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"title": "Where, When and How to See the Supermoon Lunar Eclipse in the San Francisco Bay Area",
"headTitle": "Where, When and How to See the Supermoon Lunar Eclipse in the San Francisco Bay Area | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/09/28/the-best-supermoon-eclipse-videos/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>See the best supermoon eclipse videos here\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Original post\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca name=\"what\">\u003c/a>You’ve been waiting for this since 1982.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, not the re-release of “Rocky III.” We’re talking about the last time a particular astronomical two-fer occurred: a simultaneous supermoon and lunar eclipse. On Sunday night, that concurrence will take place again, for the last time until 2033.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s happening? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#what\">What’s happening\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#when\">When to see it\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#where\">Where to see it\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#how\">How to see it\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#see\">What you will see\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#local\">Local events\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#online\">Where to watch online\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Both a full moon and lunar eclipse occur when the Earth is between the moon and the sun. In the case of the lunar eclipse, there’s the additional factor that the moon, Earth and sun are precisely lined up, so that the moon passes through the Earth’s shadow. A lunar eclipse always occurs during a full moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lunar perigee means the moon’s orbit will take it as close to the Earth during this \u003ca href=\"http://www.universetoday.com/20053/lunar-month/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lunar month\u003c/a> as it’s going to get (we hope) — a mere 222,000 miles away. When a full moon coincides with lunar perigee, it’s called a supermoon, because the moon should appear slightly larger than average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or maybe not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca name=\"when\">\u003c/a>“Supermoon is not an astronomical term, but was invented by the media to make things more exciting sounding,” says Andrew Fraknoi, chair of the astronomy department at Foothill College in Los Altos Hills, and one of our go-to guys on things astronomical. “The average person can’t really tell the difference between a supermoon and an ordinary moon, so it’s not quite as super a phenomenon as the term makes it sound.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All right, sir. But throw in that eclipse — now you’re talking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When can you see it?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca name=\"where\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fraknoi recommends that you start watching when the moon rises, around 7 p.m. Pacific Time. The total eclipse starts at 7:11 p.m. and ends at 8:23 p.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca name=\"where\">\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>Where is the best location to see it?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Look to the east! The moon will appear low on the eastern horizon as it rises. Which could be a problem for some would-be observers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many of us don’t have a view of the eastern horizon — a building or a hill might be in the way,” Fraknoi notes. But by the time the eclipse ends, he says, the moon will have risen considerably in the sky, and it will be be easier to glimpse. If you want to see the entire eclipse, though, you should get to higher ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca name=\"how\">\u003c/a>Fraknoi also recommends checking the weather in advance, so you can get to a spot without clouds or fog should those be in the forecast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re in San Francisco, especially, the further east, south or north you go, the more likely you are to hit clear skies, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How can you see it?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca name=\"see\">\u003c/a>Your own peepers will do the trick — you don’t need a telescope or binoculars. Unless you’re a werewolf, there’s no danger in looking at the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What will you see?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the Earth’s shadow is cast on the moon, it will slowly darken, until the moon is completely covered: a total eclipse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca name=\"local\">\u003c/a>“The full moon doesn’t go completely dark,” says Fraknoi. “It will become a little bit reddish. That’s because the earth has an atmosphere and the atmosphere acts a bit like a lens, and so the red colors, particularly from the sunlight, will be bent inward toward the moon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where can I go to watch this with other people, in case the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2015/09/01/living/blood-moon-biblical-prophecy-feat/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">world is coming to an end\u003c/a>?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As far as we know, the world is not coming to an end — at least this Sept. 27. The dinosaurs notwithstanding, an association between astronomical phenomena and ill-fated earthly events has yet to be proven. (Though the simultaneous super moon-lunar eclipse year of 1928 did see the election of Herbert Hoover.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, you can still have some communal fun at the following:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://14884.blackbaudhosting.com/14884/tickets?tab=2&txobjid=0f14d907-2734-4a8b-a372-f627ce5f3e17\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> – 7 to 9:30 pm; $10. Children two and under free. After 7 p.m. tickets available at the door only.\u003cbr>\n10000 Skyline Blvd, Oakland, CA 94619\u003cbr>\n(510) 336-7300\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Chabot Space & Science Center’s observatory deck will host a view to a rare and beautiful astronomical event, a Total Lunar Eclipse. Enjoy the spectacle in good company as the fully eclipsed Moon rises above the tree line of the East Bay Hills.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.collegeofsanmateo.edu/calendar/events/index.php?com=detail&eID=15595\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">College of San Mateo\u003c/a>, 6:30-9:30 pm, Free\u003cbr>\nCollege Center Terrace and Building 36 Observatory\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>In addition to the telescopes in our rooftop observatory, a telescope will be set up on theCollege Center Terrace from 6:30~7:30 pm, and will be staffed by our astronomy faculty, for viewing and photographing the moon as it rises above the horizon. Also, courtesy of the CSM Astronomy Department, astronomy student volunteers will have binoculars available to view the supermoon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dress warmly and remember that this event is weather dependent. So, before coming to the campus, check our website for any changes in the venue due to weather conditions.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca name=\"online\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sfaa-astronomy.org/total-lunar-eclipse-viewing-party-on-september-27/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Amateur Astronomers\u003c/a>, 6 to 9 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/place/Pier+15/@37.8015286,-122.397422,17z/data=!3m2!4b1!5s0x8085805ec2002869:0x40df3504d4f6cf20!4m2!3m1!1s0x8085805f2089dcb1:0xa7b58658c772d7c6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pier 15, San Francisco\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Join the SFAA for a public viewing party on Sunday evening September 27th of the Harvest Moon Lunar Eclipse. We will gather at Pier 15 along the Embarcadero in San Francisco with a spectacular view of the San Francisco Bay and the magical sight of the Harvest Moon rising in the east in total eclipse. Plan to arrive between 6:00 and 7:00 pm. Subject to cancellation if there is cloudy or inclement weather.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What if I can’t get out or just prefer to experience the majesty of this event the way I do everything – on the Web?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fear not. You can watch online:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://live.slooh.com/stadium/live/mega-harvest-moon-eclipse\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Slooh.com webcast\u003c/a> – begins 5 p.m., Sunday, Sept. 27\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://livestream.com/GriffithObservatoryTV\">Griffith Observatory live stream\u003c/a> – begins 6:30 p.m., Sunday, Sept. 27\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The University of Arizona’s Mt. Lemmon SkyCenter will also be \u003ca href=\"http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/css/eclipse/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">posting images\u003c/a> as they come in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a nice infographic of Sunday’s event from Space.com:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/11161-supermoon-full-moon-science-infographic.html\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://i.space.com/images/i/000/008/682/i02/supermoon-lunar-perigee-huge-150914b-02.jpg?1442258161\" alt=\"Learn what makes a big full moon a true 'supermoon' in this SPACE.com infographic.\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/09/28/the-best-supermoon-eclipse-videos/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>See the best supermoon eclipse videos here\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Original post\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca name=\"what\">\u003c/a>You’ve been waiting for this since 1982.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, not the re-release of “Rocky III.” We’re talking about the last time a particular astronomical two-fer occurred: a simultaneous supermoon and lunar eclipse. On Sunday night, that concurrence will take place again, for the last time until 2033.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s happening? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#what\">What’s happening\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#when\">When to see it\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#where\">Where to see it\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#how\">How to see it\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#see\">What you will see\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#local\">Local events\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#online\">Where to watch online\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Both a full moon and lunar eclipse occur when the Earth is between the moon and the sun. In the case of the lunar eclipse, there’s the additional factor that the moon, Earth and sun are precisely lined up, so that the moon passes through the Earth’s shadow. A lunar eclipse always occurs during a full moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lunar perigee means the moon’s orbit will take it as close to the Earth during this \u003ca href=\"http://www.universetoday.com/20053/lunar-month/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lunar month\u003c/a> as it’s going to get (we hope) — a mere 222,000 miles away. When a full moon coincides with lunar perigee, it’s called a supermoon, because the moon should appear slightly larger than average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or maybe not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca name=\"when\">\u003c/a>“Supermoon is not an astronomical term, but was invented by the media to make things more exciting sounding,” says Andrew Fraknoi, chair of the astronomy department at Foothill College in Los Altos Hills, and one of our go-to guys on things astronomical. “The average person can’t really tell the difference between a supermoon and an ordinary moon, so it’s not quite as super a phenomenon as the term makes it sound.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All right, sir. But throw in that eclipse — now you’re talking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When can you see it?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca name=\"where\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fraknoi recommends that you start watching when the moon rises, around 7 p.m. Pacific Time. The total eclipse starts at 7:11 p.m. and ends at 8:23 p.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca name=\"where\">\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>Where is the best location to see it?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Look to the east! The moon will appear low on the eastern horizon as it rises. Which could be a problem for some would-be observers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many of us don’t have a view of the eastern horizon — a building or a hill might be in the way,” Fraknoi notes. But by the time the eclipse ends, he says, the moon will have risen considerably in the sky, and it will be be easier to glimpse. If you want to see the entire eclipse, though, you should get to higher ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca name=\"how\">\u003c/a>Fraknoi also recommends checking the weather in advance, so you can get to a spot without clouds or fog should those be in the forecast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re in San Francisco, especially, the further east, south or north you go, the more likely you are to hit clear skies, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How can you see it?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca name=\"see\">\u003c/a>Your own peepers will do the trick — you don’t need a telescope or binoculars. Unless you’re a werewolf, there’s no danger in looking at the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What will you see?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the Earth’s shadow is cast on the moon, it will slowly darken, until the moon is completely covered: a total eclipse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca name=\"local\">\u003c/a>“The full moon doesn’t go completely dark,” says Fraknoi. “It will become a little bit reddish. That’s because the earth has an atmosphere and the atmosphere acts a bit like a lens, and so the red colors, particularly from the sunlight, will be bent inward toward the moon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where can I go to watch this with other people, in case the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2015/09/01/living/blood-moon-biblical-prophecy-feat/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">world is coming to an end\u003c/a>?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As far as we know, the world is not coming to an end — at least this Sept. 27. The dinosaurs notwithstanding, an association between astronomical phenomena and ill-fated earthly events has yet to be proven. (Though the simultaneous super moon-lunar eclipse year of 1928 did see the election of Herbert Hoover.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, you can still have some communal fun at the following:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://14884.blackbaudhosting.com/14884/tickets?tab=2&txobjid=0f14d907-2734-4a8b-a372-f627ce5f3e17\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> – 7 to 9:30 pm; $10. Children two and under free. After 7 p.m. tickets available at the door only.\u003cbr>\n10000 Skyline Blvd, Oakland, CA 94619\u003cbr>\n(510) 336-7300\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Chabot Space & Science Center’s observatory deck will host a view to a rare and beautiful astronomical event, a Total Lunar Eclipse. Enjoy the spectacle in good company as the fully eclipsed Moon rises above the tree line of the East Bay Hills.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.collegeofsanmateo.edu/calendar/events/index.php?com=detail&eID=15595\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">College of San Mateo\u003c/a>, 6:30-9:30 pm, Free\u003cbr>\nCollege Center Terrace and Building 36 Observatory\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>In addition to the telescopes in our rooftop observatory, a telescope will be set up on theCollege Center Terrace from 6:30~7:30 pm, and will be staffed by our astronomy faculty, for viewing and photographing the moon as it rises above the horizon. Also, courtesy of the CSM Astronomy Department, astronomy student volunteers will have binoculars available to view the supermoon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dress warmly and remember that this event is weather dependent. So, before coming to the campus, check our website for any changes in the venue due to weather conditions.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca name=\"online\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sfaa-astronomy.org/total-lunar-eclipse-viewing-party-on-september-27/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Amateur Astronomers\u003c/a>, 6 to 9 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/place/Pier+15/@37.8015286,-122.397422,17z/data=!3m2!4b1!5s0x8085805ec2002869:0x40df3504d4f6cf20!4m2!3m1!1s0x8085805f2089dcb1:0xa7b58658c772d7c6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pier 15, San Francisco\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Join the SFAA for a public viewing party on Sunday evening September 27th of the Harvest Moon Lunar Eclipse. We will gather at Pier 15 along the Embarcadero in San Francisco with a spectacular view of the San Francisco Bay and the magical sight of the Harvest Moon rising in the east in total eclipse. Plan to arrive between 6:00 and 7:00 pm. Subject to cancellation if there is cloudy or inclement weather.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What if I can’t get out or just prefer to experience the majesty of this event the way I do everything – on the Web?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fear not. You can watch online:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://live.slooh.com/stadium/live/mega-harvest-moon-eclipse\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Slooh.com webcast\u003c/a> – begins 5 p.m., Sunday, Sept. 27\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://livestream.com/GriffithObservatoryTV\">Griffith Observatory live stream\u003c/a> – begins 6:30 p.m., Sunday, Sept. 27\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The University of Arizona’s Mt. Lemmon SkyCenter will also be \u003ca href=\"http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/css/eclipse/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">posting images\u003c/a> as they come in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a nice infographic of Sunday’s event from Space.com:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/11161-supermoon-full-moon-science-infographic.html\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://i.space.com/images/i/000/008/682/i02/supermoon-lunar-perigee-huge-150914b-02.jpg?1442258161\" alt=\"Learn what makes a big full moon a true 'supermoon' in this SPACE.com infographic.\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "How El Niño Might Have Fed the Valley Fire's Strange Ferocity",
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"content": "\u003cp>Researchers at San Jose State have a theory that could explain the wind-driven explosive growth of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/09/13/valley-fire-forcing-residents-to-evacuate-injures-firefighters-in-lake-county\">Valley Fire\u003c/a>, and as strange as it sounds it’s … a hurricane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Strengthening El Niño conditions have spawned an active Pacific hurricane season. Just as the Valley Fire was getting started, a dying hurricane named Linda was still pumping moist air into the upper atmosphere, well north along the California coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And it’s really the mixture of those two air masses — the moist air aloft and the really dry air near the surface — that led to the development of these winds,” says Neil Lareau, a researcher at the university’s Fire Weather Research Lab and \u003ca href=\"http://www.fireweather.org/blog/2015/9/15/did-tropical-moisture-contribute-to-the-valley-fire-blow-up\">co-author of the article\u003c/a> appearing on the lab’s website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cooler air is actually denser than warmer air,” he explains. “So when you cool the air, it tends to sink towards the surface, and it also tends to develop higher pressure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That high pressure building just off the coast created a “burst of northwest winds” that bedeviled firefighters with 35 mph gusts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When Wetter Isn’t Better\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rain that never made it to the ground (known as virga) in the fire zone actually made matters worse, in Lareau’s analysis. Evaporating raindrops rapidly cooled the upper-level air, which created a downdraft that increased winds locally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Lareau’s article is not based on any formal peer-reviewed study, he writes that there is “clear evidence that tropical moisture contributed to enhanced northwest winds that propelled the fire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the fire was in its most explosive growth phase, fire officials marveled at how the blaze seemed to leapfrog attempts to subdue it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fire would throw embers a half-mile beyond where firefighters were working,” said Cal Fire spokesman Daniel Berlant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the kind of fire we \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/09/17/why-the-worst-of-fire-season-may-lie-ahead/\">would see with Santa Ana winds\u003c/a> but in our area, this is unprecedented.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lareau has an explanation for that, too. He says the same bizarre set of meteorological conditions caused the usual upward column of hot air to tilt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And then all of those embers that would’ve been going straight up in the plume get ejected out in front of the initial fire,” explains Lareau, “causing new fires to form in this kind of hopscotch fire growth across the landscape.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lareau says it’s hard to tell what implications this has for the remaining fire season. The likelihood of similar events might depend on what other storms are spun out of the tropical Pacific by El Niño.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Strengthening El Niño conditions have spawned an active Pacific hurricane season, one long tendril of which could have stoked flames in Lake County.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Researchers at San Jose State have a theory that could explain the wind-driven explosive growth of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/09/13/valley-fire-forcing-residents-to-evacuate-injures-firefighters-in-lake-county\">Valley Fire\u003c/a>, and as strange as it sounds it’s … a hurricane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Strengthening El Niño conditions have spawned an active Pacific hurricane season. Just as the Valley Fire was getting started, a dying hurricane named Linda was still pumping moist air into the upper atmosphere, well north along the California coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And it’s really the mixture of those two air masses — the moist air aloft and the really dry air near the surface — that led to the development of these winds,” says Neil Lareau, a researcher at the university’s Fire Weather Research Lab and \u003ca href=\"http://www.fireweather.org/blog/2015/9/15/did-tropical-moisture-contribute-to-the-valley-fire-blow-up\">co-author of the article\u003c/a> appearing on the lab’s website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cooler air is actually denser than warmer air,” he explains. “So when you cool the air, it tends to sink towards the surface, and it also tends to develop higher pressure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That high pressure building just off the coast created a “burst of northwest winds” that bedeviled firefighters with 35 mph gusts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When Wetter Isn’t Better\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rain that never made it to the ground (known as virga) in the fire zone actually made matters worse, in Lareau’s analysis. Evaporating raindrops rapidly cooled the upper-level air, which created a downdraft that increased winds locally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Lareau’s article is not based on any formal peer-reviewed study, he writes that there is “clear evidence that tropical moisture contributed to enhanced northwest winds that propelled the fire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the fire was in its most explosive growth phase, fire officials marveled at how the blaze seemed to leapfrog attempts to subdue it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fire would throw embers a half-mile beyond where firefighters were working,” said Cal Fire spokesman Daniel Berlant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the kind of fire we \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/09/17/why-the-worst-of-fire-season-may-lie-ahead/\">would see with Santa Ana winds\u003c/a> but in our area, this is unprecedented.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lareau has an explanation for that, too. He says the same bizarre set of meteorological conditions caused the usual upward column of hot air to tilt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And then all of those embers that would’ve been going straight up in the plume get ejected out in front of the initial fire,” explains Lareau, “causing new fires to form in this kind of hopscotch fire growth across the landscape.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lareau says it’s hard to tell what implications this has for the remaining fire season. The likelihood of similar events might depend on what other storms are spun out of the tropical Pacific by El Niño.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio//2015/09/ConservationCosts.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Area water districts have posted big water conservation numbers this summer, some upwards of 40 percent. But saving water can have a hidden downside for those agencies: budget troubles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As cities and water suppliers see their drought conservation campaigns pay off, they’re selling less water to their customers. That often means bringing in far less revenue than expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Top Conservationists\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conservation ethos is hard to ignore in Pleasanton, where it’s common to see pickup trucks carrying large, 300-gallon water tanks in the back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Residents fill them up with free, recycled water from the local wastewater treatment plant. It’s not drinking-water quality, but it’s clean enough for watering plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“There is a gap in the revenue. Last year, we were probably around a million under what we would have been otherwise.”\u003ccite>Dan Martin,\u003cbr>\nPleasanton Utilities Superintendent\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Warren Vest visits weekly. “You have to put signs up that you’re using this or your neighbors get all bent out of shape, you know,” he said. “They think you’re using all the drinking water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer, Pleasanton has ranked among the top water savers in the state. In July, it cut water use nearly in half compared to two years ago, more than meeting mandatory conservation standards from the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really is amazing, the level of conservation,” said Dan Martin, utilities superintendent for the city. The drought campaign started more than a year ago, when the city’s wholesale supplier warned deliveries would be cut severely due to the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pleasanton used public outreach, appliance and lawn replacement rebates, and some tougher measures. Heavy water users who didn’t cut back saw a $50 fine on their bills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found that was a little controversial,” Martin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as the water savings stacked up over the months, the agency watched its income shrink a little.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a gap in the revenue,” said Martin. “Last year, we were probably around a million under what we would have been otherwise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_260365\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 402px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Lawn-Pleasanton2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-260365\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Lawn-Pleasanton2-400x336.jpg\" alt=\"A green lawn in Pleasanton comes with a disclaimer.\" width=\"402\" height=\"338\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Lawn-Pleasanton2-400x336.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Lawn-Pleasanton2-800x672.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Lawn-Pleasanton2-1180x991.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Lawn-Pleasanton2-960x806.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Lawn-Pleasanton2.jpg 1420w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 402px) 100vw, 402px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A green lawn in Pleasanton comes with a disclaimer. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Water agencies save some costs when they deliver less water; for example, they need fewer chemicals to treat water and need to buy less water itself. But the majority of other costs are fixed, including running treatment plants, paying off infrastructure and paying workers’ salaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make up the shortfall, Pleasanton used funds that would have been spent on maintaining the water system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Which is okay to do for a short term, but is really, really detrimental to the utility over the long-term,” Martin said, “because that’s how you end up with pipes and facilities that are past their useful life and you don’t have the money to pay to replace them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other water agencies are facing the same shortfalls, some in the tens of millions of dollars. But a short hop down the road from Pleasanton, it’s an entirely different story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Drought Rates\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re hitting the number we need to,” said Daniel McIntyre of the Dublin San Ramon Services District. “We’re not seeing any kind of financial trauma.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That agency has also conserved a lot of water — 45 percent in July. But more than a year ago, it implemented water conservation rates for its customers. A small surcharge is added to each gallon of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“No one could have anticipated the severity of this drought. But this shouldn’t be a surprise to anyone, and there definitely should have been more preparation taking place.”\u003ccite>Johanna Dyer, Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Customers that don’t conserve see their bills go up, but those who are cutting back generally see little change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Your bill is going to stay substantially flat,” McIntyre said. That keeps the agency’s revenue from declining below expectations. McIntyre says they set up these emergency rates years ago, so they’d be ready to go when a drought hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s definitely been a wake-up call for many agencies,” said Johanna Dyer of the Natural Resources Defense Council. She says most California water agencies don’t have drought rates in place, and are now paying the price.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No one could have anticipated the severity of this drought,” she said. “But this shouldn’t be a surprise to anyone, and there definitely should have been more preparation taking place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many cities, including Pleasanton, are trying to get drought rates approved now, but the process takes six months or longer. By then, they’ll have dug an even deeper financial hole – one their customers could be paying off for some time.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Bay Area water districts have posted big water conservation numbers this summer, some upwards of 40 percent. But saving water can have a hidden downside for those agencies: budget troubles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As cities and water suppliers see their drought conservation campaigns pay off, they’re selling less water to their customers. That often means bringing in far less revenue than expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Top Conservationists\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conservation ethos is hard to ignore in Pleasanton, where it’s common to see pickup trucks carrying large, 300-gallon water tanks in the back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Residents fill them up with free, recycled water from the local wastewater treatment plant. It’s not drinking-water quality, but it’s clean enough for watering plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“There is a gap in the revenue. Last year, we were probably around a million under what we would have been otherwise.”\u003ccite>Dan Martin,\u003cbr>\nPleasanton Utilities Superintendent\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Warren Vest visits weekly. “You have to put signs up that you’re using this or your neighbors get all bent out of shape, you know,” he said. “They think you’re using all the drinking water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer, Pleasanton has ranked among the top water savers in the state. In July, it cut water use nearly in half compared to two years ago, more than meeting mandatory conservation standards from the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really is amazing, the level of conservation,” said Dan Martin, utilities superintendent for the city. The drought campaign started more than a year ago, when the city’s wholesale supplier warned deliveries would be cut severely due to the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pleasanton used public outreach, appliance and lawn replacement rebates, and some tougher measures. Heavy water users who didn’t cut back saw a $50 fine on their bills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found that was a little controversial,” Martin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as the water savings stacked up over the months, the agency watched its income shrink a little.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a gap in the revenue,” said Martin. “Last year, we were probably around a million under what we would have been otherwise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_260365\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 402px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Lawn-Pleasanton2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-260365\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Lawn-Pleasanton2-400x336.jpg\" alt=\"A green lawn in Pleasanton comes with a disclaimer.\" width=\"402\" height=\"338\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Lawn-Pleasanton2-400x336.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Lawn-Pleasanton2-800x672.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Lawn-Pleasanton2-1180x991.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Lawn-Pleasanton2-960x806.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Lawn-Pleasanton2.jpg 1420w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 402px) 100vw, 402px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A green lawn in Pleasanton comes with a disclaimer. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Water agencies save some costs when they deliver less water; for example, they need fewer chemicals to treat water and need to buy less water itself. But the majority of other costs are fixed, including running treatment plants, paying off infrastructure and paying workers’ salaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make up the shortfall, Pleasanton used funds that would have been spent on maintaining the water system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Which is okay to do for a short term, but is really, really detrimental to the utility over the long-term,” Martin said, “because that’s how you end up with pipes and facilities that are past their useful life and you don’t have the money to pay to replace them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other water agencies are facing the same shortfalls, some in the tens of millions of dollars. But a short hop down the road from Pleasanton, it’s an entirely different story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Drought Rates\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re hitting the number we need to,” said Daniel McIntyre of the Dublin San Ramon Services District. “We’re not seeing any kind of financial trauma.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That agency has also conserved a lot of water — 45 percent in July. But more than a year ago, it implemented water conservation rates for its customers. A small surcharge is added to each gallon of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“No one could have anticipated the severity of this drought. But this shouldn’t be a surprise to anyone, and there definitely should have been more preparation taking place.”\u003ccite>Johanna Dyer, Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Customers that don’t conserve see their bills go up, but those who are cutting back generally see little change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Your bill is going to stay substantially flat,” McIntyre said. That keeps the agency’s revenue from declining below expectations. McIntyre says they set up these emergency rates years ago, so they’d be ready to go when a drought hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s definitely been a wake-up call for many agencies,” said Johanna Dyer of the Natural Resources Defense Council. She says most California water agencies don’t have drought rates in place, and are now paying the price.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No one could have anticipated the severity of this drought,” she said. “But this shouldn’t be a surprise to anyone, and there definitely should have been more preparation taking place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many cities, including Pleasanton, are trying to get drought rates approved now, but the process takes six months or longer. By then, they’ll have dug an even deeper financial hole – one their customers could be paying off for some time.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Why the Worst of Fire Season May Lie Ahead",
"headTitle": "Why the Worst of Fire Season May Lie Ahead | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>As bad as things are already, the system in place to manage California’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/09/13/valley-fire-forcing-residents-to-evacuate-injures-firefighters-in-lake-county\">wildfire season\u003c/a> is already “stretched very, very thinly,” according to Mark Ghilarducci, who directs the state’s Office of Emergency Services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fire season itself has probably been the most extreme that I’ve seen in my 30 years,” said Ghilarducci in a state-produced \u003ca href=\"https://vimeo.com/139405750\">video interview\u003c/a> on Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s not over. In fact, it could get worse, for three main reasons:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>We’re still in a drought\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “rainy season” is still a good six weeks away though don’t tell L.A. residents who got a \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-rain-moves-into-southern-california-thanks-to-former-hurricane-linda-20150915-story.html\">surprise drenching\u003c/a> of nearly two inches of rain in one morning this week. The Southland has seen other freak rains this summer, which washed out a freeway overpass and forced the first Major League Baseball rain-outs in two decades. Those were shards from an active Pacific hurricane season, probably linked to El Niño.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the light rain that fell near the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/09/14/photos-scenes-from-the-lake-county-valley-fire\">Valley Fire\u003c/a> on Monday, never even made it to the ground, according to officials on the scene. In fact, \u003ca href=\"http://www.fireweather.org/blog/2015/9/15/did-tropical-moisture-contribute-to-the-valley-fire-blow-up\">preliminary research\u003c/a> at San Jose State University’s Fire Weather Research Lab suggests that the \u003ca href=\"http://earthsky.org/earth/virga-is-rain-that-doesnt-reach-the-ground\">virga\u003c/a> actually made matters worse on the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The rain that we saw in Southern California notwithstanding, it certainly hasn’t rained like that up north and even in the south it will dry out quickly,” warns Stanford climate scientist Daniel Swain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is still experiencing really severe drought conditions and we definitely have a few more months before we see substantial relief.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swain says that even if the current El Niño conditions in the Pacific turn out to be a major rainmaker, California is not likely to see the peak effects until December or January. Meanwhile, each passing week without substantial precipitation increases evaporation, baking out what little moisture remains in soils and setting the stage for more severe wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Changes in the Wind\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of California’s most aggressive fires are driven by what scientists call katabatic winds, \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/12/01/santa-ana-wind-season-may-be-stretched-by-climate-change/\">better known as Santa Anas\u003c/a> in Southern California, Diablos in the north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the fall, the usual onshore breezes start backing around and dry easterly winds roar through mountain passes, speeding up and heating up along the way. This season, some fires have behaved like classic Santa Ana-driven fires — without the winds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The devastating Valley Fire north of the Bay Area stunned firefighters, blowing up to 40,000 acres in one day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fire would throw embers a half-mile beyond where firefighters were working, said Cal Fire spokesman Daniel Berlant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the kind of fire we would see with Santa Ana winds but in our area, this is unprecedented.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>High Temperatures Will Up the Ante\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add to the mix the abnormally high temperatures that have persisted this summer, often at the most inopportune times, such as the early days of the Valley Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This late-season heat really sort of sets the stage for any big offshore wind events—these Santa Ana or Diablo winds that often occur later in the fall,” warns Swain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2014 went down as California’s warmest year on record and 2015 is on track to beat it. According to NOAA, the statewide average temperature was slightly above normal in July, then spiked to nearly 3 degrees Fahrenheit above the 20th Century average in August.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the state’s most catastrophic fires have broken out in October, including the historic \u003ca href=\"https://oaklandnorth.net/oakland-hills-fire/\">Oakland Hills firestorm, \u003c/a>which destroyed more than 3,000 homes in 1991.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All the vegetation is drought-stressed and especially dry given the heat wave, and so if and when we get these big wind events over the next couple of months, that’s probably going to lead to some big problems,” says Swain.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As bad as things are already, the system in place to manage California’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/09/13/valley-fire-forcing-residents-to-evacuate-injures-firefighters-in-lake-county\">wildfire season\u003c/a> is already “stretched very, very thinly,” according to Mark Ghilarducci, who directs the state’s Office of Emergency Services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fire season itself has probably been the most extreme that I’ve seen in my 30 years,” said Ghilarducci in a state-produced \u003ca href=\"https://vimeo.com/139405750\">video interview\u003c/a> on Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s not over. In fact, it could get worse, for three main reasons:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>We’re still in a drought\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “rainy season” is still a good six weeks away though don’t tell L.A. residents who got a \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-rain-moves-into-southern-california-thanks-to-former-hurricane-linda-20150915-story.html\">surprise drenching\u003c/a> of nearly two inches of rain in one morning this week. The Southland has seen other freak rains this summer, which washed out a freeway overpass and forced the first Major League Baseball rain-outs in two decades. Those were shards from an active Pacific hurricane season, probably linked to El Niño.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the light rain that fell near the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/09/14/photos-scenes-from-the-lake-county-valley-fire\">Valley Fire\u003c/a> on Monday, never even made it to the ground, according to officials on the scene. In fact, \u003ca href=\"http://www.fireweather.org/blog/2015/9/15/did-tropical-moisture-contribute-to-the-valley-fire-blow-up\">preliminary research\u003c/a> at San Jose State University’s Fire Weather Research Lab suggests that the \u003ca href=\"http://earthsky.org/earth/virga-is-rain-that-doesnt-reach-the-ground\">virga\u003c/a> actually made matters worse on the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The rain that we saw in Southern California notwithstanding, it certainly hasn’t rained like that up north and even in the south it will dry out quickly,” warns Stanford climate scientist Daniel Swain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is still experiencing really severe drought conditions and we definitely have a few more months before we see substantial relief.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swain says that even if the current El Niño conditions in the Pacific turn out to be a major rainmaker, California is not likely to see the peak effects until December or January. Meanwhile, each passing week without substantial precipitation increases evaporation, baking out what little moisture remains in soils and setting the stage for more severe wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Changes in the Wind\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of California’s most aggressive fires are driven by what scientists call katabatic winds, \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/12/01/santa-ana-wind-season-may-be-stretched-by-climate-change/\">better known as Santa Anas\u003c/a> in Southern California, Diablos in the north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the fall, the usual onshore breezes start backing around and dry easterly winds roar through mountain passes, speeding up and heating up along the way. This season, some fires have behaved like classic Santa Ana-driven fires — without the winds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The devastating Valley Fire north of the Bay Area stunned firefighters, blowing up to 40,000 acres in one day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fire would throw embers a half-mile beyond where firefighters were working, said Cal Fire spokesman Daniel Berlant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the kind of fire we would see with Santa Ana winds but in our area, this is unprecedented.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>High Temperatures Will Up the Ante\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add to the mix the abnormally high temperatures that have persisted this summer, often at the most inopportune times, such as the early days of the Valley Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This late-season heat really sort of sets the stage for any big offshore wind events—these Santa Ana or Diablo winds that often occur later in the fall,” warns Swain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2014 went down as California’s warmest year on record and 2015 is on track to beat it. According to NOAA, the statewide average temperature was slightly above normal in July, then spiked to nearly 3 degrees Fahrenheit above the 20th Century average in August.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the state’s most catastrophic fires have broken out in October, including the historic \u003ca href=\"https://oaklandnorth.net/oakland-hills-fire/\">Oakland Hills firestorm, \u003c/a>which destroyed more than 3,000 homes in 1991.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All the vegetation is drought-stressed and especially dry given the heat wave, and so if and when we get these big wind events over the next couple of months, that’s probably going to lead to some big problems,” says Swain.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Big Challenge as California Ramps Up Wind Power: Golden Eagles",
"headTitle": "Big Challenge as California Ramps Up Wind Power: Golden Eagles | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio//2015/09/WindFarmsEagles.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s history with wind power goes back decades — as do its troubles with turbines killing birds, including federally protected golden eagles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With state officials now planning to ramp up renewable energy, an uneasy tension exists between protecting wildlife, and fighting climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“At nighttime, as soon as it gets dark, striped skunks run to the wind turbines. Literally run.”\u003ccite>Shawn Smallwood, Ecologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Ecologist Shawn Smallwood has found mangled eagles several times in wind farms like those at Altamont Pass, near Livermore. The place has a reputation for turbines killing birds. Alameda County estimates 35 golden eagles were killed there in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researching this problem is complicated partly by scavengers, such as ravens, snatching up carcasses before Smallwood can tally them. Coyotes, foxes and badgers converge on the wind farm and search the grounds in a pattern, he says, just like a scientist would.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At nighttime, as soon as it gets dark, striped skunks run to the wind turbines. Literally run,” says Smallwood. “They also go to the turbines that kill the most animals, so they’re familiar with where they can find food. They usually go to the downwind side of the turbines, again where the bats and birds are most likely to fall after they get hit by a wind turbine.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The history of wind power is littered with attempts to make turbines safer for birds and bats. \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RtgBWNKwBkE\">It’s not easy\u003c/a>. Golden eagles fix their eyesight on prey on the ground and don’t necessarily see what they’re flying into. Smallwood once advocated shutting turbines off over winter, but says on an overcast day, birds can still fly right into blades that aren’t even turning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_247869\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 401px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Mighty2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-247869\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Mighty2-800x844.jpg\" alt=\"Biologists are studying golden eagles in the Altamont Pass by placing radio transmitters on them.\" width=\"401\" height=\"423\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Mighty2-800x844.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Mighty2-400x422.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Mighty2-1440x1518.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Mighty2-1180x1244.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Mighty2-960x1012.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Mighty2.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 401px) 100vw, 401px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Biologists are studying golden eagles in the Altamont Pass by placing radio transmitters on them. \u003ccite>(Joseph DiDonato/Wildlife Consulting and Photography)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At the Altamont Pass Wind Farm, a process is underway right now called “repowering.” This means removing hundreds of older, less efficient turbines. A single massive, new turbine can take the place of 20 or 30 of the older models. This also affords an opportunity to get turbines out of particularly lethal spots altogether.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, the tip of a huge blade can slice through the air at \u003ca href=\"http://gizmodo.com/5930272/the-worlds-biggest-wind-turbine-blades-are-so-long-their-tips-spin-at-180-mph\">speeds like a racecar\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years ago, before the repowering process started, Smallwood estimates 60 golden eagles were killed each year at Altamont.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Permit to Kill\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While not listed as endangered, golden eagles are protected under the federal Migratory Bird Treaty Act and the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act. Killing them is illegal. But, with the exception of a couple wind companies recently fined in Wyoming, the federal government \u003ca href=\"http://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/Latest-News-Wires/2013/0514/Why-wind-farms-kill-eagles-with-federal-impunity\">has rarely enforced such laws\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scott Flaherty, a spokesman for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, says the agency wants to work alongside wind companies — not punish them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While prosecutions are great and make for great headlines, they don’t always do the best thing for eagles,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2009, wind companies have been able to apply for a “take permit,” essentially, permission to kill a small number of golden eagles. Such applications are thick, highly technical and take a long time to write. Only one permit has been issued since the program was introduced — for a wind farm in Solano County. Seven other wind farms have applications in the pipeline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_247865\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Smallwood2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-247865\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Smallwood2-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Ecologist Shawn Smallwood holds a golden eagle found injured in the Altamont Pass.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Smallwood2-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Smallwood2-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Smallwood2-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Smallwood2-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Smallwood2-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Smallwood2.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ecologist Shawn Smallwood holds a golden eagle found injured in the Altamont Pass. \u003ccite>(Joseph DiDonato/Wildlife Consulting and Photography)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By getting wind companies in the door to discuss permits, Flaherty says the agency can also have a frank discussion about settling up over eagles killed in years past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One thing about eagle permits is that they don’t allow for past take,” he says. “They don’t really forgive past take.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an agreement with U.S. Fish and Wildlife, one company recently paid $10,000 and will spend hundreds of thousands more on research to help eagles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The permits last five years. Last month, a federal judge kicked a new 30-year version \u003ca href=\"http://www.kcet.org/news/redefine/rewire/commentary/court-sends-30-year-eagle-kill-permits-back-to-drawing-board.html\">back to Fish and Wildlife officials\u003c/a> for more work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hardly a Free Pass\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown’s administration has set an ambitious goal: By 2030, Brown wants half of California’s power to come from renewable sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nancy Rader, executive director for the California Wind Energy Association, says the industry is aiming to more than double wind energy capacity by 2030; hundreds of new turbines have to go \u003cem>somewhere.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_248142\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 355px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/wind3B.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-248142\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/wind3B-800x1052.jpg\" alt=\"Only one wind farm, in Solano County, has received a federal permit for the killing of golden eagles. Several others have applications in the pipeline.\" width=\"355\" height=\"467\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/wind3B-800x1052.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/wind3B-400x526.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/wind3B-1180x1552.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/wind3B-960x1262.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/wind3B.jpg 1219w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 355px) 100vw, 355px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Only one wind farm, located in Solano County, has received a federal permit for the killing of golden eagles. Several others have applications in the pipeline. \u003ccite>(Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Far from getting an easy pass from regulators, Rader points to proposed restrictions from the Bureau of Land Management, as well as local governments in places like Los Angeles County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re seeing land-use plans coming out from both the federal government and county governments that actually prohibit the development of wind energy across large areas of California,” Rader says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Energy supply is about trade-offs, says Ryan Wiser, a senior scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s really no free lunch here,” he says, and refers to \u003ca href=\"http://energy.gov/eere/wind/wind-vision\">a report out this year\u003c/a> from the federal Department of Energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report examines a future in which wind energy scales up dramatically in coming decades. It concludes that replacing fossil fuels with wind will save hundreds of billions of dollars in “avoided global climate damages.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Wiser points out, the report didn’t attempt to pin down the economic value of the loss of wildlife – such as eagles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED Science coordinating television producer Gabriela Quiros contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "So far, only one wind farm has gotten a permit allowing its turbines to kill the federally protected eagles.\r\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California’s history with wind power goes back decades — as do its troubles with turbines killing birds, including federally protected golden eagles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With state officials now planning to ramp up renewable energy, an uneasy tension exists between protecting wildlife, and fighting climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“At nighttime, as soon as it gets dark, striped skunks run to the wind turbines. Literally run.”\u003ccite>Shawn Smallwood, Ecologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Ecologist Shawn Smallwood has found mangled eagles several times in wind farms like those at Altamont Pass, near Livermore. The place has a reputation for turbines killing birds. Alameda County estimates 35 golden eagles were killed there in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researching this problem is complicated partly by scavengers, such as ravens, snatching up carcasses before Smallwood can tally them. Coyotes, foxes and badgers converge on the wind farm and search the grounds in a pattern, he says, just like a scientist would.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At nighttime, as soon as it gets dark, striped skunks run to the wind turbines. Literally run,” says Smallwood. “They also go to the turbines that kill the most animals, so they’re familiar with where they can find food. They usually go to the downwind side of the turbines, again where the bats and birds are most likely to fall after they get hit by a wind turbine.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The history of wind power is littered with attempts to make turbines safer for birds and bats. \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RtgBWNKwBkE\">It’s not easy\u003c/a>. Golden eagles fix their eyesight on prey on the ground and don’t necessarily see what they’re flying into. Smallwood once advocated shutting turbines off over winter, but says on an overcast day, birds can still fly right into blades that aren’t even turning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_247869\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 401px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Mighty2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-247869\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Mighty2-800x844.jpg\" alt=\"Biologists are studying golden eagles in the Altamont Pass by placing radio transmitters on them.\" width=\"401\" height=\"423\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Mighty2-800x844.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Mighty2-400x422.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Mighty2-1440x1518.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Mighty2-1180x1244.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Mighty2-960x1012.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Mighty2.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 401px) 100vw, 401px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Biologists are studying golden eagles in the Altamont Pass by placing radio transmitters on them. \u003ccite>(Joseph DiDonato/Wildlife Consulting and Photography)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At the Altamont Pass Wind Farm, a process is underway right now called “repowering.” This means removing hundreds of older, less efficient turbines. A single massive, new turbine can take the place of 20 or 30 of the older models. This also affords an opportunity to get turbines out of particularly lethal spots altogether.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, the tip of a huge blade can slice through the air at \u003ca href=\"http://gizmodo.com/5930272/the-worlds-biggest-wind-turbine-blades-are-so-long-their-tips-spin-at-180-mph\">speeds like a racecar\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years ago, before the repowering process started, Smallwood estimates 60 golden eagles were killed each year at Altamont.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Permit to Kill\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While not listed as endangered, golden eagles are protected under the federal Migratory Bird Treaty Act and the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act. Killing them is illegal. But, with the exception of a couple wind companies recently fined in Wyoming, the federal government \u003ca href=\"http://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/Latest-News-Wires/2013/0514/Why-wind-farms-kill-eagles-with-federal-impunity\">has rarely enforced such laws\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scott Flaherty, a spokesman for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, says the agency wants to work alongside wind companies — not punish them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While prosecutions are great and make for great headlines, they don’t always do the best thing for eagles,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2009, wind companies have been able to apply for a “take permit,” essentially, permission to kill a small number of golden eagles. Such applications are thick, highly technical and take a long time to write. Only one permit has been issued since the program was introduced — for a wind farm in Solano County. Seven other wind farms have applications in the pipeline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_247865\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Smallwood2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-247865\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Smallwood2-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Ecologist Shawn Smallwood holds a golden eagle found injured in the Altamont Pass.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Smallwood2-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Smallwood2-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Smallwood2-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Smallwood2-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Smallwood2-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Smallwood2.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ecologist Shawn Smallwood holds a golden eagle found injured in the Altamont Pass. \u003ccite>(Joseph DiDonato/Wildlife Consulting and Photography)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By getting wind companies in the door to discuss permits, Flaherty says the agency can also have a frank discussion about settling up over eagles killed in years past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One thing about eagle permits is that they don’t allow for past take,” he says. “They don’t really forgive past take.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an agreement with U.S. Fish and Wildlife, one company recently paid $10,000 and will spend hundreds of thousands more on research to help eagles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The permits last five years. Last month, a federal judge kicked a new 30-year version \u003ca href=\"http://www.kcet.org/news/redefine/rewire/commentary/court-sends-30-year-eagle-kill-permits-back-to-drawing-board.html\">back to Fish and Wildlife officials\u003c/a> for more work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hardly a Free Pass\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown’s administration has set an ambitious goal: By 2030, Brown wants half of California’s power to come from renewable sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nancy Rader, executive director for the California Wind Energy Association, says the industry is aiming to more than double wind energy capacity by 2030; hundreds of new turbines have to go \u003cem>somewhere.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_248142\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 355px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/wind3B.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-248142\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/wind3B-800x1052.jpg\" alt=\"Only one wind farm, in Solano County, has received a federal permit for the killing of golden eagles. Several others have applications in the pipeline.\" width=\"355\" height=\"467\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/wind3B-800x1052.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/wind3B-400x526.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/wind3B-1180x1552.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/wind3B-960x1262.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/wind3B.jpg 1219w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 355px) 100vw, 355px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Only one wind farm, located in Solano County, has received a federal permit for the killing of golden eagles. Several others have applications in the pipeline. \u003ccite>(Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Far from getting an easy pass from regulators, Rader points to proposed restrictions from the Bureau of Land Management, as well as local governments in places like Los Angeles County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re seeing land-use plans coming out from both the federal government and county governments that actually prohibit the development of wind energy across large areas of California,” Rader says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Energy supply is about trade-offs, says Ryan Wiser, a senior scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s really no free lunch here,” he says, and refers to \u003ca href=\"http://energy.gov/eere/wind/wind-vision\">a report out this year\u003c/a> from the federal Department of Energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report examines a future in which wind energy scales up dramatically in coming decades. It concludes that replacing fossil fuels with wind will save hundreds of billions of dollars in “avoided global climate damages.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Wiser points out, the report didn’t attempt to pin down the economic value of the loss of wildlife – such as eagles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED Science coordinating television producer Gabriela Quiros contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Cassini Spacecraft Gets Set for a Grand Finale",
"headTitle": "The Cassini Spacecraft Gets Set for a Grand Finale | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>On August 17, \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Cassini \u003c/a>spacecraft made its final close flyby of Dione, one of Saturn’s fascinating moons, sending us the highest-resolution pictures of its surface to date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And though this isn’t the last flyby of a moon in store for Cassini, the event marks the beginning of this flagship mission’s end game.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On this fifth and\u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4695\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> final flyby of Dione\u003c/a>, Cassini passed within 295 miles of the moon’s surface — a bit higher than the International Space Station orbits the Earth (keeping in mind, though, that Dione is only about 660 miles across).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Cassini accomplished some exquisite photography, the primary objective of this pass was to probe Dione’s gravity, magnetic field, and the plasma environment around it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_229674\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA19060.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-229674\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA19060-400x225.jpg\" alt=\"Simulation depicting "curtains" of water vapor erupting from crevasses in the surface of Saturn's moon Enceladus. \" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA19060-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA19060-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA19060-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA19060-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA19060.jpg 1278w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Simulation depicting “curtains” of water vapor erupting from crevasses in the surface of Saturn’s moon Enceladus. \u003ccite>(Cassini/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Analysis of these data will allow scientists to probe the moon’s interior structure. Similar measurements of two of Saturn’s other moons, Titan and Enceladus, were responsible for the discovery of liquid seas deep beneath their crusts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s too early to tell what this flyby will reveal about the realm beneath Dione’s surface, but if there’s one thing we have learned from Cassini about the moons of Saturn, they tend to be full of surprises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the months ahead, Cassini will buzz other Saturnian moons, including three passages of Enceladus, one at a distance of only 30 miles from its surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This moon-raking graze will send Cassini deeper than ever before into Enceladus’ plumes of water vapor, which spew from under the moon’s crust. That encounter could reveal more eye-opening clues about the moon’s subsurface geyser chambers, sea, and possible hydrothermal vent activity at the sea floor — all of which have been detected previously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassini’s 11-plus-year mission has been a stunning success in terms of its exploration and close scrutiny of Saturn, its system of ice and dust particle rings, and its entourage of moons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_229675\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18433-br500.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-229675\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18433-br500-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"Sunlight flashing off of the surface of a lake of liquid hydrocarbons on Saturn's moon Titan.\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18433-br500-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18433-br500-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18433-br500-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18433-br500-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18433-br500-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18433-br500-75x75.jpg 75w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18433-br500.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sunlight flashing off of the surface of a lake of liquid hydrocarbons on Saturn’s moon Titan. \u003ccite>(Cassini/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Early in the mission, in 2005, Cassini launched the European Space Agency’s (ESA) Huygens probe onto the surface of Saturn’s largest moon, Titan, making it the only solid surface in the outer solar system on which we’ve landed a spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last decade Cassini, and the Huygens probe, have greatly illuminated the Saturn system — but the mission did not begin without some controversy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 1997 launch of this spacecraft, which carries 73 pounds of plutonium within three radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs), \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/TECH/9710/04/cassini/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">was met with strong opposition\u003c/a>. Protesters were concerned with the possibility that a launch accident could spread the radioactive material into the Earth’s environment and pose health risks to human and animal populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exploration of the outer solar system, particularly as far from the sun as Saturn, requires a source of power other than sunlight, since sunlight at that distance is too weak for solar panels to be a practical alternative. Heat from the radioactive decay of substances like plutonium offers a steady and long-lasting supply of energy with which to generate electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The New Horizons spacecraft, which recently made its close flyby of Pluto, is powered by one of the Cassini mission’s spare plutonium-238 RTGs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After next December, Cassini will make only a small number of distant flybys of Saturn’s larger icy moons, and after that a series of long-range encounters with some of Saturn’s tiny, irregular moons, which we haven’t seen in any great detail so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_229677\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-229677\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"Saturn's seemingly serene cloud-tops, polar vortex, and translucent rings.\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295-75x75.jpg 75w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295.jpg 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Saturn’s seemingly serene cloud-tops, polar vortex, and translucent rings. \u003ccite>(Cassini/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Then in 2017, Cassini will enter what is being called its \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/cassinifeatures/name/nameabout/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">grand finale\u003c/a>, steered into an inclined orbit that will send it repeatedly between Saturn and its innermost rings, a region that no spacecraft has ever before explored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the mission refocused exclusively on close-up investigation of Saturn and its rings, this daring and somewhat risky maneuver will deliver details about the gas giant planet as never before. Cassini will probe the interior of Saturn through its magnetic field, take extreme high-resolution images of its cloud systems, and obtain much better measurements of the mass of its ring system, which could give scientists great insight into its origin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, at the conclusion of Cassini’s mission, the spacecraft will be sent into a fiery burn-up in Saturn’s atmosphere, eliminating any chance of its plutonium fuel from ever contaminating one of Saturn’s moons—particularly the water-bearing Enceladus, and cold, liquid-methane drenched Titan. (Maybe this self-sacrifice to protect any possible life on the moons of Saturn will make up a little for earlier concerns to life on Earth.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, our adventure in the Saturn system isn’t over yet, and we can expect more amazing revelations over the next year or two.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "NASA's Cassini spacecraft has already dazzled us with high-resolution pictures from the outer solar system. It has a lot more work to do before the mission's planned fiery finale.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On August 17, \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Cassini \u003c/a>spacecraft made its final close flyby of Dione, one of Saturn’s fascinating moons, sending us the highest-resolution pictures of its surface to date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And though this isn’t the last flyby of a moon in store for Cassini, the event marks the beginning of this flagship mission’s end game.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On this fifth and\u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4695\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> final flyby of Dione\u003c/a>, Cassini passed within 295 miles of the moon’s surface — a bit higher than the International Space Station orbits the Earth (keeping in mind, though, that Dione is only about 660 miles across).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Cassini accomplished some exquisite photography, the primary objective of this pass was to probe Dione’s gravity, magnetic field, and the plasma environment around it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_229674\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA19060.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-229674\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA19060-400x225.jpg\" alt=\"Simulation depicting "curtains" of water vapor erupting from crevasses in the surface of Saturn's moon Enceladus. \" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA19060-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA19060-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA19060-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA19060-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA19060.jpg 1278w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Simulation depicting “curtains” of water vapor erupting from crevasses in the surface of Saturn’s moon Enceladus. \u003ccite>(Cassini/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Analysis of these data will allow scientists to probe the moon’s interior structure. Similar measurements of two of Saturn’s other moons, Titan and Enceladus, were responsible for the discovery of liquid seas deep beneath their crusts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s too early to tell what this flyby will reveal about the realm beneath Dione’s surface, but if there’s one thing we have learned from Cassini about the moons of Saturn, they tend to be full of surprises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the months ahead, Cassini will buzz other Saturnian moons, including three passages of Enceladus, one at a distance of only 30 miles from its surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This moon-raking graze will send Cassini deeper than ever before into Enceladus’ plumes of water vapor, which spew from under the moon’s crust. That encounter could reveal more eye-opening clues about the moon’s subsurface geyser chambers, sea, and possible hydrothermal vent activity at the sea floor — all of which have been detected previously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassini’s 11-plus-year mission has been a stunning success in terms of its exploration and close scrutiny of Saturn, its system of ice and dust particle rings, and its entourage of moons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_229675\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18433-br500.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-229675\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18433-br500-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"Sunlight flashing off of the surface of a lake of liquid hydrocarbons on Saturn's moon Titan.\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18433-br500-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18433-br500-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18433-br500-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18433-br500-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18433-br500-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18433-br500-75x75.jpg 75w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18433-br500.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sunlight flashing off of the surface of a lake of liquid hydrocarbons on Saturn’s moon Titan. \u003ccite>(Cassini/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Early in the mission, in 2005, Cassini launched the European Space Agency’s (ESA) Huygens probe onto the surface of Saturn’s largest moon, Titan, making it the only solid surface in the outer solar system on which we’ve landed a spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last decade Cassini, and the Huygens probe, have greatly illuminated the Saturn system — but the mission did not begin without some controversy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 1997 launch of this spacecraft, which carries 73 pounds of plutonium within three radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs), \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/TECH/9710/04/cassini/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">was met with strong opposition\u003c/a>. Protesters were concerned with the possibility that a launch accident could spread the radioactive material into the Earth’s environment and pose health risks to human and animal populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exploration of the outer solar system, particularly as far from the sun as Saturn, requires a source of power other than sunlight, since sunlight at that distance is too weak for solar panels to be a practical alternative. Heat from the radioactive decay of substances like plutonium offers a steady and long-lasting supply of energy with which to generate electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The New Horizons spacecraft, which recently made its close flyby of Pluto, is powered by one of the Cassini mission’s spare plutonium-238 RTGs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After next December, Cassini will make only a small number of distant flybys of Saturn’s larger icy moons, and after that a series of long-range encounters with some of Saturn’s tiny, irregular moons, which we haven’t seen in any great detail so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_229677\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-229677\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"Saturn's seemingly serene cloud-tops, polar vortex, and translucent rings.\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295-75x75.jpg 75w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/PIA18295.jpg 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Saturn’s seemingly serene cloud-tops, polar vortex, and translucent rings. \u003ccite>(Cassini/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Then in 2017, Cassini will enter what is being called its \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/cassinifeatures/name/nameabout/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">grand finale\u003c/a>, steered into an inclined orbit that will send it repeatedly between Saturn and its innermost rings, a region that no spacecraft has ever before explored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the mission refocused exclusively on close-up investigation of Saturn and its rings, this daring and somewhat risky maneuver will deliver details about the gas giant planet as never before. Cassini will probe the interior of Saturn through its magnetic field, take extreme high-resolution images of its cloud systems, and obtain much better measurements of the mass of its ring system, which could give scientists great insight into its origin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, at the conclusion of Cassini’s mission, the spacecraft will be sent into a fiery burn-up in Saturn’s atmosphere, eliminating any chance of its plutonium fuel from ever contaminating one of Saturn’s moons—particularly the water-bearing Enceladus, and cold, liquid-methane drenched Titan. (Maybe this self-sacrifice to protect any possible life on the moons of Saturn will make up a little for earlier concerns to life on Earth.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, our adventure in the Saturn system isn’t over yet, and we can expect more amazing revelations over the next year or two.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Trend: Large Wildfires More Common and Destructive in the West",
"headTitle": "Trend: Large Wildfires More Common and Destructive in the West | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The West continues to be an inferno at the start of September. Wildfires have exploded across the region in recent weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been at least 117 large wildfires to date including 70 that are still burning. Those fires along with thousands of smaller blazes have contributed to 7.8 million acres burned in the U.S., a record for this time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Washington has officially had its most destructive \u003ca href=\"http://www.columbian.com/news/2015/aug/26/washington-worst-wildfire-season/\">wildfire season on record\u003c/a>, including its \u003ca href=\"http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/western-wildfires/okanogan-complex-washington-wildfire-now-largest-state-history-n414916\">largest wildfire\u003c/a> in state history. \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/alaska-entering-new-era-for-wildfires-19146\">In Alaska\u003c/a>, 5.1 million acres have burned. Even if all the fires went out across the West tomorrow, this year would still rank as the seventh-most destructive wildfire season in terms of acres burned. But with the season set to continue for at least another month, 2015 will continue to climb the charts, though whether it displaces 2006 for the record remains to be seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_Acres_West.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-229508\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_Acres_West-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"2015WildfiresWeb_Acres_West\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_Acres_West-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_Acres_West-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_Acres_West-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_Acres_West.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_Acres_West-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_Acres_West-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That puts it right in line with trends since the 1970s of more large fires and more acres burned by these large wildfires as the West dries out and heats up according to an \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/western-wildfire-trends\">updated Climate Central analysis\u003c/a>. Climate change is one of the key drivers helping set up these \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-change-bully-california-drought-19354\">dry and hot conditions\u003c/a> favorable for wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spring and summer — two key seasons for wildfires — have warmed 2.1°F across the West, on average. Some states, particularly those in the Southwest, have warmed even faster. Add in \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/rising-temperatures-expected-to-accelerate-western-snowpack-decline\">shrinking snowpack\u003c/a> that’s disappearing earlier, and you have a recipe for a wildfire season that’s now 75 days longer and more devastating than it was in the 1970s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s been a notable increase in the large wildfires — defined as those 1,000 acres or bigger. A Climate Central analysis of U.S. Forest Service data through 2014 shows that large fires are three-and-a-half times more common now than they were in the ‘70s. They also burn seven times more acreage in an average year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biggest changes are in the Northern Rockies. Large wildfires are now 10 times more common than they used to be and the area burned is up to 45 times greater in Idaho, Montana and Wyoming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_NumberOfFires_TempTrend_West.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-229507\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_NumberOfFires_TempTrend_West-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"2015WildfiresWeb_NumberOfFires_TempTrend_West\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_NumberOfFires_TempTrend_West-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_NumberOfFires_TempTrend_West-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_NumberOfFires_TempTrend_West-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_NumberOfFires_TempTrend_West.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_NumberOfFires_TempTrend_West-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_NumberOfFires_TempTrend_West-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fire is a natural part of most ecosystems but a century of fire suppression, the expansion of homes, roads and infrastructure, and climate change have altered the order of things. Now there’s more fuel in the woods and hotter and drier conditions that can help fires explode with dire consequences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Air quality in downwind communities (some a thousand miles away) also \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/report-wildfires-and-air-pollution-a-hidden-hazard-16651\">suffer from the smoke\u003c/a>. At least twice in the past 12 years, cities like Los Angeles and San Diego were forced to deal with Beijing-level air pollution caused by southern California wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Intense burns can leave soil barren and inhibit the regrowth of forest. They can also erode forests’ ability to store carbon and actually turn them into a source of carbon emissions. That’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/california-forests-climate-polluters-18941\">already occurring in California\u003c/a>, there are concerns that could \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-change-alaska-wildfires-19181\">happen in Alaska\u003c/a> this year and it could be coming soon to a forest near you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>This story first appeared at \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a>, a content partner of KQED. Todd Sanford provided data analysis for this story.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "There’s been a notable increase in the large wildfires — defined as those 1,000 acres or bigger. That puts it right in line with trends since the 1970s of more large fires and more acres burned by these large wildfires as the West dries out and heats up.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The West continues to be an inferno at the start of September. Wildfires have exploded across the region in recent weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been at least 117 large wildfires to date including 70 that are still burning. Those fires along with thousands of smaller blazes have contributed to 7.8 million acres burned in the U.S., a record for this time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Washington has officially had its most destructive \u003ca href=\"http://www.columbian.com/news/2015/aug/26/washington-worst-wildfire-season/\">wildfire season on record\u003c/a>, including its \u003ca href=\"http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/western-wildfires/okanogan-complex-washington-wildfire-now-largest-state-history-n414916\">largest wildfire\u003c/a> in state history. \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/alaska-entering-new-era-for-wildfires-19146\">In Alaska\u003c/a>, 5.1 million acres have burned. Even if all the fires went out across the West tomorrow, this year would still rank as the seventh-most destructive wildfire season in terms of acres burned. But with the season set to continue for at least another month, 2015 will continue to climb the charts, though whether it displaces 2006 for the record remains to be seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_Acres_West.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-229508\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_Acres_West-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"2015WildfiresWeb_Acres_West\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_Acres_West-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_Acres_West-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_Acres_West-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_Acres_West.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_Acres_West-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_Acres_West-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That puts it right in line with trends since the 1970s of more large fires and more acres burned by these large wildfires as the West dries out and heats up according to an \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/western-wildfire-trends\">updated Climate Central analysis\u003c/a>. Climate change is one of the key drivers helping set up these \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-change-bully-california-drought-19354\">dry and hot conditions\u003c/a> favorable for wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spring and summer — two key seasons for wildfires — have warmed 2.1°F across the West, on average. Some states, particularly those in the Southwest, have warmed even faster. Add in \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/rising-temperatures-expected-to-accelerate-western-snowpack-decline\">shrinking snowpack\u003c/a> that’s disappearing earlier, and you have a recipe for a wildfire season that’s now 75 days longer and more devastating than it was in the 1970s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s been a notable increase in the large wildfires — defined as those 1,000 acres or bigger. A Climate Central analysis of U.S. Forest Service data through 2014 shows that large fires are three-and-a-half times more common now than they were in the ‘70s. They also burn seven times more acreage in an average year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biggest changes are in the Northern Rockies. Large wildfires are now 10 times more common than they used to be and the area burned is up to 45 times greater in Idaho, Montana and Wyoming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_NumberOfFires_TempTrend_West.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-229507\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_NumberOfFires_TempTrend_West-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"2015WildfiresWeb_NumberOfFires_TempTrend_West\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_NumberOfFires_TempTrend_West-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_NumberOfFires_TempTrend_West-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_NumberOfFires_TempTrend_West-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_NumberOfFires_TempTrend_West.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_NumberOfFires_TempTrend_West-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_NumberOfFires_TempTrend_West-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fire is a natural part of most ecosystems but a century of fire suppression, the expansion of homes, roads and infrastructure, and climate change have altered the order of things. Now there’s more fuel in the woods and hotter and drier conditions that can help fires explode with dire consequences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Air quality in downwind communities (some a thousand miles away) also \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/report-wildfires-and-air-pollution-a-hidden-hazard-16651\">suffer from the smoke\u003c/a>. At least twice in the past 12 years, cities like Los Angeles and San Diego were forced to deal with Beijing-level air pollution caused by southern California wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Intense burns can leave soil barren and inhibit the regrowth of forest. They can also erode forests’ ability to store carbon and actually turn them into a source of carbon emissions. That’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/california-forests-climate-polluters-18941\">already occurring in California\u003c/a>, there are concerns that could \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-change-alaska-wildfires-19181\">happen in Alaska\u003c/a> this year and it could be coming soon to a forest near you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>This story first appeared at \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a>, a content partner of KQED. Todd Sanford provided data analysis for this story.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "How Many Fish in the Sea? Genetic Testing Could Answer That",
"headTitle": "How Many Fish in the Sea? Genetic Testing Could Answer That | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Advances in genetic testing have revolutionized everything from health care decisions to crime forensics. Now, the technology may help protect marine life off the California coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the waters of Monterey Bay, DNA sequencing is allowing biologists to study fish and whales without ever having seen them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just a sample of seawater, the volume of a water bottle, is enough to reveal what marine life has been swimming through that part of the ocean. The technique could improve marine monitoring, where scientists track an ecosystem year after year to gauge how it’s doing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>One Fish, Two Fish\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taking a marine census today requires hours of field time, either with scuba diving or boat trips.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It gets a little challenging because you’re floating, you’re swimming, you’re looking, you’re counting,” says diver Dan Abbott, unloading his scuba gear on a beach in Monterey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s holding a waterproof clipboard, on which he’s tallied all the fish and marine life he saw in a kelp forest just offshore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“About 150 fish in all. Pile perch, black perch, blue rockfish, kelp rockfish,” he says, just for a start. He’s diving with a team from \u003ca href=\"http://reefcheck.org/rcca/rcca_home.php\">Reef Check California\u003c/a>, a group of volunteers that surveys this site twice a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_219514\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NPS.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-219514\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NPS-800x455.jpg\" alt=\"Today, divers do marine surveys underwater, counting each organism they find.\" width=\"800\" height=\"455\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NPS.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NPS-400x228.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Today, divers do marine surveys underwater, counting each organism they find. \u003ccite>(National Park Service)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/08/20150831ScienceDNAmarinelife.mp3\u003cbr>\nThe group’s data help answer a question that’s key to California’s conservation efforts: are there more fish here now than there were eight years ago?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s when this kelp forest became part of a massive experiment to restore marine life in California. It was set aside as a \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/marine/mpa/index.asp\">marine protected area\u003c/a>, where there’s little or no fishing allowed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are now more than a hundred protected areas up and down the coast, covering 16 percent of state waters. The idea is that marine life will slowly recover there, improving the ecosystem both inside and outside the boundaries of each area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only way to know if these areas are working is through underwater surveys, repeated year after year. In 2013, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/02/28/california-ocean-reserves-show-promising-results-for-marine-life\">biologists reported encouraging results\u003c/a> in the protected areas off the Central Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Field surveys are expensive. The state supplied $16 million for monitoring studies, and the funding has already run out in some regions of the coast. Monitoring has continued, thanks to universities, foundations and volunteer groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Studying the Ocean Without Getting Wet\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s been amazing what we can detect in just a liter of seawater,” says Jesse Port, an environmental genomicist at the Center for Ocean Solutions at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_219513\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 524px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/MBAQ.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-219513\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/MBAQ-800x563.jpg\" alt=\"Port first tested the DNA floating in the tanks at the Monterey Bay Aquarium.\" width=\"524\" height=\"369\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/MBAQ-800x563.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/MBAQ-400x282.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/MBAQ-1180x831.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/MBAQ-960x676.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/MBAQ.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 524px) 100vw, 524px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Port first tested the DNA floating in the tanks at the Monterey Bay Aquarium. Can you guess why he found turkey DNA in the tanks? \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He points to a rack of one-liter Nalgene water bottles that he uses to take seawater samples from the kelp forests in Monterey Bay. The rest of the work happens in the lab with a technique known as “environmental DNA” or eDNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So all organisms shed their DNA,” he says. “Their skin, their scales, their waste – all of this gets into the water. You can think of it as a soup of genetic information.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Port filters the seawater to collect all the cells. Then, he weeds out the algae and plankton and sequences the DNA of all the vertebrates, like whales, seals, and fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We get, with the machine we’re using, 150 million sequence reads for a given sequence run,” he says, “and that’s a lot of information.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those gigabytes of results require heavy data-crunching, but eventually, he ends up with a spreadsheet that tells him what organisms were found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The approach is possible because DNA sequencing has gotten so much cheaper. One sample costs just $1,500.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was just not possible five, ten years ago,” Port says. “And sequencing technology is just going to get better, so this will probably get even cheaper.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Finding Turkey Underwater\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Port first ran DNA tests in one of the large tanks at the Monterey Bay Aquarium, which provided an easy test case because he knew exactly what was swimming there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he got back results he didn’t quite believe. “Things like turkey,” he says. “We picked up chicken DNA in these tanks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“This is going to be transformative in oceanography. You don’t have to be out there on a boat with a huge crew, spending all this money.”\u003ccite>Jim Birch,\u003cbr>Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Turns out, poultry was in the feed some of the fish were getting. But it raised some big questions. How do you know whether the DNA comes from a fish or from something it ate miles away? Or how do you know the DNA didn’t float in on a current?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Port is still working on the answers to these questions and he’s doing studies to ground truth his results, checking them against what scuba divers find. But if the technology proves itself in the ocean, it could revolutionize how marine monitoring is done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can cover such a larger area by taking water samples,” he says, “rather than having divers do that all themselves.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Michel, the superintendent of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, says they’re already using eDNA testing to help assess species diversity in the sanctuary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Absolutely, we did DNA testing on a research cruise in May,” Michel says, “and at each stop on the way, we were taking water samples. We can compare the DNA results to other types of samples over time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, it doesn’t even have to be humans taking those water samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_219519\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lrauv_mission3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-219519\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lrauv_mission3-800x487.jpg\" alt=\"MBARI's long-range autonomous underwater vehicle can remain at sea, unattended, for weeks at a time.\" width=\"800\" height=\"487\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lrauv_mission3-800x487.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lrauv_mission3-400x243.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lrauv_mission3-1440x876.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lrauv_mission3-1920x1168.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lrauv_mission3-1180x718.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lrauv_mission3-960x584.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lrauv_mission3.jpg 2034w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">MBARI’s long-range autonomous underwater vehicle can take samples at sea, unattended, for weeks at a time. \u003ccite>(Todd Walsh (c) 2010 MBARI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DNA Lab at Sea\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What this is, is a microbiology lab that exists out in the ocean,” says Jim Birch of the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, pointing to a 10-foot yellow tube. It’s called a long-range AUV, or autonomous underwater vehicle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It looks like a torpedo, but it’s actually a robot, containing a miniature DNA lab called an \u003ca href=\"http://www.mbari.org/esp/\">Environmental Sample Processor\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The robot cruises along underwater, taking samples and analyzing them onboard. Birch recently sent it out for a test run in Monterey Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was sitting in my living room with my computer open and there in front of me was the control panel for the AUV,” he says. “And I could direct it to go to a new place and it was just this surreal feeling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the AUV finds an organism it’s looking for, it surfaces and calls home, pinging a satellite or cell phone network with the data, and giving scientists an almost real-time snapshot of the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, it only tests for one thing at a time, like algae or plankton, and Birch says there’s more engineering work to be done before the AUV gains widespread use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is going to be transformative in oceanography,” he says. “You don’t have to be out there on a boat with a huge crew, spending all this money.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A change that could help the state’s conservation funding go farther, ensuring California’s marine protected areas are working.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Advances in genetic testing have revolutionized everything from health care decisions to crime forensics. Now, the technology may help protect marine life off the California coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the waters of Monterey Bay, DNA sequencing is allowing biologists to study fish and whales without ever having seen them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just a sample of seawater, the volume of a water bottle, is enough to reveal what marine life has been swimming through that part of the ocean. The technique could improve marine monitoring, where scientists track an ecosystem year after year to gauge how it’s doing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>One Fish, Two Fish\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taking a marine census today requires hours of field time, either with scuba diving or boat trips.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It gets a little challenging because you’re floating, you’re swimming, you’re looking, you’re counting,” says diver Dan Abbott, unloading his scuba gear on a beach in Monterey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s holding a waterproof clipboard, on which he’s tallied all the fish and marine life he saw in a kelp forest just offshore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“About 150 fish in all. Pile perch, black perch, blue rockfish, kelp rockfish,” he says, just for a start. He’s diving with a team from \u003ca href=\"http://reefcheck.org/rcca/rcca_home.php\">Reef Check California\u003c/a>, a group of volunteers that surveys this site twice a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_219514\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NPS.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-219514\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NPS-800x455.jpg\" alt=\"Today, divers do marine surveys underwater, counting each organism they find.\" width=\"800\" height=\"455\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NPS.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NPS-400x228.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Today, divers do marine surveys underwater, counting each organism they find. \u003ccite>(National Park Service)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/08/20150831ScienceDNAmarinelife.mp3\u003cbr>\nThe group’s data help answer a question that’s key to California’s conservation efforts: are there more fish here now than there were eight years ago?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s when this kelp forest became part of a massive experiment to restore marine life in California. It was set aside as a \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/marine/mpa/index.asp\">marine protected area\u003c/a>, where there’s little or no fishing allowed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are now more than a hundred protected areas up and down the coast, covering 16 percent of state waters. The idea is that marine life will slowly recover there, improving the ecosystem both inside and outside the boundaries of each area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only way to know if these areas are working is through underwater surveys, repeated year after year. In 2013, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/02/28/california-ocean-reserves-show-promising-results-for-marine-life\">biologists reported encouraging results\u003c/a> in the protected areas off the Central Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Field surveys are expensive. The state supplied $16 million for monitoring studies, and the funding has already run out in some regions of the coast. Monitoring has continued, thanks to universities, foundations and volunteer groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Studying the Ocean Without Getting Wet\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s been amazing what we can detect in just a liter of seawater,” says Jesse Port, an environmental genomicist at the Center for Ocean Solutions at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_219513\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 524px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/MBAQ.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-219513\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/MBAQ-800x563.jpg\" alt=\"Port first tested the DNA floating in the tanks at the Monterey Bay Aquarium.\" width=\"524\" height=\"369\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/MBAQ-800x563.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/MBAQ-400x282.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/MBAQ-1180x831.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/MBAQ-960x676.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/MBAQ.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 524px) 100vw, 524px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Port first tested the DNA floating in the tanks at the Monterey Bay Aquarium. Can you guess why he found turkey DNA in the tanks? \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He points to a rack of one-liter Nalgene water bottles that he uses to take seawater samples from the kelp forests in Monterey Bay. The rest of the work happens in the lab with a technique known as “environmental DNA” or eDNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So all organisms shed their DNA,” he says. “Their skin, their scales, their waste – all of this gets into the water. You can think of it as a soup of genetic information.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Port filters the seawater to collect all the cells. Then, he weeds out the algae and plankton and sequences the DNA of all the vertebrates, like whales, seals, and fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We get, with the machine we’re using, 150 million sequence reads for a given sequence run,” he says, “and that’s a lot of information.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those gigabytes of results require heavy data-crunching, but eventually, he ends up with a spreadsheet that tells him what organisms were found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The approach is possible because DNA sequencing has gotten so much cheaper. One sample costs just $1,500.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was just not possible five, ten years ago,” Port says. “And sequencing technology is just going to get better, so this will probably get even cheaper.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Finding Turkey Underwater\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Port first ran DNA tests in one of the large tanks at the Monterey Bay Aquarium, which provided an easy test case because he knew exactly what was swimming there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he got back results he didn’t quite believe. “Things like turkey,” he says. “We picked up chicken DNA in these tanks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“This is going to be transformative in oceanography. You don’t have to be out there on a boat with a huge crew, spending all this money.”\u003ccite>Jim Birch,\u003cbr>Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Turns out, poultry was in the feed some of the fish were getting. But it raised some big questions. How do you know whether the DNA comes from a fish or from something it ate miles away? Or how do you know the DNA didn’t float in on a current?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Port is still working on the answers to these questions and he’s doing studies to ground truth his results, checking them against what scuba divers find. But if the technology proves itself in the ocean, it could revolutionize how marine monitoring is done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can cover such a larger area by taking water samples,” he says, “rather than having divers do that all themselves.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Michel, the superintendent of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, says they’re already using eDNA testing to help assess species diversity in the sanctuary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Absolutely, we did DNA testing on a research cruise in May,” Michel says, “and at each stop on the way, we were taking water samples. We can compare the DNA results to other types of samples over time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, it doesn’t even have to be humans taking those water samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_219519\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lrauv_mission3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-219519\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lrauv_mission3-800x487.jpg\" alt=\"MBARI's long-range autonomous underwater vehicle can remain at sea, unattended, for weeks at a time.\" width=\"800\" height=\"487\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lrauv_mission3-800x487.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lrauv_mission3-400x243.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lrauv_mission3-1440x876.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lrauv_mission3-1920x1168.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lrauv_mission3-1180x718.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lrauv_mission3-960x584.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lrauv_mission3.jpg 2034w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">MBARI’s long-range autonomous underwater vehicle can take samples at sea, unattended, for weeks at a time. \u003ccite>(Todd Walsh (c) 2010 MBARI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DNA Lab at Sea\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What this is, is a microbiology lab that exists out in the ocean,” says Jim Birch of the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, pointing to a 10-foot yellow tube. It’s called a long-range AUV, or autonomous underwater vehicle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It looks like a torpedo, but it’s actually a robot, containing a miniature DNA lab called an \u003ca href=\"http://www.mbari.org/esp/\">Environmental Sample Processor\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The robot cruises along underwater, taking samples and analyzing them onboard. Birch recently sent it out for a test run in Monterey Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was sitting in my living room with my computer open and there in front of me was the control panel for the AUV,” he says. “And I could direct it to go to a new place and it was just this surreal feeling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the AUV finds an organism it’s looking for, it surfaces and calls home, pinging a satellite or cell phone network with the data, and giving scientists an almost real-time snapshot of the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, it only tests for one thing at a time, like algae or plankton, and Birch says there’s more engineering work to be done before the AUV gains widespread use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is going to be transformative in oceanography,” he says. “You don’t have to be out there on a boat with a huge crew, spending all this money.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A change that could help the state’s conservation funding go farther, ensuring California’s marine protected areas are working.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>When the Monterey Bay Aquarium was first getting underway, local fisherman Giuseppe “Joey” Pennisi helped catch some of the octopus and ling cod to put in the tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But then, he says, his relationship with the aquarium soured with the launch of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/08/28/what-is-sustainable-seafood-anyway-the-answer-might-surprise-you/\">Seafood Watch program\u003c/a>. Many of the species he caught were on the “red” list of fish to avoid because of overfishing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Early on, the aquarium really destroyed our fishery,” says Pennisi. “We got hammered by that Seafood Watch card, it was really bad.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“It makes me laugh to think about how things change. The aquarium was our mortal enemy. But not anymore.”\u003ccite>Joey Pennisi, Fisherman\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Pennisi is a trawler, which means he drags huge nets behind his boat in deep water, hauling up thousands of pounds of fish at a time. The sustainable seafood movement maligns trawl-fishing, and Pennisi says he understands why. Trawl nets can scrape and damage the ocean floor, and they’re so big they can indiscriminately catch thousands pounds of unmarketable fish that end up dead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One day, we had about 25,000 pounds of fish on board, and we had only saved about 5,000 pounds of them because the rest of them were too small,” Pennisi says. “I thought, I’m going to do something about this. I don’t want to sit on my trawl deck and see little juvenile fish dying. It’s just wrong.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pennisi has developed an innovative “light touch” net that hovers above the sea floor, and is sized to allow the juvenile fish to escape before fishermen haul the net on board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> (Juvenile fish escape through the larger openings of the redesigned net.)\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nhttps://youtu.be/no-rcGPjr1s\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> (The net hovers above the dim ocean floor and so doesn’t damage it.)\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nhttps://youtu.be/xofFvlvEkqM\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pennisi installed GoPro cameras to monitor the nets underwater, and now the \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/\">Environmental Defense Fund\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\">NOAA \u003c/a>are \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/content/solutions_fall2014.pdf\">studying his efforts\u003c/a>, looking at how to replicate them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Pennisi has made peace with the Seafood Watch Program. Strict fishing limits and a\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2010/12/23/132240253/west-coast-fishery-moves-to-market-based-system\"> “catch shares” \u003c/a>program have helped the local groundfish fishery \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/food/dailydish/la-dd-seafood-watch-report-rockfish-west-coast-fisheries-20140902-story.html\">rebound\u003c/a>. So now most of the rockfish are now on green and yellow status. And the Monterey Bay Aquarium has invited Pennisi to come and cook up his fish at aquarium events, and talk about his innovations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It makes me laugh to think about how things change, and how life is,” Pennisi says. “Something I never, ever, would have thought. The aquarium was our mortal enemy. But not anymore.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When the Monterey Bay Aquarium was first getting underway, local fisherman Giuseppe “Joey” Pennisi helped catch some of the octopus and ling cod to put in the tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But then, he says, his relationship with the aquarium soured with the launch of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/08/28/what-is-sustainable-seafood-anyway-the-answer-might-surprise-you/\">Seafood Watch program\u003c/a>. Many of the species he caught were on the “red” list of fish to avoid because of overfishing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Early on, the aquarium really destroyed our fishery,” says Pennisi. “We got hammered by that Seafood Watch card, it was really bad.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“It makes me laugh to think about how things change. The aquarium was our mortal enemy. But not anymore.”\u003ccite>Joey Pennisi, Fisherman\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Pennisi is a trawler, which means he drags huge nets behind his boat in deep water, hauling up thousands of pounds of fish at a time. The sustainable seafood movement maligns trawl-fishing, and Pennisi says he understands why. Trawl nets can scrape and damage the ocean floor, and they’re so big they can indiscriminately catch thousands pounds of unmarketable fish that end up dead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One day, we had about 25,000 pounds of fish on board, and we had only saved about 5,000 pounds of them because the rest of them were too small,” Pennisi says. “I thought, I’m going to do something about this. I don’t want to sit on my trawl deck and see little juvenile fish dying. It’s just wrong.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pennisi has developed an innovative “light touch” net that hovers above the sea floor, and is sized to allow the juvenile fish to escape before fishermen haul the net on board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> (Juvenile fish escape through the larger openings of the redesigned net.)\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/no-rcGPjr1s'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/no-rcGPjr1s'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem> (The net hovers above the dim ocean floor and so doesn’t damage it.)\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/xofFvlvEkqM'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/xofFvlvEkqM'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Pennisi installed GoPro cameras to monitor the nets underwater, and now the \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/\">Environmental Defense Fund\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\">NOAA \u003c/a>are \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/content/solutions_fall2014.pdf\">studying his efforts\u003c/a>, looking at how to replicate them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Pennisi has made peace with the Seafood Watch Program. Strict fishing limits and a\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2010/12/23/132240253/west-coast-fishery-moves-to-market-based-system\"> “catch shares” \u003c/a>program have helped the local groundfish fishery \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/food/dailydish/la-dd-seafood-watch-report-rockfish-west-coast-fisheries-20140902-story.html\">rebound\u003c/a>. So now most of the rockfish are now on green and yellow status. And the Monterey Bay Aquarium has invited Pennisi to come and cook up his fish at aquarium events, and talk about his innovations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It makes me laugh to think about how things change, and how life is,” Pennisi says. “Something I never, ever, would have thought. The aquarium was our mortal enemy. But not anymore.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "What IS Sustainable Seafood, Anyway? The Answer Might Surprise You",
"headTitle": "What IS Sustainable Seafood, Anyway? The Answer Might Surprise You | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/08/SeafoodWatch.mp3\u003cbr>\nIn the busy kitchen of \u003ca href=\"http://www.passionfish.net/\">Passionfish\u003c/a> restaurant, in Pacific Grove, chef Ted Walter is putting the final touches on grilled striped bass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So this is a shaved granita that’s made from pomegranates and ginger,” he says, pointing to a frozen pink mixture he’s carefully spooning onto the fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Walter and his wife, Cindy Walter, opened this restaurant 18 years ago, they decided to serve only sustainably caught seafood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This means finding species that aren’t being overfished or caught in nets that accidentally kill other fish and catching what is in season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mother Nature really does drive the menu,” she says. “It depends on what the ocean is coughing up for us, and what the earth is spouting up for us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_221017\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/IMG_6615.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-221017\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/IMG_6615-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Passionfish Chef Ted Walter is known for his unique dishes, including using many fermented vegetables.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/IMG_6615.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/IMG_6615-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Passionfish chef Ted Walter is known for his unique dishes and his use of many fermented vegetables. \u003ccite>(Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>She says the most popular dish is a tower of Dungeness crab and avocado, topped with spicy vinaigrette. (Having tried it on a recent visit, I can understand why.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the daughter of a local fisherman, she saw the industry collapse because of overfishing. But when they opened their restaurant, it was hard to figure out where to get the fish they wanted to serve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was having a really difficult time locating the vendors who could answer the questions that I had,” Cindy says. “Which area of the ocean are they harvesting? What is the gear that they’re using? I thought, when I saw the Seafood Watch cards, that the aquarium would have those answers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Passionfish was one of the first restaurants to partner with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/\">Monterey Bay Aquarium\u003c/a> program, \u003ca href=\"http://www.seafoodwatch.org/\">Seafood Watch\u003c/a>. Passionfish now puts wallet-sized Seafood Watch cards on each table for customers, with the tab. It’s part of what keeps customers like Debbie Chinn coming back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You leave here with a greater appreciation about how to shop when you get back home,” says Chinn, who’s from Carmel. “When I go to a supermarket, I will avoid any kind of fish that’s overfished, so they have introduced a heightened sense of awareness about what I’m buying.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seafood watch uses a color-coded ranking system: red means fish to avoid, yellow is a good alternative, and green is the most sustainable choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/FullSizeRender.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-219424\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/FullSizeRender-800x455.jpg\" alt=\"FullSizeRender\" width=\"800\" height=\"455\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/FullSizeRender-800x455.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/FullSizeRender-400x227.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/FullSizeRender-1440x819.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/FullSizeRender-1920x1092.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/FullSizeRender-1180x671.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/FullSizeRender-960x546.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And for people who can’t remember to carry a paper wallet card around, there’s the Seafood Watch \u003ca href=\"http://www.seafoodwatch.org/seafood-recommendations/our-app\">app,\u003c/a> where consumers can look up detailed information about whatever they come across in the supermarket or at a restaurant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ranking system is not focused on human health—things like mercury levels in the fish. Rather, the emphasis is on the health of ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sustainable means the fishery or fish farm can exist into the future without negatively impacting the surrounding environment,” says Jenn Kemmerly, who heads the Seafood Watch program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kemmerly says the program’s scientists review academic studies and talk with industry experts in crafting the recommendations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was surprised to learn that many species of farmed fish rank just as high as wild fish on the Seafood Watch list. Kemmerly says while salmon have often been farmed in ways that damage coastal environments, other species, like farmed sturgeon, can be a great choice. That’s because they’re raised in filtered ponds that are less polluting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_220928\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 374px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/IMG_6603.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-220928\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/IMG_6603-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Farmed sturgeon, prepared with a Morrocan-style sauce at Passionfish\" width=\"374\" height=\"280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/IMG_6603-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/IMG_6603-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/IMG_6603-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/IMG_6603-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/IMG_6603-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/IMG_6603-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 374px) 100vw, 374px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Farmed sturgeon, prepared with a Morrocan-style sauce at Passionfish. Seafood Watch says farmed stugeon from the U.S. or Canada is the “Best Choice,” because all wild sturgeon species are depleted or near extinction due to the demand for caviar. \u003ccite>(Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>(By the way, I tried farmed sturgeon from Sacramento at Passionfish. I thought it was pretty meaty and tasted a bit like catfish…even though it was sitting in a tasty bath of Moroccan spices and vegetables.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not always easy to tell how something is fished or farmed when you find it in the supermarket. Kemmerly says those information gaps are exactly why they want consumers to start asking questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The number one thing that we want you to do,” she says, “is just ask: ‘Do you have a sustainable seafood program’ or, ‘What species is this? Is it farmed? Is it wild?’ That persistence sends a very clear message to the business that you’re shopping or dining at that you care. That reinforces their corporate policy, and that trickles down the line.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kemmerly says since Seafood Watch started in the late 90s, big companies like \u003ca href=\"http://www.wholefoodsmarket.com/seafood-sustainability-basics\">Whole Foods\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://corporate.target.com/_media/TargetCorp/csr/pdf/2014-corporate-responsibility-report.pdf?ext=.pdf#page=14\">Target\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"http://disneyparks.disney.go.com/blog/2015/06/celebrating-world-oceans-day-with-sustainable-seafood-at-walt-disney-parks-and-resorts/\">Disney \u003c/a>have adopted its ranking system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a boat just up the coast off Santa Cruz, fisherman \u003ca href=\"http://www.realgoodfish.com/fishermen-a-z\">Kevin Butler\u003c/a> is hooking a thrashing mackerel onto a line, bait for a prehistoric-looking fish called ling cod.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Butler uses a rod and reel to catch each individual fish, a technique called hook-and-line fishing. Butler says it’s friendlier to the ecosystem than \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/08/28/go-pro-captures-sustainable-fishing-600-feet-under-the-sea/\">trawl catching\u003c/a>, when fishermen drag a big net behind the boat. Or long-line fishing that uses multiple hooks.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“We’re told, ‘Eat this fish’ and it came halfway across the world on a jet plane. It just doesn’t make any sense.”\u003ccite>Kevin Butler, fisherman\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But some Central Coast fisherman have long been at odds with the Seafood Watch program, and want to see its priorities shift.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Butler says he’s less likely to bring in accidental bycatch—young fish that are too small to eat, or species other than the one he’s fishing for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not using nets, the fish have to voluntarily bite each hook, and we reel it in by hand. So there’s virtually no bycatch, all our fish is literally hand-picked,” says Butler, as he reels in a fishing line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Butler’s fish is sold as “sustainable” at Whole Foods and through \u003ca href=\"http://www.realgoodfish.com/\">Reel Good Fish\u003c/a>, which supplies local customers with a box of fish, kind of like an organic vegetable box.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Butler wants Seafood Watch to prioritize \u003cem>local \u003c/em>in the way they rank fish. As it stands, some Monterey Bay fish are on the same category (yellow) as farmed tilapia from China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re told, ‘Eat this fish’ and it came halfway across the world on a jet plane,” Butler says. “It just doesn’t make any sense. The best strawberries are the ones grown down the street. The best peaches come off your neighbor’s tree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To me, having your product sourced locally is a major part of sustainability. It really hurts a local fisherman when you have this organization that’s not supporting the local Monterey Bay.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seafood Watch says it has to assess the environmental impact of fisheries around the world because, bottom line, up to 90 percent of seafood consumed in the U.S. is imported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kemmerly says the program will soon begin collecting data on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.seafoodwatch.org/-/m/sfw/pdf/standard%20revision%20reference/seafood%20watch%20criteria%20for%20greenhouse%20gas%20consultation%202.pdf?la=en\">carbon footprint of seafood\u003c/a>, but that won’t influence its rankings, at least for now.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/08/SeafoodWatch.mp3\u003cbr>\nIn the busy kitchen of \u003ca href=\"http://www.passionfish.net/\">Passionfish\u003c/a> restaurant, in Pacific Grove, chef Ted Walter is putting the final touches on grilled striped bass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So this is a shaved granita that’s made from pomegranates and ginger,” he says, pointing to a frozen pink mixture he’s carefully spooning onto the fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Walter and his wife, Cindy Walter, opened this restaurant 18 years ago, they decided to serve only sustainably caught seafood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This means finding species that aren’t being overfished or caught in nets that accidentally kill other fish and catching what is in season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mother Nature really does drive the menu,” she says. “It depends on what the ocean is coughing up for us, and what the earth is spouting up for us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_221017\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/IMG_6615.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-221017\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/IMG_6615-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Passionfish Chef Ted Walter is known for his unique dishes, including using many fermented vegetables.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/IMG_6615.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/IMG_6615-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Passionfish chef Ted Walter is known for his unique dishes and his use of many fermented vegetables. \u003ccite>(Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>She says the most popular dish is a tower of Dungeness crab and avocado, topped with spicy vinaigrette. (Having tried it on a recent visit, I can understand why.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the daughter of a local fisherman, she saw the industry collapse because of overfishing. But when they opened their restaurant, it was hard to figure out where to get the fish they wanted to serve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was having a really difficult time locating the vendors who could answer the questions that I had,” Cindy says. “Which area of the ocean are they harvesting? What is the gear that they’re using? I thought, when I saw the Seafood Watch cards, that the aquarium would have those answers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Passionfish was one of the first restaurants to partner with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/\">Monterey Bay Aquarium\u003c/a> program, \u003ca href=\"http://www.seafoodwatch.org/\">Seafood Watch\u003c/a>. Passionfish now puts wallet-sized Seafood Watch cards on each table for customers, with the tab. It’s part of what keeps customers like Debbie Chinn coming back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You leave here with a greater appreciation about how to shop when you get back home,” says Chinn, who’s from Carmel. “When I go to a supermarket, I will avoid any kind of fish that’s overfished, so they have introduced a heightened sense of awareness about what I’m buying.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seafood watch uses a color-coded ranking system: red means fish to avoid, yellow is a good alternative, and green is the most sustainable choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/FullSizeRender.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-219424\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/FullSizeRender-800x455.jpg\" alt=\"FullSizeRender\" width=\"800\" height=\"455\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/FullSizeRender-800x455.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/FullSizeRender-400x227.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/FullSizeRender-1440x819.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/FullSizeRender-1920x1092.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/FullSizeRender-1180x671.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/FullSizeRender-960x546.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And for people who can’t remember to carry a paper wallet card around, there’s the Seafood Watch \u003ca href=\"http://www.seafoodwatch.org/seafood-recommendations/our-app\">app,\u003c/a> where consumers can look up detailed information about whatever they come across in the supermarket or at a restaurant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ranking system is not focused on human health—things like mercury levels in the fish. Rather, the emphasis is on the health of ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sustainable means the fishery or fish farm can exist into the future without negatively impacting the surrounding environment,” says Jenn Kemmerly, who heads the Seafood Watch program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kemmerly says the program’s scientists review academic studies and talk with industry experts in crafting the recommendations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was surprised to learn that many species of farmed fish rank just as high as wild fish on the Seafood Watch list. Kemmerly says while salmon have often been farmed in ways that damage coastal environments, other species, like farmed sturgeon, can be a great choice. That’s because they’re raised in filtered ponds that are less polluting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_220928\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 374px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/IMG_6603.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-220928\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/IMG_6603-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Farmed sturgeon, prepared with a Morrocan-style sauce at Passionfish\" width=\"374\" height=\"280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/IMG_6603-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/IMG_6603-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/IMG_6603-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/IMG_6603-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/IMG_6603-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/IMG_6603-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 374px) 100vw, 374px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Farmed sturgeon, prepared with a Morrocan-style sauce at Passionfish. Seafood Watch says farmed stugeon from the U.S. or Canada is the “Best Choice,” because all wild sturgeon species are depleted or near extinction due to the demand for caviar. \u003ccite>(Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>(By the way, I tried farmed sturgeon from Sacramento at Passionfish. I thought it was pretty meaty and tasted a bit like catfish…even though it was sitting in a tasty bath of Moroccan spices and vegetables.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not always easy to tell how something is fished or farmed when you find it in the supermarket. Kemmerly says those information gaps are exactly why they want consumers to start asking questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The number one thing that we want you to do,” she says, “is just ask: ‘Do you have a sustainable seafood program’ or, ‘What species is this? Is it farmed? Is it wild?’ That persistence sends a very clear message to the business that you’re shopping or dining at that you care. That reinforces their corporate policy, and that trickles down the line.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kemmerly says since Seafood Watch started in the late 90s, big companies like \u003ca href=\"http://www.wholefoodsmarket.com/seafood-sustainability-basics\">Whole Foods\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://corporate.target.com/_media/TargetCorp/csr/pdf/2014-corporate-responsibility-report.pdf?ext=.pdf#page=14\">Target\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"http://disneyparks.disney.go.com/blog/2015/06/celebrating-world-oceans-day-with-sustainable-seafood-at-walt-disney-parks-and-resorts/\">Disney \u003c/a>have adopted its ranking system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a boat just up the coast off Santa Cruz, fisherman \u003ca href=\"http://www.realgoodfish.com/fishermen-a-z\">Kevin Butler\u003c/a> is hooking a thrashing mackerel onto a line, bait for a prehistoric-looking fish called ling cod.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Butler uses a rod and reel to catch each individual fish, a technique called hook-and-line fishing. Butler says it’s friendlier to the ecosystem than \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/08/28/go-pro-captures-sustainable-fishing-600-feet-under-the-sea/\">trawl catching\u003c/a>, when fishermen drag a big net behind the boat. Or long-line fishing that uses multiple hooks.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“We’re told, ‘Eat this fish’ and it came halfway across the world on a jet plane. It just doesn’t make any sense.”\u003ccite>Kevin Butler, fisherman\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But some Central Coast fisherman have long been at odds with the Seafood Watch program, and want to see its priorities shift.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Butler says he’s less likely to bring in accidental bycatch—young fish that are too small to eat, or species other than the one he’s fishing for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not using nets, the fish have to voluntarily bite each hook, and we reel it in by hand. So there’s virtually no bycatch, all our fish is literally hand-picked,” says Butler, as he reels in a fishing line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Butler’s fish is sold as “sustainable” at Whole Foods and through \u003ca href=\"http://www.realgoodfish.com/\">Reel Good Fish\u003c/a>, which supplies local customers with a box of fish, kind of like an organic vegetable box.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Butler wants Seafood Watch to prioritize \u003cem>local \u003c/em>in the way they rank fish. As it stands, some Monterey Bay fish are on the same category (yellow) as farmed tilapia from China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re told, ‘Eat this fish’ and it came halfway across the world on a jet plane,” Butler says. “It just doesn’t make any sense. The best strawberries are the ones grown down the street. The best peaches come off your neighbor’s tree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To me, having your product sourced locally is a major part of sustainability. It really hurts a local fisherman when you have this organization that’s not supporting the local Monterey Bay.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seafood Watch says it has to assess the environmental impact of fisheries around the world because, bottom line, up to 90 percent of seafood consumed in the U.S. is imported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kemmerly says the program will soon begin collecting data on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.seafoodwatch.org/-/m/sfw/pdf/standard%20revision%20reference/seafood%20watch%20criteria%20for%20greenhouse%20gas%20consultation%202.pdf?la=en\">carbon footprint of seafood\u003c/a>, but that won’t influence its rankings, at least for now.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Cities Squeezed Out More Water Savings Again in July",
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"content": "\u003cp>Urban Californians stepped up to the plate again in July, beating Governor Jerry Brown’s statewide mandate for 25 percent water savings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got a lot of people hitting home runs,” said Felicia Marcus, who chairs the State Water Resources Control Board, and is sometimes referred to as California’s “water czar.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across the state, urban water agencies \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/docs/fs082715_july_btn.pdf\">cut total water use\u003c/a> by 31.3 percent, compared to July in the benchmark year of 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials conceded that freak July rains probably helped the cause, as some homeowners turned off lawn and garden sprinklers, at least temporarily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hover over the dots to see July conservation numbers:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"520\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqednews.cartodb.com/viz/80cb94c6-4d1a-11e5-af2c-0e853d047bba/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Water Board staffers called out a few Bay Area cities for their standout performance, including Menlo Park, which has effectively halved its water use since May, and San Francisco, which has whittled its daily use down to an average of 40 gallons per person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the flip side:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got a few people who are striking out or not able to find the ball park,” said Marcus, rolling with the baseball metaphor, “and we need to focus on them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the laggards continue to be in the Southland, especially in more arid regions. But Water Board officials said only four agencies in the state missed their assigned savings quotas by more than 15 percentage points. The quotas, or “tiers,” range from 4 to 36 percent. No agencies have yet incurred fines for missing their marks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>June was the first month in which water agencies had to meet their assigned conservation quotas and the numbers showed that most of them \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/30/whos-saving-water-in-california-and-who-isnt/\">stepped up to the challenge\u003c/a>. About four out of ten urban water suppliers cut their water use dramatically, by 30 percent or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a third of water districts, 140 in all, fell short, mostly in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/221221727″ params=”auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false&visual=true” width=”100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true”/]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, Californians saved 27.3 percent \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/30/whos-saving-water-in-california-and-who-isnt/\">in June, compared to June of 2013\u003c/a>, exceeding the 25 percent statewide mandate issued by Governor Jerry Brown on April 1. A year prior to that, Brown had called for a 20 percent cut in water use through voluntary action and the results were hugely disappointing, yielding less than half that in savings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Brown mandate applies only to urban water use, which includes most commercial and industrial applications. Urban water consumption accounts for about 10 percent of the total water used by Californians. Agriculture, which takes by far the biggest slice, is under a different system of restrictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Map produced by Lindsey Hoshaw.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Urban Californians stepped up to the plate again in July, beating Governor Jerry Brown’s statewide mandate for 25 percent water savings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got a lot of people hitting home runs,” said Felicia Marcus, who chairs the State Water Resources Control Board, and is sometimes referred to as California’s “water czar.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across the state, urban water agencies \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/docs/fs082715_july_btn.pdf\">cut total water use\u003c/a> by 31.3 percent, compared to July in the benchmark year of 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials conceded that freak July rains probably helped the cause, as some homeowners turned off lawn and garden sprinklers, at least temporarily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hover over the dots to see July conservation numbers:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"520\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqednews.cartodb.com/viz/80cb94c6-4d1a-11e5-af2c-0e853d047bba/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Water Board staffers called out a few Bay Area cities for their standout performance, including Menlo Park, which has effectively halved its water use since May, and San Francisco, which has whittled its daily use down to an average of 40 gallons per person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the flip side:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got a few people who are striking out or not able to find the ball park,” said Marcus, rolling with the baseball metaphor, “and we need to focus on them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the laggards continue to be in the Southland, especially in more arid regions. But Water Board officials said only four agencies in the state missed their assigned savings quotas by more than 15 percentage points. The quotas, or “tiers,” range from 4 to 36 percent. No agencies have yet incurred fines for missing their marks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>June was the first month in which water agencies had to meet their assigned conservation quotas and the numbers showed that most of them \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/30/whos-saving-water-in-california-and-who-isnt/\">stepped up to the challenge\u003c/a>. About four out of ten urban water suppliers cut their water use dramatically, by 30 percent or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a third of water districts, 140 in all, fell short, mostly in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”166″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/221221727″&visual=true&”auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false&visual=true”'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/221221727″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, Californians saved 27.3 percent \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/30/whos-saving-water-in-california-and-who-isnt/\">in June, compared to June of 2013\u003c/a>, exceeding the 25 percent statewide mandate issued by Governor Jerry Brown on April 1. A year prior to that, Brown had called for a 20 percent cut in water use through voluntary action and the results were hugely disappointing, yielding less than half that in savings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Brown mandate applies only to urban water use, which includes most commercial and industrial applications. Urban water consumption accounts for about 10 percent of the total water used by Californians. Agriculture, which takes by far the biggest slice, is under a different system of restrictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Map produced by Lindsey Hoshaw.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
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},
"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/reveal300px.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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"link": "/radio/program/reveal",
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"rss": "http://feeds.revealradio.org/revealpodcast"
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"order": 16
},
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},
"science-friday": {
"id": "science-friday",
"title": "Science Friday",
"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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