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"content": "\u003cp>California’s relentless four-year drought has had some unexpected consequences. It’s uncovered lost bits of history — ancient petroglyphs and remnants of mining towns at the bottom of reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in the canyons of the Sierra foothills, the legendary rapids of the Stanislaus River are back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Stanislaus feeds New Melones Reservoir, about 80 miles east of the Bay Area — except that lately it hasn’t been feeding it much. The reservoir, which holds water for the federally operated Central Valley Project, has dropped to just over 10 percent of capacity. It’s receded so much that some of it has reverted to flowing river, exposing rapids that disappeared when the Army Corps of Engineers erected a \u003ca href=\"http://www.usbr.gov/projects/Project.jsp?proj_Name=New+Melones+Unit+Project\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">600-foot-high dam\u003c/a>, nearly 40 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Look above us now,” Mark Dubois called out from the stern of a yellow inflatable raft. “Look downstream, you can see 40 feet above our heads would be reservoir in full season.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio//2015/10/StanislausDubois.mp3\u003cbr>\nhttps://youtu.be/eanN_RJSdOs\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Dubois started running this river as a teenager. Now in his mid-60s, his bearded, 6-foot-8 presence is still bigger than life. He became world famous briefly in 1979, when he took a bold — some would say, reckless — stand to save this stretch of river from being submerged by the new dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve been groping all those years and every year since to describe the magic of every square foot of this river and what it does to people’s lives,” he says, “and I still have no words for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in 1979, when Dubois was 30 years old, he did have a kind of epiphany. After \u003ca href=\"http://www.friendsoftheriver.org/site/PageServer?pagename=SpiritoftheStan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">years of protests and political action\u003c/a>, it looked like he and his fellow activists had run out of options for stopping the canyon’s inundation, and the new, expanded reservoir was about to be filled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_287787\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/IMG_3577.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-287787 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/IMG_3577-800x600.jpg\" alt='Four years of drought have exposed standing forests that were underwater and \"bathtub rings\" that mark previous levels of the New Melones reservoir.' width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/IMG_3577-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/IMG_3577-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/IMG_3577-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/IMG_3577-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/IMG_3577-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/IMG_3577-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Four years of drought have exposed standing forests that were underwater and “bathtub rings” that mark previous levels of the New Melones reservoir. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“In that moment I had no idea what I was going to do,” he says, “but I knew that in that moment, I couldn’t just turn away.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Dubois went down to the hardware store, bought some chain, and shackled himself to a canyon wall at a secret spot on the river’s edge — one that he knew would soon be underwater. He padlocked the chains and tossed the keys out of his reach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked him if he was actually prepared to go under. His thoughtful one-word reply: “Yeah.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The move had been kept under close wraps. Dubois knew every corner of the canyon and was so well hidden that after several days of searching, officials suspected a hoax. But it was real, and Dubois’ act stunned even many of his fellow activists.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘I didn’t do this wanting to commit suicide. I wanted them to choose.’\u003ccite> Mark Dubois,\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Gina Cuclis, who worked on the Save-the-Stan campaign as a college student, remembers her reaction when someone handed her a newspaper in late May of ’79.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oh my god — look what he did!,” she recalls thinking. “And then it was stunned and shocked, but then it was like, wow. Wow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She recalls that at the time, she was nervous on Dubois’ behalf, but never actually feared for his life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was glad he did it because it was the big event we needed,” Cuclis says. “How do you get attention? You gotta do something shocking, sadly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I didn’t do this wanting to commit suicide,” says Dubois. “I wanted them (the Army Corps of Engineers) to choose. It was: You are consciously deciding to flood all the life in this canyon. Now you can choose to flood one more life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[gallery type=\"rectangular\" size=\"full\" ids=\"286816\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, the Stan was wildly popular among rafters and kayakers. It was the closest thing California could offer to a Grand Canyon-type of experience: towering limestone canyons and Class III whitewater — rapids with “inviting” names like “Death Rock” and “Widowmaker.” But for all the morbid imagery, it was the life of the river that attracted Dubois — and cemented his resolve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know, turquoise waters dancing around,” he recalls. “The butterflies were dancing, the dragonflies were coming, the grapevines were reaching out, the wildflowers blooming, and in a moment, I just felt the life of that place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few fellow activists joined Dubois in literally chaining their fates to the river canyon. The governor — Jerry Brown, as it happens — sent a plea to President Jimmy Carter to stop the filling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It worked, for a while. After a week in the canyon, Dubois came out with a deal in place to preserve at least part of the river, by filling the reservoir only partway. They managed to delay the flooding for a year, but ultimately the waters came, driven by the pressure for more irrigated land and the torrential El Niño rains of 1982.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nine-mile stretch of river, so beloved by so many, disappeared, bubbling back up only now that severe drought has exposed not only the rapids, but the memories and the grief.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Losing a place you love is like losing a person you truly love,” says Cuclis. “It’s not a person but when it’s a place that has touched you, changed you, you feel a deep loss.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the river offers only faint shadows of what was; the canyon walls are scarred with high-water marks known as “bathtub rings,” and groves of skeletal Ponderosa pines, submerged for decades, still stand a ghostly vigil near the riverbed, newly exposed by receding waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the same punishing drought revives the call for more water storage — and to some that means more dams — some of the new generation of activists have returned to the Stan for inspiration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I needed to see this place for myself. I needed to come see this,” said Eric Wesselman. He’s the current head of \u003ca href=\"http://www.friendsoftheriver.org/site/PageServer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Friends of the River\u003c/a>, a job that Dubois himself held when the organization was just getting started.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve studied the campaign,” he told me as he was preparing to run the river with Dubois and a coterie of river enthusiasts. “Organizers like me yearn for the opportunity to be part of campaigns like that because they’re special and they’re magical and so powerful and great things can happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Things did happen. There’s little doubt that the Stanislaus campaign supercharged a national movement to save \u003ca href=\"http://www.rivers.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wild and scenic rivers\u003c/a>, probably sparing the nearby Tuolumne River a major dam project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for Dubois, the gains are still hard to balance against what was lost. Even today, he gets choked up contemplating it. He knows that, soon enough, rain will return and his lost world will again vanish beneath the waters of New Melones Lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.google.com/maps/embed?pb=!1m10!1m8!1m3!1d201109.7184484181!2d-120.3549019!3d38.0391785!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1!5e0!3m2!1sen!2sus!4v1443804779084\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Drowned by a big dam project decades ago, a legendary stretch of the Stanislaus is back -- and so is the man who was willing to forfeit his life to save it.",
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"description": "Drowned by a big dam project decades ago, a legendary stretch of the Stanislaus is back -- and so is the man who was willing to forfeit his life to save it.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California’s relentless four-year drought has had some unexpected consequences. It’s uncovered lost bits of history — ancient petroglyphs and remnants of mining towns at the bottom of reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in the canyons of the Sierra foothills, the legendary rapids of the Stanislaus River are back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Stanislaus feeds New Melones Reservoir, about 80 miles east of the Bay Area — except that lately it hasn’t been feeding it much. The reservoir, which holds water for the federally operated Central Valley Project, has dropped to just over 10 percent of capacity. It’s receded so much that some of it has reverted to flowing river, exposing rapids that disappeared when the Army Corps of Engineers erected a \u003ca href=\"http://www.usbr.gov/projects/Project.jsp?proj_Name=New+Melones+Unit+Project\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">600-foot-high dam\u003c/a>, nearly 40 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Look above us now,” Mark Dubois called out from the stern of a yellow inflatable raft. “Look downstream, you can see 40 feet above our heads would be reservoir in full season.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio//2015/10/StanislausDubois.mp3\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/eanN_RJSdOs'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/eanN_RJSdOs'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Dubois started running this river as a teenager. Now in his mid-60s, his bearded, 6-foot-8 presence is still bigger than life. He became world famous briefly in 1979, when he took a bold — some would say, reckless — stand to save this stretch of river from being submerged by the new dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve been groping all those years and every year since to describe the magic of every square foot of this river and what it does to people’s lives,” he says, “and I still have no words for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in 1979, when Dubois was 30 years old, he did have a kind of epiphany. After \u003ca href=\"http://www.friendsoftheriver.org/site/PageServer?pagename=SpiritoftheStan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">years of protests and political action\u003c/a>, it looked like he and his fellow activists had run out of options for stopping the canyon’s inundation, and the new, expanded reservoir was about to be filled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_287787\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/IMG_3577.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-287787 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/IMG_3577-800x600.jpg\" alt='Four years of drought have exposed standing forests that were underwater and \"bathtub rings\" that mark previous levels of the New Melones reservoir.' width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/IMG_3577-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/IMG_3577-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/IMG_3577-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/IMG_3577-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/IMG_3577-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/IMG_3577-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Four years of drought have exposed standing forests that were underwater and “bathtub rings” that mark previous levels of the New Melones reservoir. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“In that moment I had no idea what I was going to do,” he says, “but I knew that in that moment, I couldn’t just turn away.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Dubois went down to the hardware store, bought some chain, and shackled himself to a canyon wall at a secret spot on the river’s edge — one that he knew would soon be underwater. He padlocked the chains and tossed the keys out of his reach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked him if he was actually prepared to go under. His thoughtful one-word reply: “Yeah.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The move had been kept under close wraps. Dubois knew every corner of the canyon and was so well hidden that after several days of searching, officials suspected a hoax. But it was real, and Dubois’ act stunned even many of his fellow activists.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘I didn’t do this wanting to commit suicide. I wanted them to choose.’\u003ccite> Mark Dubois,\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Gina Cuclis, who worked on the Save-the-Stan campaign as a college student, remembers her reaction when someone handed her a newspaper in late May of ’79.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oh my god — look what he did!,” she recalls thinking. “And then it was stunned and shocked, but then it was like, wow. Wow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She recalls that at the time, she was nervous on Dubois’ behalf, but never actually feared for his life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was glad he did it because it was the big event we needed,” Cuclis says. “How do you get attention? You gotta do something shocking, sadly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I didn’t do this wanting to commit suicide,” says Dubois. “I wanted them (the Army Corps of Engineers) to choose. It was: You are consciously deciding to flood all the life in this canyon. Now you can choose to flood one more life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, the Stan was wildly popular among rafters and kayakers. It was the closest thing California could offer to a Grand Canyon-type of experience: towering limestone canyons and Class III whitewater — rapids with “inviting” names like “Death Rock” and “Widowmaker.” But for all the morbid imagery, it was the life of the river that attracted Dubois — and cemented his resolve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know, turquoise waters dancing around,” he recalls. “The butterflies were dancing, the dragonflies were coming, the grapevines were reaching out, the wildflowers blooming, and in a moment, I just felt the life of that place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few fellow activists joined Dubois in literally chaining their fates to the river canyon. The governor — Jerry Brown, as it happens — sent a plea to President Jimmy Carter to stop the filling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It worked, for a while. After a week in the canyon, Dubois came out with a deal in place to preserve at least part of the river, by filling the reservoir only partway. They managed to delay the flooding for a year, but ultimately the waters came, driven by the pressure for more irrigated land and the torrential El Niño rains of 1982.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nine-mile stretch of river, so beloved by so many, disappeared, bubbling back up only now that severe drought has exposed not only the rapids, but the memories and the grief.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Losing a place you love is like losing a person you truly love,” says Cuclis. “It’s not a person but when it’s a place that has touched you, changed you, you feel a deep loss.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the river offers only faint shadows of what was; the canyon walls are scarred with high-water marks known as “bathtub rings,” and groves of skeletal Ponderosa pines, submerged for decades, still stand a ghostly vigil near the riverbed, newly exposed by receding waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the same punishing drought revives the call for more water storage — and to some that means more dams — some of the new generation of activists have returned to the Stan for inspiration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I needed to see this place for myself. I needed to come see this,” said Eric Wesselman. He’s the current head of \u003ca href=\"http://www.friendsoftheriver.org/site/PageServer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Friends of the River\u003c/a>, a job that Dubois himself held when the organization was just getting started.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve studied the campaign,” he told me as he was preparing to run the river with Dubois and a coterie of river enthusiasts. “Organizers like me yearn for the opportunity to be part of campaigns like that because they’re special and they’re magical and so powerful and great things can happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Things did happen. There’s little doubt that the Stanislaus campaign supercharged a national movement to save \u003ca href=\"http://www.rivers.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wild and scenic rivers\u003c/a>, probably sparing the nearby Tuolumne River a major dam project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for Dubois, the gains are still hard to balance against what was lost. Even today, he gets choked up contemplating it. He knows that, soon enough, rain will return and his lost world will again vanish beneath the waters of New Melones Lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Which Bay Area Communities Are Doing Best at Conserving Water?",
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"content": "\u003cp>Urban Californians used 27 percent less water in August than they did in the same month in 2013, the State Water Resources Control Board said today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”yQDEv00Sky3Hl4kB7DIBUvJHa83WeuZe”]That’s the third straight month that local water suppliers have exceeded Gov. Jerry Brown’s mandate of a 25 percent reduction in water use since the order went into effect in June. And it puts the state’s cumulative reduction at almost 29 percent, and half-way to meeting the goal of 1.2 million acre-feet of water savings by February 2016. An acre-foot is the rough equivalent of a football field covered with one foot of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Locally, Menlo Park has racked up the second-largest percentage of urban water savings in the entire state: 49.5 percent since the governor’s order has gone into effect. The city also leads all Bay Area water suppliers in terms of saving a larger percentage than mandated by the state. (The water board established different \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/docs/emergency_regulations/supplier_tiers_20150428.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tiers for the reductions that local water agencies must reach\u003c/a>. Those different levels depend on how much water local residents had been using on a per-capita basis.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Top reductions over mandate in Bay Area\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003ctable>\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>Menlo Park\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>31.5 % better than mandate\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>Dublin San Ramon\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>31.2 % better than mandate\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>Hayward\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>26 % better than mandate\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>North Coast County Water District (Pacifica)\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>24.6 % better than mandate\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>Redwood City\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>24.5 % better than mandate\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003cp>Way to go, parsimonious Bay Area water users. Now maybe you need to send a delegation \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/10/01/californias-biggest-water-guzzler-is-someone-in-bel-air/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Big Three water suppliers in the region — EBMUD, San Jose Water Company, and San Francisco PUC — have achieved 13.6 percent, 16.5 percent and 8.3 percent better than quota, respectively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the state’s overall savings rate in August dipped from July’s record 31 percent. And officials continue to pound home the theme that \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/09/01/drought-myth-busting-why-el-nino-wont-save-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nobody should count on the water god named El Niño\u003c/a> to soak us out of this historic drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s still hot across the state and we still have a long way to go, El Niño or not,” said State Water Resources Control Board Chairwoman Felicia Marcus. “California’s water deficit is a year’s worth of precipitation. One wet winter, even if we get a wet winter, is not going to erase that deficit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/226664235″ params=”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false” width=”100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true” /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She urged Californians to keep conserving, “We’re still on the better safe than sorry plan,” she said, adding that “El Niño -will-save-us stories” in the media last year “really sank us in terms of saving a lot of water that we could have.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>August also saw a decrease in water suppliers who are meeting the conservation goal set for them by the state. Of the 406 water suppliers submitting reports for August, 291 or 72 percent were within 1 percent of their mandated standard.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Californians in August again exceeded the state's target for water reductions. Some Bay Area communities are near the head of the conservation pack. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Urban Californians used 27 percent less water in August than they did in the same month in 2013, the State Water Resources Control Board said today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>That’s the third straight month that local water suppliers have exceeded Gov. Jerry Brown’s mandate of a 25 percent reduction in water use since the order went into effect in June. And it puts the state’s cumulative reduction at almost 29 percent, and half-way to meeting the goal of 1.2 million acre-feet of water savings by February 2016. An acre-foot is the rough equivalent of a football field covered with one foot of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Locally, Menlo Park has racked up the second-largest percentage of urban water savings in the entire state: 49.5 percent since the governor’s order has gone into effect. The city also leads all Bay Area water suppliers in terms of saving a larger percentage than mandated by the state. (The water board established different \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/docs/emergency_regulations/supplier_tiers_20150428.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tiers for the reductions that local water agencies must reach\u003c/a>. Those different levels depend on how much water local residents had been using on a per-capita basis.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Top reductions over mandate in Bay Area\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003ctable>\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>Menlo Park\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>31.5 % better than mandate\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>Dublin San Ramon\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>31.2 % better than mandate\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>Hayward\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>26 % better than mandate\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>North Coast County Water District (Pacifica)\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>24.6 % better than mandate\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>Redwood City\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>24.5 % better than mandate\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003cp>Way to go, parsimonious Bay Area water users. Now maybe you need to send a delegation \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/10/01/californias-biggest-water-guzzler-is-someone-in-bel-air/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Big Three water suppliers in the region — EBMUD, San Jose Water Company, and San Francisco PUC — have achieved 13.6 percent, 16.5 percent and 8.3 percent better than quota, respectively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the state’s overall savings rate in August dipped from July’s record 31 percent. And officials continue to pound home the theme that \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/09/01/drought-myth-busting-why-el-nino-wont-save-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nobody should count on the water god named El Niño\u003c/a> to soak us out of this historic drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s still hot across the state and we still have a long way to go, El Niño or not,” said State Water Resources Control Board Chairwoman Felicia Marcus. “California’s water deficit is a year’s worth of precipitation. One wet winter, even if we get a wet winter, is not going to erase that deficit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”166″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/226664235″&visual=true&”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false”'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/226664235″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She urged Californians to keep conserving, “We’re still on the better safe than sorry plan,” she said, adding that “El Niño -will-save-us stories” in the media last year “really sank us in terms of saving a lot of water that we could have.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>August also saw a decrease in water suppliers who are meeting the conservation goal set for them by the state. Of the 406 water suppliers submitting reports for August, 291 or 72 percent were within 1 percent of their mandated standard.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Climate Change Policy: What's Coming Up",
"headTitle": "California Climate Change Policy: What’s Coming Up | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The Legislature may have scuttled the centerpiece of Gov. Jerry Brown’s climate change plans, but it still approved ambitious new environmental policies that will impact the economy and life of Californians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a long trek forward to change the very basis of our industrial economy,” Brown said last week. “And I think we’re making tremendous progress.”In coming years, the new \u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/15-16/bill/sen/sb_0301-0350/sb_350_bill_20150911_enrolled.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">legislation\u003c/a> means California’s homes and buildings are expected to use dramatically less electricity and the \u003ca href=\"http://calmatters.org/articles/california-pushes-forward-on-renewable-power/\">power grid will increase its share of renewable energy\u003c/a>. Brown also hopes to achieve much of what the Legislature rejected through \u003ca href=\"http://calmatters.org/articles/california-climate-change-policy-overview/\">executive orders and regulations\u003c/a>. That will mean more electric cars on the road and increased use of biofuels, as part of a far-reaching effort to slash greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the legislative session that ended on Sept. 11, lawmakers halted a bill that would have mandated deep greenhouse gas emissions cuts by the year 2050. They also failed to extend the state’s carbon-limiting \u003ca href=\"http://calmatters.org/articles/cap-and-trade-is-california-a-leader-or-a-loner/\">cap-and-trade program\u003c/a>, which may otherwise expire in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most contentious of all was a bid to \u003ca href=\"http://calmatters.org/articles/can-california-cut-gasoline-use-in-half-in-15-years-probably-not/\">slash petroleum use in motor vehicles in half by 2030\u003c/a>. That idea got dropped after the oil industry launched a \u003ca href=\"http://calmatters.org/articles/ad-blitz-heats-up-climate-change-fight/\">vigorous advertising campaign in opposition\u003c/a>, and some Democrats in the state Assembly shied away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Landmark Measure Passed\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Brown and Senate President pro Tem \u003ca href=\"http://calmatters.org/articles/climate-soulmates/\">Kevin de León\u003c/a> (D-Los Angeles) will bring almost unparalleled accomplishments to a major international climate-change conference in Paris this December.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawmakers passed and sent to the governor a landmark measure, carried by de León, to require electric power providers to get half of their electricity from renewable sources by 2030 (currently they are required to get 33 percent by 2020). It’s a target that’s stricter than all but a few states. Brown is expected to sign the legislation by the Oct. 11 deadline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The renewable energy goal means that electricity providers must invest in more wind farms and large-scale solar plants as well as new transmission infrastructure. Currently, the three major utilities in the state – Pacific Gas & Electric, Southern California Edison and San Diego Gas & Electric — each get more than 20 percent of their electricity from renewables.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Public Utilities Commission has not yet studied how the 50 percent target might affect consumers’ electric rates. Terrie Prosper, a commission spokeswoman, said the marginal cost should be minimal “if new technologies like storage and electric vehicles can be effectively used to integrate renewable resources.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The renewable energy bill also calls for new and existing buildings across the state to become, collectively, twice as energy efficient by 2030. This \u003ca href=\"http://docketpublic.energy.ca.gov/PublicDocuments/15-IEPR-05/TN205919_20150828T153953_Existing_Buildings_Energy_Efficiency_Action_Plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">means\u003c/a> that Californians can expect to get more information about their homes’ energy usage, a helpful tool for homebuyers among others. It is also likely to be easier to find and use incentives like rebates to make homes more efficient. Energy-use standards for electronic appliances may also continue to tighten.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a very big goal,” said Dennis Murphy of the US Green Building Council’s California branch, who noted that the state already was far more energy-efficient than most of the nation. Churches, schools and office buildings will be affected as well as homes, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The third leg of de León’s bill, known as Senate Bill 350, would have required the state to cut petroleum usage in motor vehicles in half by 2030. That portion got removed from the final bill. But Brown said last week that the California Air Resources Board, which would have taken charge of the petroleum mandate had it passed, would work toward a lower-petroleum future anyhow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The only thing we don’t have is a formal statement in law of a 50 percent goal,” Brown said. “But the ARB is committed to that 50 percent goal, and I am committed to backing them up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, the air board readopted a major rule known as the low-carbon fuel standard that requires producers of transportation fuels such as gasoline and diesel to make their products 10 percent less carbon-intensive by 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Executive Orders\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The air board is already planning for long-term greenhouse gas emissions cuts to comply with executive orders issued by Brown and his predecessor, former Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger. The executive orders \u003ca href=\"http://calmatters.org/articles/how-hard-will-it-be-to-meet-2030-and-2050-greenhouse-gas-reduction-goals/\">require emissions reductions of 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030 and 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050\u003c/a>. These cuts will have impacts for many sectors, prompting industrial plants and even perhaps farms to cut their greenhouse gas output.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bill would have codified those goals into law, which would preserve the goal in statute no matter who succeeds Brown as governor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not really set in stone. It’s an executive order,” said Ethan Elkind, a climate expert affiliated with the laws schools of the University of California, Berkeley and UCLA. He added that some groups may not follow those orders the way they would legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But assuming the air board crafts policies to comply with the executive orders, that should effectively mean a close to 50 percent cut in petroleum use, said Simon Mui of the Natural Resources Defense Council — on the order, in other words, of what de León and Brown originally outlined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, despite Brown’s fury at the oil companies, the air board may not be able to enact petroleum cuts directly, in the absence of legislative action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Air Resources Board “has pretty broad authority over air emissions, but I don’t think that translates into a direct ability to reduce petroleum,” said Brian Cragg, an attorney with the San Francisco firm Goodin, MacBride, Squeri & Day. “They would have to try to find some tie to air emissions…that would result in a reduction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Air board spokesman Dave Clegern said in an e-mail that the agency does not comment on legislation. However, “broadly we would note that Senate Bill 350 did not expand ARB’s authority, nor was it a directive to create new regulations,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The major programs needed to meet the decarbonizing goals announced this year by the governor are already in place, Clegern said. The air board has crafted policies that include reducing the carbon content of fuels, regulating the emissions from cars and trucks, and rewarding automakers that sell electric vehicles to Californians. The board also runs the cap-and-trade program, which limits carbon across nearly the entire California economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The air board operates some of its key programs under a landmark piece of legislation passed in 2006, which sought to slash California’s greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by 2020 — a \u003ca href=\"http://calmatters.org/articles/will-california-meet-its-2020-greenhouse-gas-reduction-goal/\">goal that state officials expect to meet in time\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the air board, which is overseen by a panel of gubernatorial appointees, is also likely to face increased scrutiny from both businesses and lawmakers as it embarks on more ambitious policies whose costs have yet to be determined, including those that affect petroleum. New \u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/15-16/bill/asm/ab_1251-1300/ab_1288_bill_20150914_enrolled.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">legislation\u003c/a>provides that the Senate and the Assembly will now each appoint one member of the agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s going to be a lot more attention paid to what strategies that we have available, including, like, litigation, to be able to address [regulatory] decisions, if we don’t think they’re fair and balanced,” said Rob Lapsley, president of the California Business Roundtable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawmakers, some of whom toyed with the idea of curbing the air board’s power during the recent session, will also take a more active role in the watching and overseeing the agency, Lapsley said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Legislature may have scuttled the centerpiece of Gov. Jerry Brown’s climate change plans, but it still approved ambitious new environmental policies that will impact the economy and life of Californians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a long trek forward to change the very basis of our industrial economy,” Brown said last week. “And I think we’re making tremendous progress.”In coming years, the new \u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/15-16/bill/sen/sb_0301-0350/sb_350_bill_20150911_enrolled.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">legislation\u003c/a> means California’s homes and buildings are expected to use dramatically less electricity and the \u003ca href=\"http://calmatters.org/articles/california-pushes-forward-on-renewable-power/\">power grid will increase its share of renewable energy\u003c/a>. Brown also hopes to achieve much of what the Legislature rejected through \u003ca href=\"http://calmatters.org/articles/california-climate-change-policy-overview/\">executive orders and regulations\u003c/a>. That will mean more electric cars on the road and increased use of biofuels, as part of a far-reaching effort to slash greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the legislative session that ended on Sept. 11, lawmakers halted a bill that would have mandated deep greenhouse gas emissions cuts by the year 2050. They also failed to extend the state’s carbon-limiting \u003ca href=\"http://calmatters.org/articles/cap-and-trade-is-california-a-leader-or-a-loner/\">cap-and-trade program\u003c/a>, which may otherwise expire in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most contentious of all was a bid to \u003ca href=\"http://calmatters.org/articles/can-california-cut-gasoline-use-in-half-in-15-years-probably-not/\">slash petroleum use in motor vehicles in half by 2030\u003c/a>. That idea got dropped after the oil industry launched a \u003ca href=\"http://calmatters.org/articles/ad-blitz-heats-up-climate-change-fight/\">vigorous advertising campaign in opposition\u003c/a>, and some Democrats in the state Assembly shied away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Landmark Measure Passed\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Brown and Senate President pro Tem \u003ca href=\"http://calmatters.org/articles/climate-soulmates/\">Kevin de León\u003c/a> (D-Los Angeles) will bring almost unparalleled accomplishments to a major international climate-change conference in Paris this December.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawmakers passed and sent to the governor a landmark measure, carried by de León, to require electric power providers to get half of their electricity from renewable sources by 2030 (currently they are required to get 33 percent by 2020). It’s a target that’s stricter than all but a few states. Brown is expected to sign the legislation by the Oct. 11 deadline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The renewable energy goal means that electricity providers must invest in more wind farms and large-scale solar plants as well as new transmission infrastructure. Currently, the three major utilities in the state – Pacific Gas & Electric, Southern California Edison and San Diego Gas & Electric — each get more than 20 percent of their electricity from renewables.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Public Utilities Commission has not yet studied how the 50 percent target might affect consumers’ electric rates. Terrie Prosper, a commission spokeswoman, said the marginal cost should be minimal “if new technologies like storage and electric vehicles can be effectively used to integrate renewable resources.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The renewable energy bill also calls for new and existing buildings across the state to become, collectively, twice as energy efficient by 2030. This \u003ca href=\"http://docketpublic.energy.ca.gov/PublicDocuments/15-IEPR-05/TN205919_20150828T153953_Existing_Buildings_Energy_Efficiency_Action_Plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">means\u003c/a> that Californians can expect to get more information about their homes’ energy usage, a helpful tool for homebuyers among others. It is also likely to be easier to find and use incentives like rebates to make homes more efficient. Energy-use standards for electronic appliances may also continue to tighten.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a very big goal,” said Dennis Murphy of the US Green Building Council’s California branch, who noted that the state already was far more energy-efficient than most of the nation. Churches, schools and office buildings will be affected as well as homes, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The third leg of de León’s bill, known as Senate Bill 350, would have required the state to cut petroleum usage in motor vehicles in half by 2030. That portion got removed from the final bill. But Brown said last week that the California Air Resources Board, which would have taken charge of the petroleum mandate had it passed, would work toward a lower-petroleum future anyhow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The only thing we don’t have is a formal statement in law of a 50 percent goal,” Brown said. “But the ARB is committed to that 50 percent goal, and I am committed to backing them up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, the air board readopted a major rule known as the low-carbon fuel standard that requires producers of transportation fuels such as gasoline and diesel to make their products 10 percent less carbon-intensive by 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Executive Orders\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The air board is already planning for long-term greenhouse gas emissions cuts to comply with executive orders issued by Brown and his predecessor, former Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger. The executive orders \u003ca href=\"http://calmatters.org/articles/how-hard-will-it-be-to-meet-2030-and-2050-greenhouse-gas-reduction-goals/\">require emissions reductions of 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030 and 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050\u003c/a>. These cuts will have impacts for many sectors, prompting industrial plants and even perhaps farms to cut their greenhouse gas output.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bill would have codified those goals into law, which would preserve the goal in statute no matter who succeeds Brown as governor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not really set in stone. It’s an executive order,” said Ethan Elkind, a climate expert affiliated with the laws schools of the University of California, Berkeley and UCLA. He added that some groups may not follow those orders the way they would legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But assuming the air board crafts policies to comply with the executive orders, that should effectively mean a close to 50 percent cut in petroleum use, said Simon Mui of the Natural Resources Defense Council — on the order, in other words, of what de León and Brown originally outlined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, despite Brown’s fury at the oil companies, the air board may not be able to enact petroleum cuts directly, in the absence of legislative action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Air Resources Board “has pretty broad authority over air emissions, but I don’t think that translates into a direct ability to reduce petroleum,” said Brian Cragg, an attorney with the San Francisco firm Goodin, MacBride, Squeri & Day. “They would have to try to find some tie to air emissions…that would result in a reduction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Air board spokesman Dave Clegern said in an e-mail that the agency does not comment on legislation. However, “broadly we would note that Senate Bill 350 did not expand ARB’s authority, nor was it a directive to create new regulations,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The major programs needed to meet the decarbonizing goals announced this year by the governor are already in place, Clegern said. The air board has crafted policies that include reducing the carbon content of fuels, regulating the emissions from cars and trucks, and rewarding automakers that sell electric vehicles to Californians. The board also runs the cap-and-trade program, which limits carbon across nearly the entire California economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The air board operates some of its key programs under a landmark piece of legislation passed in 2006, which sought to slash California’s greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by 2020 — a \u003ca href=\"http://calmatters.org/articles/will-california-meet-its-2020-greenhouse-gas-reduction-goal/\">goal that state officials expect to meet in time\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the air board, which is overseen by a panel of gubernatorial appointees, is also likely to face increased scrutiny from both businesses and lawmakers as it embarks on more ambitious policies whose costs have yet to be determined, including those that affect petroleum. New \u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/15-16/bill/asm/ab_1251-1300/ab_1288_bill_20150914_enrolled.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">legislation\u003c/a>provides that the Senate and the Assembly will now each appoint one member of the agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s going to be a lot more attention paid to what strategies that we have available, including, like, litigation, to be able to address [regulatory] decisions, if we don’t think they’re fair and balanced,” said Rob Lapsley, president of the California Business Roundtable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawmakers, some of whom toyed with the idea of curbing the air board’s power during the recent session, will also take a more active role in the watching and overseeing the agency, Lapsley said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio//2015/09/WebDroughtTrees.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After four years of drought, California has a huge number of dead and dying trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a U.S. Forest Service aerial survey last spring, researchers estimated there were 12.5 million dead trees on national forest lands alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That doesn’t count dead and dying trees in open spaces and urban parks, or on private property like your backyard or your neighbor’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With climatologists predicting that \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/09/02/floods-in-a-drought-how-a-monster-el-nino-could-bring-relief-and-misery-to-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this year’s El Niño \u003c/a>will usher in strong winds and torrential rains, weakened trees pose dangers to people and property across the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘If we’re going to incur any sort of storm, there’s going be a lot of trees in jeopardy.’\u003ccite>Remy Hummer, Arborist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In the Bay Area, arborists are working overtime to prune or remove trees on private property. And many homeowners aren’t receiving any assistance with the cost; San Francisco, Oakland and Berkeley don’t have funds designated for this. In San Francisco, even street trees — normally a municipal responsibility — are being turned over to residents because the city doesn’t have the money to manage them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Protecting Power Lines\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E inspects millions of trees each year and is responsible for removing limbs and trees that pose a threat to power lines in urban and rural areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a work site in Santa Cruz recently, program manager Joel Smith points out the signs of a dead tree, a Douglas fir that crews are trimming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s just a small portion of green up toward the top,” he says, “and the rest of the crown is basically dead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clumps of pine needles at the top of this Douglas fir have started to turn brown, and lichen hangs from the lower branches. Smith says this tree is too close to power lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://gifs.com/embed/KkPDkb\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" style=\"-webkit-backface-visibility: hidden;-webkit-transform: scale(1);\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To get a sense of the size of this tree, look for the PG&E crew member who’s barely visible, just under the branch that’s being trimmed off.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is very serious,” he says. “Trees that are dead or are otherwise compromised can fail, and if they are close to our high voltage lines they can cause those lines to come down, which can create a very dangerous public safety hazard, as well as taking out the power and potentially causing a wildfire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire officials are currently investigating whether this month’s devastating Butte Fire was ignited when a tree came into contact with a power line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, says PG&E, crews are taking out 30 percent more dead trees and twice as many hazardous trees as in a non-drought year. And when customers call for a tree inspection, crews are doing less pruning and more removal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Should Homeowners Do?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you see a drought-stressed tree near a power line, call PG&E; if it’s a street tree, call 311 to schedule a city inspection. But if you’re worried about a tree on your property, call a certified arborist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remy Hummer with Arborist Now says he’s been working overtime since the beginning of the year, trimming and removing trees or supporting them with cables. He says a lot of calls this fall are from homeowners worried about storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_268059\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Fallen-tree-in-Vallejo.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-268059\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Fallen-tree-in-Vallejo-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"A weakened tree is uprooted in Vallejo by winds from one of last winter's rare atmospheric river storms.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Fallen-tree-in-Vallejo-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Fallen-tree-in-Vallejo-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Fallen-tree-in-Vallejo-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Fallen-tree-in-Vallejo-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Fallen-tree-in-Vallejo.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A weakened tree in Vallejo was uprooted by winds from one of last winter’s atmospheric river storms. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“If we’re going to incur any sort of storm, there’s going to be a lot of trees in jeopardy,” he says, “even the ones that are very sound.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco officials say even in an ordinary year, between one and three tree branches fall every week in the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But U.C. Berkeley forest ecologist Joe McBride says this winter, hundreds of branches could fall every week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climatologists now say there’s a 95 percent chance El Niño will last through the winter. And they’re saying the storms could be as big as the El Niño of 1997-98, when San Francisco received double its normal amount of rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One clue that you may have a drought-stressed tree is a brown crown, says McBride. He says the crown is often the first place to go dry, because the tree simply can’t send enough water up to the taller branches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Bad Storm\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his four decades studying trees, McBride says one of the worst winter storms he remembers was in 1991.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There were record wind velocities following about a week of rainfall in San Francisco,” he says, “and an estimated 6,000 trees at the Presidio and in Golden Gate Park were blown over as a result of that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it didn’t take long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It all occurred in about a period of six hours, this one really heavy windstorm,” he says. “Blocked streets, a number of structures were hit by falling trees, cars were hit. It was a major disaster.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a somewhat rare combination of prolonged rainfall with record winds, McBride says. And as to whether something similar is possible this winter?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oh, I think it’s possible,” he says, “yeah.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>After four years of drought, California has a huge number of dead and dying trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a U.S. Forest Service aerial survey last spring, researchers estimated there were 12.5 million dead trees on national forest lands alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That doesn’t count dead and dying trees in open spaces and urban parks, or on private property like your backyard or your neighbor’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With climatologists predicting that \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/09/02/floods-in-a-drought-how-a-monster-el-nino-could-bring-relief-and-misery-to-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this year’s El Niño \u003c/a>will usher in strong winds and torrential rains, weakened trees pose dangers to people and property across the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘If we’re going to incur any sort of storm, there’s going be a lot of trees in jeopardy.’\u003ccite>Remy Hummer, Arborist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In the Bay Area, arborists are working overtime to prune or remove trees on private property. And many homeowners aren’t receiving any assistance with the cost; San Francisco, Oakland and Berkeley don’t have funds designated for this. In San Francisco, even street trees — normally a municipal responsibility — are being turned over to residents because the city doesn’t have the money to manage them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Protecting Power Lines\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E inspects millions of trees each year and is responsible for removing limbs and trees that pose a threat to power lines in urban and rural areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a work site in Santa Cruz recently, program manager Joel Smith points out the signs of a dead tree, a Douglas fir that crews are trimming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s just a small portion of green up toward the top,” he says, “and the rest of the crown is basically dead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clumps of pine needles at the top of this Douglas fir have started to turn brown, and lichen hangs from the lower branches. Smith says this tree is too close to power lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://gifs.com/embed/KkPDkb\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" style=\"-webkit-backface-visibility: hidden;-webkit-transform: scale(1);\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To get a sense of the size of this tree, look for the PG&E crew member who’s barely visible, just under the branch that’s being trimmed off.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is very serious,” he says. “Trees that are dead or are otherwise compromised can fail, and if they are close to our high voltage lines they can cause those lines to come down, which can create a very dangerous public safety hazard, as well as taking out the power and potentially causing a wildfire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire officials are currently investigating whether this month’s devastating Butte Fire was ignited when a tree came into contact with a power line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, says PG&E, crews are taking out 30 percent more dead trees and twice as many hazardous trees as in a non-drought year. And when customers call for a tree inspection, crews are doing less pruning and more removal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Should Homeowners Do?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you see a drought-stressed tree near a power line, call PG&E; if it’s a street tree, call 311 to schedule a city inspection. But if you’re worried about a tree on your property, call a certified arborist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remy Hummer with Arborist Now says he’s been working overtime since the beginning of the year, trimming and removing trees or supporting them with cables. He says a lot of calls this fall are from homeowners worried about storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_268059\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Fallen-tree-in-Vallejo.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-268059\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Fallen-tree-in-Vallejo-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"A weakened tree is uprooted in Vallejo by winds from one of last winter's rare atmospheric river storms.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Fallen-tree-in-Vallejo-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Fallen-tree-in-Vallejo-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Fallen-tree-in-Vallejo-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Fallen-tree-in-Vallejo-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Fallen-tree-in-Vallejo.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A weakened tree in Vallejo was uprooted by winds from one of last winter’s atmospheric river storms. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“If we’re going to incur any sort of storm, there’s going to be a lot of trees in jeopardy,” he says, “even the ones that are very sound.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco officials say even in an ordinary year, between one and three tree branches fall every week in the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But U.C. Berkeley forest ecologist Joe McBride says this winter, hundreds of branches could fall every week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climatologists now say there’s a 95 percent chance El Niño will last through the winter. And they’re saying the storms could be as big as the El Niño of 1997-98, when San Francisco received double its normal amount of rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One clue that you may have a drought-stressed tree is a brown crown, says McBride. He says the crown is often the first place to go dry, because the tree simply can’t send enough water up to the taller branches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Bad Storm\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his four decades studying trees, McBride says one of the worst winter storms he remembers was in 1991.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There were record wind velocities following about a week of rainfall in San Francisco,” he says, “and an estimated 6,000 trees at the Presidio and in Golden Gate Park were blown over as a result of that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it didn’t take long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It all occurred in about a period of six hours, this one really heavy windstorm,” he says. “Blocked streets, a number of structures were hit by falling trees, cars were hit. It was a major disaster.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a somewhat rare combination of prolonged rainfall with record winds, McBride says. And as to whether something similar is possible this winter?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oh, I think it’s possible,” he says, “yeah.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Where, When and How to See the Supermoon Lunar Eclipse in the San Francisco Bay Area",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/09/28/the-best-supermoon-eclipse-videos/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>See the best supermoon eclipse videos here\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Original post\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca name=\"what\">\u003c/a>You’ve been waiting for this since 1982.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, not the re-release of “Rocky III.” We’re talking about the last time a particular astronomical two-fer occurred: a simultaneous supermoon and lunar eclipse. On Sunday night, that concurrence will take place again, for the last time until 2033.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s happening? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#what\">What’s happening\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#when\">When to see it\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#where\">Where to see it\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#how\">How to see it\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#see\">What you will see\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#local\">Local events\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#online\">Where to watch online\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Both a full moon and lunar eclipse occur when the Earth is between the moon and the sun. In the case of the lunar eclipse, there’s the additional factor that the moon, Earth and sun are precisely lined up, so that the moon passes through the Earth’s shadow. A lunar eclipse always occurs during a full moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lunar perigee means the moon’s orbit will take it as close to the Earth during this \u003ca href=\"http://www.universetoday.com/20053/lunar-month/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lunar month\u003c/a> as it’s going to get (we hope) — a mere 222,000 miles away. When a full moon coincides with lunar perigee, it’s called a supermoon, because the moon should appear slightly larger than average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or maybe not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca name=\"when\">\u003c/a>“Supermoon is not an astronomical term, but was invented by the media to make things more exciting sounding,” says Andrew Fraknoi, chair of the astronomy department at Foothill College in Los Altos Hills, and one of our go-to guys on things astronomical. “The average person can’t really tell the difference between a supermoon and an ordinary moon, so it’s not quite as super a phenomenon as the term makes it sound.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All right, sir. But throw in that eclipse — now you’re talking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When can you see it?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca name=\"where\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fraknoi recommends that you start watching when the moon rises, around 7 p.m. Pacific Time. The total eclipse starts at 7:11 p.m. and ends at 8:23 p.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca name=\"where\">\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>Where is the best location to see it?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Look to the east! The moon will appear low on the eastern horizon as it rises. Which could be a problem for some would-be observers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many of us don’t have a view of the eastern horizon — a building or a hill might be in the way,” Fraknoi notes. But by the time the eclipse ends, he says, the moon will have risen considerably in the sky, and it will be be easier to glimpse. If you want to see the entire eclipse, though, you should get to higher ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca name=\"how\">\u003c/a>Fraknoi also recommends checking the weather in advance, so you can get to a spot without clouds or fog should those be in the forecast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re in San Francisco, especially, the further east, south or north you go, the more likely you are to hit clear skies, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How can you see it?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca name=\"see\">\u003c/a>Your own peepers will do the trick — you don’t need a telescope or binoculars. Unless you’re a werewolf, there’s no danger in looking at the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What will you see?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the Earth’s shadow is cast on the moon, it will slowly darken, until the moon is completely covered: a total eclipse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca name=\"local\">\u003c/a>“The full moon doesn’t go completely dark,” says Fraknoi. “It will become a little bit reddish. That’s because the earth has an atmosphere and the atmosphere acts a bit like a lens, and so the red colors, particularly from the sunlight, will be bent inward toward the moon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where can I go to watch this with other people, in case the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2015/09/01/living/blood-moon-biblical-prophecy-feat/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">world is coming to an end\u003c/a>?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As far as we know, the world is not coming to an end — at least this Sept. 27. The dinosaurs notwithstanding, an association between astronomical phenomena and ill-fated earthly events has yet to be proven. (Though the simultaneous super moon-lunar eclipse year of 1928 did see the election of Herbert Hoover.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, you can still have some communal fun at the following:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://14884.blackbaudhosting.com/14884/tickets?tab=2&txobjid=0f14d907-2734-4a8b-a372-f627ce5f3e17\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> – 7 to 9:30 pm; $10. Children two and under free. After 7 p.m. tickets available at the door only.\u003cbr>\n10000 Skyline Blvd, Oakland, CA 94619\u003cbr>\n(510) 336-7300\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Chabot Space & Science Center’s observatory deck will host a view to a rare and beautiful astronomical event, a Total Lunar Eclipse. Enjoy the spectacle in good company as the fully eclipsed Moon rises above the tree line of the East Bay Hills.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.collegeofsanmateo.edu/calendar/events/index.php?com=detail&eID=15595\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">College of San Mateo\u003c/a>, 6:30-9:30 pm, Free\u003cbr>\nCollege Center Terrace and Building 36 Observatory\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>In addition to the telescopes in our rooftop observatory, a telescope will be set up on theCollege Center Terrace from 6:30~7:30 pm, and will be staffed by our astronomy faculty, for viewing and photographing the moon as it rises above the horizon. Also, courtesy of the CSM Astronomy Department, astronomy student volunteers will have binoculars available to view the supermoon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dress warmly and remember that this event is weather dependent. So, before coming to the campus, check our website for any changes in the venue due to weather conditions.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca name=\"online\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sfaa-astronomy.org/total-lunar-eclipse-viewing-party-on-september-27/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Amateur Astronomers\u003c/a>, 6 to 9 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/place/Pier+15/@37.8015286,-122.397422,17z/data=!3m2!4b1!5s0x8085805ec2002869:0x40df3504d4f6cf20!4m2!3m1!1s0x8085805f2089dcb1:0xa7b58658c772d7c6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pier 15, San Francisco\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Join the SFAA for a public viewing party on Sunday evening September 27th of the Harvest Moon Lunar Eclipse. We will gather at Pier 15 along the Embarcadero in San Francisco with a spectacular view of the San Francisco Bay and the magical sight of the Harvest Moon rising in the east in total eclipse. Plan to arrive between 6:00 and 7:00 pm. Subject to cancellation if there is cloudy or inclement weather.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What if I can’t get out or just prefer to experience the majesty of this event the way I do everything – on the Web?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fear not. You can watch online:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://live.slooh.com/stadium/live/mega-harvest-moon-eclipse\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Slooh.com webcast\u003c/a> – begins 5 p.m., Sunday, Sept. 27\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://livestream.com/GriffithObservatoryTV\">Griffith Observatory live stream\u003c/a> – begins 6:30 p.m., Sunday, Sept. 27\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The University of Arizona’s Mt. Lemmon SkyCenter will also be \u003ca href=\"http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/css/eclipse/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">posting images\u003c/a> as they come in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a nice infographic of Sunday’s event from Space.com:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/11161-supermoon-full-moon-science-infographic.html\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://i.space.com/images/i/000/008/682/i02/supermoon-lunar-perigee-huge-150914b-02.jpg?1442258161\" alt=\"Learn what makes a big full moon a true 'supermoon' in this SPACE.com infographic.\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/09/28/the-best-supermoon-eclipse-videos/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>See the best supermoon eclipse videos here\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Original post\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca name=\"what\">\u003c/a>You’ve been waiting for this since 1982.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, not the re-release of “Rocky III.” We’re talking about the last time a particular astronomical two-fer occurred: a simultaneous supermoon and lunar eclipse. On Sunday night, that concurrence will take place again, for the last time until 2033.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s happening? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#what\">What’s happening\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#when\">When to see it\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#where\">Where to see it\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#how\">How to see it\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#see\">What you will see\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#local\">Local events\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#online\">Where to watch online\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Both a full moon and lunar eclipse occur when the Earth is between the moon and the sun. In the case of the lunar eclipse, there’s the additional factor that the moon, Earth and sun are precisely lined up, so that the moon passes through the Earth’s shadow. A lunar eclipse always occurs during a full moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lunar perigee means the moon’s orbit will take it as close to the Earth during this \u003ca href=\"http://www.universetoday.com/20053/lunar-month/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lunar month\u003c/a> as it’s going to get (we hope) — a mere 222,000 miles away. When a full moon coincides with lunar perigee, it’s called a supermoon, because the moon should appear slightly larger than average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or maybe not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca name=\"when\">\u003c/a>“Supermoon is not an astronomical term, but was invented by the media to make things more exciting sounding,” says Andrew Fraknoi, chair of the astronomy department at Foothill College in Los Altos Hills, and one of our go-to guys on things astronomical. “The average person can’t really tell the difference between a supermoon and an ordinary moon, so it’s not quite as super a phenomenon as the term makes it sound.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All right, sir. But throw in that eclipse — now you’re talking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When can you see it?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca name=\"where\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fraknoi recommends that you start watching when the moon rises, around 7 p.m. Pacific Time. The total eclipse starts at 7:11 p.m. and ends at 8:23 p.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca name=\"where\">\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>Where is the best location to see it?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Look to the east! The moon will appear low on the eastern horizon as it rises. Which could be a problem for some would-be observers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many of us don’t have a view of the eastern horizon — a building or a hill might be in the way,” Fraknoi notes. But by the time the eclipse ends, he says, the moon will have risen considerably in the sky, and it will be be easier to glimpse. If you want to see the entire eclipse, though, you should get to higher ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca name=\"how\">\u003c/a>Fraknoi also recommends checking the weather in advance, so you can get to a spot without clouds or fog should those be in the forecast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re in San Francisco, especially, the further east, south or north you go, the more likely you are to hit clear skies, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How can you see it?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca name=\"see\">\u003c/a>Your own peepers will do the trick — you don’t need a telescope or binoculars. Unless you’re a werewolf, there’s no danger in looking at the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What will you see?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the Earth’s shadow is cast on the moon, it will slowly darken, until the moon is completely covered: a total eclipse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca name=\"local\">\u003c/a>“The full moon doesn’t go completely dark,” says Fraknoi. “It will become a little bit reddish. That’s because the earth has an atmosphere and the atmosphere acts a bit like a lens, and so the red colors, particularly from the sunlight, will be bent inward toward the moon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where can I go to watch this with other people, in case the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2015/09/01/living/blood-moon-biblical-prophecy-feat/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">world is coming to an end\u003c/a>?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As far as we know, the world is not coming to an end — at least this Sept. 27. The dinosaurs notwithstanding, an association between astronomical phenomena and ill-fated earthly events has yet to be proven. (Though the simultaneous super moon-lunar eclipse year of 1928 did see the election of Herbert Hoover.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, you can still have some communal fun at the following:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://14884.blackbaudhosting.com/14884/tickets?tab=2&txobjid=0f14d907-2734-4a8b-a372-f627ce5f3e17\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> – 7 to 9:30 pm; $10. Children two and under free. After 7 p.m. tickets available at the door only.\u003cbr>\n10000 Skyline Blvd, Oakland, CA 94619\u003cbr>\n(510) 336-7300\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Chabot Space & Science Center’s observatory deck will host a view to a rare and beautiful astronomical event, a Total Lunar Eclipse. Enjoy the spectacle in good company as the fully eclipsed Moon rises above the tree line of the East Bay Hills.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.collegeofsanmateo.edu/calendar/events/index.php?com=detail&eID=15595\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">College of San Mateo\u003c/a>, 6:30-9:30 pm, Free\u003cbr>\nCollege Center Terrace and Building 36 Observatory\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>In addition to the telescopes in our rooftop observatory, a telescope will be set up on theCollege Center Terrace from 6:30~7:30 pm, and will be staffed by our astronomy faculty, for viewing and photographing the moon as it rises above the horizon. Also, courtesy of the CSM Astronomy Department, astronomy student volunteers will have binoculars available to view the supermoon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dress warmly and remember that this event is weather dependent. So, before coming to the campus, check our website for any changes in the venue due to weather conditions.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca name=\"online\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sfaa-astronomy.org/total-lunar-eclipse-viewing-party-on-september-27/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Amateur Astronomers\u003c/a>, 6 to 9 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/place/Pier+15/@37.8015286,-122.397422,17z/data=!3m2!4b1!5s0x8085805ec2002869:0x40df3504d4f6cf20!4m2!3m1!1s0x8085805f2089dcb1:0xa7b58658c772d7c6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pier 15, San Francisco\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Join the SFAA for a public viewing party on Sunday evening September 27th of the Harvest Moon Lunar Eclipse. We will gather at Pier 15 along the Embarcadero in San Francisco with a spectacular view of the San Francisco Bay and the magical sight of the Harvest Moon rising in the east in total eclipse. Plan to arrive between 6:00 and 7:00 pm. Subject to cancellation if there is cloudy or inclement weather.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What if I can’t get out or just prefer to experience the majesty of this event the way I do everything – on the Web?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fear not. You can watch online:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://live.slooh.com/stadium/live/mega-harvest-moon-eclipse\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Slooh.com webcast\u003c/a> – begins 5 p.m., Sunday, Sept. 27\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://livestream.com/GriffithObservatoryTV\">Griffith Observatory live stream\u003c/a> – begins 6:30 p.m., Sunday, Sept. 27\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The University of Arizona’s Mt. Lemmon SkyCenter will also be \u003ca href=\"http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/css/eclipse/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">posting images\u003c/a> as they come in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a nice infographic of Sunday’s event from Space.com:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/11161-supermoon-full-moon-science-infographic.html\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://i.space.com/images/i/000/008/682/i02/supermoon-lunar-perigee-huge-150914b-02.jpg?1442258161\" alt=\"Learn what makes a big full moon a true 'supermoon' in this SPACE.com infographic.\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "How El Niño Might Have Fed the Valley Fire's Strange Ferocity",
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"content": "\u003cp>Researchers at San Jose State have a theory that could explain the wind-driven explosive growth of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/09/13/valley-fire-forcing-residents-to-evacuate-injures-firefighters-in-lake-county\">Valley Fire\u003c/a>, and as strange as it sounds it’s … a hurricane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Strengthening El Niño conditions have spawned an active Pacific hurricane season. Just as the Valley Fire was getting started, a dying hurricane named Linda was still pumping moist air into the upper atmosphere, well north along the California coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And it’s really the mixture of those two air masses — the moist air aloft and the really dry air near the surface — that led to the development of these winds,” says Neil Lareau, a researcher at the university’s Fire Weather Research Lab and \u003ca href=\"http://www.fireweather.org/blog/2015/9/15/did-tropical-moisture-contribute-to-the-valley-fire-blow-up\">co-author of the article\u003c/a> appearing on the lab’s website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cooler air is actually denser than warmer air,” he explains. “So when you cool the air, it tends to sink towards the surface, and it also tends to develop higher pressure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That high pressure building just off the coast created a “burst of northwest winds” that bedeviled firefighters with 35 mph gusts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When Wetter Isn’t Better\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rain that never made it to the ground (known as virga) in the fire zone actually made matters worse, in Lareau’s analysis. Evaporating raindrops rapidly cooled the upper-level air, which created a downdraft that increased winds locally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Lareau’s article is not based on any formal peer-reviewed study, he writes that there is “clear evidence that tropical moisture contributed to enhanced northwest winds that propelled the fire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the fire was in its most explosive growth phase, fire officials marveled at how the blaze seemed to leapfrog attempts to subdue it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fire would throw embers a half-mile beyond where firefighters were working,” said Cal Fire spokesman Daniel Berlant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the kind of fire we \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/09/17/why-the-worst-of-fire-season-may-lie-ahead/\">would see with Santa Ana winds\u003c/a> but in our area, this is unprecedented.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lareau has an explanation for that, too. He says the same bizarre set of meteorological conditions caused the usual upward column of hot air to tilt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And then all of those embers that would’ve been going straight up in the plume get ejected out in front of the initial fire,” explains Lareau, “causing new fires to form in this kind of hopscotch fire growth across the landscape.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lareau says it’s hard to tell what implications this has for the remaining fire season. The likelihood of similar events might depend on what other storms are spun out of the tropical Pacific by El Niño.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Researchers at San Jose State have a theory that could explain the wind-driven explosive growth of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/09/13/valley-fire-forcing-residents-to-evacuate-injures-firefighters-in-lake-county\">Valley Fire\u003c/a>, and as strange as it sounds it’s … a hurricane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Strengthening El Niño conditions have spawned an active Pacific hurricane season. Just as the Valley Fire was getting started, a dying hurricane named Linda was still pumping moist air into the upper atmosphere, well north along the California coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And it’s really the mixture of those two air masses — the moist air aloft and the really dry air near the surface — that led to the development of these winds,” says Neil Lareau, a researcher at the university’s Fire Weather Research Lab and \u003ca href=\"http://www.fireweather.org/blog/2015/9/15/did-tropical-moisture-contribute-to-the-valley-fire-blow-up\">co-author of the article\u003c/a> appearing on the lab’s website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cooler air is actually denser than warmer air,” he explains. “So when you cool the air, it tends to sink towards the surface, and it also tends to develop higher pressure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That high pressure building just off the coast created a “burst of northwest winds” that bedeviled firefighters with 35 mph gusts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When Wetter Isn’t Better\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rain that never made it to the ground (known as virga) in the fire zone actually made matters worse, in Lareau’s analysis. Evaporating raindrops rapidly cooled the upper-level air, which created a downdraft that increased winds locally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Lareau’s article is not based on any formal peer-reviewed study, he writes that there is “clear evidence that tropical moisture contributed to enhanced northwest winds that propelled the fire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the fire was in its most explosive growth phase, fire officials marveled at how the blaze seemed to leapfrog attempts to subdue it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fire would throw embers a half-mile beyond where firefighters were working,” said Cal Fire spokesman Daniel Berlant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the kind of fire we \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/09/17/why-the-worst-of-fire-season-may-lie-ahead/\">would see with Santa Ana winds\u003c/a> but in our area, this is unprecedented.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lareau has an explanation for that, too. He says the same bizarre set of meteorological conditions caused the usual upward column of hot air to tilt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And then all of those embers that would’ve been going straight up in the plume get ejected out in front of the initial fire,” explains Lareau, “causing new fires to form in this kind of hopscotch fire growth across the landscape.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lareau says it’s hard to tell what implications this has for the remaining fire season. The likelihood of similar events might depend on what other storms are spun out of the tropical Pacific by El Niño.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio//2015/09/ConservationCosts.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Area water districts have posted big water conservation numbers this summer, some upwards of 40 percent. But saving water can have a hidden downside for those agencies: budget troubles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As cities and water suppliers see their drought conservation campaigns pay off, they’re selling less water to their customers. That often means bringing in far less revenue than expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Top Conservationists\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conservation ethos is hard to ignore in Pleasanton, where it’s common to see pickup trucks carrying large, 300-gallon water tanks in the back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Residents fill them up with free, recycled water from the local wastewater treatment plant. It’s not drinking-water quality, but it’s clean enough for watering plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“There is a gap in the revenue. Last year, we were probably around a million under what we would have been otherwise.”\u003ccite>Dan Martin,\u003cbr>\nPleasanton Utilities Superintendent\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Warren Vest visits weekly. “You have to put signs up that you’re using this or your neighbors get all bent out of shape, you know,” he said. “They think you’re using all the drinking water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer, Pleasanton has ranked among the top water savers in the state. In July, it cut water use nearly in half compared to two years ago, more than meeting mandatory conservation standards from the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really is amazing, the level of conservation,” said Dan Martin, utilities superintendent for the city. The drought campaign started more than a year ago, when the city’s wholesale supplier warned deliveries would be cut severely due to the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pleasanton used public outreach, appliance and lawn replacement rebates, and some tougher measures. Heavy water users who didn’t cut back saw a $50 fine on their bills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found that was a little controversial,” Martin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as the water savings stacked up over the months, the agency watched its income shrink a little.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a gap in the revenue,” said Martin. “Last year, we were probably around a million under what we would have been otherwise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_260365\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 402px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Lawn-Pleasanton2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-260365\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Lawn-Pleasanton2-400x336.jpg\" alt=\"A green lawn in Pleasanton comes with a disclaimer.\" width=\"402\" height=\"338\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Lawn-Pleasanton2-400x336.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Lawn-Pleasanton2-800x672.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Lawn-Pleasanton2-1180x991.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Lawn-Pleasanton2-960x806.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Lawn-Pleasanton2.jpg 1420w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 402px) 100vw, 402px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A green lawn in Pleasanton comes with a disclaimer. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Water agencies save some costs when they deliver less water; for example, they need fewer chemicals to treat water and need to buy less water itself. But the majority of other costs are fixed, including running treatment plants, paying off infrastructure and paying workers’ salaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make up the shortfall, Pleasanton used funds that would have been spent on maintaining the water system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Which is okay to do for a short term, but is really, really detrimental to the utility over the long-term,” Martin said, “because that’s how you end up with pipes and facilities that are past their useful life and you don’t have the money to pay to replace them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other water agencies are facing the same shortfalls, some in the tens of millions of dollars. But a short hop down the road from Pleasanton, it’s an entirely different story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Drought Rates\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re hitting the number we need to,” said Daniel McIntyre of the Dublin San Ramon Services District. “We’re not seeing any kind of financial trauma.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That agency has also conserved a lot of water — 45 percent in July. But more than a year ago, it implemented water conservation rates for its customers. A small surcharge is added to each gallon of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“No one could have anticipated the severity of this drought. But this shouldn’t be a surprise to anyone, and there definitely should have been more preparation taking place.”\u003ccite>Johanna Dyer, Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Customers that don’t conserve see their bills go up, but those who are cutting back generally see little change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Your bill is going to stay substantially flat,” McIntyre said. That keeps the agency’s revenue from declining below expectations. McIntyre says they set up these emergency rates years ago, so they’d be ready to go when a drought hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s definitely been a wake-up call for many agencies,” said Johanna Dyer of the Natural Resources Defense Council. She says most California water agencies don’t have drought rates in place, and are now paying the price.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No one could have anticipated the severity of this drought,” she said. “But this shouldn’t be a surprise to anyone, and there definitely should have been more preparation taking place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many cities, including Pleasanton, are trying to get drought rates approved now, but the process takes six months or longer. By then, they’ll have dug an even deeper financial hole – one their customers could be paying off for some time.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Bay Area water districts have posted big water conservation numbers this summer, some upwards of 40 percent. But saving water can have a hidden downside for those agencies: budget troubles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As cities and water suppliers see their drought conservation campaigns pay off, they’re selling less water to their customers. That often means bringing in far less revenue than expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Top Conservationists\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conservation ethos is hard to ignore in Pleasanton, where it’s common to see pickup trucks carrying large, 300-gallon water tanks in the back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Residents fill them up with free, recycled water from the local wastewater treatment plant. It’s not drinking-water quality, but it’s clean enough for watering plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“There is a gap in the revenue. Last year, we were probably around a million under what we would have been otherwise.”\u003ccite>Dan Martin,\u003cbr>\nPleasanton Utilities Superintendent\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Warren Vest visits weekly. “You have to put signs up that you’re using this or your neighbors get all bent out of shape, you know,” he said. “They think you’re using all the drinking water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer, Pleasanton has ranked among the top water savers in the state. In July, it cut water use nearly in half compared to two years ago, more than meeting mandatory conservation standards from the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really is amazing, the level of conservation,” said Dan Martin, utilities superintendent for the city. The drought campaign started more than a year ago, when the city’s wholesale supplier warned deliveries would be cut severely due to the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pleasanton used public outreach, appliance and lawn replacement rebates, and some tougher measures. Heavy water users who didn’t cut back saw a $50 fine on their bills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found that was a little controversial,” Martin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as the water savings stacked up over the months, the agency watched its income shrink a little.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a gap in the revenue,” said Martin. “Last year, we were probably around a million under what we would have been otherwise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_260365\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 402px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Lawn-Pleasanton2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-260365\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Lawn-Pleasanton2-400x336.jpg\" alt=\"A green lawn in Pleasanton comes with a disclaimer.\" width=\"402\" height=\"338\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Lawn-Pleasanton2-400x336.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Lawn-Pleasanton2-800x672.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Lawn-Pleasanton2-1180x991.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Lawn-Pleasanton2-960x806.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Lawn-Pleasanton2.jpg 1420w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 402px) 100vw, 402px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A green lawn in Pleasanton comes with a disclaimer. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Water agencies save some costs when they deliver less water; for example, they need fewer chemicals to treat water and need to buy less water itself. But the majority of other costs are fixed, including running treatment plants, paying off infrastructure and paying workers’ salaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make up the shortfall, Pleasanton used funds that would have been spent on maintaining the water system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Which is okay to do for a short term, but is really, really detrimental to the utility over the long-term,” Martin said, “because that’s how you end up with pipes and facilities that are past their useful life and you don’t have the money to pay to replace them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other water agencies are facing the same shortfalls, some in the tens of millions of dollars. But a short hop down the road from Pleasanton, it’s an entirely different story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Drought Rates\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re hitting the number we need to,” said Daniel McIntyre of the Dublin San Ramon Services District. “We’re not seeing any kind of financial trauma.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That agency has also conserved a lot of water — 45 percent in July. But more than a year ago, it implemented water conservation rates for its customers. A small surcharge is added to each gallon of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“No one could have anticipated the severity of this drought. But this shouldn’t be a surprise to anyone, and there definitely should have been more preparation taking place.”\u003ccite>Johanna Dyer, Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Customers that don’t conserve see their bills go up, but those who are cutting back generally see little change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Your bill is going to stay substantially flat,” McIntyre said. That keeps the agency’s revenue from declining below expectations. McIntyre says they set up these emergency rates years ago, so they’d be ready to go when a drought hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s definitely been a wake-up call for many agencies,” said Johanna Dyer of the Natural Resources Defense Council. She says most California water agencies don’t have drought rates in place, and are now paying the price.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No one could have anticipated the severity of this drought,” she said. “But this shouldn’t be a surprise to anyone, and there definitely should have been more preparation taking place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many cities, including Pleasanton, are trying to get drought rates approved now, but the process takes six months or longer. By then, they’ll have dug an even deeper financial hole – one their customers could be paying off for some time.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Why the Worst of Fire Season May Lie Ahead",
"headTitle": "Why the Worst of Fire Season May Lie Ahead | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>As bad as things are already, the system in place to manage California’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/09/13/valley-fire-forcing-residents-to-evacuate-injures-firefighters-in-lake-county\">wildfire season\u003c/a> is already “stretched very, very thinly,” according to Mark Ghilarducci, who directs the state’s Office of Emergency Services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fire season itself has probably been the most extreme that I’ve seen in my 30 years,” said Ghilarducci in a state-produced \u003ca href=\"https://vimeo.com/139405750\">video interview\u003c/a> on Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s not over. In fact, it could get worse, for three main reasons:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>We’re still in a drought\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “rainy season” is still a good six weeks away though don’t tell L.A. residents who got a \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-rain-moves-into-southern-california-thanks-to-former-hurricane-linda-20150915-story.html\">surprise drenching\u003c/a> of nearly two inches of rain in one morning this week. The Southland has seen other freak rains this summer, which washed out a freeway overpass and forced the first Major League Baseball rain-outs in two decades. Those were shards from an active Pacific hurricane season, probably linked to El Niño.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the light rain that fell near the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/09/14/photos-scenes-from-the-lake-county-valley-fire\">Valley Fire\u003c/a> on Monday, never even made it to the ground, according to officials on the scene. In fact, \u003ca href=\"http://www.fireweather.org/blog/2015/9/15/did-tropical-moisture-contribute-to-the-valley-fire-blow-up\">preliminary research\u003c/a> at San Jose State University’s Fire Weather Research Lab suggests that the \u003ca href=\"http://earthsky.org/earth/virga-is-rain-that-doesnt-reach-the-ground\">virga\u003c/a> actually made matters worse on the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The rain that we saw in Southern California notwithstanding, it certainly hasn’t rained like that up north and even in the south it will dry out quickly,” warns Stanford climate scientist Daniel Swain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is still experiencing really severe drought conditions and we definitely have a few more months before we see substantial relief.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swain says that even if the current El Niño conditions in the Pacific turn out to be a major rainmaker, California is not likely to see the peak effects until December or January. Meanwhile, each passing week without substantial precipitation increases evaporation, baking out what little moisture remains in soils and setting the stage for more severe wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Changes in the Wind\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of California’s most aggressive fires are driven by what scientists call katabatic winds, \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/12/01/santa-ana-wind-season-may-be-stretched-by-climate-change/\">better known as Santa Anas\u003c/a> in Southern California, Diablos in the north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the fall, the usual onshore breezes start backing around and dry easterly winds roar through mountain passes, speeding up and heating up along the way. This season, some fires have behaved like classic Santa Ana-driven fires — without the winds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The devastating Valley Fire north of the Bay Area stunned firefighters, blowing up to 40,000 acres in one day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fire would throw embers a half-mile beyond where firefighters were working, said Cal Fire spokesman Daniel Berlant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the kind of fire we would see with Santa Ana winds but in our area, this is unprecedented.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>High Temperatures Will Up the Ante\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add to the mix the abnormally high temperatures that have persisted this summer, often at the most inopportune times, such as the early days of the Valley Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This late-season heat really sort of sets the stage for any big offshore wind events—these Santa Ana or Diablo winds that often occur later in the fall,” warns Swain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2014 went down as California’s warmest year on record and 2015 is on track to beat it. According to NOAA, the statewide average temperature was slightly above normal in July, then spiked to nearly 3 degrees Fahrenheit above the 20th Century average in August.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the state’s most catastrophic fires have broken out in October, including the historic \u003ca href=\"https://oaklandnorth.net/oakland-hills-fire/\">Oakland Hills firestorm, \u003c/a>which destroyed more than 3,000 homes in 1991.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All the vegetation is drought-stressed and especially dry given the heat wave, and so if and when we get these big wind events over the next couple of months, that’s probably going to lead to some big problems,” says Swain.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The fire season has been \"a marathon, not a sprint,\" according to one top official -- and there are miles left to go.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As bad as things are already, the system in place to manage California’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/09/13/valley-fire-forcing-residents-to-evacuate-injures-firefighters-in-lake-county\">wildfire season\u003c/a> is already “stretched very, very thinly,” according to Mark Ghilarducci, who directs the state’s Office of Emergency Services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fire season itself has probably been the most extreme that I’ve seen in my 30 years,” said Ghilarducci in a state-produced \u003ca href=\"https://vimeo.com/139405750\">video interview\u003c/a> on Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s not over. In fact, it could get worse, for three main reasons:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>We’re still in a drought\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “rainy season” is still a good six weeks away though don’t tell L.A. residents who got a \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-rain-moves-into-southern-california-thanks-to-former-hurricane-linda-20150915-story.html\">surprise drenching\u003c/a> of nearly two inches of rain in one morning this week. The Southland has seen other freak rains this summer, which washed out a freeway overpass and forced the first Major League Baseball rain-outs in two decades. Those were shards from an active Pacific hurricane season, probably linked to El Niño.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the light rain that fell near the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/09/14/photos-scenes-from-the-lake-county-valley-fire\">Valley Fire\u003c/a> on Monday, never even made it to the ground, according to officials on the scene. In fact, \u003ca href=\"http://www.fireweather.org/blog/2015/9/15/did-tropical-moisture-contribute-to-the-valley-fire-blow-up\">preliminary research\u003c/a> at San Jose State University’s Fire Weather Research Lab suggests that the \u003ca href=\"http://earthsky.org/earth/virga-is-rain-that-doesnt-reach-the-ground\">virga\u003c/a> actually made matters worse on the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The rain that we saw in Southern California notwithstanding, it certainly hasn’t rained like that up north and even in the south it will dry out quickly,” warns Stanford climate scientist Daniel Swain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is still experiencing really severe drought conditions and we definitely have a few more months before we see substantial relief.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swain says that even if the current El Niño conditions in the Pacific turn out to be a major rainmaker, California is not likely to see the peak effects until December or January. Meanwhile, each passing week without substantial precipitation increases evaporation, baking out what little moisture remains in soils and setting the stage for more severe wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Changes in the Wind\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of California’s most aggressive fires are driven by what scientists call katabatic winds, \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/12/01/santa-ana-wind-season-may-be-stretched-by-climate-change/\">better known as Santa Anas\u003c/a> in Southern California, Diablos in the north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the fall, the usual onshore breezes start backing around and dry easterly winds roar through mountain passes, speeding up and heating up along the way. This season, some fires have behaved like classic Santa Ana-driven fires — without the winds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The devastating Valley Fire north of the Bay Area stunned firefighters, blowing up to 40,000 acres in one day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fire would throw embers a half-mile beyond where firefighters were working, said Cal Fire spokesman Daniel Berlant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the kind of fire we would see with Santa Ana winds but in our area, this is unprecedented.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>High Temperatures Will Up the Ante\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add to the mix the abnormally high temperatures that have persisted this summer, often at the most inopportune times, such as the early days of the Valley Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This late-season heat really sort of sets the stage for any big offshore wind events—these Santa Ana or Diablo winds that often occur later in the fall,” warns Swain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2014 went down as California’s warmest year on record and 2015 is on track to beat it. According to NOAA, the statewide average temperature was slightly above normal in July, then spiked to nearly 3 degrees Fahrenheit above the 20th Century average in August.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the state’s most catastrophic fires have broken out in October, including the historic \u003ca href=\"https://oaklandnorth.net/oakland-hills-fire/\">Oakland Hills firestorm, \u003c/a>which destroyed more than 3,000 homes in 1991.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All the vegetation is drought-stressed and especially dry given the heat wave, and so if and when we get these big wind events over the next couple of months, that’s probably going to lead to some big problems,” says Swain.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Big Challenge as California Ramps Up Wind Power: Golden Eagles",
"headTitle": "Big Challenge as California Ramps Up Wind Power: Golden Eagles | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio//2015/09/WindFarmsEagles.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s history with wind power goes back decades — as do its troubles with turbines killing birds, including federally protected golden eagles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With state officials now planning to ramp up renewable energy, an uneasy tension exists between protecting wildlife, and fighting climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“At nighttime, as soon as it gets dark, striped skunks run to the wind turbines. Literally run.”\u003ccite>Shawn Smallwood, Ecologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Ecologist Shawn Smallwood has found mangled eagles several times in wind farms like those at Altamont Pass, near Livermore. The place has a reputation for turbines killing birds. Alameda County estimates 35 golden eagles were killed there in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researching this problem is complicated partly by scavengers, such as ravens, snatching up carcasses before Smallwood can tally them. Coyotes, foxes and badgers converge on the wind farm and search the grounds in a pattern, he says, just like a scientist would.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At nighttime, as soon as it gets dark, striped skunks run to the wind turbines. Literally run,” says Smallwood. “They also go to the turbines that kill the most animals, so they’re familiar with where they can find food. They usually go to the downwind side of the turbines, again where the bats and birds are most likely to fall after they get hit by a wind turbine.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The history of wind power is littered with attempts to make turbines safer for birds and bats. \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RtgBWNKwBkE\">It’s not easy\u003c/a>. Golden eagles fix their eyesight on prey on the ground and don’t necessarily see what they’re flying into. Smallwood once advocated shutting turbines off over winter, but says on an overcast day, birds can still fly right into blades that aren’t even turning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_247869\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 401px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Mighty2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-247869\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Mighty2-800x844.jpg\" alt=\"Biologists are studying golden eagles in the Altamont Pass by placing radio transmitters on them.\" width=\"401\" height=\"423\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Mighty2-800x844.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Mighty2-400x422.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Mighty2-1440x1518.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Mighty2-1180x1244.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Mighty2-960x1012.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Mighty2.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 401px) 100vw, 401px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Biologists are studying golden eagles in the Altamont Pass by placing radio transmitters on them. \u003ccite>(Joseph DiDonato/Wildlife Consulting and Photography)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At the Altamont Pass Wind Farm, a process is underway right now called “repowering.” This means removing hundreds of older, less efficient turbines. A single massive, new turbine can take the place of 20 or 30 of the older models. This also affords an opportunity to get turbines out of particularly lethal spots altogether.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, the tip of a huge blade can slice through the air at \u003ca href=\"http://gizmodo.com/5930272/the-worlds-biggest-wind-turbine-blades-are-so-long-their-tips-spin-at-180-mph\">speeds like a racecar\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years ago, before the repowering process started, Smallwood estimates 60 golden eagles were killed each year at Altamont.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Permit to Kill\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While not listed as endangered, golden eagles are protected under the federal Migratory Bird Treaty Act and the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act. Killing them is illegal. But, with the exception of a couple wind companies recently fined in Wyoming, the federal government \u003ca href=\"http://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/Latest-News-Wires/2013/0514/Why-wind-farms-kill-eagles-with-federal-impunity\">has rarely enforced such laws\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scott Flaherty, a spokesman for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, says the agency wants to work alongside wind companies — not punish them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While prosecutions are great and make for great headlines, they don’t always do the best thing for eagles,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2009, wind companies have been able to apply for a “take permit,” essentially, permission to kill a small number of golden eagles. Such applications are thick, highly technical and take a long time to write. Only one permit has been issued since the program was introduced — for a wind farm in Solano County. Seven other wind farms have applications in the pipeline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_247865\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Smallwood2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-247865\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Smallwood2-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Ecologist Shawn Smallwood holds a golden eagle found injured in the Altamont Pass.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Smallwood2-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Smallwood2-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Smallwood2-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Smallwood2-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Smallwood2-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Smallwood2.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ecologist Shawn Smallwood holds a golden eagle found injured in the Altamont Pass. \u003ccite>(Joseph DiDonato/Wildlife Consulting and Photography)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By getting wind companies in the door to discuss permits, Flaherty says the agency can also have a frank discussion about settling up over eagles killed in years past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One thing about eagle permits is that they don’t allow for past take,” he says. “They don’t really forgive past take.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an agreement with U.S. Fish and Wildlife, one company recently paid $10,000 and will spend hundreds of thousands more on research to help eagles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The permits last five years. Last month, a federal judge kicked a new 30-year version \u003ca href=\"http://www.kcet.org/news/redefine/rewire/commentary/court-sends-30-year-eagle-kill-permits-back-to-drawing-board.html\">back to Fish and Wildlife officials\u003c/a> for more work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hardly a Free Pass\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown’s administration has set an ambitious goal: By 2030, Brown wants half of California’s power to come from renewable sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nancy Rader, executive director for the California Wind Energy Association, says the industry is aiming to more than double wind energy capacity by 2030; hundreds of new turbines have to go \u003cem>somewhere.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_248142\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 355px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/wind3B.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-248142\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/wind3B-800x1052.jpg\" alt=\"Only one wind farm, in Solano County, has received a federal permit for the killing of golden eagles. Several others have applications in the pipeline.\" width=\"355\" height=\"467\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/wind3B-800x1052.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/wind3B-400x526.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/wind3B-1180x1552.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/wind3B-960x1262.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/wind3B.jpg 1219w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 355px) 100vw, 355px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Only one wind farm, located in Solano County, has received a federal permit for the killing of golden eagles. Several others have applications in the pipeline. \u003ccite>(Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Far from getting an easy pass from regulators, Rader points to proposed restrictions from the Bureau of Land Management, as well as local governments in places like Los Angeles County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re seeing land-use plans coming out from both the federal government and county governments that actually prohibit the development of wind energy across large areas of California,” Rader says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Energy supply is about trade-offs, says Ryan Wiser, a senior scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s really no free lunch here,” he says, and refers to \u003ca href=\"http://energy.gov/eere/wind/wind-vision\">a report out this year\u003c/a> from the federal Department of Energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report examines a future in which wind energy scales up dramatically in coming decades. It concludes that replacing fossil fuels with wind will save hundreds of billions of dollars in “avoided global climate damages.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Wiser points out, the report didn’t attempt to pin down the economic value of the loss of wildlife – such as eagles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED Science coordinating television producer Gabriela Quiros contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "So far, only one wind farm has gotten a permit allowing its turbines to kill the federally protected eagles.\r\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California’s history with wind power goes back decades — as do its troubles with turbines killing birds, including federally protected golden eagles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With state officials now planning to ramp up renewable energy, an uneasy tension exists between protecting wildlife, and fighting climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“At nighttime, as soon as it gets dark, striped skunks run to the wind turbines. Literally run.”\u003ccite>Shawn Smallwood, Ecologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Ecologist Shawn Smallwood has found mangled eagles several times in wind farms like those at Altamont Pass, near Livermore. The place has a reputation for turbines killing birds. Alameda County estimates 35 golden eagles were killed there in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researching this problem is complicated partly by scavengers, such as ravens, snatching up carcasses before Smallwood can tally them. Coyotes, foxes and badgers converge on the wind farm and search the grounds in a pattern, he says, just like a scientist would.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At nighttime, as soon as it gets dark, striped skunks run to the wind turbines. Literally run,” says Smallwood. “They also go to the turbines that kill the most animals, so they’re familiar with where they can find food. They usually go to the downwind side of the turbines, again where the bats and birds are most likely to fall after they get hit by a wind turbine.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The history of wind power is littered with attempts to make turbines safer for birds and bats. \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RtgBWNKwBkE\">It’s not easy\u003c/a>. Golden eagles fix their eyesight on prey on the ground and don’t necessarily see what they’re flying into. Smallwood once advocated shutting turbines off over winter, but says on an overcast day, birds can still fly right into blades that aren’t even turning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_247869\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 401px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Mighty2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-247869\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Mighty2-800x844.jpg\" alt=\"Biologists are studying golden eagles in the Altamont Pass by placing radio transmitters on them.\" width=\"401\" height=\"423\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Mighty2-800x844.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Mighty2-400x422.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Mighty2-1440x1518.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Mighty2-1180x1244.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Mighty2-960x1012.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Mighty2.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 401px) 100vw, 401px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Biologists are studying golden eagles in the Altamont Pass by placing radio transmitters on them. \u003ccite>(Joseph DiDonato/Wildlife Consulting and Photography)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At the Altamont Pass Wind Farm, a process is underway right now called “repowering.” This means removing hundreds of older, less efficient turbines. A single massive, new turbine can take the place of 20 or 30 of the older models. This also affords an opportunity to get turbines out of particularly lethal spots altogether.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, the tip of a huge blade can slice through the air at \u003ca href=\"http://gizmodo.com/5930272/the-worlds-biggest-wind-turbine-blades-are-so-long-their-tips-spin-at-180-mph\">speeds like a racecar\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years ago, before the repowering process started, Smallwood estimates 60 golden eagles were killed each year at Altamont.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Permit to Kill\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While not listed as endangered, golden eagles are protected under the federal Migratory Bird Treaty Act and the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act. Killing them is illegal. But, with the exception of a couple wind companies recently fined in Wyoming, the federal government \u003ca href=\"http://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/Latest-News-Wires/2013/0514/Why-wind-farms-kill-eagles-with-federal-impunity\">has rarely enforced such laws\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scott Flaherty, a spokesman for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, says the agency wants to work alongside wind companies — not punish them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While prosecutions are great and make for great headlines, they don’t always do the best thing for eagles,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2009, wind companies have been able to apply for a “take permit,” essentially, permission to kill a small number of golden eagles. Such applications are thick, highly technical and take a long time to write. Only one permit has been issued since the program was introduced — for a wind farm in Solano County. Seven other wind farms have applications in the pipeline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_247865\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Smallwood2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-247865\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Smallwood2-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Ecologist Shawn Smallwood holds a golden eagle found injured in the Altamont Pass.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Smallwood2-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Smallwood2-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Smallwood2-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Smallwood2-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Smallwood2-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Smallwood2.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ecologist Shawn Smallwood holds a golden eagle found injured in the Altamont Pass. \u003ccite>(Joseph DiDonato/Wildlife Consulting and Photography)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By getting wind companies in the door to discuss permits, Flaherty says the agency can also have a frank discussion about settling up over eagles killed in years past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One thing about eagle permits is that they don’t allow for past take,” he says. “They don’t really forgive past take.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an agreement with U.S. Fish and Wildlife, one company recently paid $10,000 and will spend hundreds of thousands more on research to help eagles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The permits last five years. Last month, a federal judge kicked a new 30-year version \u003ca href=\"http://www.kcet.org/news/redefine/rewire/commentary/court-sends-30-year-eagle-kill-permits-back-to-drawing-board.html\">back to Fish and Wildlife officials\u003c/a> for more work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hardly a Free Pass\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown’s administration has set an ambitious goal: By 2030, Brown wants half of California’s power to come from renewable sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nancy Rader, executive director for the California Wind Energy Association, says the industry is aiming to more than double wind energy capacity by 2030; hundreds of new turbines have to go \u003cem>somewhere.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_248142\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 355px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/wind3B.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-248142\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/wind3B-800x1052.jpg\" alt=\"Only one wind farm, in Solano County, has received a federal permit for the killing of golden eagles. Several others have applications in the pipeline.\" width=\"355\" height=\"467\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/wind3B-800x1052.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/wind3B-400x526.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/wind3B-1180x1552.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/wind3B-960x1262.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/wind3B.jpg 1219w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 355px) 100vw, 355px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Only one wind farm, located in Solano County, has received a federal permit for the killing of golden eagles. Several others have applications in the pipeline. \u003ccite>(Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Far from getting an easy pass from regulators, Rader points to proposed restrictions from the Bureau of Land Management, as well as local governments in places like Los Angeles County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re seeing land-use plans coming out from both the federal government and county governments that actually prohibit the development of wind energy across large areas of California,” Rader says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Energy supply is about trade-offs, says Ryan Wiser, a senior scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s really no free lunch here,” he says, and refers to \u003ca href=\"http://energy.gov/eere/wind/wind-vision\">a report out this year\u003c/a> from the federal Department of Energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report examines a future in which wind energy scales up dramatically in coming decades. It concludes that replacing fossil fuels with wind will save hundreds of billions of dollars in “avoided global climate damages.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Wiser points out, the report didn’t attempt to pin down the economic value of the loss of wildlife – such as eagles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED Science coordinating television producer Gabriela Quiros contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Cassini Spacecraft Gets Set for a Grand Finale",
"headTitle": "The Cassini Spacecraft Gets Set for a Grand Finale | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>On August 17, \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Cassini \u003c/a>spacecraft made its final close flyby of Dione, one of Saturn’s fascinating moons, sending us the highest-resolution pictures of its surface to date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And though this isn’t the last flyby of a moon in store for Cassini, the event marks the beginning of this flagship mission’s end game.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On this fifth and\u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4695\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> final flyby of Dione\u003c/a>, Cassini passed within 295 miles of the moon’s surface — a bit higher than the International Space Station orbits the Earth (keeping in mind, though, that Dione is only about 660 miles across).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Cassini accomplished some exquisite photography, the primary objective of this pass was to probe Dione’s gravity, magnetic field, and the plasma environment around it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_229674\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA19060.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-229674\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA19060-400x225.jpg\" alt=\"Simulation depicting "curtains" of water vapor erupting from crevasses in the surface of Saturn's moon Enceladus. \" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA19060-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA19060-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA19060-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA19060-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA19060.jpg 1278w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Simulation depicting “curtains” of water vapor erupting from crevasses in the surface of Saturn’s moon Enceladus. \u003ccite>(Cassini/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Analysis of these data will allow scientists to probe the moon’s interior structure. Similar measurements of two of Saturn’s other moons, Titan and Enceladus, were responsible for the discovery of liquid seas deep beneath their crusts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s too early to tell what this flyby will reveal about the realm beneath Dione’s surface, but if there’s one thing we have learned from Cassini about the moons of Saturn, they tend to be full of surprises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the months ahead, Cassini will buzz other Saturnian moons, including three passages of Enceladus, one at a distance of only 30 miles from its surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This moon-raking graze will send Cassini deeper than ever before into Enceladus’ plumes of water vapor, which spew from under the moon’s crust. That encounter could reveal more eye-opening clues about the moon’s subsurface geyser chambers, sea, and possible hydrothermal vent activity at the sea floor — all of which have been detected previously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassini’s 11-plus-year mission has been a stunning success in terms of its exploration and close scrutiny of Saturn, its system of ice and dust particle rings, and its entourage of moons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_229675\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18433-br500.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-229675\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18433-br500-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"Sunlight flashing off of the surface of a lake of liquid hydrocarbons on Saturn's moon Titan.\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18433-br500-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18433-br500-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18433-br500-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18433-br500-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18433-br500-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18433-br500-75x75.jpg 75w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18433-br500.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sunlight flashing off of the surface of a lake of liquid hydrocarbons on Saturn’s moon Titan. \u003ccite>(Cassini/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Early in the mission, in 2005, Cassini launched the European Space Agency’s (ESA) Huygens probe onto the surface of Saturn’s largest moon, Titan, making it the only solid surface in the outer solar system on which we’ve landed a spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last decade Cassini, and the Huygens probe, have greatly illuminated the Saturn system — but the mission did not begin without some controversy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 1997 launch of this spacecraft, which carries 73 pounds of plutonium within three radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs), \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/TECH/9710/04/cassini/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">was met with strong opposition\u003c/a>. Protesters were concerned with the possibility that a launch accident could spread the radioactive material into the Earth’s environment and pose health risks to human and animal populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exploration of the outer solar system, particularly as far from the sun as Saturn, requires a source of power other than sunlight, since sunlight at that distance is too weak for solar panels to be a practical alternative. Heat from the radioactive decay of substances like plutonium offers a steady and long-lasting supply of energy with which to generate electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The New Horizons spacecraft, which recently made its close flyby of Pluto, is powered by one of the Cassini mission’s spare plutonium-238 RTGs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After next December, Cassini will make only a small number of distant flybys of Saturn’s larger icy moons, and after that a series of long-range encounters with some of Saturn’s tiny, irregular moons, which we haven’t seen in any great detail so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_229677\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-229677\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"Saturn's seemingly serene cloud-tops, polar vortex, and translucent rings.\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295-75x75.jpg 75w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295.jpg 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Saturn’s seemingly serene cloud-tops, polar vortex, and translucent rings. \u003ccite>(Cassini/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Then in 2017, Cassini will enter what is being called its \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/cassinifeatures/name/nameabout/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">grand finale\u003c/a>, steered into an inclined orbit that will send it repeatedly between Saturn and its innermost rings, a region that no spacecraft has ever before explored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the mission refocused exclusively on close-up investigation of Saturn and its rings, this daring and somewhat risky maneuver will deliver details about the gas giant planet as never before. Cassini will probe the interior of Saturn through its magnetic field, take extreme high-resolution images of its cloud systems, and obtain much better measurements of the mass of its ring system, which could give scientists great insight into its origin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, at the conclusion of Cassini’s mission, the spacecraft will be sent into a fiery burn-up in Saturn’s atmosphere, eliminating any chance of its plutonium fuel from ever contaminating one of Saturn’s moons—particularly the water-bearing Enceladus, and cold, liquid-methane drenched Titan. (Maybe this self-sacrifice to protect any possible life on the moons of Saturn will make up a little for earlier concerns to life on Earth.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, our adventure in the Saturn system isn’t over yet, and we can expect more amazing revelations over the next year or two.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "NASA's Cassini spacecraft has already dazzled us with high-resolution pictures from the outer solar system. It has a lot more work to do before the mission's planned fiery finale.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On August 17, \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Cassini \u003c/a>spacecraft made its final close flyby of Dione, one of Saturn’s fascinating moons, sending us the highest-resolution pictures of its surface to date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And though this isn’t the last flyby of a moon in store for Cassini, the event marks the beginning of this flagship mission’s end game.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On this fifth and\u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4695\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> final flyby of Dione\u003c/a>, Cassini passed within 295 miles of the moon’s surface — a bit higher than the International Space Station orbits the Earth (keeping in mind, though, that Dione is only about 660 miles across).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Cassini accomplished some exquisite photography, the primary objective of this pass was to probe Dione’s gravity, magnetic field, and the plasma environment around it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_229674\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA19060.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-229674\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA19060-400x225.jpg\" alt=\"Simulation depicting "curtains" of water vapor erupting from crevasses in the surface of Saturn's moon Enceladus. \" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA19060-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA19060-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA19060-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA19060-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA19060.jpg 1278w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Simulation depicting “curtains” of water vapor erupting from crevasses in the surface of Saturn’s moon Enceladus. \u003ccite>(Cassini/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Analysis of these data will allow scientists to probe the moon’s interior structure. Similar measurements of two of Saturn’s other moons, Titan and Enceladus, were responsible for the discovery of liquid seas deep beneath their crusts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s too early to tell what this flyby will reveal about the realm beneath Dione’s surface, but if there’s one thing we have learned from Cassini about the moons of Saturn, they tend to be full of surprises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the months ahead, Cassini will buzz other Saturnian moons, including three passages of Enceladus, one at a distance of only 30 miles from its surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This moon-raking graze will send Cassini deeper than ever before into Enceladus’ plumes of water vapor, which spew from under the moon’s crust. That encounter could reveal more eye-opening clues about the moon’s subsurface geyser chambers, sea, and possible hydrothermal vent activity at the sea floor — all of which have been detected previously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassini’s 11-plus-year mission has been a stunning success in terms of its exploration and close scrutiny of Saturn, its system of ice and dust particle rings, and its entourage of moons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_229675\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18433-br500.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-229675\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18433-br500-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"Sunlight flashing off of the surface of a lake of liquid hydrocarbons on Saturn's moon Titan.\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18433-br500-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18433-br500-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18433-br500-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18433-br500-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18433-br500-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18433-br500-75x75.jpg 75w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18433-br500.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sunlight flashing off of the surface of a lake of liquid hydrocarbons on Saturn’s moon Titan. \u003ccite>(Cassini/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Early in the mission, in 2005, Cassini launched the European Space Agency’s (ESA) Huygens probe onto the surface of Saturn’s largest moon, Titan, making it the only solid surface in the outer solar system on which we’ve landed a spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last decade Cassini, and the Huygens probe, have greatly illuminated the Saturn system — but the mission did not begin without some controversy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 1997 launch of this spacecraft, which carries 73 pounds of plutonium within three radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs), \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/TECH/9710/04/cassini/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">was met with strong opposition\u003c/a>. Protesters were concerned with the possibility that a launch accident could spread the radioactive material into the Earth’s environment and pose health risks to human and animal populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exploration of the outer solar system, particularly as far from the sun as Saturn, requires a source of power other than sunlight, since sunlight at that distance is too weak for solar panels to be a practical alternative. Heat from the radioactive decay of substances like plutonium offers a steady and long-lasting supply of energy with which to generate electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The New Horizons spacecraft, which recently made its close flyby of Pluto, is powered by one of the Cassini mission’s spare plutonium-238 RTGs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After next December, Cassini will make only a small number of distant flybys of Saturn’s larger icy moons, and after that a series of long-range encounters with some of Saturn’s tiny, irregular moons, which we haven’t seen in any great detail so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_229677\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-229677\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"Saturn's seemingly serene cloud-tops, polar vortex, and translucent rings.\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295-75x75.jpg 75w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295.jpg 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Saturn’s seemingly serene cloud-tops, polar vortex, and translucent rings. \u003ccite>(Cassini/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Then in 2017, Cassini will enter what is being called its \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/cassinifeatures/name/nameabout/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">grand finale\u003c/a>, steered into an inclined orbit that will send it repeatedly between Saturn and its innermost rings, a region that no spacecraft has ever before explored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the mission refocused exclusively on close-up investigation of Saturn and its rings, this daring and somewhat risky maneuver will deliver details about the gas giant planet as never before. Cassini will probe the interior of Saturn through its magnetic field, take extreme high-resolution images of its cloud systems, and obtain much better measurements of the mass of its ring system, which could give scientists great insight into its origin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, at the conclusion of Cassini’s mission, the spacecraft will be sent into a fiery burn-up in Saturn’s atmosphere, eliminating any chance of its plutonium fuel from ever contaminating one of Saturn’s moons—particularly the water-bearing Enceladus, and cold, liquid-methane drenched Titan. (Maybe this self-sacrifice to protect any possible life on the moons of Saturn will make up a little for earlier concerns to life on Earth.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, our adventure in the Saturn system isn’t over yet, and we can expect more amazing revelations over the next year or two.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Trend: Large Wildfires More Common and Destructive in the West",
"headTitle": "Trend: Large Wildfires More Common and Destructive in the West | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The West continues to be an inferno at the start of September. Wildfires have exploded across the region in recent weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been at least 117 large wildfires to date including 70 that are still burning. Those fires along with thousands of smaller blazes have contributed to 7.8 million acres burned in the U.S., a record for this time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Washington has officially had its most destructive \u003ca href=\"http://www.columbian.com/news/2015/aug/26/washington-worst-wildfire-season/\">wildfire season on record\u003c/a>, including its \u003ca href=\"http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/western-wildfires/okanogan-complex-washington-wildfire-now-largest-state-history-n414916\">largest wildfire\u003c/a> in state history. \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/alaska-entering-new-era-for-wildfires-19146\">In Alaska\u003c/a>, 5.1 million acres have burned. Even if all the fires went out across the West tomorrow, this year would still rank as the seventh-most destructive wildfire season in terms of acres burned. But with the season set to continue for at least another month, 2015 will continue to climb the charts, though whether it displaces 2006 for the record remains to be seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_Acres_West.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-229508\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_Acres_West-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"2015WildfiresWeb_Acres_West\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_Acres_West-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_Acres_West-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_Acres_West-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_Acres_West.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_Acres_West-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_Acres_West-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That puts it right in line with trends since the 1970s of more large fires and more acres burned by these large wildfires as the West dries out and heats up according to an \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/western-wildfire-trends\">updated Climate Central analysis\u003c/a>. Climate change is one of the key drivers helping set up these \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-change-bully-california-drought-19354\">dry and hot conditions\u003c/a> favorable for wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spring and summer — two key seasons for wildfires — have warmed 2.1°F across the West, on average. Some states, particularly those in the Southwest, have warmed even faster. Add in \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/rising-temperatures-expected-to-accelerate-western-snowpack-decline\">shrinking snowpack\u003c/a> that’s disappearing earlier, and you have a recipe for a wildfire season that’s now 75 days longer and more devastating than it was in the 1970s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s been a notable increase in the large wildfires — defined as those 1,000 acres or bigger. A Climate Central analysis of U.S. Forest Service data through 2014 shows that large fires are three-and-a-half times more common now than they were in the ‘70s. They also burn seven times more acreage in an average year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biggest changes are in the Northern Rockies. Large wildfires are now 10 times more common than they used to be and the area burned is up to 45 times greater in Idaho, Montana and Wyoming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_NumberOfFires_TempTrend_West.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-229507\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_NumberOfFires_TempTrend_West-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"2015WildfiresWeb_NumberOfFires_TempTrend_West\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_NumberOfFires_TempTrend_West-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_NumberOfFires_TempTrend_West-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_NumberOfFires_TempTrend_West-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_NumberOfFires_TempTrend_West.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_NumberOfFires_TempTrend_West-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_NumberOfFires_TempTrend_West-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fire is a natural part of most ecosystems but a century of fire suppression, the expansion of homes, roads and infrastructure, and climate change have altered the order of things. Now there’s more fuel in the woods and hotter and drier conditions that can help fires explode with dire consequences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Air quality in downwind communities (some a thousand miles away) also \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/report-wildfires-and-air-pollution-a-hidden-hazard-16651\">suffer from the smoke\u003c/a>. At least twice in the past 12 years, cities like Los Angeles and San Diego were forced to deal with Beijing-level air pollution caused by southern California wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Intense burns can leave soil barren and inhibit the regrowth of forest. They can also erode forests’ ability to store carbon and actually turn them into a source of carbon emissions. That’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/california-forests-climate-polluters-18941\">already occurring in California\u003c/a>, there are concerns that could \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-change-alaska-wildfires-19181\">happen in Alaska\u003c/a> this year and it could be coming soon to a forest near you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>This story first appeared at \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a>, a content partner of KQED. Todd Sanford provided data analysis for this story.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "There’s been a notable increase in the large wildfires — defined as those 1,000 acres or bigger. That puts it right in line with trends since the 1970s of more large fires and more acres burned by these large wildfires as the West dries out and heats up.",
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"description": "There’s been a notable increase in the large wildfires — defined as those 1,000 acres or bigger. That puts it right in line with trends since the 1970s of more large fires and more acres burned by these large wildfires as the West dries out and heats up.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The West continues to be an inferno at the start of September. Wildfires have exploded across the region in recent weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been at least 117 large wildfires to date including 70 that are still burning. Those fires along with thousands of smaller blazes have contributed to 7.8 million acres burned in the U.S., a record for this time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Washington has officially had its most destructive \u003ca href=\"http://www.columbian.com/news/2015/aug/26/washington-worst-wildfire-season/\">wildfire season on record\u003c/a>, including its \u003ca href=\"http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/western-wildfires/okanogan-complex-washington-wildfire-now-largest-state-history-n414916\">largest wildfire\u003c/a> in state history. \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/alaska-entering-new-era-for-wildfires-19146\">In Alaska\u003c/a>, 5.1 million acres have burned. Even if all the fires went out across the West tomorrow, this year would still rank as the seventh-most destructive wildfire season in terms of acres burned. But with the season set to continue for at least another month, 2015 will continue to climb the charts, though whether it displaces 2006 for the record remains to be seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_Acres_West.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-229508\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_Acres_West-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"2015WildfiresWeb_Acres_West\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_Acres_West-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_Acres_West-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_Acres_West-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_Acres_West.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_Acres_West-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_Acres_West-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That puts it right in line with trends since the 1970s of more large fires and more acres burned by these large wildfires as the West dries out and heats up according to an \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/western-wildfire-trends\">updated Climate Central analysis\u003c/a>. Climate change is one of the key drivers helping set up these \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-change-bully-california-drought-19354\">dry and hot conditions\u003c/a> favorable for wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spring and summer — two key seasons for wildfires — have warmed 2.1°F across the West, on average. Some states, particularly those in the Southwest, have warmed even faster. Add in \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/rising-temperatures-expected-to-accelerate-western-snowpack-decline\">shrinking snowpack\u003c/a> that’s disappearing earlier, and you have a recipe for a wildfire season that’s now 75 days longer and more devastating than it was in the 1970s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s been a notable increase in the large wildfires — defined as those 1,000 acres or bigger. A Climate Central analysis of U.S. Forest Service data through 2014 shows that large fires are three-and-a-half times more common now than they were in the ‘70s. They also burn seven times more acreage in an average year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biggest changes are in the Northern Rockies. Large wildfires are now 10 times more common than they used to be and the area burned is up to 45 times greater in Idaho, Montana and Wyoming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_NumberOfFires_TempTrend_West.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-229507\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_NumberOfFires_TempTrend_West-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"2015WildfiresWeb_NumberOfFires_TempTrend_West\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_NumberOfFires_TempTrend_West-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_NumberOfFires_TempTrend_West-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_NumberOfFires_TempTrend_West-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_NumberOfFires_TempTrend_West.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_NumberOfFires_TempTrend_West-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_NumberOfFires_TempTrend_West-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fire is a natural part of most ecosystems but a century of fire suppression, the expansion of homes, roads and infrastructure, and climate change have altered the order of things. Now there’s more fuel in the woods and hotter and drier conditions that can help fires explode with dire consequences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Air quality in downwind communities (some a thousand miles away) also \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/report-wildfires-and-air-pollution-a-hidden-hazard-16651\">suffer from the smoke\u003c/a>. At least twice in the past 12 years, cities like Los Angeles and San Diego were forced to deal with Beijing-level air pollution caused by southern California wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Intense burns can leave soil barren and inhibit the regrowth of forest. They can also erode forests’ ability to store carbon and actually turn them into a source of carbon emissions. That’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/california-forests-climate-polluters-18941\">already occurring in California\u003c/a>, there are concerns that could \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-change-alaska-wildfires-19181\">happen in Alaska\u003c/a> this year and it could be coming soon to a forest near you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>This story first appeared at \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a>, a content partner of KQED. Todd Sanford provided data analysis for this story.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"soldout": {
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"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
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