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"title": "How Many Fish in the Sea? Genetic Testing Could Answer That",
"headTitle": "How Many Fish in the Sea? Genetic Testing Could Answer That | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Advances in genetic testing have revolutionized everything from health care decisions to crime forensics. Now, the technology may help protect marine life off the California coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the waters of Monterey Bay, DNA sequencing is allowing biologists to study fish and whales without ever having seen them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just a sample of seawater, the volume of a water bottle, is enough to reveal what marine life has been swimming through that part of the ocean. The technique could improve marine monitoring, where scientists track an ecosystem year after year to gauge how it’s doing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>One Fish, Two Fish\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taking a marine census today requires hours of field time, either with scuba diving or boat trips.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It gets a little challenging because you’re floating, you’re swimming, you’re looking, you’re counting,” says diver Dan Abbott, unloading his scuba gear on a beach in Monterey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s holding a waterproof clipboard, on which he’s tallied all the fish and marine life he saw in a kelp forest just offshore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“About 150 fish in all. Pile perch, black perch, blue rockfish, kelp rockfish,” he says, just for a start. He’s diving with a team from \u003ca href=\"http://reefcheck.org/rcca/rcca_home.php\">Reef Check California\u003c/a>, a group of volunteers that surveys this site twice a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_219514\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NPS.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-219514\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NPS-800x455.jpg\" alt=\"Today, divers do marine surveys underwater, counting each organism they find.\" width=\"800\" height=\"455\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NPS.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NPS-400x228.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Today, divers do marine surveys underwater, counting each organism they find. \u003ccite>(National Park Service)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/08/20150831ScienceDNAmarinelife.mp3\u003cbr>\nThe group’s data help answer a question that’s key to California’s conservation efforts: are there more fish here now than there were eight years ago?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s when this kelp forest became part of a massive experiment to restore marine life in California. It was set aside as a \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/marine/mpa/index.asp\">marine protected area\u003c/a>, where there’s little or no fishing allowed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are now more than a hundred protected areas up and down the coast, covering 16 percent of state waters. The idea is that marine life will slowly recover there, improving the ecosystem both inside and outside the boundaries of each area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only way to know if these areas are working is through underwater surveys, repeated year after year. In 2013, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/02/28/california-ocean-reserves-show-promising-results-for-marine-life\">biologists reported encouraging results\u003c/a> in the protected areas off the Central Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Field surveys are expensive. The state supplied $16 million for monitoring studies, and the funding has already run out in some regions of the coast. Monitoring has continued, thanks to universities, foundations and volunteer groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Studying the Ocean Without Getting Wet\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s been amazing what we can detect in just a liter of seawater,” says Jesse Port, an environmental genomicist at the Center for Ocean Solutions at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_219513\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 524px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/MBAQ.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-219513\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/MBAQ-800x563.jpg\" alt=\"Port first tested the DNA floating in the tanks at the Monterey Bay Aquarium.\" width=\"524\" height=\"369\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/MBAQ-800x563.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/MBAQ-400x282.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/MBAQ-1180x831.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/MBAQ-960x676.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/MBAQ.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 524px) 100vw, 524px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Port first tested the DNA floating in the tanks at the Monterey Bay Aquarium. Can you guess why he found turkey DNA in the tanks? \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He points to a rack of one-liter Nalgene water bottles that he uses to take seawater samples from the kelp forests in Monterey Bay. The rest of the work happens in the lab with a technique known as “environmental DNA” or eDNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So all organisms shed their DNA,” he says. “Their skin, their scales, their waste – all of this gets into the water. You can think of it as a soup of genetic information.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Port filters the seawater to collect all the cells. Then, he weeds out the algae and plankton and sequences the DNA of all the vertebrates, like whales, seals, and fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We get, with the machine we’re using, 150 million sequence reads for a given sequence run,” he says, “and that’s a lot of information.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those gigabytes of results require heavy data-crunching, but eventually, he ends up with a spreadsheet that tells him what organisms were found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The approach is possible because DNA sequencing has gotten so much cheaper. One sample costs just $1,500.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was just not possible five, ten years ago,” Port says. “And sequencing technology is just going to get better, so this will probably get even cheaper.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Finding Turkey Underwater\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Port first ran DNA tests in one of the large tanks at the Monterey Bay Aquarium, which provided an easy test case because he knew exactly what was swimming there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he got back results he didn’t quite believe. “Things like turkey,” he says. “We picked up chicken DNA in these tanks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“This is going to be transformative in oceanography. You don’t have to be out there on a boat with a huge crew, spending all this money.”\u003ccite>Jim Birch,\u003cbr>Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Turns out, poultry was in the feed some of the fish were getting. But it raised some big questions. How do you know whether the DNA comes from a fish or from something it ate miles away? Or how do you know the DNA didn’t float in on a current?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Port is still working on the answers to these questions and he’s doing studies to ground truth his results, checking them against what scuba divers find. But if the technology proves itself in the ocean, it could revolutionize how marine monitoring is done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can cover such a larger area by taking water samples,” he says, “rather than having divers do that all themselves.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Michel, the superintendent of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, says they’re already using eDNA testing to help assess species diversity in the sanctuary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Absolutely, we did DNA testing on a research cruise in May,” Michel says, “and at each stop on the way, we were taking water samples. We can compare the DNA results to other types of samples over time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, it doesn’t even have to be humans taking those water samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_219519\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lrauv_mission3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-219519\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lrauv_mission3-800x487.jpg\" alt=\"MBARI's long-range autonomous underwater vehicle can remain at sea, unattended, for weeks at a time.\" width=\"800\" height=\"487\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lrauv_mission3-800x487.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lrauv_mission3-400x243.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lrauv_mission3-1440x876.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lrauv_mission3-1920x1168.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lrauv_mission3-1180x718.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lrauv_mission3-960x584.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lrauv_mission3.jpg 2034w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">MBARI’s long-range autonomous underwater vehicle can take samples at sea, unattended, for weeks at a time. \u003ccite>(Todd Walsh (c) 2010 MBARI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DNA Lab at Sea\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What this is, is a microbiology lab that exists out in the ocean,” says Jim Birch of the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, pointing to a 10-foot yellow tube. It’s called a long-range AUV, or autonomous underwater vehicle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It looks like a torpedo, but it’s actually a robot, containing a miniature DNA lab called an \u003ca href=\"http://www.mbari.org/esp/\">Environmental Sample Processor\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The robot cruises along underwater, taking samples and analyzing them onboard. Birch recently sent it out for a test run in Monterey Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was sitting in my living room with my computer open and there in front of me was the control panel for the AUV,” he says. “And I could direct it to go to a new place and it was just this surreal feeling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the AUV finds an organism it’s looking for, it surfaces and calls home, pinging a satellite or cell phone network with the data, and giving scientists an almost real-time snapshot of the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, it only tests for one thing at a time, like algae or plankton, and Birch says there’s more engineering work to be done before the AUV gains widespread use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is going to be transformative in oceanography,” he says. “You don’t have to be out there on a boat with a huge crew, spending all this money.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A change that could help the state’s conservation funding go farther, ensuring California’s marine protected areas are working.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Advances in genetic testing have revolutionized everything from health care decisions to crime forensics. Now, the technology may help protect marine life off the California coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the waters of Monterey Bay, DNA sequencing is allowing biologists to study fish and whales without ever having seen them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just a sample of seawater, the volume of a water bottle, is enough to reveal what marine life has been swimming through that part of the ocean. The technique could improve marine monitoring, where scientists track an ecosystem year after year to gauge how it’s doing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>One Fish, Two Fish\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taking a marine census today requires hours of field time, either with scuba diving or boat trips.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It gets a little challenging because you’re floating, you’re swimming, you’re looking, you’re counting,” says diver Dan Abbott, unloading his scuba gear on a beach in Monterey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s holding a waterproof clipboard, on which he’s tallied all the fish and marine life he saw in a kelp forest just offshore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“About 150 fish in all. Pile perch, black perch, blue rockfish, kelp rockfish,” he says, just for a start. He’s diving with a team from \u003ca href=\"http://reefcheck.org/rcca/rcca_home.php\">Reef Check California\u003c/a>, a group of volunteers that surveys this site twice a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_219514\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NPS.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-219514\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NPS-800x455.jpg\" alt=\"Today, divers do marine surveys underwater, counting each organism they find.\" width=\"800\" height=\"455\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NPS.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NPS-400x228.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Today, divers do marine surveys underwater, counting each organism they find. \u003ccite>(National Park Service)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/08/20150831ScienceDNAmarinelife.mp3\u003cbr>\nThe group’s data help answer a question that’s key to California’s conservation efforts: are there more fish here now than there were eight years ago?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s when this kelp forest became part of a massive experiment to restore marine life in California. It was set aside as a \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/marine/mpa/index.asp\">marine protected area\u003c/a>, where there’s little or no fishing allowed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are now more than a hundred protected areas up and down the coast, covering 16 percent of state waters. The idea is that marine life will slowly recover there, improving the ecosystem both inside and outside the boundaries of each area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only way to know if these areas are working is through underwater surveys, repeated year after year. In 2013, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/02/28/california-ocean-reserves-show-promising-results-for-marine-life\">biologists reported encouraging results\u003c/a> in the protected areas off the Central Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Field surveys are expensive. The state supplied $16 million for monitoring studies, and the funding has already run out in some regions of the coast. Monitoring has continued, thanks to universities, foundations and volunteer groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Studying the Ocean Without Getting Wet\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s been amazing what we can detect in just a liter of seawater,” says Jesse Port, an environmental genomicist at the Center for Ocean Solutions at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_219513\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 524px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/MBAQ.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-219513\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/MBAQ-800x563.jpg\" alt=\"Port first tested the DNA floating in the tanks at the Monterey Bay Aquarium.\" width=\"524\" height=\"369\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/MBAQ-800x563.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/MBAQ-400x282.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/MBAQ-1180x831.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/MBAQ-960x676.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/MBAQ.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 524px) 100vw, 524px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Port first tested the DNA floating in the tanks at the Monterey Bay Aquarium. Can you guess why he found turkey DNA in the tanks? \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He points to a rack of one-liter Nalgene water bottles that he uses to take seawater samples from the kelp forests in Monterey Bay. The rest of the work happens in the lab with a technique known as “environmental DNA” or eDNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So all organisms shed their DNA,” he says. “Their skin, their scales, their waste – all of this gets into the water. You can think of it as a soup of genetic information.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Port filters the seawater to collect all the cells. Then, he weeds out the algae and plankton and sequences the DNA of all the vertebrates, like whales, seals, and fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We get, with the machine we’re using, 150 million sequence reads for a given sequence run,” he says, “and that’s a lot of information.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those gigabytes of results require heavy data-crunching, but eventually, he ends up with a spreadsheet that tells him what organisms were found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The approach is possible because DNA sequencing has gotten so much cheaper. One sample costs just $1,500.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was just not possible five, ten years ago,” Port says. “And sequencing technology is just going to get better, so this will probably get even cheaper.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Finding Turkey Underwater\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Port first ran DNA tests in one of the large tanks at the Monterey Bay Aquarium, which provided an easy test case because he knew exactly what was swimming there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he got back results he didn’t quite believe. “Things like turkey,” he says. “We picked up chicken DNA in these tanks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“This is going to be transformative in oceanography. You don’t have to be out there on a boat with a huge crew, spending all this money.”\u003ccite>Jim Birch,\u003cbr>Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Turns out, poultry was in the feed some of the fish were getting. But it raised some big questions. How do you know whether the DNA comes from a fish or from something it ate miles away? Or how do you know the DNA didn’t float in on a current?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Port is still working on the answers to these questions and he’s doing studies to ground truth his results, checking them against what scuba divers find. But if the technology proves itself in the ocean, it could revolutionize how marine monitoring is done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can cover such a larger area by taking water samples,” he says, “rather than having divers do that all themselves.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Michel, the superintendent of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, says they’re already using eDNA testing to help assess species diversity in the sanctuary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Absolutely, we did DNA testing on a research cruise in May,” Michel says, “and at each stop on the way, we were taking water samples. We can compare the DNA results to other types of samples over time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, it doesn’t even have to be humans taking those water samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_219519\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lrauv_mission3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-219519\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lrauv_mission3-800x487.jpg\" alt=\"MBARI's long-range autonomous underwater vehicle can remain at sea, unattended, for weeks at a time.\" width=\"800\" height=\"487\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lrauv_mission3-800x487.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lrauv_mission3-400x243.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lrauv_mission3-1440x876.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lrauv_mission3-1920x1168.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lrauv_mission3-1180x718.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lrauv_mission3-960x584.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lrauv_mission3.jpg 2034w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">MBARI’s long-range autonomous underwater vehicle can take samples at sea, unattended, for weeks at a time. \u003ccite>(Todd Walsh (c) 2010 MBARI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DNA Lab at Sea\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What this is, is a microbiology lab that exists out in the ocean,” says Jim Birch of the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, pointing to a 10-foot yellow tube. It’s called a long-range AUV, or autonomous underwater vehicle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It looks like a torpedo, but it’s actually a robot, containing a miniature DNA lab called an \u003ca href=\"http://www.mbari.org/esp/\">Environmental Sample Processor\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The robot cruises along underwater, taking samples and analyzing them onboard. Birch recently sent it out for a test run in Monterey Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was sitting in my living room with my computer open and there in front of me was the control panel for the AUV,” he says. “And I could direct it to go to a new place and it was just this surreal feeling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the AUV finds an organism it’s looking for, it surfaces and calls home, pinging a satellite or cell phone network with the data, and giving scientists an almost real-time snapshot of the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, it only tests for one thing at a time, like algae or plankton, and Birch says there’s more engineering work to be done before the AUV gains widespread use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is going to be transformative in oceanography,” he says. “You don’t have to be out there on a boat with a huge crew, spending all this money.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A change that could help the state’s conservation funding go farther, ensuring California’s marine protected areas are working.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>When the Monterey Bay Aquarium was first getting underway, local fisherman Giuseppe “Joey” Pennisi helped catch some of the octopus and ling cod to put in the tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But then, he says, his relationship with the aquarium soured with the launch of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/08/28/what-is-sustainable-seafood-anyway-the-answer-might-surprise-you/\">Seafood Watch program\u003c/a>. Many of the species he caught were on the “red” list of fish to avoid because of overfishing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Early on, the aquarium really destroyed our fishery,” says Pennisi. “We got hammered by that Seafood Watch card, it was really bad.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“It makes me laugh to think about how things change. The aquarium was our mortal enemy. But not anymore.”\u003ccite>Joey Pennisi, Fisherman\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Pennisi is a trawler, which means he drags huge nets behind his boat in deep water, hauling up thousands of pounds of fish at a time. The sustainable seafood movement maligns trawl-fishing, and Pennisi says he understands why. Trawl nets can scrape and damage the ocean floor, and they’re so big they can indiscriminately catch thousands pounds of unmarketable fish that end up dead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One day, we had about 25,000 pounds of fish on board, and we had only saved about 5,000 pounds of them because the rest of them were too small,” Pennisi says. “I thought, I’m going to do something about this. I don’t want to sit on my trawl deck and see little juvenile fish dying. It’s just wrong.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pennisi has developed an innovative “light touch” net that hovers above the sea floor, and is sized to allow the juvenile fish to escape before fishermen haul the net on board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> (Juvenile fish escape through the larger openings of the redesigned net.)\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nhttps://youtu.be/no-rcGPjr1s\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> (The net hovers above the dim ocean floor and so doesn’t damage it.)\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nhttps://youtu.be/xofFvlvEkqM\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pennisi installed GoPro cameras to monitor the nets underwater, and now the \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/\">Environmental Defense Fund\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\">NOAA \u003c/a>are \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/content/solutions_fall2014.pdf\">studying his efforts\u003c/a>, looking at how to replicate them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Pennisi has made peace with the Seafood Watch Program. Strict fishing limits and a\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2010/12/23/132240253/west-coast-fishery-moves-to-market-based-system\"> “catch shares” \u003c/a>program have helped the local groundfish fishery \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/food/dailydish/la-dd-seafood-watch-report-rockfish-west-coast-fisheries-20140902-story.html\">rebound\u003c/a>. So now most of the rockfish are now on green and yellow status. And the Monterey Bay Aquarium has invited Pennisi to come and cook up his fish at aquarium events, and talk about his innovations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It makes me laugh to think about how things change, and how life is,” Pennisi says. “Something I never, ever, would have thought. The aquarium was our mortal enemy. But not anymore.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When the Monterey Bay Aquarium was first getting underway, local fisherman Giuseppe “Joey” Pennisi helped catch some of the octopus and ling cod to put in the tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But then, he says, his relationship with the aquarium soured with the launch of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/08/28/what-is-sustainable-seafood-anyway-the-answer-might-surprise-you/\">Seafood Watch program\u003c/a>. Many of the species he caught were on the “red” list of fish to avoid because of overfishing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Early on, the aquarium really destroyed our fishery,” says Pennisi. “We got hammered by that Seafood Watch card, it was really bad.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“It makes me laugh to think about how things change. The aquarium was our mortal enemy. But not anymore.”\u003ccite>Joey Pennisi, Fisherman\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Pennisi is a trawler, which means he drags huge nets behind his boat in deep water, hauling up thousands of pounds of fish at a time. The sustainable seafood movement maligns trawl-fishing, and Pennisi says he understands why. Trawl nets can scrape and damage the ocean floor, and they’re so big they can indiscriminately catch thousands pounds of unmarketable fish that end up dead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One day, we had about 25,000 pounds of fish on board, and we had only saved about 5,000 pounds of them because the rest of them were too small,” Pennisi says. “I thought, I’m going to do something about this. I don’t want to sit on my trawl deck and see little juvenile fish dying. It’s just wrong.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pennisi has developed an innovative “light touch” net that hovers above the sea floor, and is sized to allow the juvenile fish to escape before fishermen haul the net on board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> (Juvenile fish escape through the larger openings of the redesigned net.)\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/no-rcGPjr1s'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/no-rcGPjr1s'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem> (The net hovers above the dim ocean floor and so doesn’t damage it.)\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/xofFvlvEkqM'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/xofFvlvEkqM'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Pennisi installed GoPro cameras to monitor the nets underwater, and now the \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/\">Environmental Defense Fund\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\">NOAA \u003c/a>are \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/content/solutions_fall2014.pdf\">studying his efforts\u003c/a>, looking at how to replicate them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Pennisi has made peace with the Seafood Watch Program. Strict fishing limits and a\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2010/12/23/132240253/west-coast-fishery-moves-to-market-based-system\"> “catch shares” \u003c/a>program have helped the local groundfish fishery \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/food/dailydish/la-dd-seafood-watch-report-rockfish-west-coast-fisheries-20140902-story.html\">rebound\u003c/a>. So now most of the rockfish are now on green and yellow status. And the Monterey Bay Aquarium has invited Pennisi to come and cook up his fish at aquarium events, and talk about his innovations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It makes me laugh to think about how things change, and how life is,” Pennisi says. “Something I never, ever, would have thought. The aquarium was our mortal enemy. But not anymore.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "What IS Sustainable Seafood, Anyway? The Answer Might Surprise You",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/08/SeafoodWatch.mp3\u003cbr>\nIn the busy kitchen of \u003ca href=\"http://www.passionfish.net/\">Passionfish\u003c/a> restaurant, in Pacific Grove, chef Ted Walter is putting the final touches on grilled striped bass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So this is a shaved granita that’s made from pomegranates and ginger,” he says, pointing to a frozen pink mixture he’s carefully spooning onto the fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Walter and his wife, Cindy Walter, opened this restaurant 18 years ago, they decided to serve only sustainably caught seafood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This means finding species that aren’t being overfished or caught in nets that accidentally kill other fish and catching what is in season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mother Nature really does drive the menu,” she says. “It depends on what the ocean is coughing up for us, and what the earth is spouting up for us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_221017\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/IMG_6615.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-221017\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/IMG_6615-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Passionfish Chef Ted Walter is known for his unique dishes, including using many fermented vegetables.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/IMG_6615.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/IMG_6615-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Passionfish chef Ted Walter is known for his unique dishes and his use of many fermented vegetables. \u003ccite>(Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>She says the most popular dish is a tower of Dungeness crab and avocado, topped with spicy vinaigrette. (Having tried it on a recent visit, I can understand why.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the daughter of a local fisherman, she saw the industry collapse because of overfishing. But when they opened their restaurant, it was hard to figure out where to get the fish they wanted to serve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was having a really difficult time locating the vendors who could answer the questions that I had,” Cindy says. “Which area of the ocean are they harvesting? What is the gear that they’re using? I thought, when I saw the Seafood Watch cards, that the aquarium would have those answers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Passionfish was one of the first restaurants to partner with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/\">Monterey Bay Aquarium\u003c/a> program, \u003ca href=\"http://www.seafoodwatch.org/\">Seafood Watch\u003c/a>. Passionfish now puts wallet-sized Seafood Watch cards on each table for customers, with the tab. It’s part of what keeps customers like Debbie Chinn coming back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You leave here with a greater appreciation about how to shop when you get back home,” says Chinn, who’s from Carmel. “When I go to a supermarket, I will avoid any kind of fish that’s overfished, so they have introduced a heightened sense of awareness about what I’m buying.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seafood watch uses a color-coded ranking system: red means fish to avoid, yellow is a good alternative, and green is the most sustainable choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/FullSizeRender.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-219424\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/FullSizeRender-800x455.jpg\" alt=\"FullSizeRender\" width=\"800\" height=\"455\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/FullSizeRender-800x455.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/FullSizeRender-400x227.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/FullSizeRender-1440x819.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/FullSizeRender-1920x1092.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/FullSizeRender-1180x671.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/FullSizeRender-960x546.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And for people who can’t remember to carry a paper wallet card around, there’s the Seafood Watch \u003ca href=\"http://www.seafoodwatch.org/seafood-recommendations/our-app\">app,\u003c/a> where consumers can look up detailed information about whatever they come across in the supermarket or at a restaurant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ranking system is not focused on human health—things like mercury levels in the fish. Rather, the emphasis is on the health of ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sustainable means the fishery or fish farm can exist into the future without negatively impacting the surrounding environment,” says Jenn Kemmerly, who heads the Seafood Watch program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kemmerly says the program’s scientists review academic studies and talk with industry experts in crafting the recommendations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was surprised to learn that many species of farmed fish rank just as high as wild fish on the Seafood Watch list. Kemmerly says while salmon have often been farmed in ways that damage coastal environments, other species, like farmed sturgeon, can be a great choice. That’s because they’re raised in filtered ponds that are less polluting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_220928\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 374px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/IMG_6603.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-220928\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/IMG_6603-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Farmed sturgeon, prepared with a Morrocan-style sauce at Passionfish\" width=\"374\" height=\"280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/IMG_6603-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/IMG_6603-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/IMG_6603-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/IMG_6603-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/IMG_6603-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/IMG_6603-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 374px) 100vw, 374px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Farmed sturgeon, prepared with a Morrocan-style sauce at Passionfish. Seafood Watch says farmed stugeon from the U.S. or Canada is the “Best Choice,” because all wild sturgeon species are depleted or near extinction due to the demand for caviar. \u003ccite>(Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>(By the way, I tried farmed sturgeon from Sacramento at Passionfish. I thought it was pretty meaty and tasted a bit like catfish…even though it was sitting in a tasty bath of Moroccan spices and vegetables.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not always easy to tell how something is fished or farmed when you find it in the supermarket. Kemmerly says those information gaps are exactly why they want consumers to start asking questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The number one thing that we want you to do,” she says, “is just ask: ‘Do you have a sustainable seafood program’ or, ‘What species is this? Is it farmed? Is it wild?’ That persistence sends a very clear message to the business that you’re shopping or dining at that you care. That reinforces their corporate policy, and that trickles down the line.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kemmerly says since Seafood Watch started in the late 90s, big companies like \u003ca href=\"http://www.wholefoodsmarket.com/seafood-sustainability-basics\">Whole Foods\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://corporate.target.com/_media/TargetCorp/csr/pdf/2014-corporate-responsibility-report.pdf?ext=.pdf#page=14\">Target\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"http://disneyparks.disney.go.com/blog/2015/06/celebrating-world-oceans-day-with-sustainable-seafood-at-walt-disney-parks-and-resorts/\">Disney \u003c/a>have adopted its ranking system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a boat just up the coast off Santa Cruz, fisherman \u003ca href=\"http://www.realgoodfish.com/fishermen-a-z\">Kevin Butler\u003c/a> is hooking a thrashing mackerel onto a line, bait for a prehistoric-looking fish called ling cod.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Butler uses a rod and reel to catch each individual fish, a technique called hook-and-line fishing. Butler says it’s friendlier to the ecosystem than \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/08/28/go-pro-captures-sustainable-fishing-600-feet-under-the-sea/\">trawl catching\u003c/a>, when fishermen drag a big net behind the boat. Or long-line fishing that uses multiple hooks.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“We’re told, ‘Eat this fish’ and it came halfway across the world on a jet plane. It just doesn’t make any sense.”\u003ccite>Kevin Butler, fisherman\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But some Central Coast fisherman have long been at odds with the Seafood Watch program, and want to see its priorities shift.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Butler says he’s less likely to bring in accidental bycatch—young fish that are too small to eat, or species other than the one he’s fishing for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not using nets, the fish have to voluntarily bite each hook, and we reel it in by hand. So there’s virtually no bycatch, all our fish is literally hand-picked,” says Butler, as he reels in a fishing line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Butler’s fish is sold as “sustainable” at Whole Foods and through \u003ca href=\"http://www.realgoodfish.com/\">Reel Good Fish\u003c/a>, which supplies local customers with a box of fish, kind of like an organic vegetable box.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Butler wants Seafood Watch to prioritize \u003cem>local \u003c/em>in the way they rank fish. As it stands, some Monterey Bay fish are on the same category (yellow) as farmed tilapia from China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re told, ‘Eat this fish’ and it came halfway across the world on a jet plane,” Butler says. “It just doesn’t make any sense. The best strawberries are the ones grown down the street. The best peaches come off your neighbor’s tree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To me, having your product sourced locally is a major part of sustainability. It really hurts a local fisherman when you have this organization that’s not supporting the local Monterey Bay.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seafood Watch says it has to assess the environmental impact of fisheries around the world because, bottom line, up to 90 percent of seafood consumed in the U.S. is imported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kemmerly says the program will soon begin collecting data on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.seafoodwatch.org/-/m/sfw/pdf/standard%20revision%20reference/seafood%20watch%20criteria%20for%20greenhouse%20gas%20consultation%202.pdf?la=en\">carbon footprint of seafood\u003c/a>, but that won’t influence its rankings, at least for now.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/08/SeafoodWatch.mp3\u003cbr>\nIn the busy kitchen of \u003ca href=\"http://www.passionfish.net/\">Passionfish\u003c/a> restaurant, in Pacific Grove, chef Ted Walter is putting the final touches on grilled striped bass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So this is a shaved granita that’s made from pomegranates and ginger,” he says, pointing to a frozen pink mixture he’s carefully spooning onto the fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Walter and his wife, Cindy Walter, opened this restaurant 18 years ago, they decided to serve only sustainably caught seafood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This means finding species that aren’t being overfished or caught in nets that accidentally kill other fish and catching what is in season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mother Nature really does drive the menu,” she says. “It depends on what the ocean is coughing up for us, and what the earth is spouting up for us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_221017\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/IMG_6615.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-221017\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/IMG_6615-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Passionfish Chef Ted Walter is known for his unique dishes, including using many fermented vegetables.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/IMG_6615.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/IMG_6615-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Passionfish chef Ted Walter is known for his unique dishes and his use of many fermented vegetables. \u003ccite>(Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>She says the most popular dish is a tower of Dungeness crab and avocado, topped with spicy vinaigrette. (Having tried it on a recent visit, I can understand why.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the daughter of a local fisherman, she saw the industry collapse because of overfishing. But when they opened their restaurant, it was hard to figure out where to get the fish they wanted to serve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was having a really difficult time locating the vendors who could answer the questions that I had,” Cindy says. “Which area of the ocean are they harvesting? What is the gear that they’re using? I thought, when I saw the Seafood Watch cards, that the aquarium would have those answers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Passionfish was one of the first restaurants to partner with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/\">Monterey Bay Aquarium\u003c/a> program, \u003ca href=\"http://www.seafoodwatch.org/\">Seafood Watch\u003c/a>. Passionfish now puts wallet-sized Seafood Watch cards on each table for customers, with the tab. It’s part of what keeps customers like Debbie Chinn coming back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You leave here with a greater appreciation about how to shop when you get back home,” says Chinn, who’s from Carmel. “When I go to a supermarket, I will avoid any kind of fish that’s overfished, so they have introduced a heightened sense of awareness about what I’m buying.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seafood watch uses a color-coded ranking system: red means fish to avoid, yellow is a good alternative, and green is the most sustainable choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/FullSizeRender.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-219424\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/FullSizeRender-800x455.jpg\" alt=\"FullSizeRender\" width=\"800\" height=\"455\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/FullSizeRender-800x455.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/FullSizeRender-400x227.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/FullSizeRender-1440x819.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/FullSizeRender-1920x1092.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/FullSizeRender-1180x671.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/FullSizeRender-960x546.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And for people who can’t remember to carry a paper wallet card around, there’s the Seafood Watch \u003ca href=\"http://www.seafoodwatch.org/seafood-recommendations/our-app\">app,\u003c/a> where consumers can look up detailed information about whatever they come across in the supermarket or at a restaurant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ranking system is not focused on human health—things like mercury levels in the fish. Rather, the emphasis is on the health of ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sustainable means the fishery or fish farm can exist into the future without negatively impacting the surrounding environment,” says Jenn Kemmerly, who heads the Seafood Watch program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kemmerly says the program’s scientists review academic studies and talk with industry experts in crafting the recommendations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was surprised to learn that many species of farmed fish rank just as high as wild fish on the Seafood Watch list. Kemmerly says while salmon have often been farmed in ways that damage coastal environments, other species, like farmed sturgeon, can be a great choice. That’s because they’re raised in filtered ponds that are less polluting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_220928\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 374px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/IMG_6603.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-220928\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/IMG_6603-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Farmed sturgeon, prepared with a Morrocan-style sauce at Passionfish\" width=\"374\" height=\"280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/IMG_6603-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/IMG_6603-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/IMG_6603-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/IMG_6603-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/IMG_6603-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/IMG_6603-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 374px) 100vw, 374px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Farmed sturgeon, prepared with a Morrocan-style sauce at Passionfish. Seafood Watch says farmed stugeon from the U.S. or Canada is the “Best Choice,” because all wild sturgeon species are depleted or near extinction due to the demand for caviar. \u003ccite>(Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>(By the way, I tried farmed sturgeon from Sacramento at Passionfish. I thought it was pretty meaty and tasted a bit like catfish…even though it was sitting in a tasty bath of Moroccan spices and vegetables.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not always easy to tell how something is fished or farmed when you find it in the supermarket. Kemmerly says those information gaps are exactly why they want consumers to start asking questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The number one thing that we want you to do,” she says, “is just ask: ‘Do you have a sustainable seafood program’ or, ‘What species is this? Is it farmed? Is it wild?’ That persistence sends a very clear message to the business that you’re shopping or dining at that you care. That reinforces their corporate policy, and that trickles down the line.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kemmerly says since Seafood Watch started in the late 90s, big companies like \u003ca href=\"http://www.wholefoodsmarket.com/seafood-sustainability-basics\">Whole Foods\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://corporate.target.com/_media/TargetCorp/csr/pdf/2014-corporate-responsibility-report.pdf?ext=.pdf#page=14\">Target\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"http://disneyparks.disney.go.com/blog/2015/06/celebrating-world-oceans-day-with-sustainable-seafood-at-walt-disney-parks-and-resorts/\">Disney \u003c/a>have adopted its ranking system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a boat just up the coast off Santa Cruz, fisherman \u003ca href=\"http://www.realgoodfish.com/fishermen-a-z\">Kevin Butler\u003c/a> is hooking a thrashing mackerel onto a line, bait for a prehistoric-looking fish called ling cod.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Butler uses a rod and reel to catch each individual fish, a technique called hook-and-line fishing. Butler says it’s friendlier to the ecosystem than \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/08/28/go-pro-captures-sustainable-fishing-600-feet-under-the-sea/\">trawl catching\u003c/a>, when fishermen drag a big net behind the boat. Or long-line fishing that uses multiple hooks.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“We’re told, ‘Eat this fish’ and it came halfway across the world on a jet plane. It just doesn’t make any sense.”\u003ccite>Kevin Butler, fisherman\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But some Central Coast fisherman have long been at odds with the Seafood Watch program, and want to see its priorities shift.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Butler says he’s less likely to bring in accidental bycatch—young fish that are too small to eat, or species other than the one he’s fishing for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not using nets, the fish have to voluntarily bite each hook, and we reel it in by hand. So there’s virtually no bycatch, all our fish is literally hand-picked,” says Butler, as he reels in a fishing line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Butler’s fish is sold as “sustainable” at Whole Foods and through \u003ca href=\"http://www.realgoodfish.com/\">Reel Good Fish\u003c/a>, which supplies local customers with a box of fish, kind of like an organic vegetable box.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Butler wants Seafood Watch to prioritize \u003cem>local \u003c/em>in the way they rank fish. As it stands, some Monterey Bay fish are on the same category (yellow) as farmed tilapia from China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re told, ‘Eat this fish’ and it came halfway across the world on a jet plane,” Butler says. “It just doesn’t make any sense. The best strawberries are the ones grown down the street. The best peaches come off your neighbor’s tree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To me, having your product sourced locally is a major part of sustainability. It really hurts a local fisherman when you have this organization that’s not supporting the local Monterey Bay.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seafood Watch says it has to assess the environmental impact of fisheries around the world because, bottom line, up to 90 percent of seafood consumed in the U.S. is imported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kemmerly says the program will soon begin collecting data on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.seafoodwatch.org/-/m/sfw/pdf/standard%20revision%20reference/seafood%20watch%20criteria%20for%20greenhouse%20gas%20consultation%202.pdf?la=en\">carbon footprint of seafood\u003c/a>, but that won’t influence its rankings, at least for now.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Urban Californians stepped up to the plate again in July, beating Governor Jerry Brown’s statewide mandate for 25 percent water savings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got a lot of people hitting home runs,” said Felicia Marcus, who chairs the State Water Resources Control Board, and is sometimes referred to as California’s “water czar.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across the state, urban water agencies \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/docs/fs082715_july_btn.pdf\">cut total water use\u003c/a> by 31.3 percent, compared to July in the benchmark year of 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials conceded that freak July rains probably helped the cause, as some homeowners turned off lawn and garden sprinklers, at least temporarily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hover over the dots to see July conservation numbers:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"520\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqednews.cartodb.com/viz/80cb94c6-4d1a-11e5-af2c-0e853d047bba/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Water Board staffers called out a few Bay Area cities for their standout performance, including Menlo Park, which has effectively halved its water use since May, and San Francisco, which has whittled its daily use down to an average of 40 gallons per person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the flip side:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got a few people who are striking out or not able to find the ball park,” said Marcus, rolling with the baseball metaphor, “and we need to focus on them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the laggards continue to be in the Southland, especially in more arid regions. But Water Board officials said only four agencies in the state missed their assigned savings quotas by more than 15 percentage points. The quotas, or “tiers,” range from 4 to 36 percent. No agencies have yet incurred fines for missing their marks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>June was the first month in which water agencies had to meet their assigned conservation quotas and the numbers showed that most of them \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/30/whos-saving-water-in-california-and-who-isnt/\">stepped up to the challenge\u003c/a>. About four out of ten urban water suppliers cut their water use dramatically, by 30 percent or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a third of water districts, 140 in all, fell short, mostly in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/221221727″ params=”auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false&visual=true” width=”100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true”/]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, Californians saved 27.3 percent \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/30/whos-saving-water-in-california-and-who-isnt/\">in June, compared to June of 2013\u003c/a>, exceeding the 25 percent statewide mandate issued by Governor Jerry Brown on April 1. A year prior to that, Brown had called for a 20 percent cut in water use through voluntary action and the results were hugely disappointing, yielding less than half that in savings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Brown mandate applies only to urban water use, which includes most commercial and industrial applications. Urban water consumption accounts for about 10 percent of the total water used by Californians. Agriculture, which takes by far the biggest slice, is under a different system of restrictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Map produced by Lindsey Hoshaw.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Urban Californians stepped up to the plate again in July, beating Governor Jerry Brown’s statewide mandate for 25 percent water savings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got a lot of people hitting home runs,” said Felicia Marcus, who chairs the State Water Resources Control Board, and is sometimes referred to as California’s “water czar.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across the state, urban water agencies \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/docs/fs082715_july_btn.pdf\">cut total water use\u003c/a> by 31.3 percent, compared to July in the benchmark year of 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials conceded that freak July rains probably helped the cause, as some homeowners turned off lawn and garden sprinklers, at least temporarily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hover over the dots to see July conservation numbers:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"520\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqednews.cartodb.com/viz/80cb94c6-4d1a-11e5-af2c-0e853d047bba/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Water Board staffers called out a few Bay Area cities for their standout performance, including Menlo Park, which has effectively halved its water use since May, and San Francisco, which has whittled its daily use down to an average of 40 gallons per person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the flip side:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got a few people who are striking out or not able to find the ball park,” said Marcus, rolling with the baseball metaphor, “and we need to focus on them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the laggards continue to be in the Southland, especially in more arid regions. But Water Board officials said only four agencies in the state missed their assigned savings quotas by more than 15 percentage points. The quotas, or “tiers,” range from 4 to 36 percent. No agencies have yet incurred fines for missing their marks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>June was the first month in which water agencies had to meet their assigned conservation quotas and the numbers showed that most of them \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/30/whos-saving-water-in-california-and-who-isnt/\">stepped up to the challenge\u003c/a>. About four out of ten urban water suppliers cut their water use dramatically, by 30 percent or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a third of water districts, 140 in all, fell short, mostly in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”166″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/221221727″&visual=true&”auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false&visual=true”'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/221221727″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, Californians saved 27.3 percent \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/30/whos-saving-water-in-california-and-who-isnt/\">in June, compared to June of 2013\u003c/a>, exceeding the 25 percent statewide mandate issued by Governor Jerry Brown on April 1. A year prior to that, Brown had called for a 20 percent cut in water use through voluntary action and the results were hugely disappointing, yielding less than half that in savings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Brown mandate applies only to urban water use, which includes most commercial and industrial applications. Urban water consumption accounts for about 10 percent of the total water used by Californians. Agriculture, which takes by far the biggest slice, is under a different system of restrictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Map produced by Lindsey Hoshaw.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "NASA: Rising Seas About to Catch Up With the West Coast",
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"content": "\u003cp>Rising Seas are about to become a bigger issue for the West Coast, according to scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using satellite and other data, NASA scientists have been tracking \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/warming-seas-and-melting-ice-sheets\">rising sea levels\u003c/a> around the world. They say that natural cycles in the Pacific have been masking effects of sea rise for about the last 20 years. But that’s changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the next five or ten years, I think the west coast of the United States is going to catch up,” says Josh Willis, a climate scientist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Lab in Pasadena. He says a major ocean phase known as the Pacific Decadal Oscillation is in the midst of a big shift.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For about the past two decades, the PDO, which Willis describes as “El Niño’s bigger, slower, brother,” was “piling up” warmer water on the far side of the ocean, exacerbating sea rise there. When water warms, it expands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So we’ve actually seen a slight drop in sea levels off of our coastline because of the rearrangement of heat within the oceans,” Willis explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rkCzae-FCek&w=640&h=360]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That rearrangement could mean \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/01/15/new-climate-research-suggests-acceleration-of-sea-level-rise/\">an acceleration in the rate\u003c/a> that seas rise long the West Coast, eventually overtaking the pace of sea level rise on the East Coast and elsewhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We could be looking at rates in the eastern Pacific two or three times as high as the global rates in the coming years,” says Willis. “So we could be in for wild ride over the next 20 years or so.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As KQED and San Francisco Public Press have reported recently, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/07/30/major-s-f-bayfront-developments-advance-despite-sea-rise-warnings\">billions in shoreline development\u003c/a> in the Bay Area are in the planning stages or already begun, despite scientists’ warnings about rising seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/09/el-nino-update-californias-great-wet-hope-continues-to-build/\">brewing El Niño\u003c/a> will also pile up warm water along California, making coastal flooding that much more likely, very soon. The warm water along the Equator that largely defines El Niño is expected to rival or surpass the legendary “Godzilla” El Niño of 1997-98 in strength.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA says global sea levels have risen about eight inches since the beginning of the 20\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> century and more than two inches in the last 20 years. Though simple thermal expansion of the water accounts for about a third of the rise so far, climate scientists expect melting glaciers and ice sheets to play a much larger role in coming years.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Rising Seas are about to become a bigger issue for the West Coast, according to scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using satellite and other data, NASA scientists have been tracking \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/warming-seas-and-melting-ice-sheets\">rising sea levels\u003c/a> around the world. They say that natural cycles in the Pacific have been masking effects of sea rise for about the last 20 years. But that’s changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the next five or ten years, I think the west coast of the United States is going to catch up,” says Josh Willis, a climate scientist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Lab in Pasadena. He says a major ocean phase known as the Pacific Decadal Oscillation is in the midst of a big shift.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For about the past two decades, the PDO, which Willis describes as “El Niño’s bigger, slower, brother,” was “piling up” warmer water on the far side of the ocean, exacerbating sea rise there. When water warms, it expands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So we’ve actually seen a slight drop in sea levels off of our coastline because of the rearrangement of heat within the oceans,” Willis explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/rkCzae-FCek'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/rkCzae-FCek'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That rearrangement could mean \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/01/15/new-climate-research-suggests-acceleration-of-sea-level-rise/\">an acceleration in the rate\u003c/a> that seas rise long the West Coast, eventually overtaking the pace of sea level rise on the East Coast and elsewhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We could be looking at rates in the eastern Pacific two or three times as high as the global rates in the coming years,” says Willis. “So we could be in for wild ride over the next 20 years or so.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As KQED and San Francisco Public Press have reported recently, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/07/30/major-s-f-bayfront-developments-advance-despite-sea-rise-warnings\">billions in shoreline development\u003c/a> in the Bay Area are in the planning stages or already begun, despite scientists’ warnings about rising seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/09/el-nino-update-californias-great-wet-hope-continues-to-build/\">brewing El Niño\u003c/a> will also pile up warm water along California, making coastal flooding that much more likely, very soon. The warm water along the Equator that largely defines El Niño is expected to rival or surpass the legendary “Godzilla” El Niño of 1997-98 in strength.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA says global sea levels have risen about eight inches since the beginning of the 20\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> century and more than two inches in the last 20 years. Though simple thermal expansion of the water accounts for about a third of the rise so far, climate scientists expect melting glaciers and ice sheets to play a much larger role in coming years.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Octopuses are notoriously anti-social—if you put more than one in a tank, they’ll attack each other. And they certainly don’t form family ties—females are prone to eating males after mating, and they usually die when their eggs hatch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, in a recent study from UC Berkeley and the California Academy of Sciences, a mud-dwelling “harlequin octopus” defies all such stereotypes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As reported August 12 in the journal \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0134152\">PLoS ONE\u003c/a>\u003c/em>, members of this species—the larger Pacific striped octopus–will happily cohabit with their partners, share food and watch their eggs hatch for months on end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The roots of this paradigm-altering discovery reach back forty years and down 5,000 miles of coastline, to the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Radical News From Panama\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ib.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/caldwellr\">Roy Caldwell\u003c/a>, professor of biology at UC Berkeley and first author of the octopus study, was on sabbatical in Panama when he met biologist \u003ca href=\"http://arcadio.rodaniche.com/index2.html\">Arcadio Rodaniche\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Caldwell was hunting for the colorful shrimp that are his primary research interest, he says, “I caught three or four little striped octopuses; they came out of the rocks. Arcadio told me they were \u003cem>chierchiae\u003c/em>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Octopus chierchiae\u003c/em> is a tiny species, about the size of a quarter, sometimes called the lesser Pacific striped octopus. That’s in comparison to the \u003cem>larger\u003c/em> Pacific striped octopus, which is baseball-sized, and so poorly known it doesn’t have an official scientific name.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_200274\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/rodaniche.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-200274\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/rodaniche-400x418.png\" alt=\"A painting by Rodaniche of the larger Pacific striped octopus.\" width=\"400\" height=\"418\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/rodaniche-400x418.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/rodaniche-800x835.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/rodaniche-1180x1232.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/rodaniche-960x1002.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/rodaniche-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/rodaniche.png 1210w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A painting by Panamanian biologist and artist Arcadio Rodaniche of the larger Pacific striped octopus. \u003ccite>(Arcadio Rodaniche)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Both lesser and larger species are called “harlequin octopuses” because of the dramatic stripes and spots they often display, which are unique to individuals—like fingerprints. And both species, it seems, have never heard that laying eggs is supposed to be fatal for octopuses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I brought [the lesser Pacific striped octopuses] back to Berkeley because I thought they’d be neat to photograph,” says Caldwell, who is skilled behind the lens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One female laid eggs right away and I was very bummed out, I thought she was going to die. She didn’t, she laid three more clutches.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Rodaniche was making even more extraordinary discoveries about \u003cem>O. chierchiae’\u003c/em>s bigger cousins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to laying eggs for an extended time, mating pairs of larger Pacific striped octopuses sometimes shared a single den. Perhaps strangest of all, they mated beak-to-beak—an incredibly risky position if either partner is concerned about post-coital cannibalism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Males of other octopus species take more sensible precautions, either handing over sperm at arm’s length or mounting the female from behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rodaniche’s observations of the larger octopus, and to an extent Caldwell’s of the lesser, could have overturned years of octopus dogma. But neither set was published.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_200277\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/mom-and-baby.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-200277 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/mom-and-baby-400x453.jpg\" alt=\"Female and hatchling larger Pacific striped octopuse\" width=\"400\" height=\"453\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/mom-and-baby-400x453.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/mom-and-baby-800x906.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/mom-and-baby-960x1087.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/mom-and-baby.jpg 1060w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Female larger Pacific striped octopuses watch their eggs hatch for months as they continue to lay more. \u003ccite>(Roy Caldwell)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Caldwell says he “was too naive” to realize how unusual it was.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rodaniche, a specialist on squid and octopus, did submit a scientific paper—but the journal rejected it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They weren’t ready to accept my findings,” he says. “I shelved the whole thing until Roy found some animals and contacted me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Vindication at Last\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, Caldwell and co-author \u003ca href=\"http://packedhead.net/about/\">Richard Ross\u003c/a> of the Steinhart Aquarium had been working with \u003cem>O. chierchiae\u003c/em>, the lesser Pacific striped octopus, when the collector who was supplying them unexpectedly sent a much bigger specimen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was, of course, a larger Pacific striped octopus—which no scientist had seen or studied for decades. “It felt like suddenly we got Bigfoot in the lab,” says Ross. “And then it was a race to make sure we got all the specimens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The passage of time had not changed this species’ mating preference. Couples still joined beak-to-beak, as Rodaniche had observed. One mating pair cohabited for days in the same den, and even shared food—also beak-to-beak, like the famous \u003ca href=\"http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/SpaghettiKiss\">spaghetti kiss\u003c/a> from \u003cem>Lady and the Tramp\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further verifying Rodaniche’s original report, the females laid eggs for months on end, long after the first-laid eggs began to hatch. And unlike other octopus species, in which mothers stop eating to care for their eggs, these females continued to eat—and mate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Is This Octopus Such an Oddball?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Caldwell thinks most of the larger Pacific striped octopus’s unusual behavior stems from the females’ extended spawning period. “She couldn’t possibly go that long without eating,” he says. “And she probably has to replenish her sperm supply, too.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mating beak-to-beak allows a female to keep an eye on the eggs she’s already laid while collecting new sperm. Sharing dens and food could also make it easier for her to multi-task.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Furthermore, their unique body patterns may allow larger Pacific striped octopuses to recognize each other, an ability that could \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0018710\">minimize aggression\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\n[jwplayer mediaid=”200726″]\u003cbr>\nBut \u003cem>O. chierchiae\u003c/em>, the lesser Pacific striped octopus, has unique patterns too, as well as an extended spawning period. Yet its behavior is more typically anti-social.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m much more scared putting the \u003cem>chierchiae\u003c/em> together,” says Ross. He suggests that the differences between the two species may be due to their different habitats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>O. chierchiae\u003c/em> lives in rocky tidepools, a constantly changing environment which could make it difficult to build relationships. The larger Pacific striped octopus lives deeper, on muddy seafloors. This relatively stable habitat might be better suited to the evolution of gregarious behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know yet if they’re truly social,” cautions co-author \u003ca href=\"http://crissyhuffard.com/\">Christine Huffard\u003c/a> of the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. But the possibility exists. “The type of behaviors we’ve seen, like food sharing and den sharing, that’s just in the laboratory. We’d probably see much more complex behaviors in the wild.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Octopuses are notoriously anti-social—if you put more than one in a tank, they’ll attack each other. And they certainly don’t form family ties—females are prone to eating males after mating, and they usually die when their eggs hatch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, in a recent study from UC Berkeley and the California Academy of Sciences, a mud-dwelling “harlequin octopus” defies all such stereotypes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As reported August 12 in the journal \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0134152\">PLoS ONE\u003c/a>\u003c/em>, members of this species—the larger Pacific striped octopus–will happily cohabit with their partners, share food and watch their eggs hatch for months on end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The roots of this paradigm-altering discovery reach back forty years and down 5,000 miles of coastline, to the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Radical News From Panama\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ib.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/caldwellr\">Roy Caldwell\u003c/a>, professor of biology at UC Berkeley and first author of the octopus study, was on sabbatical in Panama when he met biologist \u003ca href=\"http://arcadio.rodaniche.com/index2.html\">Arcadio Rodaniche\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Caldwell was hunting for the colorful shrimp that are his primary research interest, he says, “I caught three or four little striped octopuses; they came out of the rocks. Arcadio told me they were \u003cem>chierchiae\u003c/em>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Octopus chierchiae\u003c/em> is a tiny species, about the size of a quarter, sometimes called the lesser Pacific striped octopus. That’s in comparison to the \u003cem>larger\u003c/em> Pacific striped octopus, which is baseball-sized, and so poorly known it doesn’t have an official scientific name.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_200274\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/rodaniche.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-200274\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/rodaniche-400x418.png\" alt=\"A painting by Rodaniche of the larger Pacific striped octopus.\" width=\"400\" height=\"418\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/rodaniche-400x418.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/rodaniche-800x835.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/rodaniche-1180x1232.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/rodaniche-960x1002.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/rodaniche-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/rodaniche.png 1210w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A painting by Panamanian biologist and artist Arcadio Rodaniche of the larger Pacific striped octopus. \u003ccite>(Arcadio Rodaniche)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Both lesser and larger species are called “harlequin octopuses” because of the dramatic stripes and spots they often display, which are unique to individuals—like fingerprints. And both species, it seems, have never heard that laying eggs is supposed to be fatal for octopuses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I brought [the lesser Pacific striped octopuses] back to Berkeley because I thought they’d be neat to photograph,” says Caldwell, who is skilled behind the lens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One female laid eggs right away and I was very bummed out, I thought she was going to die. She didn’t, she laid three more clutches.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Rodaniche was making even more extraordinary discoveries about \u003cem>O. chierchiae’\u003c/em>s bigger cousins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to laying eggs for an extended time, mating pairs of larger Pacific striped octopuses sometimes shared a single den. Perhaps strangest of all, they mated beak-to-beak—an incredibly risky position if either partner is concerned about post-coital cannibalism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Males of other octopus species take more sensible precautions, either handing over sperm at arm’s length or mounting the female from behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rodaniche’s observations of the larger octopus, and to an extent Caldwell’s of the lesser, could have overturned years of octopus dogma. But neither set was published.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_200277\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/mom-and-baby.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-200277 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/mom-and-baby-400x453.jpg\" alt=\"Female and hatchling larger Pacific striped octopuse\" width=\"400\" height=\"453\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/mom-and-baby-400x453.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/mom-and-baby-800x906.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/mom-and-baby-960x1087.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/mom-and-baby.jpg 1060w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Female larger Pacific striped octopuses watch their eggs hatch for months as they continue to lay more. \u003ccite>(Roy Caldwell)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Caldwell says he “was too naive” to realize how unusual it was.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rodaniche, a specialist on squid and octopus, did submit a scientific paper—but the journal rejected it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They weren’t ready to accept my findings,” he says. “I shelved the whole thing until Roy found some animals and contacted me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Vindication at Last\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, Caldwell and co-author \u003ca href=\"http://packedhead.net/about/\">Richard Ross\u003c/a> of the Steinhart Aquarium had been working with \u003cem>O. chierchiae\u003c/em>, the lesser Pacific striped octopus, when the collector who was supplying them unexpectedly sent a much bigger specimen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was, of course, a larger Pacific striped octopus—which no scientist had seen or studied for decades. “It felt like suddenly we got Bigfoot in the lab,” says Ross. “And then it was a race to make sure we got all the specimens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The passage of time had not changed this species’ mating preference. Couples still joined beak-to-beak, as Rodaniche had observed. One mating pair cohabited for days in the same den, and even shared food—also beak-to-beak, like the famous \u003ca href=\"http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/SpaghettiKiss\">spaghetti kiss\u003c/a> from \u003cem>Lady and the Tramp\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further verifying Rodaniche’s original report, the females laid eggs for months on end, long after the first-laid eggs began to hatch. And unlike other octopus species, in which mothers stop eating to care for their eggs, these females continued to eat—and mate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Is This Octopus Such an Oddball?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Caldwell thinks most of the larger Pacific striped octopus’s unusual behavior stems from the females’ extended spawning period. “She couldn’t possibly go that long without eating,” he says. “And she probably has to replenish her sperm supply, too.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mating beak-to-beak allows a female to keep an eye on the eggs she’s already laid while collecting new sperm. Sharing dens and food could also make it easier for her to multi-task.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Furthermore, their unique body patterns may allow larger Pacific striped octopuses to recognize each other, an ability that could \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0018710\">minimize aggression\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\n[jwplayer mediaid=”200726″]\u003cbr>\nBut \u003cem>O. chierchiae\u003c/em>, the lesser Pacific striped octopus, has unique patterns too, as well as an extended spawning period. Yet its behavior is more typically anti-social.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m much more scared putting the \u003cem>chierchiae\u003c/em> together,” says Ross. He suggests that the differences between the two species may be due to their different habitats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>O. chierchiae\u003c/em> lives in rocky tidepools, a constantly changing environment which could make it difficult to build relationships. The larger Pacific striped octopus lives deeper, on muddy seafloors. This relatively stable habitat might be better suited to the evolution of gregarious behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know yet if they’re truly social,” cautions co-author \u003ca href=\"http://crissyhuffard.com/\">Christine Huffard\u003c/a> of the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. But the possibility exists. “The type of behaviors we’ve seen, like food sharing and den sharing, that’s just in the laboratory. We’d probably see much more complex behaviors in the wild.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "One Year After Napa Quake, Scientists Still Puzzled by Mysterious Fault",
"headTitle": "One Year After Napa Quake, Scientists Still Puzzled by Mysterious Fault | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cb>Listen to the story:\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/08/20150824ScienceNapaQuake.mp3\u003cbr>\nThe deadly earthquake last year in the south Napa Valley was the Bay Area’s most destructive in a generation. It injured more than 200 people and wreaked hundreds of millions of dollars in damages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among those rushing to the scene that morning were geologists hoping to better understand the workings of the West Napa fault zone, which, until then, some had simply written off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ben Brooks, a geophysicist with the U.S. Geological Survey, says when the earthquake woke him at 3:30 a.m., he went to check on his son. “My little six-year-old,” Brooks says, “who asked if there was going to be a volcano afterwards.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘What we’re concerned with now, after the quake, is what’s the long-term history of the fault.’\u003ccite> Tim Dawson,engineering geologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Brooks hustled down to his office in Menlo Park to grab a truck, and some laser-scanning gear, called “lidar,” for light detection and ranging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By driving hundreds of miles around Napa over the next few days, at around 10 miles per hour, Brooks and his colleagues were able to gather a detailed snapshot of the topography.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some parts of the West Napa fault shifted suddenly during the magnitude 6 earthquake, but others crept gradually in a phenomenon called after-slip, moving about a foot over a few weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Between us,” says Brooks, “we’re calling it a one-month earthquake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_206303\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Dawson.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-206303\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Dawson-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Tim Dawson, an engineering geologist with the California Geological Survey, hops into a trench to look for hints of the fault that shook Napa last year.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Dawson-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Dawson-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Dawson-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Dawson-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Dawson.jpg 1333w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tim Dawson, an engineering geologist with the California Geological Survey, hops into a trench to look for hints of the fault that shook Napa last year. \u003ccite>(Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Surprises and Curiosities\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nOne striking hallmark of the \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/nc72282711\">South Napa earthquake\u003c/a> has been a crack roughly eight miles long, visible in pavement and in vineyards where the vine rows suddenly zigzag. Since the quake, Ponti says mapping by a NASA jet has suggested the crack runs another five miles farther south, toward the salt marshes near American Canyon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of what makes the fault zone a mystery is that it has multiple strands running parallel through the same area. And they might not break along the same pattern in another earthquake, Ponti says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tim Dawson, an engineering geologist for the California Geological Survey, has been among those digging trenches around 10 feet deep along the fault trace over the last year, looking for buried clues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re concerned with now, after the quake, is what’s the long-term history of the fault,” he says. “So we want to develop these records of when the last earthquake was, prior to the earthquake last summer, and how often they occur.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such a history helps to inform future expectations, and Dawson says new fault maps out next year could affect where planners choose to permit housing and other development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_206710\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 451px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/RS11867_454118094-sfi.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-206710\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/RS11867_454118094-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"Nicholas George looks under a buckled highway just outside of Napa, California after a 6.1 Earthquake struck the area on August 24, 2014. More than 80 people were injured after the quake caused fires, significant structure damage, water main breaks, and power outages throughout the region. \" width=\"451\" height=\"309\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/RS11867_454118094-sfi.jpg 525w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/RS11867_454118094-sfi-400x274.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 451px) 100vw, 451px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nicholas George looks under a buckled highway just outside of Napa, California after a 6.1 Earthquake struck the area on August 24, 2014. \u003ccite>(Josh Edelson/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Curiously, trenching studies so far haven’t turned up much evidence of quakes in the last few thousand years. One effort did find evidence that quakes occurred much further back in time—millions of years, says Carol Prentice with the USGS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Perhaps back in geologic time this fault was more active—produced more frequent and perhaps larger earthquakes—and now there’s been some kind of change,” Prentice says. “Perhaps the slip has moved onto a different fault, and on this particular fault, perhaps now we’re only seeing magnitude 6 earthquakes, and very infrequent earthquakes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or maybe not. In order to figure it out, scientists have to keep digging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Professor Gareth Funning of the University of California, Riverside, has been watching the region around the West Napa fault zone for years. Until last year’s quake, he says, it was such a bit player that he felt comfortable just leaving it out of his analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That makes the after-slip all the more puzzling. If the West Napa fault is capable of substantial, rapid after-slip, Funning says, it could also be capable of creep, or gradual movement of a fault unaccompanied by any big quake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In which case,” he asks, “shouldn’t we have been able to see it creeping through the areas where it subsequently slipped?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if there are any signs of movement before the quake happened, Funning says he hasn’t found them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_206307\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/USGS-map.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-206307\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/USGS-map.png\" alt=\"The red star marks the quake's epicenter in this USGS map, with solid yellow lines marking measurable surface faulting, including more than two months of afterslip. \" width=\"380\" height=\"560\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/USGS-map.png 540w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/USGS-map-400x590.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 380px) 100vw, 380px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The red star marks the quake’s epicenter in this USGS map, with solid yellow lines marking measurable surface faulting, including more than two months of afterslip. \u003ccite>(USGS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>More over-flights have been underway this month, to monitor the subtly shifting terrain and compare it to predictions. That’s especially important to homeowners in Browns Valley, where the fault rupture went right under some foundations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to also be picking up some areas where there’s damage to the levees in the Sacramento River Delta area back at the time of the earthquake, so we’re trying to understand that,” says USGS research geophysicist Ken Hudnut, who first forecast how the fault would continue to slip in the aftermath of the quake last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can We Have a Seven-Point-O?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not the first time an earthquake in the area has had people \u003ca href=\"http://napavalleyregister.com/news/local/powerful-earthquake-faults-threaten-napa-on-sides/article_d2b1792e-9f5c-5d96-992f-5b42b1e14d55.html\">rattled\u003c/a>. Fifteen years ago, a magnitude 5 quake centered around \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/states/events/2000_09_03.php\">Yountville\u003c/a> toppled chimneys and injured dozens of people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And that was a little bit of a wake-up call for this area, because it did damage in Napa, and now we’ve had this six,” says USGS geologist David Schwartz. “You have to just sit back and ask the question, ‘Well, we had a five and a six, can we have a seven?’ And I don’t think we can rule that out as a possibility.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A seven is a major earthquake. It would be just a notch stronger than the deadly 1989 \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/states/events/1989_10_18.php\">Loma Prieta\u003c/a> earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "In the year since the deadly South Napa earthquake, geologists have been digging in - sometimes literally - trying to better understand the puzzling West Napa fault zone.",
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"description": "In the year since the deadly South Napa earthquake, geologists have been digging in - sometimes literally - trying to better understand the puzzling West Napa fault zone.",
"title": "One Year After Napa Quake, Scientists Still Puzzled by Mysterious Fault | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cb>Listen to the story:\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/08/20150824ScienceNapaQuake.mp3\u003cbr>\nThe deadly earthquake last year in the south Napa Valley was the Bay Area’s most destructive in a generation. It injured more than 200 people and wreaked hundreds of millions of dollars in damages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among those rushing to the scene that morning were geologists hoping to better understand the workings of the West Napa fault zone, which, until then, some had simply written off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ben Brooks, a geophysicist with the U.S. Geological Survey, says when the earthquake woke him at 3:30 a.m., he went to check on his son. “My little six-year-old,” Brooks says, “who asked if there was going to be a volcano afterwards.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘What we’re concerned with now, after the quake, is what’s the long-term history of the fault.’\u003ccite> Tim Dawson,engineering geologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Brooks hustled down to his office in Menlo Park to grab a truck, and some laser-scanning gear, called “lidar,” for light detection and ranging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By driving hundreds of miles around Napa over the next few days, at around 10 miles per hour, Brooks and his colleagues were able to gather a detailed snapshot of the topography.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some parts of the West Napa fault shifted suddenly during the magnitude 6 earthquake, but others crept gradually in a phenomenon called after-slip, moving about a foot over a few weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Between us,” says Brooks, “we’re calling it a one-month earthquake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_206303\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Dawson.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-206303\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Dawson-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Tim Dawson, an engineering geologist with the California Geological Survey, hops into a trench to look for hints of the fault that shook Napa last year.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Dawson-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Dawson-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Dawson-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Dawson-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Dawson.jpg 1333w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tim Dawson, an engineering geologist with the California Geological Survey, hops into a trench to look for hints of the fault that shook Napa last year. \u003ccite>(Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Surprises and Curiosities\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nOne striking hallmark of the \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/nc72282711\">South Napa earthquake\u003c/a> has been a crack roughly eight miles long, visible in pavement and in vineyards where the vine rows suddenly zigzag. Since the quake, Ponti says mapping by a NASA jet has suggested the crack runs another five miles farther south, toward the salt marshes near American Canyon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of what makes the fault zone a mystery is that it has multiple strands running parallel through the same area. And they might not break along the same pattern in another earthquake, Ponti says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tim Dawson, an engineering geologist for the California Geological Survey, has been among those digging trenches around 10 feet deep along the fault trace over the last year, looking for buried clues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re concerned with now, after the quake, is what’s the long-term history of the fault,” he says. “So we want to develop these records of when the last earthquake was, prior to the earthquake last summer, and how often they occur.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such a history helps to inform future expectations, and Dawson says new fault maps out next year could affect where planners choose to permit housing and other development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_206710\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 451px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/RS11867_454118094-sfi.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-206710\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/RS11867_454118094-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"Nicholas George looks under a buckled highway just outside of Napa, California after a 6.1 Earthquake struck the area on August 24, 2014. More than 80 people were injured after the quake caused fires, significant structure damage, water main breaks, and power outages throughout the region. \" width=\"451\" height=\"309\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/RS11867_454118094-sfi.jpg 525w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/RS11867_454118094-sfi-400x274.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 451px) 100vw, 451px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nicholas George looks under a buckled highway just outside of Napa, California after a 6.1 Earthquake struck the area on August 24, 2014. \u003ccite>(Josh Edelson/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Curiously, trenching studies so far haven’t turned up much evidence of quakes in the last few thousand years. One effort did find evidence that quakes occurred much further back in time—millions of years, says Carol Prentice with the USGS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Perhaps back in geologic time this fault was more active—produced more frequent and perhaps larger earthquakes—and now there’s been some kind of change,” Prentice says. “Perhaps the slip has moved onto a different fault, and on this particular fault, perhaps now we’re only seeing magnitude 6 earthquakes, and very infrequent earthquakes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or maybe not. In order to figure it out, scientists have to keep digging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Professor Gareth Funning of the University of California, Riverside, has been watching the region around the West Napa fault zone for years. Until last year’s quake, he says, it was such a bit player that he felt comfortable just leaving it out of his analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That makes the after-slip all the more puzzling. If the West Napa fault is capable of substantial, rapid after-slip, Funning says, it could also be capable of creep, or gradual movement of a fault unaccompanied by any big quake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In which case,” he asks, “shouldn’t we have been able to see it creeping through the areas where it subsequently slipped?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if there are any signs of movement before the quake happened, Funning says he hasn’t found them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_206307\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/USGS-map.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-206307\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/USGS-map.png\" alt=\"The red star marks the quake's epicenter in this USGS map, with solid yellow lines marking measurable surface faulting, including more than two months of afterslip. \" width=\"380\" height=\"560\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/USGS-map.png 540w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/USGS-map-400x590.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 380px) 100vw, 380px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The red star marks the quake’s epicenter in this USGS map, with solid yellow lines marking measurable surface faulting, including more than two months of afterslip. \u003ccite>(USGS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>More over-flights have been underway this month, to monitor the subtly shifting terrain and compare it to predictions. That’s especially important to homeowners in Browns Valley, where the fault rupture went right under some foundations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to also be picking up some areas where there’s damage to the levees in the Sacramento River Delta area back at the time of the earthquake, so we’re trying to understand that,” says USGS research geophysicist Ken Hudnut, who first forecast how the fault would continue to slip in the aftermath of the quake last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can We Have a Seven-Point-O?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not the first time an earthquake in the area has had people \u003ca href=\"http://napavalleyregister.com/news/local/powerful-earthquake-faults-threaten-napa-on-sides/article_d2b1792e-9f5c-5d96-992f-5b42b1e14d55.html\">rattled\u003c/a>. Fifteen years ago, a magnitude 5 quake centered around \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/states/events/2000_09_03.php\">Yountville\u003c/a> toppled chimneys and injured dozens of people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And that was a little bit of a wake-up call for this area, because it did damage in Napa, and now we’ve had this six,” says USGS geologist David Schwartz. “You have to just sit back and ask the question, ‘Well, we had a five and a six, can we have a seven?’ And I don’t think we can rule that out as a possibility.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A seven is a major earthquake. It would be just a notch stronger than the deadly 1989 \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/states/events/1989_10_18.php\">Loma Prieta\u003c/a> earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Dude, Where's My Earthquake Warning System?",
"headTitle": "Dude, Where’s My Earthquake Warning System? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>One year ago, in the pre-dawn hours of a Sunday morning, thousands of people were jounced out of their beds when a magnitude-6 earthquake struck the Napa Valley. The shaking claimed at least one life, injured more than 200, and brought down whole sections of buildings in Napa and Vallejo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/220655309″ params=”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false” width=”100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true” /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years Californians have been hoping for some kind of warning system that would provide even a few seconds to prepare. Japan has it. Mexico has it. But don’t expect to see it in California for a while.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a big project,” says Jennifer Strauss. She and her coleagues at UC Berkeley’s \u003ca href=\"http://seismo.berkeley.edu/\">seismology lab \u003c/a>working with several universities, and state and federal agencies on \u003ca href=\"http://www.shakealert.org/\">ShakeAlert\u003c/a>, the prototype system for California’s first statewide warning system for earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the goal of the ShakeAlert project for all of us involved,” says Strauss. “We want it to be just a thing that everybody has in their daily life as part of preparedness and safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But two years after state lawmakers passed a law authorizing the project, we are far from that goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Obstacle 1: Getting the Word Out\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The technology is getting here,” she says, “but it’s figuring out how to move beyond the academic exercise of, ‘Is this scientifically possible?’ and moving into the realm of, how do you get an alert to people?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s proving to be the bigger challenge. The “Amber alert” model, where it instantly goes to everybody’s cell phone turns out to be more of a technical challenge with earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A nearer-term goal is getting an operational version into hospitals and businesses where even a few seconds notice could save lives, not to mention millions of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Obstacle 2: Money\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Building out the system is estimated to cost at least $80 million. That seems like a trivial sum given that a magnitude-6 quake in Napa caused five times that in damage. But Senator Alex Padilla’s bill from 2013 didn’t provide any government funding. Some federal assistance has trickled in, and state officials are looking for private partners to help fund the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, ShakeAlert remains in its beta phase, being tested by selected institutions. A program installed on personal computers includes a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KO3qeqAvLcA\">visual and audio alert\u003c/a> (“Earthquake! Earthquake!”), announces how intense the shaking is likely to be, and provides a countdown in seconds. When the earth moved in the Napa Valley, testers in Berkeley got about ten seconds of warning before the first rumbles arrived. The farther from the epicenter, the more notice it provides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_210836\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-210836\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt='ShakeAlert offered about 10 seconds of warning to testers in the East Bay. Those \"right on top\" of the epicenter would likely have less warning.' width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">ShakeAlert offered about 10 seconds of warning to testers in the East Bay. Those “right on top” of the epicenter would likely have less warning. \u003ccite>(Erol Kalkan / USGS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Obstacle 3: Accuracy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not perfect. As it stands right now, Strauss says ShakeAlert is about 90 percent accurate — that is about one in ten alerts may be a false alarm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You don’t want an alert going out and have no shaking, as much as you don’t want shaking with no alert,” warns Timothy Strack, who chairs the state’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.seismic.ca.gov/\">Seismic Safety Commission\u003c/a>, and is on the steering committee for the warning system. He says even 90 percent reliability probably won’t pass muster with policymakers who will need to sign off on the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t have that with an early warning system for earthquake because we need the system to have credibility so if it alerts, it’s coming,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eliminating false alarms is just one of multiple technical challenges yet to be overcome. Strauss says the number of sensors around the state, now numbering about 400, needs to more than double in order to provide a reliable system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In California the geography, compounded with where we like to put all our people, makes this very tricky,” says Strauss. “You need very fast telemetry, you need very fast processing speed, you need very fast communications in order to warn people who are sitting directly on top of a fault.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Obstacle 4: Bureaucracy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every Californian knows it’s coming, the Big One or “a” big one. They just don’t know when. Nor does anyone seem to know when a workable statewide warning system will be ready for prime time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wish I could guess,” says Strack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to take that next step to engaging the public and local government, water districts, to see what they really feel is best for an early warning system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Strack says that day when all Californians can have it on their cell phones: we’re no closer to that than when the Napa quake struck, one year ago.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Japan has it. Mexico has it. But as KQED Science Editor Craig Miller reports, don't look for it anytime soon in California.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>One year ago, in the pre-dawn hours of a Sunday morning, thousands of people were jounced out of their beds when a magnitude-6 earthquake struck the Napa Valley. The shaking claimed at least one life, injured more than 200, and brought down whole sections of buildings in Napa and Vallejo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”166″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/220655309″&visual=true&”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false”'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/220655309″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years Californians have been hoping for some kind of warning system that would provide even a few seconds to prepare. Japan has it. Mexico has it. But don’t expect to see it in California for a while.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a big project,” says Jennifer Strauss. She and her coleagues at UC Berkeley’s \u003ca href=\"http://seismo.berkeley.edu/\">seismology lab \u003c/a>working with several universities, and state and federal agencies on \u003ca href=\"http://www.shakealert.org/\">ShakeAlert\u003c/a>, the prototype system for California’s first statewide warning system for earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the goal of the ShakeAlert project for all of us involved,” says Strauss. “We want it to be just a thing that everybody has in their daily life as part of preparedness and safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But two years after state lawmakers passed a law authorizing the project, we are far from that goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Obstacle 1: Getting the Word Out\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The technology is getting here,” she says, “but it’s figuring out how to move beyond the academic exercise of, ‘Is this scientifically possible?’ and moving into the realm of, how do you get an alert to people?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s proving to be the bigger challenge. The “Amber alert” model, where it instantly goes to everybody’s cell phone turns out to be more of a technical challenge with earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A nearer-term goal is getting an operational version into hospitals and businesses where even a few seconds notice could save lives, not to mention millions of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Obstacle 2: Money\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Building out the system is estimated to cost at least $80 million. That seems like a trivial sum given that a magnitude-6 quake in Napa caused five times that in damage. But Senator Alex Padilla’s bill from 2013 didn’t provide any government funding. Some federal assistance has trickled in, and state officials are looking for private partners to help fund the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, ShakeAlert remains in its beta phase, being tested by selected institutions. A program installed on personal computers includes a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KO3qeqAvLcA\">visual and audio alert\u003c/a> (“Earthquake! Earthquake!”), announces how intense the shaking is likely to be, and provides a countdown in seconds. When the earth moved in the Napa Valley, testers in Berkeley got about ten seconds of warning before the first rumbles arrived. The farther from the epicenter, the more notice it provides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_210836\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-210836\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt='ShakeAlert offered about 10 seconds of warning to testers in the East Bay. Those \"right on top\" of the epicenter would likely have less warning.' width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">ShakeAlert offered about 10 seconds of warning to testers in the East Bay. Those “right on top” of the epicenter would likely have less warning. \u003ccite>(Erol Kalkan / USGS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Obstacle 3: Accuracy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not perfect. As it stands right now, Strauss says ShakeAlert is about 90 percent accurate — that is about one in ten alerts may be a false alarm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You don’t want an alert going out and have no shaking, as much as you don’t want shaking with no alert,” warns Timothy Strack, who chairs the state’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.seismic.ca.gov/\">Seismic Safety Commission\u003c/a>, and is on the steering committee for the warning system. He says even 90 percent reliability probably won’t pass muster with policymakers who will need to sign off on the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t have that with an early warning system for earthquake because we need the system to have credibility so if it alerts, it’s coming,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eliminating false alarms is just one of multiple technical challenges yet to be overcome. Strauss says the number of sensors around the state, now numbering about 400, needs to more than double in order to provide a reliable system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In California the geography, compounded with where we like to put all our people, makes this very tricky,” says Strauss. “You need very fast telemetry, you need very fast processing speed, you need very fast communications in order to warn people who are sitting directly on top of a fault.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Obstacle 4: Bureaucracy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every Californian knows it’s coming, the Big One or “a” big one. They just don’t know when. Nor does anyone seem to know when a workable statewide warning system will be ready for prime time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wish I could guess,” says Strack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to take that next step to engaging the public and local government, water districts, to see what they really feel is best for an early warning system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Strack says that day when all Californians can have it on their cell phones: we’re no closer to that than when the Napa quake struck, one year ago.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Climate Change ‘Bully’ in California’s Drought",
"headTitle": "The Climate Change ‘Bully’ in California’s Drought | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>There’s a \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/the-onslaught-of-californias-drought-in-1-chart-17355\">drought in California\u003c/a>. Perhaps you’ve heard a few things about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the fact that it’s cost the state \u003ca href=\"https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/files/biblio/Final_Drought%20Report_08182015_Full_Report_WithAppendices.pdf\">$2.7 billion in agricultural losses\u003c/a>, helped \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/california-forests-climate-polluters-18941\">burn up\u003c/a> hundreds of thousands of acres so far this year and inspired Los Angeles to release a 96 million-strong armada of shade balls into reservoirs (though it was\u003ca href=\"http://grist.org/article/why-shade-balls-arent-such-a-great-idea-after-all/\"> apparently a PR stunt\u003c/a>). Oh, and the state is also short on rainfall by \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/missing-california-rain-19299\">20 inches–a full year’s worth\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One question that’s lingered as long as the drought itself is just how much, if any, of the drought is due to human-caused global warming. New research has an answer: from 8 to 27 percent. It also has another important number: climate change has made the odds of severe droughts like this one twice as likely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sobering numbers come from researchers at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, NASA and University of Idaho who analyzed temperature, precipitation, wind speed and other data to tease out the role climate change has played in the drought in a new study published on Thursday in \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015GL064924/full\">Geophysical Research Letters\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the latest in a string of studies that have examined this big question. The general consensus is that heat has \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/heat-turbocharged-californias-epic-drought-18404\">played a role\u003c/a> in exacerbating the drought and that at least some of that heat is part of the larger pattern of global warming. Last year was a punctuation mark with \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/2014-will-be-hottest-in-california-history-18279\">record-setting heat baking\u003c/a> the Golden State to crispy golden brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”a9ydWQMpnGmi6zuuOJgSgvGZ2SGg0G5P”]The “\u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/2947\">ridiculously resilient ridge\u003c/a>” — an atmospheric feature that’s deflected storms every which way but over California since 2012 — also might have \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/hints-of-climate-change-in-californias-drought-18109\">some climate change ties\u003c/a>, though those are still somewhat murky. But the specific role climate change has played in the drought hasn’t been truly teased out until this new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This study is the first to parse out the relative contribution of anthropogenic warming versus natural climate variability,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/user/williams\">Park Williams\u003c/a>, a tree ring researcher at Lamont, said. “From a method standpoint, it’s a big advancement. It’s the first time I know of that data has been parsed apart this way for any drought on the planet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams led the latest round of research that uses temperature, precipitation, wind and other drought data to break the state up into grid of 23,955 boxes. The data paint the sharpest picture yet of a state in severe drought. Averaged across the state, the findings show that this hasn’t been California’s worst drought on record, but it is the worst drought on record in the places that matter the most to people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_206222\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/CADroughtWilliams.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-206222 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/CADroughtWilliams.jpg\" alt=\"Maps of June-August Palmer Drought Severity Index and ranking for 2014 and 2012–14. Rankings are based on all years between 1901 and 2014. \" width=\"720\" height=\"238\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/CADroughtWilliams.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/CADroughtWilliams-400x132.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Maps of June-August Palmer Drought Severity Index and ranking for 2014 and 2012–14. Rankings are based on all years between 1901 and 2014. \u003ccite>(Williams, et al., 2015)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The epicenter of the drought is the Central Valley, the heart of California’s $46.4 billion agricultural industry. The Sierra Nevada mountains, where most of the state’s water comes from, and a large swath of the coast from \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/us-cities-hottest-year-18496\">San Diego to San Francisco\u003c/a>, where more than half the state’s population lives, have also experienced record-setting drought conditions since 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lack of rain is what obviously started the drought but heat has ensured its lasting impacts. By comparing different datasets and historical temperature trends, Williams and his colleagues were able to show that up to 27 percent of this drought can be ascribed to climate change-driven warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We needed to answer this question. Just knowing how much climate change has affected this drought is really important as a tool to help Californians understand that while natural climate variability is still important, but over the long term, we already have a trend underway,” Williams said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That trend also means the odds of severe drought in California have doubled since the early 20th century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://woods.stanford.edu/about/woods-faculty/noah-diffenbaugh\">Noah Diffenbaugh\u003c/a>, a senior fellow at the Woods Institute for the Environment at Stanford University, said the new analysis represented a “valuable step” in attribution work, a field of climate science that’s developed in the past decade in an effort to understand the role of climate change in specific extreme events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They do a nice job showing that exceptionally warm temperatures from 2012-2014 amplified drought conditions for California,” \u003ca href=\"https://swfsc.noaa.gov/staff.aspx?id=18679\">Nate Mantua\u003c/a>, a climate scientist at the Southwest Fisheries Science Center who has previously written about temperature variations in the region, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Mantua was critical of the paper’s attribution aspect. He said that while it’s possible human-driven global warming could have played a role in the region, the study’s modeling efforts didn’t convincingly replicate certain patterns and that he felt more confident that \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/west-coast-warming-natural-variability-18067\">natural circulation patterns\u003c/a> played a more likely role in pushing temperatures up across the region since 1900.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_206192\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NASADroughtAnimation.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-206192\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NASADroughtAnimation.gif\" alt=\"Changing drought patterns across the U.S. at the start of each decade through 2095.\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Changing drought patterns across the U.S. at the start of each decade through 2095. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Future projections paint a worrisome picture for California and the Southwest as a whole. Rising temperatures mean that California and other parts of the Southwest are basically guaranteed to deal with a serious drought lasting a decade and have an 80 percent chance of experiencing a \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/southwest-central-plains-unprecedented-drought-18657\">drought that lasts multiple decades\u003c/a> by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams likened the impacts of rising temperatures to a bully after your lunch money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we think of precipitation as an income for California, natural variations — evaporation, human water use — are expenses. Then we can think of global warming as a bully that comes by every year and tells you to give him a certain amount of your money. And every year, the bully asks for more and more,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, the bully isn’t going away anytime soon since human emissions to date have locked in climate change-fueled warming for decades if not centuries to come. The new findings give California a lunch money calculator to understand how much water the state can expect to give up and adjust its habits accordingly. It can also allow cities, farmers and others to take advantage of the good years and save for a rainy (or not so rainy) day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The burgeoning El Niño could bring rains, particularly to southern California, that could help the state in drier times, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This really starts a new conversation,” Williams said. “It should allow us to plan for the future in a way that we weren’t capable of doing before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the results are specific to California’s current drought, Williams said they could replicated for any drought or any bully, anywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a> \u003cem>is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A new study pegs climate change as a bully that's come for California's water.",
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"title": "The Climate Change ‘Bully’ in California’s Drought | KQED",
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"headline": "The Climate Change ‘Bully’ in California’s Drought",
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"nprByline": "\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/what-we-do/people/brian-kahn\">Brian Kahn\u003c/a>\u003cbr />Climate Central\u003c/strong>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>There’s a \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/the-onslaught-of-californias-drought-in-1-chart-17355\">drought in California\u003c/a>. Perhaps you’ve heard a few things about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the fact that it’s cost the state \u003ca href=\"https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/files/biblio/Final_Drought%20Report_08182015_Full_Report_WithAppendices.pdf\">$2.7 billion in agricultural losses\u003c/a>, helped \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/california-forests-climate-polluters-18941\">burn up\u003c/a> hundreds of thousands of acres so far this year and inspired Los Angeles to release a 96 million-strong armada of shade balls into reservoirs (though it was\u003ca href=\"http://grist.org/article/why-shade-balls-arent-such-a-great-idea-after-all/\"> apparently a PR stunt\u003c/a>). Oh, and the state is also short on rainfall by \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/missing-california-rain-19299\">20 inches–a full year’s worth\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One question that’s lingered as long as the drought itself is just how much, if any, of the drought is due to human-caused global warming. New research has an answer: from 8 to 27 percent. It also has another important number: climate change has made the odds of severe droughts like this one twice as likely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sobering numbers come from researchers at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, NASA and University of Idaho who analyzed temperature, precipitation, wind speed and other data to tease out the role climate change has played in the drought in a new study published on Thursday in \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015GL064924/full\">Geophysical Research Letters\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the latest in a string of studies that have examined this big question. The general consensus is that heat has \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/heat-turbocharged-californias-epic-drought-18404\">played a role\u003c/a> in exacerbating the drought and that at least some of that heat is part of the larger pattern of global warming. Last year was a punctuation mark with \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/2014-will-be-hottest-in-california-history-18279\">record-setting heat baking\u003c/a> the Golden State to crispy golden brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The “\u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/2947\">ridiculously resilient ridge\u003c/a>” — an atmospheric feature that’s deflected storms every which way but over California since 2012 — also might have \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/hints-of-climate-change-in-californias-drought-18109\">some climate change ties\u003c/a>, though those are still somewhat murky. But the specific role climate change has played in the drought hasn’t been truly teased out until this new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This study is the first to parse out the relative contribution of anthropogenic warming versus natural climate variability,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/user/williams\">Park Williams\u003c/a>, a tree ring researcher at Lamont, said. “From a method standpoint, it’s a big advancement. It’s the first time I know of that data has been parsed apart this way for any drought on the planet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams led the latest round of research that uses temperature, precipitation, wind and other drought data to break the state up into grid of 23,955 boxes. The data paint the sharpest picture yet of a state in severe drought. Averaged across the state, the findings show that this hasn’t been California’s worst drought on record, but it is the worst drought on record in the places that matter the most to people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_206222\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/CADroughtWilliams.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-206222 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/CADroughtWilliams.jpg\" alt=\"Maps of June-August Palmer Drought Severity Index and ranking for 2014 and 2012–14. Rankings are based on all years between 1901 and 2014. \" width=\"720\" height=\"238\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/CADroughtWilliams.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/CADroughtWilliams-400x132.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Maps of June-August Palmer Drought Severity Index and ranking for 2014 and 2012–14. Rankings are based on all years between 1901 and 2014. \u003ccite>(Williams, et al., 2015)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The epicenter of the drought is the Central Valley, the heart of California’s $46.4 billion agricultural industry. The Sierra Nevada mountains, where most of the state’s water comes from, and a large swath of the coast from \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/us-cities-hottest-year-18496\">San Diego to San Francisco\u003c/a>, where more than half the state’s population lives, have also experienced record-setting drought conditions since 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lack of rain is what obviously started the drought but heat has ensured its lasting impacts. By comparing different datasets and historical temperature trends, Williams and his colleagues were able to show that up to 27 percent of this drought can be ascribed to climate change-driven warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We needed to answer this question. Just knowing how much climate change has affected this drought is really important as a tool to help Californians understand that while natural climate variability is still important, but over the long term, we already have a trend underway,” Williams said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That trend also means the odds of severe drought in California have doubled since the early 20th century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://woods.stanford.edu/about/woods-faculty/noah-diffenbaugh\">Noah Diffenbaugh\u003c/a>, a senior fellow at the Woods Institute for the Environment at Stanford University, said the new analysis represented a “valuable step” in attribution work, a field of climate science that’s developed in the past decade in an effort to understand the role of climate change in specific extreme events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They do a nice job showing that exceptionally warm temperatures from 2012-2014 amplified drought conditions for California,” \u003ca href=\"https://swfsc.noaa.gov/staff.aspx?id=18679\">Nate Mantua\u003c/a>, a climate scientist at the Southwest Fisheries Science Center who has previously written about temperature variations in the region, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Mantua was critical of the paper’s attribution aspect. He said that while it’s possible human-driven global warming could have played a role in the region, the study’s modeling efforts didn’t convincingly replicate certain patterns and that he felt more confident that \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/west-coast-warming-natural-variability-18067\">natural circulation patterns\u003c/a> played a more likely role in pushing temperatures up across the region since 1900.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_206192\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NASADroughtAnimation.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-206192\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NASADroughtAnimation.gif\" alt=\"Changing drought patterns across the U.S. at the start of each decade through 2095.\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Changing drought patterns across the U.S. at the start of each decade through 2095. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Future projections paint a worrisome picture for California and the Southwest as a whole. Rising temperatures mean that California and other parts of the Southwest are basically guaranteed to deal with a serious drought lasting a decade and have an 80 percent chance of experiencing a \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/southwest-central-plains-unprecedented-drought-18657\">drought that lasts multiple decades\u003c/a> by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams likened the impacts of rising temperatures to a bully after your lunch money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we think of precipitation as an income for California, natural variations — evaporation, human water use — are expenses. Then we can think of global warming as a bully that comes by every year and tells you to give him a certain amount of your money. And every year, the bully asks for more and more,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, the bully isn’t going away anytime soon since human emissions to date have locked in climate change-fueled warming for decades if not centuries to come. The new findings give California a lunch money calculator to understand how much water the state can expect to give up and adjust its habits accordingly. It can also allow cities, farmers and others to take advantage of the good years and save for a rainy (or not so rainy) day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The burgeoning El Niño could bring rains, particularly to southern California, that could help the state in drier times, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This really starts a new conversation,” Williams said. “It should allow us to plan for the future in a way that we weren’t capable of doing before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the results are specific to California’s current drought, Williams said they could replicated for any drought or any bully, anywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a> \u003cem>is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Flying Past the Sun, Rosetta Spacecraft Hitches a Ride on a Comet",
"headTitle": "Flying Past the Sun, Rosetta Spacecraft Hitches a Ride on a Comet | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>On Aug. 13, 2015 comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko achieved perihelion–its closest approach to the sun–accompanied by Europe’s Rosetta spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta arrived at the comet a year ago, and last Fall launched the Philae lander, which detected 16 different nitrogen- and carbon-rich organic compounds, four of which had never been found on a comet before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The composition of comets, in particular their mix of organic compounds, is an intriguing subject of investigation, since one of the theories for the emergence of life on Earth involves the contribution of organic compounds by comets, asteroids, and protoplanets early in the formation of the solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_199900\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/philaeatabydos.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-199900\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/philaeatabydos-400x281.jpg\" alt=\"Image taken by the Philae lander at its final resting site, Abydos, shortly before going into hibernation.\" width=\"400\" height=\"281\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/philaeatabydos-400x281.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/philaeatabydos.jpg 735w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image taken by the Philae lander at its final resting site, Abydos, shortly before going into hibernation. \u003ccite>(Rosetta/Philae/ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When Rosetta launched Philae in November 2014, the small spacecraft became the first ever to \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Touchdown!_Rosetta_s_Philae_probe_lands_on_comet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">land on a comet\u003c/a>. And though that landing did not go as planned–systems designed to pin down and hold fast to the comet failed–Philae was able to collect and transmit a useful load of data from near and on the comet’s surface before its batteries wound down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since that encounter, and up to and beyond perihelion on August 13, Rosetta’s mission has been to observe the effects of increasing solar radiation on comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko (C-G) over a year that brought it three times closer to the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A year ago when Rosetta arrived, the comet was quietly exuding water vapor under the relatively gentle rays of the more distant sun. Picture a cube of ice that you just took out of the freezer and set on the counter: a light breath of vapor rolls gently from the cube’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, toss that ice cube onto a hot griddle. It sizzles energetically, spewing out jets of steam as the ice vaporizes under the heat.\u003cbr>\nIt’s something like that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time of first encounter, well outside of Mars’ orbit, comet C-G gassed off a couple of drinking glass’ worth of water each second, a wisp of moisture supplied by its couple dozen square miles of surface area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_199905\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Approaching_perihelion.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-199905\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Approaching_perihelion-400x134.jpg\" alt=\"Series of images captured by ESA's Rosetta spacecraft showing gas jets emerging from comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko as it approached the sun.\" width=\"400\" height=\"134\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Approaching_perihelion-400x134.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Approaching_perihelion.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Series of images captured by ESA’s Rosetta spacecraft showing gas jets emerging from comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko as it approached the sun. \u003ccite>(Rosetta/ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Rosetta_s_big_day_in_the_Sun\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">At perihelion\u003c/a>, activity had increased a thousand-fold. The comet was blasting off over 130 pounds of water and almost 500 pounds of dust per second into space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta captured many images of water and dust jets issuing from the comet over the months. One image in particular, taken only an hour before perihelion, shows a prominent plume bursting out energetically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this activity, as ices vaporize and blow away into space carrying dust with it, is what builds up the comet’s atmosphere—or coma. In some comets–usually those that get closer to the sun than C-G ever does—this coma is blown by the solar wind into the long, iconic tail we generally associate with the image of a comet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were hopes that the drained batteries of the Philae lander might recharge as sunlight levels increased—and this has in fact occurred. Philae has sent a few spurious signals to be relayed to Earth by the orbiting Rosetta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_199901\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-199901\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"Image of the surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko from a distance of 62 miles.\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image of the surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko from a distance of 62 miles. \u003ccite>(Rosetta/ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So far, though, intermittent pings are all that have come from the comet’s surface. Mission operators are still hopeful that Philae may yet deliver more data, but since the comet and its two tag-along spacecraft are moving farther from the sun each day, the chances will diminish with the sunlight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Science_on_the_surface_of_a_comet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Philae obtained very useful data\u003c/a> from its instruments upon landing and, as it turned out, during a couple of slow-speed “hops” it made after inadvertently bouncing off of its initial landing spot. Philae lighted upon two other locations before finally coming to rest at a site named Abydos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta will continue observing comet C-G’s activity in the aftermath of its solar close encounter, studying the effects of post-perihelion retreat as the comet cools and heads back to the other end of its orbit, aphelion—just beyond the orbit of Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "On August 13th 2015 comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko made its closest approach to the sun (perihelion), carrying Europe's Rosetta spacecraft along for the ride.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On Aug. 13, 2015 comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko achieved perihelion–its closest approach to the sun–accompanied by Europe’s Rosetta spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta arrived at the comet a year ago, and last Fall launched the Philae lander, which detected 16 different nitrogen- and carbon-rich organic compounds, four of which had never been found on a comet before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The composition of comets, in particular their mix of organic compounds, is an intriguing subject of investigation, since one of the theories for the emergence of life on Earth involves the contribution of organic compounds by comets, asteroids, and protoplanets early in the formation of the solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_199900\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/philaeatabydos.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-199900\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/philaeatabydos-400x281.jpg\" alt=\"Image taken by the Philae lander at its final resting site, Abydos, shortly before going into hibernation.\" width=\"400\" height=\"281\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/philaeatabydos-400x281.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/philaeatabydos.jpg 735w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image taken by the Philae lander at its final resting site, Abydos, shortly before going into hibernation. \u003ccite>(Rosetta/Philae/ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When Rosetta launched Philae in November 2014, the small spacecraft became the first ever to \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Touchdown!_Rosetta_s_Philae_probe_lands_on_comet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">land on a comet\u003c/a>. And though that landing did not go as planned–systems designed to pin down and hold fast to the comet failed–Philae was able to collect and transmit a useful load of data from near and on the comet’s surface before its batteries wound down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since that encounter, and up to and beyond perihelion on August 13, Rosetta’s mission has been to observe the effects of increasing solar radiation on comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko (C-G) over a year that brought it three times closer to the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A year ago when Rosetta arrived, the comet was quietly exuding water vapor under the relatively gentle rays of the more distant sun. Picture a cube of ice that you just took out of the freezer and set on the counter: a light breath of vapor rolls gently from the cube’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, toss that ice cube onto a hot griddle. It sizzles energetically, spewing out jets of steam as the ice vaporizes under the heat.\u003cbr>\nIt’s something like that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time of first encounter, well outside of Mars’ orbit, comet C-G gassed off a couple of drinking glass’ worth of water each second, a wisp of moisture supplied by its couple dozen square miles of surface area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_199905\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Approaching_perihelion.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-199905\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Approaching_perihelion-400x134.jpg\" alt=\"Series of images captured by ESA's Rosetta spacecraft showing gas jets emerging from comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko as it approached the sun.\" width=\"400\" height=\"134\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Approaching_perihelion-400x134.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Approaching_perihelion.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Series of images captured by ESA’s Rosetta spacecraft showing gas jets emerging from comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko as it approached the sun. \u003ccite>(Rosetta/ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Rosetta_s_big_day_in_the_Sun\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">At perihelion\u003c/a>, activity had increased a thousand-fold. The comet was blasting off over 130 pounds of water and almost 500 pounds of dust per second into space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta captured many images of water and dust jets issuing from the comet over the months. One image in particular, taken only an hour before perihelion, shows a prominent plume bursting out energetically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this activity, as ices vaporize and blow away into space carrying dust with it, is what builds up the comet’s atmosphere—or coma. In some comets–usually those that get closer to the sun than C-G ever does—this coma is blown by the solar wind into the long, iconic tail we generally associate with the image of a comet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were hopes that the drained batteries of the Philae lander might recharge as sunlight levels increased—and this has in fact occurred. Philae has sent a few spurious signals to be relayed to Earth by the orbiting Rosetta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_199901\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-199901\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"Image of the surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko from a distance of 62 miles.\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/comet-cg-62miles-rosetta-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image of the surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko from a distance of 62 miles. \u003ccite>(Rosetta/ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So far, though, intermittent pings are all that have come from the comet’s surface. Mission operators are still hopeful that Philae may yet deliver more data, but since the comet and its two tag-along spacecraft are moving farther from the sun each day, the chances will diminish with the sunlight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Science_on_the_surface_of_a_comet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Philae obtained very useful data\u003c/a> from its instruments upon landing and, as it turned out, during a couple of slow-speed “hops” it made after inadvertently bouncing off of its initial landing spot. Philae lighted upon two other locations before finally coming to rest at a site named Abydos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta will continue observing comet C-G’s activity in the aftermath of its solar close encounter, studying the effects of post-perihelion retreat as the comet cools and heads back to the other end of its orbit, aphelion—just beyond the orbit of Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Gray Wolf Pups Found in California -- First in Nearly a Century",
"headTitle": "Gray Wolf Pups Found in California — First in Nearly a Century | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_204178\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-204178\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf3-1440x810.jpg\" alt='One of the wolves in the newly dubbed \"Shasta pack.\"' width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf3-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf3-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf3-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf3.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf3-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf3-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of the wolves in the newly dubbed “Shasta pack.” \u003ccite>(California Department of Fish and Wildlife)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A pack of wolves, including five pups, has turned up in Siskiyou County in Northern California. The pups are especially significant as they’re first documented since wolves were extirpated from the state in the 1920s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The adults likely came from Oregon, according to California wildlife officials, but are most likely not related to OR7, the \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/lone-wolf%E2%80%99s-historic-trek-provokes-questions-and-concerns/\">lone male who wandered into the state\u003c/a> in December 2011 and sparked a heated debate about the return of the predators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re really excited, if not amazed, at what this species of animal has been able to do,” said Eric Loft of the California Department of Fish and Wildlife. “What we’re most surprised about is about how rapidly wolves have done colonization, if you will, of California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “Shasta pack,” as wildlife officials have dubbed it, was photographed with remote trail cameras and officials are considering putting a radio collar on at least one individual to track its movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Howling Success…or Imminent Conflict\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is one of those rare moments when those of us who are longtime wolf advocates get to howl in celebration,” said Amaroq Weiss of the non-profit Center for Biological Diversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_204175\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 542px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf-pups-jpg3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-204175\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf-pups-jpg3.jpg\" alt='The newly named \"Shasta pack\" as photographed by a remote camera.' width=\"542\" height=\"334\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf-pups-jpg3.jpg 542w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf-pups-jpg3-400x246.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 542px) 100vw, 542px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Several-month-old pups, as captured by a remote camera. \u003ccite>(California Department of Fish and Wildlife)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gray wolves were \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/06/04/california-to-protect-gray-wolves-as-endangered-species/\">declared an endangered species\u003c/a> in California in June 2014 and are also protected under the federal Endangered Species Act. That makes it illegal to harass, kill or harm the animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While OR7 \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/07/25/californias-wandering-wolf-now-has-puppies-in-oregon/\">has since left California\u003c/a> and joined a pack in Southern Oregon, officials expect more wolves to follow. Some cheered his arrival, seeing it as a sign that wolves would soon reestablish themselves in California. Others warned about potential conflict with livestock, as has happened it other Western states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is currently working on a management plan for wolves that will govern how the population is handled. Officials expect to release a draft by the end of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our assessment of the most likely scenario for wolf reestablishment, mostly in terms of timing, is going to need to be updated,” said Karen Kovacs, a wildlife program manager with the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other Western states have set up programs to reimburse ranchers whose livestock are killed by wolves. While the management plan will examine such a program, officials say there’s no way to establish one yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That would take some kind of legislative action,” said Kovacs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kovacs says she’s hopeful to avoid those conflicts with this pack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have spoken with the majority of the private landowners within a 10-mile radius of these locations and they are all very cooperative,” she said. “I’ve not had one express animosity.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_204178\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-204178\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf3-1440x810.jpg\" alt='One of the wolves in the newly dubbed \"Shasta pack.\"' width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf3-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf3-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf3-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf3.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf3-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf3-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of the wolves in the newly dubbed “Shasta pack.” \u003ccite>(California Department of Fish and Wildlife)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A pack of wolves, including five pups, has turned up in Siskiyou County in Northern California. The pups are especially significant as they’re first documented since wolves were extirpated from the state in the 1920s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The adults likely came from Oregon, according to California wildlife officials, but are most likely not related to OR7, the \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/lone-wolf%E2%80%99s-historic-trek-provokes-questions-and-concerns/\">lone male who wandered into the state\u003c/a> in December 2011 and sparked a heated debate about the return of the predators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re really excited, if not amazed, at what this species of animal has been able to do,” said Eric Loft of the California Department of Fish and Wildlife. “What we’re most surprised about is about how rapidly wolves have done colonization, if you will, of California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “Shasta pack,” as wildlife officials have dubbed it, was photographed with remote trail cameras and officials are considering putting a radio collar on at least one individual to track its movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Howling Success…or Imminent Conflict\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is one of those rare moments when those of us who are longtime wolf advocates get to howl in celebration,” said Amaroq Weiss of the non-profit Center for Biological Diversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_204175\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 542px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf-pups-jpg3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-204175\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf-pups-jpg3.jpg\" alt='The newly named \"Shasta pack\" as photographed by a remote camera.' width=\"542\" height=\"334\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf-pups-jpg3.jpg 542w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf-pups-jpg3-400x246.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 542px) 100vw, 542px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Several-month-old pups, as captured by a remote camera. \u003ccite>(California Department of Fish and Wildlife)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gray wolves were \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/06/04/california-to-protect-gray-wolves-as-endangered-species/\">declared an endangered species\u003c/a> in California in June 2014 and are also protected under the federal Endangered Species Act. That makes it illegal to harass, kill or harm the animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While OR7 \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/07/25/californias-wandering-wolf-now-has-puppies-in-oregon/\">has since left California\u003c/a> and joined a pack in Southern Oregon, officials expect more wolves to follow. Some cheered his arrival, seeing it as a sign that wolves would soon reestablish themselves in California. Others warned about potential conflict with livestock, as has happened it other Western states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is currently working on a management plan for wolves that will govern how the population is handled. Officials expect to release a draft by the end of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our assessment of the most likely scenario for wolf reestablishment, mostly in terms of timing, is going to need to be updated,” said Karen Kovacs, a wildlife program manager with the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other Western states have set up programs to reimburse ranchers whose livestock are killed by wolves. While the management plan will examine such a program, officials say there’s no way to establish one yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That would take some kind of legislative action,” said Kovacs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kovacs says she’s hopeful to avoid those conflicts with this pack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have spoken with the majority of the private landowners within a 10-mile radius of these locations and they are all very cooperative,” she said. “I’ve not had one express animosity.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Most California water districts have no choice but to save water this summer. They’re \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/30/whos-saving-water-in-california-and-who-isnt/\">facing mandatory requirements\u003c/a> from the state to cut back between 8 and 36 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That depends on their customers, of course. Each Bay Area water district has passed its own rules on how residents can and can’t use water. Find out if you’re following – or flouting – those requirements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Click to see restrictions by water district:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"670\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqednews.cartodb.com/viz/d55d1208-46b7-11e5-bdc0-0e018d66dc29/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Apart from water districts, some cities, \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/drought/ci_27960479/san-jose-looks-adopt-30-percent-water-reduction\">like San Jose\u003c/a>, have passed their own water conservation standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Research by Johanna Varner and Grace Singer. Produced by Lindsey Hoshaw.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Most California water districts have no choice but to save water this summer. They’re \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/30/whos-saving-water-in-california-and-who-isnt/\">facing mandatory requirements\u003c/a> from the state to cut back between 8 and 36 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That depends on their customers, of course. Each Bay Area water district has passed its own rules on how residents can and can’t use water. Find out if you’re following – or flouting – those requirements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Click to see restrictions by water district:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"670\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqednews.cartodb.com/viz/d55d1208-46b7-11e5-bdc0-0e018d66dc29/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Apart from water districts, some cities, \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/drought/ci_27960479/san-jose-looks-adopt-30-percent-water-reduction\">like San Jose\u003c/a>, have passed their own water conservation standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Research by Johanna Varner and Grace Singer. Produced by Lindsey Hoshaw.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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