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"content": "\u003cp>National Park Service officials have re-opened parts of Yosemite that have been closed ever since the Rim Fire tore through large swaths of the park last summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visitors can now return to the Tuolumne Grove of Giant Sequoias and to hiking trails near Hetch Hetchy, among other areas. Park officials caution visitors to be careful in burned lands, however, as these areas can still be dangerous, with uneven ground, debris on trails, hazardous trees and the potential for falling rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Rim Fire burned more than a quarter of a million acres, including about 77,000 acres inside Yosemite National Park, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/can-renewable-energy-reduce-californias-fire-risk/\">leaving a stark and denuded landscape of dead trees\u003c/a>. Park closures during and after the fire crippled businesses that cater to visitors from around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16073\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/7017scr_d01835d281bde2b.jpg\" alt=\"The forest after the Rim Fire, just outside of Yosemite National Park. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16073\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The forest after the Rim Fire, just outside of Yosemite National Park. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“With the opening of these closed areas and looking at a good year,” said park ranger Scott Gediman, “we’re hopeful that a lot of those businesses can rebound and do well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/10/03/drought-could-hamper-forest-recovery-after-rim-fire/\">Fire ecologists say it will take decades\u003c/a> for the forests to recover, both because of the extent of the burned area and because of California’s drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Rim Fire started in the Stanislaus National Forest on August 17, 2013, when a hunter’s illegal fire got out of control and raged through \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/can-california-burn-its-way-out-of-its-wildfire-problem/\">forests thick with dry trees and brush\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The photos below show the same location in the Stanislaus National Forest before the fire, and about two weeks after it. Fire scientist Scott Stephens of the University of California, Berkeley, was measuring plots and taking a timber inventory with graduate students when the fire forced them to evacuate. Stephens said when he returned to the area in late September, he had to locate it using GPS, as it was so changed he couldn’t recognize it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was 100 percent mortality,” Stephens said, “so all trees in this site were dead. And this is actually very sad, because one reason I was interested in this particular spot is there are remnant old trees here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Drag the slider back and forth to compare before and after shots.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/rimfire/rimfiresliders.html\" height=\"2280px\" width=\"640px\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nIn the first “before” photo, a lone California black oak pokes gnarled branches into the sky amid a stand of conifers. Stephens said the black oak is important for wildlife, both for its acorns and for the cavities it creates where birds and small mammals nest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This actually in some ways is a little victory for the oak,” Stephens said, “because the oak’s the only species that can re-sprout. So it’ll re-sprout from dormant buds under its bark and that tree’s going to grow like crazy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next picture shows a downed sugar pine log, with a small dead tree laying across it. The “after” photo shows the shrunken, scarred remains of that small tree. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The final picture shows how the fire cleared out the dead sapling in the foreground. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16049\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16049\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/sierrasnowwater.jpg\" alt=\"Abut a third of California's water comes from snow in the Sierra Nevada. (David McNew/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Abut a third of California’s water comes from snow in the Sierra Nevada. (David McNew/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After months of nervous anticipation, the jury is back on the water potential from this winter’s Sierra snowfall. Make no mistake: the flurry of late-season precipitation has helped, but \u003ca title=\"Merc - post\" href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/science/ci_25468885/droughts-not-over-yet-california-storms-improve-sierra\">has not rescued California\u003c/a> from its historic drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than a week’s worth of \u003ca title=\"CoCo Times - post\" href=\"http://www.contracostatimes.com/news/ci_25458057/rain-thunderstorms-expected-monday-and-tuesday-bay\">rain and snow \u003c/a>that rounded out March and seemed to be shaping up as an “April miracle” gave the \u003ca title=\"DWR - snowpack\" href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">meager snowpack\u003c/a> a significant boost, from about a quarter of the 30-year average to about a third. That’s the good news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bad news: it’s still only 32 percent of average. In the northern Sierra, it’s even worse: water content is still only 23 percent of normal. This is an ugly prospect for a state that counts on the “frozen reservoir” for about a third of its water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”e327cf882e2a712168b6bf40c866653e”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the five monthly surveys officials do of the Sierra snowpack each winter, April is considered the most important benchmark. This is usually when the snowpack has peaked, the wet season is winding down, things are warming up and the runoff season begins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“February and March storms have probably kept us from breaking records for historic drought this year,” Mark Cowin, the head of California’s Department of Water Resources told reporters, “but they certainly haven’t rescued us from that drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cowin said that state and federal water managers will try to harness some of the recent precipitation by temporarily increasing pumping of water to customers south of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As water managers were weighing in the scant water content of Sierra snows, the Association of California Water Agencies \u003ca title=\"ACWA - release\" href=\"http://www.acwa.com/news/water-supply-challenges/acwa-calls-statewide-conservation-response-drought\">weighed in\u003c/a> with its 400-plus members, issuing an unusual plea for them to \u003ca title=\"ACWA - Drought map\" href=\"http://www.acwa.com/content/drought-map\">ask more sacrifices\u003c/a> of its urban customers. The Sacramento-based trade group is urging local water managers to “request heightened water conservation from their customers in response to drought conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the first time that ACWA has made such a call to its member agencies. “Reducing water use has been standard practice in California for more than a decade,” noted ACWA President John Coleman in a written statement, “but given the severity of this drought and the impacts starting to be felt across the state’s economy, it is imperative that all residents step up their conservation efforts now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/142610983&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_artwork=true\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>The latest \u003ca href=\"http://ipcc-wg2.gov/AR5/\">report from the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change\u003c/a> focuses on impacts from climate change, both current and looming, and recommendations for how to adapt. It also ratchets up considerably the confidence levels for those predicted impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201404010900\">KQED’s Forum\u003c/a> hosted a segment on the report Tuesday morning. And the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/01/science/earth/climate.html\">New York Times has this story\u003c/a> on the scope of the IPCC’s work, the expected impacts from climate change — hunger, thirst, flooding, violent conflicts, mass migrations — and the political response (or lack thereof):\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceItemEmbedly\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://static01.nyt.com/images/2014/03/31/science/earth/31climate/31climate-videoSixteenByNine1050.jpg\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/01/science/earth/climate.html\" rel=\"noopener\">Panel’s Warning on Climate Risk: Worst Is Yet to Come\u003c/a>YOKOHAMA, Japan – Climate change is already having sweeping effects on every continent and throughout the world’s oceans, scientists reported on Monday, and they warned that the problem was likely to grow substantially worse unless greenhouse emissions are brought under control.\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float:right\">\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://embed.ly/code?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F04%2F01%2Fscience%2Fearth%2Fclimate.html\" title=\"Powered by Embedly\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">\u003cspan>via \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com\" class=\"media-attribution-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nytimes\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://ipcc-wg2.gov/AR5/images/uploads/WGIIAR5-Chap26_FGDall.pdf\">North America\u003c/a> section drills down into some local impacts. Here’s a taste of what the IPCC says we can expect in California. And yes, the report says that some of this is already happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Flooding in the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/ca-delta/\">Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Loss of suitable land for wine growing\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/heat-and-harvest/\">Declines in agricultural productivity\u003c/a> for other crops, though some of that may be softened by irrigation\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>A longer \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/can-california-burn-its-way-out-of-its-wildfire-problem/\">wildfire season\u003c/a> and more acreage burned\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Earlier spring runoff and declines in the amount of water stored by the mountain snowpack\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/san-francisco-a-test-case-for-coping-with-rising-seas/\">Sea level rise\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The latest \u003ca href=\"http://ipcc-wg2.gov/AR5/\">report from the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change\u003c/a> focuses on impacts from climate change, both current and looming, and recommendations for how to adapt. It also ratchets up considerably the confidence levels for those predicted impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201404010900\">KQED’s Forum\u003c/a> hosted a segment on the report Tuesday morning. And the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/01/science/earth/climate.html\">New York Times has this story\u003c/a> on the scope of the IPCC’s work, the expected impacts from climate change — hunger, thirst, flooding, violent conflicts, mass migrations — and the political response (or lack thereof):\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceItemEmbedly\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://static01.nyt.com/images/2014/03/31/science/earth/31climate/31climate-videoSixteenByNine1050.jpg\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/01/science/earth/climate.html\" rel=\"noopener\">Panel’s Warning on Climate Risk: Worst Is Yet to Come\u003c/a>YOKOHAMA, Japan – Climate change is already having sweeping effects on every continent and throughout the world’s oceans, scientists reported on Monday, and they warned that the problem was likely to grow substantially worse unless greenhouse emissions are brought under control.\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float:right\">\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://embed.ly/code?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F04%2F01%2Fscience%2Fearth%2Fclimate.html\" title=\"Powered by Embedly\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">\u003cspan>via \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com\" class=\"media-attribution-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nytimes\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://ipcc-wg2.gov/AR5/images/uploads/WGIIAR5-Chap26_FGDall.pdf\">North America\u003c/a> section drills down into some local impacts. Here’s a taste of what the IPCC says we can expect in California. And yes, the report says that some of this is already happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Flooding in the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/ca-delta/\">Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Loss of suitable land for wine growing\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/heat-and-harvest/\">Declines in agricultural productivity\u003c/a> for other crops, though some of that may be softened by irrigation\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>A longer \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/can-california-burn-its-way-out-of-its-wildfire-problem/\">wildfire season\u003c/a> and more acreage burned\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Earlier spring runoff and declines in the amount of water stored by the mountain snowpack\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/san-francisco-a-test-case-for-coping-with-rising-seas/\">Sea level rise\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>[http_redir]\u003cbr>\nCalifornia is the third-largest oil producing state in the country. To produce oil, companies deal with massive amounts of water. They need it for hydraulic fracturing, and they produce a lot from underground. (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/with-drought-new-scrutiny-over-frackings-water-use/\">More in our related story\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Water Usage in the Fracking Process\" src=\"http://publicmedia.psu.edu/kqed/indexV2.html\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"640\" height=\"800\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16193\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 626px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/water-oil-ratio-CA.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16193\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/water-oil-ratio-CA.jpg\" alt=\"Graphics designed by Penn State Public Media/WPSU\" width=\"626\" height=\"563\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graphics designed by \u003ca href=\"http://exploreshale.org/\">Penn State Public Media/WPSU\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15986\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-15986\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/tankcarsrichmond-1024x575.jpg\" alt=\"Tank cars parked in Richmond. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"575\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tank cars parked in Richmond. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>More and more crude oil is being transported into California by rail lines, and questions about safety are prompting local governments and environmentalists to take action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups filed suit yesterday against the Bay Area Air Quality Management District and energy company \u003ca href=\"http://www.kindermorgan.com/\">Kinder Morgan\u003c/a>. A \u003ca href=\"http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2014/03/14/trains-carrying-fracked-oil-spotted-in-bay-area/\">KPIX investigation\u003c/a> found Kinder Morgan has been unloading trains full of crude in Richmond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this week, the Richmond and Berkeley city councils both passed resolutions opposing crude-by-rail projects. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.richmond.ca.us/ArchiveCenter/ViewFile/Item/5723\">Richmond’s\u003c/a> was against the Kinder Morgan operations; \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.berkeley.ca.us/Clerk/City_Council/2014/03_Mar/Documents/2014-03-25_Item_29_Opposition_to_Rail_Transport_of_Hazardous.aspx\">Berkeley’s\u003c/a> against a \u003ca href=\"http://www.phillips66.com/EN/about/our-businesses/refining-marketing/refining/santamaria/Pages/rail-project-information.aspx\">Phillips 66\u003c/a> plan to build a rail terminal at its San Luis Obispo County refinery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a quick review of what’s going on with crude-by-rail in the Bay Area, and why.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Oil companies want to transport crude oil by train because it’s cheap and (relatively) local.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Area refineries mostly get their oil from pipelines and ships, from \u003ca href=\"http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/petroleum/statistics/crude_oil_receipts.html\">Southern California, Alaska and the Middle East\u003c/a>. But there’s an oil boom right now in the middle part of North America. In North Dakota it’s oil coming from the Bakken formation, and in Alberta it’s from the tar sands. Oil companies want to get all that oil to the coasts, where the refineries and most of their customers are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In defense of the projects, oil companies point out that this oil is either from right here in the U.S. or from our friendly neighbor Canada, rather than from overseas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crude oil imports by rail into California have \u003ca href=\"http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/petroleum/statistics/2013_crude_by_rail.html\">shot up in recent years\u003c/a>, from zero in early 2009, to more than a million barrels in December 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Opponents of crude-by-rail are concerned about public safety and environmental impacts.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”e32339a5417a6ad21b6a745149deb72f”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crude oil from Alberta’s tar sands is heavy and high in sulfur. Environmentalists say it’s “dirty,” that it pollutes more to get it out of the ground and to refine it. So that’s the climate change and air pollution side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, the safety concerns are mostly about the oil from the Bakken formation. It’s light and sweet, that is, lower in sulfur. But it’s also volatile. The oil trains that have derailed and exploded recently, including the one in Lac-Mégantic, Quebec, that killed 47 people, were carrying Bakken crude.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It turns out crude-by-rail was already coming into Richmond.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kinder Morgan has been bringing in 100-car trains of crude oil to its \u003ca href=\"http://www.kindermorgan.com/business/products_pipelines/terminals_W_richmond.cfm\">terminal in Richmond\u003c/a>, which is on the BNSF rail line. \u003ca href=\"http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2014/03/14/trains-carrying-fracked-oil-spotted-in-bay-area/\">KPIX followed the oil\u003c/a> as it was loaded into a truck and brought to the \u003ca href=\"http://tsocorp.com/refining/martinez-calif/\">Tesoro refinery in Martinez\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team of \u003ca href=\"http://earthjustice.org/news/press/2014/groups-challenge-crude-by-rail-shipments-to-bay-area-city\">environmental and community groups is suing\u003c/a> the Air District and Kinder Morgan to stop the operation. They say there should have been a full environmental review before bringing in trains full of crude oil. Kinder Morgan was already using the facility to bring in chemicals like ethanol. (The lawsuit is embedded at the bottom of this article.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13016\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13016\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/pittsburgoilprotest.jpg\" alt=\"About 150 people marched to Pittsburg city hall on January 11, protesting a proposed oil terminal. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">About 150 people marched to Pittsburg city hall on January 11, protesting a proposed oil terminal. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>There are more crude-by-rail projects on the table in the Bay Area and Central Coast. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valero wants to build a crude-by-rail terminal at its \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/valero-rail-project-fuels-tar-sands-speculation-in-bay-area/\">refinery in Benicia\u003c/a>. The city is working on an \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/index.asp?SEC=%7BC45EA667-8D39-4B30-87EB-9110A2F9CE13%7D\">environmental impact report\u003c/a> on the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Pittsburg, an energy company called WesPac is trying to open an \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/bay-area-residents-resist-crude-by-rail-as-accidents-rise/\">oil terminal\u003c/a> that would bring crude in by rail, pipeline and ship. The city recently reopened that \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.pittsburg.ca.us/index.aspx?page=700\">environmental impact report\u003c/a>, to do more research on the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And on the Central Coast, the Phillips 66 refinery in San Luis Obispo County has applied to build a rail terminal. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.slocounty.ca.gov/planning/environmental/EnvironmentalNotices/railproject.htm\">comment period\u003c/a> on that project has also just been reopened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>There has been some progress on making transporting crude oil by train safer.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Transportation Safety Board \u003ca href=\"https://www.ntsb.gov/news/2014/140123.html\">has been asking for safety upgrades\u003c/a> to the tank cars used to transport oil. Those would need to go through the U.S. Department of Transportation; the NTSB can make recommendations, but not regulations. That’s been a slow process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the Association of American Railroads has announced \u003ca href=\"https://www.aar.org/newsandevents/Press-Releases/Pages/Freight-Railroads-Join-U-S-Transportation-Secretary-Foxx-in-Announcing-Industry-Crude-By-Rail-Safety-Initiative.aspx#.UzYLfYUXJfQ\">voluntary safety improvements\u003c/a> for crude-by-rail, including more inspections on rail lines, decreased speeds in urban areas and updated brake systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 12px auto 6px auto;font-family: Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: normal;font-size: 14px;line-height: normal\">\u003ca style=\"text-decoration: underline\" title=\"View Crude-By-Rail Lawsuit on Scribd\" href=\"http://www.scribd.com/doc/215141448/Crude-By-Rail-Lawsuit\">Crude-By-Rail Lawsuit\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"doc_75730\" src=\"//www.scribd.com/embeds/215141448/content?start_page=1&view_mode=scroll&show_recommendations=true\" width=\"100%\" height=\"600\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/141950402&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_artwork=true\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15986\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-15986\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/tankcarsrichmond-1024x575.jpg\" alt=\"Tank cars parked in Richmond. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"575\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tank cars parked in Richmond. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>More and more crude oil is being transported into California by rail lines, and questions about safety are prompting local governments and environmentalists to take action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups filed suit yesterday against the Bay Area Air Quality Management District and energy company \u003ca href=\"http://www.kindermorgan.com/\">Kinder Morgan\u003c/a>. A \u003ca href=\"http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2014/03/14/trains-carrying-fracked-oil-spotted-in-bay-area/\">KPIX investigation\u003c/a> found Kinder Morgan has been unloading trains full of crude in Richmond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this week, the Richmond and Berkeley city councils both passed resolutions opposing crude-by-rail projects. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.richmond.ca.us/ArchiveCenter/ViewFile/Item/5723\">Richmond’s\u003c/a> was against the Kinder Morgan operations; \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.berkeley.ca.us/Clerk/City_Council/2014/03_Mar/Documents/2014-03-25_Item_29_Opposition_to_Rail_Transport_of_Hazardous.aspx\">Berkeley’s\u003c/a> against a \u003ca href=\"http://www.phillips66.com/EN/about/our-businesses/refining-marketing/refining/santamaria/Pages/rail-project-information.aspx\">Phillips 66\u003c/a> plan to build a rail terminal at its San Luis Obispo County refinery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a quick review of what’s going on with crude-by-rail in the Bay Area, and why.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Oil companies want to transport crude oil by train because it’s cheap and (relatively) local.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Area refineries mostly get their oil from pipelines and ships, from \u003ca href=\"http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/petroleum/statistics/crude_oil_receipts.html\">Southern California, Alaska and the Middle East\u003c/a>. But there’s an oil boom right now in the middle part of North America. In North Dakota it’s oil coming from the Bakken formation, and in Alberta it’s from the tar sands. Oil companies want to get all that oil to the coasts, where the refineries and most of their customers are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In defense of the projects, oil companies point out that this oil is either from right here in the U.S. or from our friendly neighbor Canada, rather than from overseas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crude oil imports by rail into California have \u003ca href=\"http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/petroleum/statistics/2013_crude_by_rail.html\">shot up in recent years\u003c/a>, from zero in early 2009, to more than a million barrels in December 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Opponents of crude-by-rail are concerned about public safety and environmental impacts.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crude oil from Alberta’s tar sands is heavy and high in sulfur. Environmentalists say it’s “dirty,” that it pollutes more to get it out of the ground and to refine it. So that’s the climate change and air pollution side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, the safety concerns are mostly about the oil from the Bakken formation. It’s light and sweet, that is, lower in sulfur. But it’s also volatile. The oil trains that have derailed and exploded recently, including the one in Lac-Mégantic, Quebec, that killed 47 people, were carrying Bakken crude.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It turns out crude-by-rail was already coming into Richmond.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kinder Morgan has been bringing in 100-car trains of crude oil to its \u003ca href=\"http://www.kindermorgan.com/business/products_pipelines/terminals_W_richmond.cfm\">terminal in Richmond\u003c/a>, which is on the BNSF rail line. \u003ca href=\"http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2014/03/14/trains-carrying-fracked-oil-spotted-in-bay-area/\">KPIX followed the oil\u003c/a> as it was loaded into a truck and brought to the \u003ca href=\"http://tsocorp.com/refining/martinez-calif/\">Tesoro refinery in Martinez\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team of \u003ca href=\"http://earthjustice.org/news/press/2014/groups-challenge-crude-by-rail-shipments-to-bay-area-city\">environmental and community groups is suing\u003c/a> the Air District and Kinder Morgan to stop the operation. They say there should have been a full environmental review before bringing in trains full of crude oil. Kinder Morgan was already using the facility to bring in chemicals like ethanol. (The lawsuit is embedded at the bottom of this article.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13016\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13016\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/pittsburgoilprotest.jpg\" alt=\"About 150 people marched to Pittsburg city hall on January 11, protesting a proposed oil terminal. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">About 150 people marched to Pittsburg city hall on January 11, protesting a proposed oil terminal. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>There are more crude-by-rail projects on the table in the Bay Area and Central Coast. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valero wants to build a crude-by-rail terminal at its \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/valero-rail-project-fuels-tar-sands-speculation-in-bay-area/\">refinery in Benicia\u003c/a>. The city is working on an \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/index.asp?SEC=%7BC45EA667-8D39-4B30-87EB-9110A2F9CE13%7D\">environmental impact report\u003c/a> on the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Pittsburg, an energy company called WesPac is trying to open an \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/bay-area-residents-resist-crude-by-rail-as-accidents-rise/\">oil terminal\u003c/a> that would bring crude in by rail, pipeline and ship. The city recently reopened that \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.pittsburg.ca.us/index.aspx?page=700\">environmental impact report\u003c/a>, to do more research on the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And on the Central Coast, the Phillips 66 refinery in San Luis Obispo County has applied to build a rail terminal. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.slocounty.ca.gov/planning/environmental/EnvironmentalNotices/railproject.htm\">comment period\u003c/a> on that project has also just been reopened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>There has been some progress on making transporting crude oil by train safer.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Transportation Safety Board \u003ca href=\"https://www.ntsb.gov/news/2014/140123.html\">has been asking for safety upgrades\u003c/a> to the tank cars used to transport oil. Those would need to go through the U.S. Department of Transportation; the NTSB can make recommendations, but not regulations. 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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15857\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Vivid-Dancer_Will-Elder.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15857\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Vivid-Dancer_Will-Elder.jpg\" alt=\"A vivid dancer. (Will Elder/Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A vivid dancer. (Will Elder/Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists, students and volunteers are descending on the \u003ca title=\"Golden Gate National Recreation Area (U.S. National Park Service)\" href=\"http://www.nps.gov/goga/index.htm\">Golden Gate National Recreation Area\u003c/a> this Friday and Saturday to record as many plant and animal species as possible in 24 hours. It’s part of an event called a \u003ca title=\"BioBlitz 2014, Golden Gate National Parks, California Species Inventory Information, Facts -- National Geographic\" href=\"http://www.nationalgeographic.com/explorers/projects/bioblitz/golden-gate-california-2014/\">BioBlitz\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Geographic Society has been organizing annual BioBlitz events at national parks across the country, as a lead up to the \u003ca title=\"U.S. National Park Service - Experience Your America\" href=\"http://www.nps.gov/index.htm\">National Park Service’s \u003c/a>centennial celebration in 2016. The goal is to transform park visitors into citizen scientists, as they help to observe and count the parks’ biodiversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15862\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 346px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-15862 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Bobcat_JessicaWeinberg.jpg\" alt=\"A bobcat. (Jessica Weinberg/Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy)\" width=\"346\" height=\"231\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bobcat. (Jessica Weinberg/Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“One of the most important things for the BioBlitz is to reach out and engage the citizens that live around the park lands in a different way,” says National Park Service spokeswoman Alexandra Picavet. “Students will get a closer look at a park they may already enjoy while riding their bikes or walking their dog.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three hundred scientists will lead teams throughout the Golden Gate National Recreation Area, from Muir Woods to Fort Point and the Marin Headlands. More than 4700 volunteers are expected to take part in this year’s BioBlitz, including 1400 students from the San Francisco Unified School District. They’ll be searching for all signs of life, from microscopic bacteria to bobcats. The counting starts at noon on Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have entomologists coming from UC Davis who are going to do a lot of work in the newest part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area, and that’s\u003ca title=\"Rancho Corral de Tierra - Golden Gate National Recreation Area (U.S. National Park Service)\" href=\"http://www.nps.gov/goga/rcdt.htm\"> Rancho Corral de Tierra\u003c/a>,” says Picavet. “They’ll be looking for beetles, and for ticks, and for mosquitoes and all signs of insect life down there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15863\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15863 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Bat_JessicaWeinberg.jpg\" alt=\"(Jessica Weinberg/Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy)\" width=\"640\" height=\"422\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Jessica Weinberg/Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The citizen scientists will use a smart phone app called \u003ca title=\"INaturalist.org · A Community for Naturalists\" href=\"http://www.inaturalist.org\">iNaturalis\u003c/a>t to record, photograph and map their findings, which will be added to park service databases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evolution of technology has allowed more people to get involved with research, says Marie Studer, with the \u003ca title=\"Encyclopedia of Life - Animals - Plants - Pictures & Information\" href=\"http://eol.org/\">Encyclopedia of Life\u003c/a>, which has partnered with iNaturalist. But she says it’s not just the technology that’s fueling events like BioBlitz. It’s a growing concern about species loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People are recognizing that we’re in a biodiversity crisis,” says Studer. “It’s considered that we’re in the sixth mass extinction on the planet. We’re losing species at a very rapid rate before we’re able to recognize and catalog all that we know about.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15864\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15864\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/West-Coast-Lady_WillElder.jpg\" alt=\"A West Coast lady (Will Elder/Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A West Coast lady (Will Elder/Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The BioBlitz species counts are all booked up with volunteers. But members of the general public are welcome to attend the \u003ca title=\"BioBlitz 2014 Biodiversity Festival, Golden Gate National Parks, California Species Inventory Information, Facts -- National Geographic\" href=\"http://www.nationalgeographic.com/explorers/projects/bioblitz/golden-gate-california-2014-festival/\">Biodiversity Festival\u003c/a> at Crissy Field on Friday and Saturday, starting at 9am. The family-friendly event will include music from the Banana Slugs Band, photography workshops, and live animal demonstrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the festival wraps up on Saturday afternoon, scientists will return from the field to share stories of what they found, and present a grand tally of all the plants, animals and bacteria they were able to count during the 24-hour BioBlitz.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Scientists, students and volunteers are descending on the Golden Gate National Recreation Area this Friday and Saturday to record as many plant and animal species as possible in 24 hours. It's part of an event called a BioBlitz.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15857\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Vivid-Dancer_Will-Elder.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15857\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Vivid-Dancer_Will-Elder.jpg\" alt=\"A vivid dancer. (Will Elder/Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A vivid dancer. (Will Elder/Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists, students and volunteers are descending on the \u003ca title=\"Golden Gate National Recreation Area (U.S. National Park Service)\" href=\"http://www.nps.gov/goga/index.htm\">Golden Gate National Recreation Area\u003c/a> this Friday and Saturday to record as many plant and animal species as possible in 24 hours. It’s part of an event called a \u003ca title=\"BioBlitz 2014, Golden Gate National Parks, California Species Inventory Information, Facts -- National Geographic\" href=\"http://www.nationalgeographic.com/explorers/projects/bioblitz/golden-gate-california-2014/\">BioBlitz\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Geographic Society has been organizing annual BioBlitz events at national parks across the country, as a lead up to the \u003ca title=\"U.S. National Park Service - Experience Your America\" href=\"http://www.nps.gov/index.htm\">National Park Service’s \u003c/a>centennial celebration in 2016. The goal is to transform park visitors into citizen scientists, as they help to observe and count the parks’ biodiversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15862\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 346px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-15862 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Bobcat_JessicaWeinberg.jpg\" alt=\"A bobcat. (Jessica Weinberg/Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy)\" width=\"346\" height=\"231\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bobcat. (Jessica Weinberg/Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“One of the most important things for the BioBlitz is to reach out and engage the citizens that live around the park lands in a different way,” says National Park Service spokeswoman Alexandra Picavet. “Students will get a closer look at a park they may already enjoy while riding their bikes or walking their dog.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three hundred scientists will lead teams throughout the Golden Gate National Recreation Area, from Muir Woods to Fort Point and the Marin Headlands. More than 4700 volunteers are expected to take part in this year’s BioBlitz, including 1400 students from the San Francisco Unified School District. They’ll be searching for all signs of life, from microscopic bacteria to bobcats. The counting starts at noon on Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have entomologists coming from UC Davis who are going to do a lot of work in the newest part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area, and that’s\u003ca title=\"Rancho Corral de Tierra - Golden Gate National Recreation Area (U.S. National Park Service)\" href=\"http://www.nps.gov/goga/rcdt.htm\"> Rancho Corral de Tierra\u003c/a>,” says Picavet. “They’ll be looking for beetles, and for ticks, and for mosquitoes and all signs of insect life down there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15863\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15863 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Bat_JessicaWeinberg.jpg\" alt=\"(Jessica Weinberg/Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy)\" width=\"640\" height=\"422\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Jessica Weinberg/Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The citizen scientists will use a smart phone app called \u003ca title=\"INaturalist.org · A Community for Naturalists\" href=\"http://www.inaturalist.org\">iNaturalis\u003c/a>t to record, photograph and map their findings, which will be added to park service databases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evolution of technology has allowed more people to get involved with research, says Marie Studer, with the \u003ca title=\"Encyclopedia of Life - Animals - Plants - Pictures & Information\" href=\"http://eol.org/\">Encyclopedia of Life\u003c/a>, which has partnered with iNaturalist. But she says it’s not just the technology that’s fueling events like BioBlitz. It’s a growing concern about species loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People are recognizing that we’re in a biodiversity crisis,” says Studer. “It’s considered that we’re in the sixth mass extinction on the planet. We’re losing species at a very rapid rate before we’re able to recognize and catalog all that we know about.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15864\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15864\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/West-Coast-Lady_WillElder.jpg\" alt=\"A West Coast lady (Will Elder/Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A West Coast lady (Will Elder/Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The BioBlitz species counts are all booked up with volunteers. But members of the general public are welcome to attend the \u003ca title=\"BioBlitz 2014 Biodiversity Festival, Golden Gate National Parks, California Species Inventory Information, Facts -- National Geographic\" href=\"http://www.nationalgeographic.com/explorers/projects/bioblitz/golden-gate-california-2014-festival/\">Biodiversity Festival\u003c/a> at Crissy Field on Friday and Saturday, starting at 9am. The family-friendly event will include music from the Banana Slugs Band, photography workshops, and live animal demonstrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the festival wraps up on Saturday afternoon, scientists will return from the field to share stories of what they found, and present a grand tally of all the plants, animals and bacteria they were able to count during the 24-hour BioBlitz.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "New Devil's Slide Trail Opens to the Public on Thursday",
"headTitle": "New Devil’s Slide Trail Opens to the Public on Thursday | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15815\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DevilSlide-JoshC-5010-1024x682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-15815\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DevilSlide-JoshC-5010-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"The new Devil's Slide Trail replaces a treacherous stretch of Highway 1. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The new Devil’s Slide Trail replaces a treacherous stretch of Highway 1. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Drivers have long been tempted to steal a quick glimpse of the rugged Northern California coastline below Highway 1, but with the opening of the new \u003ca href=\"http://parks.smcgov.org/devils-slide-coastal-trail-project\">Devil’s Slide Trail\u003c/a> visitors will be encouraged to stop and take it all in. This Thursday, San Mateo County Parks will open the new multi-use trail to the public, giving new life to the once-treacherous stretch of highway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15813\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DevilSlide-JoshC-49681-1024x682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-15813\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DevilSlide-JoshC-49681-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"The trail features a fantastic array of wildlife and stunning views of the coast. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The trail features a fantastic array of wildlife and stunning views of the coast. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since its opening in 1937, this strip of Highway 1 was notorious for its dangerous driving conditions and susceptibility to landslides. In 2013 Caltrans completed \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/25/at-last-devils-slide-tunnels-open/\">two 4,200-foot-long tunnels\u003c/a> bypassing the worst section. That provided the opportunity to create this trail out of the unused strip of highway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15818\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DevilSlide-JoshC-5098-1024x682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-15818\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DevilSlide-JoshC-5098-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"Members of the Devil's Slide Trail Ambassador Program will work with park staff to provide safety observations and visitor information. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Members of the Devil’s Slide Trail Ambassador Program will work with park staff to provide safety observations and visitor information. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s really a fun walk,” said Don Traeger of Woodside, who was out walking his chocolate lab, Maverick. Traeger has been been a volunteer for San Mateo County Parks for over a year, and had early access to the trail. “After having driven it for so long, to finally just walk it and see all the things we miss because the road was so intense to drive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15826\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DevilSlide-JoshC-5119-1024x682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-15826\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DevilSlide-JoshC-5119-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"Don Traeger says his dog Maverick always wants to jump over the rail because it's so interesting on the other side. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Don Traeger says his dog Maverick always wants to jump over the rail because it’s so interesting on the other side. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I just can’t wait until this trail opens and I get to see people enjoying Devil’s Slide,” said Marlene Finley, the San Mateo County Parks director. “Every time I’ve been out here I find that I want to stay longer than I’ve planned. We saw whales in December; we’ve seen dolphins.” And there are peregrine falcons nesting nearby, too, she added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15814\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DevilSlide-JoshC-4996-1024x682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-15814\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DevilSlide-JoshC-4996-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"A researcher monitors nesting shorebirds from a peak above the new Devil's Slide Trail. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A researcher monitors nesting shorebirds from a peak above the new Devil’s Slide Trail. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The 1.3-mile trail is open to pedestrians, bicyclists, equestrians and dogs on leashes. It’s handicapped-accessible. There is no fee to visit and parking is available in lots at either end of the trail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15817\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 682px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DevilSlide-JoshC-5088-682x1024.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-15817\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DevilSlide-JoshC-5088-682x1024.jpg\" alt=\"A bicyclist cruises along the Devil's Slide Trail. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"682\" height=\"1024\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bicyclist cruises along the Devil’s Slide Trail. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>More information:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How to get there on \u003ca href=\"http://www.samtrans.com/schedulesandmaps/timetables/17.html\">SamTrans\u003c/a> or Pacifica’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.cityofpacifica.org/civica/filebank/blobdload.asp?BlobID=5349\">free weekend shuttle\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://parks.smcgov.org/volunteers\">Volunteer opportunities\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.devilsslidecoast.org/map/\">Interactive map \u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15815\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DevilSlide-JoshC-5010-1024x682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-15815\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DevilSlide-JoshC-5010-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"The new Devil's Slide Trail replaces a treacherous stretch of Highway 1. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The new Devil’s Slide Trail replaces a treacherous stretch of Highway 1. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Drivers have long been tempted to steal a quick glimpse of the rugged Northern California coastline below Highway 1, but with the opening of the new \u003ca href=\"http://parks.smcgov.org/devils-slide-coastal-trail-project\">Devil’s Slide Trail\u003c/a> visitors will be encouraged to stop and take it all in. This Thursday, San Mateo County Parks will open the new multi-use trail to the public, giving new life to the once-treacherous stretch of highway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15813\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DevilSlide-JoshC-49681-1024x682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-15813\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DevilSlide-JoshC-49681-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"The trail features a fantastic array of wildlife and stunning views of the coast. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The trail features a fantastic array of wildlife and stunning views of the coast. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since its opening in 1937, this strip of Highway 1 was notorious for its dangerous driving conditions and susceptibility to landslides. In 2013 Caltrans completed \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/25/at-last-devils-slide-tunnels-open/\">two 4,200-foot-long tunnels\u003c/a> bypassing the worst section. That provided the opportunity to create this trail out of the unused strip of highway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15818\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DevilSlide-JoshC-5098-1024x682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-15818\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DevilSlide-JoshC-5098-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"Members of the Devil's Slide Trail Ambassador Program will work with park staff to provide safety observations and visitor information. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Members of the Devil’s Slide Trail Ambassador Program will work with park staff to provide safety observations and visitor information. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s really a fun walk,” said Don Traeger of Woodside, who was out walking his chocolate lab, Maverick. Traeger has been been a volunteer for San Mateo County Parks for over a year, and had early access to the trail. “After having driven it for so long, to finally just walk it and see all the things we miss because the road was so intense to drive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15826\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DevilSlide-JoshC-5119-1024x682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-15826\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DevilSlide-JoshC-5119-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"Don Traeger says his dog Maverick always wants to jump over the rail because it's so interesting on the other side. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Don Traeger says his dog Maverick always wants to jump over the rail because it’s so interesting on the other side. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I just can’t wait until this trail opens and I get to see people enjoying Devil’s Slide,” said Marlene Finley, the San Mateo County Parks director. “Every time I’ve been out here I find that I want to stay longer than I’ve planned. We saw whales in December; we’ve seen dolphins.” And there are peregrine falcons nesting nearby, too, she added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15814\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DevilSlide-JoshC-4996-1024x682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-15814\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DevilSlide-JoshC-4996-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"A researcher monitors nesting shorebirds from a peak above the new Devil's Slide Trail. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A researcher monitors nesting shorebirds from a peak above the new Devil’s Slide Trail. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The 1.3-mile trail is open to pedestrians, bicyclists, equestrians and dogs on leashes. It’s handicapped-accessible. There is no fee to visit and parking is available in lots at either end of the trail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15817\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 682px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DevilSlide-JoshC-5088-682x1024.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-15817\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DevilSlide-JoshC-5088-682x1024.jpg\" alt=\"A bicyclist cruises along the Devil's Slide Trail. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"682\" height=\"1024\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bicyclist cruises along the Devil’s Slide Trail. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>More information:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How to get there on \u003ca href=\"http://www.samtrans.com/schedulesandmaps/timetables/17.html\">SamTrans\u003c/a> or Pacifica’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.cityofpacifica.org/civica/filebank/blobdload.asp?BlobID=5349\">free weekend shuttle\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://parks.smcgov.org/volunteers\">Volunteer opportunities\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.devilsslidecoast.org/map/\">Interactive map \u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "NASA Sends Fruit Flies to Space to Prep for Mars Missions",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/03/20140324science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15579\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Apollo-7-astronauts.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15579 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Apollo-7-astronauts.jpg\" alt=\"The Apollo 7 crew, from left to right: Command Module pilot, Donn F. Eisele, Commander, Walter M. Schirra Jr. and Lunar Module pilot, Walter Cunningham. (NASA)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In 1968, two members of the Apollo 7 crew developed head colds. Crankiness ensued. Crew members, from the left, are Command Module Pilot Donn Eisele, Commander Walter Schirra, Jr. and Lunar Module Pilot Walter Cunningham. (NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists at NASA’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/home/#.UyzQ_oXDX_k\">Ames Research Center\u003c/a> in Mountain View are sending fruit flies (among other creatures) up to the International Space Station, hoping to better predict some of the physical challenges that may befall astronauts when, sometime after 2030, NASA sends up the first human mission to Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA has already learned some of these lessons the hard way. For instance: Having a head cold in space is no picnic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15581\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/9400_transform-288x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-15581 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/9400_transform-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"In the first live television transmission from space, astronauts Don Eisele and Walter Schirra Jr. deliver a message to viewers. (NASA)\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the first live television transmission from space, astronauts Donn F. Eisele and Walter M. Schirra Jr. deliver a message to viewers. (NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The First Colds in Space\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1968, NASA needed some good press.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The year before had been a disaster. All three crew members of the Apollo 1 Mission had died in a cabin fire before the spaceship even launched.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If NASA was going to put a man on the moon by the end of the decade, it needed to win back public confidence in the program. And it would do so on live television during the Apollo 7 mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apollo 7 launched on October 11, 1968, with a plan to bring three astronauts safely into Earth’s orbit, and then back home again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the first time, Americans got to see what astronauts looked like floating around in zero gravity. On live television, they watched Command Module Pilot Donn Eisele, Commander Walter Schirra, Jr. and Lunar Module Pilot Walter Cunningham eat meals, bat a lens cap around the cabin and send radio reports to ground control.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Perhaps you’ve never considered the effect of zero gravity on snot?\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Wally took one Actifed,” Cunningham reported. “He feels fine; he’s just got a little stuffy nose.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cunningham and Schirra indeed had head colds, and the stuffy noses turned out not to be such a “little” thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The astronauts had trouble sleeping. They worried about their eardrums rupturing. Their interactions with ground control became testy, particularly on the subject of whether or not they would wear helmets upon reentry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A New Policy: Quarantine\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So after Apollo 7, NASA set a new policy: Astronauts would now be quarantined before each launch to make sure they’re healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the quarantine isn’t a guarantee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA astronaut \u003ca href=\"http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/barratt-mr.html\">Mike Barratt\u003c/a> caught a cold during his six-month stay on the International Space Station in 2009. “It was probably the most miserable cold I’ve ever had,” he told me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15591\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 294px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-15591 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/International_Space_Station_after_undocking_of_STS-132-1024x652.jpg\" alt=\"The International Space Station. (NASA)\" width=\"294\" height=\"188\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The International Space Station. (NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Perhaps you’ve never considered the effect of zero gravity on snot? Barratt hadn’t either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Earth, Barratt said, “where you’d have a little gravity to help you drain things, all that was absent there. Everything kind of pools where it is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Barratt invented a zero-gravity nose-blowing technique, involving swinging his body in an arc as his hands clasped a metal handrail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That move created a sort of artificial gravity, Barratt said, propelling mucus out of his head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You do what you gotta do,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Finding Work-Arounds in Zero Gravity \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans evolved with gravity. Take it away and we start looking for work-arounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of these are well known. For instance: in space, muscles atrophy, especially in the legs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From the waist up, they look strong,” Barratt said, describing how this affects humans. “From the waist down they look more like Kermit the Frog.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So astronauts spend an enormous amount of time exercising—two or three hours a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there’s the eyes. No one’s quite sure why, but over the course of a mission, some astronauts report problems with both nearsightedness and distance vision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/marshburn-th.html\">Tom Marshburn\u003c/a>, who has completed two missions to the International Space Station as a space surgeon, said he’s learned to bring multiple pairs of eyeglasses to suit his changing vision while in space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15584\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 285px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Drosophila_SingleFly.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-15584 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Drosophila_SingleFly.jpg\" alt=\"A single drosophila, or fruit fly. (Dominic Hart/NASA)\" width=\"285\" height=\"241\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A single drosophila, or fruit fly. (Dominic Hart/NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s the only solution we have right now,” Marshburn said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mars Mission Brings Higher Stakes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is minor stuff on the International Space Station, a mere two-day trip from Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But consider that by 2030, NASA wants to start sending people to Mars and back—a mission that could last five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anticipating the ensuing physical problems of such a mission is the job of scientists like \u003ca href=\"http://women.nasa.gov/sharmila-bhattacharya-2/\">Sharmila Bhattacharya\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Battacharya is a scientist at NASA’s Ames Research Center, where she runs a lab in the Space Biosciences Division.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her research focuses on fruit flies—Drosophila melanogaster—and is part of a major NASA effort to send bugs (including beetles, worms, bees and spiders) up to the International Space Station to see how space affects their biology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next week, Bhattacharya plans to travel to Florida to watch the lift-off for the first of 2014’s three scheduled fruit fly missions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15586\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 301px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/ACD14-0023-028-1024x982.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-15586 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/ACD14-0023-028-1024x982.jpg\" alt=\"Ames researchers Curran Reddy and Sharmila Bhattacharya are studying the effects of zero gravity on fruit flies' cardiovascular systems. (Dominic Hart/NASA)\" width=\"301\" height=\"288\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ames researchers Curran Reddy and Sharmila Bhattacharya are studying cardiovascular health on fruit flies in space.(Dominic Hart/NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since the demise of the NASA’s space shuttle program, the agency has relied on private contractors—specifically Tesla founder Elon Musk’s company SpaceX—to carry astronauts and science experiments to the International Space Station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bhattacharya’s launch, \u003ca href=\"http://www.spacex.com/news/2014/03/11/upcoming-mission-falcon-9-and-dragon-launching-space-station\">scheduled for March 30 or April 2\u003c/a>, will be the first effort to see how zero gravity affects the structure and function of the drosophila’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/ames/research/space-biosciences/heart-flies-spacex-3/\">cardiovascular system\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Weaker Flies, Stronger Microbes\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bhattacharya says one of the most \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3019151/\">intriguing discoveries\u003c/a> so far has to do with the flies’ white blood cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"size-medium wp-image-15586\">“There are changes in the distribution of blood cells,” says Bhattacharya. “And, of course, blood cells are critical to immune function.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the flies’ immune systems appear to become weaker in space, certain microbes—the kinds that might make a fruit fly sick—actually get stronger. Bhattacharya says it’s potentially a deadly combination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Couple increased virulence of a pathogen with the decremented immune system of the host,” she said, “and that could be a problem for long-term space flight.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Battacharya will test that theory in fruit flies on a mission next fall. She says she expects to have results by late 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA astronauts I talked to said they believe all these problems can be overcome with a little ingenuity.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\nAt some point on the mission to Mars the view of Earth will disappear, and it will be ‘just the blackness of space and stars outside the window.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But there are some challenges that cannot be researched in advance. Take, for example, the psychological challenge of humanity’s longest expedition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The View Back Home \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marshburn said when astronauts have free time on the International Space Station, they tend to congregate in the cupola, a place that offers unparalleled views of Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a huge boost to look out the window at our planet while we orbit the space station,” he said. “To see it in all its glory and its beauty.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This view is a big reason astronauts go into space in the first place. And at some point during that trip to Mars, it will disappear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the first time in our two million-plus years of existence, humans will lose that visual tether to the place we all come from. A period of time when, Marshburn said, the view will be “just the blackness of space and stars outside the window.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will be thrilling, says Marshburn. It could also be deeply disconcerting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His advice to those lucky astronauts? Stay busy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://youtu.be/8SfyE9qsG8k\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15579\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Apollo-7-astronauts.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15579 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Apollo-7-astronauts.jpg\" alt=\"The Apollo 7 crew, from left to right: Command Module pilot, Donn F. Eisele, Commander, Walter M. Schirra Jr. and Lunar Module pilot, Walter Cunningham. (NASA)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In 1968, two members of the Apollo 7 crew developed head colds. Crankiness ensued. Crew members, from the left, are Command Module Pilot Donn Eisele, Commander Walter Schirra, Jr. and Lunar Module Pilot Walter Cunningham. (NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists at NASA’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/home/#.UyzQ_oXDX_k\">Ames Research Center\u003c/a> in Mountain View are sending fruit flies (among other creatures) up to the International Space Station, hoping to better predict some of the physical challenges that may befall astronauts when, sometime after 2030, NASA sends up the first human mission to Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA has already learned some of these lessons the hard way. For instance: Having a head cold in space is no picnic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15581\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/9400_transform-288x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-15581 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/9400_transform-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"In the first live television transmission from space, astronauts Don Eisele and Walter Schirra Jr. deliver a message to viewers. (NASA)\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the first live television transmission from space, astronauts Donn F. Eisele and Walter M. Schirra Jr. deliver a message to viewers. (NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The First Colds in Space\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1968, NASA needed some good press.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The year before had been a disaster. All three crew members of the Apollo 1 Mission had died in a cabin fire before the spaceship even launched.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If NASA was going to put a man on the moon by the end of the decade, it needed to win back public confidence in the program. And it would do so on live television during the Apollo 7 mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apollo 7 launched on October 11, 1968, with a plan to bring three astronauts safely into Earth’s orbit, and then back home again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the first time, Americans got to see what astronauts looked like floating around in zero gravity. On live television, they watched Command Module Pilot Donn Eisele, Commander Walter Schirra, Jr. and Lunar Module Pilot Walter Cunningham eat meals, bat a lens cap around the cabin and send radio reports to ground control.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Perhaps you’ve never considered the effect of zero gravity on snot?\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Wally took one Actifed,” Cunningham reported. “He feels fine; he’s just got a little stuffy nose.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cunningham and Schirra indeed had head colds, and the stuffy noses turned out not to be such a “little” thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The astronauts had trouble sleeping. They worried about their eardrums rupturing. Their interactions with ground control became testy, particularly on the subject of whether or not they would wear helmets upon reentry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A New Policy: Quarantine\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So after Apollo 7, NASA set a new policy: Astronauts would now be quarantined before each launch to make sure they’re healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the quarantine isn’t a guarantee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA astronaut \u003ca href=\"http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/barratt-mr.html\">Mike Barratt\u003c/a> caught a cold during his six-month stay on the International Space Station in 2009. “It was probably the most miserable cold I’ve ever had,” he told me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15591\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 294px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-15591 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/International_Space_Station_after_undocking_of_STS-132-1024x652.jpg\" alt=\"The International Space Station. (NASA)\" width=\"294\" height=\"188\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The International Space Station. (NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Perhaps you’ve never considered the effect of zero gravity on snot? Barratt hadn’t either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Earth, Barratt said, “where you’d have a little gravity to help you drain things, all that was absent there. Everything kind of pools where it is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Barratt invented a zero-gravity nose-blowing technique, involving swinging his body in an arc as his hands clasped a metal handrail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That move created a sort of artificial gravity, Barratt said, propelling mucus out of his head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You do what you gotta do,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Finding Work-Arounds in Zero Gravity \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans evolved with gravity. Take it away and we start looking for work-arounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of these are well known. For instance: in space, muscles atrophy, especially in the legs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From the waist up, they look strong,” Barratt said, describing how this affects humans. “From the waist down they look more like Kermit the Frog.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So astronauts spend an enormous amount of time exercising—two or three hours a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there’s the eyes. No one’s quite sure why, but over the course of a mission, some astronauts report problems with both nearsightedness and distance vision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/marshburn-th.html\">Tom Marshburn\u003c/a>, who has completed two missions to the International Space Station as a space surgeon, said he’s learned to bring multiple pairs of eyeglasses to suit his changing vision while in space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15584\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 285px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Drosophila_SingleFly.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-15584 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Drosophila_SingleFly.jpg\" alt=\"A single drosophila, or fruit fly. (Dominic Hart/NASA)\" width=\"285\" height=\"241\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A single drosophila, or fruit fly. (Dominic Hart/NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s the only solution we have right now,” Marshburn said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mars Mission Brings Higher Stakes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is minor stuff on the International Space Station, a mere two-day trip from Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But consider that by 2030, NASA wants to start sending people to Mars and back—a mission that could last five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anticipating the ensuing physical problems of such a mission is the job of scientists like \u003ca href=\"http://women.nasa.gov/sharmila-bhattacharya-2/\">Sharmila Bhattacharya\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Battacharya is a scientist at NASA’s Ames Research Center, where she runs a lab in the Space Biosciences Division.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her research focuses on fruit flies—Drosophila melanogaster—and is part of a major NASA effort to send bugs (including beetles, worms, bees and spiders) up to the International Space Station to see how space affects their biology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next week, Bhattacharya plans to travel to Florida to watch the lift-off for the first of 2014’s three scheduled fruit fly missions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15586\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 301px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/ACD14-0023-028-1024x982.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-15586 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/ACD14-0023-028-1024x982.jpg\" alt=\"Ames researchers Curran Reddy and Sharmila Bhattacharya are studying the effects of zero gravity on fruit flies' cardiovascular systems. (Dominic Hart/NASA)\" width=\"301\" height=\"288\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ames researchers Curran Reddy and Sharmila Bhattacharya are studying cardiovascular health on fruit flies in space.(Dominic Hart/NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since the demise of the NASA’s space shuttle program, the agency has relied on private contractors—specifically Tesla founder Elon Musk’s company SpaceX—to carry astronauts and science experiments to the International Space Station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bhattacharya’s launch, \u003ca href=\"http://www.spacex.com/news/2014/03/11/upcoming-mission-falcon-9-and-dragon-launching-space-station\">scheduled for March 30 or April 2\u003c/a>, will be the first effort to see how zero gravity affects the structure and function of the drosophila’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/ames/research/space-biosciences/heart-flies-spacex-3/\">cardiovascular system\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Weaker Flies, Stronger Microbes\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bhattacharya says one of the most \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3019151/\">intriguing discoveries\u003c/a> so far has to do with the flies’ white blood cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"size-medium wp-image-15586\">“There are changes in the distribution of blood cells,” says Bhattacharya. “And, of course, blood cells are critical to immune function.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the flies’ immune systems appear to become weaker in space, certain microbes—the kinds that might make a fruit fly sick—actually get stronger. Bhattacharya says it’s potentially a deadly combination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Couple increased virulence of a pathogen with the decremented immune system of the host,” she said, “and that could be a problem for long-term space flight.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Battacharya will test that theory in fruit flies on a mission next fall. She says she expects to have results by late 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA astronauts I talked to said they believe all these problems can be overcome with a little ingenuity.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\nAt some point on the mission to Mars the view of Earth will disappear, and it will be ‘just the blackness of space and stars outside the window.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But there are some challenges that cannot be researched in advance. Take, for example, the psychological challenge of humanity’s longest expedition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The View Back Home \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marshburn said when astronauts have free time on the International Space Station, they tend to congregate in the cupola, a place that offers unparalleled views of Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a huge boost to look out the window at our planet while we orbit the space station,” he said. “To see it in all its glory and its beauty.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This view is a big reason astronauts go into space in the first place. And at some point during that trip to Mars, it will disappear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the first time in our two million-plus years of existence, humans will lose that visual tether to the place we all come from. A period of time when, Marshburn said, the view will be “just the blackness of space and stars outside the window.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will be thrilling, says Marshburn. It could also be deeply disconcerting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His advice to those lucky astronauts? Stay busy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "This Week's Cosmic Inflation Discovery: Five Big Questions Answered",
"headTitle": "This Week’s Cosmic Inflation Discovery: Five Big Questions Answered | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Chances are you read a headline about the Big Bang earlier this week. Perhaps you clicked to an article about it and started reading up. But you may still have some burning what-is-this-Big-Bang-news-anyway questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enter a recent episode of \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201403190900\">KQED Forum\u003c/a> that featured some bright minds in physics and astronomy. Here are some highlights from the show that answer not only what this Big Bang discovery is, but why it matters and what’s next for science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15661\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 511px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/BICEP2-1024x984.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-15661 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/BICEP2-1024x984.jpg\" alt=\"A computer keyboard, a monitor, a telescope on a table.\" width=\"511\" height=\"491\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shown here are an array of devices used to detect, gather and filter polarized light that helps prove that the universe expanded rapidly after the Big Bang.\u003cbr>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. What Did Astronomers Discover?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s been a theory floating around astronomy and theoretical circles for decades called “inflation theory.” It suggests the universe expanded at an extremely rapid rate in roughly the first trillionth of a trillionth of a trillionth of a second after the Big Bang. The discovery announced this week proves the theory true, that this “period of inflation” actually happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It not only confirms inflation, it says that the inflation was stronger than we previously expected,” said \u003ca href=\"https://physics.stanford.edu/people/faculty/leonard-susskind\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Leonard Susskind\u003c/a>, a professor of physics at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Radio astronomers stationed at the South Pole, using a high-power telescope called BICEP2, \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-082\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">announced Monday\u003c/a> that they detected the evidence of this explosive, faster-than-the-speed-of-light expansion in the form of radio waves. As \u003ca href=\"http://www.foothill.edu/ast/fraknoi.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Andrew Fraknoi\u003c/a>, chair of the Astronomy Program at Foothill College put it, they detected “the afterglow” of gravitational waves created by this rapid expansion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The afterglow “started out as a very intense and energetic radiation,” Fraknoi explained. “But as all the galaxies expanded and the universe got bigger and colder, this afterglow is now radio waves, microwaves. And these microwaves from the beginning of time are there as a kind of signal from the Big Bang.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Why Is It Such a Big Deal?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not a person of superlatives,” Susskind said. “I don’t like hype, but boy, this is a big one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fraknoi pointed out that astronomers and physicists didn’t think they had the equipment to detect the first moments of the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s really exciting here is that we’re looking at an era of precise cosmology,” Fraknoi said. “Cosmology is the study of the entire universe. It’s a mind-blowing part of astronomy where we study the properties of everything that exists. And for a long time we could make general statements about the universe—theoretical statements—but now we’re able to measure with amazing precision the characteristics of the universe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think about it. Here’s an event that happened 13.8 billion years ago. No one was there to document it. Earth itself wouldn’t come along for 9 billion years. Humans, with brains that ask questions like, “where did we come from,” wouldn’t come along for 13,798,000,000 years. And yet, we can actually know what happened? With a credible amount of certainty?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://physics.columbia.edu/people/profile/406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Brian Greene\u003c/a>, professor of physics and mathematics at Columbia University, said the discovery provides a “mathematical framework” that will allow scientists to “wind the cosmic film back.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greene said it’s important to recognize that without inflation, the Big Bang theory contained an unsolved puzzle: “It wasn’t at all clear what drove the outward swelling in the first place. One of the big contributions of the inflationary theory is that it provides an answer to that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. How Is it Possible for the Universe to Expand Faster than the Speed of Light?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Do not panic. This discovery confirming the theory of cosmic inflation does not conflict with \u003ca href=\"http://curiosity.discovery.com/question/anything-go-faster-than-light\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Einstein’s theory of special relativity\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greene said when people hear of things moving faster than the speed of light they tend to reject the notion that it’s possible. “They often say ‘But, wait! Einstein taught us that nothing goes faster than the speed of light.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What Einstein actually theorized, Greene said, was “that no object can move \u003cem>through space\u003c/em> faster than the speed of light. But nothing in his ideas prevents objects from \u003cem>riding the swell of space itself\u003c/em>, and in that way, moving apart faster than the speed of light.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Susskind elaborated, if the entirety of space is being swept away from you like the tide going out, then “then ripples on space very, very far away from you can appear to be going faster than the speed of light” because all of space is being swept along with the tide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And, no,” Susskind said, “there is no conflict about things very, very far away from you moving away from you faster than the speed of light. There would be a conflict if we saw a light ray going right by our nose faster than the speed of light.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. \u003cstrong>What Does this Discovery Say about the Multiverse?\u003c/strong> Does it Prove String Theory?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Slow down a little bit here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To take the leap and to try to use this as something that confirms\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/kYAdwS5MFjQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> string theory\u003c/a>, that is jumping off the deep end,” Greene said. “That would be jumping the gun. By a huge amount.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when asked whether proof of rapid expansion occurring after the Big Bang offers clues about whether ours is the only universe, or whether there are multiple universes, an idea known as the \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/03/140318-multiverse-inflation-big-bang-science-space/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">multiverse\u003c/a>, Leonard Susskind was more optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s something going on in that data that’s not so easy to see. And what it’s suggesting is—it’s a vague suggestion—what it’s suggesting is that there’s an event that took place even before inflation. Even before this trillionth of a trillionth of a trillionth of a second,” said Susskind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Susskind what’s going on in that data looks consistent with what is called “‘bubble nucleation’ – the creation of the universe out of a multiverse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But given the decades of research likely needed to prove that, Susskind cautioned against the leap: “We don’t know, we can’t tell. That may be stretching a point a little bit too far.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. Where Does Science Go from Here?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Greene, the proof of inflation is powerful in part because it allows theorists and experimentalists to refocus their work. He pointed out that inflation is an umbrella concept similar to democracy that can be constructed in many different ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Inflation is a paradigm that suggests that the universe underwent incredibly rapid stretching in its earliest moments,” he said, “but there are many detailed theories that differ in the way they implement the paradigm.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we can begin to do with this data is to winnow down the versions of the inflationary paradigm that are worth still considering, Greene continued. “That allows us to really home in on our equations and our ideas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Susskind said one area he’d like to see explored is the curvature of space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data gathered by \u003ca href=\"https://physics.stanford.edu/people/faculty/chao-lin-kuo\">Chao-Lin Kuo\u003c/a> and his collaborators “adds a little bit of weight to the idea that we can detect the curvature of space,” said Susskind. “That would be huge. This experiment doesn’t do it, but I think it adds to the fuel that we should go out and try to measure the curvature of space.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fraknoi said it’s too early to predict the practical implications of the data but he’s optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every time we have looked at these fundamental rules of how the universe works,” Fraknoi said, “all kinds of amazing applications have come.” He cited Global Positioning Systems, or GPS, as one such application. “As we uncover these rules, and these behaviors about the universe, amazing things may flow from them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can listen to Forum’s complete discussion of the topic below:\u003cbr>\n[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/140409733″ params=”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_artwork=true” width=”100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true” /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Chances are you read a headline about the Big Bang earlier this week. Perhaps you clicked to an article about it and started reading up. But you may still have some burning what-is-this-Big-Bang-news-anyway questions.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Chances are you read a headline about the Big Bang earlier this week. Perhaps you clicked to an article about it and started reading up. But you may still have some burning what-is-this-Big-Bang-news-anyway questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enter a recent episode of \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201403190900\">KQED Forum\u003c/a> that featured some bright minds in physics and astronomy. Here are some highlights from the show that answer not only what this Big Bang discovery is, but why it matters and what’s next for science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15661\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 511px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/BICEP2-1024x984.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-15661 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/BICEP2-1024x984.jpg\" alt=\"A computer keyboard, a monitor, a telescope on a table.\" width=\"511\" height=\"491\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shown here are an array of devices used to detect, gather and filter polarized light that helps prove that the universe expanded rapidly after the Big Bang.\u003cbr>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. What Did Astronomers Discover?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s been a theory floating around astronomy and theoretical circles for decades called “inflation theory.” It suggests the universe expanded at an extremely rapid rate in roughly the first trillionth of a trillionth of a trillionth of a second after the Big Bang. The discovery announced this week proves the theory true, that this “period of inflation” actually happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It not only confirms inflation, it says that the inflation was stronger than we previously expected,” said \u003ca href=\"https://physics.stanford.edu/people/faculty/leonard-susskind\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Leonard Susskind\u003c/a>, a professor of physics at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Radio astronomers stationed at the South Pole, using a high-power telescope called BICEP2, \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-082\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">announced Monday\u003c/a> that they detected the evidence of this explosive, faster-than-the-speed-of-light expansion in the form of radio waves. As \u003ca href=\"http://www.foothill.edu/ast/fraknoi.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Andrew Fraknoi\u003c/a>, chair of the Astronomy Program at Foothill College put it, they detected “the afterglow” of gravitational waves created by this rapid expansion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The afterglow “started out as a very intense and energetic radiation,” Fraknoi explained. “But as all the galaxies expanded and the universe got bigger and colder, this afterglow is now radio waves, microwaves. And these microwaves from the beginning of time are there as a kind of signal from the Big Bang.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Why Is It Such a Big Deal?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not a person of superlatives,” Susskind said. “I don’t like hype, but boy, this is a big one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fraknoi pointed out that astronomers and physicists didn’t think they had the equipment to detect the first moments of the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s really exciting here is that we’re looking at an era of precise cosmology,” Fraknoi said. “Cosmology is the study of the entire universe. It’s a mind-blowing part of astronomy where we study the properties of everything that exists. And for a long time we could make general statements about the universe—theoretical statements—but now we’re able to measure with amazing precision the characteristics of the universe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think about it. Here’s an event that happened 13.8 billion years ago. No one was there to document it. Earth itself wouldn’t come along for 9 billion years. Humans, with brains that ask questions like, “where did we come from,” wouldn’t come along for 13,798,000,000 years. And yet, we can actually know what happened? With a credible amount of certainty?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://physics.columbia.edu/people/profile/406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Brian Greene\u003c/a>, professor of physics and mathematics at Columbia University, said the discovery provides a “mathematical framework” that will allow scientists to “wind the cosmic film back.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greene said it’s important to recognize that without inflation, the Big Bang theory contained an unsolved puzzle: “It wasn’t at all clear what drove the outward swelling in the first place. One of the big contributions of the inflationary theory is that it provides an answer to that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. How Is it Possible for the Universe to Expand Faster than the Speed of Light?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Do not panic. This discovery confirming the theory of cosmic inflation does not conflict with \u003ca href=\"http://curiosity.discovery.com/question/anything-go-faster-than-light\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Einstein’s theory of special relativity\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greene said when people hear of things moving faster than the speed of light they tend to reject the notion that it’s possible. “They often say ‘But, wait! Einstein taught us that nothing goes faster than the speed of light.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What Einstein actually theorized, Greene said, was “that no object can move \u003cem>through space\u003c/em> faster than the speed of light. But nothing in his ideas prevents objects from \u003cem>riding the swell of space itself\u003c/em>, and in that way, moving apart faster than the speed of light.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Susskind elaborated, if the entirety of space is being swept away from you like the tide going out, then “then ripples on space very, very far away from you can appear to be going faster than the speed of light” because all of space is being swept along with the tide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And, no,” Susskind said, “there is no conflict about things very, very far away from you moving away from you faster than the speed of light. There would be a conflict if we saw a light ray going right by our nose faster than the speed of light.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. \u003cstrong>What Does this Discovery Say about the Multiverse?\u003c/strong> Does it Prove String Theory?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Slow down a little bit here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To take the leap and to try to use this as something that confirms\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/kYAdwS5MFjQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> string theory\u003c/a>, that is jumping off the deep end,” Greene said. “That would be jumping the gun. By a huge amount.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when asked whether proof of rapid expansion occurring after the Big Bang offers clues about whether ours is the only universe, or whether there are multiple universes, an idea known as the \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/03/140318-multiverse-inflation-big-bang-science-space/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">multiverse\u003c/a>, Leonard Susskind was more optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s something going on in that data that’s not so easy to see. And what it’s suggesting is—it’s a vague suggestion—what it’s suggesting is that there’s an event that took place even before inflation. Even before this trillionth of a trillionth of a trillionth of a second,” said Susskind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Susskind what’s going on in that data looks consistent with what is called “‘bubble nucleation’ – the creation of the universe out of a multiverse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But given the decades of research likely needed to prove that, Susskind cautioned against the leap: “We don’t know, we can’t tell. That may be stretching a point a little bit too far.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. Where Does Science Go from Here?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Greene, the proof of inflation is powerful in part because it allows theorists and experimentalists to refocus their work. He pointed out that inflation is an umbrella concept similar to democracy that can be constructed in many different ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Inflation is a paradigm that suggests that the universe underwent incredibly rapid stretching in its earliest moments,” he said, “but there are many detailed theories that differ in the way they implement the paradigm.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we can begin to do with this data is to winnow down the versions of the inflationary paradigm that are worth still considering, Greene continued. “That allows us to really home in on our equations and our ideas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Susskind said one area he’d like to see explored is the curvature of space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data gathered by \u003ca href=\"https://physics.stanford.edu/people/faculty/chao-lin-kuo\">Chao-Lin Kuo\u003c/a> and his collaborators “adds a little bit of weight to the idea that we can detect the curvature of space,” said Susskind. “That would be huge. This experiment doesn’t do it, but I think it adds to the fuel that we should go out and try to measure the curvature of space.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fraknoi said it’s too early to predict the practical implications of the data but he’s optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every time we have looked at these fundamental rules of how the universe works,” Fraknoi said, “all kinds of amazing applications have come.” He cited Global Positioning Systems, or GPS, as one such application. “As we uncover these rules, and these behaviors about the universe, amazing things may flow from them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can listen to Forum’s complete discussion of the topic below:\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”166″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/140409733″&visual=true&”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_artwork=true”'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/140409733″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15537\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15537\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/5647867669_916b214f92_b-e1395333551140.jpg\" alt=\"By studying sea lions suffering from epilepsy, we may learn more about seizures in humans. (lowjumpingfrog/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">By studying sea lions suffering from epilepsy, scientists may learn more about seizures in humans. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/jenorton/5647867669/\">lowjumpingfrog/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some sea lions suffer from a form of epilepsy that bears a striking resemblance to epilepsy in humans. That insight could help scientists develop treatments and eventually find a cure for \u003ca href=\"http://www.epilepsyfoundation.org/aboutepilepsy/syndromes/temporallobeepilepsy.cfm\">temporal lobe epilepsy\u003c/a>, one of the most common forms that people get.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California sea lions can get seizures and eventually develop epilepsy when they’re exposed to \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/science/top-research-projects/domoic-acid-toxicity.html\">domoic acid\u003c/a>, a toxin produced by some algae blooms. The Marine Mammal Center in Marin County treats sea lions suffering from seizures, but in some cases has to euthanize them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I talked with Dr. Paul Buckmaster, a neurologist at Stanford University who’s studying the sea lions at the Marine Mammal Center. This is an edited version of our conversation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why is this comparison with people important? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We’re still trying to understand what causes seizures in people with temporal lobe epilepsy.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It’s important for the sea lions because it gives us a better understanding of what’s causing their epilepsy as well as the behavioral problems they show after being exposed to the toxin. Those problems are so severe that those animals will suffer if they’re released—they will starve to death. Now, they’re being euthanized—in a way, to prevent their suffering. It’s a really serious problem for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s important for people because we’re still trying to understand what causes seizures in people with temporal lobe epilepsy. One of the main ways we study that is by studying mice and rats, but the brain damage in mice and rats is not as similar to people as the brain damage in sea lions. So we might be able to learn more about human temporal lobe epilepsy by studying the sea lions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are the next steps in your research?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the areas that we’re working on now is to widen our view. Instead of just focusing on one part of the brain—the part that’s most damaged in sea lions and in humans—we’re looking at other parts of the brain as well. We might get some clues because we can get better images of the brains of sea lions than we can of people anatomically. We’re able to preserve the tissue better. We can also use additional stains and look at more areas of the brain than we can in people with temporal lobe epilepsy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we find some parts that might be damaged in sea lions that haven’t been recognized in people yet, we can direct the clinicians towards those areas, and say, “Look in these spots as well. See if you can find anything using non-invasive imaging techniques.” We might find some additional areas that are damaged that might be important and contribute to the seizures that people have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Are there any connections between domoic acid and epilepsy in humans?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In humans, there was an outbreak in the late ’80s when a bunch of people ate this toxin because it was in the shellfish they were eating. This was in the Montreal area, and the mussels came from Prince Edward Island where they were cultivated. A lot of people became sick. They had gastrointestinal symptoms. Some of the more severe cases also had seizures and memory loss. In some cases, that memory loss was permanent. They couldn’t make new memories after that. One of those patients who had the severe symptoms later developed epilepsy. So it’s possible for people to develop epilepsy if they eat this poison. But now seafood that’s available in restaurants and seafood stores is screened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is there a possible treatment for the sea lions?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, there’s not. That’s what’s really frustrating about this. In people, if they had developed epilepsy after eating the toxin, you would prescribe them anticonvulsant drugs. Then, they could take those on a daily basis to help control their seizures. We can’t do that with sea lions. The sea lions are wild animals. They are only at the Marine Mammal Center for treatment and rehabilitation, and then they must be released. There’s no way for them to continue treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How are different populations of sea lions and other animals affected?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Algae has population explosions called algal blooms. There are general trends, but they’re harder to predict on a finer timescale. They occur in focal areas along the coast, and if a sea lion is in the wrong place at the wrong time, they can be exposed and become intoxicated from the algae-made domoic acid. Other species are affected as well, not just sea lions. This was reported to cause a bunch of birds to die. Early on that was reported in the Santa Cruz area, there were brown pelicans and cormorants that were affected from the toxin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also suspected — and there are some anecdotal reports — of it killing dolphins and possibly whales. In those cases and others as well, if the animal is affected but it just dies and sinks to the bottom of the ocean, no one might recognize it. With the sea lions, in many cases, they’re able to get to the shore where they’re found having seizures. Part of the reason it might seem more common in sea lions, it’s just recognized more frequently in sea lions because they’re abundant and they tend to end up in places where people will find them.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15537\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15537\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/5647867669_916b214f92_b-e1395333551140.jpg\" alt=\"By studying sea lions suffering from epilepsy, we may learn more about seizures in humans. (lowjumpingfrog/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">By studying sea lions suffering from epilepsy, scientists may learn more about seizures in humans. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/jenorton/5647867669/\">lowjumpingfrog/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some sea lions suffer from a form of epilepsy that bears a striking resemblance to epilepsy in humans. That insight could help scientists develop treatments and eventually find a cure for \u003ca href=\"http://www.epilepsyfoundation.org/aboutepilepsy/syndromes/temporallobeepilepsy.cfm\">temporal lobe epilepsy\u003c/a>, one of the most common forms that people get.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California sea lions can get seizures and eventually develop epilepsy when they’re exposed to \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/science/top-research-projects/domoic-acid-toxicity.html\">domoic acid\u003c/a>, a toxin produced by some algae blooms. The Marine Mammal Center in Marin County treats sea lions suffering from seizures, but in some cases has to euthanize them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I talked with Dr. Paul Buckmaster, a neurologist at Stanford University who’s studying the sea lions at the Marine Mammal Center. This is an edited version of our conversation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why is this comparison with people important? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We’re still trying to understand what causes seizures in people with temporal lobe epilepsy.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It’s important for the sea lions because it gives us a better understanding of what’s causing their epilepsy as well as the behavioral problems they show after being exposed to the toxin. Those problems are so severe that those animals will suffer if they’re released—they will starve to death. Now, they’re being euthanized—in a way, to prevent their suffering. It’s a really serious problem for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s important for people because we’re still trying to understand what causes seizures in people with temporal lobe epilepsy. One of the main ways we study that is by studying mice and rats, but the brain damage in mice and rats is not as similar to people as the brain damage in sea lions. So we might be able to learn more about human temporal lobe epilepsy by studying the sea lions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are the next steps in your research?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the areas that we’re working on now is to widen our view. Instead of just focusing on one part of the brain—the part that’s most damaged in sea lions and in humans—we’re looking at other parts of the brain as well. We might get some clues because we can get better images of the brains of sea lions than we can of people anatomically. We’re able to preserve the tissue better. We can also use additional stains and look at more areas of the brain than we can in people with temporal lobe epilepsy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we find some parts that might be damaged in sea lions that haven’t been recognized in people yet, we can direct the clinicians towards those areas, and say, “Look in these spots as well. See if you can find anything using non-invasive imaging techniques.” We might find some additional areas that are damaged that might be important and contribute to the seizures that people have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Are there any connections between domoic acid and epilepsy in humans?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In humans, there was an outbreak in the late ’80s when a bunch of people ate this toxin because it was in the shellfish they were eating. This was in the Montreal area, and the mussels came from Prince Edward Island where they were cultivated. A lot of people became sick. They had gastrointestinal symptoms. Some of the more severe cases also had seizures and memory loss. In some cases, that memory loss was permanent. They couldn’t make new memories after that. One of those patients who had the severe symptoms later developed epilepsy. So it’s possible for people to develop epilepsy if they eat this poison. But now seafood that’s available in restaurants and seafood stores is screened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is there a possible treatment for the sea lions?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, there’s not. That’s what’s really frustrating about this. In people, if they had developed epilepsy after eating the toxin, you would prescribe them anticonvulsant drugs. Then, they could take those on a daily basis to help control their seizures. We can’t do that with sea lions. The sea lions are wild animals. They are only at the Marine Mammal Center for treatment and rehabilitation, and then they must be released. There’s no way for them to continue treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How are different populations of sea lions and other animals affected?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Algae has population explosions called algal blooms. There are general trends, but they’re harder to predict on a finer timescale. They occur in focal areas along the coast, and if a sea lion is in the wrong place at the wrong time, they can be exposed and become intoxicated from the algae-made domoic acid. Other species are affected as well, not just sea lions. This was reported to cause a bunch of birds to die. Early on that was reported in the Santa Cruz area, there were brown pelicans and cormorants that were affected from the toxin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also suspected — and there are some anecdotal reports — of it killing dolphins and possibly whales. In those cases and others as well, if the animal is affected but it just dies and sinks to the bottom of the ocean, no one might recognize it. With the sea lions, in many cases, they’re able to get to the shore where they’re found having seizures. Part of the reason it might seem more common in sea lions, it’s just recognized more frequently in sea lions because they’re abundant and they tend to end up in places where people will find them.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Stanford University has released a video of three of its researchers sharing champagne and getting a little emotional.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZlfIVEy_YOA\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Physicist Chao-Lin Kuo is part of a team that announced Monday it’s found evidence to support inflation, a theory his colleague Andre Linde has also worked on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s why, if you’re the type to be moved by major scientific discoveries about the origins of our Universe, you may also get a little misty-eyed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15453\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15453\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/RS9350_RS9329_BICEP2-Twilig.jpg\" alt=\"The BICEP2 telescope at twilight in the South Pole. (Steffen Richter) \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The BICEP2 telescope at twilight in the South Pole. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.vagabondpix.com/\">Steffen Richter\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In one of the first tiny fractions of an instant after the Big Bang, the Universe expanded explosively, faster than the speed of light. That exponential expansion of, well, everything, is described by the theory of inflation. And while that theory has been in use for a while, Monday’s announcement may confirm it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What they found — though this has yet to be verified by other scientists — is evidence of gravitational waves, which I’ll let \u003ca href=\"http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2014/03/17/evidence_of_inflation_astronomers_detect_gravitational_waves_from_the_early.html\">Slate’s Bad Astronomer blog\u003c/a> explain:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>These are literally small expansions and contractions of space itself, like a wave traveling down a Slinky. We know these exist—we see their effects in astronomy, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSR_B1913+16\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">and two astronomers won a Nobel Prize in 1993 for finding an example of gravitational waves\u003c/a>—but seeing them coming from the inflationary period of the Universe is incredibly difficult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We don’t see the waves themselves, but we can detect the effect they had on light coming from the early Universe.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>If you feel like you need more caffeine in order to understand this, may I direct you to this New York Times graphic, which \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/18/science/space/detection-of-waves-in-space-buttresses-landmark-theory-of-big-bang.html?_r=0\">explains inflation and the questions it answers\u003c/a> by comparing it to a bunch of cups and a big central pot of coffee. (The article has great context and background, too.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inflation is important because it fixes some holes in the Big Bang Theory. Until today, there was a theoretical basis to it, but not observational, as \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/13.7/2014/03/17/290862157/a-new-window-on-the-big-bang-has-been-opened\">NPR’s 13.7 blog\u003c/a> explains:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>But inflation was a contentious idea from start. No one had a firm handle on what the universe was like at such a ridiculously early point in time. The densities and temperatures of cosmic matter were so high that its physics could only be drawn in outlines. While inflation cured many problems for cosmologists, it seemed to lots of researchers like wishful thinking written in advanced math.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Today’s announcement fixes that. And it may do more. As the Guardian says, this discovery could also \u003ca href=\"http://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/mar/17/primordial-gravitational-wave-discovery-physics-bicep\">help link quantum mechanics and general relativity\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Despite almost a century of effort, the world’s physicists have not been able to show how these theories work together. The primordial gravitational waves that produced the signal seen by Bicep2 were produced in interactions that took place at a trillion times the energies that can be produced in the Large Hadron Collider at Cern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is like turning the whole universe into a particle physics experiment,” said Hiranya Peiris, a cosmologist from University College London.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/CMB/bicep2/science.html\">BICEP2\u003c/a>, which the Guardian article references, is a telescope at the South Pole scientists used to search the cosmic background radiation for the gravitational waves.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Stanford University has released a video of three of its researchers sharing champagne and getting a little emotional.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/ZlfIVEy_YOA'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/ZlfIVEy_YOA'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Physicist Chao-Lin Kuo is part of a team that announced Monday it’s found evidence to support inflation, a theory his colleague Andre Linde has also worked on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s why, if you’re the type to be moved by major scientific discoveries about the origins of our Universe, you may also get a little misty-eyed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15453\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15453\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/RS9350_RS9329_BICEP2-Twilig.jpg\" alt=\"The BICEP2 telescope at twilight in the South Pole. (Steffen Richter) \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The BICEP2 telescope at twilight in the South Pole. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.vagabondpix.com/\">Steffen Richter\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In one of the first tiny fractions of an instant after the Big Bang, the Universe expanded explosively, faster than the speed of light. That exponential expansion of, well, everything, is described by the theory of inflation. And while that theory has been in use for a while, Monday’s announcement may confirm it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What they found — though this has yet to be verified by other scientists — is evidence of gravitational waves, which I’ll let \u003ca href=\"http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2014/03/17/evidence_of_inflation_astronomers_detect_gravitational_waves_from_the_early.html\">Slate’s Bad Astronomer blog\u003c/a> explain:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>These are literally small expansions and contractions of space itself, like a wave traveling down a Slinky. We know these exist—we see their effects in astronomy, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSR_B1913+16\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">and two astronomers won a Nobel Prize in 1993 for finding an example of gravitational waves\u003c/a>—but seeing them coming from the inflationary period of the Universe is incredibly difficult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We don’t see the waves themselves, but we can detect the effect they had on light coming from the early Universe.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>If you feel like you need more caffeine in order to understand this, may I direct you to this New York Times graphic, which \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/18/science/space/detection-of-waves-in-space-buttresses-landmark-theory-of-big-bang.html?_r=0\">explains inflation and the questions it answers\u003c/a> by comparing it to a bunch of cups and a big central pot of coffee. (The article has great context and background, too.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inflation is important because it fixes some holes in the Big Bang Theory. Until today, there was a theoretical basis to it, but not observational, as \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/13.7/2014/03/17/290862157/a-new-window-on-the-big-bang-has-been-opened\">NPR’s 13.7 blog\u003c/a> explains:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>But inflation was a contentious idea from start. No one had a firm handle on what the universe was like at such a ridiculously early point in time. The densities and temperatures of cosmic matter were so high that its physics could only be drawn in outlines. While inflation cured many problems for cosmologists, it seemed to lots of researchers like wishful thinking written in advanced math.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Today’s announcement fixes that. And it may do more. As the Guardian says, this discovery could also \u003ca href=\"http://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/mar/17/primordial-gravitational-wave-discovery-physics-bicep\">help link quantum mechanics and general relativity\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Despite almost a century of effort, the world’s physicists have not been able to show how these theories work together. The primordial gravitational waves that produced the signal seen by Bicep2 were produced in interactions that took place at a trillion times the energies that can be produced in the Large Hadron Collider at Cern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is like turning the whole universe into a particle physics experiment,” said Hiranya Peiris, a cosmologist from University College London.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/CMB/bicep2/science.html\">BICEP2\u003c/a>, which the Guardian article references, is a telescope at the South Pole scientists used to search the cosmic background radiation for the gravitational waves.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"headTitle": "Debate Heats Up Over Proposal to Ban Orcas in Captivity | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15392\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/orca-and-trainr-seaworld-orlando-Milan-BOers-flickr.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-15392\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15392 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/orca-and-trainr-seaworld-orlando-Milan-BOers-flickr.jpg\" alt=\"An orca at Seaworld in Orlando, FL jumps out of the water\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An orca at SeaWorld’s park in Orlando, Florida, jumps out of the water. There are currently 10 orcas living in captivity in California, according to Assemblyman Richard Bloom’s office.\u003cbr>(\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/26234859@N07/3507419212/in/photolist-6kWrx3-6sYNnT-htufVb-htudpu-htuwHy-8wCfYF-fEAiCH-fESTFS-aYw2kp-aYw1ne-hp5R1f\">Milan Boers/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>State Assemblyman Richard Bloom (D-Santa Monica) is determined to end the use of orcas for water shows in California, where the whales jump through hoops, for example, or carry trainers on their backs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bloom has just introduced legislation that would ban people from keeping orcas in captivity for entertainment purposes, while still allowing research with the animals. The bill also bans the breeding of the whales in captivity and requires that orcas currently held for entertainment purposes be returned to the wild if possible, or to a sea pen when not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://seaworldparks.com/en/seaworld-sandiego/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SeaWorld\u003c/a>, a major player in the marine animal park industry with parks in San Diego and Orlando, Florida, is readying for a battle over the proposal. The water park recently hired a lobbyist and issued a written statement decrying Bloom’s bill. The statement argues the bill is being pushed by “extreme animal activists” some of whom “partnered with PETA in bringing the meritless claim that animals in human care should be considered slaves under the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution — a clear publicity stunt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The statement asserted that SeaWorld engages in “business practices that are responsible, sustainable and reflective of the balanced values all Americans share.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s morning talk show \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/radio/programs/forum/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Forum\u003c/a> recently \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201403130930\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">provided a preview\u003c/a> of the debate, in a program featuring Dave Phillips, executive director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.earthisland.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Earth Island Institute\u003c/a> and Billy Hurley, past president of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ammpa.org/about.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alliance of Marine Mammal Parks and Aquariums\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phillips and Hurley disagreed both about the treatment whales receive in parks like SeaWorld, and about the scientific benefits of having orcas in captivity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both guests acknowledged that observing the animals in the wild is necessary for scientific research, and Hurley went on to say that interacting with the whales in captivity allows for a deeper understanding of the animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we learn in the wild is how [orcas] do what they do,” Hurley said. “What we do with the animals in our care is find out the actual ways they do what they do — things like hearing, nutrition, thermoregulation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assembly Bill 2140 does allow orcas to be “held for rehabilitation after a rescue or stranding, or for research purposes” with the provision that the whales shall be “returned to the wild whenever possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the central questions in the debate is whether it’s necessary to use orcas in performance in order to educate people about the whales and bring in adequate funding to provide for their care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phillips pointed to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.montereybayaquarium.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Monterey Bay Aquarium\u003c/a> as proof that parks and aquariums can be successful without having orcas in captivity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The evolution of these parks and the evolution of zoos and aquariums is in the direction of non-performance,” he said. “[The Monterey Bay Aquarium] had to confront the paradigm that said ‘You can’t make this successful without having orcas and without having dolphins.’ And they said, ‘That’s not correct.’ They actually have no performances, no cetaceans, and there are people lined up out the door. They’re making huge amounts of revenue from a non-captive environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bloom’s legislation would also require that orcas previously held for entertainment purposes be “rehabilitated and returned to the wild where possible” and moved to a sea pen when release is not an option. Though some may interpret this as an eventual death knell for parks like SeaWorld, the Earth Island Institute’s Phillips said that doesn’t have to be the case. He cited the millions of people who visited the Oregon Coast Aquarium to witness the rehabilitation efforts of Keiko, the whale who played Willy in “Free Willy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marine Mammal Parks past president Hurley, however, said the sea pen is a false promise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very easy for some of the extremists to say things like, ‘Oh, if we had a sanctuary, if we had a sea pen, it would just be so much different.’ And the reality is that if you had a sea pen, you would still need veterinary care, you would still need qualified people to take care of the animals, you would still need to be careful about those types of environmental changes that could occur while the animals were in those conditions. The list goes on and on. And when you end up describing, most importantly, the need to fund such an endeavor, you end up describing a SeaWorld.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill will likely be introduced into the \u003ca href=\"http://awpw.assembly.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Assembly Water, Parks and Wildlife\u003c/a> committee next month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can listen to the complete Forum discussion here:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/139423096&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_artwork=true\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15392\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/orca-and-trainr-seaworld-orlando-Milan-BOers-flickr.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-15392\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15392 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/orca-and-trainr-seaworld-orlando-Milan-BOers-flickr.jpg\" alt=\"An orca at Seaworld in Orlando, FL jumps out of the water\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An orca at SeaWorld’s park in Orlando, Florida, jumps out of the water. There are currently 10 orcas living in captivity in California, according to Assemblyman Richard Bloom’s office.\u003cbr>(\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/26234859@N07/3507419212/in/photolist-6kWrx3-6sYNnT-htufVb-htudpu-htuwHy-8wCfYF-fEAiCH-fESTFS-aYw2kp-aYw1ne-hp5R1f\">Milan Boers/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>State Assemblyman Richard Bloom (D-Santa Monica) is determined to end the use of orcas for water shows in California, where the whales jump through hoops, for example, or carry trainers on their backs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bloom has just introduced legislation that would ban people from keeping orcas in captivity for entertainment purposes, while still allowing research with the animals. The bill also bans the breeding of the whales in captivity and requires that orcas currently held for entertainment purposes be returned to the wild if possible, or to a sea pen when not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://seaworldparks.com/en/seaworld-sandiego/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SeaWorld\u003c/a>, a major player in the marine animal park industry with parks in San Diego and Orlando, Florida, is readying for a battle over the proposal. The water park recently hired a lobbyist and issued a written statement decrying Bloom’s bill. The statement argues the bill is being pushed by “extreme animal activists” some of whom “partnered with PETA in bringing the meritless claim that animals in human care should be considered slaves under the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution — a clear publicity stunt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The statement asserted that SeaWorld engages in “business practices that are responsible, sustainable and reflective of the balanced values all Americans share.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s morning talk show \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/radio/programs/forum/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Forum\u003c/a> recently \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201403130930\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">provided a preview\u003c/a> of the debate, in a program featuring Dave Phillips, executive director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.earthisland.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Earth Island Institute\u003c/a> and Billy Hurley, past president of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ammpa.org/about.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alliance of Marine Mammal Parks and Aquariums\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phillips and Hurley disagreed both about the treatment whales receive in parks like SeaWorld, and about the scientific benefits of having orcas in captivity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both guests acknowledged that observing the animals in the wild is necessary for scientific research, and Hurley went on to say that interacting with the whales in captivity allows for a deeper understanding of the animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we learn in the wild is how [orcas] do what they do,” Hurley said. “What we do with the animals in our care is find out the actual ways they do what they do — things like hearing, nutrition, thermoregulation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assembly Bill 2140 does allow orcas to be “held for rehabilitation after a rescue or stranding, or for research purposes” with the provision that the whales shall be “returned to the wild whenever possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the central questions in the debate is whether it’s necessary to use orcas in performance in order to educate people about the whales and bring in adequate funding to provide for their care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phillips pointed to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.montereybayaquarium.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Monterey Bay Aquarium\u003c/a> as proof that parks and aquariums can be successful without having orcas in captivity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The evolution of these parks and the evolution of zoos and aquariums is in the direction of non-performance,” he said. “[The Monterey Bay Aquarium] had to confront the paradigm that said ‘You can’t make this successful without having orcas and without having dolphins.’ And they said, ‘That’s not correct.’ They actually have no performances, no cetaceans, and there are people lined up out the door. They’re making huge amounts of revenue from a non-captive environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bloom’s legislation would also require that orcas previously held for entertainment purposes be “rehabilitated and returned to the wild where possible” and moved to a sea pen when release is not an option. Though some may interpret this as an eventual death knell for parks like SeaWorld, the Earth Island Institute’s Phillips said that doesn’t have to be the case. He cited the millions of people who visited the Oregon Coast Aquarium to witness the rehabilitation efforts of Keiko, the whale who played Willy in “Free Willy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marine Mammal Parks past president Hurley, however, said the sea pen is a false promise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very easy for some of the extremists to say things like, ‘Oh, if we had a sanctuary, if we had a sea pen, it would just be so much different.’ And the reality is that if you had a sea pen, you would still need veterinary care, you would still need qualified people to take care of the animals, you would still need to be careful about those types of environmental changes that could occur while the animals were in those conditions. The list goes on and on. And when you end up describing, most importantly, the need to fund such an endeavor, you end up describing a SeaWorld.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill will likely be introduced into the \u003ca href=\"http://awpw.assembly.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Assembly Water, Parks and Wildlife\u003c/a> committee next month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can listen to the complete Forum discussion here:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/139423096&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_artwork=true\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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