice is illegal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if no one collects that nickel (maybe because the bottle goes into the landfill, or breaks) it goes into a giant pot of nickels and dimes overseen by the state, amounting to $1.1 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That money funds recycling outreach, community grants and \u003ca href=\"http://www.californialocalconservationcorps.org/\">local Conservation Corps\u003c/a>, including the one in San Jose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The bottle bill was what started the local Corps,” said Bob Hennessey. “Fourteen of us [local Conservation Corps] depend on the bottle bill as base funding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the state’s fund is running out of money. Recycling rates are high these days, largely because in a tough economy, more people want their nickels back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This crisis has led the state to pursue several changes to the recycling program. Most of these changes will be imperceptible to the average consumer, but they hit California’s poorer citizens much harder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebudget.ca.gov/2014-15/pdf/BudgetSummary/EnvironmentalProtection.pdf\">next year’s budget\u003c/a>, Governor Brown proposes to stop funding the local Conservation Corps out of the bottle fund. According to the plan, groups like Hennessey’s would draw from alternate streams, such as the state’s electronic-waste recycling program, or used-oil programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Hennessey fears the new funding streams won’t materialize, or will be insufficient to cover the $6 million his organization depends on annually to run its charter school, vocational training and other programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, two new laws target recycling fraud. One takes aim at recycling importers, who bring in bottles and cans from out of state in order to take advantage of California’s relatively generous CRV program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another addresses a practice known as “comingling,” in which recycling centers are permitted to reimburse customers by weight, rather than counting each CRV container separately.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Comingling saves time, but over-compensates recyclers by reimbursing them for containers that are not included in the CRV program, such as liquor or milk bottles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Murray, head of the Sacramento-based non-profit \u003ca href=\"http://www.cawrecycles.org/\">Californians Against Waste\u003c/a>, said some of these changes are necessary to address the shortfall in the state’s recycling fund and make the program more efficient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s another change he’d like to see as well, one that would simplify the recycling process, raise recycling rates and help the state’s bottom line: adding wine and liquor bottles to the beverage container recycling law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13791\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13791\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/bottles.jpg\" alt=\"In California, beer bottles do carry a deposit, but liquor and wine bottles don't. (James Cridland/Flickr) http://www.flickr.com/photos/jamescridland/393978012/\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In California, beer bottles do carry a deposit, but liquor and wine bottles don’t. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/jamescridland/393978012/\">James Cridland/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I think most folks assume that the CRV program covers all beverages,” said Murray. “They’re surprised when they find out that wine and liquor are exempt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Murray estimates that 800 million glass wine and liquor bottles are generated in the state. Wine bottles, which make up the bulk of that number, have what he calls a “dismal” recycling rate: somewhere in the neighborhood of 40 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of that rate is the nature of glass. Many wine bottles tossed into recycling bins won’t survive the trip. Broken glass is much harder to recycle than intact bottles, and often ends up in landfills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adding a deposit, said Murray, would give recyclers an incentive to do a better job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And any uncollected deposits would plump up the state fund by $20 million or more a year, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can both close a funding shortfall and double the recycling rate by adding these currently exempt containers to the recycling program,” Murray said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tim Shmelzer is a director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wineinstitute.org/\">Wine Institute\u003c/a>, which represents California wine makers. He disagrees such changes are necessary to drive recycling rates up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We believe we’re past the age where we need to provide a financial incentive for people to do that,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shmelzer said the industry is proud of the recycling rate for wine bottles, though he declined to provide a figure for what that rate might be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t have a comment on that particular number,” Shmelzer said. “Like I said, we believe wine bottles are already being recycled at a high rate right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Murray and Hennessey said they’ve tried for years to convince legislators to add wine and liquor bottles to the program, but lobbyists from those industries have blocked the effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This winter, the duo said they’ll be back in Sacramento, trying again.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>For most people, tossing cans and bottles into the recycling bin marks the last time they’ll ever think about them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for many others – including a San Jose program for high-school drop-outs – that trip to the recycling bin is just the beginning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13799\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 291px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-13799 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/CC-Jocelyn-Serna-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Jocelyn Serna, 18, graduated from the San Jose Conservation Corps Charter School on January 24th, the first in her family to receive a high school diploma. (Francesca Segre/KQED)\" width=\"291\" height=\"387\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jocelyn Serna, 18, graduated from the San Jose Conservation Corps Charter School on January 24th. (Francesca Segre/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Earlier this month, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sjcccharterschool.org/\">San Jose Conservation Corps Charter School\u003c/a> held its winter graduation at the Santa Clara County Fairgrounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jocelyn Serna, 18, became the first person in her family to receive a high school diploma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything I’m doing, everything is for the high school she’s finishing today,” said her mother, Michel Sanchez. “I’m happy. Very, very happy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bob Hennessey, a former Catholic priest, \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wz_5gwRaj7Q&feature=youtu.be\">founded the charter school program\u003c/a> in 1987. He said it’s designed to meet the needs of primarily young adults who have dropped out of high school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some dropped out in seventh grade, some at tenth,” Hennessey said. “Some were asked to leave. So without giving any thought to what their lives have been, we’re there to help them change their lives now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now what, you may be asking, does a conservation corps charter school have to do with recycling? There’s a simple, three letter answer to that: CRV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CRV stands for the California Redemption Value. CRV is why you pay an extra five cents every time you buy a can of Coke, or ten cents for that big bottle of Gatorade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the CRV program, you can have that nickel or dime back if you take the can to a certified recycling center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alternatively, you can let someone else do it for you. For example, a recycling company will pick up bottles and cans at the curbside, funding its operations through the CRV value, plus whatever the material is worth on the scrap market.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘I think most folks assume that the CRV program covers all beverages. They’re surprised when they find out that wine and liquor are exempt.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In many cities, scavengers beat them to it, digging cans and bottles out of recycling bins in order to collect the CRV deposit, although this practice is illegal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if no one collects that nickel (maybe because the bottle goes into the landfill, or breaks) it goes into a giant pot of nickels and dimes overseen by the state, amounting to $1.1 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That money funds recycling outreach, community grants and \u003ca href=\"http://www.californialocalconservationcorps.org/\">local Conservation Corps\u003c/a>, including the one in San Jose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The bottle bill was what started the local Corps,” said Bob Hennessey. “Fourteen of us [local Conservation Corps] depend on the bottle bill as base funding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the state’s fund is running out of money. Recycling rates are high these days, largely because in a tough economy, more people want their nickels back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This crisis has led the state to pursue several changes to the recycling program. Most of these changes will be imperceptible to the average consumer, but they hit California’s poorer citizens much harder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebudget.ca.gov/2014-15/pdf/BudgetSummary/EnvironmentalProtection.pdf\">next year’s budget\u003c/a>, Governor Brown proposes to stop funding the local Conservation Corps out of the bottle fund. According to the plan, groups like Hennessey’s would draw from alternate streams, such as the state’s electronic-waste recycling program, or used-oil programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Hennessey fears the new funding streams won’t materialize, or will be insufficient to cover the $6 million his organization depends on annually to run its charter school, vocational training and other programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, two new laws target recycling fraud. One takes aim at recycling importers, who bring in bottles and cans from out of state in order to take advantage of California’s relatively generous CRV program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another addresses a practice known as “comingling,” in which recycling centers are permitted to reimburse customers by weight, rather than counting each CRV container separately.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Comingling saves time, but over-compensates recyclers by reimbursing them for containers that are not included in the CRV program, such as liquor or milk bottles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Murray, head of the Sacramento-based non-profit \u003ca href=\"http://www.cawrecycles.org/\">Californians Against Waste\u003c/a>, said some of these changes are necessary to address the shortfall in the state’s recycling fund and make the program more efficient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s another change he’d like to see as well, one that would simplify the recycling process, raise recycling rates and help the state’s bottom line: adding wine and liquor bottles to the beverage container recycling law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13791\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13791\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/bottles.jpg\" alt=\"In California, beer bottles do carry a deposit, but liquor and wine bottles don't. (James Cridland/Flickr) http://www.flickr.com/photos/jamescridland/393978012/\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In California, beer bottles do carry a deposit, but liquor and wine bottles don’t. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/jamescridland/393978012/\">James Cridland/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I think most folks assume that the CRV program covers all beverages,” said Murray. “They’re surprised when they find out that wine and liquor are exempt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Murray estimates that 800 million glass wine and liquor bottles are generated in the state. Wine bottles, which make up the bulk of that number, have what he calls a “dismal” recycling rate: somewhere in the neighborhood of 40 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of that rate is the nature of glass. Many wine bottles tossed into recycling bins won’t survive the trip. Broken glass is much harder to recycle than intact bottles, and often ends up in landfills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adding a deposit, said Murray, would give recyclers an incentive to do a better job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And any uncollected deposits would plump up the state fund by $20 million or more a year, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can both close a funding shortfall and double the recycling rate by adding these currently exempt containers to the recycling program,” Murray said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tim Shmelzer is a director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wineinstitute.org/\">Wine Institute\u003c/a>, which represents California wine makers. He disagrees such changes are necessary to drive recycling rates up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We believe we’re past the age where we need to provide a financial incentive for people to do that,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shmelzer said the industry is proud of the recycling rate for wine bottles, though he declined to provide a figure for what that rate might be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t have a comment on that particular number,” Shmelzer said. “Like I said, we believe wine bottles are already being recycled at a high rate right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Murray and Hennessey said they’ve tried for years to convince legislators to add wine and liquor bottles to the program, but lobbyists from those industries have blocked the effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13766\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13766\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/snowytahoe.jpg\" alt=\"Snow is accumulating at lake level in South Lake Tahoe. (Jim Siler)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Accumulations in South Lake Tahoe on Thursday provided mostly window dressing for the monthly snow survey. (Jim Siler)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Snow finally came to the Sierra on Thursday but the flurries were too little, too late, to plump up the closely-watched Sierra snowpack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About six inches of heavy, wet snow blanketed areas near Lake Tahoe, just as state water managers were scrounging for some good news for the \u003ca title=\"CDEC - Snowpack\" href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">monthly Sierra snow survey\u003c/a>. They didn’t find much to celebrate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”e17969dcba3a0cd128270772da553a21″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water managers keep a close eye on two measures. First: where the snowpack stands compared to the average for this date. Answer: just 12 percent of normal, statewide. That shatters the previous mark for this point in the winter of 21 percent, which had stood for more than 20 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second number is even more sobering: Thursday’s measurements put the water content of Sierra snows at just 7 percent of the average for April 1st, when accumulation is typically at its peak and the runoff season is about to start. With just two months to go, that’s a lot of precipitation to make up, considering that California counts on the mountain snowpack for about a third of its water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National Weather Service forecasters in Sacramento called the current unsettled conditions, “the first significant weather system to affect the region in almost two months.” And it’s the end of January. That means two of the three months most counted on for Northern California’s annual precipitation have gone by the boards with barely a whimper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A mix of snow and rain showers could linger into the weekend but hope of another wave of precipitation next week has largely evaporated, and \u003ca title=\"NWS - map\" href=\"http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/predictions/30day/\">longer-range forecasts remain stubbornly dry\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown has begun \u003ca title=\"SF Gate - post\" href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/science/article/California-drought-Meager-snowpack-sets-new-5190495.php\">using the term, “megadrought”\u003c/a> to describe current conditions. Earlier this week, state health officials \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/01/29/california-drought-17-communities-on-the-critical-list/\">identified 17 communities\u003c/a> that could exhaust their water supplies sometime in the next one to four months, including several parts of Sonoma and Mendocino Counties. Meanwhile, the state Department of Fish & Wildlife \u003ca title=\"Lake County Times - post\" href=\"http://www.lakeconews.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=35175:cdfw-puts-closures-in-effect-on-some-rivers-recommends-more-changes-to-the-fish-and-game-commission&catid=44:recreation&Itemid=176\">closed off significant stretches\u003c/a> of northern California rivers to fishing, until river conditions improve. Officials say water levels were so low in some places that fish were being trapped in small, isolated pools.The closures included portions of the Russian and American Rivers, in effect through April.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National Weather Service forecasters in Sacramento called the current unsettled conditions, “the first significant weather system to affect the region in almost two months.” And it’s the end of January. That means two of the three months most counted on for Northern California’s annual precipitation have gone by the boards with barely a whimper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A mix of snow and rain showers could linger into the weekend but hope of another wave of precipitation next week has largely evaporated, and \u003ca title=\"NWS - map\" href=\"http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/predictions/30day/\">longer-range forecasts remain stubbornly dry\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown has begun \u003ca title=\"SF Gate - post\" href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/science/article/California-drought-Meager-snowpack-sets-new-5190495.php\">using the term, “megadrought”\u003c/a> to describe current conditions. Earlier this week, state health officials \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/01/29/california-drought-17-communities-on-the-critical-list/\">identified 17 communities\u003c/a> that could exhaust their water supplies sometime in the next one to four months, including several parts of Sonoma and Mendocino Counties. Meanwhile, the state Department of Fish & Wildlife \u003ca title=\"Lake County Times - post\" href=\"http://www.lakeconews.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=35175:cdfw-puts-closures-in-effect-on-some-rivers-recommends-more-changes-to-the-fish-and-game-commission&catid=44:recreation&Itemid=176\">closed off significant stretches\u003c/a> of northern California rivers to fishing, until river conditions improve. Officials say water levels were so low in some places that fish were being trapped in small, isolated pools.The closures included portions of the Russian and American Rivers, in effect through April.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Drought: 17 Communities on the Critical List",
"headTitle": "California Drought: 17 Communities on the Critical List | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13665\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/reservoir-featured.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13665 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/reservoir-featured.jpg\" alt=\"Almaden Reservoir in San Jose is owned by the Santa Clara Valley Water District, a large water supplier, and not one of the ones currently in trouble. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Almaden Reservoir in San Jose is owned by the Santa Clara Valley Water District, a large water supplier, and not one of the ones currently in trouble. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The scant amounts of rain and snow that finally infiltrated Northern California this week will put barely a dent in the ongoing drought. Now, 17 communities in California are at risk of running out of water within one to four months, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/Pages/NR14-012.aspx\">California Department of Public Health\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED Science managing editor and San Jose Mercury News reporter Paul Rogers \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/science/ci_25013388/california-drought-17-communities-could-run-out-water\">described the problem in the Merc\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>In some communities, wells are running dry. In others, reservoirs are nearly empty. Some have long-running problems that predate the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water systems, all in rural areas, serve from 39 to 11,000 residents. They range from the tiny Lompico County Water District in Santa Cruz County to districts that serve the cities of Healdsburg and Cloverdale in Sonoma County.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘I expect if the drought continues, we will see more small areas getting in trouble and needing help.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“These little districts with the small number of ratepayers don’t have a safety net,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201401311630/a\">Rogers told The California Report’s Scott Shafer\u003c/a>. “Many of them were vulnerable to begin with.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike big urban water agencies such as the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, Santa Clara Valley Water District and East Bay Municipal Utility District, smaller water districts don’t have the resources to build new reservoirs and manage water conservation programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so while some of the large districts with water banked in big reservoirs are asking for \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/01/28/san-francisco-seeks-10-percent-voluntary-cut-in-water-consumption\">voluntary cutbacks\u003c/a> — 10 percent in San Francisco and the Peninsula, for instance, and 20 percent in Alameda County — Rogers said these 17 small districts will be looking at more drastic solutions: new pipelines, trucking in water, drilling new wells or bringing in mobile desalination plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the drought drags on, they may not be the only ones. “I expect if the drought continues, we will see more small areas getting in trouble and needing help,” Rogers said. “When we talk about who’s going to suffer the most, it’s small, rural communities without money and it’s farmers and ranchers who need the water the most for their economics.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While we may get, oh, another tenth of an inch or so of rain in today’s weather system, the National Weather Service is \u003ca href=\"http://forecast.weather.gov/product.php?site=NWS&issuedby=MTR&product=AFD&format=CI&version=1&glossary=1\">forecasting more dry weather\u003c/a> on the horizon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/20140128_091728_ssjm0129nowater90.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-13671 aligncenter\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/20140128_091728_ssjm0129nowater90.jpg\" alt=\"NEW GRAPHICS TEMPLATE\" width=\"586\" height=\"476\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "It finally rained and snowed in parts of Northern California, but we are still deep in a drought. Now, 17 communities in California are at risk of running out of water within 60 to 100 days.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13665\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/reservoir-featured.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13665 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/reservoir-featured.jpg\" alt=\"Almaden Reservoir in San Jose is owned by the Santa Clara Valley Water District, a large water supplier, and not one of the ones currently in trouble. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Almaden Reservoir in San Jose is owned by the Santa Clara Valley Water District, a large water supplier, and not one of the ones currently in trouble. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The scant amounts of rain and snow that finally infiltrated Northern California this week will put barely a dent in the ongoing drought. Now, 17 communities in California are at risk of running out of water within one to four months, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/Pages/NR14-012.aspx\">California Department of Public Health\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED Science managing editor and San Jose Mercury News reporter Paul Rogers \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/science/ci_25013388/california-drought-17-communities-could-run-out-water\">described the problem in the Merc\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>In some communities, wells are running dry. In others, reservoirs are nearly empty. Some have long-running problems that predate the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water systems, all in rural areas, serve from 39 to 11,000 residents. They range from the tiny Lompico County Water District in Santa Cruz County to districts that serve the cities of Healdsburg and Cloverdale in Sonoma County.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘I expect if the drought continues, we will see more small areas getting in trouble and needing help.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“These little districts with the small number of ratepayers don’t have a safety net,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201401311630/a\">Rogers told The California Report’s Scott Shafer\u003c/a>. “Many of them were vulnerable to begin with.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike big urban water agencies such as the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, Santa Clara Valley Water District and East Bay Municipal Utility District, smaller water districts don’t have the resources to build new reservoirs and manage water conservation programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so while some of the large districts with water banked in big reservoirs are asking for \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/01/28/san-francisco-seeks-10-percent-voluntary-cut-in-water-consumption\">voluntary cutbacks\u003c/a> — 10 percent in San Francisco and the Peninsula, for instance, and 20 percent in Alameda County — Rogers said these 17 small districts will be looking at more drastic solutions: new pipelines, trucking in water, drilling new wells or bringing in mobile desalination plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the drought drags on, they may not be the only ones. “I expect if the drought continues, we will see more small areas getting in trouble and needing help,” Rogers said. “When we talk about who’s going to suffer the most, it’s small, rural communities without money and it’s farmers and ranchers who need the water the most for their economics.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While we may get, oh, another tenth of an inch or so of rain in today’s weather system, the National Weather Service is \u003ca href=\"http://forecast.weather.gov/product.php?site=NWS&issuedby=MTR&product=AFD&format=CI&version=1&glossary=1\">forecasting more dry weather\u003c/a> on the horizon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/20140128_091728_ssjm0129nowater90.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-13671 aligncenter\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/20140128_091728_ssjm0129nowater90.jpg\" alt=\"NEW GRAPHICS TEMPLATE\" width=\"586\" height=\"476\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Winemakers Brace for Drought Impacts",
"headTitle": "California Winemakers Brace for Drought Impacts | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13620\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13620\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/vineyard.jpg\" alt=\"drought vineyard california napa craig miller\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Prunings pile up among vines in the Napa Valley. Heavy pruning will produce lower grape yields, but require less water–and could even improve the wine. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Northern California vintners are already looking ahead to the next wine harvest and bracing for impacts as the drought deepens. Some will be hit much harder than others.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We could see a dramatic reduction in yield, so it could have a very large economic impact.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Yield is going to be the major factor this year,” says Domenick Bianco, who oversees growing operations for Renteria Vineyard Management, which farms about 1,300 acres in the Napa Valley. Sometimes smaller yields can produce very high-quality wines. Napa growers are aggressively pruning back vines, which will concentrate precious water and nutrients on a smaller number of grape clusters. But fewer grapes still mean lower profits. “We could see a dramatic reduction in yield, so it could have a very large economic impact,” warns Bianco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”a37a03c465e397175b33c09038c5a5c4″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s too early to tell what that impact will be. Napa County’s grape harvest produced $656 million in 2012 — that’s just the grapes, not the wine. But the impact is almost sure to be worse in regions like the Anderson Valley and the Central Valley, which are more reliant on surface water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Napa growers say the \u003ca title=\"Wine Searcher - post\" href=\"http://www.wine-searcher.com/m/2014/01/groundwater-helps-napa-vintners-weather-drought\">abundant groundwater\u003c/a> that lies under the valley should cushion them from the kind of \u003ca title=\"Wine Searcher - post\" href=\"http://www.wine-searcher.com/m/2014/01/california-wine-threatened-by-drought-crisis\">water crises unfolding\u003c/a> in other winemaking regions, like Paso Robles and even Mendocino County. But they’re not taking it lightly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In my opinion it’s very serious,” says Hal Huffsmith, senior vice president at the Trincharo Family Estates unit of Sutter Home Winery. “Groundwater is a crutch at this point.” It’s also expensive to pump out, which further squeezes margins for growers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our fields are not up to capacity. There’s not excess water in the ground for our vines to feed on,” Huffsmith explains. “It could be a very significant and serious problem going forward, as we’re not able to compensate effectively the loss of winter rainfall.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far that rainfall is looking pretty pathetic. Huffsmith says the region has logged about two inches, whereas area vintners would normally expect ten times that amount. Growers say there is still time for substantial rain to fall before the fruit emerges, though there is \u003ca title=\"NewsFix - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/01/27/draft-forecasters-say-it-might-rain-really-it-might/\">little in the forecast\u003c/a>. The lack of rain could leave vines more vulnerable to damaging insects, and there’ll be less water to ward off frost, if there are more cold snaps this winter. Growers who count on draws from the Napa River for frost protection have been told that river water won’t be available this year.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The silver lining: droughts can produce some very memorable wines -- just not as much of them.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13620\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13620\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/vineyard.jpg\" alt=\"drought vineyard california napa craig miller\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Prunings pile up among vines in the Napa Valley. Heavy pruning will produce lower grape yields, but require less water–and could even improve the wine. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Northern California vintners are already looking ahead to the next wine harvest and bracing for impacts as the drought deepens. Some will be hit much harder than others.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We could see a dramatic reduction in yield, so it could have a very large economic impact.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Yield is going to be the major factor this year,” says Domenick Bianco, who oversees growing operations for Renteria Vineyard Management, which farms about 1,300 acres in the Napa Valley. Sometimes smaller yields can produce very high-quality wines. Napa growers are aggressively pruning back vines, which will concentrate precious water and nutrients on a smaller number of grape clusters. But fewer grapes still mean lower profits. “We could see a dramatic reduction in yield, so it could have a very large economic impact,” warns Bianco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s too early to tell what that impact will be. Napa County’s grape harvest produced $656 million in 2012 — that’s just the grapes, not the wine. But the impact is almost sure to be worse in regions like the Anderson Valley and the Central Valley, which are more reliant on surface water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Napa growers say the \u003ca title=\"Wine Searcher - post\" href=\"http://www.wine-searcher.com/m/2014/01/groundwater-helps-napa-vintners-weather-drought\">abundant groundwater\u003c/a> that lies under the valley should cushion them from the kind of \u003ca title=\"Wine Searcher - post\" href=\"http://www.wine-searcher.com/m/2014/01/california-wine-threatened-by-drought-crisis\">water crises unfolding\u003c/a> in other winemaking regions, like Paso Robles and even Mendocino County. But they’re not taking it lightly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In my opinion it’s very serious,” says Hal Huffsmith, senior vice president at the Trincharo Family Estates unit of Sutter Home Winery. “Groundwater is a crutch at this point.” It’s also expensive to pump out, which further squeezes margins for growers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our fields are not up to capacity. There’s not excess water in the ground for our vines to feed on,” Huffsmith explains. “It could be a very significant and serious problem going forward, as we’re not able to compensate effectively the loss of winter rainfall.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far that rainfall is looking pretty pathetic. Huffsmith says the region has logged about two inches, whereas area vintners would normally expect ten times that amount. Growers say there is still time for substantial rain to fall before the fruit emerges, though there is \u003ca title=\"NewsFix - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/01/27/draft-forecasters-say-it-might-rain-really-it-might/\">little in the forecast\u003c/a>. The lack of rain could leave vines more vulnerable to damaging insects, and there’ll be less water to ward off frost, if there are more cold snaps this winter. Growers who count on draws from the Napa River for frost protection have been told that river water won’t be available this year.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "During Drought, Pop-Up Wetlands Give Birds a Break",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Northern+California/Radio/Stream/Pop_up_wetlands_Jan_27_2014.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/series/california-drought-watch/\">severe drought\u003c/a> is taking a toll on wildlife around the state. Millions of birds migrate through this time of year, but the waterways and wetlands they rely on are largely dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Sacramento Valley, one environmental group is working with farmers and citizen scientists to provide some help by creating temporary “pop-up” wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winter is always a busy bird season at Douglas Thomas’s rice farm in Olivehurst, California, about 40 miles north of Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those fields behind there will fill with geese,” he says. “It’s just so loud. You can’t sleep at night. The first couple nights are pretty rough and I’m actually cussing them even though I love them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent winter morning, Thomas watches as a young bald eagle dives at some 3,000 snow geese floating in the rice fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As soon as they start getting here, this is what I sit and do,” he says “I keep my binoculars in my truck.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66369\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 314px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/TNC-map.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-66369\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/TNC-map.jpg\" alt=\"The orange areas show where migratory birds are likely to be on March 17 in the Central Valley, based on citizen science observations from eBird. The blue shows available waterways and wetlands. Scientists used a series of these maps to look for areas where wetlands are lacking. (Source: Cornell eBird, Point Blue Conservation Science, The Nature Conservancy)\" width=\"314\" height=\"465\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The \u003cstrong>orange areas\u003c/strong> show where migratory birds are likely to be on March 17 in the Central Valley, based on citizen science data from eBird. The \u003cstrong>blue\u003c/strong> shows available water. Scientists used a series of these maps to look for areas where wetlands are lacking. (Source: Cornell eBird, Point Blue Conservation Science, The Nature Conservancy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The birds come here because Thomas keeps his rice fields flooded in December and January. The water decomposes the rice straw leftover from last year’s harvest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally, at the end of January, “we would let our water go and start trying to dry our fields out because the lake that’s in front of us has to be dry enough to drive a tractor in it and then we’ve got to seed it,” he says\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not this year. Thomas is leaving water on his fields a little longer as part of an experimental project with \u003ca href=\"http://www.conserveca.org/blog_multimedia/precision-conservation.xml\">The Nature Conservancy\u003c/a>, designed to provide extra habitat for the birds when they need it most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thomas’s farm is in the middle of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-great-migration/\">Pacific Flyway\u003c/a>, a vast migration route that stretches from the Arctic to South America. The Central Valley is a key pit stop for millions of birds along the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is really the linchpin of the Pacific Flyway,” says Nature Conservancy scientist Mark Reynolds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many of these species breed in the high Arctic and are coming down to spend the wintertime in southern latitudes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some birds, like snow geese, spend the winter in California. Others only stop briefly before continuing hundreds of miles south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like stopping on a road trip so anywhere that they can find habitat and find things to eat to put on fat for their journey, they’ll stop,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But wetlands aren’t as abundant as they once were. Ninety percent of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">Central Valley’s historic wetlands\u003c/a> have been filled in and dry years like this one make it even tougher.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"California is really the linchpin of the Pacific Flyway\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Many of these water bird species on the flyway have had long-term declining population trends,” Reynolds says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reynolds wanted to know where and when the birds need wetlands, so he turned to an \u003ca href=\"http://ebird.org/content/ebird/\">app called e-Bird\u003c/a>. Birders have used it to report tens of thousands of bird sightings, creating a detailed data set.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What it gives us that we’ve not really had before is for many, many species, \u003ca href=\"http://www.conserveca.org/blog_multimedia/precision-conservation.xml\">we now can look week-by-week\u003c/a> at arrival patterns in California,” Reynolds says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In places that lack wetlands, the Nature Conservancy asked rice farmers to put up bids, pricing out how much it would cost to keep their fields flooded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group is paying farmers \u003ca href=\"http://www.conserveca.org/blog_multimedia/precision-conservation.xml\">to create about 10,000 acres\u003c/a> of these temporary wetlands in February and March. The bidding process is secret, but bids came in both above and below $45 per acre, the payments some farmers get from federal conservation programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66368\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 309px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Thomas1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-66368\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Thomas1.jpg\" alt=\"Rice farmer Douglas Thomas watches thousands of snow geese take flight. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"309\" height=\"283\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Thomas1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Thomas1-400x368.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 309px) 100vw, 309px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rice farmer Douglas Thomas watches thousands of snow geese take flight. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Thomas says his cost is largely labor. “It’ll push back our planting cycle,” he says. “We can’t get into our fields earlier. So we’re putting harder, longer hours on our tractor and our crew. We’re taking a greater risk doing this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thomas will keep two-to-four inches of water on his fields for four weeks. The water level is tailored for shorebirds, like long-billed dowitchers, sandpipers, and godwits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nature Conservancy economist Eric Hallstein says the payments help offset the farmers’ risks and are a cost-effective way to create habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The traditional model in conservation – it’s actually to permanently buy a piece of property or an easement,” Hallstein says. “It’s very expensive, prohibitively expensive. And also, we don’t want to displace farmers from that property.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Douglas Thomas sees a more personal upside. “Northern pintail is my favorite bird,” he says. “It’s such a graceful, amazing creature. And that we’re part of that annual cycle, that’s a neat, special thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By April, his fields will be dry and the birds will be on their way back north.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent winter morning, Thomas watches as a young bald eagle dives at some 3,000 snow geese floating in the rice fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As soon as they start getting here, this is what I sit and do,” he says “I keep my binoculars in my truck.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66369\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 314px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/TNC-map.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-66369\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/TNC-map.jpg\" alt=\"The orange areas show where migratory birds are likely to be on March 17 in the Central Valley, based on citizen science observations from eBird. The blue shows available waterways and wetlands. Scientists used a series of these maps to look for areas where wetlands are lacking. (Source: Cornell eBird, Point Blue Conservation Science, The Nature Conservancy)\" width=\"314\" height=\"465\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The \u003cstrong>orange areas\u003c/strong> show where migratory birds are likely to be on March 17 in the Central Valley, based on citizen science data from eBird. The \u003cstrong>blue\u003c/strong> shows available water. Scientists used a series of these maps to look for areas where wetlands are lacking. (Source: Cornell eBird, Point Blue Conservation Science, The Nature Conservancy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The birds come here because Thomas keeps his rice fields flooded in December and January. The water decomposes the rice straw leftover from last year’s harvest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally, at the end of January, “we would let our water go and start trying to dry our fields out because the lake that’s in front of us has to be dry enough to drive a tractor in it and then we’ve got to seed it,” he says\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not this year. Thomas is leaving water on his fields a little longer as part of an experimental project with \u003ca href=\"http://www.conserveca.org/blog_multimedia/precision-conservation.xml\">The Nature Conservancy\u003c/a>, designed to provide extra habitat for the birds when they need it most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thomas’s farm is in the middle of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-great-migration/\">Pacific Flyway\u003c/a>, a vast migration route that stretches from the Arctic to South America. The Central Valley is a key pit stop for millions of birds along the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is really the linchpin of the Pacific Flyway,” says Nature Conservancy scientist Mark Reynolds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many of these species breed in the high Arctic and are coming down to spend the wintertime in southern latitudes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some birds, like snow geese, spend the winter in California. Others only stop briefly before continuing hundreds of miles south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like stopping on a road trip so anywhere that they can find habitat and find things to eat to put on fat for their journey, they’ll stop,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But wetlands aren’t as abundant as they once were. Ninety percent of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">Central Valley’s historic wetlands\u003c/a> have been filled in and dry years like this one make it even tougher.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"California is really the linchpin of the Pacific Flyway\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Many of these water bird species on the flyway have had long-term declining population trends,” Reynolds says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reynolds wanted to know where and when the birds need wetlands, so he turned to an \u003ca href=\"http://ebird.org/content/ebird/\">app called e-Bird\u003c/a>. Birders have used it to report tens of thousands of bird sightings, creating a detailed data set.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What it gives us that we’ve not really had before is for many, many species, \u003ca href=\"http://www.conserveca.org/blog_multimedia/precision-conservation.xml\">we now can look week-by-week\u003c/a> at arrival patterns in California,” Reynolds says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In places that lack wetlands, the Nature Conservancy asked rice farmers to put up bids, pricing out how much it would cost to keep their fields flooded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group is paying farmers \u003ca href=\"http://www.conserveca.org/blog_multimedia/precision-conservation.xml\">to create about 10,000 acres\u003c/a> of these temporary wetlands in February and March. The bidding process is secret, but bids came in both above and below $45 per acre, the payments some farmers get from federal conservation programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66368\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 309px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Thomas1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-66368\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Thomas1.jpg\" alt=\"Rice farmer Douglas Thomas watches thousands of snow geese take flight. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"309\" height=\"283\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Thomas1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Thomas1-400x368.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 309px) 100vw, 309px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rice farmer Douglas Thomas watches thousands of snow geese take flight. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Thomas says his cost is largely labor. “It’ll push back our planting cycle,” he says. “We can’t get into our fields earlier. So we’re putting harder, longer hours on our tractor and our crew. We’re taking a greater risk doing this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thomas will keep two-to-four inches of water on his fields for four weeks. The water level is tailored for shorebirds, like long-billed dowitchers, sandpipers, and godwits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nature Conservancy economist Eric Hallstein says the payments help offset the farmers’ risks and are a cost-effective way to create habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The traditional model in conservation – it’s actually to permanently buy a piece of property or an easement,” Hallstein says. “It’s very expensive, prohibitively expensive. And also, we don’t want to displace farmers from that property.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Douglas Thomas sees a more personal upside. “Northern pintail is my favorite bird,” he says. “It’s such a graceful, amazing creature. And that we’re part of that annual cycle, that’s a neat, special thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By April, his fields will be dry and the birds will be on their way back north.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13541\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/mavericks.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13541 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/mavericks.jpg\" alt=\"A surfer drops into a wave at Mavericks in 2010. (rickbucich/Flickr) \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Surfer Ion Banner drops into a wave at Mavericks in 2010. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/rbucich/4360784494/\">rickbucich/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Twenty-four of the world’s best surfers are scheduled to compete Friday at the Mavericks Invitational. Tens of thousands of people are expected to descend on Half Moon Bay to watch them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they won’t be watching from the nearby beach or cliffs. This year, those are off-limits to spectators. So how do you get a glimpse of the big waves?\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Buy a ticket and go to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mavericksinvitational.com/contest/mavericks-festival/\">Mavericks Viewing Festival & Awards Ceremony\u003c/a> at the \u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps?q=oceano+hotel+half+moon+bay&ll=37.505096,-122.483912&spn=0.013856,0.018904&oe=utf-8&client=firefox-a&t=m&z=16\">Oceano Hotel\u003c/a>, which is across the street from the beach. They’ll have big screens set up there.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Watch it \u003ca href=\"http://www.mavericksinvitational.com/\">online\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If you get the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mavericksinvitational.com/2014/01/universal-sports/\">Universal Sports Network\u003c/a>, watch the final heats on TV.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The restrictions are in place for a couple of reasons. The conditions that create the waves, ideal for daredevil surfers, also make it dangerous for people on the beach. At Mavericks in 2010, a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/10/22/what-makes-sneaker-waves-so-sneaky-and-dangerous/\">sneaker wave\u003c/a> upended spectators and injured some of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mavericks notwithstanding, it’s not a good day to be at the beach\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong>\u003cem>” \u003c/em>said \u003cem>\u003c/em>Rebecca Rosenblatt, a spokeswoman for the San Mateo County Sheriff’s Office, which does not want a repeat of the 2010 incident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said there are environmental concerns, too. With 30-or-40,000 people, the coastal plants get trampled and the soft sandy cliffs nearby might not be safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fP1QK0XCt1U\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The giant waves only happen in the winter, and don’t come every year. They start forming far offshore, in storms over the Pacific. The waves escape the storms, hurtle toward the coast, and run into the Colorado Reef, which lies just off of Half Moon Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It goes from really deep water to really shallow water fairly quickly,” explained Larry Smith, a meteorologist at the National Weather Service in Monterey. “And that kind of pushes the wave energy up and gives them a tremendously large wave.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith says the faces of the waves could be 40 feet or higher.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Tens of thousands of people are expected to descend on Half Moon Bay to watch the big wave surf contest, but the beach and cliffs are off-limits to spectators. If you want to watch the competition, your options are on TV, online or at a festival near the beach. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13541\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/mavericks.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13541 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/mavericks.jpg\" alt=\"A surfer drops into a wave at Mavericks in 2010. (rickbucich/Flickr) \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Surfer Ion Banner drops into a wave at Mavericks in 2010. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/rbucich/4360784494/\">rickbucich/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Twenty-four of the world’s best surfers are scheduled to compete Friday at the Mavericks Invitational. Tens of thousands of people are expected to descend on Half Moon Bay to watch them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they won’t be watching from the nearby beach or cliffs. This year, those are off-limits to spectators. So how do you get a glimpse of the big waves?\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Buy a ticket and go to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mavericksinvitational.com/contest/mavericks-festival/\">Mavericks Viewing Festival & Awards Ceremony\u003c/a> at the \u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps?q=oceano+hotel+half+moon+bay&ll=37.505096,-122.483912&spn=0.013856,0.018904&oe=utf-8&client=firefox-a&t=m&z=16\">Oceano Hotel\u003c/a>, which is across the street from the beach. They’ll have big screens set up there.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Watch it \u003ca href=\"http://www.mavericksinvitational.com/\">online\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If you get the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mavericksinvitational.com/2014/01/universal-sports/\">Universal Sports Network\u003c/a>, watch the final heats on TV.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The restrictions are in place for a couple of reasons. The conditions that create the waves, ideal for daredevil surfers, also make it dangerous for people on the beach. At Mavericks in 2010, a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/10/22/what-makes-sneaker-waves-so-sneaky-and-dangerous/\">sneaker wave\u003c/a> upended spectators and injured some of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mavericks notwithstanding, it’s not a good day to be at the beach\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong>\u003cem>” \u003c/em>said \u003cem>\u003c/em>Rebecca Rosenblatt, a spokeswoman for the San Mateo County Sheriff’s Office, which does not want a repeat of the 2010 incident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said there are environmental concerns, too. With 30-or-40,000 people, the coastal plants get trampled and the soft sandy cliffs nearby might not be safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Amateur Astronomer and Telescope Inventor John Dobson Dies at 98",
"headTitle": "Amateur Astronomer and Telescope Inventor John Dobson Dies at 98 | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13483\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 307px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/cstraus_JDobson_1975.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-13483 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/cstraus_JDobson_1975.jpg\" alt=\"John Dobson at Mount Tamalpais in 1975. (Carol Straus)\" width=\"307\" height=\"244\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">John Dobson at Mount Tamalpais in 1975. (Carol Straus)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>John Dobson, the co-founder of San Francisco Sidewalk Astronomers and the inventor of a telescope that people can build themselves, died on January 15 in Burbank. He was 98.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, Dobson introduced the public to the sky, setting up telescopes in cities and parks and inviting passers-by to take a look into space. And he taught them how to build their own telescopes, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dobson put his first telescope together from found objects in the 1950s, when he was a monk. He had been assigned to spend his life “reconciling ancient Hindu scripture with modern physics,” according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/22/science/space/john-dobson-dies-at-98-taught-art-of-stargazing.html?hpw&rref=science\">New York Times\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>It was as part of this quest that he decided to make a telescope to look at the universe. As material he used plywood, cardboard tubes, glass from ship portholes and even cereal boxes.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Dobson was eventually expelled from his monastery in Sacramento because he was spending too much time away from it, teaching other people how to build telescopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘I just see myself as a curious worm that got born in this place and worried about it.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>He came to San Francisco, and continued sharing his love of space with anyone around him, setting up telescopes in parking lots and on sidewalks. He co-founded the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfsidewalkastronomers.org/\">San Francisco Sidewalk Astronomers\u003c/a> in 1968.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dobson never patented the telescope he invented, as his biography on the \u003ca href=\"http://sidewalkastronomers.us/id32.html\">Sidewalk Astronomers website\u003c/a> explains:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>It’s like re-inventing a cup, we’ve had cups all along, and if you try to patent a cup with a handle, you can’t. While patenting his design might have been difficult, it wouldn’t have been difficult to copyright the name “Dobsonian”, but that was never something John even considered. His mission was to get as many telescopes out there as possible by making it as easy as possible, not making it harder with restrictions.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>“I think other people think of me as a teacher,” Dobson said in an \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/amateur-astronomers/\">interview with KQED’s Quest\u003c/a> TV series. “I just see myself as a curious worm that got born in this place and worried about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year’s International Sidewalk Astronomy Night, an event organized by the Sidewalk Astronomers on March 8, will be \u003ca href=\"http://sidewalkastronomers.us/2014.01.01_arch.html\">dedicated to Dobson\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cobject width=\"639\" height=\"359\" classid=\"d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0\">\u003cparam name=\"src\" value=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/files/jw-player-plugin-for-wordpress/player/player.swf\">\u003cparam name=\"flashvars\" value=\"&bandwidth=2841&controlbar=over&dock=false&file=205b_astronomers.flv&image=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fposter_frames%2F205b_astronomers300.jpg&gapro.accountid=UA-1538528-1&gapro.height=359&gapro.pluginmode=FLASH&gapro.trackpercentage=true&gapro.trackstarts=true&gapro.tracktime=true&gapro.visible=true&gapro.width=639&gapro.x=0&gapro.y=0&plugins=gapro-1&skin=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fplugins%2Fjw-player-plugin-for-wordpress%2Fskins%2Fglow.zip&streamer=rtmp%3A%2F%2Fkqed-flash02.streamguys.us%2Fquest%2F&viral.allowmenu=true&viral.bgcolor=0x333333&viral.fgcolor=0xffffff&viral.functions=embed&viral.matchplayercolors=true&viral.oncomplete=false&viral.pluginmode=FLASH\">\u003cembed width=\"639\" height=\"359\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" src=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/files/jw-player-plugin-for-wordpress/player/player.swf\" flashvars=\"&bandwidth=2841&controlbar=over&dock=false&file=205b_astronomers.flv&image=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fposter_frames%2F205b_astronomers300.jpg&gapro.accountid=UA-1538528-1&gapro.height=359&gapro.pluginmode=FLASH&gapro.trackpercentage=true&gapro.trackstarts=true&gapro.tracktime=true&gapro.visible=true&gapro.width=639&gapro.x=0&gapro.y=0&plugins=gapro-1&skin=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fplugins%2Fjw-player-plugin-for-wordpress%2Fskins%2Fglow.zip&streamer=rtmp%3A%2F%2Fkqed-flash02.streamguys.us%2Fquest%2F&viral.allowmenu=true&viral.bgcolor=0x333333&viral.fgcolor=0xffffff&viral.functions=embed&viral.matchplayercolors=true&viral.oncomplete=false&viral.pluginmode=FLASH\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"description": "John Dobson, the co-founder of San Francisco Sidewalk Astronomers and the inventor of a telescope that people can build themselves, died on January 15 in Burbank. He was 98. For decades, Dobson introduced the public to the sky, setting up telescopes in cities and parks and inviting passers-by to take a look into space. And",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13483\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 307px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/cstraus_JDobson_1975.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-13483 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/cstraus_JDobson_1975.jpg\" alt=\"John Dobson at Mount Tamalpais in 1975. (Carol Straus)\" width=\"307\" height=\"244\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">John Dobson at Mount Tamalpais in 1975. (Carol Straus)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>John Dobson, the co-founder of San Francisco Sidewalk Astronomers and the inventor of a telescope that people can build themselves, died on January 15 in Burbank. He was 98.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, Dobson introduced the public to the sky, setting up telescopes in cities and parks and inviting passers-by to take a look into space. And he taught them how to build their own telescopes, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dobson put his first telescope together from found objects in the 1950s, when he was a monk. He had been assigned to spend his life “reconciling ancient Hindu scripture with modern physics,” according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/22/science/space/john-dobson-dies-at-98-taught-art-of-stargazing.html?hpw&rref=science\">New York Times\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>It was as part of this quest that he decided to make a telescope to look at the universe. As material he used plywood, cardboard tubes, glass from ship portholes and even cereal boxes.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Dobson was eventually expelled from his monastery in Sacramento because he was spending too much time away from it, teaching other people how to build telescopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘I just see myself as a curious worm that got born in this place and worried about it.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>He came to San Francisco, and continued sharing his love of space with anyone around him, setting up telescopes in parking lots and on sidewalks. He co-founded the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfsidewalkastronomers.org/\">San Francisco Sidewalk Astronomers\u003c/a> in 1968.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dobson never patented the telescope he invented, as his biography on the \u003ca href=\"http://sidewalkastronomers.us/id32.html\">Sidewalk Astronomers website\u003c/a> explains:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>It’s like re-inventing a cup, we’ve had cups all along, and if you try to patent a cup with a handle, you can’t. While patenting his design might have been difficult, it wouldn’t have been difficult to copyright the name “Dobsonian”, but that was never something John even considered. His mission was to get as many telescopes out there as possible by making it as easy as possible, not making it harder with restrictions.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>“I think other people think of me as a teacher,” Dobson said in an \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/amateur-astronomers/\">interview with KQED’s Quest\u003c/a> TV series. “I just see myself as a curious worm that got born in this place and worried about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year’s International Sidewalk Astronomy Night, an event organized by the Sidewalk Astronomers on March 8, will be \u003ca href=\"http://sidewalkastronomers.us/2014.01.01_arch.html\">dedicated to Dobson\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cobject width=\"639\" height=\"359\" classid=\"d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0\">\u003cparam name=\"src\" value=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/files/jw-player-plugin-for-wordpress/player/player.swf\">\u003cparam name=\"flashvars\" value=\"&bandwidth=2841&controlbar=over&dock=false&file=205b_astronomers.flv&image=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fposter_frames%2F205b_astronomers300.jpg&gapro.accountid=UA-1538528-1&gapro.height=359&gapro.pluginmode=FLASH&gapro.trackpercentage=true&gapro.trackstarts=true&gapro.tracktime=true&gapro.visible=true&gapro.width=639&gapro.x=0&gapro.y=0&plugins=gapro-1&skin=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fplugins%2Fjw-player-plugin-for-wordpress%2Fskins%2Fglow.zip&streamer=rtmp%3A%2F%2Fkqed-flash02.streamguys.us%2Fquest%2F&viral.allowmenu=true&viral.bgcolor=0x333333&viral.fgcolor=0xffffff&viral.functions=embed&viral.matchplayercolors=true&viral.oncomplete=false&viral.pluginmode=FLASH\">\u003cembed width=\"639\" height=\"359\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" src=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/files/jw-player-plugin-for-wordpress/player/player.swf\" flashvars=\"&bandwidth=2841&controlbar=over&dock=false&file=205b_astronomers.flv&image=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fposter_frames%2F205b_astronomers300.jpg&gapro.accountid=UA-1538528-1&gapro.height=359&gapro.pluginmode=FLASH&gapro.trackpercentage=true&gapro.trackstarts=true&gapro.tracktime=true&gapro.visible=true&gapro.width=639&gapro.x=0&gapro.y=0&plugins=gapro-1&skin=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fplugins%2Fjw-player-plugin-for-wordpress%2Fskins%2Fglow.zip&streamer=rtmp%3A%2F%2Fkqed-flash02.streamguys.us%2Fquest%2F&viral.allowmenu=true&viral.bgcolor=0x333333&viral.fgcolor=0xffffff&viral.functions=embed&viral.matchplayercolors=true&viral.oncomplete=false&viral.pluginmode=FLASH\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Drought Loosens Some Environmental Rules",
"headTitle": "California Drought Loosens Some Environmental Rules | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13419\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/AmericanRiver77.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13419\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/AmericanRiver77.jpg\" alt=\"The American River during 1977 drought, when freshwater flows were drastically low. (Photo: CA DWR)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The American River during the 1977 drought, when freshwater flows were drastically low. (Photo: CA DWR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown is \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/01/16/california-drought-update-governor-jerry-brown-declaring-drought-emergency\">calling for water conservation\u003c/a> as the primary strategy against California’s record drought, but his \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=18368\">emergency declaration\u003c/a> on Friday also opened the door for weakening some environmental rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State regulators can now relax water quality standards, allowing rivers and estuaries to be saltier and warmer, as they try to manage the state’s limited supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The change is making some fishing and environmental groups wary, who fear that wildlife concerns will come second to the needs of parched cities and farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There will be some tough choices coming down the road on how we balance protections for the environment and water supply,” said Doug Obegi of the Natural Resources Defense Council. “There’s just no getting around it in critically dry years like this one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The change focuses on \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/plans_policies/\">water quality control plans\u003c/a>, like the one for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/ca-delta/\">hub of the state’s water supply\u003c/a>. The plan assures that a minimum amount of water is released from dams, so freshwater is provided for downstream water users and wildlife, including salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“This year, everybody is going to feel some pain”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“They’re minimum standards for protection of the estuary and they really are minimums,” said Obegi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the drought declaration, regulators can “consider modifying requirements for reservoir releases or diversion limitations.” Dam operators may ask to reduce releases to keep water in the reservoirs, so it can be used later in the year. That could violate water quality standards in rivers below the dams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s critical that we really maintain those minimal protections so that we don’t further exacerbate the precarious nature of our native fisheries,” says Obegi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The rivers are going to be super warm and super low,” says John McManus of the Golden Gate Salmon Association. “Salmon are going need to help because we’ve got tens of thousands of jobs hanging in the balance that depend on California salmon runs.” \u003ca href=\"http://mavensnotebook.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/U.S-Fish-and-Wildlife-Service-Releases-750000-Salmon-Into-Death-Zone.pdf\">Several fishing groups are concerned\u003c/a> that young salmon released from hatcheries won’t survive the dry conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Regulators Cite Needed Flexibility\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13422\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 344px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Gov-Drought.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13422\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Gov-Drought.jpg\" alt=\"Governor Jerry Brown cites record-low rainfall, making an emergency drought declaration. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"344\" height=\"269\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Governor Jerry Brown cites record-low rainfall, making an emergency drought declaration on Friday. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Felicia Marcus of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/\">State Water Resources Control Board\u003c/a> says the new flexibility is key for her agency to balance the needs of wildlife and farms and cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just allows us to manage and operate this extraordinary circumstance in a more intelligent way,” Marcus said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allowing dam operators to hold water back now could benefit both people and wildlife, Marcus said. The water will be released later in the year, when it’s crucial for salmon runs and useful for farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It gets reduced to ‘fish versus farms’, but it’s not that simple,” said Marcus. “Sometimes the molecule of water a fish needs is the same molecule that a farmer needs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marcus says they’ll be looking at water quality rules on a case-by-case basis. “When we run out of water, everyone gets less water and you have to figure out how, within the small amount of control you have, how it gets allocated,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just managing the needs of wildlife will be complicated. Some threatened fish species need water at different times of year than others do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How do we manage these limited water resources so we can preserve cold water for salmon while also providing for downstream water quality for fisheries and people?” says Obegi. “It’s going to be a real balancing act.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water supplies from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta are also controlled at certain times of year by environmental restrictions. Two large pumping plants near Tracy \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/money-environmental-concerns-could-sink-governors-delta-water-plan/\">must slow operations\u003c/a> when young salmon and Delta smelt could be harmed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”7b444ffc4cea399fa30f2adddb14bbc7″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some water districts blame those environmental regulations for limiting water supplies, but state regulators say in extremely dry years like this one, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/sfbaydelta/documents/smelt_working_group/swg_notes_01-13-2014.pdf\">rules have little effect\u003c/a>. There simply isn’t enough water to pump in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just hasn’t rained,” said Mark Cowin of the Department of Water Resources. “The environmental regulations still control pumping to some degree, but this is really about Mother Nature.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state has said water districts in the Bay Area, Central Valley and Southern California can expect \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/swpao/deliveries.cfm\">just five percent of their full allocation\u003c/a> from the Delta. Regulators will revisit that number after the state’s February snow survey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This year, everybody is going to feel some pain and we need to be smart about how we use our water supplies,” said Cowin.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13419\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/AmericanRiver77.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13419\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/AmericanRiver77.jpg\" alt=\"The American River during 1977 drought, when freshwater flows were drastically low. (Photo: CA DWR)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The American River during the 1977 drought, when freshwater flows were drastically low. (Photo: CA DWR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown is \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/01/16/california-drought-update-governor-jerry-brown-declaring-drought-emergency\">calling for water conservation\u003c/a> as the primary strategy against California’s record drought, but his \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=18368\">emergency declaration\u003c/a> on Friday also opened the door for weakening some environmental rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State regulators can now relax water quality standards, allowing rivers and estuaries to be saltier and warmer, as they try to manage the state’s limited supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The change is making some fishing and environmental groups wary, who fear that wildlife concerns will come second to the needs of parched cities and farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There will be some tough choices coming down the road on how we balance protections for the environment and water supply,” said Doug Obegi of the Natural Resources Defense Council. “There’s just no getting around it in critically dry years like this one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The change focuses on \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/plans_policies/\">water quality control plans\u003c/a>, like the one for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/ca-delta/\">hub of the state’s water supply\u003c/a>. The plan assures that a minimum amount of water is released from dams, so freshwater is provided for downstream water users and wildlife, including salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“This year, everybody is going to feel some pain”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“They’re minimum standards for protection of the estuary and they really are minimums,” said Obegi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the drought declaration, regulators can “consider modifying requirements for reservoir releases or diversion limitations.” Dam operators may ask to reduce releases to keep water in the reservoirs, so it can be used later in the year. That could violate water quality standards in rivers below the dams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s critical that we really maintain those minimal protections so that we don’t further exacerbate the precarious nature of our native fisheries,” says Obegi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The rivers are going to be super warm and super low,” says John McManus of the Golden Gate Salmon Association. “Salmon are going need to help because we’ve got tens of thousands of jobs hanging in the balance that depend on California salmon runs.” \u003ca href=\"http://mavensnotebook.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/U.S-Fish-and-Wildlife-Service-Releases-750000-Salmon-Into-Death-Zone.pdf\">Several fishing groups are concerned\u003c/a> that young salmon released from hatcheries won’t survive the dry conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Regulators Cite Needed Flexibility\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13422\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 344px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Gov-Drought.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13422\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Gov-Drought.jpg\" alt=\"Governor Jerry Brown cites record-low rainfall, making an emergency drought declaration. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"344\" height=\"269\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Governor Jerry Brown cites record-low rainfall, making an emergency drought declaration on Friday. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Felicia Marcus of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/\">State Water Resources Control Board\u003c/a> says the new flexibility is key for her agency to balance the needs of wildlife and farms and cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just allows us to manage and operate this extraordinary circumstance in a more intelligent way,” Marcus said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allowing dam operators to hold water back now could benefit both people and wildlife, Marcus said. The water will be released later in the year, when it’s crucial for salmon runs and useful for farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It gets reduced to ‘fish versus farms’, but it’s not that simple,” said Marcus. “Sometimes the molecule of water a fish needs is the same molecule that a farmer needs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marcus says they’ll be looking at water quality rules on a case-by-case basis. “When we run out of water, everyone gets less water and you have to figure out how, within the small amount of control you have, how it gets allocated,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just managing the needs of wildlife will be complicated. Some threatened fish species need water at different times of year than others do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How do we manage these limited water resources so we can preserve cold water for salmon while also providing for downstream water quality for fisheries and people?” says Obegi. “It’s going to be a real balancing act.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water supplies from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta are also controlled at certain times of year by environmental restrictions. Two large pumping plants near Tracy \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/money-environmental-concerns-could-sink-governors-delta-water-plan/\">must slow operations\u003c/a> when young salmon and Delta smelt could be harmed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some water districts blame those environmental regulations for limiting water supplies, but state regulators say in extremely dry years like this one, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/sfbaydelta/documents/smelt_working_group/swg_notes_01-13-2014.pdf\">rules have little effect\u003c/a>. There simply isn’t enough water to pump in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just hasn’t rained,” said Mark Cowin of the Department of Water Resources. “The environmental regulations still control pumping to some degree, but this is really about Mother Nature.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state has said water districts in the Bay Area, Central Valley and Southern California can expect \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/swpao/deliveries.cfm\">just five percent of their full allocation\u003c/a> from the Delta. Regulators will revisit that number after the state’s February snow survey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This year, everybody is going to feel some pain and we need to be smart about how we use our water supplies,” said Cowin.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "David Perlman: The Energizer Bunny of Bay Area Science Writers",
"headTitle": "David Perlman: The Energizer Bunny of Bay Area Science Writers | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/01/20140120science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The long view is in short supply these days and the media is often found wanting in that respect. But there’s no shortage of historical perspective from one Bay Area journalist. The San Francisco Chronicle’s science editor has been on the job for more than a half-century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13303\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/RS8246_IMG_0436-sfi.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13303\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/RS8246_IMG_0436-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"David Perlman, science editor at the San Francisco Chronicle, was working at the Chronicle when Pear Harbor was attacked. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Perlman, science editor at the San Francisco Chronicle, has been working there since before Pearl Harbor was attacked. (Craig Miller/KQED) \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last month, David Perlman turned 95. We’ll do the math for you. That means Perlman was born in 1918, right at the tail end of a world war — the first one. Perlman says today, young people have trouble enough envisioning the second one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I say World War II, ‘When was that?’ That’s the kind of reaction I get.” He laughs ironically. “It’s sad because it just means that nobody’s teaching history properly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perlman got some of his own history lessons first-hand. The New York native was a copy boy at the Chronicle when reports came in of an attack on Pearl Harbor. But he admits that his early inspiration to be a journalist came from a screwball comedy: a play about fast-talking, hard-nosed newspaper reporters called \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M9XnfQuzu7g\">The Front Page\u003c/a>. The 1931 film adaptation was loaded with rapid-fire lines like, “Hey, listen you crazy baboon, get a pencil and paper and take this down because it’s important!” Perlman can’t quote the film but he can still quote the playwright’s description of this odd breed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13317\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 343px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Perlman_6.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-13317 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Perlman_6.jpg\" alt=\"Perlman in the field in 1955. (Art Frisch/San Francisco Chronicle)\" width=\"343\" height=\"437\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Perlman in the field in 1955. (Art Frisch/San Francisco Chronicle)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“He called them, ‘seedy, catatonic Paul Reveres, full of strange oaths and a touch of childhood.’ I wanted to be like that,” Perlman recalls. “And as a matter of fact, I got to be like that. I think I got more than a touch of childhood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perlman’s always retained a childlike wonder, covering the frontiers of science through five decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Human evolution, let’s say — that’s a great topic,” Perlman offered, recalling the 1974 \u003ca title=\"Nat Geo - post\" href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/09/060920-lucy.html\">discovery of “Lucy,”\u003c/a> the skeletal remains of a female hominid from more than three million years ago. Perlman seems to have mastered the art of evolution himself, deftly negotiating the long path from manual typewriters to Twitter. (Yes, he does on occasion, tweet from \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/daveperlman\">@daveperlman\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Space is clearly one of his passions. “The universe and planets and stars and galaxies, and all the nature of the universe into which we are born.” It was space that launched Perlman’s career as a science writer, in the late 1950s. Hobbled by a skiing mishap, he found himself surprisingly engrossed in a book by British astronomer \u003ca title=\"Wiki - Fred Hoyle\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Hoyle\">Sir Fred Hoyle\u003c/a>, “The Nature of the Universe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And I got kind of curious about what-all astronomers do — what’s all that about?” he wondered. That led him to \u003ca title=\"Lick Observatory - main\" href=\"http://www.ucolick.org/\">Lick Observatory\u003c/a>, outside San Jose, and the first of his own science writing, an article on the birth of stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We didn’t have a science writer at the time, so I got to be one,” Perlman said, matter-of-factly. “And it’s been a learning experience for me ever since.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13175\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/PerlmanScan_PCBs_1969_crop-e1389835829286.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13175 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/PerlmanScan_PCBs_1969_crop-e1389835829286.jpg\" alt=\"Perlman had already been covering science for a decade when he filed this 1969 piece about the newly-discovered family of toxic chemicals: PCBs. (San Francisco Chronicle)\" width=\"320\" height=\"377\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Perlman had already been covering science for a decade when he filed this 1969 piece about an emerging family of toxic chemicals: PCBs. (San Francisco Chronicle)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That’s a bit of an understatement. Perlman has churned out thousands of articles over the years. Not only has he won numerous science journalism awards, there are two named \u003cem>for\u003c/em> him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perlman’s life has spanned whole epochs in science: the launch of the space age, the entire unfolding of the computer age and, as the Los Angeles Times \u003ca title=\"LAT - post\" href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2013/feb/21/local/la-me-perlman-20130222\">noted in a profile\u003c/a>, Pluto’s entire life as a planet, from its discovery in 1930, to its recent demotion to subplanet. Now he finds himself at the dawn of the “Anthropocene,” in which this planet starts to convulse from effects of the human presence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything that I see in scientific journals or talking to scientists, I have to say that climate change—global warming, whatever you call it—is real and dangerous and is going to deprive us of our sources of what we eat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How times have changed. He remembers the Apollo days, when it seemed like science-driven optimism had infected the whole nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I do remember those days, and they were gripping. Everybody got excited about it,” he recalls. “And of course the President’s call for a space race, in a sense, and we were trying to beat the Soviets to the Moon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It disturbs him that some of that excitement has waned, as we’ve passed into a new era of scientific pragmatism. As we spoke, budget cuts \u003ca title=\"Merc - post\" href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/science/ci_24734951/lick-observatorys-astronomy-research-could-end\">threatened to close Lick Observatory\u003c/a>, the birthplace of Perlman’s own science career.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is kind of absurd,” he opined. “I mean there’s a new telescope that has just been installed or developed at Lick Observatory, and it’s looking for planets far out in the Milky Way galaxy. I think it’s an extremely important telescope and why they would close the observatory just as they got a new telescope, it defeats me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perlman’s been following closely the adventures of a remote-controlled \u003ca title=\"Quest - post\" href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/24/nasas-new-mars-rover-armed-and-curious/\">rover called Curiosity\u003c/a>, which recently found a spot on Mars where conditions once could have nurtured life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a great discovery.” Perlman thinks it might be a step toward the ultimate discovery. “Sooner or later on that planet or elsewhere, somebody’s gonna discover some micro-organisms: microbes that are actually alive. Just think of that. That turns me on. I hope it turns other people on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’d like to be around to write that story. “Oh, yeah! I’d love it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As he navigates the Chronicle city room from his corner cubicle (which, itself, resembles an archeological dig), Perlman has only one job complaint: it’s too quiet. Reared on the incessant clacking of typewriters and teletypes, he says the silence drives him nuts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Perlman returns to his cube, and fills the silence with his signature two-fingered typing. He has no plans to stop.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "David Perlman, the San Francisco Chronicle's science editor has been on the job for more than a half-century. He covered the launch of the space age and the unfolding of the computer age, and his career has spanned Pluto's entire life as a planet, from its discovery in 1930 to its demotion to sub-planet.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The long view is in short supply these days and the media is often found wanting in that respect. But there’s no shortage of historical perspective from one Bay Area journalist. The San Francisco Chronicle’s science editor has been on the job for more than a half-century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13303\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/RS8246_IMG_0436-sfi.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13303\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/RS8246_IMG_0436-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"David Perlman, science editor at the San Francisco Chronicle, was working at the Chronicle when Pear Harbor was attacked. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Perlman, science editor at the San Francisco Chronicle, has been working there since before Pearl Harbor was attacked. (Craig Miller/KQED) \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last month, David Perlman turned 95. We’ll do the math for you. That means Perlman was born in 1918, right at the tail end of a world war — the first one. Perlman says today, young people have trouble enough envisioning the second one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I say World War II, ‘When was that?’ That’s the kind of reaction I get.” He laughs ironically. “It’s sad because it just means that nobody’s teaching history properly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perlman got some of his own history lessons first-hand. The New York native was a copy boy at the Chronicle when reports came in of an attack on Pearl Harbor. But he admits that his early inspiration to be a journalist came from a screwball comedy: a play about fast-talking, hard-nosed newspaper reporters called \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M9XnfQuzu7g\">The Front Page\u003c/a>. The 1931 film adaptation was loaded with rapid-fire lines like, “Hey, listen you crazy baboon, get a pencil and paper and take this down because it’s important!” Perlman can’t quote the film but he can still quote the playwright’s description of this odd breed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13317\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 343px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Perlman_6.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-13317 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Perlman_6.jpg\" alt=\"Perlman in the field in 1955. (Art Frisch/San Francisco Chronicle)\" width=\"343\" height=\"437\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Perlman in the field in 1955. (Art Frisch/San Francisco Chronicle)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“He called them, ‘seedy, catatonic Paul Reveres, full of strange oaths and a touch of childhood.’ I wanted to be like that,” Perlman recalls. “And as a matter of fact, I got to be like that. I think I got more than a touch of childhood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perlman’s always retained a childlike wonder, covering the frontiers of science through five decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Human evolution, let’s say — that’s a great topic,” Perlman offered, recalling the 1974 \u003ca title=\"Nat Geo - post\" href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/09/060920-lucy.html\">discovery of “Lucy,”\u003c/a> the skeletal remains of a female hominid from more than three million years ago. Perlman seems to have mastered the art of evolution himself, deftly negotiating the long path from manual typewriters to Twitter. (Yes, he does on occasion, tweet from \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/daveperlman\">@daveperlman\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Space is clearly one of his passions. “The universe and planets and stars and galaxies, and all the nature of the universe into which we are born.” It was space that launched Perlman’s career as a science writer, in the late 1950s. Hobbled by a skiing mishap, he found himself surprisingly engrossed in a book by British astronomer \u003ca title=\"Wiki - Fred Hoyle\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Hoyle\">Sir Fred Hoyle\u003c/a>, “The Nature of the Universe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And I got kind of curious about what-all astronomers do — what’s all that about?” he wondered. That led him to \u003ca title=\"Lick Observatory - main\" href=\"http://www.ucolick.org/\">Lick Observatory\u003c/a>, outside San Jose, and the first of his own science writing, an article on the birth of stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We didn’t have a science writer at the time, so I got to be one,” Perlman said, matter-of-factly. “And it’s been a learning experience for me ever since.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13175\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/PerlmanScan_PCBs_1969_crop-e1389835829286.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13175 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/PerlmanScan_PCBs_1969_crop-e1389835829286.jpg\" alt=\"Perlman had already been covering science for a decade when he filed this 1969 piece about the newly-discovered family of toxic chemicals: PCBs. (San Francisco Chronicle)\" width=\"320\" height=\"377\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Perlman had already been covering science for a decade when he filed this 1969 piece about an emerging family of toxic chemicals: PCBs. (San Francisco Chronicle)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That’s a bit of an understatement. Perlman has churned out thousands of articles over the years. Not only has he won numerous science journalism awards, there are two named \u003cem>for\u003c/em> him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perlman’s life has spanned whole epochs in science: the launch of the space age, the entire unfolding of the computer age and, as the Los Angeles Times \u003ca title=\"LAT - post\" href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2013/feb/21/local/la-me-perlman-20130222\">noted in a profile\u003c/a>, Pluto’s entire life as a planet, from its discovery in 1930, to its recent demotion to subplanet. Now he finds himself at the dawn of the “Anthropocene,” in which this planet starts to convulse from effects of the human presence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything that I see in scientific journals or talking to scientists, I have to say that climate change—global warming, whatever you call it—is real and dangerous and is going to deprive us of our sources of what we eat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How times have changed. He remembers the Apollo days, when it seemed like science-driven optimism had infected the whole nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I do remember those days, and they were gripping. Everybody got excited about it,” he recalls. “And of course the President’s call for a space race, in a sense, and we were trying to beat the Soviets to the Moon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It disturbs him that some of that excitement has waned, as we’ve passed into a new era of scientific pragmatism. As we spoke, budget cuts \u003ca title=\"Merc - post\" href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/science/ci_24734951/lick-observatorys-astronomy-research-could-end\">threatened to close Lick Observatory\u003c/a>, the birthplace of Perlman’s own science career.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is kind of absurd,” he opined. “I mean there’s a new telescope that has just been installed or developed at Lick Observatory, and it’s looking for planets far out in the Milky Way galaxy. I think it’s an extremely important telescope and why they would close the observatory just as they got a new telescope, it defeats me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perlman’s been following closely the adventures of a remote-controlled \u003ca title=\"Quest - post\" href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/24/nasas-new-mars-rover-armed-and-curious/\">rover called Curiosity\u003c/a>, which recently found a spot on Mars where conditions once could have nurtured life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a great discovery.” Perlman thinks it might be a step toward the ultimate discovery. “Sooner or later on that planet or elsewhere, somebody’s gonna discover some micro-organisms: microbes that are actually alive. Just think of that. That turns me on. I hope it turns other people on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’d like to be around to write that story. “Oh, yeah! I’d love it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As he navigates the Chronicle city room from his corner cubicle (which, itself, resembles an archeological dig), Perlman has only one job complaint: it’s too quiet. Reared on the incessant clacking of typewriters and teletypes, he says the silence drives him nuts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Icebergs and Green Paint: Lessons from California’s Big Droughts",
"headTitle": "Icebergs and Green Paint: Lessons from California’s Big Droughts | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13166\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/MMWD.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13166\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/MMWD.jpg\" alt=\"A water pipe was built across the San Rafael Bridge in 1976 to supply Marin County, as California's most severe drought hit the area. (Photo: Marin Municipal Water District)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A water pipe was built across the San Rafael Bridge in 1976 to supply Marin County, as California’s most severe drought hit the area. (Marin Municipal Water District)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While it wasn’t a surprise, Governor Jerry Brown \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/01/16/california-drought-update-governor-jerry-brown-declaring-drought-emergency\">made California’s drought official\u003c/a> on Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal climatologists affirmed that 2013 was the state’s driest calendar year on record, with about one-third the normal amount of precipitation. Currently the Sierra Nevada snowpack is \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">just 15 percent of normal\u003c/a> for this time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But drought is nothing new around here. The 1987-92 drought lasted six years, when statewide reservoir storage hovered around 60 percent. The record for worst drought is still held by 1976-77, when low rainfall sent the state scrambling. Runoff was just 20 percent of normal in 1977. Officials now say we’re on track to beat that low-water mark.[contextly_sidebar id=”ca4540d9da0c388ed37c28be532d2206″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This year, it really looks grim,” says Maurice Roos, a hydrologist with the Department of Water Resources, who has been with the agency for more than 50 years. “It’s even worse than even some of the other bad years, like 1977.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dry times have inspired some creative thinking in California:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>In 1976, an \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Drought-spotlights-region-s-patchwork-water-supply-3292001.php#photo-2439740\">emergency 24-inch water pipe\u003c/a> was laid across the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge next to the traffic lanes. Water reserves at the Marin Municipal Water District were critically low and the pipeline supplied the area with half of what it needed during the drought. Residents were ordered to cut their water use by 57 percent.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>City officials in Ventura \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/1990-06-06/local/me-455_1_city-council-meetings\">considered using a tugboat to haul an iceberg\u003c/a> from the polar seas and park it offshore to supply freshwater. The strategy was part of a $175,000 study approved by the city council in 1990, as the drought dragged on.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>During several past droughts, \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2008/aug/15/local/me-water15\">Los Angeles banned serving water\u003c/a> in restaurants unless customers specifically asked for it.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>The city of Santa Barbara instituted a 14-month ban on watering lawns during the late 1980s drought. Landscape companies began offering to \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/1990-05-07/news/mn-92_1_santa-barbara\">paint dead lawns green\u003c/a>. Billionaire Harold Simmons kept watering his 23-acre estate despite the restrictions and racked up more than $25,000 in city fines (\u003ca href=\"http://www.independent.com/news/2013/dec/30/harold-simmons-dies/?on\">a fact that led his obituary\u003c/a> when he passed away in December).\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Big Strides in Conservation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s “green” reputation is the product of sheer necessity, in many cases. The state’s water conservation policies trace their roots back to the 1976-77 drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13167\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Folsom.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13167\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Folsom.jpg\" alt=\"Cracked lake bed at Folsom Lake during the 1976-77 drought. (Photo: CA DWR)\" width=\"320\" height=\"254\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cracked lake bed at Folsom Lake during the 1976-77 drought. (Calif. DWR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“That was the beginning of the modern era of drought response,” says Peter Gleick of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacinst.org/\">Pacific Institute\u003c/a>, an Oakland-based water policy think tank. “At the time, we didn’t have water conservation departments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When dry weather returned a decade later, water agencies began offering rebates for low-flow toilets and fixtures. New standards were developed for washing machines and other appliances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Compared to the 1970s, almost all of the fixtures in our home are completely different now,” says Lester Snow of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiawaterfoundation.org/\">California Water Foundation\u003c/a> and a long-time head of DWR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The low-flow fixtures and landscaping helped put a lid on water consumption after droughts ended, along with other policies. According to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/publication.asp?i=890\">Public Policy Institute of California\u003c/a>, communities on the Southern California coast used almost 450,000 less acre-feet of water in 2005 than they did a decade earlier, despite growing by two million people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s much more that we can do on conservation,” says Snow. “I don’t think we’ve pushed as hard as we can.” New conservation programs go beyond \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/newsroom/video/drought.cfm\">classic public service announcements\u003c/a> and are \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/01/14/want-to-save-water-try-some-neighborly-competition/\">using behavioral science\u003c/a> to inspire water savings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Looking for New Supplies\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water shortages invariably lead to \u003ca href=\"http://valadao.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=364665\">calls for more dams and reservoirs\u003c/a>, like \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2001/apr/15/news/mn-51340\">Diamond Valley Lake\u003c/a> in Southern California, which broke ground in 1995.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘This year, it really looks grim.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“There was additional storage built, because California’s climate has wet and dry periods, so you have to be prepared for something that’s erratic,” says DWR’s Maurice Roos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the changing climate, the focus on water storage is likely to continue. More of California’s precipitation is expected to fall as rain instead of snow, reducing the Sierra Nevada snowpack, often called the state’s “frozen reservoir.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In June, Senator Dianne Feinstein \u003ca href=\"http://www.feinstein.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/op-eds?ID=df2ad233-bcc0-4476-a248-b8ef5b09d9f0\">called for expanding four state reservoirs\u003c/a>, saying “if we don’t take significant and rapid action, I fear California is at risk of becoming a desert state.” Proponents are hoping a revised water bond, \u003ca title=\"TCR - story\" href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201008100850/b\">postponed from 2010\u003c/a>, will make the November ballot. The original draft had $3 billion slated for water storage projects (see our \u003ca title=\"CW - water bond map\" href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?oe=utf-8&client=firefox-a&ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=109113054396355581272.000477e93a1c507e4d467&ll=35.924645,-120.102539&spn=7.115112,10.722656&z=6&source=embed\">interactive map\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think there are any good places to build new surface water storage,” says Gleick. “But there are other storage options. There are places where groundwater has been drawn down where it can be recharged and used in later years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Expensive Technology Looks Better\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water from desalination plants, where seawater is turned into drinking water, is generally two-to-five times more expensive than other sources of water. But when dry weather hits and districts are faced with pricey water purchases and transfers, desalination starts looking more attractive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13168\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/TahoeTruckee88-2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13168 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/TahoeTruckee88-2.jpg\" alt=\"Lake Tahoe dam in 1988 when flow into the Truckee River was extremely low. (Photo: CA DWR)\" width=\"320\" height=\"255\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lake Tahoe dam in 1988, when flow into the Truckee River was extremely low. (DWR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The city of Santa Barbara built a $34 million desalination plant in 1991, after facing drastic water shortages. Once the drought ended and water prices went down, the plant couldn’t compete and was decommissioned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water recycling plants, like those \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/toilet-to-tap/\">in Orange County and Silicon Valley\u003c/a>, are also costly to build, but offer a way to reuse wastewater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a lot of wastewater that we spend a lot of money collecting and treating to a pretty high standard,” says Gleick. “We ought to \u003ca title=\"CW - post\" href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/10/30/toilet-to-tap-water-recycling-might-be-in-your-future/\">put it to use\u003c/a>. It’s a new source of water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Some Things Haven’t Changed\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re over-pumping groundwater all the time, in wet years and in dry years,” says Gleick. “But in dry years, that goes way up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an average year, groundwater makes up about 25-to-40 percent of the state’s water supply. During the drought in 1977, groundwater made up 76 percent of water used in the San Joaquin Valley. \u003ca href=\"http://californiawaterblog.com/2013/01/30/californias-groundwater-problems-and-prospects/\">Groundwater levels are still dropping\u003c/a> at alarming rates in many parts of the Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m sort of sorry that in past droughts we haven’t taken the opportunity to implement serious statewide groundwater monitoring and legislation,” Gleick says. “We’re one of the only states in the nation without comprehensive groundwater law.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Droughts often create flurries of new bills in the state legislature. “With this drought pressure, I think you’ll see a lot more legislative attention on: what should we be investing in to make sure that the next time there’s a drought, we’re better prepared than we are today,” says Snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hardest part may be keeping public attention on California’s water problems once a drought ends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Quite often, we end a drought with a flood,” says Roos. The 1987-92 drought went out with a roar. In December of 1992, rainfall was double the long-term average, creating severe flooding in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Roll mouse over the graph, below, to see data for individual years.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/assets/graph/drought-0114.jsp\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Importing an Arctic iceberg for freshwater? Painting brown lawns green? California has had some creative ideas for droughts in the past.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13166\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/MMWD.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13166\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/MMWD.jpg\" alt=\"A water pipe was built across the San Rafael Bridge in 1976 to supply Marin County, as California's most severe drought hit the area. (Photo: Marin Municipal Water District)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A water pipe was built across the San Rafael Bridge in 1976 to supply Marin County, as California’s most severe drought hit the area. (Marin Municipal Water District)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While it wasn’t a surprise, Governor Jerry Brown \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/01/16/california-drought-update-governor-jerry-brown-declaring-drought-emergency\">made California’s drought official\u003c/a> on Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal climatologists affirmed that 2013 was the state’s driest calendar year on record, with about one-third the normal amount of precipitation. Currently the Sierra Nevada snowpack is \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">just 15 percent of normal\u003c/a> for this time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But drought is nothing new around here. The 1987-92 drought lasted six years, when statewide reservoir storage hovered around 60 percent. The record for worst drought is still held by 1976-77, when low rainfall sent the state scrambling. Runoff was just 20 percent of normal in 1977. Officials now say we’re on track to beat that low-water mark.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This year, it really looks grim,” says Maurice Roos, a hydrologist with the Department of Water Resources, who has been with the agency for more than 50 years. “It’s even worse than even some of the other bad years, like 1977.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dry times have inspired some creative thinking in California:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>In 1976, an \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Drought-spotlights-region-s-patchwork-water-supply-3292001.php#photo-2439740\">emergency 24-inch water pipe\u003c/a> was laid across the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge next to the traffic lanes. Water reserves at the Marin Municipal Water District were critically low and the pipeline supplied the area with half of what it needed during the drought. Residents were ordered to cut their water use by 57 percent.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>City officials in Ventura \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/1990-06-06/local/me-455_1_city-council-meetings\">considered using a tugboat to haul an iceberg\u003c/a> from the polar seas and park it offshore to supply freshwater. The strategy was part of a $175,000 study approved by the city council in 1990, as the drought dragged on.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>During several past droughts, \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2008/aug/15/local/me-water15\">Los Angeles banned serving water\u003c/a> in restaurants unless customers specifically asked for it.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>The city of Santa Barbara instituted a 14-month ban on watering lawns during the late 1980s drought. Landscape companies began offering to \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/1990-05-07/news/mn-92_1_santa-barbara\">paint dead lawns green\u003c/a>. Billionaire Harold Simmons kept watering his 23-acre estate despite the restrictions and racked up more than $25,000 in city fines (\u003ca href=\"http://www.independent.com/news/2013/dec/30/harold-simmons-dies/?on\">a fact that led his obituary\u003c/a> when he passed away in December).\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Big Strides in Conservation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s “green” reputation is the product of sheer necessity, in many cases. The state’s water conservation policies trace their roots back to the 1976-77 drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13167\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Folsom.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13167\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Folsom.jpg\" alt=\"Cracked lake bed at Folsom Lake during the 1976-77 drought. (Photo: CA DWR)\" width=\"320\" height=\"254\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cracked lake bed at Folsom Lake during the 1976-77 drought. (Calif. DWR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“That was the beginning of the modern era of drought response,” says Peter Gleick of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacinst.org/\">Pacific Institute\u003c/a>, an Oakland-based water policy think tank. “At the time, we didn’t have water conservation departments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When dry weather returned a decade later, water agencies began offering rebates for low-flow toilets and fixtures. New standards were developed for washing machines and other appliances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Compared to the 1970s, almost all of the fixtures in our home are completely different now,” says Lester Snow of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiawaterfoundation.org/\">California Water Foundation\u003c/a> and a long-time head of DWR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The low-flow fixtures and landscaping helped put a lid on water consumption after droughts ended, along with other policies. According to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/publication.asp?i=890\">Public Policy Institute of California\u003c/a>, communities on the Southern California coast used almost 450,000 less acre-feet of water in 2005 than they did a decade earlier, despite growing by two million people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s much more that we can do on conservation,” says Snow. “I don’t think we’ve pushed as hard as we can.” New conservation programs go beyond \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/newsroom/video/drought.cfm\">classic public service announcements\u003c/a> and are \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/01/14/want-to-save-water-try-some-neighborly-competition/\">using behavioral science\u003c/a> to inspire water savings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Looking for New Supplies\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water shortages invariably lead to \u003ca href=\"http://valadao.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=364665\">calls for more dams and reservoirs\u003c/a>, like \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2001/apr/15/news/mn-51340\">Diamond Valley Lake\u003c/a> in Southern California, which broke ground in 1995.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘This year, it really looks grim.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“There was additional storage built, because California’s climate has wet and dry periods, so you have to be prepared for something that’s erratic,” says DWR’s Maurice Roos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the changing climate, the focus on water storage is likely to continue. More of California’s precipitation is expected to fall as rain instead of snow, reducing the Sierra Nevada snowpack, often called the state’s “frozen reservoir.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In June, Senator Dianne Feinstein \u003ca href=\"http://www.feinstein.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/op-eds?ID=df2ad233-bcc0-4476-a248-b8ef5b09d9f0\">called for expanding four state reservoirs\u003c/a>, saying “if we don’t take significant and rapid action, I fear California is at risk of becoming a desert state.” Proponents are hoping a revised water bond, \u003ca title=\"TCR - story\" href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201008100850/b\">postponed from 2010\u003c/a>, will make the November ballot. The original draft had $3 billion slated for water storage projects (see our \u003ca title=\"CW - water bond map\" href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?oe=utf-8&client=firefox-a&ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=109113054396355581272.000477e93a1c507e4d467&ll=35.924645,-120.102539&spn=7.115112,10.722656&z=6&source=embed\">interactive map\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think there are any good places to build new surface water storage,” says Gleick. “But there are other storage options. There are places where groundwater has been drawn down where it can be recharged and used in later years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Expensive Technology Looks Better\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water from desalination plants, where seawater is turned into drinking water, is generally two-to-five times more expensive than other sources of water. But when dry weather hits and districts are faced with pricey water purchases and transfers, desalination starts looking more attractive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13168\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/TahoeTruckee88-2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13168 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/TahoeTruckee88-2.jpg\" alt=\"Lake Tahoe dam in 1988 when flow into the Truckee River was extremely low. (Photo: CA DWR)\" width=\"320\" height=\"255\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lake Tahoe dam in 1988, when flow into the Truckee River was extremely low. (DWR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The city of Santa Barbara built a $34 million desalination plant in 1991, after facing drastic water shortages. Once the drought ended and water prices went down, the plant couldn’t compete and was decommissioned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water recycling plants, like those \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/toilet-to-tap/\">in Orange County and Silicon Valley\u003c/a>, are also costly to build, but offer a way to reuse wastewater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a lot of wastewater that we spend a lot of money collecting and treating to a pretty high standard,” says Gleick. “We ought to \u003ca title=\"CW - post\" href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/10/30/toilet-to-tap-water-recycling-might-be-in-your-future/\">put it to use\u003c/a>. It’s a new source of water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Some Things Haven’t Changed\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re over-pumping groundwater all the time, in wet years and in dry years,” says Gleick. “But in dry years, that goes way up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an average year, groundwater makes up about 25-to-40 percent of the state’s water supply. During the drought in 1977, groundwater made up 76 percent of water used in the San Joaquin Valley. \u003ca href=\"http://californiawaterblog.com/2013/01/30/californias-groundwater-problems-and-prospects/\">Groundwater levels are still dropping\u003c/a> at alarming rates in many parts of the Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m sort of sorry that in past droughts we haven’t taken the opportunity to implement serious statewide groundwater monitoring and legislation,” Gleick says. “We’re one of the only states in the nation without comprehensive groundwater law.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Droughts often create flurries of new bills in the state legislature. “With this drought pressure, I think you’ll see a lot more legislative attention on: what should we be investing in to make sure that the next time there’s a drought, we’re better prepared than we are today,” says Snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hardest part may be keeping public attention on California’s water problems once a drought ends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Quite often, we end a drought with a flood,” says Roos. The 1987-92 drought went out with a roar. In December of 1992, rainfall was double the long-term average, creating severe flooding in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Roll mouse over the graph, below, to see data for individual years.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "As Toxics Regulations Increase, Companies Simply Switch Chemicals",
"headTitle": "As Toxics Regulations Increase, Companies Simply Switch Chemicals | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13137\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13137\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Demetri-Parides.Flickr-e1389835324349.jpg\" alt=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/demetri/\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Phthalates are used to make cosmetics more fragrant. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/demetri/\">Demetri Parides/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A federal ban, as well as pressure from environmental groups, seems to be reducing part of the chemical load that many of us carry in our bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1306681/\">study,\u003c/a> released Wednesday in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives, looks at a class of industrial chemicals called phthalates, used to make plastic soft and cosmetics more fragrant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While some phthalates are on the decline, others are increasing, raising concerns about how these chemicals affect human health, as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/health/article/Banned-chemicals-replaced-by-worrisome-ones-UCSF-5144291.php\">Chronicle\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_24914205/exposure-harmful-chemicals-personal-care-products-and-household\">Mercury News\u003c/a> reported today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tracey Woodruff, who directs the \u003ca href=\"http://prhe.ucsf.edu/prhe/\">Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment\u003c/a> at the University of California, San Francisco, and her team looked at urine samples collected over a ten-year period as part of the federally-funded \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/about_nhanes.htm\">National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey\u003c/a> program – the same data that was used to show how a federal ban on lead in gasoline resulted in less lead in children’s bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED Science asked Woodruff whether she thinks current regulations on chemicals are working, and why it’s a bad idea to put plastic dishware in the microwave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why study phthalates this way?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s been a lot of interest in phthalates over the last ten-to-12 years. We wanted to see does this interest, both by advocacy groups and the government, make a difference?\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Do bans and education campaigns leave us with fewer chemicals in our bodies?\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When you say \u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">“interest,”\u003c/span> it’s not like there have been widespread bans other than the ban on toys and kids products. But there’s been more media coverage of the topic, more advocacy group campaigns, etc. Is that what you mean?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, there’s been higher consumer awareness about phthalates, and that’s translated into changes in the marketplace in terms of what people are buying. There’s been a focus from advocacy groups, which have been working with industry to get them to remove some of these phthalates from their products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do we know about how these chemicals affect human health?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, there’s a range to how well some of these phthalates have been studied. The ones that have been banned (\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">here’s\u003c/span> \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpsc.gov/en/Regulations-Laws--Standards/Statutes/The-Consumer-Product-Safety-Improvement-Act/Phthalates/Phthalates-Information/\">more about those\u003c/a>) have more studies on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13144\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 387px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/woodruff387_0.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-13144\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13144\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/woodruff387_0.jpg\" alt=\"Tracey Woodruff heads UCSF's Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment. (UCSF)\" width=\"387\" height=\"258\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tracey Woodruff heads UCSF’s Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment. (UCSF)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Several of those have been linked to adverse effects on male reproductive development. Some of them have also been linked to effects on sperm quality. And there are some studies that suggest that exposure to phthalates can alter behavior in children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Obviously, you can’t expose a child or a fetus to phthalates and see what happens. So how do we know this? Are these studies with rats? Or observational studies in people, that point to a correlation between amounts of chemicals and physical/behavioral changes?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>Observational. (Ed note: \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=phthalates+rats+barlow\">Rat\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19491204\">marmoset\u003c/a> studies back up some of the concerns.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When we ban a chemical, what are we replacing it with? And how do we know that a replacement chemical is safer than what it replaces?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ways the laws are set up in the U.S., you don’t have to fully test a chemical before you substitute it for something else. So we’re always playing catch up. It’s a game of Whac-A-Mole with chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of these phthalates, DiBP (ed: used in cosmetics and food packaging), which has increased over 200 percent, is very structurally similar to one of the ones that was banned because of concerns over its effects on male reproductive development \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">A game of Whac-A-Mole with chemicals.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Consumers hear often about \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/12/24/sf-clothing-company-accused-of-knowingly-selling-lead-laden-products/\">products that have lead in them\u003c/a>, in part because under California’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCsQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.kqed.org%2Fscience%2Faudio%2Fwho-profits-from-proposition-65-part-one%2F&ei=lR3XUsEOiqrIAcDVgcAN&usg=AFQjCNElvL2a4jM0B9iKaE3gR_CgXqLnyg&sig2=g-i_TYdsqjOf1NTndOtphQ&bvm=bv.59568121,d.aWc\">Prop. 65\u003c/a>, those products have to be labeled. \u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>But with phthalates, it’s a little less clear where they are. Why is that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>It’s easy to test for lead because we have a good test. It’s a little more tricky with the phthalates. And yes, Prop. 65 gives people an incentive to look for certain chemicals in products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What would be more efficient and better would be to know in advance what products these chemicals are going into, rather than waiting until they get onto the marketplace. Because once they’re in the marketplace, if they pose a health risk, it’s too late.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the takeaway from your study\u003c/strong>?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The takeaway for me is that if you find a chemical and identify it as posing a potential health risk, then we can take an action and actually see a reduction of the chemical in people’s bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when it comes to the replacement chemicals, we may just be repeating the same cycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Not microwaving plastics is a “common-sense approach.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>OK, so this last question, I’m going to exploit your expertise a bit, since it’s not directly related to the paper.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is it true that putting plastic dishware in the dishwasher or microwave breaks down the plastic, thereby releasing phthalates and other chemicals into food?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a little hard to talk about these things because while we know there can be migration of these chemicals (into food) under heating circumstances, for example, we don’t really know how much is migrating and to what extent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have a series of brochures called \u003ca href=\"http://prhe.ucsf.edu/prhe/toxicmatters.html\">Toxic Matters\u003c/a> that include recommendations for people to lower their exposure to toxic chemicals. One of the recommendations is, “don’t microwave plastics and wash them by hand.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s more of a common-sense, preventative approach than a science-based approach. These are things that are easy to do, and come with little cost.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A UCSF researcher explains how public pressure on makeup manufacturers seems to work, and why it's \"common sense\" to keep plastic dishware out of the microwave. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13137\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13137\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Demetri-Parides.Flickr-e1389835324349.jpg\" alt=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/demetri/\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Phthalates are used to make cosmetics more fragrant. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/demetri/\">Demetri Parides/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A federal ban, as well as pressure from environmental groups, seems to be reducing part of the chemical load that many of us carry in our bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1306681/\">study,\u003c/a> released Wednesday in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives, looks at a class of industrial chemicals called phthalates, used to make plastic soft and cosmetics more fragrant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While some phthalates are on the decline, others are increasing, raising concerns about how these chemicals affect human health, as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/health/article/Banned-chemicals-replaced-by-worrisome-ones-UCSF-5144291.php\">Chronicle\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_24914205/exposure-harmful-chemicals-personal-care-products-and-household\">Mercury News\u003c/a> reported today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tracey Woodruff, who directs the \u003ca href=\"http://prhe.ucsf.edu/prhe/\">Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment\u003c/a> at the University of California, San Francisco, and her team looked at urine samples collected over a ten-year period as part of the federally-funded \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/about_nhanes.htm\">National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey\u003c/a> program – the same data that was used to show how a federal ban on lead in gasoline resulted in less lead in children’s bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED Science asked Woodruff whether she thinks current regulations on chemicals are working, and why it’s a bad idea to put plastic dishware in the microwave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why study phthalates this way?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s been a lot of interest in phthalates over the last ten-to-12 years. We wanted to see does this interest, both by advocacy groups and the government, make a difference?\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Do bans and education campaigns leave us with fewer chemicals in our bodies?\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When you say \u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">“interest,”\u003c/span> it’s not like there have been widespread bans other than the ban on toys and kids products. But there’s been more media coverage of the topic, more advocacy group campaigns, etc. Is that what you mean?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, there’s been higher consumer awareness about phthalates, and that’s translated into changes in the marketplace in terms of what people are buying. There’s been a focus from advocacy groups, which have been working with industry to get them to remove some of these phthalates from their products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do we know about how these chemicals affect human health?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, there’s a range to how well some of these phthalates have been studied. The ones that have been banned (\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">here’s\u003c/span> \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpsc.gov/en/Regulations-Laws--Standards/Statutes/The-Consumer-Product-Safety-Improvement-Act/Phthalates/Phthalates-Information/\">more about those\u003c/a>) have more studies on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13144\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 387px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/woodruff387_0.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-13144\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13144\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/woodruff387_0.jpg\" alt=\"Tracey Woodruff heads UCSF's Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment. (UCSF)\" width=\"387\" height=\"258\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tracey Woodruff heads UCSF’s Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment. (UCSF)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Several of those have been linked to adverse effects on male reproductive development. Some of them have also been linked to effects on sperm quality. And there are some studies that suggest that exposure to phthalates can alter behavior in children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Obviously, you can’t expose a child or a fetus to phthalates and see what happens. So how do we know this? Are these studies with rats? Or observational studies in people, that point to a correlation between amounts of chemicals and physical/behavioral changes?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>Observational. (Ed note: \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=phthalates+rats+barlow\">Rat\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19491204\">marmoset\u003c/a> studies back up some of the concerns.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When we ban a chemical, what are we replacing it with? And how do we know that a replacement chemical is safer than what it replaces?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ways the laws are set up in the U.S., you don’t have to fully test a chemical before you substitute it for something else. So we’re always playing catch up. It’s a game of Whac-A-Mole with chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of these phthalates, DiBP (ed: used in cosmetics and food packaging), which has increased over 200 percent, is very structurally similar to one of the ones that was banned because of concerns over its effects on male reproductive development \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">A game of Whac-A-Mole with chemicals.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Consumers hear often about \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/12/24/sf-clothing-company-accused-of-knowingly-selling-lead-laden-products/\">products that have lead in them\u003c/a>, in part because under California’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCsQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.kqed.org%2Fscience%2Faudio%2Fwho-profits-from-proposition-65-part-one%2F&ei=lR3XUsEOiqrIAcDVgcAN&usg=AFQjCNElvL2a4jM0B9iKaE3gR_CgXqLnyg&sig2=g-i_TYdsqjOf1NTndOtphQ&bvm=bv.59568121,d.aWc\">Prop. 65\u003c/a>, those products have to be labeled. \u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>But with phthalates, it’s a little less clear where they are. Why is that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>It’s easy to test for lead because we have a good test. It’s a little more tricky with the phthalates. And yes, Prop. 65 gives people an incentive to look for certain chemicals in products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What would be more efficient and better would be to know in advance what products these chemicals are going into, rather than waiting until they get onto the marketplace. Because once they’re in the marketplace, if they pose a health risk, it’s too late.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the takeaway from your study\u003c/strong>?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The takeaway for me is that if you find a chemical and identify it as posing a potential health risk, then we can take an action and actually see a reduction of the chemical in people’s bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when it comes to the replacement chemicals, we may just be repeating the same cycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Not microwaving plastics is a “common-sense approach.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>OK, so this last question, I’m going to exploit your expertise a bit, since it’s not directly related to the paper.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is it true that putting plastic dishware in the dishwasher or microwave breaks down the plastic, thereby releasing phthalates and other chemicals into food?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a little hard to talk about these things because while we know there can be migration of these chemicals (into food) under heating circumstances, for example, we don’t really know how much is migrating and to what extent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have a series of brochures called \u003ca href=\"http://prhe.ucsf.edu/prhe/toxicmatters.html\">Toxic Matters\u003c/a> that include recommendations for people to lower their exposure to toxic chemicals. One of the recommendations is, “don’t microwave plastics and wash them by hand.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s more of a common-sense, preventative approach than a science-based approach. These are things that are easy to do, and come with little cost.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "New Fukushima Radiation Study Will Focus on West Coast Kelp Forests",
"headTitle": "New Fukushima Radiation Study Will Focus on West Coast Kelp Forests | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13101\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13101\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/ER_undercanopy.jpg\" alt=\"A kelp forest near Catalina Island. (Thomas Farrugia)\" width=\"640\" height=\"334\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A kelp forest near Catalina Island. (Thomas Farrugia)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Researchers are launching a new project to monitor California’s kelp forests for radiation from the Fukushima nuclear power plant in Japan. For \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/science-shorts/2014/01/13/berkeley-lab-and-cal-state-long-beach-researchers-launch-%E2%80%98kelp-watch%E2%80%99-to-determine-extent-of-fukushima-contamination/\">Kelp Watch 2014\u003c/a>, as it’s called, scientists will fan out this year along the California coast, to collect kelp and find out if it has absorbed any radiation from the 2011 meltdown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve gotten calls from people who are coming here to surf, people who live along the coastline, asking me, ‘Is it safe to go in the water?'” said Steven Manley, a biology professor at California State University, Long Beach who created Kelp Watch 2014. His plan is to measure radiation levels in kelp three times in multiple locations between the Oregon border and Baja California from mid February through next winter and make the results public.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘It’s sort of like having a large Geiger counter stretching the entire coastline.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Part of the reason for doing this is because the public is very freaked out by all this talk of radioactivity,” he said. “If they can actually see the numbers and a commentary as to what they mean, hopefully that’ll put them at ease.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kelp forests, he said, are a good indicator. For one, they’re all over the place. “You can find them along the entire California coastline from San Diego all the way up to Del Norte County,” Manley said. Plus, kelp acts sort of like a sponge, taking in whatever is in the seawater on the surface of the ocean. “It’s sort of like having a large Geiger counter stretching the entire coastline,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manley did an \u003ca href=\"http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/2012/radioactive-iodine-from-fukushima-in-california-kelp\">earlier study of Fukushima radiation and kelp\u003c/a>. A month after the accident, he found radioactive iodine in kelp on the West Coast. The iodine had traveled from the nuclear power plant through the atmosphere, and has a very short half-life. So it got here quickly and disappeared quickly. Within a few months, he said, it was gone. The radioactiviy posed no health risk to humans, he said at the time, and had no effects on the giant kelp, or on fish or other marine life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now attention is directed to the radiation traveling in ocean currents, which are much slower than the jet stream. Scientists think that could begin hitting California shores in the next couple years. By measuring radiation in kelp forests up and down the coast, Manley said he hopes to find out if and when it enters the kelp forest ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it gets into the kelp, certain fish feed directly on the kelp. Other fish feed indirectly by eating other organisms. The fish are going to have some in them,” he said. “Now, is it enough to worry about? Probably not. But people have the right to know what’s there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manley and volunteers from 19 institutions (this is, at this point, a project composed completely of researchers working pro bono) will send their kelp samples to Kai Vetter, a professor at the University of California, Berkeley and head of the Applied Nuclear Physics program at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Vetter has been measuring \u003ca href=\"http://www.nuc.berkeley.edu/UCBAirSampling/RainWaterSampling\">signals from Fukushima\u003c/a> here in California since the accident.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘The concentration of radioactive materials which will be washed ashore here has no impact whatsoever on our daily life.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>While sampling rainwater in 2011 and 2012, Vetter and his colleagues found extremely low levels of radioactivity from Fukushima. A week after the accident, for example, they reported that a person would have to drink 632 liters of Berkeley rainwater – 166 gallons – to be exposed to the same level of radiation as a passenger experiences during a round-trip flight between San Francisco and Washington D.C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once radiation from Fukushima does arrive on the West Coast from the ocean, Vetter said, he expects it will be in miniscule amounts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The concentration of radioactive materials which will be washed ashore here has no impact whatsoever on our daily life,” he said. “The levels we are measuring, they will not be harmful. They will not have any measurable health impact on humans or any detrimental effects in marine biology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite several recent online videos and blog posts claiming that Fukushima radiation is causing widespread contamination of the West Coast and harming fish, scientists say their research so far shows that is not the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers from Stony Brook University in New York and Stanford University’s Hopkins Marine Station tested Pacific Bluefin tuna after the 2011 Fukushima incident. They have \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/science/la-me-west-coast-radiation-20140113,0,4048380.story#axzz2qOfTY4Nk\">published research\u003c/a> showing radiation levels were low – less than what people are exposed to by eating a banana or other potassium-rich foods that contain naturally occurring radioactive isotopes — and have been falling ever since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Public Health earlier this week, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/pubsforms/Pubs/FukushimaEnvironmentalMonitoring.pdf\">released a statement responding to radiation concerns\u003c/a>, saying “Information from Federal agencies, State programs, as well as the Department’s own sampling results, conclude there are no health and safety concerns to California residents.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Researchers are launching a new project to monitor California's kelp forests for radiation from the Fukushima nuclear power plant in Japan. Scientists will fan out along the California coast to collect kelp and find out if it has absorbed any radiation from the 2011 meltdown.",
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"description": "Researchers are launching a new project to monitor California's kelp forests for radiation from the Fukushima nuclear power plant in Japan. Scientists will fan out along the California coast to collect kelp and find out if it has absorbed any radiation from the 2011 meltdown.",
"title": "New Fukushima Radiation Study Will Focus on West Coast Kelp Forests | KQED",
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"headline": "New Fukushima Radiation Study Will Focus on West Coast Kelp Forests",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13101\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13101\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/ER_undercanopy.jpg\" alt=\"A kelp forest near Catalina Island. (Thomas Farrugia)\" width=\"640\" height=\"334\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A kelp forest near Catalina Island. (Thomas Farrugia)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Researchers are launching a new project to monitor California’s kelp forests for radiation from the Fukushima nuclear power plant in Japan. For \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/science-shorts/2014/01/13/berkeley-lab-and-cal-state-long-beach-researchers-launch-%E2%80%98kelp-watch%E2%80%99-to-determine-extent-of-fukushima-contamination/\">Kelp Watch 2014\u003c/a>, as it’s called, scientists will fan out this year along the California coast, to collect kelp and find out if it has absorbed any radiation from the 2011 meltdown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve gotten calls from people who are coming here to surf, people who live along the coastline, asking me, ‘Is it safe to go in the water?'” said Steven Manley, a biology professor at California State University, Long Beach who created Kelp Watch 2014. His plan is to measure radiation levels in kelp three times in multiple locations between the Oregon border and Baja California from mid February through next winter and make the results public.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘It’s sort of like having a large Geiger counter stretching the entire coastline.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Part of the reason for doing this is because the public is very freaked out by all this talk of radioactivity,” he said. “If they can actually see the numbers and a commentary as to what they mean, hopefully that’ll put them at ease.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kelp forests, he said, are a good indicator. For one, they’re all over the place. “You can find them along the entire California coastline from San Diego all the way up to Del Norte County,” Manley said. Plus, kelp acts sort of like a sponge, taking in whatever is in the seawater on the surface of the ocean. “It’s sort of like having a large Geiger counter stretching the entire coastline,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manley did an \u003ca href=\"http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/2012/radioactive-iodine-from-fukushima-in-california-kelp\">earlier study of Fukushima radiation and kelp\u003c/a>. A month after the accident, he found radioactive iodine in kelp on the West Coast. The iodine had traveled from the nuclear power plant through the atmosphere, and has a very short half-life. So it got here quickly and disappeared quickly. Within a few months, he said, it was gone. The radioactiviy posed no health risk to humans, he said at the time, and had no effects on the giant kelp, or on fish or other marine life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now attention is directed to the radiation traveling in ocean currents, which are much slower than the jet stream. Scientists think that could begin hitting California shores in the next couple years. By measuring radiation in kelp forests up and down the coast, Manley said he hopes to find out if and when it enters the kelp forest ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it gets into the kelp, certain fish feed directly on the kelp. Other fish feed indirectly by eating other organisms. The fish are going to have some in them,” he said. “Now, is it enough to worry about? Probably not. But people have the right to know what’s there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manley and volunteers from 19 institutions (this is, at this point, a project composed completely of researchers working pro bono) will send their kelp samples to Kai Vetter, a professor at the University of California, Berkeley and head of the Applied Nuclear Physics program at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Vetter has been measuring \u003ca href=\"http://www.nuc.berkeley.edu/UCBAirSampling/RainWaterSampling\">signals from Fukushima\u003c/a> here in California since the accident.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘The concentration of radioactive materials which will be washed ashore here has no impact whatsoever on our daily life.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>While sampling rainwater in 2011 and 2012, Vetter and his colleagues found extremely low levels of radioactivity from Fukushima. A week after the accident, for example, they reported that a person would have to drink 632 liters of Berkeley rainwater – 166 gallons – to be exposed to the same level of radiation as a passenger experiences during a round-trip flight between San Francisco and Washington D.C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once radiation from Fukushima does arrive on the West Coast from the ocean, Vetter said, he expects it will be in miniscule amounts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The concentration of radioactive materials which will be washed ashore here has no impact whatsoever on our daily life,” he said. “The levels we are measuring, they will not be harmful. They will not have any measurable health impact on humans or any detrimental effects in marine biology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite several recent online videos and blog posts claiming that Fukushima radiation is causing widespread contamination of the West Coast and harming fish, scientists say their research so far shows that is not the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers from Stony Brook University in New York and Stanford University’s Hopkins Marine Station tested Pacific Bluefin tuna after the 2011 Fukushima incident. They have \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/science/la-me-west-coast-radiation-20140113,0,4048380.story#axzz2qOfTY4Nk\">published research\u003c/a> showing radiation levels were low – less than what people are exposed to by eating a banana or other potassium-rich foods that contain naturally occurring radioactive isotopes — and have been falling ever since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Public Health earlier this week, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/pubsforms/Pubs/FukushimaEnvironmentalMonitoring.pdf\">released a statement responding to radiation concerns\u003c/a>, saying “Information from Federal agencies, State programs, as well as the Department’s own sampling results, conclude there are no health and safety concerns to California residents.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"perspectives": {
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"planet-money": {
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
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},
"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
"airtime": "SUN 12am-1am, SAT 2pm-3pm",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
"airtime": "SAT 4pm-5pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/reveal300px.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/reveal",
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"rss": "http://feeds.revealradio.org/revealpodcast"
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 16
},
"link": "/podcasts/rightnowish",
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