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"content": "\u003cp>Octopuses are notoriously anti-social—if you put more than one in a tank, they’ll attack each other. And they certainly don’t form family ties—females are prone to eating males after mating, and they usually die when their eggs hatch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, in a recent study from UC Berkeley and the California Academy of Sciences, a mud-dwelling “harlequin octopus” defies all such stereotypes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As reported August 12 in the journal \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0134152\">PLoS ONE\u003c/a>\u003c/em>, members of this species—the larger Pacific striped octopus–will happily cohabit with their partners, share food and watch their eggs hatch for months on end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The roots of this paradigm-altering discovery reach back forty years and down 5,000 miles of coastline, to the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Radical News From Panama\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ib.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/caldwellr\">Roy Caldwell\u003c/a>, professor of biology at UC Berkeley and first author of the octopus study, was on sabbatical in Panama when he met biologist \u003ca href=\"http://arcadio.rodaniche.com/index2.html\">Arcadio Rodaniche\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Caldwell was hunting for the colorful shrimp that are his primary research interest, he says, “I caught three or four little striped octopuses; they came out of the rocks. Arcadio told me they were \u003cem>chierchiae\u003c/em>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Octopus chierchiae\u003c/em> is a tiny species, about the size of a quarter, sometimes called the lesser Pacific striped octopus. That’s in comparison to the \u003cem>larger\u003c/em> Pacific striped octopus, which is baseball-sized, and so poorly known it doesn’t have an official scientific name.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_200274\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/rodaniche.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-200274\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/rodaniche-400x418.png\" alt=\"A painting by Rodaniche of the larger Pacific striped octopus.\" width=\"400\" height=\"418\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/rodaniche-400x418.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/rodaniche-800x835.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/rodaniche-1180x1232.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/rodaniche-960x1002.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/rodaniche-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/rodaniche.png 1210w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A painting by Panamanian biologist and artist Arcadio Rodaniche of the larger Pacific striped octopus. \u003ccite>(Arcadio Rodaniche)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Both lesser and larger species are called “harlequin octopuses” because of the dramatic stripes and spots they often display, which are unique to individuals—like fingerprints. And both species, it seems, have never heard that laying eggs is supposed to be fatal for octopuses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I brought [the lesser Pacific striped octopuses] back to Berkeley because I thought they’d be neat to photograph,” says Caldwell, who is skilled behind the lens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One female laid eggs right away and I was very bummed out, I thought she was going to die. She didn’t, she laid three more clutches.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Rodaniche was making even more extraordinary discoveries about \u003cem>O. chierchiae’\u003c/em>s bigger cousins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to laying eggs for an extended time, mating pairs of larger Pacific striped octopuses sometimes shared a single den. Perhaps strangest of all, they mated beak-to-beak—an incredibly risky position if either partner is concerned about post-coital cannibalism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Males of other octopus species take more sensible precautions, either handing over sperm at arm’s length or mounting the female from behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rodaniche’s observations of the larger octopus, and to an extent Caldwell’s of the lesser, could have overturned years of octopus dogma. But neither set was published.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_200277\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/mom-and-baby.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-200277 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/mom-and-baby-400x453.jpg\" alt=\"Female and hatchling larger Pacific striped octopuse\" width=\"400\" height=\"453\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/mom-and-baby-400x453.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/mom-and-baby-800x906.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/mom-and-baby-960x1087.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/mom-and-baby.jpg 1060w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Female larger Pacific striped octopuses watch their eggs hatch for months as they continue to lay more. \u003ccite>(Roy Caldwell)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Caldwell says he “was too naive” to realize how unusual it was.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rodaniche, a specialist on squid and octopus, did submit a scientific paper—but the journal rejected it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They weren’t ready to accept my findings,” he says. “I shelved the whole thing until Roy found some animals and contacted me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Vindication at Last\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, Caldwell and co-author \u003ca href=\"http://packedhead.net/about/\">Richard Ross\u003c/a> of the Steinhart Aquarium had been working with \u003cem>O. chierchiae\u003c/em>, the lesser Pacific striped octopus, when the collector who was supplying them unexpectedly sent a much bigger specimen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was, of course, a larger Pacific striped octopus—which no scientist had seen or studied for decades. “It felt like suddenly we got Bigfoot in the lab,” says Ross. “And then it was a race to make sure we got all the specimens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The passage of time had not changed this species’ mating preference. Couples still joined beak-to-beak, as Rodaniche had observed. One mating pair cohabited for days in the same den, and even shared food—also beak-to-beak, like the famous \u003ca href=\"http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/SpaghettiKiss\">spaghetti kiss\u003c/a> from \u003cem>Lady and the Tramp\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further verifying Rodaniche’s original report, the females laid eggs for months on end, long after the first-laid eggs began to hatch. And unlike other octopus species, in which mothers stop eating to care for their eggs, these females continued to eat—and mate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Is This Octopus Such an Oddball?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Caldwell thinks most of the larger Pacific striped octopus’s unusual behavior stems from the females’ extended spawning period. “She couldn’t possibly go that long without eating,” he says. “And she probably has to replenish her sperm supply, too.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mating beak-to-beak allows a female to keep an eye on the eggs she’s already laid while collecting new sperm. Sharing dens and food could also make it easier for her to multi-task.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Furthermore, their unique body patterns may allow larger Pacific striped octopuses to recognize each other, an ability that could \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0018710\">minimize aggression\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\n[jwplayer mediaid=”200726″]\u003cbr>\nBut \u003cem>O. chierchiae\u003c/em>, the lesser Pacific striped octopus, has unique patterns too, as well as an extended spawning period. Yet its behavior is more typically anti-social.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m much more scared putting the \u003cem>chierchiae\u003c/em> together,” says Ross. He suggests that the differences between the two species may be due to their different habitats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>O. chierchiae\u003c/em> lives in rocky tidepools, a constantly changing environment which could make it difficult to build relationships. The larger Pacific striped octopus lives deeper, on muddy seafloors. This relatively stable habitat might be better suited to the evolution of gregarious behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know yet if they’re truly social,” cautions co-author \u003ca href=\"http://crissyhuffard.com/\">Christine Huffard\u003c/a> of the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. But the possibility exists. “The type of behaviors we’ve seen, like food sharing and den sharing, that’s just in the laboratory. We’d probably see much more complex behaviors in the wild.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Octopuses are notoriously anti-social—if you put more than one in a tank, they’ll attack each other. And they certainly don’t form family ties—females are prone to eating males after mating, and they usually die when their eggs hatch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, in a recent study from UC Berkeley and the California Academy of Sciences, a mud-dwelling “harlequin octopus” defies all such stereotypes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As reported August 12 in the journal \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0134152\">PLoS ONE\u003c/a>\u003c/em>, members of this species—the larger Pacific striped octopus–will happily cohabit with their partners, share food and watch their eggs hatch for months on end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The roots of this paradigm-altering discovery reach back forty years and down 5,000 miles of coastline, to the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Radical News From Panama\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ib.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/caldwellr\">Roy Caldwell\u003c/a>, professor of biology at UC Berkeley and first author of the octopus study, was on sabbatical in Panama when he met biologist \u003ca href=\"http://arcadio.rodaniche.com/index2.html\">Arcadio Rodaniche\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Caldwell was hunting for the colorful shrimp that are his primary research interest, he says, “I caught three or four little striped octopuses; they came out of the rocks. Arcadio told me they were \u003cem>chierchiae\u003c/em>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Octopus chierchiae\u003c/em> is a tiny species, about the size of a quarter, sometimes called the lesser Pacific striped octopus. That’s in comparison to the \u003cem>larger\u003c/em> Pacific striped octopus, which is baseball-sized, and so poorly known it doesn’t have an official scientific name.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_200274\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/rodaniche.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-200274\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/rodaniche-400x418.png\" alt=\"A painting by Rodaniche of the larger Pacific striped octopus.\" width=\"400\" height=\"418\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/rodaniche-400x418.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/rodaniche-800x835.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/rodaniche-1180x1232.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/rodaniche-960x1002.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/rodaniche-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/rodaniche.png 1210w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A painting by Panamanian biologist and artist Arcadio Rodaniche of the larger Pacific striped octopus. \u003ccite>(Arcadio Rodaniche)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Both lesser and larger species are called “harlequin octopuses” because of the dramatic stripes and spots they often display, which are unique to individuals—like fingerprints. And both species, it seems, have never heard that laying eggs is supposed to be fatal for octopuses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I brought [the lesser Pacific striped octopuses] back to Berkeley because I thought they’d be neat to photograph,” says Caldwell, who is skilled behind the lens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One female laid eggs right away and I was very bummed out, I thought she was going to die. She didn’t, she laid three more clutches.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Rodaniche was making even more extraordinary discoveries about \u003cem>O. chierchiae’\u003c/em>s bigger cousins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to laying eggs for an extended time, mating pairs of larger Pacific striped octopuses sometimes shared a single den. Perhaps strangest of all, they mated beak-to-beak—an incredibly risky position if either partner is concerned about post-coital cannibalism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Males of other octopus species take more sensible precautions, either handing over sperm at arm’s length or mounting the female from behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rodaniche’s observations of the larger octopus, and to an extent Caldwell’s of the lesser, could have overturned years of octopus dogma. But neither set was published.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_200277\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/mom-and-baby.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-200277 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/mom-and-baby-400x453.jpg\" alt=\"Female and hatchling larger Pacific striped octopuse\" width=\"400\" height=\"453\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/mom-and-baby-400x453.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/mom-and-baby-800x906.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/mom-and-baby-960x1087.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/mom-and-baby.jpg 1060w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Female larger Pacific striped octopuses watch their eggs hatch for months as they continue to lay more. \u003ccite>(Roy Caldwell)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Caldwell says he “was too naive” to realize how unusual it was.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rodaniche, a specialist on squid and octopus, did submit a scientific paper—but the journal rejected it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They weren’t ready to accept my findings,” he says. “I shelved the whole thing until Roy found some animals and contacted me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Vindication at Last\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, Caldwell and co-author \u003ca href=\"http://packedhead.net/about/\">Richard Ross\u003c/a> of the Steinhart Aquarium had been working with \u003cem>O. chierchiae\u003c/em>, the lesser Pacific striped octopus, when the collector who was supplying them unexpectedly sent a much bigger specimen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was, of course, a larger Pacific striped octopus—which no scientist had seen or studied for decades. “It felt like suddenly we got Bigfoot in the lab,” says Ross. “And then it was a race to make sure we got all the specimens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The passage of time had not changed this species’ mating preference. Couples still joined beak-to-beak, as Rodaniche had observed. One mating pair cohabited for days in the same den, and even shared food—also beak-to-beak, like the famous \u003ca href=\"http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/SpaghettiKiss\">spaghetti kiss\u003c/a> from \u003cem>Lady and the Tramp\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further verifying Rodaniche’s original report, the females laid eggs for months on end, long after the first-laid eggs began to hatch. And unlike other octopus species, in which mothers stop eating to care for their eggs, these females continued to eat—and mate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Is This Octopus Such an Oddball?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Caldwell thinks most of the larger Pacific striped octopus’s unusual behavior stems from the females’ extended spawning period. “She couldn’t possibly go that long without eating,” he says. “And she probably has to replenish her sperm supply, too.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mating beak-to-beak allows a female to keep an eye on the eggs she’s already laid while collecting new sperm. Sharing dens and food could also make it easier for her to multi-task.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Furthermore, their unique body patterns may allow larger Pacific striped octopuses to recognize each other, an ability that could \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0018710\">minimize aggression\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\n[jwplayer mediaid=”200726″]\u003cbr>\nBut \u003cem>O. chierchiae\u003c/em>, the lesser Pacific striped octopus, has unique patterns too, as well as an extended spawning period. Yet its behavior is more typically anti-social.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m much more scared putting the \u003cem>chierchiae\u003c/em> together,” says Ross. He suggests that the differences between the two species may be due to their different habitats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>O. chierchiae\u003c/em> lives in rocky tidepools, a constantly changing environment which could make it difficult to build relationships. The larger Pacific striped octopus lives deeper, on muddy seafloors. This relatively stable habitat might be better suited to the evolution of gregarious behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know yet if they’re truly social,” cautions co-author \u003ca href=\"http://crissyhuffard.com/\">Christine Huffard\u003c/a> of the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. But the possibility exists. “The type of behaviors we’ve seen, like food sharing and den sharing, that’s just in the laboratory. We’d probably see much more complex behaviors in the wild.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "One Year After Napa Quake, Scientists Still Puzzled by Mysterious Fault",
"headTitle": "One Year After Napa Quake, Scientists Still Puzzled by Mysterious Fault | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cb>Listen to the story:\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/08/20150824ScienceNapaQuake.mp3\u003cbr>\nThe deadly earthquake last year in the south Napa Valley was the Bay Area’s most destructive in a generation. It injured more than 200 people and wreaked hundreds of millions of dollars in damages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among those rushing to the scene that morning were geologists hoping to better understand the workings of the West Napa fault zone, which, until then, some had simply written off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ben Brooks, a geophysicist with the U.S. Geological Survey, says when the earthquake woke him at 3:30 a.m., he went to check on his son. “My little six-year-old,” Brooks says, “who asked if there was going to be a volcano afterwards.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘What we’re concerned with now, after the quake, is what’s the long-term history of the fault.’\u003ccite> Tim Dawson,engineering geologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Brooks hustled down to his office in Menlo Park to grab a truck, and some laser-scanning gear, called “lidar,” for light detection and ranging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By driving hundreds of miles around Napa over the next few days, at around 10 miles per hour, Brooks and his colleagues were able to gather a detailed snapshot of the topography.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some parts of the West Napa fault shifted suddenly during the magnitude 6 earthquake, but others crept gradually in a phenomenon called after-slip, moving about a foot over a few weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Between us,” says Brooks, “we’re calling it a one-month earthquake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_206303\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Dawson.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-206303\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Dawson-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Tim Dawson, an engineering geologist with the California Geological Survey, hops into a trench to look for hints of the fault that shook Napa last year.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Dawson-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Dawson-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Dawson-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Dawson-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Dawson.jpg 1333w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tim Dawson, an engineering geologist with the California Geological Survey, hops into a trench to look for hints of the fault that shook Napa last year. \u003ccite>(Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Surprises and Curiosities\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nOne striking hallmark of the \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/nc72282711\">South Napa earthquake\u003c/a> has been a crack roughly eight miles long, visible in pavement and in vineyards where the vine rows suddenly zigzag. Since the quake, Ponti says mapping by a NASA jet has suggested the crack runs another five miles farther south, toward the salt marshes near American Canyon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of what makes the fault zone a mystery is that it has multiple strands running parallel through the same area. And they might not break along the same pattern in another earthquake, Ponti says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tim Dawson, an engineering geologist for the California Geological Survey, has been among those digging trenches around 10 feet deep along the fault trace over the last year, looking for buried clues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re concerned with now, after the quake, is what’s the long-term history of the fault,” he says. “So we want to develop these records of when the last earthquake was, prior to the earthquake last summer, and how often they occur.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such a history helps to inform future expectations, and Dawson says new fault maps out next year could affect where planners choose to permit housing and other development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_206710\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 451px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/RS11867_454118094-sfi.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-206710\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/RS11867_454118094-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"Nicholas George looks under a buckled highway just outside of Napa, California after a 6.1 Earthquake struck the area on August 24, 2014. More than 80 people were injured after the quake caused fires, significant structure damage, water main breaks, and power outages throughout the region. \" width=\"451\" height=\"309\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/RS11867_454118094-sfi.jpg 525w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/RS11867_454118094-sfi-400x274.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 451px) 100vw, 451px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nicholas George looks under a buckled highway just outside of Napa, California after a 6.1 Earthquake struck the area on August 24, 2014. \u003ccite>(Josh Edelson/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Curiously, trenching studies so far haven’t turned up much evidence of quakes in the last few thousand years. One effort did find evidence that quakes occurred much further back in time—millions of years, says Carol Prentice with the USGS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Perhaps back in geologic time this fault was more active—produced more frequent and perhaps larger earthquakes—and now there’s been some kind of change,” Prentice says. “Perhaps the slip has moved onto a different fault, and on this particular fault, perhaps now we’re only seeing magnitude 6 earthquakes, and very infrequent earthquakes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or maybe not. In order to figure it out, scientists have to keep digging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Professor Gareth Funning of the University of California, Riverside, has been watching the region around the West Napa fault zone for years. Until last year’s quake, he says, it was such a bit player that he felt comfortable just leaving it out of his analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That makes the after-slip all the more puzzling. If the West Napa fault is capable of substantial, rapid after-slip, Funning says, it could also be capable of creep, or gradual movement of a fault unaccompanied by any big quake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In which case,” he asks, “shouldn’t we have been able to see it creeping through the areas where it subsequently slipped?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if there are any signs of movement before the quake happened, Funning says he hasn’t found them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_206307\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/USGS-map.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-206307\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/USGS-map.png\" alt=\"The red star marks the quake's epicenter in this USGS map, with solid yellow lines marking measurable surface faulting, including more than two months of afterslip. \" width=\"380\" height=\"560\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/USGS-map.png 540w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/USGS-map-400x590.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 380px) 100vw, 380px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The red star marks the quake’s epicenter in this USGS map, with solid yellow lines marking measurable surface faulting, including more than two months of afterslip. \u003ccite>(USGS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>More over-flights have been underway this month, to monitor the subtly shifting terrain and compare it to predictions. That’s especially important to homeowners in Browns Valley, where the fault rupture went right under some foundations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to also be picking up some areas where there’s damage to the levees in the Sacramento River Delta area back at the time of the earthquake, so we’re trying to understand that,” says USGS research geophysicist Ken Hudnut, who first forecast how the fault would continue to slip in the aftermath of the quake last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can We Have a Seven-Point-O?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not the first time an earthquake in the area has had people \u003ca href=\"http://napavalleyregister.com/news/local/powerful-earthquake-faults-threaten-napa-on-sides/article_d2b1792e-9f5c-5d96-992f-5b42b1e14d55.html\">rattled\u003c/a>. Fifteen years ago, a magnitude 5 quake centered around \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/states/events/2000_09_03.php\">Yountville\u003c/a> toppled chimneys and injured dozens of people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And that was a little bit of a wake-up call for this area, because it did damage in Napa, and now we’ve had this six,” says USGS geologist David Schwartz. “You have to just sit back and ask the question, ‘Well, we had a five and a six, can we have a seven?’ And I don’t think we can rule that out as a possibility.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A seven is a major earthquake. It would be just a notch stronger than the deadly 1989 \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/states/events/1989_10_18.php\">Loma Prieta\u003c/a> earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "In the year since the deadly South Napa earthquake, geologists have been digging in - sometimes literally - trying to better understand the puzzling West Napa fault zone.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cb>Listen to the story:\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/08/20150824ScienceNapaQuake.mp3\u003cbr>\nThe deadly earthquake last year in the south Napa Valley was the Bay Area’s most destructive in a generation. It injured more than 200 people and wreaked hundreds of millions of dollars in damages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among those rushing to the scene that morning were geologists hoping to better understand the workings of the West Napa fault zone, which, until then, some had simply written off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ben Brooks, a geophysicist with the U.S. Geological Survey, says when the earthquake woke him at 3:30 a.m., he went to check on his son. “My little six-year-old,” Brooks says, “who asked if there was going to be a volcano afterwards.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘What we’re concerned with now, after the quake, is what’s the long-term history of the fault.’\u003ccite> Tim Dawson,engineering geologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Brooks hustled down to his office in Menlo Park to grab a truck, and some laser-scanning gear, called “lidar,” for light detection and ranging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By driving hundreds of miles around Napa over the next few days, at around 10 miles per hour, Brooks and his colleagues were able to gather a detailed snapshot of the topography.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some parts of the West Napa fault shifted suddenly during the magnitude 6 earthquake, but others crept gradually in a phenomenon called after-slip, moving about a foot over a few weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Between us,” says Brooks, “we’re calling it a one-month earthquake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_206303\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Dawson.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-206303\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Dawson-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Tim Dawson, an engineering geologist with the California Geological Survey, hops into a trench to look for hints of the fault that shook Napa last year.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Dawson-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Dawson-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Dawson-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Dawson-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Dawson.jpg 1333w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tim Dawson, an engineering geologist with the California Geological Survey, hops into a trench to look for hints of the fault that shook Napa last year. \u003ccite>(Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Surprises and Curiosities\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nOne striking hallmark of the \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/nc72282711\">South Napa earthquake\u003c/a> has been a crack roughly eight miles long, visible in pavement and in vineyards where the vine rows suddenly zigzag. Since the quake, Ponti says mapping by a NASA jet has suggested the crack runs another five miles farther south, toward the salt marshes near American Canyon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of what makes the fault zone a mystery is that it has multiple strands running parallel through the same area. And they might not break along the same pattern in another earthquake, Ponti says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tim Dawson, an engineering geologist for the California Geological Survey, has been among those digging trenches around 10 feet deep along the fault trace over the last year, looking for buried clues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re concerned with now, after the quake, is what’s the long-term history of the fault,” he says. “So we want to develop these records of when the last earthquake was, prior to the earthquake last summer, and how often they occur.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such a history helps to inform future expectations, and Dawson says new fault maps out next year could affect where planners choose to permit housing and other development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_206710\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 451px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/RS11867_454118094-sfi.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-206710\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/RS11867_454118094-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"Nicholas George looks under a buckled highway just outside of Napa, California after a 6.1 Earthquake struck the area on August 24, 2014. More than 80 people were injured after the quake caused fires, significant structure damage, water main breaks, and power outages throughout the region. \" width=\"451\" height=\"309\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/RS11867_454118094-sfi.jpg 525w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/RS11867_454118094-sfi-400x274.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 451px) 100vw, 451px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nicholas George looks under a buckled highway just outside of Napa, California after a 6.1 Earthquake struck the area on August 24, 2014. \u003ccite>(Josh Edelson/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Curiously, trenching studies so far haven’t turned up much evidence of quakes in the last few thousand years. One effort did find evidence that quakes occurred much further back in time—millions of years, says Carol Prentice with the USGS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Perhaps back in geologic time this fault was more active—produced more frequent and perhaps larger earthquakes—and now there’s been some kind of change,” Prentice says. “Perhaps the slip has moved onto a different fault, and on this particular fault, perhaps now we’re only seeing magnitude 6 earthquakes, and very infrequent earthquakes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or maybe not. In order to figure it out, scientists have to keep digging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Professor Gareth Funning of the University of California, Riverside, has been watching the region around the West Napa fault zone for years. Until last year’s quake, he says, it was such a bit player that he felt comfortable just leaving it out of his analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That makes the after-slip all the more puzzling. If the West Napa fault is capable of substantial, rapid after-slip, Funning says, it could also be capable of creep, or gradual movement of a fault unaccompanied by any big quake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In which case,” he asks, “shouldn’t we have been able to see it creeping through the areas where it subsequently slipped?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if there are any signs of movement before the quake happened, Funning says he hasn’t found them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_206307\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/USGS-map.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-206307\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/USGS-map.png\" alt=\"The red star marks the quake's epicenter in this USGS map, with solid yellow lines marking measurable surface faulting, including more than two months of afterslip. \" width=\"380\" height=\"560\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/USGS-map.png 540w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/USGS-map-400x590.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 380px) 100vw, 380px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The red star marks the quake’s epicenter in this USGS map, with solid yellow lines marking measurable surface faulting, including more than two months of afterslip. \u003ccite>(USGS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>More over-flights have been underway this month, to monitor the subtly shifting terrain and compare it to predictions. That’s especially important to homeowners in Browns Valley, where the fault rupture went right under some foundations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to also be picking up some areas where there’s damage to the levees in the Sacramento River Delta area back at the time of the earthquake, so we’re trying to understand that,” says USGS research geophysicist Ken Hudnut, who first forecast how the fault would continue to slip in the aftermath of the quake last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can We Have a Seven-Point-O?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not the first time an earthquake in the area has had people \u003ca href=\"http://napavalleyregister.com/news/local/powerful-earthquake-faults-threaten-napa-on-sides/article_d2b1792e-9f5c-5d96-992f-5b42b1e14d55.html\">rattled\u003c/a>. Fifteen years ago, a magnitude 5 quake centered around \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/states/events/2000_09_03.php\">Yountville\u003c/a> toppled chimneys and injured dozens of people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And that was a little bit of a wake-up call for this area, because it did damage in Napa, and now we’ve had this six,” says USGS geologist David Schwartz. “You have to just sit back and ask the question, ‘Well, we had a five and a six, can we have a seven?’ And I don’t think we can rule that out as a possibility.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A seven is a major earthquake. It would be just a notch stronger than the deadly 1989 \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/states/events/1989_10_18.php\">Loma Prieta\u003c/a> earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Dude, Where's My Earthquake Warning System?",
"headTitle": "Dude, Where’s My Earthquake Warning System? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>One year ago, in the pre-dawn hours of a Sunday morning, thousands of people were jounced out of their beds when a magnitude-6 earthquake struck the Napa Valley. The shaking claimed at least one life, injured more than 200, and brought down whole sections of buildings in Napa and Vallejo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/220655309″ params=”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false” width=”100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true” /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years Californians have been hoping for some kind of warning system that would provide even a few seconds to prepare. Japan has it. Mexico has it. But don’t expect to see it in California for a while.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a big project,” says Jennifer Strauss. She and her coleagues at UC Berkeley’s \u003ca href=\"http://seismo.berkeley.edu/\">seismology lab \u003c/a>working with several universities, and state and federal agencies on \u003ca href=\"http://www.shakealert.org/\">ShakeAlert\u003c/a>, the prototype system for California’s first statewide warning system for earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the goal of the ShakeAlert project for all of us involved,” says Strauss. “We want it to be just a thing that everybody has in their daily life as part of preparedness and safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But two years after state lawmakers passed a law authorizing the project, we are far from that goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Obstacle 1: Getting the Word Out\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The technology is getting here,” she says, “but it’s figuring out how to move beyond the academic exercise of, ‘Is this scientifically possible?’ and moving into the realm of, how do you get an alert to people?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s proving to be the bigger challenge. The “Amber alert” model, where it instantly goes to everybody’s cell phone turns out to be more of a technical challenge with earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A nearer-term goal is getting an operational version into hospitals and businesses where even a few seconds notice could save lives, not to mention millions of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Obstacle 2: Money\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Building out the system is estimated to cost at least $80 million. That seems like a trivial sum given that a magnitude-6 quake in Napa caused five times that in damage. But Senator Alex Padilla’s bill from 2013 didn’t provide any government funding. Some federal assistance has trickled in, and state officials are looking for private partners to help fund the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, ShakeAlert remains in its beta phase, being tested by selected institutions. A program installed on personal computers includes a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KO3qeqAvLcA\">visual and audio alert\u003c/a> (“Earthquake! Earthquake!”), announces how intense the shaking is likely to be, and provides a countdown in seconds. When the earth moved in the Napa Valley, testers in Berkeley got about ten seconds of warning before the first rumbles arrived. The farther from the epicenter, the more notice it provides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_210836\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-210836\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt='ShakeAlert offered about 10 seconds of warning to testers in the East Bay. Those \"right on top\" of the epicenter would likely have less warning.' width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">ShakeAlert offered about 10 seconds of warning to testers in the East Bay. Those “right on top” of the epicenter would likely have less warning. \u003ccite>(Erol Kalkan / USGS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Obstacle 3: Accuracy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not perfect. As it stands right now, Strauss says ShakeAlert is about 90 percent accurate — that is about one in ten alerts may be a false alarm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You don’t want an alert going out and have no shaking, as much as you don’t want shaking with no alert,” warns Timothy Strack, who chairs the state’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.seismic.ca.gov/\">Seismic Safety Commission\u003c/a>, and is on the steering committee for the warning system. He says even 90 percent reliability probably won’t pass muster with policymakers who will need to sign off on the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t have that with an early warning system for earthquake because we need the system to have credibility so if it alerts, it’s coming,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eliminating false alarms is just one of multiple technical challenges yet to be overcome. Strauss says the number of sensors around the state, now numbering about 400, needs to more than double in order to provide a reliable system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In California the geography, compounded with where we like to put all our people, makes this very tricky,” says Strauss. “You need very fast telemetry, you need very fast processing speed, you need very fast communications in order to warn people who are sitting directly on top of a fault.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Obstacle 4: Bureaucracy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every Californian knows it’s coming, the Big One or “a” big one. They just don’t know when. Nor does anyone seem to know when a workable statewide warning system will be ready for prime time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wish I could guess,” says Strack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to take that next step to engaging the public and local government, water districts, to see what they really feel is best for an early warning system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Strack says that day when all Californians can have it on their cell phones: we’re no closer to that than when the Napa quake struck, one year ago.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Japan has it. Mexico has it. But as KQED Science Editor Craig Miller reports, don't look for it anytime soon in California.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>One year ago, in the pre-dawn hours of a Sunday morning, thousands of people were jounced out of their beds when a magnitude-6 earthquake struck the Napa Valley. The shaking claimed at least one life, injured more than 200, and brought down whole sections of buildings in Napa and Vallejo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”166″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/220655309″&visual=true&”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false”'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/220655309″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years Californians have been hoping for some kind of warning system that would provide even a few seconds to prepare. Japan has it. Mexico has it. But don’t expect to see it in California for a while.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a big project,” says Jennifer Strauss. She and her coleagues at UC Berkeley’s \u003ca href=\"http://seismo.berkeley.edu/\">seismology lab \u003c/a>working with several universities, and state and federal agencies on \u003ca href=\"http://www.shakealert.org/\">ShakeAlert\u003c/a>, the prototype system for California’s first statewide warning system for earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the goal of the ShakeAlert project for all of us involved,” says Strauss. “We want it to be just a thing that everybody has in their daily life as part of preparedness and safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But two years after state lawmakers passed a law authorizing the project, we are far from that goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Obstacle 1: Getting the Word Out\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The technology is getting here,” she says, “but it’s figuring out how to move beyond the academic exercise of, ‘Is this scientifically possible?’ and moving into the realm of, how do you get an alert to people?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s proving to be the bigger challenge. The “Amber alert” model, where it instantly goes to everybody’s cell phone turns out to be more of a technical challenge with earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A nearer-term goal is getting an operational version into hospitals and businesses where even a few seconds notice could save lives, not to mention millions of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Obstacle 2: Money\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Building out the system is estimated to cost at least $80 million. That seems like a trivial sum given that a magnitude-6 quake in Napa caused five times that in damage. But Senator Alex Padilla’s bill from 2013 didn’t provide any government funding. Some federal assistance has trickled in, and state officials are looking for private partners to help fund the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, ShakeAlert remains in its beta phase, being tested by selected institutions. A program installed on personal computers includes a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KO3qeqAvLcA\">visual and audio alert\u003c/a> (“Earthquake! Earthquake!”), announces how intense the shaking is likely to be, and provides a countdown in seconds. When the earth moved in the Napa Valley, testers in Berkeley got about ten seconds of warning before the first rumbles arrived. The farther from the epicenter, the more notice it provides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_210836\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-210836\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt='ShakeAlert offered about 10 seconds of warning to testers in the East Bay. Those \"right on top\" of the epicenter would likely have less warning.' width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">ShakeAlert offered about 10 seconds of warning to testers in the East Bay. Those “right on top” of the epicenter would likely have less warning. \u003ccite>(Erol Kalkan / USGS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Obstacle 3: Accuracy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not perfect. As it stands right now, Strauss says ShakeAlert is about 90 percent accurate — that is about one in ten alerts may be a false alarm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You don’t want an alert going out and have no shaking, as much as you don’t want shaking with no alert,” warns Timothy Strack, who chairs the state’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.seismic.ca.gov/\">Seismic Safety Commission\u003c/a>, and is on the steering committee for the warning system. He says even 90 percent reliability probably won’t pass muster with policymakers who will need to sign off on the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t have that with an early warning system for earthquake because we need the system to have credibility so if it alerts, it’s coming,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eliminating false alarms is just one of multiple technical challenges yet to be overcome. Strauss says the number of sensors around the state, now numbering about 400, needs to more than double in order to provide a reliable system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In California the geography, compounded with where we like to put all our people, makes this very tricky,” says Strauss. “You need very fast telemetry, you need very fast processing speed, you need very fast communications in order to warn people who are sitting directly on top of a fault.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Obstacle 4: Bureaucracy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every Californian knows it’s coming, the Big One or “a” big one. They just don’t know when. Nor does anyone seem to know when a workable statewide warning system will be ready for prime time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wish I could guess,” says Strack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to take that next step to engaging the public and local government, water districts, to see what they really feel is best for an early warning system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Strack says that day when all Californians can have it on their cell phones: we’re no closer to that than when the Napa quake struck, one year ago.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Climate Change ‘Bully’ in California’s Drought",
"headTitle": "The Climate Change ‘Bully’ in California’s Drought | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>There’s a \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/the-onslaught-of-californias-drought-in-1-chart-17355\">drought in California\u003c/a>. Perhaps you’ve heard a few things about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the fact that it’s cost the state \u003ca href=\"https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/files/biblio/Final_Drought%20Report_08182015_Full_Report_WithAppendices.pdf\">$2.7 billion in agricultural losses\u003c/a>, helped \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/california-forests-climate-polluters-18941\">burn up\u003c/a> hundreds of thousands of acres so far this year and inspired Los Angeles to release a 96 million-strong armada of shade balls into reservoirs (though it was\u003ca href=\"http://grist.org/article/why-shade-balls-arent-such-a-great-idea-after-all/\"> apparently a PR stunt\u003c/a>). Oh, and the state is also short on rainfall by \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/missing-california-rain-19299\">20 inches–a full year’s worth\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One question that’s lingered as long as the drought itself is just how much, if any, of the drought is due to human-caused global warming. New research has an answer: from 8 to 27 percent. It also has another important number: climate change has made the odds of severe droughts like this one twice as likely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sobering numbers come from researchers at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, NASA and University of Idaho who analyzed temperature, precipitation, wind speed and other data to tease out the role climate change has played in the drought in a new study published on Thursday in \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015GL064924/full\">Geophysical Research Letters\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the latest in a string of studies that have examined this big question. The general consensus is that heat has \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/heat-turbocharged-californias-epic-drought-18404\">played a role\u003c/a> in exacerbating the drought and that at least some of that heat is part of the larger pattern of global warming. Last year was a punctuation mark with \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/2014-will-be-hottest-in-california-history-18279\">record-setting heat baking\u003c/a> the Golden State to crispy golden brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”a9ydWQMpnGmi6zuuOJgSgvGZ2SGg0G5P”]The “\u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/2947\">ridiculously resilient ridge\u003c/a>” — an atmospheric feature that’s deflected storms every which way but over California since 2012 — also might have \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/hints-of-climate-change-in-californias-drought-18109\">some climate change ties\u003c/a>, though those are still somewhat murky. But the specific role climate change has played in the drought hasn’t been truly teased out until this new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This study is the first to parse out the relative contribution of anthropogenic warming versus natural climate variability,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/user/williams\">Park Williams\u003c/a>, a tree ring researcher at Lamont, said. “From a method standpoint, it’s a big advancement. It’s the first time I know of that data has been parsed apart this way for any drought on the planet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams led the latest round of research that uses temperature, precipitation, wind and other drought data to break the state up into grid of 23,955 boxes. The data paint the sharpest picture yet of a state in severe drought. Averaged across the state, the findings show that this hasn’t been California’s worst drought on record, but it is the worst drought on record in the places that matter the most to people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_206222\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/CADroughtWilliams.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-206222 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/CADroughtWilliams.jpg\" alt=\"Maps of June-August Palmer Drought Severity Index and ranking for 2014 and 2012–14. Rankings are based on all years between 1901 and 2014. \" width=\"720\" height=\"238\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/CADroughtWilliams.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/CADroughtWilliams-400x132.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Maps of June-August Palmer Drought Severity Index and ranking for 2014 and 2012–14. Rankings are based on all years between 1901 and 2014. \u003ccite>(Williams, et al., 2015)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The epicenter of the drought is the Central Valley, the heart of California’s $46.4 billion agricultural industry. The Sierra Nevada mountains, where most of the state’s water comes from, and a large swath of the coast from \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/us-cities-hottest-year-18496\">San Diego to San Francisco\u003c/a>, where more than half the state’s population lives, have also experienced record-setting drought conditions since 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lack of rain is what obviously started the drought but heat has ensured its lasting impacts. By comparing different datasets and historical temperature trends, Williams and his colleagues were able to show that up to 27 percent of this drought can be ascribed to climate change-driven warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We needed to answer this question. Just knowing how much climate change has affected this drought is really important as a tool to help Californians understand that while natural climate variability is still important, but over the long term, we already have a trend underway,” Williams said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That trend also means the odds of severe drought in California have doubled since the early 20th century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://woods.stanford.edu/about/woods-faculty/noah-diffenbaugh\">Noah Diffenbaugh\u003c/a>, a senior fellow at the Woods Institute for the Environment at Stanford University, said the new analysis represented a “valuable step” in attribution work, a field of climate science that’s developed in the past decade in an effort to understand the role of climate change in specific extreme events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They do a nice job showing that exceptionally warm temperatures from 2012-2014 amplified drought conditions for California,” \u003ca href=\"https://swfsc.noaa.gov/staff.aspx?id=18679\">Nate Mantua\u003c/a>, a climate scientist at the Southwest Fisheries Science Center who has previously written about temperature variations in the region, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Mantua was critical of the paper’s attribution aspect. He said that while it’s possible human-driven global warming could have played a role in the region, the study’s modeling efforts didn’t convincingly replicate certain patterns and that he felt more confident that \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/west-coast-warming-natural-variability-18067\">natural circulation patterns\u003c/a> played a more likely role in pushing temperatures up across the region since 1900.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_206192\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NASADroughtAnimation.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-206192\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NASADroughtAnimation.gif\" alt=\"Changing drought patterns across the U.S. at the start of each decade through 2095.\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Changing drought patterns across the U.S. at the start of each decade through 2095. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Future projections paint a worrisome picture for California and the Southwest as a whole. Rising temperatures mean that California and other parts of the Southwest are basically guaranteed to deal with a serious drought lasting a decade and have an 80 percent chance of experiencing a \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/southwest-central-plains-unprecedented-drought-18657\">drought that lasts multiple decades\u003c/a> by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams likened the impacts of rising temperatures to a bully after your lunch money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we think of precipitation as an income for California, natural variations — evaporation, human water use — are expenses. Then we can think of global warming as a bully that comes by every year and tells you to give him a certain amount of your money. And every year, the bully asks for more and more,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, the bully isn’t going away anytime soon since human emissions to date have locked in climate change-fueled warming for decades if not centuries to come. The new findings give California a lunch money calculator to understand how much water the state can expect to give up and adjust its habits accordingly. It can also allow cities, farmers and others to take advantage of the good years and save for a rainy (or not so rainy) day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The burgeoning El Niño could bring rains, particularly to southern California, that could help the state in drier times, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This really starts a new conversation,” Williams said. “It should allow us to plan for the future in a way that we weren’t capable of doing before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the results are specific to California’s current drought, Williams said they could replicated for any drought or any bully, anywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a> \u003cem>is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"nprByline": "\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/what-we-do/people/brian-kahn\">Brian Kahn\u003c/a>\u003cbr />Climate Central\u003c/strong>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>There’s a \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/the-onslaught-of-californias-drought-in-1-chart-17355\">drought in California\u003c/a>. Perhaps you’ve heard a few things about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the fact that it’s cost the state \u003ca href=\"https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/files/biblio/Final_Drought%20Report_08182015_Full_Report_WithAppendices.pdf\">$2.7 billion in agricultural losses\u003c/a>, helped \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/california-forests-climate-polluters-18941\">burn up\u003c/a> hundreds of thousands of acres so far this year and inspired Los Angeles to release a 96 million-strong armada of shade balls into reservoirs (though it was\u003ca href=\"http://grist.org/article/why-shade-balls-arent-such-a-great-idea-after-all/\"> apparently a PR stunt\u003c/a>). Oh, and the state is also short on rainfall by \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/missing-california-rain-19299\">20 inches–a full year’s worth\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One question that’s lingered as long as the drought itself is just how much, if any, of the drought is due to human-caused global warming. New research has an answer: from 8 to 27 percent. It also has another important number: climate change has made the odds of severe droughts like this one twice as likely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sobering numbers come from researchers at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, NASA and University of Idaho who analyzed temperature, precipitation, wind speed and other data to tease out the role climate change has played in the drought in a new study published on Thursday in \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015GL064924/full\">Geophysical Research Letters\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the latest in a string of studies that have examined this big question. The general consensus is that heat has \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/heat-turbocharged-californias-epic-drought-18404\">played a role\u003c/a> in exacerbating the drought and that at least some of that heat is part of the larger pattern of global warming. Last year was a punctuation mark with \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/2014-will-be-hottest-in-california-history-18279\">record-setting heat baking\u003c/a> the Golden State to crispy golden brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The “\u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/2947\">ridiculously resilient ridge\u003c/a>” — an atmospheric feature that’s deflected storms every which way but over California since 2012 — also might have \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/hints-of-climate-change-in-californias-drought-18109\">some climate change ties\u003c/a>, though those are still somewhat murky. But the specific role climate change has played in the drought hasn’t been truly teased out until this new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This study is the first to parse out the relative contribution of anthropogenic warming versus natural climate variability,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/user/williams\">Park Williams\u003c/a>, a tree ring researcher at Lamont, said. “From a method standpoint, it’s a big advancement. It’s the first time I know of that data has been parsed apart this way for any drought on the planet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams led the latest round of research that uses temperature, precipitation, wind and other drought data to break the state up into grid of 23,955 boxes. The data paint the sharpest picture yet of a state in severe drought. Averaged across the state, the findings show that this hasn’t been California’s worst drought on record, but it is the worst drought on record in the places that matter the most to people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_206222\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/CADroughtWilliams.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-206222 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/CADroughtWilliams.jpg\" alt=\"Maps of June-August Palmer Drought Severity Index and ranking for 2014 and 2012–14. Rankings are based on all years between 1901 and 2014. \" width=\"720\" height=\"238\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/CADroughtWilliams.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/CADroughtWilliams-400x132.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Maps of June-August Palmer Drought Severity Index and ranking for 2014 and 2012–14. Rankings are based on all years between 1901 and 2014. \u003ccite>(Williams, et al., 2015)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The epicenter of the drought is the Central Valley, the heart of California’s $46.4 billion agricultural industry. The Sierra Nevada mountains, where most of the state’s water comes from, and a large swath of the coast from \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/us-cities-hottest-year-18496\">San Diego to San Francisco\u003c/a>, where more than half the state’s population lives, have also experienced record-setting drought conditions since 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lack of rain is what obviously started the drought but heat has ensured its lasting impacts. By comparing different datasets and historical temperature trends, Williams and his colleagues were able to show that up to 27 percent of this drought can be ascribed to climate change-driven warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We needed to answer this question. Just knowing how much climate change has affected this drought is really important as a tool to help Californians understand that while natural climate variability is still important, but over the long term, we already have a trend underway,” Williams said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That trend also means the odds of severe drought in California have doubled since the early 20th century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://woods.stanford.edu/about/woods-faculty/noah-diffenbaugh\">Noah Diffenbaugh\u003c/a>, a senior fellow at the Woods Institute for the Environment at Stanford University, said the new analysis represented a “valuable step” in attribution work, a field of climate science that’s developed in the past decade in an effort to understand the role of climate change in specific extreme events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They do a nice job showing that exceptionally warm temperatures from 2012-2014 amplified drought conditions for California,” \u003ca href=\"https://swfsc.noaa.gov/staff.aspx?id=18679\">Nate Mantua\u003c/a>, a climate scientist at the Southwest Fisheries Science Center who has previously written about temperature variations in the region, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Mantua was critical of the paper’s attribution aspect. He said that while it’s possible human-driven global warming could have played a role in the region, the study’s modeling efforts didn’t convincingly replicate certain patterns and that he felt more confident that \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/west-coast-warming-natural-variability-18067\">natural circulation patterns\u003c/a> played a more likely role in pushing temperatures up across the region since 1900.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_206192\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NASADroughtAnimation.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-206192\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NASADroughtAnimation.gif\" alt=\"Changing drought patterns across the U.S. at the start of each decade through 2095.\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Changing drought patterns across the U.S. at the start of each decade through 2095. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Future projections paint a worrisome picture for California and the Southwest as a whole. Rising temperatures mean that California and other parts of the Southwest are basically guaranteed to deal with a serious drought lasting a decade and have an 80 percent chance of experiencing a \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/southwest-central-plains-unprecedented-drought-18657\">drought that lasts multiple decades\u003c/a> by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams likened the impacts of rising temperatures to a bully after your lunch money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we think of precipitation as an income for California, natural variations — evaporation, human water use — are expenses. Then we can think of global warming as a bully that comes by every year and tells you to give him a certain amount of your money. And every year, the bully asks for more and more,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, the bully isn’t going away anytime soon since human emissions to date have locked in climate change-fueled warming for decades if not centuries to come. The new findings give California a lunch money calculator to understand how much water the state can expect to give up and adjust its habits accordingly. It can also allow cities, farmers and others to take advantage of the good years and save for a rainy (or not so rainy) day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The burgeoning El Niño could bring rains, particularly to southern California, that could help the state in drier times, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This really starts a new conversation,” Williams said. “It should allow us to plan for the future in a way that we weren’t capable of doing before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the results are specific to California’s current drought, Williams said they could replicated for any drought or any bully, anywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a> \u003cem>is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Flying Past the Sun, Rosetta Spacecraft Hitches a Ride on a Comet",
"headTitle": "Flying Past the Sun, Rosetta Spacecraft Hitches a Ride on a Comet | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>On Aug. 13, 2015 comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko achieved perihelion–its closest approach to the sun–accompanied by Europe’s Rosetta spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta arrived at the comet a year ago, and last Fall launched the Philae lander, which detected 16 different nitrogen- and carbon-rich organic compounds, four of which had never been found on a comet before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The composition of comets, in particular their mix of organic compounds, is an intriguing subject of investigation, since one of the theories for the emergence of life on Earth involves the contribution of organic compounds by comets, asteroids, and protoplanets early in the formation of the solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_199900\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/philaeatabydos.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-199900\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/philaeatabydos-400x281.jpg\" alt=\"Image taken by the Philae lander at its final resting site, Abydos, shortly before going into hibernation.\" width=\"400\" height=\"281\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/philaeatabydos-400x281.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/philaeatabydos.jpg 735w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image taken by the Philae lander at its final resting site, Abydos, shortly before going into hibernation. \u003ccite>(Rosetta/Philae/ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When Rosetta launched Philae in November 2014, the small spacecraft became the first ever to \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Touchdown!_Rosetta_s_Philae_probe_lands_on_comet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">land on a comet\u003c/a>. And though that landing did not go as planned–systems designed to pin down and hold fast to the comet failed–Philae was able to collect and transmit a useful load of data from near and on the comet’s surface before its batteries wound down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since that encounter, and up to and beyond perihelion on August 13, Rosetta’s mission has been to observe the effects of increasing solar radiation on comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko (C-G) over a year that brought it three times closer to the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A year ago when Rosetta arrived, the comet was quietly exuding water vapor under the relatively gentle rays of the more distant sun. Picture a cube of ice that you just took out of the freezer and set on the counter: a light breath of vapor rolls gently from the cube’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, toss that ice cube onto a hot griddle. It sizzles energetically, spewing out jets of steam as the ice vaporizes under the heat.\u003cbr>\nIt’s something like that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time of first encounter, well outside of Mars’ orbit, comet C-G gassed off a couple of drinking glass’ worth of water each second, a wisp of moisture supplied by its couple dozen square miles of surface area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_199905\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Approaching_perihelion.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-199905\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Approaching_perihelion-400x134.jpg\" alt=\"Series of images captured by ESA's Rosetta spacecraft showing gas jets emerging from comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko as it approached the sun.\" width=\"400\" height=\"134\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Approaching_perihelion-400x134.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Approaching_perihelion.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Series of images captured by ESA’s Rosetta spacecraft showing gas jets emerging from comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko as it approached the sun. \u003ccite>(Rosetta/ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Rosetta_s_big_day_in_the_Sun\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">At perihelion\u003c/a>, activity had increased a thousand-fold. The comet was blasting off over 130 pounds of water and almost 500 pounds of dust per second into space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta captured many images of water and dust jets issuing from the comet over the months. One image in particular, taken only an hour before perihelion, shows a prominent plume bursting out energetically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this activity, as ices vaporize and blow away into space carrying dust with it, is what builds up the comet’s atmosphere—or coma. In some comets–usually those that get closer to the sun than C-G ever does—this coma is blown by the solar wind into the long, iconic tail we generally associate with the image of a comet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were hopes that the drained batteries of the Philae lander might recharge as sunlight levels increased—and this has in fact occurred. Philae has sent a few spurious signals to be relayed to Earth by the orbiting Rosetta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_199901\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-199901\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"Image of the surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko from a distance of 62 miles.\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image of the surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko from a distance of 62 miles. \u003ccite>(Rosetta/ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So far, though, intermittent pings are all that have come from the comet’s surface. Mission operators are still hopeful that Philae may yet deliver more data, but since the comet and its two tag-along spacecraft are moving farther from the sun each day, the chances will diminish with the sunlight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Science_on_the_surface_of_a_comet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Philae obtained very useful data\u003c/a> from its instruments upon landing and, as it turned out, during a couple of slow-speed “hops” it made after inadvertently bouncing off of its initial landing spot. Philae lighted upon two other locations before finally coming to rest at a site named Abydos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta will continue observing comet C-G’s activity in the aftermath of its solar close encounter, studying the effects of post-perihelion retreat as the comet cools and heads back to the other end of its orbit, aphelion—just beyond the orbit of Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "On August 13th 2015 comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko made its closest approach to the sun (perihelion), carrying Europe's Rosetta spacecraft along for the ride.",
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"description": "On August 13th 2015 comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko made its closest approach to the sun (perihelion), carrying Europe's Rosetta spacecraft along for the ride.",
"title": "Flying Past the Sun, Rosetta Spacecraft Hitches a Ride on a Comet | KQED",
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"headline": "Flying Past the Sun, Rosetta Spacecraft Hitches a Ride on a Comet",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On Aug. 13, 2015 comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko achieved perihelion–its closest approach to the sun–accompanied by Europe’s Rosetta spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta arrived at the comet a year ago, and last Fall launched the Philae lander, which detected 16 different nitrogen- and carbon-rich organic compounds, four of which had never been found on a comet before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The composition of comets, in particular their mix of organic compounds, is an intriguing subject of investigation, since one of the theories for the emergence of life on Earth involves the contribution of organic compounds by comets, asteroids, and protoplanets early in the formation of the solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_199900\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/philaeatabydos.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-199900\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/philaeatabydos-400x281.jpg\" alt=\"Image taken by the Philae lander at its final resting site, Abydos, shortly before going into hibernation.\" width=\"400\" height=\"281\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/philaeatabydos-400x281.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/philaeatabydos.jpg 735w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image taken by the Philae lander at its final resting site, Abydos, shortly before going into hibernation. \u003ccite>(Rosetta/Philae/ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When Rosetta launched Philae in November 2014, the small spacecraft became the first ever to \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Touchdown!_Rosetta_s_Philae_probe_lands_on_comet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">land on a comet\u003c/a>. And though that landing did not go as planned–systems designed to pin down and hold fast to the comet failed–Philae was able to collect and transmit a useful load of data from near and on the comet’s surface before its batteries wound down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since that encounter, and up to and beyond perihelion on August 13, Rosetta’s mission has been to observe the effects of increasing solar radiation on comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko (C-G) over a year that brought it three times closer to the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A year ago when Rosetta arrived, the comet was quietly exuding water vapor under the relatively gentle rays of the more distant sun. Picture a cube of ice that you just took out of the freezer and set on the counter: a light breath of vapor rolls gently from the cube’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, toss that ice cube onto a hot griddle. It sizzles energetically, spewing out jets of steam as the ice vaporizes under the heat.\u003cbr>\nIt’s something like that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time of first encounter, well outside of Mars’ orbit, comet C-G gassed off a couple of drinking glass’ worth of water each second, a wisp of moisture supplied by its couple dozen square miles of surface area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_199905\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Approaching_perihelion.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-199905\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Approaching_perihelion-400x134.jpg\" alt=\"Series of images captured by ESA's Rosetta spacecraft showing gas jets emerging from comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko as it approached the sun.\" width=\"400\" height=\"134\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Approaching_perihelion-400x134.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Approaching_perihelion.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Series of images captured by ESA’s Rosetta spacecraft showing gas jets emerging from comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko as it approached the sun. \u003ccite>(Rosetta/ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Rosetta_s_big_day_in_the_Sun\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">At perihelion\u003c/a>, activity had increased a thousand-fold. The comet was blasting off over 130 pounds of water and almost 500 pounds of dust per second into space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta captured many images of water and dust jets issuing from the comet over the months. One image in particular, taken only an hour before perihelion, shows a prominent plume bursting out energetically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this activity, as ices vaporize and blow away into space carrying dust with it, is what builds up the comet’s atmosphere—or coma. In some comets–usually those that get closer to the sun than C-G ever does—this coma is blown by the solar wind into the long, iconic tail we generally associate with the image of a comet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were hopes that the drained batteries of the Philae lander might recharge as sunlight levels increased—and this has in fact occurred. Philae has sent a few spurious signals to be relayed to Earth by the orbiting Rosetta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_199901\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-199901\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"Image of the surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko from a distance of 62 miles.\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image of the surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko from a distance of 62 miles. \u003ccite>(Rosetta/ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So far, though, intermittent pings are all that have come from the comet’s surface. Mission operators are still hopeful that Philae may yet deliver more data, but since the comet and its two tag-along spacecraft are moving farther from the sun each day, the chances will diminish with the sunlight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Science_on_the_surface_of_a_comet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Philae obtained very useful data\u003c/a> from its instruments upon landing and, as it turned out, during a couple of slow-speed “hops” it made after inadvertently bouncing off of its initial landing spot. Philae lighted upon two other locations before finally coming to rest at a site named Abydos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta will continue observing comet C-G’s activity in the aftermath of its solar close encounter, studying the effects of post-perihelion retreat as the comet cools and heads back to the other end of its orbit, aphelion—just beyond the orbit of Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Gray Wolf Pups Found in California -- First in Nearly a Century",
"headTitle": "Gray Wolf Pups Found in California — First in Nearly a Century | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_204178\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-204178\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf3-1440x810.jpg\" alt='One of the wolves in the newly dubbed \"Shasta pack.\"' width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf3-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf3-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf3-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf3.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf3-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf3-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of the wolves in the newly dubbed “Shasta pack.” \u003ccite>(California Department of Fish and Wildlife)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A pack of wolves, including five pups, has turned up in Siskiyou County in Northern California. The pups are especially significant as they’re first documented since wolves were extirpated from the state in the 1920s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The adults likely came from Oregon, according to California wildlife officials, but are most likely not related to OR7, the \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/lone-wolf%E2%80%99s-historic-trek-provokes-questions-and-concerns/\">lone male who wandered into the state\u003c/a> in December 2011 and sparked a heated debate about the return of the predators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re really excited, if not amazed, at what this species of animal has been able to do,” said Eric Loft of the California Department of Fish and Wildlife. “What we’re most surprised about is about how rapidly wolves have done colonization, if you will, of California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “Shasta pack,” as wildlife officials have dubbed it, was photographed with remote trail cameras and officials are considering putting a radio collar on at least one individual to track its movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Howling Success…or Imminent Conflict\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is one of those rare moments when those of us who are longtime wolf advocates get to howl in celebration,” said Amaroq Weiss of the non-profit Center for Biological Diversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_204175\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 542px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf-pups-jpg3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-204175\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf-pups-jpg3.jpg\" alt='The newly named \"Shasta pack\" as photographed by a remote camera.' width=\"542\" height=\"334\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf-pups-jpg3.jpg 542w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf-pups-jpg3-400x246.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 542px) 100vw, 542px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Several-month-old pups, as captured by a remote camera. \u003ccite>(California Department of Fish and Wildlife)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gray wolves were \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/06/04/california-to-protect-gray-wolves-as-endangered-species/\">declared an endangered species\u003c/a> in California in June 2014 and are also protected under the federal Endangered Species Act. That makes it illegal to harass, kill or harm the animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While OR7 \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/07/25/californias-wandering-wolf-now-has-puppies-in-oregon/\">has since left California\u003c/a> and joined a pack in Southern Oregon, officials expect more wolves to follow. Some cheered his arrival, seeing it as a sign that wolves would soon reestablish themselves in California. Others warned about potential conflict with livestock, as has happened it other Western states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is currently working on a management plan for wolves that will govern how the population is handled. Officials expect to release a draft by the end of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our assessment of the most likely scenario for wolf reestablishment, mostly in terms of timing, is going to need to be updated,” said Karen Kovacs, a wildlife program manager with the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other Western states have set up programs to reimburse ranchers whose livestock are killed by wolves. While the management plan will examine such a program, officials say there’s no way to establish one yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That would take some kind of legislative action,” said Kovacs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kovacs says she’s hopeful to avoid those conflicts with this pack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have spoken with the majority of the private landowners within a 10-mile radius of these locations and they are all very cooperative,” she said. “I’ve not had one express animosity.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Five wolf pups were photographed, the first found in California since wolves where driven out in the 1920s.",
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"headline": "Gray Wolf Pups Found in California -- First in Nearly a Century",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_204178\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-204178\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf3-1440x810.jpg\" alt='One of the wolves in the newly dubbed \"Shasta pack.\"' width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf3-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf3-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf3-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf3.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf3-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf3-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of the wolves in the newly dubbed “Shasta pack.” \u003ccite>(California Department of Fish and Wildlife)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A pack of wolves, including five pups, has turned up in Siskiyou County in Northern California. The pups are especially significant as they’re first documented since wolves were extirpated from the state in the 1920s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The adults likely came from Oregon, according to California wildlife officials, but are most likely not related to OR7, the \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/lone-wolf%E2%80%99s-historic-trek-provokes-questions-and-concerns/\">lone male who wandered into the state\u003c/a> in December 2011 and sparked a heated debate about the return of the predators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re really excited, if not amazed, at what this species of animal has been able to do,” said Eric Loft of the California Department of Fish and Wildlife. “What we’re most surprised about is about how rapidly wolves have done colonization, if you will, of California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “Shasta pack,” as wildlife officials have dubbed it, was photographed with remote trail cameras and officials are considering putting a radio collar on at least one individual to track its movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Howling Success…or Imminent Conflict\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is one of those rare moments when those of us who are longtime wolf advocates get to howl in celebration,” said Amaroq Weiss of the non-profit Center for Biological Diversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_204175\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 542px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf-pups-jpg3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-204175\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf-pups-jpg3.jpg\" alt='The newly named \"Shasta pack\" as photographed by a remote camera.' width=\"542\" height=\"334\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf-pups-jpg3.jpg 542w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf-pups-jpg3-400x246.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 542px) 100vw, 542px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Several-month-old pups, as captured by a remote camera. \u003ccite>(California Department of Fish and Wildlife)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gray wolves were \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/06/04/california-to-protect-gray-wolves-as-endangered-species/\">declared an endangered species\u003c/a> in California in June 2014 and are also protected under the federal Endangered Species Act. That makes it illegal to harass, kill or harm the animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While OR7 \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/07/25/californias-wandering-wolf-now-has-puppies-in-oregon/\">has since left California\u003c/a> and joined a pack in Southern Oregon, officials expect more wolves to follow. Some cheered his arrival, seeing it as a sign that wolves would soon reestablish themselves in California. Others warned about potential conflict with livestock, as has happened it other Western states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is currently working on a management plan for wolves that will govern how the population is handled. Officials expect to release a draft by the end of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our assessment of the most likely scenario for wolf reestablishment, mostly in terms of timing, is going to need to be updated,” said Karen Kovacs, a wildlife program manager with the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other Western states have set up programs to reimburse ranchers whose livestock are killed by wolves. While the management plan will examine such a program, officials say there’s no way to establish one yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That would take some kind of legislative action,” said Kovacs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kovacs says she’s hopeful to avoid those conflicts with this pack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have spoken with the majority of the private landowners within a 10-mile radius of these locations and they are all very cooperative,” she said. “I’ve not had one express animosity.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Most California water districts have no choice but to save water this summer. They’re \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/30/whos-saving-water-in-california-and-who-isnt/\">facing mandatory requirements\u003c/a> from the state to cut back between 8 and 36 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That depends on their customers, of course. Each Bay Area water district has passed its own rules on how residents can and can’t use water. Find out if you’re following – or flouting – those requirements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Click to see restrictions by water district:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"670\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqednews.cartodb.com/viz/d55d1208-46b7-11e5-bdc0-0e018d66dc29/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Apart from water districts, some cities, \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/drought/ci_27960479/san-jose-looks-adopt-30-percent-water-reduction\">like San Jose\u003c/a>, have passed their own water conservation standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Research by Johanna Varner and Grace Singer. Produced by Lindsey Hoshaw.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Most California water districts have no choice but to save water this summer. They’re \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/30/whos-saving-water-in-california-and-who-isnt/\">facing mandatory requirements\u003c/a> from the state to cut back between 8 and 36 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That depends on their customers, of course. Each Bay Area water district has passed its own rules on how residents can and can’t use water. Find out if you’re following – or flouting – those requirements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Click to see restrictions by water district:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"670\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqednews.cartodb.com/viz/d55d1208-46b7-11e5-bdc0-0e018d66dc29/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Apart from water districts, some cities, \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/drought/ci_27960479/san-jose-looks-adopt-30-percent-water-reduction\">like San Jose\u003c/a>, have passed their own water conservation standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Research by Johanna Varner and Grace Singer. Produced by Lindsey Hoshaw.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "In Current Drought, Central Valley Is Sinking Faster Than We Thought",
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"content": "\u003cp>A new report reveals that California’s increased reliance on groundwater pumping is causing Central California to sink much faster than officials estimated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report, released today, shows that in just eight months last year, the Kings County town of Corcoran sank nearly 13 inches, while in Merced County, the unincorporated community of El Nido sank roughly ten inches. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If our current drought continues or drought returns in the near future,” says Mark Cowin, director of the state Department of Water Resources, “we don’t believe we can sustain this kind of pumping and the effects that are occurring.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/220129717″ params=”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false” width=”100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true” /]\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“Clearly, agricultural pumping is part of the issue we have to deal with here.”\u003ccite>Mark Cowin,\u003cbr>Director, Department of Water Resources\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The report from NASA’s Jet Propulsion Lab used satellite imaging to capture elevation data, and was commissioned by the Department of Water Resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sinking of land, known as subsidence, is a known consequence of groundwater pumping and a problem that California’s been dealing with for decades. But it’s gotten worse as the state’s become drier. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the entire three years of drought that ended in 2009, Corcoran sank three feet, El Nido close to two feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The thing that particularly stands out for us was the increasing rates of subsidence that we saw in the most recent time period,” says the department’s Deputy Drought Manager, Jeanine Jones. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Subsidence occurs when water is drawn out of underground aquifers. Within an aquifer, water is held in permeable sediments, and when it’s pumped out, the grains in the sediments compact. Without recharge from rain and snowmelt, Central Valley aquifers are slumping, as Californians rely more and more heavily on groundwater for drinking and irrigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_202544\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Fig_NASA.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Fig_NASA-800x766.png\" alt=\"In the San Joaquin Valley, from May-December 2014. land near the communities of Corcoran and El Nido subsided the most.\" width=\"800\" height=\"766\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-202544\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Fig_NASA-800x766.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Fig_NASA-400x383.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Fig_NASA-1180x1130.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Fig_NASA-960x919.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Fig_NASA-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Fig_NASA.png 1202w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the San Joaquin Valley, from May-December 2014. land near the communities of Corcoran and El Nido subsided the most. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Agricultural pumping makes up the great majority of the total amount of pumping that occurs in the Central Valley,” says Cowin. “Clearly, agricultural pumping is part of the issue we have to deal with here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The subsidence poses a problem for the state’s infrastructure. Roads can buckle, building foundations can crack, and officials worry about the California Aqueduct, a long canal that snakes through the valley to deliver water to Southern California. The report found that a stretch of the aqueduct has already subsided between eight and 13 inches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jones says the state is beginning to talk with county governments about what they can do to reduce groundwater pumping and slow further subsidence. Glenn County, for example, recently put a 6-month moratorium on new well permits. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Resources department director Mark Cowin acknowledges that finding solutions will take time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not ready to take a draconian approach to correcting this issue,” Cowin says. “We’re at the stage where we want to work with local governments, in particular counties, to come up with the right near-term approaches.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The department will also be making $10 million available to counties with stressed groundwater basins, to beef up water conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Kerry Klein comes to The California Report by way of the Science Communication graduate program at U.C. Santa Cruz. A geologist by training, Klein previously worked in the mining and geothermal energy industries. After transitioning to journalism, she worked for the Science Podcast, Valley Public Radio, the San Jose Mercury News and the Salinas Californian, reporting on drought, agriculture, space and roadkill.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A new report reveals that California’s increased reliance on groundwater pumping is causing Central California to sink much faster than officials estimated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report, released today, shows that in just eight months last year, the Kings County town of Corcoran sank nearly 13 inches, while in Merced County, the unincorporated community of El Nido sank roughly ten inches. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If our current drought continues or drought returns in the near future,” says Mark Cowin, director of the state Department of Water Resources, “we don’t believe we can sustain this kind of pumping and the effects that are occurring.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”166″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/220129717″&visual=true&”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false”'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/220129717″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“Clearly, agricultural pumping is part of the issue we have to deal with here.”\u003ccite>Mark Cowin,\u003cbr>Director, Department of Water Resources\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The report from NASA’s Jet Propulsion Lab used satellite imaging to capture elevation data, and was commissioned by the Department of Water Resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sinking of land, known as subsidence, is a known consequence of groundwater pumping and a problem that California’s been dealing with for decades. But it’s gotten worse as the state’s become drier. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the entire three years of drought that ended in 2009, Corcoran sank three feet, El Nido close to two feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The thing that particularly stands out for us was the increasing rates of subsidence that we saw in the most recent time period,” says the department’s Deputy Drought Manager, Jeanine Jones. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Subsidence occurs when water is drawn out of underground aquifers. Within an aquifer, water is held in permeable sediments, and when it’s pumped out, the grains in the sediments compact. Without recharge from rain and snowmelt, Central Valley aquifers are slumping, as Californians rely more and more heavily on groundwater for drinking and irrigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_202544\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Fig_NASA.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Fig_NASA-800x766.png\" alt=\"In the San Joaquin Valley, from May-December 2014. land near the communities of Corcoran and El Nido subsided the most.\" width=\"800\" height=\"766\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-202544\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Fig_NASA-800x766.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Fig_NASA-400x383.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Fig_NASA-1180x1130.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Fig_NASA-960x919.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Fig_NASA-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Fig_NASA.png 1202w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the San Joaquin Valley, from May-December 2014. land near the communities of Corcoran and El Nido subsided the most. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Agricultural pumping makes up the great majority of the total amount of pumping that occurs in the Central Valley,” says Cowin. “Clearly, agricultural pumping is part of the issue we have to deal with here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The subsidence poses a problem for the state’s infrastructure. Roads can buckle, building foundations can crack, and officials worry about the California Aqueduct, a long canal that snakes through the valley to deliver water to Southern California. The report found that a stretch of the aqueduct has already subsided between eight and 13 inches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jones says the state is beginning to talk with county governments about what they can do to reduce groundwater pumping and slow further subsidence. Glenn County, for example, recently put a 6-month moratorium on new well permits. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Resources department director Mark Cowin acknowledges that finding solutions will take time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not ready to take a draconian approach to correcting this issue,” Cowin says. “We’re at the stage where we want to work with local governments, in particular counties, to come up with the right near-term approaches.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The department will also be making $10 million available to counties with stressed groundwater basins, to beef up water conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Kerry Klein comes to The California Report by way of the Science Communication graduate program at U.C. Santa Cruz. A geologist by training, Klein previously worked in the mining and geothermal energy industries. After transitioning to journalism, she worked for the Science Podcast, Valley Public Radio, the San Jose Mercury News and the Salinas Californian, reporting on drought, agriculture, space and roadkill.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio//2015/08/150817ScienceAlgalBloom.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A toxic algae bloom that began off the West Coast this spring now stretches from California to Alaska. It’s poisoning marine life from shellfish to sardines to sea lions, and scientists say it’s one of the worst they’ve seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve never seen a bloom this big before,” says Anthony Odell, a research analyst with the University of Washington’s harmful algae bloom monitoring program. “It’s also one of the most toxic blooms we’ve seen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“It’s pretty scary. Because it’s so big and it’s so toxic and it’s not really giving sea life a chance.”\u003ccite>Anthony Odell,\u003cbr>\nUniversity of Washington\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Odell is one of a rotating team of scientists who are studying the bloom aboard the Bell M. Shimada, a research vessel belonging to NOAA, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Equipped with state-of-the-art technology, the ship is traveling this summer up the west coast to British Columbia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Odell says he’s seen a lot of toxic blooms, but this one’s different, partly because it consists of several species of harmful algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s making a toxic plankton soup,” he says. “It’s pretty amazing to see all these things blooming together, because usually they prefer these different conditions so there’s definitely something unusual going on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Toxic algae blooms are not uncommon in the Pacific Ocean—they’re called red tides and they come in summer’s warm waters and dissipate in the fall. But the current algae bloom isn’t likely to dissipate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The algae are thriving in unusually warm waters—in fact, abnormally warm water that scientists are calling “the Blob.” The algae bloom itself is an estimated 40 miles wide and, in some places, \u003cem>could \u003c/em>reach a depth of more than two football fields, according to sonar readings. Scientists have been able to verify the presence of the algae bloom down to 45 feet by testing the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_191610\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 610px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NOAA-map.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-191610\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NOAA-map.jpg\" alt=\"Average chlorophyll concentrations (in milligrams per cubic meter of water) in July 2015. The darkest green areas have the highest surface chlorophyll concentrations and the largest amounts of phytoplankton—including both toxic and harmless species. \" width=\"610\" height=\"473\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NOAA-map.jpg 610w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NOAA-map-400x310.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 610px) 100vw, 610px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Average chlorophyll concentrations (in milligrams per cubic meter of water) in July 2015. The darkest green areas have the highest surface chlorophyll concentrations and the largest amounts of phytoplankton—including both toxic and harmless species. \u003ccite>(NOAA Climate.gov map based on Suomi NPP satellite data provided by NOAA View.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“From a scientific standpoint it’s fascinating,” Odell says. “From a sea life and human health view point, it’s pretty scary. Because it’s so big and it’s so toxic and it’s not really giving sea life a chance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the toxins the algae are producing is domoic acid. It’s a neurotoxin that doesn’t have negative effects on shellfish and fish. But it can kill other marine life because the micro algae—or phytoplankton—are the base of the food web.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything in the ocean eats phytoplankton or eats something that eats phytoplankton,” Odell says. “So when you have one of these species that starts producing toxin, it works its way up through the food chain really fast. It gets into shellfish, it gets into crabs, it gets into small fin fish like sardines and anchovies, which are then fed on by salmon and pelicans and seals and sea lions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOAA scientists say domoic acid from the algae bloom is responsible for the high number of seizures and deaths in California sea lions this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Domoic acid can also poison humans, causing nausea and dizziness, or in worse cases, permanent short-term memory loss, and even death. That’s why fishery managers have shut down some crab fisheries in Oregon and Washington, and severely restricted fishery markets from California’s central coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re now unable to market anchovy,” says Diane Pleschner-Steele, executive director of the California Wetfish Producers Association. “And there’s a small, kind of an ethnic market for anchovy for human consumption. And also, anchovy used for bait and for animal food. So we’re now prohibited from selling to the public.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said after the anchovy market collapsed, fishermen moved on to squid, which feed on a different plankton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_190909\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-190909\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work-800x484.jpg\" alt=\"Research analyst Anthony Odell is studying the massive toxic algae bloom in the Pacific Ocean this summer, aboard the Bell M. Shimada, a NOAA research ship. \" width=\"400\" height=\"242\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work-800x484.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work-400x242.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work-1440x871.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work-1180x714.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work-960x581.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work.jpg 1453w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Research analyst Anthony Odell is studying the massive toxic algae bloom in the Pacific Ocean this summer, aboard the Bell M. Shimada, a NOAA research ship. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So far, there’s little sign the algae bloom is going to slow down and give sea life a break.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s still quite a bit of toxin production going on,” Odell says, “and a rather sizable bloom.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the unusually warm ocean water is one suspect, scientists still don’t know for sure the cause of the algae bloom. Odell says they’re researching whether climate change is contributing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s been an international consensus that climate change would affect harmful algal blooms in the fact that we would likely see more of them,” Odell says. “But there’s just not enough data to tie the two together yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are scheduled to arrive in British Columbia in September. Then, it could take a few months to compile data before they can say more about what’s causing the toxic algae bloom, and what it means for the changing ecosystem of the Pacific Ocean.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A toxic algae bloom that began off the West Coast this spring now stretches from California to Alaska. It’s poisoning marine life from shellfish to sardines to sea lions, and scientists say it’s one of the worst they’ve seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve never seen a bloom this big before,” says Anthony Odell, a research analyst with the University of Washington’s harmful algae bloom monitoring program. “It’s also one of the most toxic blooms we’ve seen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“It’s pretty scary. Because it’s so big and it’s so toxic and it’s not really giving sea life a chance.”\u003ccite>Anthony Odell,\u003cbr>\nUniversity of Washington\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Odell is one of a rotating team of scientists who are studying the bloom aboard the Bell M. Shimada, a research vessel belonging to NOAA, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Equipped with state-of-the-art technology, the ship is traveling this summer up the west coast to British Columbia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Odell says he’s seen a lot of toxic blooms, but this one’s different, partly because it consists of several species of harmful algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s making a toxic plankton soup,” he says. “It’s pretty amazing to see all these things blooming together, because usually they prefer these different conditions so there’s definitely something unusual going on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Toxic algae blooms are not uncommon in the Pacific Ocean—they’re called red tides and they come in summer’s warm waters and dissipate in the fall. But the current algae bloom isn’t likely to dissipate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The algae are thriving in unusually warm waters—in fact, abnormally warm water that scientists are calling “the Blob.” The algae bloom itself is an estimated 40 miles wide and, in some places, \u003cem>could \u003c/em>reach a depth of more than two football fields, according to sonar readings. Scientists have been able to verify the presence of the algae bloom down to 45 feet by testing the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_191610\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 610px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NOAA-map.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-191610\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NOAA-map.jpg\" alt=\"Average chlorophyll concentrations (in milligrams per cubic meter of water) in July 2015. The darkest green areas have the highest surface chlorophyll concentrations and the largest amounts of phytoplankton—including both toxic and harmless species. \" width=\"610\" height=\"473\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NOAA-map.jpg 610w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NOAA-map-400x310.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 610px) 100vw, 610px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Average chlorophyll concentrations (in milligrams per cubic meter of water) in July 2015. The darkest green areas have the highest surface chlorophyll concentrations and the largest amounts of phytoplankton—including both toxic and harmless species. \u003ccite>(NOAA Climate.gov map based on Suomi NPP satellite data provided by NOAA View.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“From a scientific standpoint it’s fascinating,” Odell says. “From a sea life and human health view point, it’s pretty scary. Because it’s so big and it’s so toxic and it’s not really giving sea life a chance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the toxins the algae are producing is domoic acid. It’s a neurotoxin that doesn’t have negative effects on shellfish and fish. But it can kill other marine life because the micro algae—or phytoplankton—are the base of the food web.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything in the ocean eats phytoplankton or eats something that eats phytoplankton,” Odell says. “So when you have one of these species that starts producing toxin, it works its way up through the food chain really fast. It gets into shellfish, it gets into crabs, it gets into small fin fish like sardines and anchovies, which are then fed on by salmon and pelicans and seals and sea lions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOAA scientists say domoic acid from the algae bloom is responsible for the high number of seizures and deaths in California sea lions this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Domoic acid can also poison humans, causing nausea and dizziness, or in worse cases, permanent short-term memory loss, and even death. That’s why fishery managers have shut down some crab fisheries in Oregon and Washington, and severely restricted fishery markets from California’s central coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re now unable to market anchovy,” says Diane Pleschner-Steele, executive director of the California Wetfish Producers Association. “And there’s a small, kind of an ethnic market for anchovy for human consumption. And also, anchovy used for bait and for animal food. So we’re now prohibited from selling to the public.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said after the anchovy market collapsed, fishermen moved on to squid, which feed on a different plankton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_190909\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-190909\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work-800x484.jpg\" alt=\"Research analyst Anthony Odell is studying the massive toxic algae bloom in the Pacific Ocean this summer, aboard the Bell M. Shimada, a NOAA research ship. \" width=\"400\" height=\"242\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work-800x484.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work-400x242.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work-1440x871.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work-1180x714.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work-960x581.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work.jpg 1453w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Research analyst Anthony Odell is studying the massive toxic algae bloom in the Pacific Ocean this summer, aboard the Bell M. Shimada, a NOAA research ship. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So far, there’s little sign the algae bloom is going to slow down and give sea life a break.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s still quite a bit of toxin production going on,” Odell says, “and a rather sizable bloom.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the unusually warm ocean water is one suspect, scientists still don’t know for sure the cause of the algae bloom. Odell says they’re researching whether climate change is contributing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s been an international consensus that climate change would affect harmful algal blooms in the fact that we would likely see more of them,” Odell says. “But there’s just not enough data to tie the two together yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are scheduled to arrive in British Columbia in September. Then, it could take a few months to compile data before they can say more about what’s causing the toxic algae bloom, and what it means for the changing ecosystem of the Pacific Ocean.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Forecasters are increasingly, cautiously optimistic about relief coming to ease California’s drought, thanks to the strengthening of the \u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/ninonina.html\">El Niño weather pattern\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s an 85 percent chance of a strong El Niño sticking around through next spring, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/enso_advisory/ensodisc.html\">according to forecasters\u003c/a> at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a>. Its strength should peak in the late fall and early winter, just the right time to deliver soaking storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘California cannot count on potential El Niño conditions to halt or reverse drought conditions.’\u003ccite> Michael Anderson, state climatologist \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/news/newsreleases/2015/081315b.pdf\">California officials pushed back on Thursday\u003c/a>, warning that the strong forecast won’t guarantee the rainfall the state desperately needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California cannot count on potential El Niño conditions to halt or reverse drought conditions,” said state climatologist Michael Anderson in a statement. “Historical weather data shows us that at best, there is a 50/50 chance of having a wetter winter. Unfortunately, due to shifting climate patterns, we cannot even be that sure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California saw extreme rainfall and flooding when conditions were similar in winter 1997-8. But look back to the previous seven strong El Niño events since 1950 and three actually produced dry years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some forecasters also point to the ridge of high pressure that has dominated recent winters and pushed incoming storms away from Northern California. It could be \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/08/09/possible-spoiler-for-el-nino-a-battle-of-the-blobs/\">a potential spoiler\u003c/a> for the rain an El Niño could bring.\u003cbr>\n[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XO8gXGCWjQQ&w=640&h=385]\u003cbr>\nWarmer temperatures this winter could also mean the precipitation would fall as rain, instead of snow. Snowpack in the Sierra Nevada is California’s “frozen reservoir,” normally producing a third of the state’s water supply as it melts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not saying I don’t want an El Niño, I just don’t want folks to think we don’t have to conserve because El Niño will save us,” said \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/03/23/a-candid-conversation-with-californias-water-czar/\">Felicia Marcus\u003c/a> of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/\">State Water Resources Control Board\u003c/a>. She says El Niño hype risks derailing the conservation efforts underway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water board is in the midst of enforcing mandatory water conservation standards, up to 36 percent, for water districts around the state. In June, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/30/whos-saving-water-in-california-and-who-isnt/\">about a third of districts failed\u003c/a> to meet those standards and could face fines from the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists also say the state would have to get about double its normal precipitation to make up the rain and snow deficit built up during the drought.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Forecasters are increasingly, cautiously optimistic about relief coming to ease California’s drought, thanks to the strengthening of the \u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/ninonina.html\">El Niño weather pattern\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s an 85 percent chance of a strong El Niño sticking around through next spring, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/enso_advisory/ensodisc.html\">according to forecasters\u003c/a> at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a>. Its strength should peak in the late fall and early winter, just the right time to deliver soaking storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘California cannot count on potential El Niño conditions to halt or reverse drought conditions.’\u003ccite> Michael Anderson, state climatologist \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/news/newsreleases/2015/081315b.pdf\">California officials pushed back on Thursday\u003c/a>, warning that the strong forecast won’t guarantee the rainfall the state desperately needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California cannot count on potential El Niño conditions to halt or reverse drought conditions,” said state climatologist Michael Anderson in a statement. “Historical weather data shows us that at best, there is a 50/50 chance of having a wetter winter. Unfortunately, due to shifting climate patterns, we cannot even be that sure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California saw extreme rainfall and flooding when conditions were similar in winter 1997-8. But look back to the previous seven strong El Niño events since 1950 and three actually produced dry years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some forecasters also point to the ridge of high pressure that has dominated recent winters and pushed incoming storms away from Northern California. It could be \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/08/09/possible-spoiler-for-el-nino-a-battle-of-the-blobs/\">a potential spoiler\u003c/a> for the rain an El Niño could bring.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/XO8gXGCWjQQ'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/XO8gXGCWjQQ'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cbr>\nWarmer temperatures this winter could also mean the precipitation would fall as rain, instead of snow. Snowpack in the Sierra Nevada is California’s “frozen reservoir,” normally producing a third of the state’s water supply as it melts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not saying I don’t want an El Niño, I just don’t want folks to think we don’t have to conserve because El Niño will save us,” said \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/03/23/a-candid-conversation-with-californias-water-czar/\">Felicia Marcus\u003c/a> of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/\">State Water Resources Control Board\u003c/a>. She says El Niño hype risks derailing the conservation efforts underway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water board is in the midst of enforcing mandatory water conservation standards, up to 36 percent, for water districts around the state. In June, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/30/whos-saving-water-in-california-and-who-isnt/\">about a third of districts failed\u003c/a> to meet those standards and could face fines from the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists also say the state would have to get about double its normal precipitation to make up the rain and snow deficit built up during the drought.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Like the best opera divas, songbirds must train their voices from an early age. But instead of studying for years at a conservatory, the birds’ brains are hardwired to experiment with complicated musical passages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, scientists from UCSF have honed in on the precise brain pathways that songbirds use to learn and tune their highly specialized vocalizations. Their \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nn.4078.html\">results\u003c/a>, published recently in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/neuro/index.html\">Nature Neuroscience\u003c/a>, may have implications for understanding how our own brains learn new vocal tricks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Baby zebra finches don’t make a peep for their first 30 days. Instead, they listen to adults around them and develop a mental model of what a song should sound like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That template tells them what they’re practicing to get to,” says Hamish Mehaffey, a postdoctoral researcher at UCSF and lead author of the study. “It’s like how the syllables we’re exposed to when we’re young shape our ability to learn new languages later.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The young finches then spend the next few months experimenting with trial-and-error to perfect their own songs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to a finch song:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n[audio mp3=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Song.mp3\"][/audio]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If a new song is better [than the previous song], then they keep whatever neural activity they used to make that song,” explains Mehaffey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists already knew that certain parts of the brain were involved in learning new songs, but until now, nobody knew exactly how these pathways were wired in the brain or how the new, experimental songs were generated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Musical Brain\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers needed a way to measure activity of different brain structures and how these structures interact to produce song. So, they started with brain slices from zebra finches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By isolating certain regions of the brain, they could stimulate the pathways involved in song production and then record the activity of cells that are involved in actually making the song.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists could also identify the neurotransmitters and chemicals that activated or blocked each pathway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the slices, the researchers discovered that the birds’ creativity-generator involves a structure analogous to the human basal ganglia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This dense cluster of cells at the base of the brain stem is basically the same in all kinds of vertebrate animals, from lampreys to humans. It’s involved in almost everything we do, from thoughts and emotions to motor activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s difficult to study something like that because it could literally be involved in anything,” says Mehaffey. “But using finch song, we’ve been able to learn a lot about how the basal ganglia works normally and how it helps us learn new things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_182998\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1685px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/19497700484_9e9e1c3e67_o.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-182998\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/19497700484_9e9e1c3e67_o.jpg\" alt=\"Zebra Finches are native to Australia but have become excellent lab models for scientists to study the neuroscience of song learning.\" width=\"1685\" height=\"1266\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/19497700484_9e9e1c3e67_o.jpg 1685w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/19497700484_9e9e1c3e67_o-400x301.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/19497700484_9e9e1c3e67_o-800x601.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/19497700484_9e9e1c3e67_o-1440x1082.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/19497700484_9e9e1c3e67_o-1180x887.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/19497700484_9e9e1c3e67_o-960x721.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1685px) 100vw, 1685px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Zebra Finches are native to Australia but have become excellent lab models for scientists to study the neuroscience of song learning. \u003ccite>(Phil McIver/flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>From Bird Brain to Human Learning\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists were also able to show that the same chemicals that blocked the creativity generators in the brain slices also prevented live birds from modifying their songs as adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That gives us confidence that what they found in the slice is actually what’s at work in the intact bird,” says Franz Goller, a biology professor at the University of Utah, who also studies the neurobiology of finch song.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goller says that the brain pathways involved in finch learning are probably similar in other animals, so the findings might ultimately help us understand how we and other animals learn new vocal tricks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s quite a bit of evidence that, at least in terms of core circuitry, learned vocal behavior in humans also has these multi-path systems,” he says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I could easily imagine that this is a highly dedicated pathway for vocal behavior, and it might be used in all kinds of motor skill learning.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Like the best opera divas, songbirds must train their voices from an early age. But instead of studying for years at a conservatory, the birds’ brains are hardwired to experiment with complicated musical passages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, scientists from UCSF have honed in on the precise brain pathways that songbirds use to learn and tune their highly specialized vocalizations. Their \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nn.4078.html\">results\u003c/a>, published recently in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/neuro/index.html\">Nature Neuroscience\u003c/a>, may have implications for understanding how our own brains learn new vocal tricks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Baby zebra finches don’t make a peep for their first 30 days. Instead, they listen to adults around them and develop a mental model of what a song should sound like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That template tells them what they’re practicing to get to,” says Hamish Mehaffey, a postdoctoral researcher at UCSF and lead author of the study. “It’s like how the syllables we’re exposed to when we’re young shape our ability to learn new languages later.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The young finches then spend the next few months experimenting with trial-and-error to perfect their own songs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to a finch song:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If a new song is better [than the previous song], then they keep whatever neural activity they used to make that song,” explains Mehaffey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists already knew that certain parts of the brain were involved in learning new songs, but until now, nobody knew exactly how these pathways were wired in the brain or how the new, experimental songs were generated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Musical Brain\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers needed a way to measure activity of different brain structures and how these structures interact to produce song. So, they started with brain slices from zebra finches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By isolating certain regions of the brain, they could stimulate the pathways involved in song production and then record the activity of cells that are involved in actually making the song.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists could also identify the neurotransmitters and chemicals that activated or blocked each pathway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the slices, the researchers discovered that the birds’ creativity-generator involves a structure analogous to the human basal ganglia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This dense cluster of cells at the base of the brain stem is basically the same in all kinds of vertebrate animals, from lampreys to humans. It’s involved in almost everything we do, from thoughts and emotions to motor activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s difficult to study something like that because it could literally be involved in anything,” says Mehaffey. “But using finch song, we’ve been able to learn a lot about how the basal ganglia works normally and how it helps us learn new things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_182998\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1685px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/19497700484_9e9e1c3e67_o.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-182998\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/19497700484_9e9e1c3e67_o.jpg\" alt=\"Zebra Finches are native to Australia but have become excellent lab models for scientists to study the neuroscience of song learning.\" width=\"1685\" height=\"1266\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/19497700484_9e9e1c3e67_o.jpg 1685w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/19497700484_9e9e1c3e67_o-400x301.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/19497700484_9e9e1c3e67_o-800x601.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/19497700484_9e9e1c3e67_o-1440x1082.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/19497700484_9e9e1c3e67_o-1180x887.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/19497700484_9e9e1c3e67_o-960x721.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1685px) 100vw, 1685px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Zebra Finches are native to Australia but have become excellent lab models for scientists to study the neuroscience of song learning. \u003ccite>(Phil McIver/flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>From Bird Brain to Human Learning\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists were also able to show that the same chemicals that blocked the creativity generators in the brain slices also prevented live birds from modifying their songs as adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That gives us confidence that what they found in the slice is actually what’s at work in the intact bird,” says Franz Goller, a biology professor at the University of Utah, who also studies the neurobiology of finch song.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goller says that the brain pathways involved in finch learning are probably similar in other animals, so the findings might ultimately help us understand how we and other animals learn new vocal tricks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s quite a bit of evidence that, at least in terms of core circuitry, learned vocal behavior in humans also has these multi-path systems,” he says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I could easily imagine that this is a highly dedicated pathway for vocal behavior, and it might be used in all kinds of motor skill learning.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The annual Perseid meteor shower is upon us, and this year the dark, moonless sky promises exceptional viewing. If the weather cooperates and the sky isn’t shrouded with smoke from nearby wildfires, this could be a spectacular show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_183111\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/perseids_meteor_shower.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-183111\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/perseids_meteor_shower-400x195.jpg\" alt=\"Perseid meteors captured in a long exposure.\" width=\"400\" height=\"195\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/perseids_meteor_shower-400x195.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/perseids_meteor_shower.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Perseid meteors captured in a long exposure. \u003ccite>(JPL/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Perseid shower peaks between August 12 and 13 this year, so the best time to view them will be after midnight on Wednesday and into the early morning hours on Thursday. With the moon only one day away from its New phase, there will be no moonlight to interfere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For best viewing, find a location as far away from city lights as possible, where the skies are darker. The San Francisco Bay Area is blessed by a ring of hill and mountain ranges that can provide good shelter from light pollution, so find your local dark spot and throw out a blanket. Just keep in mind that coastal areas are often subject to fog this time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the South Bay, \u003ca href=\"http://coepark.net/pineridgeassociation/planning-your-visit/parkhours\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Henry Coe State Park\u003c/a> is a prime spot for meteor viewing, in part due to dark skies, but also because the park entrance is open around the clock all year long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At \u003ca href=\"https://14884.blackbaudhosting.com/14884/page.aspx?pid=196&tab=2&txobjid=1db8a56b-e1f4-452c-96b9-a1f128b2c25c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> we’ll open our observatory deck for viewing from midnight to 3 a.m. on Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Perseids have been called the “Old Faithful” of meteor showers. They reliably deliver high numbers of bright, fast meteors that often dazzle and thrill earthbound spectators. The main spoilers of a good show are light pollution (urban and/or moonlight), weather, and an unwillingness to stay up after midnight to see them. This year, fortunately, most of these factors are within our control, and you have a good shot at a breathtaking meteor adventure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_183109\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-train1-21-26.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-183109\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-train1-21-26-400x415.jpg\" alt=\"Colorful luminous meteor trails, from the annual Leonid Meteor Shower in November.\" width=\"400\" height=\"415\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-train1-21-26-400x415.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-train1-21-26-800x829.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-train1-21-26-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-train1-21-26.jpg 850w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Colorful luminous meteor trails, from the annual Leonid meteor shower in November. \u003ccite>(Carter Roberts)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Perseid\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/jpl/asteroids/best-meteor-showers/#.Vco98HFVhBc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> meteor shower\u003c/a> is caused by the passage of Earth through the dust trail left behind by the periodic comet \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Com_109PSwiftTuttle\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Swift-Tuttle\u003c/a>, which orbits the sun every 133 years, and last passed by our neck of the solar system in 1992.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Earth passes through the dust trail at its orbital speed of about 18 miles per second, our atmosphere collides with the dust grains, which heat up by friction and vaporize in flashy streaks across the sky. Also called “shooting stars” (not to be confused with Clint Eastwood or Vin Diesel), the typical meteor is a bit of rock or metal perhaps the size of your fingernail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meteors can be different colors, depending on their brightness and the composition of the dust particle that is burning up. Fainter meteors tend to appear white, mainly because the human eye isn’t good at seeing color when a light source is weak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The word “meteor” comes from Latin for “sky,” or any atmospheric phenomenon, as in “meteorology,” the study of weather. In ancient times, meteors (shooting stars) were counted as a weather phenomenon, and though they do occur in the upper atmosphere, their celestial origin was not known.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enjoy the show!\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The annual Perseid Meteor Shower is upon us and this year the dark, moonless sky promises exceptional viewing early Thursday morning. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The annual Perseid meteor shower is upon us, and this year the dark, moonless sky promises exceptional viewing. If the weather cooperates and the sky isn’t shrouded with smoke from nearby wildfires, this could be a spectacular show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_183111\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/perseids_meteor_shower.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-183111\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/perseids_meteor_shower-400x195.jpg\" alt=\"Perseid meteors captured in a long exposure.\" width=\"400\" height=\"195\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/perseids_meteor_shower-400x195.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/perseids_meteor_shower.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Perseid meteors captured in a long exposure. \u003ccite>(JPL/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Perseid shower peaks between August 12 and 13 this year, so the best time to view them will be after midnight on Wednesday and into the early morning hours on Thursday. With the moon only one day away from its New phase, there will be no moonlight to interfere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For best viewing, find a location as far away from city lights as possible, where the skies are darker. The San Francisco Bay Area is blessed by a ring of hill and mountain ranges that can provide good shelter from light pollution, so find your local dark spot and throw out a blanket. Just keep in mind that coastal areas are often subject to fog this time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the South Bay, \u003ca href=\"http://coepark.net/pineridgeassociation/planning-your-visit/parkhours\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Henry Coe State Park\u003c/a> is a prime spot for meteor viewing, in part due to dark skies, but also because the park entrance is open around the clock all year long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At \u003ca href=\"https://14884.blackbaudhosting.com/14884/page.aspx?pid=196&tab=2&txobjid=1db8a56b-e1f4-452c-96b9-a1f128b2c25c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> we’ll open our observatory deck for viewing from midnight to 3 a.m. on Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Perseids have been called the “Old Faithful” of meteor showers. They reliably deliver high numbers of bright, fast meteors that often dazzle and thrill earthbound spectators. The main spoilers of a good show are light pollution (urban and/or moonlight), weather, and an unwillingness to stay up after midnight to see them. This year, fortunately, most of these factors are within our control, and you have a good shot at a breathtaking meteor adventure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_183109\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-train1-21-26.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-183109\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-train1-21-26-400x415.jpg\" alt=\"Colorful luminous meteor trails, from the annual Leonid Meteor Shower in November.\" width=\"400\" height=\"415\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-train1-21-26-400x415.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-train1-21-26-800x829.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-train1-21-26-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-train1-21-26.jpg 850w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Colorful luminous meteor trails, from the annual Leonid meteor shower in November. \u003ccite>(Carter Roberts)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Perseid\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/jpl/asteroids/best-meteor-showers/#.Vco98HFVhBc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> meteor shower\u003c/a> is caused by the passage of Earth through the dust trail left behind by the periodic comet \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Com_109PSwiftTuttle\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Swift-Tuttle\u003c/a>, which orbits the sun every 133 years, and last passed by our neck of the solar system in 1992.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Earth passes through the dust trail at its orbital speed of about 18 miles per second, our atmosphere collides with the dust grains, which heat up by friction and vaporize in flashy streaks across the sky. Also called “shooting stars” (not to be confused with Clint Eastwood or Vin Diesel), the typical meteor is a bit of rock or metal perhaps the size of your fingernail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meteors can be different colors, depending on their brightness and the composition of the dust particle that is burning up. Fainter meteors tend to appear white, mainly because the human eye isn’t good at seeing color when a light source is weak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The word “meteor” comes from Latin for “sky,” or any atmospheric phenomenon, as in “meteorology,” the study of weather. In ancient times, meteors (shooting stars) were counted as a weather phenomenon, and though they do occur in the upper atmosphere, their celestial origin was not known.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enjoy the show!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
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"masters-of-scale": {
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},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"morning-edition": {
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
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"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"order": 11
},
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"on-the-media": {
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"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
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},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
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"order": 14
},
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"planet-money": {
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
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},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/e0c2d153-ad36-4c8d-901d-f1da6a724824/political-breakdown",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
"meta": {
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
"subscribe": {
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
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