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"title": "How Do We Stop Space Missions From Contaminating Mars?",
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"content": "\u003cp>As soon as NASA announced finding \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/09/28/reports-nasa-to-announce-water-flows-on-mars-watch-live/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">evidence of liquid water\u003c/a> on Mars last month, speculation erupted that scientists may be able to answer the age-old question: Is there life on Mars?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technically, we already know the answer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The answer is, ‘Yes,’ and it’s probably our own life,” says David J. Smith, a scientist at NASA’s Ames Research Center in Mountain View.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here on Earth, bacteria cover every surface we touch. And despite efforts to keep spacecraft as clean as possible, bacteria have likely hitchhiked all the way to Mars on NASA missions. Bacterial contamination was detected on the rovers that have driven across the red Martian desert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/10/20151019ScienceMarscontamination.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These microbial travelers pose a big problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a robot or astronaut drills into the Mars surface, testing for life, the Earth bacteria could get in the way, contaminating those tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So we want to make sure that it is, in fact, Martian life that we find, potentially, and not just Earth contamination,” Smith says. “That would be a major bummer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Extreme Microbes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mars environment has a kind of biohazard safeguard already built in: it’s not a comfortable environment for most Earth bacteria to live in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_307464\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 458px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/bpumilus_spores2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-307464\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/bpumilus_spores2.jpg\" alt=\"Spores of the hearty bacterium Bacillus pumilus.\" width=\"458\" height=\"345\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Spores of the hearty bacterium Bacillus pumilus. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s just not a nice place,” Smith says. “It’s extremely dry. Very cold.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with little atmosphere surrounding it, the surface of the planet is blasted with ultraviolet radiation. Most Earth microbes couldn’t hack it in those conditions. But Smith studies one that may have what it takes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The bacteria is called Bacillus pumilus SAFR-032,” he says. “That’s a mouthful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To endure extreme conditions, it forms a spore, essentially hunkering down in a biological fortress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In a sense, it’s like hibernation for bacteria,” Smith says. When it finds food or water again, it wakes back up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This super-tough strain was found on a NASA spacecraft as it was being built inside a clean room, a place that’s meant to be mostly bacteria-free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how would the microbe fare if it got out on the Martian surface? Studying it there isn’t really possible. So, Smith is doing the next best thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bacteria Take Flight\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenty-three miles above Earth, at the very top of our atmosphere, it’s a lot like Mars: cold, dry and bombarded with UV radiation from the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In early October, Smith and his colleagues launched millions of Bacillus pumilus bacteria to that altitude on a special ride.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_307466\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 507px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/e-mist_2014_closed-large.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-307466\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/e-mist_2014_closed-large-1440x816.jpg\" alt=\"Bacteria inside four canisters on NASA's E-MIST mission are exposed to the stratosphere.\" width=\"507\" height=\"288\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/e-mist_2014_closed-large-1440x816.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/e-mist_2014_closed-large-400x227.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/e-mist_2014_closed-large-800x453.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/e-mist_2014_closed-large-1180x669.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/e-mist_2014_closed-large-960x544.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/e-mist_2014_closed-large.jpg 1615w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 507px) 100vw, 507px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bacteria inside four canisters on NASA’s E-MIST mission are exposed to conditions in the stratosphere. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A massive helium balloon, almost 1,000 feet tall, carried the bacteria in a miniature laboratory underneath it. The project is called \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/ames/research/space-biosciences/e-mist-2015\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">E-MIST\u003c/a> (Exposing Microorganisms in the Stratosphere).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>High above the Earth, the bacteria hung out for eight hours in the thin air and intense sunlight—conditions a lot like Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, the balloon popped, sending them back to Earth on a parachute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bacterial samples were then picked up in Texas. Smith will be looking to see if they’re still alive and growing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It wouldn’t surprise me,” he says. “The adaptability and persistence of bacteria is consistently impressive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Planetary Protector\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more we learn about Earth life, the more we realize it’s actually likely that Earth organisms could live on Mars,” says Catharine Conley, NASA’s Planetary Protection Officer. Her job, in essence, is protecting Mars from us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just as soon the liquid water announcement was made, NASA’s planetary protection policies were called into play, something that’s governed by \u003ca href=\"http://planetaryprotection.nasa.gov/overview\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">international treaty\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://mars.nasa.gov/msl/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Curiosity rover\u003c/a> is currently on Mars, driving around not far from the discovery site. But if the car-sized rover went to investigate, it would bring along Earth bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s possible that there’s some kind sub-surface aquifer on Mars that we didn’t expect,” Conley says. “And so it would be equally foolish to go and introduce Earth organisms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_307471\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 554px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/e-mist1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-307471\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/e-mist1-800x633.jpg\" alt=\"A balloon is inflated with helium, to carry E-MIST and its bacteria 23 miles up to the stratosphere.\" width=\"554\" height=\"438\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/e-mist1-800x633.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/e-mist1-400x316.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/e-mist1-960x759.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/e-mist1.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 554px) 100vw, 554px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A balloon is inflated with helium, to carry E-MIST and its bacteria 23 miles up to the stratosphere. \u003ccite>(NASA/David J. Smith)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On NASA’s 1975 \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/viking\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Viking missions \u003c/a>to Mars, the spacecraft were sterilized to kill off bacterial life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The spacecraft were designed to tolerate heat treatment – being baked above the boiling point of water for several days,” Conley says. “It didn’t quite kill off all of the organisms on the surface of the spacecraft, but it killed off the majority of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But heat treatment is extremely expensive. So, areas of Mars that were seen as more hospitable to life were protected as “special regions.” Missions landing outside those regions could have higher levels of microbial contamination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was a compromise,” says Conley. “Because as we keep exploring Mars, we discover that more of Mars is actually ‘special.’ And so we actually should be more careful than we have been being.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conley adds that understanding the resilience of Earth microbes will help inform NASA’s efforts to come. It may be that allowing spacecraft to “cure” on Mars, sitting in the intense UV light long enough, would be adequate to kill off even the hardiest Earth bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the first time that humans as a species have had the chance to really explore carefully,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans don’t have a great track record of that. In the name of exploration, we’ve spread invasive species and diseases around our own planet. The hope is not to repeat that on other planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We haven’t made any mistakes yet,” Conley says. “I really hope that we won’t do it while I’m in this job.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Protecting Mars will only get tougher once humans start walking on the red planet. NASA is planning to make that happen in about twenty years.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"headline": "How Do We Stop Space Missions From Contaminating Mars?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As soon as NASA announced finding \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/09/28/reports-nasa-to-announce-water-flows-on-mars-watch-live/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">evidence of liquid water\u003c/a> on Mars last month, speculation erupted that scientists may be able to answer the age-old question: Is there life on Mars?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technically, we already know the answer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The answer is, ‘Yes,’ and it’s probably our own life,” says David J. Smith, a scientist at NASA’s Ames Research Center in Mountain View.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here on Earth, bacteria cover every surface we touch. And despite efforts to keep spacecraft as clean as possible, bacteria have likely hitchhiked all the way to Mars on NASA missions. Bacterial contamination was detected on the rovers that have driven across the red Martian desert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These microbial travelers pose a big problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a robot or astronaut drills into the Mars surface, testing for life, the Earth bacteria could get in the way, contaminating those tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So we want to make sure that it is, in fact, Martian life that we find, potentially, and not just Earth contamination,” Smith says. “That would be a major bummer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Extreme Microbes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mars environment has a kind of biohazard safeguard already built in: it’s not a comfortable environment for most Earth bacteria to live in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_307464\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 458px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/bpumilus_spores2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-307464\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/bpumilus_spores2.jpg\" alt=\"Spores of the hearty bacterium Bacillus pumilus.\" width=\"458\" height=\"345\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Spores of the hearty bacterium Bacillus pumilus. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s just not a nice place,” Smith says. “It’s extremely dry. Very cold.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with little atmosphere surrounding it, the surface of the planet is blasted with ultraviolet radiation. Most Earth microbes couldn’t hack it in those conditions. But Smith studies one that may have what it takes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The bacteria is called Bacillus pumilus SAFR-032,” he says. “That’s a mouthful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To endure extreme conditions, it forms a spore, essentially hunkering down in a biological fortress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In a sense, it’s like hibernation for bacteria,” Smith says. When it finds food or water again, it wakes back up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This super-tough strain was found on a NASA spacecraft as it was being built inside a clean room, a place that’s meant to be mostly bacteria-free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how would the microbe fare if it got out on the Martian surface? Studying it there isn’t really possible. So, Smith is doing the next best thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bacteria Take Flight\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenty-three miles above Earth, at the very top of our atmosphere, it’s a lot like Mars: cold, dry and bombarded with UV radiation from the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In early October, Smith and his colleagues launched millions of Bacillus pumilus bacteria to that altitude on a special ride.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_307466\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 507px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/e-mist_2014_closed-large.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-307466\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/e-mist_2014_closed-large-1440x816.jpg\" alt=\"Bacteria inside four canisters on NASA's E-MIST mission are exposed to the stratosphere.\" width=\"507\" height=\"288\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/e-mist_2014_closed-large-1440x816.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/e-mist_2014_closed-large-400x227.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/e-mist_2014_closed-large-800x453.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/e-mist_2014_closed-large-1180x669.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/e-mist_2014_closed-large-960x544.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/e-mist_2014_closed-large.jpg 1615w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 507px) 100vw, 507px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bacteria inside four canisters on NASA’s E-MIST mission are exposed to conditions in the stratosphere. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A massive helium balloon, almost 1,000 feet tall, carried the bacteria in a miniature laboratory underneath it. The project is called \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/ames/research/space-biosciences/e-mist-2015\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">E-MIST\u003c/a> (Exposing Microorganisms in the Stratosphere).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>High above the Earth, the bacteria hung out for eight hours in the thin air and intense sunlight—conditions a lot like Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, the balloon popped, sending them back to Earth on a parachute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bacterial samples were then picked up in Texas. Smith will be looking to see if they’re still alive and growing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It wouldn’t surprise me,” he says. “The adaptability and persistence of bacteria is consistently impressive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Planetary Protector\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more we learn about Earth life, the more we realize it’s actually likely that Earth organisms could live on Mars,” says Catharine Conley, NASA’s Planetary Protection Officer. Her job, in essence, is protecting Mars from us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just as soon the liquid water announcement was made, NASA’s planetary protection policies were called into play, something that’s governed by \u003ca href=\"http://planetaryprotection.nasa.gov/overview\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">international treaty\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://mars.nasa.gov/msl/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Curiosity rover\u003c/a> is currently on Mars, driving around not far from the discovery site. But if the car-sized rover went to investigate, it would bring along Earth bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s possible that there’s some kind sub-surface aquifer on Mars that we didn’t expect,” Conley says. “And so it would be equally foolish to go and introduce Earth organisms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_307471\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 554px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/e-mist1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-307471\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/e-mist1-800x633.jpg\" alt=\"A balloon is inflated with helium, to carry E-MIST and its bacteria 23 miles up to the stratosphere.\" width=\"554\" height=\"438\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/e-mist1-800x633.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/e-mist1-400x316.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/e-mist1-960x759.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/e-mist1.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 554px) 100vw, 554px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A balloon is inflated with helium, to carry E-MIST and its bacteria 23 miles up to the stratosphere. \u003ccite>(NASA/David J. Smith)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On NASA’s 1975 \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/viking\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Viking missions \u003c/a>to Mars, the spacecraft were sterilized to kill off bacterial life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The spacecraft were designed to tolerate heat treatment – being baked above the boiling point of water for several days,” Conley says. “It didn’t quite kill off all of the organisms on the surface of the spacecraft, but it killed off the majority of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But heat treatment is extremely expensive. So, areas of Mars that were seen as more hospitable to life were protected as “special regions.” Missions landing outside those regions could have higher levels of microbial contamination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was a compromise,” says Conley. “Because as we keep exploring Mars, we discover that more of Mars is actually ‘special.’ And so we actually should be more careful than we have been being.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conley adds that understanding the resilience of Earth microbes will help inform NASA’s efforts to come. It may be that allowing spacecraft to “cure” on Mars, sitting in the intense UV light long enough, would be adequate to kill off even the hardiest Earth bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the first time that humans as a species have had the chance to really explore carefully,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans don’t have a great track record of that. In the name of exploration, we’ve spread invasive species and diseases around our own planet. The hope is not to repeat that on other planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We haven’t made any mistakes yet,” Conley says. “I really hope that we won’t do it while I’m in this job.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Protecting Mars will only get tougher once humans start walking on the red planet. NASA is planning to make that happen in about twenty years.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Interior Department Curbs Future Arctic Offshore Drilling",
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"content": "\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">The Interior Department announced Friday it is canceling future lease sales and will not extended current leases in Arctic waters off Alaska’s northern coast, a decision that significantly reduces the chances for future Arctic offshore drilling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">The news follows a Sept. 28 announcement by Royal Dutch Shell that it would cease exploration in the Chukchi and Beaufort seas after spending upward of $7 billion on Arctic exploration. The company cited disappointing results from a well drilled in the Chukchi and the unpredictable federal regulatory environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">Interior Secretary Sally Jewell said the federal government is canceling federal petroleum lease sales in U.S. Arctic waters that were scheduled for 2016 and 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">“In light of Shell’s announcement, the amount of acreage already under lease and current market conditions, it does not make sense to prepare for lease sales in the Arctic in the next year and a half,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">Jewell said the Chukchi Sea off Alaska’s northwest coast and the Beaufort Sea off the state’s north coast will not be included in the agency’s next five-year lease sale plan. In addition, current leases held by Shell and other companies in Arctic waters will not be extended.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">Beaufort Sea leases are set to expire in 2017, and Chukchi Sea leases in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">Current market conditions and low industry interest made the leasing decision easier, Jewell said in a release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">Royal Dutch Shell PLC is the only company actively exploring off Alaska’s northern costs. It had applied to extend leases in both the Chukchi and the Beaufort. Statoil requested an extension for Chukchi leases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">Shell spokesman Curtis Smith said the company disagrees with the agency’s decision not to extend current leases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">“When it comes to frontier exploration in Alaska, one size does not fit all,” Smith said by email. “We continue to believe the 10-year primary lease term needs to be extended.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">In denying the extension, the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement’s regional supervisor for field operations, Kevin Pendergast, said Shell had not met the criteria to extend its leases, including providing the agency with a work schedule on them. Shell could apply again, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">Republican Gov. Bill Walker met with Jewell in Washington, D.C., earlier this month about extending Shell’s leases and opening up a small part of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to drilling. His goal is to get more oil in the trans-Alaska pipeline, which is running at about a quarter of its capacity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">Walker said Jewell’s decision left him with a “loss of hope, in some respects” about accomplishing that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">“That pretty much shut down offshore. The only thing left is onshore,” he said of the agency’s announcement. “We know where the oil is. We just don’t have access to it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">Environmental groups strongly oppose Arctic drilling. They say industrial activity will harm marine mammals already hurt by a loss of sea ice, and global warming would be accelerated by burning oil found in the Arctic Ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">Miyoko Sakashita of the Center for Biological Diversity lauded the Interior Department’s announcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">“This is great for the Arctic and its polar bears,” Sakashita said. “We need to keep all the Arctic oil in the ground.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">Mike LeVine of oceans advocate Oceana added: “Secretary Jewell’s decisions today are consistent with the law as well as economic and environmental realities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">Sen. Dan Sullivan, R-Alaska, said the Obama administration is correct in wanting to help Alaska Natives and all Alaskans battle the state’s high rates of suicide, domestic violence and addiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">But he said the administration doesn’t see the link between economic opportunity and making people’s lives better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">“They just took real opportunity, significant opportunities that could benefit thousands if not tens of thousands of Alaskans off the table,” Sullivan said. “That’s not going to help the social problems. That’s actually going to make them worse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">Rep. Don Young, the longest-serving Republican in the U.S. House, said this battle will likely end up in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">“I think this administration is adamantly opposed against fossil fuels, period,” said Young, Alaska’s sole House member. “They’ll do anything to stop it. I don’t think they have a legal leg to stand on.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">The Interior Department announced Friday it is canceling future lease sales and will not extended current leases in Arctic waters off Alaska’s northern coast, a decision that significantly reduces the chances for future Arctic offshore drilling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">The news follows a Sept. 28 announcement by Royal Dutch Shell that it would cease exploration in the Chukchi and Beaufort seas after spending upward of $7 billion on Arctic exploration. The company cited disappointing results from a well drilled in the Chukchi and the unpredictable federal regulatory environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">Interior Secretary Sally Jewell said the federal government is canceling federal petroleum lease sales in U.S. Arctic waters that were scheduled for 2016 and 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">“In light of Shell’s announcement, the amount of acreage already under lease and current market conditions, it does not make sense to prepare for lease sales in the Arctic in the next year and a half,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">Jewell said the Chukchi Sea off Alaska’s northwest coast and the Beaufort Sea off the state’s north coast will not be included in the agency’s next five-year lease sale plan. In addition, current leases held by Shell and other companies in Arctic waters will not be extended.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">Beaufort Sea leases are set to expire in 2017, and Chukchi Sea leases in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">Current market conditions and low industry interest made the leasing decision easier, Jewell said in a release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">Royal Dutch Shell PLC is the only company actively exploring off Alaska’s northern costs. It had applied to extend leases in both the Chukchi and the Beaufort. Statoil requested an extension for Chukchi leases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">Shell spokesman Curtis Smith said the company disagrees with the agency’s decision not to extend current leases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">“When it comes to frontier exploration in Alaska, one size does not fit all,” Smith said by email. “We continue to believe the 10-year primary lease term needs to be extended.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">In denying the extension, the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement’s regional supervisor for field operations, Kevin Pendergast, said Shell had not met the criteria to extend its leases, including providing the agency with a work schedule on them. Shell could apply again, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">Republican Gov. Bill Walker met with Jewell in Washington, D.C., earlier this month about extending Shell’s leases and opening up a small part of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to drilling. His goal is to get more oil in the trans-Alaska pipeline, which is running at about a quarter of its capacity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">Walker said Jewell’s decision left him with a “loss of hope, in some respects” about accomplishing that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">“That pretty much shut down offshore. The only thing left is onshore,” he said of the agency’s announcement. “We know where the oil is. We just don’t have access to it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">Environmental groups strongly oppose Arctic drilling. They say industrial activity will harm marine mammals already hurt by a loss of sea ice, and global warming would be accelerated by burning oil found in the Arctic Ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">Miyoko Sakashita of the Center for Biological Diversity lauded the Interior Department’s announcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">“This is great for the Arctic and its polar bears,” Sakashita said. “We need to keep all the Arctic oil in the ground.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">Mike LeVine of oceans advocate Oceana added: “Secretary Jewell’s decisions today are consistent with the law as well as economic and environmental realities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">Sen. Dan Sullivan, R-Alaska, said the Obama administration is correct in wanting to help Alaska Natives and all Alaskans battle the state’s high rates of suicide, domestic violence and addiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">But he said the administration doesn’t see the link between economic opportunity and making people’s lives better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">“They just took real opportunity, significant opportunities that could benefit thousands if not tens of thousands of Alaskans off the table,” Sullivan said. “That’s not going to help the social problems. That’s actually going to make them worse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">Rep. Don Young, the longest-serving Republican in the U.S. House, said this battle will likely end up in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ap-story-p\">“I think this administration is adamantly opposed against fossil fuels, period,” said Young, Alaska’s sole House member. “They’ll do anything to stop it. I don’t think they have a legal leg to stand on.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio//2015/10/DroneTraffic.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drones have been making headlines this year, and not in a positive light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’ve \u003ca href=\"http://www.bakersfieldnow.com/news/local/Drone-interference-steep-terrain-make-wildfire-fight-difficult-326531751.html\">blocked aircraft\u003c/a> trying to battle wildfires. Two have dropped down \u003ca href=\"http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/USA-Update/2015/1009/Another-drone-crashes-near-White-House.-Can-FAA-keep-up-with-drones\">near the White House\u003c/a>. Last month in Pasadena, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/23/business/drone-crash-injures-baby-highlighting-faa-concerns.html\">drone crashed near a stroller\u003c/a>, cutting and bruising an eleven-month-old girl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Federal Aviation Administration is ultimately responsible for \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/07/sunday-review/things-to-consider-before-buying-that-drone.html?_r=1&module=ArrowsNav&contentCollection=Sunday%20Review&action=keypress®ion=FixedLeft&pgtype=article\">managing drone traffic\u003c/a>, and is looking at how to develop regulations. But before drones can be used more widely, someone has to build a system that can track them and evaluate their flight plans, with an eye to where they should and shouldn’t be going.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This job — preparing for a future of busy skies full of tiny, flying robots — falls to scientists at NASA’s Ames Research Center in Mountain View.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>We’re Not There Yet\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/behind-screen/drone-sales-have-defining-year-808816\">Hundreds of thousands\u003c/a> of drones are sold each year, and can cost hundreds or even thousands of dollars. And a few rules govern their flight.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“All of a sudden you say, ‘Hey, how do I manage all of these vehicles in the sky at the same time?’”\u003ccite> Parimal Kopardekar, NASA\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It’s against \u003ca href=\"http://knowbeforeyoufly.org/\">federal guidelines\u003c/a> to fly drones higher than 400 feet, or within five miles of an airport. And since they can only be controlled by an operator — they can’t yet be programmed and let loose — \u003cem>you cannot let them out of your sight. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FAA also limits when drones can be used commercially — that is, for compensation — so for now, their use remains largely in the purview of hobbyists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But enthusiasts like \u003ca href=\"http://www.carlweingarten.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Carl Weingarten\u003c/a> see a future full of potential uses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weingarten sports a black porkpie hat and shades as he crouchs over a sleek white drone at a small park near a marina in Oakland. The drone emits a series of beeps as it readys for takeoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Okay,” he says, “the camera’s going to be taking a snapshot every five seconds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This drone weighs less than a sack of groceries, and its four tiny rotors kick up a miniature wash of dust in the dead grass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once it’s up, Weingarten doesn’t have long to get his photos; the batteries in his drone last all of about ten minutes, which he says is fairly typical. This is the fourth one he’s bought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_308979\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/north-by-northwest-drone-C-Weingarten-1140px-render.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/north-by-northwest-drone-C-Weingarten-1140px-render-800x500.jpg\" alt=\"Cary Grant runs from a drone, in this North by Northwest takeoff created by Carl Weingarten. \" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-308979\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/north-by-northwest-drone-C-Weingarten-1140px-render-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/north-by-northwest-drone-C-Weingarten-1140px-render-400x250.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/north-by-northwest-drone-C-Weingarten-1140px-render.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/north-by-northwest-drone-C-Weingarten-1140px-render-1180x738.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/north-by-northwest-drone-C-Weingarten-1140px-render-960x600.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cary Grant runs from a drone in this edited photo, a spoof on the Alfred Hitchcock movie, “North by Northwest.” \u003ccite>(Carl Weingarten)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Twice, I let the battery go out. I lost track of time,” he says. “And they fell in the water. I lost them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The third drone did what Weingarten calls a “flyaway.” Basically, the drone quit responding to his controls, cruised off and was never seen again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an emerging technology, these machines clearly have some rough edges to work out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Enter NASA\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inspecting antenna towers can be risky, so sending a drone to do it could save workers a dangerous climb. Drones could also come in handy checking on miles of train tracks, or hazards like rockslides. Someday they might even help search rough terrain for lost hikers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And since many packages weigh only a few pounds, retailers like Amazon have \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=98BIu9dpwHU\">publicly daydreamed\u003c/a> about using drones to make expedient deliveries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you postulate that future,” says Parimal Kopardekar, NASA’s principal investigator for drone traffic management, “then all of a sudden you say, ‘Hey, how do I manage all of these vehicles in the sky at the same time?’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately it will be up to the FAA to set policy, like under what circumstances drone operators would be required to file a flight plan. Meanwhile, NASA is working on the technology to make such a system possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_299447\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 418px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Prevot.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-299447\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Prevot-800x559.jpg\" alt=\"NASA engineer Tom Prevot shows computer screens simulating a sky full of drones. Technology he's building will manage their flight plans.\" width=\"418\" height=\"292\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Prevot-800x559.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Prevot-400x280.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Prevot-1440x1007.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Prevot-1920x1342.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Prevot-1180x825.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Prevot-960x671.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Prevot.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 418px) 100vw, 418px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA engineer Tom Prevot shows computer screens simulating a sky full of drones. Technology he’s building will manage their flight plans. \u003ccite>(Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This \u003ca href=\"http://utm.arc.nasa.gov/index.shtml\">traffic management system\u003c/a> for drones will need to keep them from going where they don’t belong, a technology Kopardekar calls “geo-fencing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are two types of geo-fence,” he says. “One is a no-fly-zone type, where you should not go inside the geo-fence.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This would be used to keep drones away from airports, for example. The other kind of geo-fence would keep drones from getting out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another key element, Kopardekar says, will be sensors that allow drones to recognize and avoid obstacles like buildings or trees. And if drones are to become autonomous, they’ll also have to be able to respond when conditions change — if wind picks up suddenly, for instance, or heavy fog rolls in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to have sensors and software that decides what’s the right thing to do at that point,” Kopardekar says. “Whether to land there and wait for the weather and airspace to be cleared, or go back.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few buildings over from Kopardekar’s office at Ames is a room full of computer monitors depicting the Bay Area with dozens of drones flying overhead, each with its own flight plan. NASA Engineer Tom Prevot explains some are watching the weather, while a few check on infrastructure and others make deliveries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”iotgRVUFXHctIpTUWdHsTfJ6UutQuWvc”]“We’re simulating, for example, a pizza delivery operation in downtown San Francisco,” he says, scrolling through the various flights, “so we’ve got PIE-1 through PIE-3.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The system is designed to kick back any proposed flight plans that don’t work, Prevot says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Here we have a CalTrain inspection,” Prevot says. “It says — because this flight would basically go along the Bay — right now, I would be violating a number of controlled airspace classes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those would be San Francisco International Airport, as well as Moffett Federal Airfield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One ideal outcome of the traffic management system, Prevot says, is that people who spot a drone nearby should be able to hold up a smartphone and find out what it’s doing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You would see, okay, this is my neighbor getting his pizza, or something like that,” Prevot says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Setting Priorities\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Do we really need drones to deliver pizza?” asks Hannah Beth Jackson, a Democratic state senator from Santa Barbara.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jackson proposed a privacy bill this year that Governor Brown \u003ca href=\"http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2015/09/10/california_gov_jerry_brown_vetoes_bill_to_stop_drones_from_flying_over_private.html\">vetoed\u003c/a>; it would have banned people from flying drones low over other people’s property. (The governor did sign a bill banning paparazzi from using drones to take photos on private property.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jackson says there needs to be a conversation about priorities, suggesting drones might have more worthwhile applications than airdropping packages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s an effort to work on something called precision agriculture,” she says, “which is delivery of water and pesticides to the exact places on farms and in fields where they’re needed by using drone technology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This happens to be one area Chris Anderson sees as a good bet. He’s the CEO of \u003ca href=\"https://3drobotics.com/\">3D Robotics\u003c/a>, housed in a fourth-floor office in Berkeley, where workers are constantly testing drones on the rooftop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sipping a Red Bull, Anderson says industries like architecture, construction and agriculture are all huge commercial frontiers for drones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can imagine a single farm having hundreds of drones,” he says, “like sprinklers, just out there on automatic scanning cycles.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How long until that future arrives, NASA says, depends on how soon it can be done safely. NASA scientists are building the drone traffic management system in four phases, and have just finished the first. The FAA will start testing it early next year.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Drones have been making headlines this year, and not in a positive light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’ve \u003ca href=\"http://www.bakersfieldnow.com/news/local/Drone-interference-steep-terrain-make-wildfire-fight-difficult-326531751.html\">blocked aircraft\u003c/a> trying to battle wildfires. Two have dropped down \u003ca href=\"http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/USA-Update/2015/1009/Another-drone-crashes-near-White-House.-Can-FAA-keep-up-with-drones\">near the White House\u003c/a>. Last month in Pasadena, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/23/business/drone-crash-injures-baby-highlighting-faa-concerns.html\">drone crashed near a stroller\u003c/a>, cutting and bruising an eleven-month-old girl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Federal Aviation Administration is ultimately responsible for \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/07/sunday-review/things-to-consider-before-buying-that-drone.html?_r=1&module=ArrowsNav&contentCollection=Sunday%20Review&action=keypress®ion=FixedLeft&pgtype=article\">managing drone traffic\u003c/a>, and is looking at how to develop regulations. But before drones can be used more widely, someone has to build a system that can track them and evaluate their flight plans, with an eye to where they should and shouldn’t be going.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This job — preparing for a future of busy skies full of tiny, flying robots — falls to scientists at NASA’s Ames Research Center in Mountain View.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>We’re Not There Yet\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/behind-screen/drone-sales-have-defining-year-808816\">Hundreds of thousands\u003c/a> of drones are sold each year, and can cost hundreds or even thousands of dollars. And a few rules govern their flight.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“All of a sudden you say, ‘Hey, how do I manage all of these vehicles in the sky at the same time?’”\u003ccite> Parimal Kopardekar, NASA\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It’s against \u003ca href=\"http://knowbeforeyoufly.org/\">federal guidelines\u003c/a> to fly drones higher than 400 feet, or within five miles of an airport. And since they can only be controlled by an operator — they can’t yet be programmed and let loose — \u003cem>you cannot let them out of your sight. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FAA also limits when drones can be used commercially — that is, for compensation — so for now, their use remains largely in the purview of hobbyists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But enthusiasts like \u003ca href=\"http://www.carlweingarten.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Carl Weingarten\u003c/a> see a future full of potential uses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weingarten sports a black porkpie hat and shades as he crouchs over a sleek white drone at a small park near a marina in Oakland. The drone emits a series of beeps as it readys for takeoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Okay,” he says, “the camera’s going to be taking a snapshot every five seconds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This drone weighs less than a sack of groceries, and its four tiny rotors kick up a miniature wash of dust in the dead grass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once it’s up, Weingarten doesn’t have long to get his photos; the batteries in his drone last all of about ten minutes, which he says is fairly typical. This is the fourth one he’s bought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_308979\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/north-by-northwest-drone-C-Weingarten-1140px-render.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/north-by-northwest-drone-C-Weingarten-1140px-render-800x500.jpg\" alt=\"Cary Grant runs from a drone, in this North by Northwest takeoff created by Carl Weingarten. \" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-308979\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/north-by-northwest-drone-C-Weingarten-1140px-render-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/north-by-northwest-drone-C-Weingarten-1140px-render-400x250.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/north-by-northwest-drone-C-Weingarten-1140px-render.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/north-by-northwest-drone-C-Weingarten-1140px-render-1180x738.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/north-by-northwest-drone-C-Weingarten-1140px-render-960x600.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cary Grant runs from a drone in this edited photo, a spoof on the Alfred Hitchcock movie, “North by Northwest.” \u003ccite>(Carl Weingarten)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Twice, I let the battery go out. I lost track of time,” he says. “And they fell in the water. I lost them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The third drone did what Weingarten calls a “flyaway.” Basically, the drone quit responding to his controls, cruised off and was never seen again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an emerging technology, these machines clearly have some rough edges to work out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Enter NASA\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inspecting antenna towers can be risky, so sending a drone to do it could save workers a dangerous climb. Drones could also come in handy checking on miles of train tracks, or hazards like rockslides. Someday they might even help search rough terrain for lost hikers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And since many packages weigh only a few pounds, retailers like Amazon have \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=98BIu9dpwHU\">publicly daydreamed\u003c/a> about using drones to make expedient deliveries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you postulate that future,” says Parimal Kopardekar, NASA’s principal investigator for drone traffic management, “then all of a sudden you say, ‘Hey, how do I manage all of these vehicles in the sky at the same time?’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately it will be up to the FAA to set policy, like under what circumstances drone operators would be required to file a flight plan. Meanwhile, NASA is working on the technology to make such a system possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_299447\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 418px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Prevot.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-299447\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Prevot-800x559.jpg\" alt=\"NASA engineer Tom Prevot shows computer screens simulating a sky full of drones. Technology he's building will manage their flight plans.\" width=\"418\" height=\"292\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Prevot-800x559.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Prevot-400x280.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Prevot-1440x1007.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Prevot-1920x1342.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Prevot-1180x825.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Prevot-960x671.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Prevot.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 418px) 100vw, 418px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA engineer Tom Prevot shows computer screens simulating a sky full of drones. Technology he’s building will manage their flight plans. \u003ccite>(Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This \u003ca href=\"http://utm.arc.nasa.gov/index.shtml\">traffic management system\u003c/a> for drones will need to keep them from going where they don’t belong, a technology Kopardekar calls “geo-fencing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are two types of geo-fence,” he says. “One is a no-fly-zone type, where you should not go inside the geo-fence.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This would be used to keep drones away from airports, for example. The other kind of geo-fence would keep drones from getting out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another key element, Kopardekar says, will be sensors that allow drones to recognize and avoid obstacles like buildings or trees. And if drones are to become autonomous, they’ll also have to be able to respond when conditions change — if wind picks up suddenly, for instance, or heavy fog rolls in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to have sensors and software that decides what’s the right thing to do at that point,” Kopardekar says. “Whether to land there and wait for the weather and airspace to be cleared, or go back.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few buildings over from Kopardekar’s office at Ames is a room full of computer monitors depicting the Bay Area with dozens of drones flying overhead, each with its own flight plan. NASA Engineer Tom Prevot explains some are watching the weather, while a few check on infrastructure and others make deliveries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>“We’re simulating, for example, a pizza delivery operation in downtown San Francisco,” he says, scrolling through the various flights, “so we’ve got PIE-1 through PIE-3.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The system is designed to kick back any proposed flight plans that don’t work, Prevot says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Here we have a CalTrain inspection,” Prevot says. “It says — because this flight would basically go along the Bay — right now, I would be violating a number of controlled airspace classes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those would be San Francisco International Airport, as well as Moffett Federal Airfield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One ideal outcome of the traffic management system, Prevot says, is that people who spot a drone nearby should be able to hold up a smartphone and find out what it’s doing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You would see, okay, this is my neighbor getting his pizza, or something like that,” Prevot says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Setting Priorities\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Do we really need drones to deliver pizza?” asks Hannah Beth Jackson, a Democratic state senator from Santa Barbara.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jackson proposed a privacy bill this year that Governor Brown \u003ca href=\"http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2015/09/10/california_gov_jerry_brown_vetoes_bill_to_stop_drones_from_flying_over_private.html\">vetoed\u003c/a>; it would have banned people from flying drones low over other people’s property. (The governor did sign a bill banning paparazzi from using drones to take photos on private property.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jackson says there needs to be a conversation about priorities, suggesting drones might have more worthwhile applications than airdropping packages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s an effort to work on something called precision agriculture,” she says, “which is delivery of water and pesticides to the exact places on farms and in fields where they’re needed by using drone technology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This happens to be one area Chris Anderson sees as a good bet. He’s the CEO of \u003ca href=\"https://3drobotics.com/\">3D Robotics\u003c/a>, housed in a fourth-floor office in Berkeley, where workers are constantly testing drones on the rooftop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sipping a Red Bull, Anderson says industries like architecture, construction and agriculture are all huge commercial frontiers for drones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can imagine a single farm having hundreds of drones,” he says, “like sprinklers, just out there on automatic scanning cycles.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How long until that future arrives, NASA says, depends on how soon it can be done safely. NASA scientists are building the drone traffic management system in four phases, and have just finished the first. The FAA will start testing it early next year.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>In a win for environmentalists, Gov. Jerry Brown \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=19155\">signed 23 bills\u003c/a> on Thursday, banning plastic microbeads, boosting composting, and divesting public retirement funds from coal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The microbead ban, AB 888, outlaws the sale of cosmetics and toothpaste that contain tiny plastic particles, which pollute waterways and are \u003ca href=\"https://ag.ny.gov/pdfs/Microbeads_Report_5_14_14.pdf\">known to harm wildlife\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two composting bills require compost diversion from landfills and a report from cities and counties on how much compost they plan to produce over a 15-year period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both will help San Francisco achieve its \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfenvironment.org/zero-waste\">goal of zero waste by 2020\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another important bill, as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/science/ci_28942015/plastic-microbeads-and-state-coal-investments-banned-gov\">San Jose Mercury News’ Paul Rogers’\u003c/a> notes, is SB 185:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The measure requires the massive California Public Employees Retirement System, known as CalPERS, and the California State Teachers Retirement System, or CalSTRS, to sell off all stocks in companies that derive more than 50 percent of their revenue from mining coal by July 1, 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two pension funds have a combined $299 million in such investments.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The new laws come a day after Brown approved the nation’s most aggressive renewable energy goal: get 50 percent of California’s energy from renewables by 2030. Currently, the state gets 25 percent of its energy from renewable sources like solar, wind and geothermal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> A full list of the bills can be \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=19155\">found here\u003c/a> and below:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\tAB 692 – Low-carbon transportation fuels.\u003cbr>\n•\tAB 793 – Energy efficiency.\u003cbr>\n•\tAB 802 – Energy efficiency.\u003cbr>\n•\tAB 808 – Automotive fuels and products.\u003cbr>\n•\tAB 864 – Oil spill response: environmentally and ecologically sensitive areas.\u003cbr>\n•\tAB 876 – Compostable organics.\u003cbr>\n•\tAB 888 – Waste management: plastic microbeads.\u003cbr>\n•\tAB 1034 – Surface mining: reclamation plans: renewable energy generation facility.\u003cbr>\n•\tAB 1045 – Organic waste: composting.\u003cbr>\n•\tAB 1150 – Energy: University of California and California State University partnership.\u003cbr>\n•\tAB 1236 – Local ordinances: electric vehicle charging stations.\u003cbr>\n•\tAB 1274 – Public lands: geophysical surveys.\u003cbr>\n•\tAB 1420 – Oil and gas: pipelines.\u003cbr>\n•\tAB 1448 – Personal energy conservation: real property restrictions.\u003cbr>\n•\tAB 1482 – Climate adaptation.\u003cbr>\n•\tAB 1496 – Methane emissions.\u003cbr>\n•\tSB 185 – Public retirement systems: public divestiture of thermal coal companies.\u003cbr>\n•\tSB 246 – Climate change adaptation.\u003cbr>\n•\tSB 295 – Pipeline safety: inspections.\u003cbr>\n•\tSB 379 – Land use: general plan: safety element.\u003cbr>\n•\tSB 414 – Oil spill response.\u003cbr>\n•\tSB 513 – Carl Moyer Memorial Air Quality Standards Attainment Program: fees.\u003cbr>\n•\tSB 673 – Hazardous waste.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In a win for environmentalists, Gov. Jerry Brown \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=19155\">signed 23 bills\u003c/a> on Thursday, banning plastic microbeads, boosting composting, and divesting public retirement funds from coal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The microbead ban, AB 888, outlaws the sale of cosmetics and toothpaste that contain tiny plastic particles, which pollute waterways and are \u003ca href=\"https://ag.ny.gov/pdfs/Microbeads_Report_5_14_14.pdf\">known to harm wildlife\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two composting bills require compost diversion from landfills and a report from cities and counties on how much compost they plan to produce over a 15-year period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both will help San Francisco achieve its \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfenvironment.org/zero-waste\">goal of zero waste by 2020\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another important bill, as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/science/ci_28942015/plastic-microbeads-and-state-coal-investments-banned-gov\">San Jose Mercury News’ Paul Rogers’\u003c/a> notes, is SB 185:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The measure requires the massive California Public Employees Retirement System, known as CalPERS, and the California State Teachers Retirement System, or CalSTRS, to sell off all stocks in companies that derive more than 50 percent of their revenue from mining coal by July 1, 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two pension funds have a combined $299 million in such investments.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The new laws come a day after Brown approved the nation’s most aggressive renewable energy goal: get 50 percent of California’s energy from renewables by 2030. Currently, the state gets 25 percent of its energy from renewable sources like solar, wind and geothermal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> A full list of the bills can be \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=19155\">found here\u003c/a> and below:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\tAB 692 – Low-carbon transportation fuels.\u003cbr>\n•\tAB 793 – Energy efficiency.\u003cbr>\n•\tAB 802 – Energy efficiency.\u003cbr>\n•\tAB 808 – Automotive fuels and products.\u003cbr>\n•\tAB 864 – Oil spill response: environmentally and ecologically sensitive areas.\u003cbr>\n•\tAB 876 – Compostable organics.\u003cbr>\n•\tAB 888 – Waste management: plastic microbeads.\u003cbr>\n•\tAB 1034 – Surface mining: reclamation plans: renewable energy generation facility.\u003cbr>\n•\tAB 1045 – Organic waste: composting.\u003cbr>\n•\tAB 1150 – Energy: University of California and California State University partnership.\u003cbr>\n•\tAB 1236 – Local ordinances: electric vehicle charging stations.\u003cbr>\n•\tAB 1274 – Public lands: geophysical surveys.\u003cbr>\n•\tAB 1420 – Oil and gas: pipelines.\u003cbr>\n•\tAB 1448 – Personal energy conservation: real property restrictions.\u003cbr>\n•\tAB 1482 – Climate adaptation.\u003cbr>\n•\tAB 1496 – Methane emissions.\u003cbr>\n•\tSB 185 – Public retirement systems: public divestiture of thermal coal companies.\u003cbr>\n•\tSB 246 – Climate change adaptation.\u003cbr>\n•\tSB 295 – Pipeline safety: inspections.\u003cbr>\n•\tSB 379 – Land use: general plan: safety element.\u003cbr>\n•\tSB 414 – Oil spill response.\u003cbr>\n•\tSB 513 – Carl Moyer Memorial Air Quality Standards Attainment Program: fees.\u003cbr>\n•\tSB 673 – Hazardous waste.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "It's 'Earthquake Season': Join California's Great ShakeOut",
"headTitle": "It’s ‘Earthquake Season’: Join California’s Great ShakeOut | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>One week from today, on Oct. 15, more than 10 million Californians will stop what they’re doing and take part in an earthquake exercise. The event is called \u003ca href=\"http://www.shakeout.org/california/\">The Great California ShakeOut\u003c/a>, and it will help save a bunch of people a lot of trouble some day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even in California, people have trouble thinking about earthquakes. We can slide into a kind of mental paralysis — we know it’s good to prepare, but when we think about the massive devastation of a major quake, it seems like too much to handle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Here’s the Drill\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer is: don’t think. When the ground starts to shake — not just a jiggle, but a real earthquake — the experts want you to take three actions without thinking about it:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.shakeout.org/california/dropcoverholdon/\">Drop. Cover. Hold on.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Drop” means get down, not up. A big earthquake will knock you down, so get down first. Stay down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cover” means cover your head and neck, or get yourself underneath a table or a desk — whatever will protect you from falling things. A big quake won’t let you stand up and stagger somewhere else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hold on” means grab that table or desk and don’t let go until the shaking stops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s what ShakeOut participants will do on 10/15, at 10:15 in the morning. When you practice, hold on for a whole minute. That may seem like forever, but a major earthquake shakes hard for at least that long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These three actions give you the best chance of coming through a quake uninjured. Experience has shown that, in California, it’s not collapsing buildings that cause most injuries; it’s large household objects, flying and toppling. Stay injury-free, and everything that follows is easier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Is That All?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Drop, cover and hold on” should be as automatic as putting on a seatbelt. It’s simple enough for schoolkids, who are big participants in the ShakeOut drill. If you have children in school, do the drill yourself wherever you are. That can start important family conversations later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_296188\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 399px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/2008EQprobabilities.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-296188\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/2008EQprobabilities.jpg\" alt=\"Bay Area earthquake probabilities\" width=\"399\" height=\"540\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/2008EQprobabilities.jpg 534w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/2008EQprobabilities-400x541.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 399px) 100vw, 399px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Major earthquake faults in the Bay Area with their odds of producing a magnitude 6.7 quake in the next 30 years. \u003ccite>(U.S. Geological Survey)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Aren’t there more details? Of course. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.earthquakecountry.info/\">Earthquake Country Alliance\u003c/a> has a page with \u003ca href=\"http://www.earthquakecountry.info/roots/step5.html\">instructions for special cases\u003c/a>: if you’re driving, if you’re in a wheelchair, and so on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That page is Step Five of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.earthquakecountry.info/roots/steps.html\">Seven Steps to Earthquake Safety\u003c/a>, but it may be the best starting point for exploring earthquake preparedness. If you worry about dealing with the aftermath, you can go forward to Step Six. If your thoughts turn instead to preparing in advance, you can visit the earlier steps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “drop-cover-hold on” drill is appropriate for any location you spend time in: your workplace, the places you go for entertainment, even your church. Keep it simple. Spread the word.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What Are the Odds?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area has \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/10/16/new-paper-outlines-updated-look-hazards-on-san-andreas-fault-system/\">about a dozen seismic faults\u003c/a> that are capable of giving the whole region a damaging shake. When scientists add up the odds from each fault, they estimate the Bay Area has a two-in-three chance of suffering a major, magnitude 6.7 quake during the next 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>News outlets fixate on the biggest possible earthquakes. That’s natural for them. But the U.S. Geological Survey’s latest estimate for the whole Bay Area is that we can expect about eight magnitude 5 quakes each decade, and about one magnitude 6 quake every 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Magnitude 5 and 6 earthquakes are called moderate events. The threat they pose is like the threat from a fender-bender in your car: it won’t kill you but you still want to avoid it. Think of the magnitude 6.0 \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/08/24/quake-rolls-through-bay-area/\">Napa earthquake of August 24, 2014\u003c/a> as typical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What Else Should I Know?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dealing with earthquakes doesn’t require much science knowledge, but it’s worth knowing a few facts.\u003c/p>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>Large earthquakes come \u003ca href=\"http://www.usgs.gov/faq/categories/9828/3289\">in a distinct sequence\u003c/a>: the brief thump of P waves, the short rattle of S waves, then the long, violent shaking of surface waves.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/glossary/?term=aftershocks\">Aftershocks\u003c/a> follow every significant earthquake. If they happen at shallow depths, they can do more damage locally than the main shock.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/topics/megaqk_facts_fantasy.php\">There’s no earthquake weather, no relationship to the Moon and planets, no earthquake season.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if quakes have no season, October is earthquake month for Bay Area old-timers. It goes back to 1989, the year of the Loma Prieta earthquake, when, on October 17, at 5:04 p.m., \u003ci>everyone\u003c/i> got a taste of what happens in a large seismic event. Ask any old-timer about it.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "At 10:15 a.m. on 10/15, join 10 million Californians as we pretend a major earthquake is happening and take three actions to protect ourselves. Do you know what they are?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>One week from today, on Oct. 15, more than 10 million Californians will stop what they’re doing and take part in an earthquake exercise. The event is called \u003ca href=\"http://www.shakeout.org/california/\">The Great California ShakeOut\u003c/a>, and it will help save a bunch of people a lot of trouble some day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even in California, people have trouble thinking about earthquakes. We can slide into a kind of mental paralysis — we know it’s good to prepare, but when we think about the massive devastation of a major quake, it seems like too much to handle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Here’s the Drill\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer is: don’t think. When the ground starts to shake — not just a jiggle, but a real earthquake — the experts want you to take three actions without thinking about it:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.shakeout.org/california/dropcoverholdon/\">Drop. Cover. Hold on.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Drop” means get down, not up. A big earthquake will knock you down, so get down first. Stay down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cover” means cover your head and neck, or get yourself underneath a table or a desk — whatever will protect you from falling things. A big quake won’t let you stand up and stagger somewhere else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hold on” means grab that table or desk and don’t let go until the shaking stops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s what ShakeOut participants will do on 10/15, at 10:15 in the morning. When you practice, hold on for a whole minute. That may seem like forever, but a major earthquake shakes hard for at least that long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These three actions give you the best chance of coming through a quake uninjured. Experience has shown that, in California, it’s not collapsing buildings that cause most injuries; it’s large household objects, flying and toppling. Stay injury-free, and everything that follows is easier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Is That All?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Drop, cover and hold on” should be as automatic as putting on a seatbelt. It’s simple enough for schoolkids, who are big participants in the ShakeOut drill. If you have children in school, do the drill yourself wherever you are. That can start important family conversations later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_296188\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 399px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/2008EQprobabilities.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-296188\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/2008EQprobabilities.jpg\" alt=\"Bay Area earthquake probabilities\" width=\"399\" height=\"540\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/2008EQprobabilities.jpg 534w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/2008EQprobabilities-400x541.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 399px) 100vw, 399px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Major earthquake faults in the Bay Area with their odds of producing a magnitude 6.7 quake in the next 30 years. \u003ccite>(U.S. Geological Survey)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Aren’t there more details? Of course. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.earthquakecountry.info/\">Earthquake Country Alliance\u003c/a> has a page with \u003ca href=\"http://www.earthquakecountry.info/roots/step5.html\">instructions for special cases\u003c/a>: if you’re driving, if you’re in a wheelchair, and so on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That page is Step Five of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.earthquakecountry.info/roots/steps.html\">Seven Steps to Earthquake Safety\u003c/a>, but it may be the best starting point for exploring earthquake preparedness. If you worry about dealing with the aftermath, you can go forward to Step Six. If your thoughts turn instead to preparing in advance, you can visit the earlier steps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “drop-cover-hold on” drill is appropriate for any location you spend time in: your workplace, the places you go for entertainment, even your church. Keep it simple. Spread the word.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What Are the Odds?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area has \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/10/16/new-paper-outlines-updated-look-hazards-on-san-andreas-fault-system/\">about a dozen seismic faults\u003c/a> that are capable of giving the whole region a damaging shake. When scientists add up the odds from each fault, they estimate the Bay Area has a two-in-three chance of suffering a major, magnitude 6.7 quake during the next 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>News outlets fixate on the biggest possible earthquakes. That’s natural for them. But the U.S. Geological Survey’s latest estimate for the whole Bay Area is that we can expect about eight magnitude 5 quakes each decade, and about one magnitude 6 quake every 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Magnitude 5 and 6 earthquakes are called moderate events. The threat they pose is like the threat from a fender-bender in your car: it won’t kill you but you still want to avoid it. Think of the magnitude 6.0 \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/08/24/quake-rolls-through-bay-area/\">Napa earthquake of August 24, 2014\u003c/a> as typical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What Else Should I Know?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dealing with earthquakes doesn’t require much science knowledge, but it’s worth knowing a few facts.\u003c/p>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>Large earthquakes come \u003ca href=\"http://www.usgs.gov/faq/categories/9828/3289\">in a distinct sequence\u003c/a>: the brief thump of P waves, the short rattle of S waves, then the long, violent shaking of surface waves.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/glossary/?term=aftershocks\">Aftershocks\u003c/a> follow every significant earthquake. If they happen at shallow depths, they can do more damage locally than the main shock.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/topics/megaqk_facts_fantasy.php\">There’s no earthquake weather, no relationship to the Moon and planets, no earthquake season.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if quakes have no season, October is earthquake month for Bay Area old-timers. It goes back to 1989, the year of the Loma Prieta earthquake, when, on October 17, at 5:04 p.m., \u003ci>everyone\u003c/i> got a taste of what happens in a large seismic event. Ask any old-timer about it.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A U.S. Geological Survey report out Tuesday downgrades the fracking potential of California’s vast Monterey Shale oil deposits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study is the latest to lower a 2011 federal energy estimate that billed the Monterey Shale as a game-changer for U.S. oil, with what was then estimated at 13.7 billion barrels of recoverable oil overall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”5djQ6QtbVinRFAtuVIKA243nwsoaMeqz”]Instead, the U.S. Geological Survey’s new study said, the most oil-rich portion of the giant shale formation holds just 21 million barrels of oil that can be recovered by intensive methods, such as hydraulic fracturing, better-known as fracking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The modest assessment has the potential to influence energy policy in California, where Gov. Jerry Brown has resisted calls from environmentalists to ban fracking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tuesday’s report looked only at the San Joaquin Basin, one of four basins that make up the 1,750-square-mile Monterey Shale formation. Upcoming USGS reports will estimate the recoverable petroleum in the other three basins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another recent U.S. Geological Survey study estimated another 393 million barrels of oil are recoverable by conventional drilling in the San Joaquin basin of the Monterey Shale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2011 estimate touched off speculation of a California oil boom. By 2014, however, federal energy authorities had deflated the Monterey Shale boom, reducing the overall estimate of recoverable oil by 96 percent.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>California Governor Jerry Brown has signed \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=19151\">landmark legislation\u003c/a> requiring the state to get 50 percent of its energy from renewables by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently about 25 percent of the state’s energy comes from renewable sources like wind, solar and geothermal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California, through this bill, is taking a major step,” Brown said. “Other people are going to follow. But it’s not going to be easy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_296195\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Ivanpah3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Ivanpah3-800x563.jpg\" alt=\"A mirror at the Ivanpah solar project in the Mojave Desert, developed by Oakland-based BrightSource Energy.\" width=\"800\" height=\"563\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-296195\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Ivanpah3-800x563.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Ivanpah3-400x281.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Ivanpah3-1180x830.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Ivanpah3-960x675.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Ivanpah3.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A mirror at the Ivanpah solar project in the Mojave Desert, developed by Oakland-based BrightSource Energy. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/science/ci_28931393/californias-landmark-renewable-energy-law-be-signed-wednesday\">San Jose Mercury News\u003c/a>‘ Paul Rogers talked to experts about the significance of this legislation and the difficulty of implementing the plan:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“It’s huge,” said Kathryn Phillips, state director for Sierra Club California. “It tells banks and utilities, and the people who make solar panels and windmills, that there is going to be a market. If you are thinking, ‘Should I invest in oil wells in Bakersfield or solar panels in Fresno,’ the solar panels are now the better bet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But energy experts say that it won’t be easy to reach the legislation’s goals in a state with 38 million people and a $2 trillion economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re pushing the envelope hard,” said James Sweeney, director of the Precourt Institute for Energy Efficiency at Stanford University. “It’s going to be challenging. I don’t know if it is going to be viable without major economic consequences.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Key among the challenges: The sun doesn’t shine at night and the wind doesn’t blow all the time.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Two other states including Hawaii and Vermont have higher percentages. Hawaii aims to adopt 100 percent renewable energy by 2045 and Vermont is seeking 75 percent by 2032.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But California’s goal incorporates more energy than Vermont and Hawaii since the state is so vast and houses 38 million people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has several large-scale solar farms including the 550-megawatt Desert Sunlight Solar Farm in the Mojave Desert that can power 160,000 homes. The Mojave also includes the 392-megawatt \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/07/12/as-worlds-largest-solar-thermal-plant-opens-california-looks-to-end-solar-wars/\">Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System\u003c/a> that powers 140,000 homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to renewable energy, the governor also recommended decreasing petroleum use and making buildings and heating fuels more efficient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are here because of oil and gas,” Brown said, “That’s how we got here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What has been the source of prosperity now becomes the source of our ultimate destruction if we don’t get off it.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California Governor Jerry Brown has signed \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=19151\">landmark legislation\u003c/a> requiring the state to get 50 percent of its energy from renewables by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently about 25 percent of the state’s energy comes from renewable sources like wind, solar and geothermal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California, through this bill, is taking a major step,” Brown said. “Other people are going to follow. But it’s not going to be easy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_296195\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Ivanpah3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Ivanpah3-800x563.jpg\" alt=\"A mirror at the Ivanpah solar project in the Mojave Desert, developed by Oakland-based BrightSource Energy.\" width=\"800\" height=\"563\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-296195\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Ivanpah3-800x563.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Ivanpah3-400x281.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Ivanpah3-1180x830.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Ivanpah3-960x675.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Ivanpah3.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A mirror at the Ivanpah solar project in the Mojave Desert, developed by Oakland-based BrightSource Energy. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/science/ci_28931393/californias-landmark-renewable-energy-law-be-signed-wednesday\">San Jose Mercury News\u003c/a>‘ Paul Rogers talked to experts about the significance of this legislation and the difficulty of implementing the plan:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“It’s huge,” said Kathryn Phillips, state director for Sierra Club California. “It tells banks and utilities, and the people who make solar panels and windmills, that there is going to be a market. If you are thinking, ‘Should I invest in oil wells in Bakersfield or solar panels in Fresno,’ the solar panels are now the better bet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But energy experts say that it won’t be easy to reach the legislation’s goals in a state with 38 million people and a $2 trillion economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re pushing the envelope hard,” said James Sweeney, director of the Precourt Institute for Energy Efficiency at Stanford University. “It’s going to be challenging. I don’t know if it is going to be viable without major economic consequences.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Key among the challenges: The sun doesn’t shine at night and the wind doesn’t blow all the time.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Two other states including Hawaii and Vermont have higher percentages. Hawaii aims to adopt 100 percent renewable energy by 2045 and Vermont is seeking 75 percent by 2032.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But California’s goal incorporates more energy than Vermont and Hawaii since the state is so vast and houses 38 million people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has several large-scale solar farms including the 550-megawatt Desert Sunlight Solar Farm in the Mojave Desert that can power 160,000 homes. The Mojave also includes the 392-megawatt \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/07/12/as-worlds-largest-solar-thermal-plant-opens-california-looks-to-end-solar-wars/\">Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System\u003c/a> that powers 140,000 homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to renewable energy, the governor also recommended decreasing petroleum use and making buildings and heating fuels more efficient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are here because of oil and gas,” Brown said, “That’s how we got here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What has been the source of prosperity now becomes the source of our ultimate destruction if we don’t get off it.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>In a major victory for African wildlife, Governor Jerry Brown signed AB 96 on Sunday to close a loophole in the state’s ban on importing and buying elephant ivory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is the third state to ban all sales of ivory after New York and New Jersey. The state is \u003ca href=\"http://docs.nrdc.org/wildlife/files/wil_15010601a.pdf\">one of the largest U.S. markets for \u003c/a>the product.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In California it’s particularly important because of the large population of Asian immigrants,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.ifaw.org/united-states/about-us/elephants/grace-ge-gabriel\">Grace Ge Gabriel\u003c/a>, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ifaw.org/\">International Fund for Animal Welfare\u003c/a>’s Regional Director in Asia.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘This ban is going to stigmatize purchasing ivory, and that’s what will help change behavior.’\u003ccite> Grace Ge Gabriel, International Fund for Animal Welfare \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Second only to Los Angeles, San Francisco sells the most ivory in California. The city’s Chinatown sells trinkets like jewelry, chopsticks, carved horns and statues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has already had an ivory ban on the books since 1977. Until now, shopkeepers were allowed to sell ivory that was imported before 1977.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But many store owners have exploited this exemption, claiming their products were imported before 1977. Since it’s impossible to “date” ivory, it’s been difficult to tell which ivory is new and which was imported decades ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, before the new ban, 80 percent of ivory sold in San Francisco was likely illegal under state law, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/media/2015/150107a.asp\">a National Resources Defense Council study\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters of the legislation say banning nearly all sales will reduce demand for the product and make it easier to control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worldwide, more than 30,000 elephants are killed each year for their tusks–nearly 100 elephants a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Poachers sell the lucrative ivory for thousands of dollars per pound. Increasingly, militias and criminal gangs in Sudan, Uganda the Democratic Republic of the Congo sell ivory to purchase weapons, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ifaw.org/sites/default/files/ifaw-criminal-nature-2013-low-res_0.pdf\">according to IFAW\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This ban is going to stigmatize purchasing ivory, and that’s what will help change behavior,” said Ge Gabriel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California bill, authored by Assembly Speaker Toni Atkins, D-San Diego was co-sponsored by the Oakland Zoo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It goes into effective July 1, 2016, with fines up to $50,000 and a year in jail for illegal sales.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "In effort to protect African elephants and rhinos, law closes loophole that allowed marketing of 'antique' ivory to continue. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In a major victory for African wildlife, Governor Jerry Brown signed AB 96 on Sunday to close a loophole in the state’s ban on importing and buying elephant ivory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is the third state to ban all sales of ivory after New York and New Jersey. The state is \u003ca href=\"http://docs.nrdc.org/wildlife/files/wil_15010601a.pdf\">one of the largest U.S. markets for \u003c/a>the product.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In California it’s particularly important because of the large population of Asian immigrants,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.ifaw.org/united-states/about-us/elephants/grace-ge-gabriel\">Grace Ge Gabriel\u003c/a>, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ifaw.org/\">International Fund for Animal Welfare\u003c/a>’s Regional Director in Asia.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘This ban is going to stigmatize purchasing ivory, and that’s what will help change behavior.’\u003ccite> Grace Ge Gabriel, International Fund for Animal Welfare \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Second only to Los Angeles, San Francisco sells the most ivory in California. The city’s Chinatown sells trinkets like jewelry, chopsticks, carved horns and statues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has already had an ivory ban on the books since 1977. Until now, shopkeepers were allowed to sell ivory that was imported before 1977.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But many store owners have exploited this exemption, claiming their products were imported before 1977. Since it’s impossible to “date” ivory, it’s been difficult to tell which ivory is new and which was imported decades ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, before the new ban, 80 percent of ivory sold in San Francisco was likely illegal under state law, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/media/2015/150107a.asp\">a National Resources Defense Council study\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters of the legislation say banning nearly all sales will reduce demand for the product and make it easier to control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worldwide, more than 30,000 elephants are killed each year for their tusks–nearly 100 elephants a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Poachers sell the lucrative ivory for thousands of dollars per pound. Increasingly, militias and criminal gangs in Sudan, Uganda the Democratic Republic of the Congo sell ivory to purchase weapons, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ifaw.org/sites/default/files/ifaw-criminal-nature-2013-low-res_0.pdf\">according to IFAW\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This ban is going to stigmatize purchasing ivory, and that’s what will help change behavior,” said Ge Gabriel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California bill, authored by Assembly Speaker Toni Atkins, D-San Diego was co-sponsored by the Oakland Zoo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It goes into effective July 1, 2016, with fines up to $50,000 and a year in jail for illegal sales.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Drought Revives a River -- and a Poignant History",
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"content": "\u003cp>California’s relentless four-year drought has had some unexpected consequences. It’s uncovered lost bits of history — ancient petroglyphs and remnants of mining towns at the bottom of reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in the canyons of the Sierra foothills, the legendary rapids of the Stanislaus River are back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Stanislaus feeds New Melones Reservoir, about 80 miles east of the Bay Area — except that lately it hasn’t been feeding it much. The reservoir, which holds water for the federally operated Central Valley Project, has dropped to just over 10 percent of capacity. It’s receded so much that some of it has reverted to flowing river, exposing rapids that disappeared when the Army Corps of Engineers erected a \u003ca href=\"http://www.usbr.gov/projects/Project.jsp?proj_Name=New+Melones+Unit+Project\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">600-foot-high dam\u003c/a>, nearly 40 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Look above us now,” Mark Dubois called out from the stern of a yellow inflatable raft. “Look downstream, you can see 40 feet above our heads would be reservoir in full season.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio//2015/10/StanislausDubois.mp3\u003cbr>\nhttps://youtu.be/eanN_RJSdOs\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Dubois started running this river as a teenager. Now in his mid-60s, his bearded, 6-foot-8 presence is still bigger than life. He became world famous briefly in 1979, when he took a bold — some would say, reckless — stand to save this stretch of river from being submerged by the new dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve been groping all those years and every year since to describe the magic of every square foot of this river and what it does to people’s lives,” he says, “and I still have no words for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in 1979, when Dubois was 30 years old, he did have a kind of epiphany. After \u003ca href=\"http://www.friendsoftheriver.org/site/PageServer?pagename=SpiritoftheStan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">years of protests and political action\u003c/a>, it looked like he and his fellow activists had run out of options for stopping the canyon’s inundation, and the new, expanded reservoir was about to be filled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_287787\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/IMG_3577.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-287787 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/IMG_3577-800x600.jpg\" alt='Four years of drought have exposed standing forests that were underwater and \"bathtub rings\" that mark previous levels of the New Melones reservoir.' width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/IMG_3577-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/IMG_3577-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/IMG_3577-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/IMG_3577-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/IMG_3577-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/IMG_3577-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Four years of drought have exposed standing forests that were underwater and “bathtub rings” that mark previous levels of the New Melones reservoir. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“In that moment I had no idea what I was going to do,” he says, “but I knew that in that moment, I couldn’t just turn away.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Dubois went down to the hardware store, bought some chain, and shackled himself to a canyon wall at a secret spot on the river’s edge — one that he knew would soon be underwater. He padlocked the chains and tossed the keys out of his reach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked him if he was actually prepared to go under. His thoughtful one-word reply: “Yeah.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The move had been kept under close wraps. Dubois knew every corner of the canyon and was so well hidden that after several days of searching, officials suspected a hoax. But it was real, and Dubois’ act stunned even many of his fellow activists.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘I didn’t do this wanting to commit suicide. I wanted them to choose.’\u003ccite> Mark Dubois,\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Gina Cuclis, who worked on the Save-the-Stan campaign as a college student, remembers her reaction when someone handed her a newspaper in late May of ’79.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oh my god — look what he did!,” she recalls thinking. “And then it was stunned and shocked, but then it was like, wow. Wow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She recalls that at the time, she was nervous on Dubois’ behalf, but never actually feared for his life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was glad he did it because it was the big event we needed,” Cuclis says. “How do you get attention? You gotta do something shocking, sadly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I didn’t do this wanting to commit suicide,” says Dubois. “I wanted them (the Army Corps of Engineers) to choose. It was: You are consciously deciding to flood all the life in this canyon. Now you can choose to flood one more life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[gallery type=\"rectangular\" size=\"full\" ids=\"286816\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, the Stan was wildly popular among rafters and kayakers. It was the closest thing California could offer to a Grand Canyon-type of experience: towering limestone canyons and Class III whitewater — rapids with “inviting” names like “Death Rock” and “Widowmaker.” But for all the morbid imagery, it was the life of the river that attracted Dubois — and cemented his resolve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know, turquoise waters dancing around,” he recalls. “The butterflies were dancing, the dragonflies were coming, the grapevines were reaching out, the wildflowers blooming, and in a moment, I just felt the life of that place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few fellow activists joined Dubois in literally chaining their fates to the river canyon. The governor — Jerry Brown, as it happens — sent a plea to President Jimmy Carter to stop the filling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It worked, for a while. After a week in the canyon, Dubois came out with a deal in place to preserve at least part of the river, by filling the reservoir only partway. They managed to delay the flooding for a year, but ultimately the waters came, driven by the pressure for more irrigated land and the torrential El Niño rains of 1982.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nine-mile stretch of river, so beloved by so many, disappeared, bubbling back up only now that severe drought has exposed not only the rapids, but the memories and the grief.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Losing a place you love is like losing a person you truly love,” says Cuclis. “It’s not a person but when it’s a place that has touched you, changed you, you feel a deep loss.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the river offers only faint shadows of what was; the canyon walls are scarred with high-water marks known as “bathtub rings,” and groves of skeletal Ponderosa pines, submerged for decades, still stand a ghostly vigil near the riverbed, newly exposed by receding waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the same punishing drought revives the call for more water storage — and to some that means more dams — some of the new generation of activists have returned to the Stan for inspiration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I needed to see this place for myself. I needed to come see this,” said Eric Wesselman. He’s the current head of \u003ca href=\"http://www.friendsoftheriver.org/site/PageServer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Friends of the River\u003c/a>, a job that Dubois himself held when the organization was just getting started.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve studied the campaign,” he told me as he was preparing to run the river with Dubois and a coterie of river enthusiasts. “Organizers like me yearn for the opportunity to be part of campaigns like that because they’re special and they’re magical and so powerful and great things can happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Things did happen. There’s little doubt that the Stanislaus campaign supercharged a national movement to save \u003ca href=\"http://www.rivers.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wild and scenic rivers\u003c/a>, probably sparing the nearby Tuolumne River a major dam project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for Dubois, the gains are still hard to balance against what was lost. Even today, he gets choked up contemplating it. He knows that, soon enough, rain will return and his lost world will again vanish beneath the waters of New Melones Lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.google.com/maps/embed?pb=!1m10!1m8!1m3!1d201109.7184484181!2d-120.3549019!3d38.0391785!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1!5e0!3m2!1sen!2sus!4v1443804779084\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California’s relentless four-year drought has had some unexpected consequences. It’s uncovered lost bits of history — ancient petroglyphs and remnants of mining towns at the bottom of reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in the canyons of the Sierra foothills, the legendary rapids of the Stanislaus River are back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Stanislaus feeds New Melones Reservoir, about 80 miles east of the Bay Area — except that lately it hasn’t been feeding it much. The reservoir, which holds water for the federally operated Central Valley Project, has dropped to just over 10 percent of capacity. It’s receded so much that some of it has reverted to flowing river, exposing rapids that disappeared when the Army Corps of Engineers erected a \u003ca href=\"http://www.usbr.gov/projects/Project.jsp?proj_Name=New+Melones+Unit+Project\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">600-foot-high dam\u003c/a>, nearly 40 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Look above us now,” Mark Dubois called out from the stern of a yellow inflatable raft. “Look downstream, you can see 40 feet above our heads would be reservoir in full season.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio//2015/10/StanislausDubois.mp3\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/eanN_RJSdOs'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/eanN_RJSdOs'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Dubois started running this river as a teenager. Now in his mid-60s, his bearded, 6-foot-8 presence is still bigger than life. He became world famous briefly in 1979, when he took a bold — some would say, reckless — stand to save this stretch of river from being submerged by the new dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve been groping all those years and every year since to describe the magic of every square foot of this river and what it does to people’s lives,” he says, “and I still have no words for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in 1979, when Dubois was 30 years old, he did have a kind of epiphany. After \u003ca href=\"http://www.friendsoftheriver.org/site/PageServer?pagename=SpiritoftheStan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">years of protests and political action\u003c/a>, it looked like he and his fellow activists had run out of options for stopping the canyon’s inundation, and the new, expanded reservoir was about to be filled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_287787\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/IMG_3577.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-287787 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/IMG_3577-800x600.jpg\" alt='Four years of drought have exposed standing forests that were underwater and \"bathtub rings\" that mark previous levels of the New Melones reservoir.' width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/IMG_3577-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/IMG_3577-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/IMG_3577-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/IMG_3577-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/IMG_3577-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/IMG_3577-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Four years of drought have exposed standing forests that were underwater and “bathtub rings” that mark previous levels of the New Melones reservoir. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“In that moment I had no idea what I was going to do,” he says, “but I knew that in that moment, I couldn’t just turn away.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Dubois went down to the hardware store, bought some chain, and shackled himself to a canyon wall at a secret spot on the river’s edge — one that he knew would soon be underwater. He padlocked the chains and tossed the keys out of his reach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked him if he was actually prepared to go under. His thoughtful one-word reply: “Yeah.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The move had been kept under close wraps. Dubois knew every corner of the canyon and was so well hidden that after several days of searching, officials suspected a hoax. But it was real, and Dubois’ act stunned even many of his fellow activists.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘I didn’t do this wanting to commit suicide. I wanted them to choose.’\u003ccite> Mark Dubois,\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Gina Cuclis, who worked on the Save-the-Stan campaign as a college student, remembers her reaction when someone handed her a newspaper in late May of ’79.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oh my god — look what he did!,” she recalls thinking. “And then it was stunned and shocked, but then it was like, wow. Wow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She recalls that at the time, she was nervous on Dubois’ behalf, but never actually feared for his life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was glad he did it because it was the big event we needed,” Cuclis says. “How do you get attention? You gotta do something shocking, sadly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I didn’t do this wanting to commit suicide,” says Dubois. “I wanted them (the Army Corps of Engineers) to choose. It was: You are consciously deciding to flood all the life in this canyon. Now you can choose to flood one more life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, the Stan was wildly popular among rafters and kayakers. It was the closest thing California could offer to a Grand Canyon-type of experience: towering limestone canyons and Class III whitewater — rapids with “inviting” names like “Death Rock” and “Widowmaker.” But for all the morbid imagery, it was the life of the river that attracted Dubois — and cemented his resolve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know, turquoise waters dancing around,” he recalls. “The butterflies were dancing, the dragonflies were coming, the grapevines were reaching out, the wildflowers blooming, and in a moment, I just felt the life of that place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few fellow activists joined Dubois in literally chaining their fates to the river canyon. The governor — Jerry Brown, as it happens — sent a plea to President Jimmy Carter to stop the filling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It worked, for a while. After a week in the canyon, Dubois came out with a deal in place to preserve at least part of the river, by filling the reservoir only partway. They managed to delay the flooding for a year, but ultimately the waters came, driven by the pressure for more irrigated land and the torrential El Niño rains of 1982.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nine-mile stretch of river, so beloved by so many, disappeared, bubbling back up only now that severe drought has exposed not only the rapids, but the memories and the grief.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Losing a place you love is like losing a person you truly love,” says Cuclis. “It’s not a person but when it’s a place that has touched you, changed you, you feel a deep loss.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the river offers only faint shadows of what was; the canyon walls are scarred with high-water marks known as “bathtub rings,” and groves of skeletal Ponderosa pines, submerged for decades, still stand a ghostly vigil near the riverbed, newly exposed by receding waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the same punishing drought revives the call for more water storage — and to some that means more dams — some of the new generation of activists have returned to the Stan for inspiration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I needed to see this place for myself. I needed to come see this,” said Eric Wesselman. He’s the current head of \u003ca href=\"http://www.friendsoftheriver.org/site/PageServer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Friends of the River\u003c/a>, a job that Dubois himself held when the organization was just getting started.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve studied the campaign,” he told me as he was preparing to run the river with Dubois and a coterie of river enthusiasts. “Organizers like me yearn for the opportunity to be part of campaigns like that because they’re special and they’re magical and so powerful and great things can happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Things did happen. There’s little doubt that the Stanislaus campaign supercharged a national movement to save \u003ca href=\"http://www.rivers.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wild and scenic rivers\u003c/a>, probably sparing the nearby Tuolumne River a major dam project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for Dubois, the gains are still hard to balance against what was lost. Even today, he gets choked up contemplating it. He knows that, soon enough, rain will return and his lost world will again vanish beneath the waters of New Melones Lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Urban Californians used 27 percent less water in August than they did in the same month in 2013, the State Water Resources Control Board said today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”yQDEv00Sky3Hl4kB7DIBUvJHa83WeuZe”]That’s the third straight month that local water suppliers have exceeded Gov. Jerry Brown’s mandate of a 25 percent reduction in water use since the order went into effect in June. And it puts the state’s cumulative reduction at almost 29 percent, and half-way to meeting the goal of 1.2 million acre-feet of water savings by February 2016. An acre-foot is the rough equivalent of a football field covered with one foot of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Locally, Menlo Park has racked up the second-largest percentage of urban water savings in the entire state: 49.5 percent since the governor’s order has gone into effect. The city also leads all Bay Area water suppliers in terms of saving a larger percentage than mandated by the state. (The water board established different \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/docs/emergency_regulations/supplier_tiers_20150428.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tiers for the reductions that local water agencies must reach\u003c/a>. Those different levels depend on how much water local residents had been using on a per-capita basis.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Top reductions over mandate in Bay Area\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003ctable>\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>Menlo Park\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>31.5 % better than mandate\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>Dublin San Ramon\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>31.2 % better than mandate\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>Hayward\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>26 % better than mandate\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>North Coast County Water District (Pacifica)\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>24.6 % better than mandate\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>Redwood City\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>24.5 % better than mandate\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003cp>Way to go, parsimonious Bay Area water users. Now maybe you need to send a delegation \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/10/01/californias-biggest-water-guzzler-is-someone-in-bel-air/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Big Three water suppliers in the region — EBMUD, San Jose Water Company, and San Francisco PUC — have achieved 13.6 percent, 16.5 percent and 8.3 percent better than quota, respectively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the state’s overall savings rate in August dipped from July’s record 31 percent. And officials continue to pound home the theme that \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/09/01/drought-myth-busting-why-el-nino-wont-save-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nobody should count on the water god named El Niño\u003c/a> to soak us out of this historic drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s still hot across the state and we still have a long way to go, El Niño or not,” said State Water Resources Control Board Chairwoman Felicia Marcus. “California’s water deficit is a year’s worth of precipitation. One wet winter, even if we get a wet winter, is not going to erase that deficit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/226664235″ params=”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false” width=”100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true” /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She urged Californians to keep conserving, “We’re still on the better safe than sorry plan,” she said, adding that “El Niño -will-save-us stories” in the media last year “really sank us in terms of saving a lot of water that we could have.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>August also saw a decrease in water suppliers who are meeting the conservation goal set for them by the state. Of the 406 water suppliers submitting reports for August, 291 or 72 percent were within 1 percent of their mandated standard.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Urban Californians used 27 percent less water in August than they did in the same month in 2013, the State Water Resources Control Board said today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>That’s the third straight month that local water suppliers have exceeded Gov. Jerry Brown’s mandate of a 25 percent reduction in water use since the order went into effect in June. And it puts the state’s cumulative reduction at almost 29 percent, and half-way to meeting the goal of 1.2 million acre-feet of water savings by February 2016. An acre-foot is the rough equivalent of a football field covered with one foot of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Locally, Menlo Park has racked up the second-largest percentage of urban water savings in the entire state: 49.5 percent since the governor’s order has gone into effect. The city also leads all Bay Area water suppliers in terms of saving a larger percentage than mandated by the state. (The water board established different \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/docs/emergency_regulations/supplier_tiers_20150428.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tiers for the reductions that local water agencies must reach\u003c/a>. Those different levels depend on how much water local residents had been using on a per-capita basis.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Top reductions over mandate in Bay Area\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003ctable>\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>Menlo Park\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>31.5 % better than mandate\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>Dublin San Ramon\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>31.2 % better than mandate\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>Hayward\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>26 % better than mandate\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>North Coast County Water District (Pacifica)\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>24.6 % better than mandate\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>Redwood City\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>24.5 % better than mandate\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003cp>Way to go, parsimonious Bay Area water users. Now maybe you need to send a delegation \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/10/01/californias-biggest-water-guzzler-is-someone-in-bel-air/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Big Three water suppliers in the region — EBMUD, San Jose Water Company, and San Francisco PUC — have achieved 13.6 percent, 16.5 percent and 8.3 percent better than quota, respectively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the state’s overall savings rate in August dipped from July’s record 31 percent. And officials continue to pound home the theme that \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/09/01/drought-myth-busting-why-el-nino-wont-save-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nobody should count on the water god named El Niño\u003c/a> to soak us out of this historic drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s still hot across the state and we still have a long way to go, El Niño or not,” said State Water Resources Control Board Chairwoman Felicia Marcus. “California’s water deficit is a year’s worth of precipitation. One wet winter, even if we get a wet winter, is not going to erase that deficit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”166″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/226664235″&visual=true&”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false”'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/226664235″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She urged Californians to keep conserving, “We’re still on the better safe than sorry plan,” she said, adding that “El Niño -will-save-us stories” in the media last year “really sank us in terms of saving a lot of water that we could have.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>August also saw a decrease in water suppliers who are meeting the conservation goal set for them by the state. Of the 406 water suppliers submitting reports for August, 291 or 72 percent were within 1 percent of their mandated standard.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Climate Change Policy: What's Coming Up",
"headTitle": "California Climate Change Policy: What’s Coming Up | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The Legislature may have scuttled the centerpiece of Gov. Jerry Brown’s climate change plans, but it still approved ambitious new environmental policies that will impact the economy and life of Californians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a long trek forward to change the very basis of our industrial economy,” Brown said last week. “And I think we’re making tremendous progress.”In coming years, the new \u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/15-16/bill/sen/sb_0301-0350/sb_350_bill_20150911_enrolled.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">legislation\u003c/a> means California’s homes and buildings are expected to use dramatically less electricity and the \u003ca href=\"http://calmatters.org/articles/california-pushes-forward-on-renewable-power/\">power grid will increase its share of renewable energy\u003c/a>. Brown also hopes to achieve much of what the Legislature rejected through \u003ca href=\"http://calmatters.org/articles/california-climate-change-policy-overview/\">executive orders and regulations\u003c/a>. That will mean more electric cars on the road and increased use of biofuels, as part of a far-reaching effort to slash greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the legislative session that ended on Sept. 11, lawmakers halted a bill that would have mandated deep greenhouse gas emissions cuts by the year 2050. They also failed to extend the state’s carbon-limiting \u003ca href=\"http://calmatters.org/articles/cap-and-trade-is-california-a-leader-or-a-loner/\">cap-and-trade program\u003c/a>, which may otherwise expire in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most contentious of all was a bid to \u003ca href=\"http://calmatters.org/articles/can-california-cut-gasoline-use-in-half-in-15-years-probably-not/\">slash petroleum use in motor vehicles in half by 2030\u003c/a>. That idea got dropped after the oil industry launched a \u003ca href=\"http://calmatters.org/articles/ad-blitz-heats-up-climate-change-fight/\">vigorous advertising campaign in opposition\u003c/a>, and some Democrats in the state Assembly shied away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Landmark Measure Passed\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Brown and Senate President pro Tem \u003ca href=\"http://calmatters.org/articles/climate-soulmates/\">Kevin de León\u003c/a> (D-Los Angeles) will bring almost unparalleled accomplishments to a major international climate-change conference in Paris this December.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawmakers passed and sent to the governor a landmark measure, carried by de León, to require electric power providers to get half of their electricity from renewable sources by 2030 (currently they are required to get 33 percent by 2020). It’s a target that’s stricter than all but a few states. Brown is expected to sign the legislation by the Oct. 11 deadline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The renewable energy goal means that electricity providers must invest in more wind farms and large-scale solar plants as well as new transmission infrastructure. Currently, the three major utilities in the state – Pacific Gas & Electric, Southern California Edison and San Diego Gas & Electric — each get more than 20 percent of their electricity from renewables.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Public Utilities Commission has not yet studied how the 50 percent target might affect consumers’ electric rates. Terrie Prosper, a commission spokeswoman, said the marginal cost should be minimal “if new technologies like storage and electric vehicles can be effectively used to integrate renewable resources.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The renewable energy bill also calls for new and existing buildings across the state to become, collectively, twice as energy efficient by 2030. This \u003ca href=\"http://docketpublic.energy.ca.gov/PublicDocuments/15-IEPR-05/TN205919_20150828T153953_Existing_Buildings_Energy_Efficiency_Action_Plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">means\u003c/a> that Californians can expect to get more information about their homes’ energy usage, a helpful tool for homebuyers among others. It is also likely to be easier to find and use incentives like rebates to make homes more efficient. Energy-use standards for electronic appliances may also continue to tighten.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a very big goal,” said Dennis Murphy of the US Green Building Council’s California branch, who noted that the state already was far more energy-efficient than most of the nation. Churches, schools and office buildings will be affected as well as homes, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The third leg of de León’s bill, known as Senate Bill 350, would have required the state to cut petroleum usage in motor vehicles in half by 2030. That portion got removed from the final bill. But Brown said last week that the California Air Resources Board, which would have taken charge of the petroleum mandate had it passed, would work toward a lower-petroleum future anyhow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The only thing we don’t have is a formal statement in law of a 50 percent goal,” Brown said. “But the ARB is committed to that 50 percent goal, and I am committed to backing them up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, the air board readopted a major rule known as the low-carbon fuel standard that requires producers of transportation fuels such as gasoline and diesel to make their products 10 percent less carbon-intensive by 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Executive Orders\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The air board is already planning for long-term greenhouse gas emissions cuts to comply with executive orders issued by Brown and his predecessor, former Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger. The executive orders \u003ca href=\"http://calmatters.org/articles/how-hard-will-it-be-to-meet-2030-and-2050-greenhouse-gas-reduction-goals/\">require emissions reductions of 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030 and 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050\u003c/a>. These cuts will have impacts for many sectors, prompting industrial plants and even perhaps farms to cut their greenhouse gas output.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bill would have codified those goals into law, which would preserve the goal in statute no matter who succeeds Brown as governor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not really set in stone. It’s an executive order,” said Ethan Elkind, a climate expert affiliated with the laws schools of the University of California, Berkeley and UCLA. He added that some groups may not follow those orders the way they would legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But assuming the air board crafts policies to comply with the executive orders, that should effectively mean a close to 50 percent cut in petroleum use, said Simon Mui of the Natural Resources Defense Council — on the order, in other words, of what de León and Brown originally outlined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, despite Brown’s fury at the oil companies, the air board may not be able to enact petroleum cuts directly, in the absence of legislative action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Air Resources Board “has pretty broad authority over air emissions, but I don’t think that translates into a direct ability to reduce petroleum,” said Brian Cragg, an attorney with the San Francisco firm Goodin, MacBride, Squeri & Day. “They would have to try to find some tie to air emissions…that would result in a reduction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Air board spokesman Dave Clegern said in an e-mail that the agency does not comment on legislation. However, “broadly we would note that Senate Bill 350 did not expand ARB’s authority, nor was it a directive to create new regulations,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The major programs needed to meet the decarbonizing goals announced this year by the governor are already in place, Clegern said. The air board has crafted policies that include reducing the carbon content of fuels, regulating the emissions from cars and trucks, and rewarding automakers that sell electric vehicles to Californians. The board also runs the cap-and-trade program, which limits carbon across nearly the entire California economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The air board operates some of its key programs under a landmark piece of legislation passed in 2006, which sought to slash California’s greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by 2020 — a \u003ca href=\"http://calmatters.org/articles/will-california-meet-its-2020-greenhouse-gas-reduction-goal/\">goal that state officials expect to meet in time\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the air board, which is overseen by a panel of gubernatorial appointees, is also likely to face increased scrutiny from both businesses and lawmakers as it embarks on more ambitious policies whose costs have yet to be determined, including those that affect petroleum. New \u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/15-16/bill/asm/ab_1251-1300/ab_1288_bill_20150914_enrolled.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">legislation\u003c/a>provides that the Senate and the Assembly will now each appoint one member of the agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s going to be a lot more attention paid to what strategies that we have available, including, like, litigation, to be able to address [regulatory] decisions, if we don’t think they’re fair and balanced,” said Rob Lapsley, president of the California Business Roundtable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawmakers, some of whom toyed with the idea of curbing the air board’s power during the recent session, will also take a more active role in the watching and overseeing the agency, Lapsley said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The Legislature may have scuttled the centerpiece of Gov. Jerry Brown’s climate change plans, but it still approved ambitious new policies.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Legislature may have scuttled the centerpiece of Gov. Jerry Brown’s climate change plans, but it still approved ambitious new environmental policies that will impact the economy and life of Californians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a long trek forward to change the very basis of our industrial economy,” Brown said last week. “And I think we’re making tremendous progress.”In coming years, the new \u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/15-16/bill/sen/sb_0301-0350/sb_350_bill_20150911_enrolled.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">legislation\u003c/a> means California’s homes and buildings are expected to use dramatically less electricity and the \u003ca href=\"http://calmatters.org/articles/california-pushes-forward-on-renewable-power/\">power grid will increase its share of renewable energy\u003c/a>. Brown also hopes to achieve much of what the Legislature rejected through \u003ca href=\"http://calmatters.org/articles/california-climate-change-policy-overview/\">executive orders and regulations\u003c/a>. That will mean more electric cars on the road and increased use of biofuels, as part of a far-reaching effort to slash greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the legislative session that ended on Sept. 11, lawmakers halted a bill that would have mandated deep greenhouse gas emissions cuts by the year 2050. They also failed to extend the state’s carbon-limiting \u003ca href=\"http://calmatters.org/articles/cap-and-trade-is-california-a-leader-or-a-loner/\">cap-and-trade program\u003c/a>, which may otherwise expire in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most contentious of all was a bid to \u003ca href=\"http://calmatters.org/articles/can-california-cut-gasoline-use-in-half-in-15-years-probably-not/\">slash petroleum use in motor vehicles in half by 2030\u003c/a>. That idea got dropped after the oil industry launched a \u003ca href=\"http://calmatters.org/articles/ad-blitz-heats-up-climate-change-fight/\">vigorous advertising campaign in opposition\u003c/a>, and some Democrats in the state Assembly shied away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Landmark Measure Passed\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Brown and Senate President pro Tem \u003ca href=\"http://calmatters.org/articles/climate-soulmates/\">Kevin de León\u003c/a> (D-Los Angeles) will bring almost unparalleled accomplishments to a major international climate-change conference in Paris this December.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawmakers passed and sent to the governor a landmark measure, carried by de León, to require electric power providers to get half of their electricity from renewable sources by 2030 (currently they are required to get 33 percent by 2020). It’s a target that’s stricter than all but a few states. Brown is expected to sign the legislation by the Oct. 11 deadline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The renewable energy goal means that electricity providers must invest in more wind farms and large-scale solar plants as well as new transmission infrastructure. Currently, the three major utilities in the state – Pacific Gas & Electric, Southern California Edison and San Diego Gas & Electric — each get more than 20 percent of their electricity from renewables.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Public Utilities Commission has not yet studied how the 50 percent target might affect consumers’ electric rates. Terrie Prosper, a commission spokeswoman, said the marginal cost should be minimal “if new technologies like storage and electric vehicles can be effectively used to integrate renewable resources.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The renewable energy bill also calls for new and existing buildings across the state to become, collectively, twice as energy efficient by 2030. This \u003ca href=\"http://docketpublic.energy.ca.gov/PublicDocuments/15-IEPR-05/TN205919_20150828T153953_Existing_Buildings_Energy_Efficiency_Action_Plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">means\u003c/a> that Californians can expect to get more information about their homes’ energy usage, a helpful tool for homebuyers among others. It is also likely to be easier to find and use incentives like rebates to make homes more efficient. Energy-use standards for electronic appliances may also continue to tighten.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a very big goal,” said Dennis Murphy of the US Green Building Council’s California branch, who noted that the state already was far more energy-efficient than most of the nation. Churches, schools and office buildings will be affected as well as homes, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The third leg of de León’s bill, known as Senate Bill 350, would have required the state to cut petroleum usage in motor vehicles in half by 2030. That portion got removed from the final bill. But Brown said last week that the California Air Resources Board, which would have taken charge of the petroleum mandate had it passed, would work toward a lower-petroleum future anyhow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The only thing we don’t have is a formal statement in law of a 50 percent goal,” Brown said. “But the ARB is committed to that 50 percent goal, and I am committed to backing them up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, the air board readopted a major rule known as the low-carbon fuel standard that requires producers of transportation fuels such as gasoline and diesel to make their products 10 percent less carbon-intensive by 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Executive Orders\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The air board is already planning for long-term greenhouse gas emissions cuts to comply with executive orders issued by Brown and his predecessor, former Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger. The executive orders \u003ca href=\"http://calmatters.org/articles/how-hard-will-it-be-to-meet-2030-and-2050-greenhouse-gas-reduction-goals/\">require emissions reductions of 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030 and 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050\u003c/a>. These cuts will have impacts for many sectors, prompting industrial plants and even perhaps farms to cut their greenhouse gas output.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bill would have codified those goals into law, which would preserve the goal in statute no matter who succeeds Brown as governor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not really set in stone. It’s an executive order,” said Ethan Elkind, a climate expert affiliated with the laws schools of the University of California, Berkeley and UCLA. He added that some groups may not follow those orders the way they would legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But assuming the air board crafts policies to comply with the executive orders, that should effectively mean a close to 50 percent cut in petroleum use, said Simon Mui of the Natural Resources Defense Council — on the order, in other words, of what de León and Brown originally outlined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, despite Brown’s fury at the oil companies, the air board may not be able to enact petroleum cuts directly, in the absence of legislative action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Air Resources Board “has pretty broad authority over air emissions, but I don’t think that translates into a direct ability to reduce petroleum,” said Brian Cragg, an attorney with the San Francisco firm Goodin, MacBride, Squeri & Day. “They would have to try to find some tie to air emissions…that would result in a reduction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Air board spokesman Dave Clegern said in an e-mail that the agency does not comment on legislation. However, “broadly we would note that Senate Bill 350 did not expand ARB’s authority, nor was it a directive to create new regulations,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The major programs needed to meet the decarbonizing goals announced this year by the governor are already in place, Clegern said. The air board has crafted policies that include reducing the carbon content of fuels, regulating the emissions from cars and trucks, and rewarding automakers that sell electric vehicles to Californians. The board also runs the cap-and-trade program, which limits carbon across nearly the entire California economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The air board operates some of its key programs under a landmark piece of legislation passed in 2006, which sought to slash California’s greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by 2020 — a \u003ca href=\"http://calmatters.org/articles/will-california-meet-its-2020-greenhouse-gas-reduction-goal/\">goal that state officials expect to meet in time\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the air board, which is overseen by a panel of gubernatorial appointees, is also likely to face increased scrutiny from both businesses and lawmakers as it embarks on more ambitious policies whose costs have yet to be determined, including those that affect petroleum. New \u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/15-16/bill/asm/ab_1251-1300/ab_1288_bill_20150914_enrolled.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">legislation\u003c/a>provides that the Senate and the Assembly will now each appoint one member of the agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s going to be a lot more attention paid to what strategies that we have available, including, like, litigation, to be able to address [regulatory] decisions, if we don’t think they’re fair and balanced,” said Rob Lapsley, president of the California Business Roundtable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Drought-Weakened Trees Could Pose Danger This Winter",
"headTitle": "Drought-Weakened Trees Could Pose Danger This Winter | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio//2015/09/WebDroughtTrees.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After four years of drought, California has a huge number of dead and dying trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a U.S. Forest Service aerial survey last spring, researchers estimated there were 12.5 million dead trees on national forest lands alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That doesn’t count dead and dying trees in open spaces and urban parks, or on private property like your backyard or your neighbor’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With climatologists predicting that \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/09/02/floods-in-a-drought-how-a-monster-el-nino-could-bring-relief-and-misery-to-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this year’s El Niño \u003c/a>will usher in strong winds and torrential rains, weakened trees pose dangers to people and property across the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘If we’re going to incur any sort of storm, there’s going be a lot of trees in jeopardy.’\u003ccite>Remy Hummer, Arborist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In the Bay Area, arborists are working overtime to prune or remove trees on private property. And many homeowners aren’t receiving any assistance with the cost; San Francisco, Oakland and Berkeley don’t have funds designated for this. In San Francisco, even street trees — normally a municipal responsibility — are being turned over to residents because the city doesn’t have the money to manage them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Protecting Power Lines\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E inspects millions of trees each year and is responsible for removing limbs and trees that pose a threat to power lines in urban and rural areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a work site in Santa Cruz recently, program manager Joel Smith points out the signs of a dead tree, a Douglas fir that crews are trimming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s just a small portion of green up toward the top,” he says, “and the rest of the crown is basically dead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clumps of pine needles at the top of this Douglas fir have started to turn brown, and lichen hangs from the lower branches. Smith says this tree is too close to power lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://gifs.com/embed/KkPDkb\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" style=\"-webkit-backface-visibility: hidden;-webkit-transform: scale(1);\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To get a sense of the size of this tree, look for the PG&E crew member who’s barely visible, just under the branch that’s being trimmed off.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is very serious,” he says. “Trees that are dead or are otherwise compromised can fail, and if they are close to our high voltage lines they can cause those lines to come down, which can create a very dangerous public safety hazard, as well as taking out the power and potentially causing a wildfire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire officials are currently investigating whether this month’s devastating Butte Fire was ignited when a tree came into contact with a power line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, says PG&E, crews are taking out 30 percent more dead trees and twice as many hazardous trees as in a non-drought year. And when customers call for a tree inspection, crews are doing less pruning and more removal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Should Homeowners Do?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you see a drought-stressed tree near a power line, call PG&E; if it’s a street tree, call 311 to schedule a city inspection. But if you’re worried about a tree on your property, call a certified arborist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remy Hummer with Arborist Now says he’s been working overtime since the beginning of the year, trimming and removing trees or supporting them with cables. He says a lot of calls this fall are from homeowners worried about storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_268059\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Fallen-tree-in-Vallejo.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-268059\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Fallen-tree-in-Vallejo-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"A weakened tree is uprooted in Vallejo by winds from one of last winter's rare atmospheric river storms.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Fallen-tree-in-Vallejo-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Fallen-tree-in-Vallejo-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Fallen-tree-in-Vallejo-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Fallen-tree-in-Vallejo-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Fallen-tree-in-Vallejo.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A weakened tree in Vallejo was uprooted by winds from one of last winter’s atmospheric river storms. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“If we’re going to incur any sort of storm, there’s going to be a lot of trees in jeopardy,” he says, “even the ones that are very sound.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco officials say even in an ordinary year, between one and three tree branches fall every week in the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But U.C. Berkeley forest ecologist Joe McBride says this winter, hundreds of branches could fall every week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climatologists now say there’s a 95 percent chance El Niño will last through the winter. And they’re saying the storms could be as big as the El Niño of 1997-98, when San Francisco received double its normal amount of rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One clue that you may have a drought-stressed tree is a brown crown, says McBride. He says the crown is often the first place to go dry, because the tree simply can’t send enough water up to the taller branches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Bad Storm\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his four decades studying trees, McBride says one of the worst winter storms he remembers was in 1991.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There were record wind velocities following about a week of rainfall in San Francisco,” he says, “and an estimated 6,000 trees at the Presidio and in Golden Gate Park were blown over as a result of that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it didn’t take long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It all occurred in about a period of six hours, this one really heavy windstorm,” he says. “Blocked streets, a number of structures were hit by falling trees, cars were hit. It was a major disaster.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a somewhat rare combination of prolonged rainfall with record winds, McBride says. And as to whether something similar is possible this winter?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oh, I think it’s possible,” he says, “yeah.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>After four years of drought, California has a huge number of dead and dying trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a U.S. Forest Service aerial survey last spring, researchers estimated there were 12.5 million dead trees on national forest lands alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That doesn’t count dead and dying trees in open spaces and urban parks, or on private property like your backyard or your neighbor’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With climatologists predicting that \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/09/02/floods-in-a-drought-how-a-monster-el-nino-could-bring-relief-and-misery-to-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this year’s El Niño \u003c/a>will usher in strong winds and torrential rains, weakened trees pose dangers to people and property across the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘If we’re going to incur any sort of storm, there’s going be a lot of trees in jeopardy.’\u003ccite>Remy Hummer, Arborist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In the Bay Area, arborists are working overtime to prune or remove trees on private property. And many homeowners aren’t receiving any assistance with the cost; San Francisco, Oakland and Berkeley don’t have funds designated for this. In San Francisco, even street trees — normally a municipal responsibility — are being turned over to residents because the city doesn’t have the money to manage them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Protecting Power Lines\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E inspects millions of trees each year and is responsible for removing limbs and trees that pose a threat to power lines in urban and rural areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a work site in Santa Cruz recently, program manager Joel Smith points out the signs of a dead tree, a Douglas fir that crews are trimming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s just a small portion of green up toward the top,” he says, “and the rest of the crown is basically dead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clumps of pine needles at the top of this Douglas fir have started to turn brown, and lichen hangs from the lower branches. Smith says this tree is too close to power lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://gifs.com/embed/KkPDkb\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" style=\"-webkit-backface-visibility: hidden;-webkit-transform: scale(1);\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To get a sense of the size of this tree, look for the PG&E crew member who’s barely visible, just under the branch that’s being trimmed off.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is very serious,” he says. “Trees that are dead or are otherwise compromised can fail, and if they are close to our high voltage lines they can cause those lines to come down, which can create a very dangerous public safety hazard, as well as taking out the power and potentially causing a wildfire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire officials are currently investigating whether this month’s devastating Butte Fire was ignited when a tree came into contact with a power line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, says PG&E, crews are taking out 30 percent more dead trees and twice as many hazardous trees as in a non-drought year. And when customers call for a tree inspection, crews are doing less pruning and more removal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Should Homeowners Do?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you see a drought-stressed tree near a power line, call PG&E; if it’s a street tree, call 311 to schedule a city inspection. But if you’re worried about a tree on your property, call a certified arborist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remy Hummer with Arborist Now says he’s been working overtime since the beginning of the year, trimming and removing trees or supporting them with cables. He says a lot of calls this fall are from homeowners worried about storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_268059\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Fallen-tree-in-Vallejo.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-268059\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Fallen-tree-in-Vallejo-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"A weakened tree is uprooted in Vallejo by winds from one of last winter's rare atmospheric river storms.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Fallen-tree-in-Vallejo-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Fallen-tree-in-Vallejo-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Fallen-tree-in-Vallejo-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Fallen-tree-in-Vallejo-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/Fallen-tree-in-Vallejo.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A weakened tree in Vallejo was uprooted by winds from one of last winter’s atmospheric river storms. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“If we’re going to incur any sort of storm, there’s going to be a lot of trees in jeopardy,” he says, “even the ones that are very sound.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco officials say even in an ordinary year, between one and three tree branches fall every week in the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But U.C. Berkeley forest ecologist Joe McBride says this winter, hundreds of branches could fall every week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climatologists now say there’s a 95 percent chance El Niño will last through the winter. And they’re saying the storms could be as big as the El Niño of 1997-98, when San Francisco received double its normal amount of rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One clue that you may have a drought-stressed tree is a brown crown, says McBride. He says the crown is often the first place to go dry, because the tree simply can’t send enough water up to the taller branches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Bad Storm\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his four decades studying trees, McBride says one of the worst winter storms he remembers was in 1991.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There were record wind velocities following about a week of rainfall in San Francisco,” he says, “and an estimated 6,000 trees at the Presidio and in Golden Gate Park were blown over as a result of that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it didn’t take long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It all occurred in about a period of six hours, this one really heavy windstorm,” he says. “Blocked streets, a number of structures were hit by falling trees, cars were hit. It was a major disaster.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a somewhat rare combination of prolonged rainfall with record winds, McBride says. And as to whether something similar is possible this winter?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oh, I think it’s possible,” he says, “yeah.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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},
"radiolab": {
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
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"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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},
"science-friday": {
"id": "science-friday",
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"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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