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"bio": "Sanden Totten is KPCC's Science Reporter. He covers everything from advances in medical technology to dinosaur fossils and space exploration. Before joining Southern California Public Radio, Sanden worked at Minnesota Public Radio, where he was co-creator of In \"The Loop,\" a program that made the audience part of the show. He was also part of the team behind the Public Insight Network, a crowd-sourcing project designed to bring unique perspectives to news.\r\n\r\nSanden is the winner of several honors, including the Radio and TV News Association’s Golden Mike for “best writing.” He was a 2011 Knight Science Journalism Fellow at MIT. He has a BA in Psychology and English from Oberlin College in Ohio, and also attended school in Japan and Sweden, and speaks both languages. He is a fan of fast music, comics and movies about time travel.",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11936\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-11936\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/329218main_juno200904_SCALE-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"NASA's Juno spacecraft is expected to reach Jupiter, our solar system's largest planet, in July 2016. (NASA)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Juno spacecraft is expected to reach Jupiter, our solar system’s largest planet, in July 2016. (NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Twenty-four years ago, NASA’s Voyager One space probe sent back the mesmerizing image of what Carl Sagan called “\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pale_Blue_Dot\">a pale blue dot\u003c/a>,” Earth captured from a distance of 3.7 billion miles. The image seemed to condense all our earthly concerns into one tiny fleck of light, as Sagan put it, “a very small stage in a vast cosmic arena.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“This is what Earth would look like to an alien, looking at us with a telescope like Galileo had.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Now NASA’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/main/index.html#.Uqi6bfRDt8E\">Juno spacecraft\u003c/a>, currently on its five-year journey to Jupiter, has brought back another perspective: the first-ever video of the moon as it orbits Earth, presented on Tuesday at the meeting of the American Geophysical Union in San Francisco\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is what Earth would look like to an alien, looking at us with a telescope like Galileo had,” said Juno’s principal investigator, Scott Bolton. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the movie, you ride aboard Juno as it approaches Earth and then soars off into the blackness of space. No previous view of our world has ever captured the heavenly waltz of Earth and moon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://youtu.be/_CzBlSXgzqI\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juno is looking for clues into the formation of the solar system’s largest planet. Launched in 2011, the spacecraft completed a speed-gathering \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/earthflyby.html#.Uqiy1PRDt8E\">slingshot orbit\u003c/a> around the Earth, necessary to propel the spacecraft 400 million miles to Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\nPlus: 1400 ham radio operators say “hi” to Juno. \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>That fly-by gave Juno scientists a rare opportunity to film what Bolton called the “cosmic dance” between the Earth and its moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fly-by also provided a chance to try out some citizen science. During the four hours that Juno dipped closest to the Earth, at least 1400 amateur radio operators from around the world transmitted a greeting in Morse code, hoping the collective signal would be strong enough to be picked up by Juno. It worked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=https://soundcloud.com/amystanden-1/1400-ham-radio-ops-say-hi-to]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those six beeps — four, then two — say, in Morse code, “Hi!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the first time a NASA spacecraft has picked up radio signals sent intentionally from citizen scientists on Earth, says NASA’s Scott Bolton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At first we weren’t sure whether it would work,” says Bolton, “but if you had enough ham radio operators working together, there would be enough power, enough energy in their signal for us to see it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If all goes according to plan, Juno will fall into orbit around Jupiter on July 4, 2016.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juno is looking for clues into the formation of the solar system’s largest planet. Launched in 2011, the spacecraft completed a speed-gathering \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/earthflyby.html#.Uqiy1PRDt8E\">slingshot orbit\u003c/a> around the Earth, necessary to propel the spacecraft 400 million miles to Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\nPlus: 1400 ham radio operators say “hi” to Juno. \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>That fly-by gave Juno scientists a rare opportunity to film what Bolton called the “cosmic dance” between the Earth and its moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fly-by also provided a chance to try out some citizen science. During the four hours that Juno dipped closest to the Earth, at least 1400 amateur radio operators from around the world transmitted a greeting in Morse code, hoping the collective signal would be strong enough to be picked up by Juno. It worked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='undefined' height='undefined'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://soundcloud.com/amystanden-1/1400-ham-radio-ops-say-hi-to&visual=true&undefined'\n title='https://soundcloud.com/amystanden-1/1400-ham-radio-ops-say-hi-to'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those six beeps — four, then two — say, in Morse code, “Hi!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the first time a NASA spacecraft has picked up radio signals sent intentionally from citizen scientists on Earth, says NASA’s Scott Bolton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At first we weren’t sure whether it would work,” says Bolton, “but if you had enough ham radio operators working together, there would be enough power, enough energy in their signal for us to see it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If all goes according to plan, Juno will fall into orbit around Jupiter on July 4, 2016.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "With California's Water Future at Stake, Delta Plan Inches Ahead",
"headTitle": "With California’s Water Future at Stake, Delta Plan Inches Ahead | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11885\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/farm-canal-288x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11885\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/farm-canal-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"Proposed water tunnels would supply three million acres of farmland and 25 million Californians.\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bend in the California Aqueduct, with orchards behind. Proposed water tunnels would supply three million acres of farmland and 25 million Californians. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Seven years in the making, state officials on Monday unveiled the latest version of their ambitious plan for revitalizing the heart of California’s embattled water system and securing supplies for decades to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca title=\"BDCP \" href=\"http://baydeltaconservationplan.com/News/KeyAnnouncements.aspx\">Bay Delta Conservation Plan\u003c/a> and its environmental review weigh in at 34,000 pages — that’s before public comments start pouring in next week for a 120-day feedback period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the core of the plan is Governor Brown’s proposal to build 35-mile twin tunnels underneath the sensitive Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, often referred to as the “switching yard” for California’s elaborate freshwater plumbing system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials say the plan will achieve two “co-equal goals” – ensuring a reliable water supply for the state and restoring the Delta’s ecosystem, including populations of threatened Chinook salmon and Delta smelt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as more details of the plan emerge, meeting both of those goals looks increasingly challenging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Unavoidable Question: Freshwater Flows\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposed tunnels are designed to address a chronic trouble spot in the Delta: the pumping facilities at the southern edge, which funnel water to Silicon Valley, Central Valley farms and Southern California cities. Biologists say the powerful pumps alter the natural water flows, harming juvenile salmon and Delta smelt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To protect fish, federal wildlife agencies put rules in place that slow the pumps during sensitive times of year. Those restrictions, as well as occasional droughts, have cut water deliveries to districts south of the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposed tunnels would use state-of-the-art fish screens, though the south Delta pumps would still be in use about half the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/tunnelmap.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-11892\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/tunnelmap-826x1024.jpg\" alt=\"tunnelmap\" width=\"347\" height=\"430\">\u003c/a>While several environmental groups say that would be an improvement for endangered fish, the unresolved question is one that’s dogged the state for years: how much freshwater should be pumped out of the Delta and how much should be left in the ecosystem?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re a fish, you can’t get away from flow,” says Jon Rosenfield of \u003ca href=\"http://www.bay.org/\">The Bay Institute\u003c/a>. “We know that increasing flow into, through and out of the Delta will benefit all the fish species.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal wildlife agencies stress that species like Delta smelt and longfin smelt rely on freshwater flowing out of the Delta and into San Francisco Bay, especially in the spring and fall. In some years, as much as half of that water is diverted by pumping operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups say the tunnels may not leave enough freshwater in the ecosystem, something they say is crucial for Delta smelt and longfin smelt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Two Freshwater Scenarios\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last 20 years, an average of 5.2 million acre-feet of water have been pumped out of the Delta each year (one acre-foot is about enough water for an average family for a year). Under the new plan, one scenario would allow 4.7 million acre-feet to be exported each year, leaving more water in the ecosystem. The other would allow 5.6 million acre-feet a year in exports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The difference is likely to be crucial for state and federal wildlife agencies, which must evaluate the impact of the plan on endangered fish. Tunnel construction can’t move forward without permits from those agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">The people who are being asked to pay for this project are looking at how much water will they get for their money\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“This is really about creating a reliable supply,” says Mark Cowin of the Department of Water Resources, the state agency crafting the plan. “It’s not about exporting more water to Southern California. It’s about improving the way that we move the existing amount of water that we move, in a way that’s beneficial for fish.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Supply vs. Cost\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leaving more water in the ecosystem is a major sticking point for water districts that would be paying the tunnel construction costs, around $17 billion. Many say it will be challenging to get people to pay for a project that doesn’t guarantee their water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t come out of this planning process with a preferred alternative that provides more water than we’re getting today, I can’t imagine people making decisions to invest,” says Jason Peltier of the Fresno-based Westlands Water District, which relies on Delta water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The people who are being asked to pay for this project are looking at how much water will they get for their money,” says Jim Beck, general manager of Kern County Water Agency. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you see scenarios that reduce the yield of the project, that means the cost per unit goes up and that may push the project toward the range of being unaffordable from a business perspective,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a hard sell for those that would pay for the project,” acknowledges Mark Cowin of the Department of Water Resources. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The case to be made is that if they don’t make this investment, they will see their water supply reliability plummet to drastic lower levels,” he says. The state estimates that without the plan, water exports would drop to 3.4 to 3.9 million acre-feet a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Habitat Restoration\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”866a899c7fb1c20da6755e965cb9dfdb”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To help bring back endangered fish and offset the impact of the tunnels themselves, the state is proposing to restore more than 100,000 acres of habitat restoration, including 30,000 acres of aquatic habitat in the next 15 years as tunnel construction is underway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Delta was once a rich web of wetlands and tidal channels, but as California grew, land was converted into farms. About \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">97 percent of the Delta’s historic habitat is gone\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If fish show a strong recovery, the plan allows more water to be diverted from the Delta. But according to biologists, the benefits of habitat restoration are highly uncertain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Restoring wetland habitat will do great things for migratory birds and may do great things for certain species,” says the Bay Institute’s Rosenfield. “But it’s very clear that it won’t have much of benefit for some of the endangered species, like longfin smelt or steelhead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan also faces opposition from Delta residents concerned about the impact of construction.\u003cbr>\n“We’re being asked to sacrifice family farms that have been in existence for 150 years,” says Barbara Barrigan-Parrilla of Restore the Delta. “We are absolutely determined to fight this every which way to stop the project for the benefit of California and to save the Delta.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After reviewing public feedback, state officials hope to have a final draft of the plan by the end of 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/124082049&color=ff6600&auto_play=false&show_artwork=true\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "California's $25 billion fix for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta depends on making wildlife groups and water users happy. With the latest release of the state's plan, it's looking harder to do both.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11885\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/farm-canal-288x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11885\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/farm-canal-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"Proposed water tunnels would supply three million acres of farmland and 25 million Californians.\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bend in the California Aqueduct, with orchards behind. Proposed water tunnels would supply three million acres of farmland and 25 million Californians. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Seven years in the making, state officials on Monday unveiled the latest version of their ambitious plan for revitalizing the heart of California’s embattled water system and securing supplies for decades to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca title=\"BDCP \" href=\"http://baydeltaconservationplan.com/News/KeyAnnouncements.aspx\">Bay Delta Conservation Plan\u003c/a> and its environmental review weigh in at 34,000 pages — that’s before public comments start pouring in next week for a 120-day feedback period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the core of the plan is Governor Brown’s proposal to build 35-mile twin tunnels underneath the sensitive Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, often referred to as the “switching yard” for California’s elaborate freshwater plumbing system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials say the plan will achieve two “co-equal goals” – ensuring a reliable water supply for the state and restoring the Delta’s ecosystem, including populations of threatened Chinook salmon and Delta smelt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as more details of the plan emerge, meeting both of those goals looks increasingly challenging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Unavoidable Question: Freshwater Flows\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposed tunnels are designed to address a chronic trouble spot in the Delta: the pumping facilities at the southern edge, which funnel water to Silicon Valley, Central Valley farms and Southern California cities. Biologists say the powerful pumps alter the natural water flows, harming juvenile salmon and Delta smelt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To protect fish, federal wildlife agencies put rules in place that slow the pumps during sensitive times of year. Those restrictions, as well as occasional droughts, have cut water deliveries to districts south of the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposed tunnels would use state-of-the-art fish screens, though the south Delta pumps would still be in use about half the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/tunnelmap.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-11892\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/tunnelmap-826x1024.jpg\" alt=\"tunnelmap\" width=\"347\" height=\"430\">\u003c/a>While several environmental groups say that would be an improvement for endangered fish, the unresolved question is one that’s dogged the state for years: how much freshwater should be pumped out of the Delta and how much should be left in the ecosystem?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re a fish, you can’t get away from flow,” says Jon Rosenfield of \u003ca href=\"http://www.bay.org/\">The Bay Institute\u003c/a>. “We know that increasing flow into, through and out of the Delta will benefit all the fish species.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal wildlife agencies stress that species like Delta smelt and longfin smelt rely on freshwater flowing out of the Delta and into San Francisco Bay, especially in the spring and fall. In some years, as much as half of that water is diverted by pumping operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups say the tunnels may not leave enough freshwater in the ecosystem, something they say is crucial for Delta smelt and longfin smelt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Two Freshwater Scenarios\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last 20 years, an average of 5.2 million acre-feet of water have been pumped out of the Delta each year (one acre-foot is about enough water for an average family for a year). Under the new plan, one scenario would allow 4.7 million acre-feet to be exported each year, leaving more water in the ecosystem. The other would allow 5.6 million acre-feet a year in exports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The difference is likely to be crucial for state and federal wildlife agencies, which must evaluate the impact of the plan on endangered fish. Tunnel construction can’t move forward without permits from those agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">The people who are being asked to pay for this project are looking at how much water will they get for their money\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“This is really about creating a reliable supply,” says Mark Cowin of the Department of Water Resources, the state agency crafting the plan. “It’s not about exporting more water to Southern California. It’s about improving the way that we move the existing amount of water that we move, in a way that’s beneficial for fish.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Supply vs. Cost\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leaving more water in the ecosystem is a major sticking point for water districts that would be paying the tunnel construction costs, around $17 billion. Many say it will be challenging to get people to pay for a project that doesn’t guarantee their water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t come out of this planning process with a preferred alternative that provides more water than we’re getting today, I can’t imagine people making decisions to invest,” says Jason Peltier of the Fresno-based Westlands Water District, which relies on Delta water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The people who are being asked to pay for this project are looking at how much water will they get for their money,” says Jim Beck, general manager of Kern County Water Agency. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you see scenarios that reduce the yield of the project, that means the cost per unit goes up and that may push the project toward the range of being unaffordable from a business perspective,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a hard sell for those that would pay for the project,” acknowledges Mark Cowin of the Department of Water Resources. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The case to be made is that if they don’t make this investment, they will see their water supply reliability plummet to drastic lower levels,” he says. The state estimates that without the plan, water exports would drop to 3.4 to 3.9 million acre-feet a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Habitat Restoration\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To help bring back endangered fish and offset the impact of the tunnels themselves, the state is proposing to restore more than 100,000 acres of habitat restoration, including 30,000 acres of aquatic habitat in the next 15 years as tunnel construction is underway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Delta was once a rich web of wetlands and tidal channels, but as California grew, land was converted into farms. About \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">97 percent of the Delta’s historic habitat is gone\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If fish show a strong recovery, the plan allows more water to be diverted from the Delta. But according to biologists, the benefits of habitat restoration are highly uncertain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Restoring wetland habitat will do great things for migratory birds and may do great things for certain species,” says the Bay Institute’s Rosenfield. “But it’s very clear that it won’t have much of benefit for some of the endangered species, like longfin smelt or steelhead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan also faces opposition from Delta residents concerned about the impact of construction.\u003cbr>\n“We’re being asked to sacrifice family farms that have been in existence for 150 years,” says Barbara Barrigan-Parrilla of Restore the Delta. “We are absolutely determined to fight this every which way to stop the project for the benefit of California and to save the Delta.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After reviewing public feedback, state officials hope to have a final draft of the plan by the end of 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Memo to Bay Area Sea Rise Planners: Situation Serious But Not Hopeless",
"headTitle": "Memo to Bay Area Sea Rise Planners: Situation Serious But Not Hopeless | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11841\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/kingtide.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11841\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/kingtide.jpg\" alt=\"A cyclist pedals on a flooded path in Marin County during a king tide in December, 2012. (Sarah Craig/Flickr) http://www.flickr.com/photos/85951661@N08/8365001059/\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cyclist pedals on a flooded path in Marin County during a high tide in December, 2012. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/85951661@N08/8365001059/\">Sarah Craig/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The showdown with encroaching seas will be the topic when planners and others gather in San Mateo County Monday to talk about a battle plan for the coming decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Mateo could be “ground zero” for Bay Area impacts. Congresswoman Jackie Speier, whose district includes most of San Mateo County and who is co-sponsoring the conference with county supervisor Dave Pine, lists it among the nation’s “top ten hotspots” for sea rise impacts. “We have got to get serious about anticipating that and doing our level best to prevent catastrophe,” she said in a phone interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a \u003ca title=\"Pac Inst - climate\" href=\"http://www.pacinst.org/issues/climate-change-vulnerability-and-resilience/\">Pacific Institute study\u003c/a>, among California counties, San Mateo is tied with Orange County for having the biggest population at risk from rising seas. And unlike Orange County, San Mateo will get hit from both sides, with coastal erosion on the Pacific coast and more frequent flooding on the Bay side. “By the end of the century, SFO (San Francisco International Airport) will be underwater if we don’t take steps to address this,” Speier says. The question remains: what steps? \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/12/05/four-bay-area-cities-selected-as-future-models-of-resilience/\">Options abound\u003c/a>, from “hard” measures like sea walls and levees, to “soft” buffers such as expanded wetlands, to what planners euphemistically call “\u003ca title=\"NF - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/02/04/ocean-beach-san-francisco-master-plan/\">managed retreat\u003c/a>,” which is to say pulling things back from the shoreline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In sorting that out, local officials will get some tips from \u003ca title=\"John Englander - main\" href=\"http://www.johnenglander.net/\">John Englander\u003c/a>, whose eerily-timed book, \u003ca title=\"HTOMS - main\" href=\"http://hightideonmainstreet.com/hurricane-sandy\">\u003cem>High Tide on Main Street\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, pretty much laid out the whole scenario for Hurricane Sandy–a week before the “superstorm” hit the East Coast last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Englander calls sea level rise the “most profound change” to the planet this century. In an interview, he offered some thoughts for planners confronting the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Don’t let the uncertainties slow you down:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fact that there is such a range to the projections, that official estimates say we could have 1-to-3 feet and some say 2-to-6 feet. That adds to the confusion. But the estimates, it turns out, are actually pretty cautious and I say, timid, because they don’t count some uncertainties–the tipping points, the wildcards, which is the catastrophic melting of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, which is showing signs. And methane, which is a huge accelerant to warming, and is not in the equations because we don’t know how soon it will happen. Yet methane’s escaping from the Arctic now, from the permafrost, from the sea bed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11803\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 371px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/BaySLR_grab.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11803 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/BaySLR_grab.jpeg\" alt=\"Map showing areas along the Bay that could be inundated by sea level rise\" width=\"371\" height=\"348\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map showing areas along the Bay that could be inundated by sea level rise. (Click to see a larger version from the San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“How much rise by 2100 (or 2050)” is the wrong question:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because we don’t know how quickly things will warm…maybe we should turn the question around and say, “We know we’re gonna get three feet of sea level rise. We just don’t know for certain whether it’s gonna be by 2050 or 2150. And if we plan for three feet now and it doesn’t happen ’til 2100, we’ll be better prepared for storm surge and other events. So we just say, “How will we deal with three feet of sea level rise? Not knowing exactly when it will happen, we challenge ourselves architecturally and engineering-wise and planning-wise, to think bigger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It’s time to “think different” about real estate:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is unprecedented. It’s never happened before in the history of human civilization. Buildings and infrastructure we amortize, typically over 30 or 40 years. Now that we know that sea level is rising…and can measure the warming and we know that [it] will rise for centuries, we need to think of coastal property almost like it’s leasehold. We just don’t know whether the lease is 50 years or 150 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It’ll be costly no matter what:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is gonna be hugely expensive and I think we need to start talking about that because when people say it’s gonna be very expensive to get off of coal and fossil fuels, we have to put into the equation the cost of relocating off the coast as the sea rises and the shoreline moves inland. We need to think in economic terms and I believe we should expose people to the choices and the cost because that will help us make intelligent and rational decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Bay Area has options:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’ll be very different out here in the Bay Area from, say, Florida. For example, Miami 200 yrs from now probably won’t be there, because it’s only six feet above sea level and it’s porous limestone. Sea walls don’t work there, as I explain in my book. Here in the Bay Area–where you have a steep relief, the cliffs and so on, even though there’s one low-lying reclaimed land–the Bay Area will be here 200 years from now, even if sea level is 10 ft higher, because you will have adapted to it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Englander’s “most important” message:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we can see where things are headed–like any situation, even if we don’t know the year–we’ll do better planning, because we can plan incrementally if we can see the end, or where things will be 50 years from now. And if we look with a little bit of vision, instead of hiding or delaying or denying something, we can probably come up with some really creative structures that will last and get a better return on investment, and secure the Bay Area’s position as very progressive and forward-thinking and not shying from technical challenge, and charting a brave new path. I think geologically and physically, as well as socially and psychologically, it’s more doable here than anyplace that I’ve visited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Learn more:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOAA has an \u003ca href=\"http://csc.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/tools/slrviewer\">interactive mapping tool\u003c/a> where you can see the extent of coastal inundation at various levels of sea rise. And there are photos of encroaching seas in the Bay Area during ultra-high tide events at the \u003ca title=\"CA King Tides - main\" href=\"http://www.californiakingtides.org/\">California King Tides Photo Initiative\u003c/a> website.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11841\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/kingtide.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11841\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/kingtide.jpg\" alt=\"A cyclist pedals on a flooded path in Marin County during a king tide in December, 2012. (Sarah Craig/Flickr) http://www.flickr.com/photos/85951661@N08/8365001059/\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cyclist pedals on a flooded path in Marin County during a high tide in December, 2012. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/85951661@N08/8365001059/\">Sarah Craig/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The showdown with encroaching seas will be the topic when planners and others gather in San Mateo County Monday to talk about a battle plan for the coming decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Mateo could be “ground zero” for Bay Area impacts. Congresswoman Jackie Speier, whose district includes most of San Mateo County and who is co-sponsoring the conference with county supervisor Dave Pine, lists it among the nation’s “top ten hotspots” for sea rise impacts. “We have got to get serious about anticipating that and doing our level best to prevent catastrophe,” she said in a phone interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a \u003ca title=\"Pac Inst - climate\" href=\"http://www.pacinst.org/issues/climate-change-vulnerability-and-resilience/\">Pacific Institute study\u003c/a>, among California counties, San Mateo is tied with Orange County for having the biggest population at risk from rising seas. And unlike Orange County, San Mateo will get hit from both sides, with coastal erosion on the Pacific coast and more frequent flooding on the Bay side. “By the end of the century, SFO (San Francisco International Airport) will be underwater if we don’t take steps to address this,” Speier says. The question remains: what steps? \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/12/05/four-bay-area-cities-selected-as-future-models-of-resilience/\">Options abound\u003c/a>, from “hard” measures like sea walls and levees, to “soft” buffers such as expanded wetlands, to what planners euphemistically call “\u003ca title=\"NF - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/02/04/ocean-beach-san-francisco-master-plan/\">managed retreat\u003c/a>,” which is to say pulling things back from the shoreline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In sorting that out, local officials will get some tips from \u003ca title=\"John Englander - main\" href=\"http://www.johnenglander.net/\">John Englander\u003c/a>, whose eerily-timed book, \u003ca title=\"HTOMS - main\" href=\"http://hightideonmainstreet.com/hurricane-sandy\">\u003cem>High Tide on Main Street\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, pretty much laid out the whole scenario for Hurricane Sandy–a week before the “superstorm” hit the East Coast last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Englander calls sea level rise the “most profound change” to the planet this century. In an interview, he offered some thoughts for planners confronting the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Don’t let the uncertainties slow you down:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fact that there is such a range to the projections, that official estimates say we could have 1-to-3 feet and some say 2-to-6 feet. That adds to the confusion. But the estimates, it turns out, are actually pretty cautious and I say, timid, because they don’t count some uncertainties–the tipping points, the wildcards, which is the catastrophic melting of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, which is showing signs. And methane, which is a huge accelerant to warming, and is not in the equations because we don’t know how soon it will happen. Yet methane’s escaping from the Arctic now, from the permafrost, from the sea bed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11803\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 371px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/BaySLR_grab.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11803 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/BaySLR_grab.jpeg\" alt=\"Map showing areas along the Bay that could be inundated by sea level rise\" width=\"371\" height=\"348\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map showing areas along the Bay that could be inundated by sea level rise. (Click to see a larger version from the San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“How much rise by 2100 (or 2050)” is the wrong question:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because we don’t know how quickly things will warm…maybe we should turn the question around and say, “We know we’re gonna get three feet of sea level rise. We just don’t know for certain whether it’s gonna be by 2050 or 2150. And if we plan for three feet now and it doesn’t happen ’til 2100, we’ll be better prepared for storm surge and other events. So we just say, “How will we deal with three feet of sea level rise? Not knowing exactly when it will happen, we challenge ourselves architecturally and engineering-wise and planning-wise, to think bigger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It’s time to “think different” about real estate:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is unprecedented. It’s never happened before in the history of human civilization. Buildings and infrastructure we amortize, typically over 30 or 40 years. Now that we know that sea level is rising…and can measure the warming and we know that [it] will rise for centuries, we need to think of coastal property almost like it’s leasehold. We just don’t know whether the lease is 50 years or 150 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It’ll be costly no matter what:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is gonna be hugely expensive and I think we need to start talking about that because when people say it’s gonna be very expensive to get off of coal and fossil fuels, we have to put into the equation the cost of relocating off the coast as the sea rises and the shoreline moves inland. We need to think in economic terms and I believe we should expose people to the choices and the cost because that will help us make intelligent and rational decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Bay Area has options:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’ll be very different out here in the Bay Area from, say, Florida. For example, Miami 200 yrs from now probably won’t be there, because it’s only six feet above sea level and it’s porous limestone. Sea walls don’t work there, as I explain in my book. Here in the Bay Area–where you have a steep relief, the cliffs and so on, even though there’s one low-lying reclaimed land–the Bay Area will be here 200 years from now, even if sea level is 10 ft higher, because you will have adapted to it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Englander’s “most important” message:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we can see where things are headed–like any situation, even if we don’t know the year–we’ll do better planning, because we can plan incrementally if we can see the end, or where things will be 50 years from now. And if we look with a little bit of vision, instead of hiding or delaying or denying something, we can probably come up with some really creative structures that will last and get a better return on investment, and secure the Bay Area’s position as very progressive and forward-thinking and not shying from technical challenge, and charting a brave new path. I think geologically and physically, as well as socially and psychologically, it’s more doable here than anyplace that I’ve visited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Learn more:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOAA has an \u003ca href=\"http://csc.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/tools/slrviewer\">interactive mapping tool\u003c/a> where you can see the extent of coastal inundation at various levels of sea rise. And there are photos of encroaching seas in the Bay Area during ultra-high tide events at the \u003ca title=\"CA King Tides - main\" href=\"http://www.californiakingtides.org/\">California King Tides Photo Initiative\u003c/a> website.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Activists Take Aim at Bay Area Crude Oil Projects",
"headTitle": "Activists Take Aim at Bay Area Crude Oil Projects | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11741\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/airdistrictprotest.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11741\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/airdistrictprotest.jpg\" alt=\"Pennie Opal Plant from the environmental group Idle No More at a rally at the Air District in San Francisco says she's concerned about crude oil from the Tar Sands. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pennie Opal Plant from the environmental group Idle No More at a rally in San Francisco. She says she’s concerned about local refineries bringing in crude oil from Canadian tar sands. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Local community and environmental activists are sounding an alarm over four proposed energy projects in the Bay Area. Demonstrators rallied Wednesday morning outside a \u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/\">Bay Area Air Quality Management District\u003c/a> board meeting, calling on the Air District to put the developments on hold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of the proposals are for crude-by-rail projects. One would be an addition to the Valero refinery in Benicia; the other would be an oil terminal in Pittsburg that would receive crude by pipeline, rail and ship. Activists are concerned about crude-by-rail because, they say, trains would provide a means to bring in what they call “dirty” oil from the Canadian tar sands.[contextly_sidebar id=”e215254f951b640c3ec1b5e5143e9370″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other two projects, at Chevron’s Richmond refinery and the Phillips 66 refinery in Rodeo, concern equipment upgrades, which, activists say, will position refiners to process heavier grades of crude.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s really at stake here is the public’s health,” said Andres Soto, an organizer with the East Bay group \u003ca href=\"http://www.cbecal.org/\">Communities for a Better Environment\u003c/a>. “We’re asking the District to not issue any more permits until this issue about the quality of the crude is publicly disclosed, publicly discussed, and either mitigation or a moratorium on its processing here in the Bay Area is established.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oil companies have not disclosed where exactly the oil involved in these projects would be coming from. But, as Valero spokesman Bill Day told me for a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/valero-rail-project-fuels-tar-sands-speculation-in-bay-area/\">previous story\u003c/a>, they’re all looking for ways to get oil out of the middle of the continent and to the refineries on the coasts:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“Whether it’s in Texas, up in Canada, in the Northeast, in the Marcellus Shale, up in the Dakotas in the Bakken Shale, that’s where the new crude oil is coming from, and there are huge amounts of it,” says Bill Day, a spokesman for the San Antonio-based Valero. “There’s no such thing as dirty oil or clean oil, I want to be very clear about that.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Air district engineer Jim Karas, who briefed the Board on the projects at Wednesday’s meeting, told me none of the projects can go ahead without its approval, and the Air District won’t allow the refineries to go over the pollution limits already in place. “That is what we do. That’s our business,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he also pointed out, that with or without oil from the tar sands, the refineries are processing what the environmentalists might call “dirty” crude.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reality is that the refiners already process very heavy crude,” he said. “That’s California crude. That’s what they were built to handle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Board heard updates but did not make any decisions on the projects at the meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Track the projects:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/index.asp?SEC=%7BC45EA667-8D39-4B30-87EB-9110A2F9CE13%7D\">Valero crude-by-rail in Benicia\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.pittsburg.ca.us/index.aspx?page=700\">WesPac oil terminal in Pittsburg\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.chevronrevisedrenewalproject.com/\">Chevron hydrogen plant and sulfur removal in Richmond\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ca-contracostacounty.civicplus.com/DocumentCenter/Index/2713\">Phillips 66 propane recovery in Rodeo\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Local activists are sounding an alarm over four proposed crude oil projects in the Bay Area. They say they're concerned about the health and environmental implications of the developments.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11741\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/airdistrictprotest.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11741\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/airdistrictprotest.jpg\" alt=\"Pennie Opal Plant from the environmental group Idle No More at a rally at the Air District in San Francisco says she's concerned about crude oil from the Tar Sands. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pennie Opal Plant from the environmental group Idle No More at a rally in San Francisco. She says she’s concerned about local refineries bringing in crude oil from Canadian tar sands. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Local community and environmental activists are sounding an alarm over four proposed energy projects in the Bay Area. Demonstrators rallied Wednesday morning outside a \u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/\">Bay Area Air Quality Management District\u003c/a> board meeting, calling on the Air District to put the developments on hold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of the proposals are for crude-by-rail projects. One would be an addition to the Valero refinery in Benicia; the other would be an oil terminal in Pittsburg that would receive crude by pipeline, rail and ship. Activists are concerned about crude-by-rail because, they say, trains would provide a means to bring in what they call “dirty” oil from the Canadian tar sands.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other two projects, at Chevron’s Richmond refinery and the Phillips 66 refinery in Rodeo, concern equipment upgrades, which, activists say, will position refiners to process heavier grades of crude.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s really at stake here is the public’s health,” said Andres Soto, an organizer with the East Bay group \u003ca href=\"http://www.cbecal.org/\">Communities for a Better Environment\u003c/a>. “We’re asking the District to not issue any more permits until this issue about the quality of the crude is publicly disclosed, publicly discussed, and either mitigation or a moratorium on its processing here in the Bay Area is established.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oil companies have not disclosed where exactly the oil involved in these projects would be coming from. But, as Valero spokesman Bill Day told me for a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/valero-rail-project-fuels-tar-sands-speculation-in-bay-area/\">previous story\u003c/a>, they’re all looking for ways to get oil out of the middle of the continent and to the refineries on the coasts:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“Whether it’s in Texas, up in Canada, in the Northeast, in the Marcellus Shale, up in the Dakotas in the Bakken Shale, that’s where the new crude oil is coming from, and there are huge amounts of it,” says Bill Day, a spokesman for the San Antonio-based Valero. “There’s no such thing as dirty oil or clean oil, I want to be very clear about that.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Air district engineer Jim Karas, who briefed the Board on the projects at Wednesday’s meeting, told me none of the projects can go ahead without its approval, and the Air District won’t allow the refineries to go over the pollution limits already in place. “That is what we do. That’s our business,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he also pointed out, that with or without oil from the tar sands, the refineries are processing what the environmentalists might call “dirty” crude.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reality is that the refiners already process very heavy crude,” he said. “That’s California crude. That’s what they were built to handle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Board heard updates but did not make any decisions on the projects at the meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Track the projects:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/index.asp?SEC=%7BC45EA667-8D39-4B30-87EB-9110A2F9CE13%7D\">Valero crude-by-rail in Benicia\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.pittsburg.ca.us/index.aspx?page=700\">WesPac oil terminal in Pittsburg\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.chevronrevisedrenewalproject.com/\">Chevron hydrogen plant and sulfur removal in Richmond\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ca-contracostacounty.civicplus.com/DocumentCenter/Index/2713\">Phillips 66 propane recovery in Rodeo\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Mad About Mud: Debate Heats up Over Waste From Oil & Gas Wells",
"headTitle": "Mad About Mud: Debate Heats up Over Waste From Oil & Gas Wells | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11722\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/drilling.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11722\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/drilling.jpg\" alt=\"Gas well being drilled outside Sacramento. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gas well being drilled outside Sacramento. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The debate over hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, to extract oil and gas has largely focused on the chemicals injected underground and their potential impact on public health. Now environmental groups are turning their attention to the waste produced by simply drilling a well in the first place. Water regulators in the Central Valley, home to most of the state’s oil production, will consider the issue at a \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralvalley/board_decisions/tentative_orders/1312/10_low_threat_gen_waiv/1_general_waiver_buff.pdf\">meeting Thursday\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drilling mud is the slick concoction used to cool and lubricate a drill bit, and it’s used for all kinds of wells, not just oil and gas. After a well is drilled, the mud and other wastes from drilling the well are often stored aside in unlined pits near the drilling site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five years ago, the Central Valley Regional Water Board included drilling muds in a broad waiver that exempted drillers from having to report and monitor those muds, saying they posed little threat to water quality. \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralvalley/board_decisions/tentative_orders/1312/10_low_threat_gen_waiv/2a_general_waiver_stfrpt_strike.pdf\">Other exemptions\u003c/a> included swimming pool discharge and water from air conditioners.[contextly_sidebar id=”9f3d8e70ddfe05096a04256919fbf9ad”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That waiver is now up for renewal, and environmentalists say when it comes to drilling muds, oil and gas companies should not get a free pass. Especially since the last time the Regional Water Quality Control Board looked at the health effects of drilling muds was back in 1981, before the fracking boom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most obvious step is to take a time out and really update our understanding of drilling muds and the risk they pose, especially with the spread of new techniques like fracking,” said Hollin Kretzman, a staff attorney with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/\">Center for Biological Diversity\u003c/a>. Kretzman says the waste generated from oil wells could contain harmful chemicals and contaminate groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one’s opposing a study, said Tupper Hull, of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.wspa.org/\">Western States Petroleum Association\u003c/a>. “We have no problem with that,” he said. “But imposing additional regulations that make drilling more costly, more time consuming, energy production more costly for consumers, without evidence of harm, just doesn’t make sense.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But after reviewing\u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralvalley/board_decisions/tentative_orders/1312/10_low_threat_gen_waiv/5_general_waiver_all_com.pdf\"> comments from several environmental groups\u003c/a>, the Water Board’s staff is recommending that regulators revoke the waiver for drilling wastes while they study potential health effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, proposed fracking regulations would require the State Water Quality Control Board to put together a regional groundwater monitoring program for areas where well stimulation, like fracking, takes place. But those rules are largely concerned with chemicals injected into the ground, not drilling muds or the waste from simply digging a well.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Drilling mud is the slick concoction used to cool and lubricate a drill bit, and it’s used for all kinds of wells, including oil and gas. Environmental groups are turning their attention to drilling mud, which is currently exempted from water monitoring. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11722\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/drilling.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11722\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/drilling.jpg\" alt=\"Gas well being drilled outside Sacramento. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gas well being drilled outside Sacramento. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The debate over hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, to extract oil and gas has largely focused on the chemicals injected underground and their potential impact on public health. Now environmental groups are turning their attention to the waste produced by simply drilling a well in the first place. Water regulators in the Central Valley, home to most of the state’s oil production, will consider the issue at a \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralvalley/board_decisions/tentative_orders/1312/10_low_threat_gen_waiv/1_general_waiver_buff.pdf\">meeting Thursday\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drilling mud is the slick concoction used to cool and lubricate a drill bit, and it’s used for all kinds of wells, not just oil and gas. After a well is drilled, the mud and other wastes from drilling the well are often stored aside in unlined pits near the drilling site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five years ago, the Central Valley Regional Water Board included drilling muds in a broad waiver that exempted drillers from having to report and monitor those muds, saying they posed little threat to water quality. \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralvalley/board_decisions/tentative_orders/1312/10_low_threat_gen_waiv/2a_general_waiver_stfrpt_strike.pdf\">Other exemptions\u003c/a> included swimming pool discharge and water from air conditioners.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That waiver is now up for renewal, and environmentalists say when it comes to drilling muds, oil and gas companies should not get a free pass. Especially since the last time the Regional Water Quality Control Board looked at the health effects of drilling muds was back in 1981, before the fracking boom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most obvious step is to take a time out and really update our understanding of drilling muds and the risk they pose, especially with the spread of new techniques like fracking,” said Hollin Kretzman, a staff attorney with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/\">Center for Biological Diversity\u003c/a>. Kretzman says the waste generated from oil wells could contain harmful chemicals and contaminate groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one’s opposing a study, said Tupper Hull, of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.wspa.org/\">Western States Petroleum Association\u003c/a>. “We have no problem with that,” he said. “But imposing additional regulations that make drilling more costly, more time consuming, energy production more costly for consumers, without evidence of harm, just doesn’t make sense.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But after reviewing\u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralvalley/board_decisions/tentative_orders/1312/10_low_threat_gen_waiv/5_general_waiver_all_com.pdf\"> comments from several environmental groups\u003c/a>, the Water Board’s staff is recommending that regulators revoke the waiver for drilling wastes while they study potential health effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, proposed fracking regulations would require the State Water Quality Control Board to put together a regional groundwater monitoring program for areas where well stimulation, like fracking, takes place. But those rules are largely concerned with chemicals injected into the ground, not drilling muds or the waste from simply digging a well.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Meet ISON, the \"Comet of the Century\" That, Sadly, Wasn't",
"headTitle": "Meet ISON, the “Comet of the Century” That, Sadly, Wasn’t | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/11/20131202science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11589\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/Peach-c2012_s1_2013_11_15dp_SCALE-1024x576.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11589\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-11589\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/Peach-c2012_s1_2013_11_15dp_SCALE-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Comet ISON (Damian Peach)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Comet ISON (\u003ca href=\"http://www.damianpeach.com\">Damian Peach\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Updated 12/1/13\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, it was exciting while it lasted. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we interviewed Foothill College Astronomy Professor Andrew Fraknoi just before Thanksgiving, hopes were high that Comet ISON, a Mt. Diablo-sized hunk of ice and rock that had been hurtling through our inner solar system, might put on a dazzling show for us in early December. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What made ISON so thrilling to astronomers was its “sun-grazing” trajectory. After being mysteriously dislodged from its home in the Oort Belt, ISON was flung into our inner solar system, culminating in a boomerang-like swing around the sun. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ISON passed Earth in early November on its way toward the sun, and was due for another fly-by in late December, with astronomers hoping for a particularly good view in the first days of the month. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, that’s looking less likely. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it’s too soon to say exactly what ISON’s fate will be, the comet seems to have been mostly destroyed by the heat and gravitational pull of the sun. \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cCSX4yumoY4\">Striking videos\u003c/a> from NASA’s SOHO Spacecraft show the comet dimming, then flaring, then dimming again as it shoots away from the Sun. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“ISON really is not looking at all healthy now… fading fast, no nucleus…” \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/sungrazercomets\">tweeted\u003c/a> Karl Battams, a comet scientist for the Naval Research Laboratory, on Saturday, November 30th.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, says Andrew Fraknoi, ISON has given astronomers plenty to be excited about, and provided some spectacular imagery from telescopes on land and in space. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What makes a really great comet?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What people look for in a comet is both that the evaporated material from this chunk of dirty ice should make a beautiful cloud, and that there should be a long tail. A really magnificent comet will have a tail that goes across a considerable part of the sky, and is just a beautiful display in the night sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When is the last time we had a comet like that? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best northern hemisphere comet was Comet Hale Bopp, which happened in the late 1990s. We are now some time away from the last good Northern hemisphere comet, although the southern hemisphere has been graced by a comet or two since then.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">In a way, we’re getting a glimpse into the material that formed the solar system five billion years ago.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Let’s talk about what comet ISON is doing. Where is it coming from? Where is it going?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What we think is that it’s coming from the deep freeze of something called the Oort Cloud, a vast reservoir of comets way, way beyond the orbit of the outermost planet or dwarf planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s falling in toward the sun and then will speed around the sun and back out to the depths of space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11585\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 121px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/ISON-Nov-13-14-2013-8btjpsm-121x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11585\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11585\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/ISON-Nov-13-14-2013-8btjpsm-121x162.jpg\" alt=\"These two images show how much brighter the comet became after flaring up in an outburst in mid-November. (Chabot Space & Science Center/ Conrad Jung)\" width=\"121\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These two images show how much brighter the comet became after flaring up in an outburst in mid-November. (Chabot Space & Science Center/ Conrad Jung)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sort of like a boomerang?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, like a boomerang, except a boomerang will go back to where it started; this comet will go back to the depths beyond the planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tell me more abut the Oort Cloud. What’s it like out there? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=KBOs&Display=OverviewLong\">Oort Cloud\u003c/a> is roughly 50,000 times further from the sun than the Earth is. And it is a reservoir of icy leftover chunks, a couple of miles across, typically, which mostly stay out there minding their own business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But occasionally a couple collide or something comes by and launches one of them toward the inner solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s what we think happened with Comet ISON, that it came from this great reservoir of icy leftover chunks, then something knocked it inward toward the sun and toward our vantage point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This animation from NASA Goddard shows ISON’s trajectory as it enters the inner solar system and boomerangs around the Sun:\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nhttp://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004000/a004017/CometISON2.slate.HD720.mp4\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When was comet ISON discovered and by whom?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Comet ISON was discovered in September of 2012 by two young Russian observers, who are part of a network of people who are looking not so much for comets, but for asteroids that are coming near the earth and might represent a danger by crashing into the Earth. Their cameras revealed this new comet for the first time. And in honor of their network, the initials “ISON” became part of the name of the comet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>This is probably a good time to point out that ISON is not going to hit us. But it’s still very interesting to astronomers.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We are going to study the heck out of it. We have not just telescopes on Earth, but we have \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/nasas-hubble-sees-comet-ison-intact/#.UpZXR8RDt8E\">telescopes in space\u003c/a>. There are telescopes \u003ca href=\"http://cometison.gsfc.nasa.gov/%20The%20Solar%20Dynamics%20Observatory,%20a%20TKTK,%20will%20be%20taking%20pictures%20of%20ISON%20as%20it%20whizzes%20past.%20Here's%20where%20to%20find%20those\">near the Sun\u003c/a>; we have a telescope orbiting\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/messenger/main/#.UpZXCcRDt8E\"> the planet Mercury\u003c/a>. So, we are going to study the heck out of this little comet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s important because it is fresh stuff. It’s never been processed by the Sun, by interactions with material in the inner solar system. So in a way, we’re getting a glimpse into the material that formed the solar system five billion years ago. The virgin stuff out of which everything in the solar system originally was made, and learning something about what the gases are, what the dust is, the composition is of the material.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“About half the water we have was delivered by comets that crashed to Earth in the early history of the solar system.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>That’s a clue to our own origins five billion years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is it pure science fiction, this idea that a comet may have crashed into Earth carrying the seeds of some primordial life form that gave rise to us?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It sounds like science fiction, but it’s actually a very serious part of astronomy these days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We know for a fact that when the early Earth formed, all that intense heat of forming the Earth probably drove away a lot of the water that was originally part of the material of our planet. So we believe comets that later crashed into Earth were a water delivery system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half the water we have was delivered by comets that crashed to Earth in the early history of the solar system. That’s well understood. Whether or not some of the actual building blocks of life, which we do see in other places in the universe, might have hitched a ride on a comet, and arrived on Earth after the Earth cooled, and helped life on Earth to form? That’s more speculative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s certainly something that gives us an extra interest in comets: The idea that comets could be the frozen delivery system of, not life itself, but some of the chemical building blocks of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11584\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/cISON-Nov14-2013-11x50sec-iso3200-8bt-CombineFilesAdpHDRAddv2Bv1jpsmcrop-1024x710.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11584\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-11584\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/cISON-Nov14-2013-11x50sec-iso3200-8bt-CombineFilesAdpHDRAddv2Bv1jpsmcrop-1024x710.jpg\" alt=\"Comet ISON on November 14 (Chabot Space & Science Center/Conrad Jung)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"710\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Comet ISON on November 14 (Chabot Space & Science Center/Conrad Jung)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11589\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/Peach-c2012_s1_2013_11_15dp_SCALE-1024x576.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11589\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-11589\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/Peach-c2012_s1_2013_11_15dp_SCALE-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Comet ISON (Damian Peach)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Comet ISON (\u003ca href=\"http://www.damianpeach.com\">Damian Peach\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Updated 12/1/13\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, it was exciting while it lasted. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we interviewed Foothill College Astronomy Professor Andrew Fraknoi just before Thanksgiving, hopes were high that Comet ISON, a Mt. Diablo-sized hunk of ice and rock that had been hurtling through our inner solar system, might put on a dazzling show for us in early December. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What made ISON so thrilling to astronomers was its “sun-grazing” trajectory. After being mysteriously dislodged from its home in the Oort Belt, ISON was flung into our inner solar system, culminating in a boomerang-like swing around the sun. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ISON passed Earth in early November on its way toward the sun, and was due for another fly-by in late December, with astronomers hoping for a particularly good view in the first days of the month. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, that’s looking less likely. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it’s too soon to say exactly what ISON’s fate will be, the comet seems to have been mostly destroyed by the heat and gravitational pull of the sun. \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cCSX4yumoY4\">Striking videos\u003c/a> from NASA’s SOHO Spacecraft show the comet dimming, then flaring, then dimming again as it shoots away from the Sun. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“ISON really is not looking at all healthy now… fading fast, no nucleus…” \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/sungrazercomets\">tweeted\u003c/a> Karl Battams, a comet scientist for the Naval Research Laboratory, on Saturday, November 30th.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, says Andrew Fraknoi, ISON has given astronomers plenty to be excited about, and provided some spectacular imagery from telescopes on land and in space. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What makes a really great comet?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What people look for in a comet is both that the evaporated material from this chunk of dirty ice should make a beautiful cloud, and that there should be a long tail. A really magnificent comet will have a tail that goes across a considerable part of the sky, and is just a beautiful display in the night sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When is the last time we had a comet like that? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best northern hemisphere comet was Comet Hale Bopp, which happened in the late 1990s. We are now some time away from the last good Northern hemisphere comet, although the southern hemisphere has been graced by a comet or two since then.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">In a way, we’re getting a glimpse into the material that formed the solar system five billion years ago.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Let’s talk about what comet ISON is doing. Where is it coming from? Where is it going?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What we think is that it’s coming from the deep freeze of something called the Oort Cloud, a vast reservoir of comets way, way beyond the orbit of the outermost planet or dwarf planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s falling in toward the sun and then will speed around the sun and back out to the depths of space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11585\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 121px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/ISON-Nov-13-14-2013-8btjpsm-121x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11585\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11585\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/ISON-Nov-13-14-2013-8btjpsm-121x162.jpg\" alt=\"These two images show how much brighter the comet became after flaring up in an outburst in mid-November. (Chabot Space & Science Center/ Conrad Jung)\" width=\"121\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These two images show how much brighter the comet became after flaring up in an outburst in mid-November. (Chabot Space & Science Center/ Conrad Jung)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sort of like a boomerang?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, like a boomerang, except a boomerang will go back to where it started; this comet will go back to the depths beyond the planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tell me more abut the Oort Cloud. What’s it like out there? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=KBOs&Display=OverviewLong\">Oort Cloud\u003c/a> is roughly 50,000 times further from the sun than the Earth is. And it is a reservoir of icy leftover chunks, a couple of miles across, typically, which mostly stay out there minding their own business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But occasionally a couple collide or something comes by and launches one of them toward the inner solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s what we think happened with Comet ISON, that it came from this great reservoir of icy leftover chunks, then something knocked it inward toward the sun and toward our vantage point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This animation from NASA Goddard shows ISON’s trajectory as it enters the inner solar system and boomerangs around the Sun:\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nhttp://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004000/a004017/CometISON2.slate.HD720.mp4\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When was comet ISON discovered and by whom?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Comet ISON was discovered in September of 2012 by two young Russian observers, who are part of a network of people who are looking not so much for comets, but for asteroids that are coming near the earth and might represent a danger by crashing into the Earth. Their cameras revealed this new comet for the first time. And in honor of their network, the initials “ISON” became part of the name of the comet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>This is probably a good time to point out that ISON is not going to hit us. But it’s still very interesting to astronomers.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We are going to study the heck out of it. We have not just telescopes on Earth, but we have \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/nasas-hubble-sees-comet-ison-intact/#.UpZXR8RDt8E\">telescopes in space\u003c/a>. There are telescopes \u003ca href=\"http://cometison.gsfc.nasa.gov/%20The%20Solar%20Dynamics%20Observatory,%20a%20TKTK,%20will%20be%20taking%20pictures%20of%20ISON%20as%20it%20whizzes%20past.%20Here's%20where%20to%20find%20those\">near the Sun\u003c/a>; we have a telescope orbiting\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/messenger/main/#.UpZXCcRDt8E\"> the planet Mercury\u003c/a>. So, we are going to study the heck out of this little comet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s important because it is fresh stuff. It’s never been processed by the Sun, by interactions with material in the inner solar system. So in a way, we’re getting a glimpse into the material that formed the solar system five billion years ago. The virgin stuff out of which everything in the solar system originally was made, and learning something about what the gases are, what the dust is, the composition is of the material.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“About half the water we have was delivered by comets that crashed to Earth in the early history of the solar system.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>That’s a clue to our own origins five billion years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is it pure science fiction, this idea that a comet may have crashed into Earth carrying the seeds of some primordial life form that gave rise to us?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It sounds like science fiction, but it’s actually a very serious part of astronomy these days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We know for a fact that when the early Earth formed, all that intense heat of forming the Earth probably drove away a lot of the water that was originally part of the material of our planet. So we believe comets that later crashed into Earth were a water delivery system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half the water we have was delivered by comets that crashed to Earth in the early history of the solar system. That’s well understood. Whether or not some of the actual building blocks of life, which we do see in other places in the universe, might have hitched a ride on a comet, and arrived on Earth after the Earth cooled, and helped life on Earth to form? That’s more speculative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s certainly something that gives us an extra interest in comets: The idea that comets could be the frozen delivery system of, not life itself, but some of the chemical building blocks of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11584\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/cISON-Nov14-2013-11x50sec-iso3200-8bt-CombineFilesAdpHDRAddv2Bv1jpsmcrop-1024x710.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11584\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-11584\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/cISON-Nov14-2013-11x50sec-iso3200-8bt-CombineFilesAdpHDRAddv2Bv1jpsmcrop-1024x710.jpg\" alt=\"Comet ISON on November 14 (Chabot Space & Science Center/Conrad Jung)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"710\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Comet ISON on November 14 (Chabot Space & Science Center/Conrad Jung)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "California Slow to Map Dangerous Earthquake Faults",
"headTitle": "California Slow to Map Dangerous Earthquake Faults | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11476\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11476\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/Sylmar-1971-house-e1385170660874.jpg\" alt=\"Surface ruptures, known as surface faulting, from the Sylmar earthquake in 1971 damaged this home in San Fernando. (Photo: U.S. Geological Survey)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Surface ruptures, known as surface faulting, from the Sylmar earthquake in 1971 damaged this home in San Fernando. (Photo: U.S. Geological Survey)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Sanden Totten, KPCC Science Reporter\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How do you map something you can’t see? That’s the question state geologists face as they work to locate dangerous earthquake faults throughout California. During a quake, these deep fractures can cause what’s known as surface faulting, when a fault splits the ground above it, creating a visible crack in the earth or shoving one shelf of land under another. This happened in 1971 during the 6.6 magnitude \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/states/events/1971_02_09.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sylmar quake\u003c/a>in Southern California. Many buildings and roads sitting directly on the fault lines were torn in two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11479\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 368px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/scarping-at-hospital-1024x1005.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11479\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-11479 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/scarping-at-hospital-1024x1005.jpg\" alt=\"Three massive stairwells at Olive View Hospital in San Fernando fell to the ground in the Sylmar quake. Ground under the hospital buckled with surface faulting. (U.S. Geological Survey)\" width=\"368\" height=\"362\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Three massive stairwells at Olive View Hospital in San Fernando fell to the ground in the Sylmar quake. Ground under the hospital buckled with surface faulting. (U.S. Geological Survey)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The year after Sylmar, state legislators in Sacramento passed the \u003ca href=\"http://www.consrv.ca.gov/cgs/codes/prc/Pages/chap-7-5.aspx#2621_6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alquist-Priolo Act.\u003c/a> It requires the California Geological Survey to compile detailed maps of active faults and it bans developers from building directly on top of them. John Parrish is the head of the California Geological Survey, the state agency tasked with creating these \u003ca href=\"http://www.quake.ca.gov/gmaps/WH/regulatorymaps.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alquist-Priolo Maps\u003c/a>. He says California has around 15,000 faults snaking across the state. “But if we said you can’t build near or on any fault that simply would stop California’s economy,” Parrish explained. For that reason, the Alquist-Priolo Act focuses only on what are called active faults: faults that shook sometime in the last 11,000 years. Once state geologists identify an active fault, the law requires them to create a rough map of where it’s located and put a 500-foot buffer zone around it. Any developer looking to build inside that zone must first dig a trench or bore holes in the ground to pin-point the exact location of the fracture, Parrish says. If they find evidence of the fault they must set their building back at least 50 feet from it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mapping a Fault\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Geological Survey is currently mapping an active fault running under the bustling streets of Hollywood. USC Earth Sciences professor James Dolan knows that fault well; he mapped it for an academic research project in the 1990s. “The first step is to just look in great detail at the contours of the landscape,” Dolan said. Dolan says faults that rupture the surface often thrust one side of the land over the other, creating hills known as scarps. One is still visible from the last time the Hollywood Fault ruptured 7,000 years ago. It shows up as a sudden and steep hill just north of the iconic intersection at Hollywood Boulevard at Vine Street. When mapping faults like this and others, state geologists may begin with academic maps like one James Dolan created. But since their findings will carry legal weight, they do additional research as well, including hunting down old aerial photographs, construction records and borehole samples from academic and government archives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11475\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/photo-11.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11475\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-11475 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/photo-11.jpg\" alt=\"The map of California's 15,000 active fault lines covers a table in State Geologist John Parrish's office. (Sanden Totten/KPCC)\" width=\"288\" height=\"384\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The map of California’s 15,000 active fault lines covers a table in State Geologist John Parrish’s office. (Sanden Totten/KPCC)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So far, State Geologist John Parrish says his department has created 554 Alquist-Priolo zone maps. But since 2003, he says that work has nearly ground to a halt under budget constraints. Over the past decade, while the state had billions of dollars of budget deficits to close, legislators slashed the California Geological Survey’s budget. Parrish says during that period, the pot of money used for projects like mapping Alquist-Priolo zones was cut nearly in half. “In the last 10 years we probably produced a map or two per year,” Parrish said. “We’ve got about 300 to go. At this rate it will take us 300 years to do that.” Less money is no excuse, for Democratic Assemblyman Mike Gatto. “Every department of government could make that statement,” said Gatto, who represents the Burbank-Glendale area. He says the state’s Geological Survey should use the funds it has to make Alquist-Priolo maps a priority. “Do these government agencies have a duty to still perform what they are mandated to do with the resources that are available?” Gatto asked. “The answer is ‘yes.’” Both legislators and geologists agree that after the next major quake, funding for projects like this will no doubt spike. The problem is that by then the damage may already be done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "After the massive destruction of the 1971 Sylmar earthquake, state lawmakers passed a law to prevent new buildings from being developed on top of active earthquake faults. But that requires knowing where they are. Mapping earthquake faults is both time-consuming and costly, and the state has a long way to go.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11476\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11476\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/Sylmar-1971-house-e1385170660874.jpg\" alt=\"Surface ruptures, known as surface faulting, from the Sylmar earthquake in 1971 damaged this home in San Fernando. (Photo: U.S. Geological Survey)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Surface ruptures, known as surface faulting, from the Sylmar earthquake in 1971 damaged this home in San Fernando. (Photo: U.S. Geological Survey)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Sanden Totten, KPCC Science Reporter\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How do you map something you can’t see? That’s the question state geologists face as they work to locate dangerous earthquake faults throughout California. During a quake, these deep fractures can cause what’s known as surface faulting, when a fault splits the ground above it, creating a visible crack in the earth or shoving one shelf of land under another. This happened in 1971 during the 6.6 magnitude \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/states/events/1971_02_09.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sylmar quake\u003c/a>in Southern California. Many buildings and roads sitting directly on the fault lines were torn in two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11479\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 368px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/scarping-at-hospital-1024x1005.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11479\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-11479 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/scarping-at-hospital-1024x1005.jpg\" alt=\"Three massive stairwells at Olive View Hospital in San Fernando fell to the ground in the Sylmar quake. Ground under the hospital buckled with surface faulting. (U.S. Geological Survey)\" width=\"368\" height=\"362\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Three massive stairwells at Olive View Hospital in San Fernando fell to the ground in the Sylmar quake. Ground under the hospital buckled with surface faulting. (U.S. Geological Survey)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The year after Sylmar, state legislators in Sacramento passed the \u003ca href=\"http://www.consrv.ca.gov/cgs/codes/prc/Pages/chap-7-5.aspx#2621_6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alquist-Priolo Act.\u003c/a> It requires the California Geological Survey to compile detailed maps of active faults and it bans developers from building directly on top of them. John Parrish is the head of the California Geological Survey, the state agency tasked with creating these \u003ca href=\"http://www.quake.ca.gov/gmaps/WH/regulatorymaps.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alquist-Priolo Maps\u003c/a>. He says California has around 15,000 faults snaking across the state. “But if we said you can’t build near or on any fault that simply would stop California’s economy,” Parrish explained. For that reason, the Alquist-Priolo Act focuses only on what are called active faults: faults that shook sometime in the last 11,000 years. Once state geologists identify an active fault, the law requires them to create a rough map of where it’s located and put a 500-foot buffer zone around it. Any developer looking to build inside that zone must first dig a trench or bore holes in the ground to pin-point the exact location of the fracture, Parrish says. If they find evidence of the fault they must set their building back at least 50 feet from it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mapping a Fault\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Geological Survey is currently mapping an active fault running under the bustling streets of Hollywood. USC Earth Sciences professor James Dolan knows that fault well; he mapped it for an academic research project in the 1990s. “The first step is to just look in great detail at the contours of the landscape,” Dolan said. Dolan says faults that rupture the surface often thrust one side of the land over the other, creating hills known as scarps. One is still visible from the last time the Hollywood Fault ruptured 7,000 years ago. It shows up as a sudden and steep hill just north of the iconic intersection at Hollywood Boulevard at Vine Street. When mapping faults like this and others, state geologists may begin with academic maps like one James Dolan created. But since their findings will carry legal weight, they do additional research as well, including hunting down old aerial photographs, construction records and borehole samples from academic and government archives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11475\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/photo-11.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11475\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-11475 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/photo-11.jpg\" alt=\"The map of California's 15,000 active fault lines covers a table in State Geologist John Parrish's office. (Sanden Totten/KPCC)\" width=\"288\" height=\"384\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The map of California’s 15,000 active fault lines covers a table in State Geologist John Parrish’s office. (Sanden Totten/KPCC)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So far, State Geologist John Parrish says his department has created 554 Alquist-Priolo zone maps. But since 2003, he says that work has nearly ground to a halt under budget constraints. Over the past decade, while the state had billions of dollars of budget deficits to close, legislators slashed the California Geological Survey’s budget. Parrish says during that period, the pot of money used for projects like mapping Alquist-Priolo zones was cut nearly in half. “In the last 10 years we probably produced a map or two per year,” Parrish said. “We’ve got about 300 to go. At this rate it will take us 300 years to do that.” Less money is no excuse, for Democratic Assemblyman Mike Gatto. “Every department of government could make that statement,” said Gatto, who represents the Burbank-Glendale area. He says the state’s Geological Survey should use the funds it has to make Alquist-Priolo maps a priority. “Do these government agencies have a duty to still perform what they are mandated to do with the resources that are available?” Gatto asked. “The answer is ‘yes.’” Both legislators and geologists agree that after the next major quake, funding for projects like this will no doubt spike. The problem is that by then the damage may already be done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11280\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/IMG_4397_web.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11280\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11280\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/IMG_4397_web.jpg\" alt=\"Richmond Pacific Railroad's clean-diesel switch engine, the first of its kind in the U.S.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Richmond Pacific Railroad’s clean-diesel switch engine, the first of its kind in the U.S.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You gotta start somewhere. In this case, it’s the BNSF switchyard in Richmond, where the \u003ca title=\"RPR - main\" href=\"http://www.levinterminal.com/facilities-and-services/rail-services/\">Richmond Pacific Railroad\u003c/a> is testing the nation’s first “Tier 4” switch engine for certification. Tier 4 is a standard set by the federal Environmental Protection Agency for ultra-low emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The location couldn’t be more appropriate, since Richmond is an industrial town with a major rail hub, a huge oil refinery and with housing right up against it all, a hotspot for air-quality-related health complaints such as asthma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even one locomotive can make a big impact in terms of health,” says Damian Breen, who directs “strategic incentives” for the Bay Area Air Quality Management District. The District provided the railroad with a half-million-dollar grant to roll out and test the new switch engine, a smaller locomotive used to shuffle rail cars around in the yard or move them short distances. Breen says the new switcher will eliminate 6,000 tons of emissions per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, “clean” is a relative term in the railroad biz. Most locomotives are belching volcanoes of black soot, partly because they’re typically powered by a single, huge diesel engine and spend a lot of their time idling. Instead, the new switcher has a series of smaller engines and generators, optimized by computer controls to call up only as much power as the moment demands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really a new design concept,” says Steve Sonni, California rep for the locomotive builder, \u003ca title=\"NRE - main\" href=\"http://www.nationalrailway.com/\">NRE\u003c/a>. He says the combination reduces noise, fuel consumption and stack emissions. “You’re talking 30 to 40 percent for sure,” he says, and adds that it could be 90 percent cleaner than many “legacy” locomotives that have been on the rails for 40 years or more. “I can assure you that there’s hundreds and hundreds, if not thousands of old locomotives that were designed and built in the ’50s and ’60s operating all over the United States,” says Sonni, many without any restrictions on emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11281\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/IMG_4400_web.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11281\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11281\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/IMG_4400_web.jpg\" alt=\"Jeff...\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jeff Schwab starts up the new ultra-quiet, low-emissions switch locomotive.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nobody seems more enthused about the new switcher than the guy in the cab. For one thing, “It’s really quiet,” says Jeff Schwab, the railroad’s chief mechanic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have a computer monitoring everything, helping the engineer make decisions,” he notes, such as a kind of traction control, where the computer will redistribute power to wheels to avoid wheels slipping, a common occurrence when switchers are hooked up to heavy loads. “It’s just incredible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Breen says he also expects to see climate benefits from the new engine, as a major component of diesel exhaust is black carbon, which Breen calls “a major forcer of climate.” Based on recent science, state regulators are recommending a stronger focus on black carbon as a greenhouse gas. Breen expects the switcher to save two metric tons of soot each year, reduce carbon dioxide emissions, and use less fuel overall. But with an estimated 550 switch engines operating in California, there would seem to be a long road ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are looking to see more of these locomotives deployed by the major railroads,” says Breen, though he concedes that it’s up to them to decide whether to adopt the cleaner engines. The new locomotives will become more widely available in 2015. “We have talked to them quite a bit about reducing risk in these communities,” he added. “We know they are willing to work with us.” At a cost upwards of $1 million for a single locomotive, that can be a tough sell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "\"Clean diesel\" cars are now common on the highways. A new locomotive now takes that concept to the rails--with a few other bells and whistles.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11280\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/IMG_4397_web.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11280\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11280\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/IMG_4397_web.jpg\" alt=\"Richmond Pacific Railroad's clean-diesel switch engine, the first of its kind in the U.S.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Richmond Pacific Railroad’s clean-diesel switch engine, the first of its kind in the U.S.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You gotta start somewhere. In this case, it’s the BNSF switchyard in Richmond, where the \u003ca title=\"RPR - main\" href=\"http://www.levinterminal.com/facilities-and-services/rail-services/\">Richmond Pacific Railroad\u003c/a> is testing the nation’s first “Tier 4” switch engine for certification. Tier 4 is a standard set by the federal Environmental Protection Agency for ultra-low emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The location couldn’t be more appropriate, since Richmond is an industrial town with a major rail hub, a huge oil refinery and with housing right up against it all, a hotspot for air-quality-related health complaints such as asthma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even one locomotive can make a big impact in terms of health,” says Damian Breen, who directs “strategic incentives” for the Bay Area Air Quality Management District. The District provided the railroad with a half-million-dollar grant to roll out and test the new switch engine, a smaller locomotive used to shuffle rail cars around in the yard or move them short distances. Breen says the new switcher will eliminate 6,000 tons of emissions per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, “clean” is a relative term in the railroad biz. Most locomotives are belching volcanoes of black soot, partly because they’re typically powered by a single, huge diesel engine and spend a lot of their time idling. Instead, the new switcher has a series of smaller engines and generators, optimized by computer controls to call up only as much power as the moment demands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really a new design concept,” says Steve Sonni, California rep for the locomotive builder, \u003ca title=\"NRE - main\" href=\"http://www.nationalrailway.com/\">NRE\u003c/a>. He says the combination reduces noise, fuel consumption and stack emissions. “You’re talking 30 to 40 percent for sure,” he says, and adds that it could be 90 percent cleaner than many “legacy” locomotives that have been on the rails for 40 years or more. “I can assure you that there’s hundreds and hundreds, if not thousands of old locomotives that were designed and built in the ’50s and ’60s operating all over the United States,” says Sonni, many without any restrictions on emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11281\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/IMG_4400_web.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11281\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11281\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/IMG_4400_web.jpg\" alt=\"Jeff...\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jeff Schwab starts up the new ultra-quiet, low-emissions switch locomotive.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nobody seems more enthused about the new switcher than the guy in the cab. For one thing, “It’s really quiet,” says Jeff Schwab, the railroad’s chief mechanic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have a computer monitoring everything, helping the engineer make decisions,” he notes, such as a kind of traction control, where the computer will redistribute power to wheels to avoid wheels slipping, a common occurrence when switchers are hooked up to heavy loads. “It’s just incredible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Breen says he also expects to see climate benefits from the new engine, as a major component of diesel exhaust is black carbon, which Breen calls “a major forcer of climate.” Based on recent science, state regulators are recommending a stronger focus on black carbon as a greenhouse gas. Breen expects the switcher to save two metric tons of soot each year, reduce carbon dioxide emissions, and use less fuel overall. But with an estimated 550 switch engines operating in California, there would seem to be a long road ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are looking to see more of these locomotives deployed by the major railroads,” says Breen, though he concedes that it’s up to them to decide whether to adopt the cleaner engines. The new locomotives will become more widely available in 2015. “We have talked to them quite a bit about reducing risk in these communities,” he added. “We know they are willing to work with us.” At a cost upwards of $1 million for a single locomotive, that can be a tough sell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Short Version: Yes, We Need More Rain",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11358\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/shastalevels.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11358\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/shastalevels.jpg\" alt=\"shasta lake reservoir water supply\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shasta Lake, California’s largest reservoir, is at about 62 percent of average for this time of year. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The system that just passed through Northern California \u003ca title=\"NOAA - precip\" href=\"http://www.cnrfc.noaa.gov/awipsProducts/RNORR4RSA.php\">brought a decent “wetting,”\u003c/a> a glimmer of hope and put a damper on the wildfire season. But you’re familiar with the term: “a drop in the bucket?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a rough gauge of how the state is doing, water managers keep a close eye on a network of eight recording stations in the northern Sierra, between Shasta and Tahoe. Right now those stations are reporting about 2 and a half inches of precipitation for October and November, or just about a third of what’s considered “normal” for this date.[contextly_sidebar id=”129024539bde565bf58088ac3351ce07″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s gonna be hard to make that up,” says Maury Roos, chief hydrologist for the state Department of Water Resources. If we don’t, Roos says he’ll be ready to invoke the dreaded “D-word.” Roos says a second straight dry winter “would put us into what I would consider drought–a real hydrologic drought. I don’t think we’ve reached that threshold yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is time to catch up. Typically the state gets about half its annual precipitation during the coming two months, December and January. Last year we had a soggy December and then the tap simply shut off, leaving us with an epic dry spell from January through March and overall, a “wet season” that failed to fully recharge key reservoirs. That means that another winter on the dry side would leave us without the “carry-over” storage that helped Californians through this past summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sadly, the chances of that seem pretty good. The winter outlook just released by NOAA’s \u003ca title=\"NCPC - outlook\" href=\"http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/\">National Climate Prediction Center\u003c/a> shows the odds in favor of “persistent or intensified drought” for nearly all of California, through February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11350\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 551px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/CPC_OutlookMap.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11350\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11350 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/CPC_OutlookMap.jpg\" alt=\"Current models seem to favor another dry winter for California. (NOAA)\" width=\"551\" height=\"419\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Current models seem to favor another dry winter for California. (NOAA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There’s been a lot of talk already this fall about whether California is in a “record-dry” year. Peter Gleick of the Oakland-based Pacific Institute \u003ca title=\"HuffPo - Gleick\" href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/peter-h-gleick/extreme-weather-is-this-c_b_4310418.html\">breaks down that discussion\u003c/a> in his latest post. As usual, the answer is: it depends on what you’re counting. But Gleick isn’t waiting around for any official declarations to roll out the D-word:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>California is in the midst of another severe drought, measured as the weighted average of precipitation around the state. Indeed, the past two years have both been very dry.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>More troubling, writes Gleick, is the long-term trend, which shows flagging precipitation despite California’s wild annual fluctuations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11358\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/shastalevels.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11358\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/shastalevels.jpg\" alt=\"shasta lake reservoir water supply\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shasta Lake, California’s largest reservoir, is at about 62 percent of average for this time of year. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The system that just passed through Northern California \u003ca title=\"NOAA - precip\" href=\"http://www.cnrfc.noaa.gov/awipsProducts/RNORR4RSA.php\">brought a decent “wetting,”\u003c/a> a glimmer of hope and put a damper on the wildfire season. But you’re familiar with the term: “a drop in the bucket?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a rough gauge of how the state is doing, water managers keep a close eye on a network of eight recording stations in the northern Sierra, between Shasta and Tahoe. Right now those stations are reporting about 2 and a half inches of precipitation for October and November, or just about a third of what’s considered “normal” for this date.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s gonna be hard to make that up,” says Maury Roos, chief hydrologist for the state Department of Water Resources. If we don’t, Roos says he’ll be ready to invoke the dreaded “D-word.” Roos says a second straight dry winter “would put us into what I would consider drought–a real hydrologic drought. I don’t think we’ve reached that threshold yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is time to catch up. Typically the state gets about half its annual precipitation during the coming two months, December and January. Last year we had a soggy December and then the tap simply shut off, leaving us with an epic dry spell from January through March and overall, a “wet season” that failed to fully recharge key reservoirs. That means that another winter on the dry side would leave us without the “carry-over” storage that helped Californians through this past summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sadly, the chances of that seem pretty good. The winter outlook just released by NOAA’s \u003ca title=\"NCPC - outlook\" href=\"http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/\">National Climate Prediction Center\u003c/a> shows the odds in favor of “persistent or intensified drought” for nearly all of California, through February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11350\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 551px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/CPC_OutlookMap.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11350\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11350 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/CPC_OutlookMap.jpg\" alt=\"Current models seem to favor another dry winter for California. (NOAA)\" width=\"551\" height=\"419\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Current models seem to favor another dry winter for California. (NOAA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There’s been a lot of talk already this fall about whether California is in a “record-dry” year. Peter Gleick of the Oakland-based Pacific Institute \u003ca title=\"HuffPo - Gleick\" href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/peter-h-gleick/extreme-weather-is-this-c_b_4310418.html\">breaks down that discussion\u003c/a> in his latest post. As usual, the answer is: it depends on what you’re counting. But Gleick isn’t waiting around for any official declarations to roll out the D-word:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>California is in the midst of another severe drought, measured as the weighted average of precipitation around the state. Indeed, the past two years have both been very dry.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>More troubling, writes Gleick, is the long-term trend, which shows flagging precipitation despite California’s wild annual fluctuations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11324\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/sofa.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11324\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/sofa.jpg\" alt=\"Starting next year, shoppers will be able to buy sofas that don't contain flame retardant chemicals. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Starting next year, shoppers will be able to buy sofas that don’t contain flame retardant chemicals.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown has revised a controversial law he signed into existence during his first stint as governor, back in 1975.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The obscure-sounding “Technical Bulletin 117”, or TB 117, effectively required furniture manufacturers to inject flame-retardant chemicals into all upholstered furniture sold in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With California’s law a \u003cem>de facto\u003c/em> national standard, a typical sofa now hits the market with two to three pounds of chemicals that can cause cancer and reproductive problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting in January, 2014, a new flame retardant standard will take effect, eliminating the need for furniture makers to inject the chemicals into upholstered chairs, sofas, and other items. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flame-retardants may also disappear from baby gear, such as booster seats and changing pads, which will no longer be subject to flammability standards. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s wonderful, after years of work, to see this become a reality” said Arlene Blum, a visiting scholar in chemistry at the University of California Berkeley and director of the Green Science Policy Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\n\u003cp>Starting in January, toxics-wary consumers can look for furniture with the “TB 117-2013” tag, and ask whether the item has been treated with flame-retardant chemicals. \u003c/p>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“I was practically screaming with happiness,” said Blum, who’s been working on the flame retardant issue since the 1970s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.bhfti.ca.gov/about/laws/propregs.shtml\">new law\u003c/a>, called “TB 117-2013” doesn’t forbid furniture manufacturers to use the chemicals. Instead, it sets a new flammability test — known as a “smolder test — that furniture makers can meet without using the flame-retardant chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of injecting chemicals into upholstery foam, manufacturers can line furniture with a fire shield, or use flame-retardant fabrics, which do not emit toxic gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its \u003ca href=\"http://www.bhfti.ca.gov/about/laws/isr.pdf\">justification \u003c/a>for the new rules, state officials cited studies suggesting that furniture foam treated with flame-retardant chemicals can actually be more hazardous in a fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Flame retardant foam can actually increase smolder propensity,” wrote officials with the state’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.bhfti.ca.gov/home.shtml\">Bureau of Home Furnishings\u003c/a>, which sets furniture standards.[contextly_sidebar id=”9502d57caf924e7e18aa203d0589273d”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting in January, furniture makers will be able to sell furniture with the new “TB 117-2013” tag.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blum says chemical-wary shoppers should look for the new tag, and then ask furniture sellers whether the sofa or chair has been treated with flame-retardant chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bhfti.ca.gov/about/laws/tb_order.pdf\">The revised law\u003c/a> could also effectively remove flame-retardant chemicals from a number of children’s products — including changing pads, nursing pillows, infant swings, strollers — all of which are exempt from flammability standards as of January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in touch with most of the furniture manufacturing associations and the juvenile products manufacturers associations, and they have told us that their manufacturers are planning to remove the flame retardant chemicals, once it’s legally possible,” says Blum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "California overturns a nearly 40-year-old law that made your sofa potentially menacing.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11324\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/sofa.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11324\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/sofa.jpg\" alt=\"Starting next year, shoppers will be able to buy sofas that don't contain flame retardant chemicals. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Starting next year, shoppers will be able to buy sofas that don’t contain flame retardant chemicals.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown has revised a controversial law he signed into existence during his first stint as governor, back in 1975.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The obscure-sounding “Technical Bulletin 117”, or TB 117, effectively required furniture manufacturers to inject flame-retardant chemicals into all upholstered furniture sold in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With California’s law a \u003cem>de facto\u003c/em> national standard, a typical sofa now hits the market with two to three pounds of chemicals that can cause cancer and reproductive problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting in January, 2014, a new flame retardant standard will take effect, eliminating the need for furniture makers to inject the chemicals into upholstered chairs, sofas, and other items. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flame-retardants may also disappear from baby gear, such as booster seats and changing pads, which will no longer be subject to flammability standards. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s wonderful, after years of work, to see this become a reality” said Arlene Blum, a visiting scholar in chemistry at the University of California Berkeley and director of the Green Science Policy Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\n\u003cp>Starting in January, toxics-wary consumers can look for furniture with the “TB 117-2013” tag, and ask whether the item has been treated with flame-retardant chemicals. \u003c/p>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“I was practically screaming with happiness,” said Blum, who’s been working on the flame retardant issue since the 1970s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.bhfti.ca.gov/about/laws/propregs.shtml\">new law\u003c/a>, called “TB 117-2013” doesn’t forbid furniture manufacturers to use the chemicals. Instead, it sets a new flammability test — known as a “smolder test — that furniture makers can meet without using the flame-retardant chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of injecting chemicals into upholstery foam, manufacturers can line furniture with a fire shield, or use flame-retardant fabrics, which do not emit toxic gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its \u003ca href=\"http://www.bhfti.ca.gov/about/laws/isr.pdf\">justification \u003c/a>for the new rules, state officials cited studies suggesting that furniture foam treated with flame-retardant chemicals can actually be more hazardous in a fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Flame retardant foam can actually increase smolder propensity,” wrote officials with the state’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.bhfti.ca.gov/home.shtml\">Bureau of Home Furnishings\u003c/a>, which sets furniture standards.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting in January, furniture makers will be able to sell furniture with the new “TB 117-2013” tag.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blum says chemical-wary shoppers should look for the new tag, and then ask furniture sellers whether the sofa or chair has been treated with flame-retardant chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bhfti.ca.gov/about/laws/tb_order.pdf\">The revised law\u003c/a> could also effectively remove flame-retardant chemicals from a number of children’s products — including changing pads, nursing pillows, infant swings, strollers — all of which are exempt from flammability standards as of January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in touch with most of the furniture manufacturing associations and the juvenile products manufacturers associations, and they have told us that their manufacturers are planning to remove the flame retardant chemicals, once it’s legally possible,” says Blum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "What Does a Federal Safety Investigation Mean for Tesla?",
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"content": "\u003cp>Tuesday morning, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration announced it would\u003ca href=\"http://www-odi.nhtsa.dot.gov/acms/cs/jaxrs/download/doc/UCM446471/INOA-PE13037-1867.PDF\"> investigate two incidents\u003c/a> (PDF) in which Tesla Model S sedans caught fire. Both times the cars hit debris on a highway and the undercarriage and batteries were damaged. (There was a \u003ca href=\"http://green.autoblog.com/2013/10/28/second-tesla-model-s-fire-caught-on-video-after-mexico-crash/\">third accident in Mexico\u003c/a>, but being in a different country, it’s not in the NHTSA’s jurisdiction.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The AP gets into details of the investigation:\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\" src=\"http://ww3.hdnux.com/photos/24/56/03/5431490/3/200x200.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/news/science/article/US-safety-agency-opens-probe-into-Tesla-fires-4992789.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">US safety agency opens probe into Tesla fires\u003c/a>The probe affects more than 13,000 cars from the 2013 model year that were sold in the U.S. Tesla has sold about 19,000 of the cars worldwide. They start at $70,000 but often run more than $100,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float: right\">\u003ca title=\"Powered by Embedly\" href=\"http://embed.ly/code?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fnews%2Fscience%2Farticle%2FUS-safety-agency-opens-probe-into-Tesla-fires-4992789.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">via \u003ca class=\"media-attribution-link\" href=\"http://www.sfgate.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sfgate\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>So what does it mean for the Palo Also-based carmaker? Bradley Berman, editor of \u003ca href=\"http://www.plugincars.com/\">PluginCars.com\u003c/a> (and a \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/bradleyberman/\">one-time KQED contributor\u003c/a>), said he’s not surprised by all the scrutiny Tesla’s been subjected to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a rockstar company with a rockstar CEO,” he said. “And a beautiful, award-winning, expensive, fast vehicle. So that’s a magnet for attention.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berman said that while many more gas cars catch on fire each year, the investigation is justified. “The Tesla Model S has sold a few thousand vehicles, versus some electric cars out there that have sold in the tens of thousands that have not had this problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berman said some of the questions that come up for him are, how close is the battery to the front of the vehicle? Does the power of the car mean that people tend to drive it too fast? Is the material of the undercarriage providing enough protection, and should it be modified?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bill Visnick, a senior editor at Edmunds.com said if he owned a Tesla, he wouldn’t be concerned. “It’s one of those wait and see situations,” he said. “But it is troubling because it is the same type of incident, and it is something that does seem to point to a need for some kind of action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Visnick said, it’s too early to worry about Tesla’s reputation. “Tesla’s built up a tremendous amount of goodwill with the buying public, with the auto industry itself and really as a tech company.” he said. “Unless we see this expanded into something more endemic about the design of the car that would cause a full-blown recall, for instance. But there are recalls every day and consumers have become fairly sanguine about it all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tesla’s CEO Elon Musk wrote a \u003ca href=\"http://www.teslamotors.com/blog/mission-tesla\">blog post\u003c/a> that highlights the Model S’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.teslamotors.com/about/press/releases/tesla-model-s-achieves-best-safety-rating-any-car-ever-tested\">safety record\u003c/a>. And he outlined three actions Tesla will take now: a software update that will make the cars stay higher off the ground when traveling at highway speeds, a request for the NHTSA investigation (though the NHTSA \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/business/autos/la-fi-hy-nhtsa-tesla-fire-probe-20131118,0,7392997.story?page=2#axzz2l7R1SXV0\">disputes that Tesla made that request\u003c/a>) and an expansion of the warranty, to cover all car fires.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Tuesday morning, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration announced it would\u003ca href=\"http://www-odi.nhtsa.dot.gov/acms/cs/jaxrs/download/doc/UCM446471/INOA-PE13037-1867.PDF\"> investigate two incidents\u003c/a> (PDF) in which Tesla Model S sedans caught fire. Both times the cars hit debris on a highway and the undercarriage and batteries were damaged. (There was a \u003ca href=\"http://green.autoblog.com/2013/10/28/second-tesla-model-s-fire-caught-on-video-after-mexico-crash/\">third accident in Mexico\u003c/a>, but being in a different country, it’s not in the NHTSA’s jurisdiction.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The AP gets into details of the investigation:\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\" src=\"http://ww3.hdnux.com/photos/24/56/03/5431490/3/200x200.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/news/science/article/US-safety-agency-opens-probe-into-Tesla-fires-4992789.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">US safety agency opens probe into Tesla fires\u003c/a>The probe affects more than 13,000 cars from the 2013 model year that were sold in the U.S. Tesla has sold about 19,000 of the cars worldwide. They start at $70,000 but often run more than $100,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float: right\">\u003ca title=\"Powered by Embedly\" href=\"http://embed.ly/code?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fnews%2Fscience%2Farticle%2FUS-safety-agency-opens-probe-into-Tesla-fires-4992789.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">via \u003ca class=\"media-attribution-link\" href=\"http://www.sfgate.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sfgate\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>So what does it mean for the Palo Also-based carmaker? Bradley Berman, editor of \u003ca href=\"http://www.plugincars.com/\">PluginCars.com\u003c/a> (and a \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/bradleyberman/\">one-time KQED contributor\u003c/a>), said he’s not surprised by all the scrutiny Tesla’s been subjected to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a rockstar company with a rockstar CEO,” he said. “And a beautiful, award-winning, expensive, fast vehicle. So that’s a magnet for attention.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berman said that while many more gas cars catch on fire each year, the investigation is justified. “The Tesla Model S has sold a few thousand vehicles, versus some electric cars out there that have sold in the tens of thousands that have not had this problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berman said some of the questions that come up for him are, how close is the battery to the front of the vehicle? Does the power of the car mean that people tend to drive it too fast? Is the material of the undercarriage providing enough protection, and should it be modified?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bill Visnick, a senior editor at Edmunds.com said if he owned a Tesla, he wouldn’t be concerned. “It’s one of those wait and see situations,” he said. “But it is troubling because it is the same type of incident, and it is something that does seem to point to a need for some kind of action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Visnick said, it’s too early to worry about Tesla’s reputation. “Tesla’s built up a tremendous amount of goodwill with the buying public, with the auto industry itself and really as a tech company.” he said. “Unless we see this expanded into something more endemic about the design of the car that would cause a full-blown recall, for instance. But there are recalls every day and consumers have become fairly sanguine about it all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tesla’s CEO Elon Musk wrote a \u003ca href=\"http://www.teslamotors.com/blog/mission-tesla\">blog post\u003c/a> that highlights the Model S’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.teslamotors.com/about/press/releases/tesla-model-s-achieves-best-safety-rating-any-car-ever-tested\">safety record\u003c/a>. And he outlined three actions Tesla will take now: a software update that will make the cars stay higher off the ground when traveling at highway speeds, a request for the NHTSA investigation (though the NHTSA \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/business/autos/la-fi-hy-nhtsa-tesla-fire-probe-20131118,0,7392997.story?page=2#axzz2l7R1SXV0\">disputes that Tesla made that request\u003c/a>) and an expansion of the warranty, to cover all car fires.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
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"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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"rss": "http://feeds.revealradio.org/revealpodcast"
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 16
},
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},
"science-friday": {
"id": "science-friday",
"title": "Science Friday",
"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Science-Friday-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"snap-judgment": {
"id": "snap-judgment",
"title": "Snap Judgment",
"tagline": "Real stories with killer beats",
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"description": "[caption id=\"attachment_13657\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"351\"] Just over 2,000 wells have been fracked in California, according to industry data. (Craig Miller/KQED)[/caption] Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, has been used for more than 30 years in California, but it’s attracting attention and scrutiny because of renewed interest in the state’s large oil reserve, known as the Monterey Shale. In California, fracking is done mainly for oil, while in other states with recent fracking booms, like Pennsylvania and Texas, it’s used largely for natural gas. What is it? Fracking is just one phase of the process used to bring an oil or gas well into production. The technique is used to release oil from rocks deep underground. Water, mixed with sand and chemicals, is injected down the well bore at high pressure to create tiny fractures in the rock. According to the oil industry, more than 2,000 wells have been fracked in the state. Concerns Environmental groups have called for a moratorium on fracking until the state does a comprehensive review of potential impacts on both water and air quality. A chief concern is the chemicals used, some of which are carcinogens, and potential contamination of groundwater. Fracking also uses large volumes of freshwater. Industry sources say it uses less freshwater in California than is used in other states and no cases of groundwater contamination have been found. Where it Stands In November 2013, state regulators released draft rules for fracking that are now expected to go into effect in July 2015. They followed passage of SB 4, a bill signed by Governor Jerry Brown, that spelled out what the regulations should cover. Under the rules, oil and gas operators would be required to apply for a permit prior to fracking a well, and to provide written notice to nearby landowners. Operators would have to disclose what chemicals they use, but not the specific concentrations if they consider those a trade secret. State water regulators are also developing a groundwater monitoring program. The regulations are expected to be finalized by the end of 2014.",
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