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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/08/20150810ScienceBattleoftheBlobs.mp3\u003cbr>\nHopeful Californians are looking to the Pacific this winter for an end to California’s most punishing drought on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason: what appears to be \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/3323\">a monster El Niño in the making\u003c/a>. The abnormally warm waters along the equator \u003cem>could\u003c/em> mean a wet winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are no guarantees, but there have been portents. On one Saturday in July, San Diego got more rain than it got the entire month of January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That same month, ESPN broadcaster Dan Shulman broke the news to baseball fans from underneath a golf umbrella: “For the first time in 20 years, a game has been postponed because of rain here in Anaheim.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can thank Dolores for that, a hurricane that managed to make it farther north than normal. The intense Pacific hurricane season \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailynews.com/general-news/20150716/hurricane-dolores-el-nixf1o-bring-big-waves-to-southern-california-beaches\">bears the fingerprints\u003c/a> of El Niño, which is already getting hyped as a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/09/el-nino-update-californias-great-wet-hope-continues-to-build/\">potential drought-buster.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yes, and deservedly so,” says Kevin Trenberth, a Distinguished Senior Scientist at the \u003ca href=\"https://ncar.ucar.edu/\">National Center for Atmospheric Research\u003c/a> in Boulder, Colorado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For this time of year, the El Niño is as strong as it’s ever been.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26565\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Ridiculously-Reilent-Ridge-graphic-e1422040126985-1024x629.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26565 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Ridiculously-Reilent-Ridge-graphic-e1422040126985-1024x629.jpg\" alt=\"Print\" width=\"1024\" height=\"629\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Storms headed for the California coast run into the Ridiculously Resilient Ridge, represented by the “H” in this graphic. (David Pierce/ KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Strength in this case is measured by how much warmer surface temperatures are than normal, in the tropical Pacific. And this one looks to be about as strong as the legendary \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/09/01/drought-myth-busting-why-el-nino-wont-save-california/\">El Niño of 1997-98\u003c/a>, which was the strongest on record, peaking at about 2.3 degrees Celsius above normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the ocean, a spike of more than two degrees is like sticking a hot poker into the climate system. Pacific storms sucked up moisture from extremely warm equatorial waters and pretty much dumped it on California. San Francisco got double its normal rainfall that year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Enter the Blob\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this time around, there are other things brewing in the Pacific: patches of freakishly warm water spread far and wide, up the California coast to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.oregonlive.com/environment/index.ssf/2015/07/blob.html\">persistently warm vortex\u003c/a>, hundreds of miles across, christened by climate scientists as “the Blob.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is definitely the wildcard with this El Niño,” warns Bill Patzert, a climatologist at \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/\">NASA’s Jet Propulsion Lab\u003c/a> in Pasadena and an advisor to federal El Niño forecasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says unlike in 1997, the Blob has been a fixture during the current drought. It’s essentially the sidekick of that “\u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/tag/ridiculously-resilient-ridge\">Ridiculously Resilient Ridge\u003c/a>,” the stubborn bubble of high-pressure that’s been parked off the north coast for the past couple of years, diverting winter storms up and around California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_172832\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 580px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/high-pressure-ridge-weather-patterns-e1431891275753.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-172832\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/high-pressure-ridge-weather-patterns-e1431891275753.jpg\" alt='The \"Blob\" is associated with the persistent ridge of high pressure that has detoured the winter storm track around California.' width=\"580\" height=\"638\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/high-pressure-ridge-weather-patterns-e1431891275753.jpg 580w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/high-pressure-ridge-weather-patterns-e1431891275753-400x440.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 580px) 100vw, 580px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The “Blob” is associated with the persistent ridge of high pressure that has detoured the winter storm track around California. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“And so the question is, who wins in the battle of the Blob and the El Niño,” says Patzert, “and what impact that’ll have on rainfall on the West Coast of the U.S. this fall, into the winter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patzert says if the Blob and its ridge dominate, we could wring less water out of this El Niño.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re having here is battling blobs!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not everyone’s on the edge of their seat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t fit with my concept of how things work,” says Trenberth. On the contrary, he maintains, the presence of all this warm water — especially close to the coast — could mean heavier rains from the storms we do get.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Mixed Blessing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The potential in California for rains to be torrential this winter is quite high because of the warm water,” Trenberth says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because, as a general rule, the warmer the water, the more moisture gets picked up by the atmosphere and by any emerging storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_173701\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Weather-west-image.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-173701\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Weather-west-image.png\" alt=\"Ocean waters near California have warmed further in recent weeks, and remain far above normal. \" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Weather-west-image.png 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Weather-west-image-400x300.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Weather-west-image-800x600.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Weather-west-image-960x720.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ocean waters near California have warmed further in recent weeks, and remain far above normal. \u003ccite>(NOAA RTG)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Those storms are apt to pick up moisture from any warm water that’s lying around all along the West Coast,” says Trenberth, “and it just feeds those storms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That would be both good and bad news. While the reservoirs refill, the rivers could easily overfill, causing flooding and landslides — much like in 1997-98. Trenberth will take that glass as half-full.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The way things are shaping up it sure looks like an end to the drought to me,” he says, “depending on how you define the drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patzert agrees the current El Niño is looking like a monster — “Godzilla,” to use his favorite moniker. But he’s concerned the Blob and its ridge could become at least partial spoilers, blocking out storms from the northern Pacific, leaving the door open only for El Niño-driven storms from the tropics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could mean Southern California gets a soaking, but the northern part of the state — where most of the major reservoirs are — misses out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is almost certainly going to be a dividing line,” says Stanford climate scientist Daniel Swain. “And it’s possible that dividing line could occur somewhere in Northern California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patzert hopes that isn’t the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If that happens, I’m definitely going to have to go into witness protection,” he frets, “because ‘my’ El Niño, the Great Wet Hope, will only deliver half the package.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever we get, it’s a package that won’t be delivered for at least three months, when California’s long-awaited “rainy” season is due.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "One climate scientist postulates that the high pressure behind freakishly warm northern waters could put a flow restrictor on El Niño.",
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"description": "One climate scientist postulates that the high pressure behind freakishly warm northern waters could put a flow restrictor on El Niño.",
"title": "Possible Spoiler for El Niño: A 'Battle of the Blobs' | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/08/20150810ScienceBattleoftheBlobs.mp3\u003cbr>\nHopeful Californians are looking to the Pacific this winter for an end to California’s most punishing drought on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason: what appears to be \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/3323\">a monster El Niño in the making\u003c/a>. The abnormally warm waters along the equator \u003cem>could\u003c/em> mean a wet winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are no guarantees, but there have been portents. On one Saturday in July, San Diego got more rain than it got the entire month of January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That same month, ESPN broadcaster Dan Shulman broke the news to baseball fans from underneath a golf umbrella: “For the first time in 20 years, a game has been postponed because of rain here in Anaheim.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can thank Dolores for that, a hurricane that managed to make it farther north than normal. The intense Pacific hurricane season \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailynews.com/general-news/20150716/hurricane-dolores-el-nixf1o-bring-big-waves-to-southern-california-beaches\">bears the fingerprints\u003c/a> of El Niño, which is already getting hyped as a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/09/el-nino-update-californias-great-wet-hope-continues-to-build/\">potential drought-buster.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yes, and deservedly so,” says Kevin Trenberth, a Distinguished Senior Scientist at the \u003ca href=\"https://ncar.ucar.edu/\">National Center for Atmospheric Research\u003c/a> in Boulder, Colorado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For this time of year, the El Niño is as strong as it’s ever been.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26565\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Ridiculously-Reilent-Ridge-graphic-e1422040126985-1024x629.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26565 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Ridiculously-Reilent-Ridge-graphic-e1422040126985-1024x629.jpg\" alt=\"Print\" width=\"1024\" height=\"629\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Storms headed for the California coast run into the Ridiculously Resilient Ridge, represented by the “H” in this graphic. (David Pierce/ KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Strength in this case is measured by how much warmer surface temperatures are than normal, in the tropical Pacific. And this one looks to be about as strong as the legendary \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/09/01/drought-myth-busting-why-el-nino-wont-save-california/\">El Niño of 1997-98\u003c/a>, which was the strongest on record, peaking at about 2.3 degrees Celsius above normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the ocean, a spike of more than two degrees is like sticking a hot poker into the climate system. Pacific storms sucked up moisture from extremely warm equatorial waters and pretty much dumped it on California. San Francisco got double its normal rainfall that year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Enter the Blob\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this time around, there are other things brewing in the Pacific: patches of freakishly warm water spread far and wide, up the California coast to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.oregonlive.com/environment/index.ssf/2015/07/blob.html\">persistently warm vortex\u003c/a>, hundreds of miles across, christened by climate scientists as “the Blob.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is definitely the wildcard with this El Niño,” warns Bill Patzert, a climatologist at \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/\">NASA’s Jet Propulsion Lab\u003c/a> in Pasadena and an advisor to federal El Niño forecasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says unlike in 1997, the Blob has been a fixture during the current drought. It’s essentially the sidekick of that “\u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/tag/ridiculously-resilient-ridge\">Ridiculously Resilient Ridge\u003c/a>,” the stubborn bubble of high-pressure that’s been parked off the north coast for the past couple of years, diverting winter storms up and around California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_172832\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 580px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/high-pressure-ridge-weather-patterns-e1431891275753.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-172832\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/high-pressure-ridge-weather-patterns-e1431891275753.jpg\" alt='The \"Blob\" is associated with the persistent ridge of high pressure that has detoured the winter storm track around California.' width=\"580\" height=\"638\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/high-pressure-ridge-weather-patterns-e1431891275753.jpg 580w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/high-pressure-ridge-weather-patterns-e1431891275753-400x440.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 580px) 100vw, 580px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The “Blob” is associated with the persistent ridge of high pressure that has detoured the winter storm track around California. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“And so the question is, who wins in the battle of the Blob and the El Niño,” says Patzert, “and what impact that’ll have on rainfall on the West Coast of the U.S. this fall, into the winter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patzert says if the Blob and its ridge dominate, we could wring less water out of this El Niño.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re having here is battling blobs!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not everyone’s on the edge of their seat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t fit with my concept of how things work,” says Trenberth. On the contrary, he maintains, the presence of all this warm water — especially close to the coast — could mean heavier rains from the storms we do get.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Mixed Blessing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The potential in California for rains to be torrential this winter is quite high because of the warm water,” Trenberth says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because, as a general rule, the warmer the water, the more moisture gets picked up by the atmosphere and by any emerging storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_173701\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Weather-west-image.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-173701\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Weather-west-image.png\" alt=\"Ocean waters near California have warmed further in recent weeks, and remain far above normal. \" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Weather-west-image.png 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Weather-west-image-400x300.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Weather-west-image-800x600.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Weather-west-image-960x720.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ocean waters near California have warmed further in recent weeks, and remain far above normal. \u003ccite>(NOAA RTG)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Those storms are apt to pick up moisture from any warm water that’s lying around all along the West Coast,” says Trenberth, “and it just feeds those storms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That would be both good and bad news. While the reservoirs refill, the rivers could easily overfill, causing flooding and landslides — much like in 1997-98. Trenberth will take that glass as half-full.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The way things are shaping up it sure looks like an end to the drought to me,” he says, “depending on how you define the drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patzert agrees the current El Niño is looking like a monster — “Godzilla,” to use his favorite moniker. But he’s concerned the Blob and its ridge could become at least partial spoilers, blocking out storms from the northern Pacific, leaving the door open only for El Niño-driven storms from the tropics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could mean Southern California gets a soaking, but the northern part of the state — where most of the major reservoirs are — misses out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is almost certainly going to be a dividing line,” says Stanford climate scientist Daniel Swain. “And it’s possible that dividing line could occur somewhere in Northern California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patzert hopes that isn’t the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If that happens, I’m definitely going to have to go into witness protection,” he frets, “because ‘my’ El Niño, the Great Wet Hope, will only deliver half the package.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever we get, it’s a package that won’t be delivered for at least three months, when California’s long-awaited “rainy” season is due.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Three Current Space Missions You May Not Know About",
"headTitle": "Three Current Space Missions You May Not Know About | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>With all of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/13/at-last-nasa-spacecraft-captures-a-close-up-of-pluto/\">attention grabbed by Pluto\u003c/a> in recent months, it’s easy to lose sight of just how much exploration is actually taking place across the solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lately, most of the news has come from \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s New Horizons\u003c/a> flyby of Pluto, \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cassini’s \u003c/a>ongoing investigation of Saturn and its enigmatic moons and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Curiosity \u003c/a>rover’s geologic quest on the slopes of Mount Sharp on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">European Space Agency’s Rosetta\u003c/a> spacecraft and Philae lander are carrying us on a roller coaster ride around the sun on Comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A small fleet of solar observatories like \u003ca href=\"http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory\u003c/a> and the ESA’s SOHO keep an unblinking eye on our tumultuous sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, there are \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/index.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dozens of robotic spacecraft\u003c/a> spread across the solar system, quietly exploring objects and regions from Earth’s moon all the way out to the frontier of interstellar space, three times more distant than Pluto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below are three current space expeditions that may yield results as soon as next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Asteroid Expedition: Orbit, Land, Rove, Return!\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Have you heard of \u003ca href=\"http://global.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/hayabusa2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hayabusa 2\u003c/a>? Launched by Japan last December, this spacecraft is currently en route to the near-Earth object 1999 JU3, where it will arrive in 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_168388\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/itokawa07_hayabusa_big.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-168388\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/itokawa07_hayabusa_big-400x214.jpg\" alt=\"Asteroid Itokawa as imaged by the Hayabusa spacecraft. \" width=\"400\" height=\"214\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/itokawa07_hayabusa_big-400x214.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/itokawa07_hayabusa_big.jpg 713w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Asteroid Itokawa as imaged by the Hayabusa spacecraft. \u003ccite>(JAXA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The spacecraft will spend about 18 months examining this half-mile-wide asteroid and employing a variety of exploration technologies, including deploying a lander and a rover to its surface, creating and exploring an artificial crater with an impactor projectile and the lander, and ultimately returning samples of the asteroid to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sounds like a novel mission, but in fact this isn’t the first to bring pieces of an asteroid home to us; Hayabusa 2’s predecessor, Hayabusa (1), collected and returned samples of the asteroid Itokawa in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And 1999 JU3 is a “C” type \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Asteroids_Structure_and_composition_of_asteroids\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">asteroid\u003c/a>, a carbonaceous object composed of clay and silicate rocks. Though C-type asteroids are the most common (75% of asteroids are of this type), they are among the oldest objects in the solar system. They are also thought to contain organic material and water (in hydrated rock).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These two factors—their origin in the earliest times of the solar system’s formation, and the water and organic molecules they may contain—can provide clues of how a planet like the Earth formed, in particular in relation to Earth’s oceans and the emergence of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Recycled Robots\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Did you know that the green “reuse-recycle” ethic is occasionally employed with space missions? This is the case with ARTEMIS—a mission you may not have heard of even during its first incarnation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/artemis/index.html#.VcJK8PNVhBc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ARTEMIS \u003c/a>(Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence, and Electrodynamics of the Moon’s Interaction with the Sun) consists of two spacecraft that were originally members of another multi-probe mission called THEMIS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_168383\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Moon_ER_magnetic_field.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-168383\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Moon_ER_magnetic_field-400x289.jpg\" alt=\"Lunar magnetic field strength map as measured by the Lunar Prospector mission. \" width=\"400\" height=\"289\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Moon_ER_magnetic_field-400x289.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Moon_ER_magnetic_field.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lunar magnetic field strength map as measured by the Lunar Prospector mission. \u003ccite>(Mark A. Wieczorek)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The original five THEMIS spacecraft orbited the Earth starting in 2007 studying its aurora, but two of the solar-powered probes were in danger of losing power due to spending too much time in Earth’s shadow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of falling into dark silence, these two were sent on a new mission to the Moon, and renamed ARTEMIS-P1 and ARTEMIS-P2.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010 the two repurposed spacecraft arrived at their initial destinations, the L1 and L2 Earth-Moon \u003ca href=\"http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mechanics/lagpt.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Lagrange” points\u003c/a>, where a balancing act between the Earth’s and the Moon’s gravity creates semi-stable “pockets” where spacecraft can dwell. L1 resides between the Earth and Moon, and L2 on the far side of the Moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These Lagrange points reside outside of Earth’s magnetic field, and so were excellent vantage points for the ARTEMIS spacecraft to study the properties of the solar wind and how it interacts with the Earth’s long magnetic tail and the Moon’s weak magnetism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011, both spacecraft were moved from the Lagrange points into close lunar orbits, and began a new phase of their repurposed mission to study the Moon more closely, including the structure of its core and its detailed surface magnetism. The ARTEMIS mission is still in progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Juno to Jupiter\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/main/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Juno\u003c/a> mission also hasn’t been on people’s radar, but not because its mission isn’t large. In fact, its mission objective is the biggest thing in the solar system, the planet Jupiter, where it will arrive in July of 2016 and enter a first-ever polar orbit of the gas giant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_168385\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Jupiter-aurora-cp.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-168385\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Jupiter-aurora-cp-400x226.jpg\" alt=\"Auroras surround Jupiter's North Polar region, revealing the gas giant's powerful magnetic field emerging from within. \" width=\"400\" height=\"226\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Jupiter-aurora-cp-400x226.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Jupiter-aurora-cp.jpg 781w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Auroras surround Jupiter’s North Polar region, revealing the gas giant’s powerful magnetic field emerging from within. \u003ccite>(Hubble Space Telescope)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By investigating Jupiter’s polar regions, the Juno spacecraft will make detailed measurements of Jupiter’s powerful magnetic field where it emerges from within the planet, the structure of its atmosphere, and its gravitational field, giving scientists a glimpse of what’s going on deep within Jupiter’s thick gaseous layers and down to its core.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Probing Jupiter’s interior structure may give us insights into how Jupiter formed, and by extension the history of the formation of other planets in the solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five decades ago the first robotic probe to reach any place in the solar system beyond the Earth-Moon system, \u003ca href=\"http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1964-077A\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mariner 4,\u003c/a> flew by Mars, capturing and transmitting back to Earth less than two dozen images.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the playing field of solar system exploration is crowded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re in for a treat as spacecraft gather information and help us better understand the world in which we live.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>With all of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/13/at-last-nasa-spacecraft-captures-a-close-up-of-pluto/\">attention grabbed by Pluto\u003c/a> in recent months, it’s easy to lose sight of just how much exploration is actually taking place across the solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lately, most of the news has come from \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s New Horizons\u003c/a> flyby of Pluto, \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cassini’s \u003c/a>ongoing investigation of Saturn and its enigmatic moons and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Curiosity \u003c/a>rover’s geologic quest on the slopes of Mount Sharp on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">European Space Agency’s Rosetta\u003c/a> spacecraft and Philae lander are carrying us on a roller coaster ride around the sun on Comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A small fleet of solar observatories like \u003ca href=\"http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory\u003c/a> and the ESA’s SOHO keep an unblinking eye on our tumultuous sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, there are \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/index.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dozens of robotic spacecraft\u003c/a> spread across the solar system, quietly exploring objects and regions from Earth’s moon all the way out to the frontier of interstellar space, three times more distant than Pluto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below are three current space expeditions that may yield results as soon as next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Asteroid Expedition: Orbit, Land, Rove, Return!\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Have you heard of \u003ca href=\"http://global.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/hayabusa2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hayabusa 2\u003c/a>? Launched by Japan last December, this spacecraft is currently en route to the near-Earth object 1999 JU3, where it will arrive in 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_168388\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/itokawa07_hayabusa_big.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-168388\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/itokawa07_hayabusa_big-400x214.jpg\" alt=\"Asteroid Itokawa as imaged by the Hayabusa spacecraft. \" width=\"400\" height=\"214\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/itokawa07_hayabusa_big-400x214.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/itokawa07_hayabusa_big.jpg 713w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Asteroid Itokawa as imaged by the Hayabusa spacecraft. \u003ccite>(JAXA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The spacecraft will spend about 18 months examining this half-mile-wide asteroid and employing a variety of exploration technologies, including deploying a lander and a rover to its surface, creating and exploring an artificial crater with an impactor projectile and the lander, and ultimately returning samples of the asteroid to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sounds like a novel mission, but in fact this isn’t the first to bring pieces of an asteroid home to us; Hayabusa 2’s predecessor, Hayabusa (1), collected and returned samples of the asteroid Itokawa in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And 1999 JU3 is a “C” type \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Asteroids_Structure_and_composition_of_asteroids\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">asteroid\u003c/a>, a carbonaceous object composed of clay and silicate rocks. Though C-type asteroids are the most common (75% of asteroids are of this type), they are among the oldest objects in the solar system. They are also thought to contain organic material and water (in hydrated rock).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These two factors—their origin in the earliest times of the solar system’s formation, and the water and organic molecules they may contain—can provide clues of how a planet like the Earth formed, in particular in relation to Earth’s oceans and the emergence of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Recycled Robots\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Did you know that the green “reuse-recycle” ethic is occasionally employed with space missions? This is the case with ARTEMIS—a mission you may not have heard of even during its first incarnation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/artemis/index.html#.VcJK8PNVhBc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ARTEMIS \u003c/a>(Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence, and Electrodynamics of the Moon’s Interaction with the Sun) consists of two spacecraft that were originally members of another multi-probe mission called THEMIS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_168383\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Moon_ER_magnetic_field.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-168383\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Moon_ER_magnetic_field-400x289.jpg\" alt=\"Lunar magnetic field strength map as measured by the Lunar Prospector mission. \" width=\"400\" height=\"289\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Moon_ER_magnetic_field-400x289.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Moon_ER_magnetic_field.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lunar magnetic field strength map as measured by the Lunar Prospector mission. \u003ccite>(Mark A. Wieczorek)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The original five THEMIS spacecraft orbited the Earth starting in 2007 studying its aurora, but two of the solar-powered probes were in danger of losing power due to spending too much time in Earth’s shadow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of falling into dark silence, these two were sent on a new mission to the Moon, and renamed ARTEMIS-P1 and ARTEMIS-P2.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010 the two repurposed spacecraft arrived at their initial destinations, the L1 and L2 Earth-Moon \u003ca href=\"http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mechanics/lagpt.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Lagrange” points\u003c/a>, where a balancing act between the Earth’s and the Moon’s gravity creates semi-stable “pockets” where spacecraft can dwell. L1 resides between the Earth and Moon, and L2 on the far side of the Moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These Lagrange points reside outside of Earth’s magnetic field, and so were excellent vantage points for the ARTEMIS spacecraft to study the properties of the solar wind and how it interacts with the Earth’s long magnetic tail and the Moon’s weak magnetism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011, both spacecraft were moved from the Lagrange points into close lunar orbits, and began a new phase of their repurposed mission to study the Moon more closely, including the structure of its core and its detailed surface magnetism. The ARTEMIS mission is still in progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Juno to Jupiter\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/main/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Juno\u003c/a> mission also hasn’t been on people’s radar, but not because its mission isn’t large. In fact, its mission objective is the biggest thing in the solar system, the planet Jupiter, where it will arrive in July of 2016 and enter a first-ever polar orbit of the gas giant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_168385\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Jupiter-aurora-cp.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-168385\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Jupiter-aurora-cp-400x226.jpg\" alt=\"Auroras surround Jupiter's North Polar region, revealing the gas giant's powerful magnetic field emerging from within. \" width=\"400\" height=\"226\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Jupiter-aurora-cp-400x226.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Jupiter-aurora-cp.jpg 781w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Auroras surround Jupiter’s North Polar region, revealing the gas giant’s powerful magnetic field emerging from within. \u003ccite>(Hubble Space Telescope)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By investigating Jupiter’s polar regions, the Juno spacecraft will make detailed measurements of Jupiter’s powerful magnetic field where it emerges from within the planet, the structure of its atmosphere, and its gravitational field, giving scientists a glimpse of what’s going on deep within Jupiter’s thick gaseous layers and down to its core.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Probing Jupiter’s interior structure may give us insights into how Jupiter formed, and by extension the history of the formation of other planets in the solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five decades ago the first robotic probe to reach any place in the solar system beyond the Earth-Moon system, \u003ca href=\"http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1964-077A\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mariner 4,\u003c/a> flew by Mars, capturing and transmitting back to Earth less than two dozen images.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the playing field of solar system exploration is crowded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re in for a treat as spacecraft gather information and help us better understand the world in which we live.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "President Obama Unveils New Power Plant Rules in 'Clean Power Plan'",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://youtu.be/RQ6N8zN3RCA\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>NPR\u003cbr>\nby Lucy Perkins and Bill Chappell\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Updated at 2:30 p.m. ET\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nPresident Obama formally unveiled his plan to cut power plant emissions — some two years in the making — calling it the “single most important step that America has ever made in the fight against global climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking at the White House, the president said the plan includes the first-ever Environmental Protection Agency standards on carbon pollution from U.S. power plants. Over the next few years, each state will have the chance to create its own plan, he said, adding: “We’ll reward the states that take action sooner.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Toward the end of his remarks, Obama cited other environmental issues, such as combating acid rain, where efforts have been successful even though it seemed hard at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can figure this stuff out, as long as we’re not lazy about it,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The president compared the requirement of cutting carbon emissions by 32 percent to taking 166 million cars off the road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Our original post continues:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a new push to confront climate change, President Obama is announcing new standards that would cut the amount of carbon pollution produced by America’s power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are the first-ever national standards that address carbon pollution from power plants,” according to the Environmental Protection Agency, which adds that power plants are the largest source of carbon pollution in the U.S., generating 32 percent of the total emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Key elements of the Clean Power Plan include a requirement that would cut the power industry’s carbon pollution by 32 percent below 2005 levels in the next 15 years. The plan also seeks to boost renewable energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The White House says that between now and 2015, the changes will mean better health for Americans – preventing up to 3,600 premature deaths – along with bringing energy savings for U.S. consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can read the plan \u003ca href=\"http://www2.epa.gov/cleanpowerplan\">at the Environmental Protection Agency’s website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR’s Scott Horsley reports:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp>“The final version of the EPA’s clean power plan requires somewhat deeper cuts in power plant emissions than a draft version made public a year ago. The power plant rule is the centerpiece of President Obama’s broader climate agenda. And he’s urging other big countries to take similarly aggressive action in advance of an international climate summit in Paris later this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Opponents, including Senate Republican Leader Mitch McConnell, have promised to fight the climate rule, and they’re urging states not to comply with the EPA regulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The final rule does provide a somewhat more flexibile timeline for power companies, with the deadline for action pushed back two years to 2022.”\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The president is announcing the plan along with EPA Administrator Gina McCarthy and Surgeon General Vivek Murthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In announcing the plan Monday, the EPA also said, “2014 was the hottest year in recorded history, and 14 of the 15 warmest years on record have all occurred in the first 15 years of this century.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2015 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=President+Obama+Unveils+New+Power+Plant+Rules+In+%27Clean+Power+Plan%27&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The president compared the requirement of cutting carbon emissions by 32 percent to taking 166 million cars off the road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Our original post continues:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a new push to confront climate change, President Obama is announcing new standards that would cut the amount of carbon pollution produced by America’s power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are the first-ever national standards that address carbon pollution from power plants,” according to the Environmental Protection Agency, which adds that power plants are the largest source of carbon pollution in the U.S., generating 32 percent of the total emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Key elements of the Clean Power Plan include a requirement that would cut the power industry’s carbon pollution by 32 percent below 2005 levels in the next 15 years. The plan also seeks to boost renewable energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The White House says that between now and 2015, the changes will mean better health for Americans – preventing up to 3,600 premature deaths – along with bringing energy savings for U.S. consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can read the plan \u003ca href=\"http://www2.epa.gov/cleanpowerplan\">at the Environmental Protection Agency’s website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR’s Scott Horsley reports:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp>“The final version of the EPA’s clean power plan requires somewhat deeper cuts in power plant emissions than a draft version made public a year ago. The power plant rule is the centerpiece of President Obama’s broader climate agenda. And he’s urging other big countries to take similarly aggressive action in advance of an international climate summit in Paris later this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Opponents, including Senate Republican Leader Mitch McConnell, have promised to fight the climate rule, and they’re urging states not to comply with the EPA regulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The final rule does provide a somewhat more flexibile timeline for power companies, with the deadline for action pushed back two years to 2022.”\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The president is announcing the plan along with EPA Administrator Gina McCarthy and Surgeon General Vivek Murthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In announcing the plan Monday, the EPA also said, “2014 was the hottest year in recorded history, and 14 of the 15 warmest years on record have all occurred in the first 15 years of this century.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2015 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=President+Obama+Unveils+New+Power+Plant+Rules+In+%27Clean+Power+Plan%27&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Who's Saving Water in California and Who Isn't",
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"content": "\u003cp>The majority of California’s water districts have stepped up to meet strict new water conservation rules, according to data released by the state on Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost 40 percent of urban water suppliers cut their water use dramatically, by 30 percent or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a third of water districts, 140 in all, fell short, mostly in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"800\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://mgreen.cartodb.com/viz/aabc0626-3712-11e5-b9e0-0e8dde98a187/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the rules, districts must save between 4 and 36 percent of their water use, compared to what they used during the same month in 2013. The State Water Resources Control Board set the goals based on the per capita water use in each district.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials applauded the water savings in June, which was the first month the mandatory rules took effect. Overall, Californians saved 27.3 percent, exceeding the 25 percent goal called for by Governor Jerry Brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is significant, especially in light of the fact that June was really hot,” said Felicia Marcus, chair of the State Water Resources Control Board. “June numbers tell a story of conscious conservation and that’s what we need.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bay Area Results\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many Northern California water districts passed with flying colors. Menlo Park, Redwood City and the Dublin-San Ramon Services District all saved 31 percent more water than required.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Peninsula’s Westborough Water District was one of the few Bay Area agencies that fell far short of its conservation goal, failing to produce any savings in June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To meet the conservation mandates, most Bay Area water districts have limited watering to two days per week, banned watering during peak daylight hours and have banned sprinkler runoff and using water to clean sidewalks and driveways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve never seen such immediate action happen,” said Stephanie Nevins, a water conservation supervisor at Alameda County Water District in the East Bay. “People are running to apply and participate in our lawn removal program.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_154624\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/lawn-web.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-154624\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/lawn-web-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"Outdoor water accounts for half of all residential use, even more in hotter areas.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/lawn-web-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/lawn-web-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/lawn-web-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/lawn-web.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/lawn-web-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/lawn-web-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Outdoor water accounts for half of all residential use, even more in hotter areas. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Water agencies in San Jose, Dublin and Morgan Hill have \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/06/01/car-washes-and-pools-winners-and-losers-of-californias-drought/\">banned filling new swimming pools\u003c/a> with potable water. The city of San Jose prohibits washing cars at home with potable water. Residents must use gray water or go to commercial car washes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water agencies all around California are doing a pretty big lift,” said Tim Quinn of the Association of California Water Agencies. “There’s a lot involved in educating the public and getting the information to them. The people of California have gotten it and they’re taking those actions and saving a lot of water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials will be meeting with the worst-performing providers to review their drought conservation plans. The board can issue fines of up to $500 a day for districts that fail to comply and ultimately, can levy more stringent fees of up to $10,000 a day if districts flagrantly ignore the rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Downside to Conservation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saving water also means selling less water to customers, so many water districts are now grappling with revenue shortfalls. Water districts generally have inflexible costs, like paying for their water supply or infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When folks drastically reduce their water use, we still have those fixed charges, year-round,” says Nevins. “Doesn’t matter if it’s a drought year or a non-drought year. There’s a certain amount of money that we have to spend to supply our service area with high-quality water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some are imposing surcharges on customers to make up for it. The East Bay Municipal Utility District imposed a 25 percent surcharge on its customers on July 1 to make up the cost of buying extra water and to pay for conservation and enforcement efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Keeping Up Conservation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials warned that with several more dry months ahead this summer, water districts would have to keep up their conservation efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not just that we’re in a drought,” said Marcus. “We’re in the drought of our lives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marcus also expressed concern that there’s been too much focus on El Niño, the weather pattern that forecasters say \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/09/el-nino-update-californias-great-wet-hope-continues-to-build/\">could deliver heavy rainfall this winter\u003c/a>. “It sends too much of a mixed message on conservation,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even a strong El Niño does not guarantee the kind of rain and snow we need to end or let alone put a dent in the drought,” she said. “We need rain and particularly snow in Northern California, where the large reservoirs that people rely on for a big chunk of water supply are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Map produced by Matthew Green and Johanna Varner.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The majority of California’s water districts have stepped up to meet strict new water conservation rules, according to data released by the state on Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost 40 percent of urban water suppliers cut their water use dramatically, by 30 percent or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a third of water districts, 140 in all, fell short, mostly in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"800\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://mgreen.cartodb.com/viz/aabc0626-3712-11e5-b9e0-0e8dde98a187/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the rules, districts must save between 4 and 36 percent of their water use, compared to what they used during the same month in 2013. The State Water Resources Control Board set the goals based on the per capita water use in each district.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials applauded the water savings in June, which was the first month the mandatory rules took effect. Overall, Californians saved 27.3 percent, exceeding the 25 percent goal called for by Governor Jerry Brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is significant, especially in light of the fact that June was really hot,” said Felicia Marcus, chair of the State Water Resources Control Board. “June numbers tell a story of conscious conservation and that’s what we need.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bay Area Results\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many Northern California water districts passed with flying colors. Menlo Park, Redwood City and the Dublin-San Ramon Services District all saved 31 percent more water than required.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Peninsula’s Westborough Water District was one of the few Bay Area agencies that fell far short of its conservation goal, failing to produce any savings in June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To meet the conservation mandates, most Bay Area water districts have limited watering to two days per week, banned watering during peak daylight hours and have banned sprinkler runoff and using water to clean sidewalks and driveways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve never seen such immediate action happen,” said Stephanie Nevins, a water conservation supervisor at Alameda County Water District in the East Bay. “People are running to apply and participate in our lawn removal program.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_154624\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/lawn-web.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-154624\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/lawn-web-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"Outdoor water accounts for half of all residential use, even more in hotter areas.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/lawn-web-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/lawn-web-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/lawn-web-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/lawn-web.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/lawn-web-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/lawn-web-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Outdoor water accounts for half of all residential use, even more in hotter areas. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Water agencies in San Jose, Dublin and Morgan Hill have \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/06/01/car-washes-and-pools-winners-and-losers-of-californias-drought/\">banned filling new swimming pools\u003c/a> with potable water. The city of San Jose prohibits washing cars at home with potable water. Residents must use gray water or go to commercial car washes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water agencies all around California are doing a pretty big lift,” said Tim Quinn of the Association of California Water Agencies. “There’s a lot involved in educating the public and getting the information to them. The people of California have gotten it and they’re taking those actions and saving a lot of water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials will be meeting with the worst-performing providers to review their drought conservation plans. The board can issue fines of up to $500 a day for districts that fail to comply and ultimately, can levy more stringent fees of up to $10,000 a day if districts flagrantly ignore the rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Downside to Conservation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saving water also means selling less water to customers, so many water districts are now grappling with revenue shortfalls. Water districts generally have inflexible costs, like paying for their water supply or infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When folks drastically reduce their water use, we still have those fixed charges, year-round,” says Nevins. “Doesn’t matter if it’s a drought year or a non-drought year. There’s a certain amount of money that we have to spend to supply our service area with high-quality water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some are imposing surcharges on customers to make up for it. The East Bay Municipal Utility District imposed a 25 percent surcharge on its customers on July 1 to make up the cost of buying extra water and to pay for conservation and enforcement efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Keeping Up Conservation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials warned that with several more dry months ahead this summer, water districts would have to keep up their conservation efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not just that we’re in a drought,” said Marcus. “We’re in the drought of our lives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marcus also expressed concern that there’s been too much focus on El Niño, the weather pattern that forecasters say \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/09/el-nino-update-californias-great-wet-hope-continues-to-build/\">could deliver heavy rainfall this winter\u003c/a>. “It sends too much of a mixed message on conservation,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even a strong El Niño does not guarantee the kind of rain and snow we need to end or let alone put a dent in the drought,” she said. “We need rain and particularly snow in Northern California, where the large reservoirs that people rely on for a big chunk of water supply are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Map produced by Matthew Green and Johanna Varner.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Californians continue to support state and local measures to save water, even if they’re not sure what conservation target they’re trying to hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s one impression from the latest drought polling by the Public Policy Institute of California, a nonpartisan research group in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/publication.asp?i=1159\">statewide survey\u003c/a> taken in mid-July, respondents (not surprisingly) cited — by an overwhelming margin — the drought and water supply as the most pressing environmental issue facing California. Fifty-eight percent chose the drought while no other concern, such as air and water pollution, cracked double digits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked about Governor Jerry Brown’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/05/04/state-passes-historic-water-conservation-rules/\">water restrictions\u003c/a>, which mandate a 25 percent statewide reduction in water use, a combined 82 percent of respondents said the target was either “the right amount” or not stringent enough. Only 11 percent said the mandate was too onerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_152112\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_3502.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-152112\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_3502-800x600.jpg\" alt='Watering that produces visible runoff (\"watering the sidewalk\") is prohibited under state drought rules.' width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_3502-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_3502-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_3502-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_3502-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_3502.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Watering that produces visible runoff (“watering the sidewalk”) is prohibited under state drought rules. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Locally the conservation \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2015/06/03/what-mandatory-water-cuts-in-cities-throughout-california-look-like-in-three-interactive-maps/\">mandates vary widely\u003c/a>, from a low of 4 percent required savings, all the way up to 36 percent, and a majority of respondents didn’t seem to know what local target they’ve been trying to reach. Sixty-four percent said they did not know what precise reduction their local water district has required of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That bit of dissonance brought a verbal shrug from the head of the trade group for the state’s municipal water agencies, who cited high awareness among homeowners, in particular.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can’t bat a thousand,” says Tim Quinn, executive director of the Association of California Water Agencies. “But we’re not doing too bad, I would argue.” Quinn says he thinks the conservation message is getting through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have turned a corner this summer,” he says. “People in California got it and they’re taking those actions and saving a lot of water, which is the difference between gettin’ by and not gettin’ by.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climate Connection\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In another significant finding, nearly two-thirds of Californians made a connection between the drought — now well into its fourth year — and the changing climate. Sixty-four percent polled said that “global warming has contributed to California’s current drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The operative word there may be “contributed.” While some studies have concluded that climate change was not likely the key causal factor in the drought, it’s widely acknowledged that record-high temperatures — \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/10/14/high-temps-intensified-california-drought/\">especially last year\u003c/a> — have worsened impacts from the dry weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another lopsided majority of survey respondents — 84 percent — said they expected that global warming would lead to more droughts in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a similarly timed \u003ca href=\"http://californiawaterfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/CA-Water-Foundation-Survey-Memo-7-29-15.pdf\">statewide poll\u003c/a> by the California Water Foundation, about half the respondents rated their concern over the drought as at least 90 on a scale of 100. And a majority said they’d support monthly “water fees” of as much as $4, to support projects to help ensure an adequate water supply.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Californians continue to support state and local measures to save water, even if they’re not sure what conservation target they’re trying to hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s one impression from the latest drought polling by the Public Policy Institute of California, a nonpartisan research group in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/publication.asp?i=1159\">statewide survey\u003c/a> taken in mid-July, respondents (not surprisingly) cited — by an overwhelming margin — the drought and water supply as the most pressing environmental issue facing California. Fifty-eight percent chose the drought while no other concern, such as air and water pollution, cracked double digits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked about Governor Jerry Brown’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/05/04/state-passes-historic-water-conservation-rules/\">water restrictions\u003c/a>, which mandate a 25 percent statewide reduction in water use, a combined 82 percent of respondents said the target was either “the right amount” or not stringent enough. Only 11 percent said the mandate was too onerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_152112\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_3502.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-152112\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_3502-800x600.jpg\" alt='Watering that produces visible runoff (\"watering the sidewalk\") is prohibited under state drought rules.' width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_3502-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_3502-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_3502-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_3502-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_3502.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Watering that produces visible runoff (“watering the sidewalk”) is prohibited under state drought rules. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Locally the conservation \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2015/06/03/what-mandatory-water-cuts-in-cities-throughout-california-look-like-in-three-interactive-maps/\">mandates vary widely\u003c/a>, from a low of 4 percent required savings, all the way up to 36 percent, and a majority of respondents didn’t seem to know what local target they’ve been trying to reach. Sixty-four percent said they did not know what precise reduction their local water district has required of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That bit of dissonance brought a verbal shrug from the head of the trade group for the state’s municipal water agencies, who cited high awareness among homeowners, in particular.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can’t bat a thousand,” says Tim Quinn, executive director of the Association of California Water Agencies. “But we’re not doing too bad, I would argue.” Quinn says he thinks the conservation message is getting through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have turned a corner this summer,” he says. “People in California got it and they’re taking those actions and saving a lot of water, which is the difference between gettin’ by and not gettin’ by.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climate Connection\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In another significant finding, nearly two-thirds of Californians made a connection between the drought — now well into its fourth year — and the changing climate. Sixty-four percent polled said that “global warming has contributed to California’s current drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The operative word there may be “contributed.” While some studies have concluded that climate change was not likely the key causal factor in the drought, it’s widely acknowledged that record-high temperatures — \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/10/14/high-temps-intensified-california-drought/\">especially last year\u003c/a> — have worsened impacts from the dry weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another lopsided majority of survey respondents — 84 percent — said they expected that global warming would lead to more droughts in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a similarly timed \u003ca href=\"http://californiawaterfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/CA-Water-Foundation-Survey-Memo-7-29-15.pdf\">statewide poll\u003c/a> by the California Water Foundation, about half the respondents rated their concern over the drought as at least 90 on a scale of 100. And a majority said they’d support monthly “water fees” of as much as $4, to support projects to help ensure an adequate water supply.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "How Do You Make Greener Fuel? Copy a Leaf",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/07/20150727ScienceFrankenLeaf.mp3\u003cbr>\nThe fuel Californians burn getting around in cars and trucks is a big driver of climate change, accounting for more than a third of the carbon pollution the state puts out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers in Berkeley are hoping to reverse that trend that by making fuel that doesn’t come from oil or other fossil fuels. Instead, they’re turning to renewable and abundant materials, like sunlight and carbon dioxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sound familiar? Green plants have already cracked the code of how to survive on light, carbon dioxide and water, through the process of photosynthesis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nature has really given us a lot of things to be wowed and amazed by,” says \u003ca href=\"http://chemistry.berkeley.edu/faculty/chem/chris-chang\">Chris Chang\u003c/a>, a professor at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeley.edu/\">University of California, Berkeley\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>. Even the lowly weeds growing outside his chemistry lab are an inspiration for this work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_139911\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/chang.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-139911\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/chang-1440x1031.jpg\" alt='UC Berkeley scientist Chris Chang demonstrates his \"artificial leaf\" - living microbes that absorb energy from a solar panel.' width=\"640\" height=\"458\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/chang-1440x1031.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/chang-400x286.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/chang-800x573.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/chang-1400x1003.jpg 1400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/chang-1180x845.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/chang-960x688.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/chang.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">U.C. Berkeley scientist Chris Chang demonstrates his “artificial leaf” — living microbes that absorb energy from a solar panel. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“What we want to do is take that idea,” he says, “the idea of making something useful from water, carbon dioxide and light — things that are freely abundant, freely sustainable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It sounds simple, but scientists have spent decades trying to understand photosynthesis and copy it in the lab, in the hope that “artificial leaves” could one day make fuel for our cars, using carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chang, along with his colleagues Peidong Yang and Michelle Chang, have come up with their \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/2015/04/16/major-advance-in-artificial-photosynthesis/\">own prototype\u003c/a>, but it looks nothing like a leaf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s essentially like a fancy cup,” he says, “and we have a broth, a soup, which has got bacteria or yeast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Microbes are good at making complex substances, Chang says. In your kitchen, they help make yogurt or \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/02/11/science-of-beer-tapping-the-power-of-brewers-yeast/\">beer\u003c/a>. He and his colleagues bioengineered microbes, changing their DNA to make other things — like biodiesel or the chemicals that make up plastics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The first thing we ended up making was actually natural gas,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the microbes don’t normally run on sunlight, like a plant does. Chang could capture sunlight with a small solar panel, but the bacteria wouldn’t be able to harvest the energy and use it on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“This is sort of our Frankenstein-type of experiment, but if Frankenstein was solar-powered.”\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Chris Chang, U.C. Berkeley\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>So, Chang and his colleagues built something that can transfer the energy to the microbes; they built it using nanotechnology. “Something that’s way too small to see,” he says. “Orders of magnitude thinner than a human hair.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As small as the bacteria themselves — designed just for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The bacteria are like Easter-egg shaped,” he says, “and then we have nanomaterials that sit like blades of grass, sort of sticking up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bacteria sit within that “nanotech grass” and absorb the energy from the solar panel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Essentially, Chang and his team electrified life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is sort of our Frankenstein-type of experiment, but if Frankenstein was solar-powered,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team’s Frankenstein solution was no simple feat. It took several labs of chemists and biologists, who don’t normally work together, to marry a living system with a man-made one. In early versions of the prototype, the nano-materials killed off the microbes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_139913\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Peidong-Yang-figure-2-web.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-139913\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Peidong-Yang-figure-2-web-400x434.jpg\" alt='Microbes absorb energy from a field of \"nanotech grass.\"' width=\"400\" height=\"434\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Peidong-Yang-figure-2-web-400x434.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Peidong-Yang-figure-2-web.jpg 666w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Microbes absorb energy from a field of “nanotech grass.” \u003ccite>(Lawrence Berkeley National Lab)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The research is still in the early stages and Chang says they’re working to double the efficiency of the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, looking decades ahead, the hope is that jugs of these solar-powered microbes could sit in our garages, pumping out biodiesel for our cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Photosynthesis is just an absolute marvel of nature,” says \u003ca href=\"http://solarfuelshub.org/personnel/harry-atwater.html\">Harry Atwater\u003c/a>, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://solarfuelshub.org/\">Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis\u003c/a> (JCAP). “So it offers a really powerful template and example for us to follow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JCAP is a collaboration of four California institutions, including Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, and was launched five years ago with $120 million from the federal Department of Energy. The goal is to use sunlight to make liquid fuels, which are used by the transportation industry because they’re more easily stored than electricity is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very unlikely that anytime soon either you or I are going to take a flight on an electric-powered airplane,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The center is working on creating “artificial leaves” purely through man-made chemistry, unlike Chang’s system that uses living microbes. What it’ll cost to make the fuel, and what people will pay for it are both unknown. But Atwater hopes to create usable fuels at a large scale within a generation, a pace that would mirror the success of rooftop solar panels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remember when I was a kid, the idea of a photovoltaic industry that would produce significant power seemed like a far-fetched idea,” he says. “So that’s the sort of thing that gives me ultimate and profound optimism.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he says, copying green plants and turning carbon dioxide into fuel source, instead of a pollutant, would be a much-needed climate change solution.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/07/20150727ScienceFrankenLeaf.mp3\u003cbr>\nThe fuel Californians burn getting around in cars and trucks is a big driver of climate change, accounting for more than a third of the carbon pollution the state puts out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers in Berkeley are hoping to reverse that trend that by making fuel that doesn’t come from oil or other fossil fuels. Instead, they’re turning to renewable and abundant materials, like sunlight and carbon dioxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sound familiar? Green plants have already cracked the code of how to survive on light, carbon dioxide and water, through the process of photosynthesis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nature has really given us a lot of things to be wowed and amazed by,” says \u003ca href=\"http://chemistry.berkeley.edu/faculty/chem/chris-chang\">Chris Chang\u003c/a>, a professor at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeley.edu/\">University of California, Berkeley\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>. Even the lowly weeds growing outside his chemistry lab are an inspiration for this work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_139911\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/chang.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-139911\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/chang-1440x1031.jpg\" alt='UC Berkeley scientist Chris Chang demonstrates his \"artificial leaf\" - living microbes that absorb energy from a solar panel.' width=\"640\" height=\"458\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/chang-1440x1031.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/chang-400x286.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/chang-800x573.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/chang-1400x1003.jpg 1400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/chang-1180x845.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/chang-960x688.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/chang.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">U.C. Berkeley scientist Chris Chang demonstrates his “artificial leaf” — living microbes that absorb energy from a solar panel. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“What we want to do is take that idea,” he says, “the idea of making something useful from water, carbon dioxide and light — things that are freely abundant, freely sustainable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It sounds simple, but scientists have spent decades trying to understand photosynthesis and copy it in the lab, in the hope that “artificial leaves” could one day make fuel for our cars, using carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chang, along with his colleagues Peidong Yang and Michelle Chang, have come up with their \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/2015/04/16/major-advance-in-artificial-photosynthesis/\">own prototype\u003c/a>, but it looks nothing like a leaf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s essentially like a fancy cup,” he says, “and we have a broth, a soup, which has got bacteria or yeast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Microbes are good at making complex substances, Chang says. In your kitchen, they help make yogurt or \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/02/11/science-of-beer-tapping-the-power-of-brewers-yeast/\">beer\u003c/a>. He and his colleagues bioengineered microbes, changing their DNA to make other things — like biodiesel or the chemicals that make up plastics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The first thing we ended up making was actually natural gas,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the microbes don’t normally run on sunlight, like a plant does. Chang could capture sunlight with a small solar panel, but the bacteria wouldn’t be able to harvest the energy and use it on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“This is sort of our Frankenstein-type of experiment, but if Frankenstein was solar-powered.”\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Chris Chang, U.C. Berkeley\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>So, Chang and his colleagues built something that can transfer the energy to the microbes; they built it using nanotechnology. “Something that’s way too small to see,” he says. “Orders of magnitude thinner than a human hair.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As small as the bacteria themselves — designed just for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The bacteria are like Easter-egg shaped,” he says, “and then we have nanomaterials that sit like blades of grass, sort of sticking up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bacteria sit within that “nanotech grass” and absorb the energy from the solar panel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Essentially, Chang and his team electrified life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is sort of our Frankenstein-type of experiment, but if Frankenstein was solar-powered,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team’s Frankenstein solution was no simple feat. It took several labs of chemists and biologists, who don’t normally work together, to marry a living system with a man-made one. In early versions of the prototype, the nano-materials killed off the microbes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_139913\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Peidong-Yang-figure-2-web.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-139913\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Peidong-Yang-figure-2-web-400x434.jpg\" alt='Microbes absorb energy from a field of \"nanotech grass.\"' width=\"400\" height=\"434\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Peidong-Yang-figure-2-web-400x434.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Peidong-Yang-figure-2-web.jpg 666w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Microbes absorb energy from a field of “nanotech grass.” \u003ccite>(Lawrence Berkeley National Lab)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The research is still in the early stages and Chang says they’re working to double the efficiency of the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, looking decades ahead, the hope is that jugs of these solar-powered microbes could sit in our garages, pumping out biodiesel for our cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Photosynthesis is just an absolute marvel of nature,” says \u003ca href=\"http://solarfuelshub.org/personnel/harry-atwater.html\">Harry Atwater\u003c/a>, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://solarfuelshub.org/\">Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis\u003c/a> (JCAP). “So it offers a really powerful template and example for us to follow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JCAP is a collaboration of four California institutions, including Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, and was launched five years ago with $120 million from the federal Department of Energy. The goal is to use sunlight to make liquid fuels, which are used by the transportation industry because they’re more easily stored than electricity is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very unlikely that anytime soon either you or I are going to take a flight on an electric-powered airplane,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The center is working on creating “artificial leaves” purely through man-made chemistry, unlike Chang’s system that uses living microbes. What it’ll cost to make the fuel, and what people will pay for it are both unknown. But Atwater hopes to create usable fuels at a large scale within a generation, a pace that would mirror the success of rooftop solar panels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remember when I was a kid, the idea of a photovoltaic industry that would produce significant power seemed like a far-fetched idea,” he says. “So that’s the sort of thing that gives me ultimate and profound optimism.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he says, copying green plants and turning carbon dioxide into fuel source, instead of a pollutant, would be a much-needed climate change solution.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>July 14th was a fantastic ride. \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s New Horizons\u003c/a> mission took us through the Pluto system on the adventure of a lifetime, an adventure that will continue to unfold for many months as the large batch of data captured by the tiny spacecraft is sent back to Earth in radio trickles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”gvz7vKV6Akp3r4AvzxGqsryhO7EbRAR2″]The encounter with Pluto and its large moon Charon dealt us far more surprises than expected. Far from being the icy, crater-scarred orbs that conventional thinking might have prepared us for, both appear to have relatively young, nearly crater-free surfaces–which means that some form of activity has taken place in their recent history—sometime in the past 100 million years or so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tectonic activity? \u003ca href=\"http://astrogeology.usgs.gov/geology/titan-cryovolcanism\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cryo-volcanism\u003c/a>? A \u003ca href=\"http://www.universetoday.com/120921/nasa-gives-go-for-mission-to-alien-ocean-world-at-jupiter-moon-europa/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sub-surface ocean\u003c/a>? Atmospheric meteorological phenomena? We don’t know, yet—but that’s part of the ongoing journey of discovery that we can enjoy for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even as Pluto data continues to flow in with fresh food for thought on these questions, mission scientists have their eyes on a further adventure, beyond Pluto. Though no definite decisions have been carved in ice yet, the opportunity to expand on the exploration of Pluto’s realm, the Kuiper Belt, is open wide before New Horizons’ flight trajectory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New Horizons is in good condition, having survived its decade-long trek to Pluto, mostly in a preserving state of robotic hibernation. Powered by plutonium, the spacecraft’s energy source can last for, well, thousands of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=KBOs&Display=OverviewLong\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kuiper Belt\u003c/a> is a wide band ringing the Sun, extending from just beyond the orbit of Neptune to about 50 astronomical units (AU–1 AU being the Earth-Sun distance of about 93 million miles). It is populated by an unknown number of icy objects—dwarf planets like Pluto, Eris, Haumea, and Makemake; smaller Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs); and comets—and is estimated to contain between 20 and 200 times the material of the main Asteroid Belt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of territory to explore—and very interesting territory, if New Horizons’ revelations of the Pluto system are an indication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the reasons for exploring Pluto and the Kuiper Belt—maybe the most important reason, scientifically—is that these objects possess clues about the \u003ca href=\"http://www.windows2universe.org/our_solar_system/formation.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">formation of the solar system\u003c/a>. They are basically “left overs” from the solar system’s earliest times, chunks of primordial material that didn’t get swept up in the formation of the planets, or were ejected from regions closer to the sun by their gravitational influence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While New Horizons is still officially engaged in its Pluto flyby mission, continuing observations of the dwarf planet system as it flies away, it is also poised on the point of a decision: where to go next.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mission scientists would like to send New Horizons to another encounter, and have a pair of candidates in mind: two Kuiper Belt Objects, called 2014 MU69 and 2014 PN70. We can only visit one of these, and to achieve either destination the spacecraft must expend some fuel to adjust its course—and by no later than the Fall of 2015. The actual encounter would occur in 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both of these objects are quite different from Pluto. They are smaller, estimated to be a few tens of miles across—compared to Pluto’s newly refined diameter of 1,473 miles. And they are much farther from the sun—about a billion miles farther than Pluto, deep within the Kuiper Belt. A flyby sampling of either would likely tell us things about that region of the solar system that Pluto can only hint at.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, this further encounter can only take place if NASA approves funding for an extended mission, for which proposals are due in 2016, with funding granted in 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worst-case scenario: New Horizons is sent to one of these objects, but flies by without collecting or sending data back to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Best case: we have another close encounter with a far-flung, exotic, and mysterious world to look forward to.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>July 14th was a fantastic ride. \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s New Horizons\u003c/a> mission took us through the Pluto system on the adventure of a lifetime, an adventure that will continue to unfold for many months as the large batch of data captured by the tiny spacecraft is sent back to Earth in radio trickles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The encounter with Pluto and its large moon Charon dealt us far more surprises than expected. Far from being the icy, crater-scarred orbs that conventional thinking might have prepared us for, both appear to have relatively young, nearly crater-free surfaces–which means that some form of activity has taken place in their recent history—sometime in the past 100 million years or so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tectonic activity? \u003ca href=\"http://astrogeology.usgs.gov/geology/titan-cryovolcanism\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cryo-volcanism\u003c/a>? A \u003ca href=\"http://www.universetoday.com/120921/nasa-gives-go-for-mission-to-alien-ocean-world-at-jupiter-moon-europa/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sub-surface ocean\u003c/a>? Atmospheric meteorological phenomena? We don’t know, yet—but that’s part of the ongoing journey of discovery that we can enjoy for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even as Pluto data continues to flow in with fresh food for thought on these questions, mission scientists have their eyes on a further adventure, beyond Pluto. Though no definite decisions have been carved in ice yet, the opportunity to expand on the exploration of Pluto’s realm, the Kuiper Belt, is open wide before New Horizons’ flight trajectory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New Horizons is in good condition, having survived its decade-long trek to Pluto, mostly in a preserving state of robotic hibernation. Powered by plutonium, the spacecraft’s energy source can last for, well, thousands of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=KBOs&Display=OverviewLong\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kuiper Belt\u003c/a> is a wide band ringing the Sun, extending from just beyond the orbit of Neptune to about 50 astronomical units (AU–1 AU being the Earth-Sun distance of about 93 million miles). It is populated by an unknown number of icy objects—dwarf planets like Pluto, Eris, Haumea, and Makemake; smaller Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs); and comets—and is estimated to contain between 20 and 200 times the material of the main Asteroid Belt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of territory to explore—and very interesting territory, if New Horizons’ revelations of the Pluto system are an indication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the reasons for exploring Pluto and the Kuiper Belt—maybe the most important reason, scientifically—is that these objects possess clues about the \u003ca href=\"http://www.windows2universe.org/our_solar_system/formation.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">formation of the solar system\u003c/a>. They are basically “left overs” from the solar system’s earliest times, chunks of primordial material that didn’t get swept up in the formation of the planets, or were ejected from regions closer to the sun by their gravitational influence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While New Horizons is still officially engaged in its Pluto flyby mission, continuing observations of the dwarf planet system as it flies away, it is also poised on the point of a decision: where to go next.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mission scientists would like to send New Horizons to another encounter, and have a pair of candidates in mind: two Kuiper Belt Objects, called 2014 MU69 and 2014 PN70. We can only visit one of these, and to achieve either destination the spacecraft must expend some fuel to adjust its course—and by no later than the Fall of 2015. The actual encounter would occur in 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both of these objects are quite different from Pluto. They are smaller, estimated to be a few tens of miles across—compared to Pluto’s newly refined diameter of 1,473 miles. And they are much farther from the sun—about a billion miles farther than Pluto, deep within the Kuiper Belt. A flyby sampling of either would likely tell us things about that region of the solar system that Pluto can only hint at.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, this further encounter can only take place if NASA approves funding for an extended mission, for which proposals are due in 2016, with funding granted in 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worst-case scenario: New Horizons is sent to one of these objects, but flies by without collecting or sending data back to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Best case: we have another close encounter with a far-flung, exotic, and mysterious world to look forward to.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Kepler Telescope Introduces Earth to a Very Distant Cousin",
"headTitle": "Kepler Telescope Introduces Earth to a Very Distant Cousin | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>NASA’s planet-hunting Kepler Telescope has spotted the first roughly Earth-sized world orbiting in the “Goldilocks zone” of another star – offering perhaps the best bet so far for life elsewhere in the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A year on Kepler 452b, which is about 1,400 light years from us in the constellation Cygnus, is 385 days, meaning its orbit is just a bit farther away from its star than the Earth is from the sun. That places it squarely within what planetary scientists call the habitable zone, or “Goldilocks” zone — not too cold and not too hot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In my mind, this is the closest planet indeed to Earth,” Jon Jenkins, Kepler data analysis lead at NASA’s Ames Research Center in Moffett Field, Calif, said at a media briefing. “The star is a little bit older and a little bit bigger and brighter, so it’s good that it’s a bit farther from its star.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”YE9wLbqvu1LZlcR2Sfc2A1sM2raFh2oi”]And that star is what astronomers label a class-G, “main sequence” star, the same as our sun. It is of average size and luminosity. While astronomers have not ruled out life around either smaller, dimmer or larger and brighter stars, Jenkins notes that we know for sure that life can exist around a G-class star.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Kepler 452b is also a 60 percent larger — and possibly five times as massive as Earth, with gravity about twice as great, there’s a “better than even chance” that it is rocky, like Earth, Jenkins says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is the closest thing we have to a place that someone else might call home,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler 452b is also in roughly the same period of planetary evolution as Earth. It’s thought to be about 6 billion years old, compared to Earth’s 4.5 billion years. But the estimate for Kepler 452b is based on models of stellar evolution, which could be off by as much as 2 billion years, which means on the lower end, it could be a contemporary of Earth, while on the upper end of the margin of error, it could be nearly twice as old, Jenkins says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s awe-inspiring to consider that this planet has spent 6 billion years in the habitable zone of its star; longer than Earth,” he said in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-kepler-mission-discovers-bigger-older-cousin-to-earth\">statement from NASA.\u003c/a> “That’s substantial opportunity for life to arise, should all the necessary ingredients and conditions for life exist on this planet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Kepler Telescope looks at a periodic, subtle dimming of distant stars that represents a slight blocking of sunlight as an orbiting planet passes between us and its parent star. But because the plane of the orbit must be parallel to Earth’s line-of-sight to be detected, Jenkins says that each discovery of an Earth-like planet by Kepler leaves possibly another 50 undetected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, a total of 1,030 “extra-solar” planets have been identified, most — known as “hot Jupiters” — that are much larger and orbiting their stars much more closely than Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Exoplanets, especially small Earth-size worlds, belonged within the realm of science fiction just 21 years ago,” the NASA statement says. “Today, and thousands of discoveries later, astronomers are on the cusp of finding something people have dreamed about for thousands of years — another Earth.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2015 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Kepler+Telescope+Introduces+Earth+To+A+Very+Distant+Cousin&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The spacecraft has detected the nearest thing to Earth yet discovered — a planet that's a bit bigger and squarely inside the \"habitable zone\" for life.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA’s planet-hunting Kepler Telescope has spotted the first roughly Earth-sized world orbiting in the “Goldilocks zone” of another star – offering perhaps the best bet so far for life elsewhere in the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A year on Kepler 452b, which is about 1,400 light years from us in the constellation Cygnus, is 385 days, meaning its orbit is just a bit farther away from its star than the Earth is from the sun. That places it squarely within what planetary scientists call the habitable zone, or “Goldilocks” zone — not too cold and not too hot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In my mind, this is the closest planet indeed to Earth,” Jon Jenkins, Kepler data analysis lead at NASA’s Ames Research Center in Moffett Field, Calif, said at a media briefing. “The star is a little bit older and a little bit bigger and brighter, so it’s good that it’s a bit farther from its star.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>And that star is what astronomers label a class-G, “main sequence” star, the same as our sun. It is of average size and luminosity. While astronomers have not ruled out life around either smaller, dimmer or larger and brighter stars, Jenkins notes that we know for sure that life can exist around a G-class star.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Kepler 452b is also a 60 percent larger — and possibly five times as massive as Earth, with gravity about twice as great, there’s a “better than even chance” that it is rocky, like Earth, Jenkins says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is the closest thing we have to a place that someone else might call home,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler 452b is also in roughly the same period of planetary evolution as Earth. It’s thought to be about 6 billion years old, compared to Earth’s 4.5 billion years. But the estimate for Kepler 452b is based on models of stellar evolution, which could be off by as much as 2 billion years, which means on the lower end, it could be a contemporary of Earth, while on the upper end of the margin of error, it could be nearly twice as old, Jenkins says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s awe-inspiring to consider that this planet has spent 6 billion years in the habitable zone of its star; longer than Earth,” he said in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-kepler-mission-discovers-bigger-older-cousin-to-earth\">statement from NASA.\u003c/a> “That’s substantial opportunity for life to arise, should all the necessary ingredients and conditions for life exist on this planet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Kepler Telescope looks at a periodic, subtle dimming of distant stars that represents a slight blocking of sunlight as an orbiting planet passes between us and its parent star. But because the plane of the orbit must be parallel to Earth’s line-of-sight to be detected, Jenkins says that each discovery of an Earth-like planet by Kepler leaves possibly another 50 undetected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, a total of 1,030 “extra-solar” planets have been identified, most — known as “hot Jupiters” — that are much larger and orbiting their stars much more closely than Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Exoplanets, especially small Earth-size worlds, belonged within the realm of science fiction just 21 years ago,” the NASA statement says. “Today, and thousands of discoveries later, astronomers are on the cusp of finding something people have dreamed about for thousands of years — another Earth.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2015 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Kepler+Telescope+Introduces+Earth+To+A+Very+Distant+Cousin&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>By now, most Californians have gotten the message: let the lawn go. There’s a drought on. Many have turned off their sprinkler systems all together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That has meant some collateral damage, however; along with the grass, trees are dying, too, and those are valuable in lots of ways lawns are not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Rachael Myrow talks with Igor Laćan, an urban forestry advisor with UC’s Cooperative Extension, about the implications of losing our trees, and how to prevent it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trees that are obviously dead and dying are a safety hazard, a fire hazard, and potentially a lawsuit waiting to happen. Laćan raises some compelling reasons to rescue struggling trees, though, like the boost they give to property values. Healthy trees also provide shade, filter the air, and generally make cities more “livable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other questions Laćan takes on:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Does it matter if the tree on your lawn is native?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If you’re letting your lawn die, how do you keep your trees alive without attracting the attention of neighborhood drought-shamers?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>There’s a big, brewing El Nino out in the Pacific that could portend a punishing storm season this winter. What’s that’s likely to do to drought-weakened trees?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are Bay Area cities and counties doing to avoid becoming bleak, sun-baked deserts?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/215772659″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>By now, most Californians have gotten the message: let the lawn go. There’s a drought on. Many have turned off their sprinkler systems all together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That has meant some collateral damage, however; along with the grass, trees are dying, too, and those are valuable in lots of ways lawns are not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Rachael Myrow talks with Igor Laćan, an urban forestry advisor with UC’s Cooperative Extension, about the implications of losing our trees, and how to prevent it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trees that are obviously dead and dying are a safety hazard, a fire hazard, and potentially a lawsuit waiting to happen. Laćan raises some compelling reasons to rescue struggling trees, though, like the boost they give to property values. Healthy trees also provide shade, filter the air, and generally make cities more “livable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other questions Laćan takes on:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Does it matter if the tree on your lawn is native?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If you’re letting your lawn die, how do you keep your trees alive without attracting the attention of neighborhood drought-shamers?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>There’s a big, brewing El Nino out in the Pacific that could portend a punishing storm season this winter. What’s that’s likely to do to drought-weakened trees?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are Bay Area cities and counties doing to avoid becoming bleak, sun-baked deserts?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='undefined' height='undefined'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/215772659″&visual=true&undefined'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/215772659″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "If You Think You Understand the Death of the Dinosaurs, You’re Wrong",
"headTitle": "If You Think You Understand the Death of the Dinosaurs, You’re Wrong | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/07/20150720ScienceDinosaurrocks.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A “Jurassic Park” sequel is once again dominating the box office this summer, underscoring the star power of dinosaurs. But, captivated as we are with bringing them back, scientists still argue over what caused their extinction 66 million years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not as settled as you might think.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I put the question to Charles Marshall, director of the University of California \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/\">Museum of Paleontology\u003c/a> in Berkeley: “Do we know what killed the dinosaurs?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No.” He repeated it emphatically, “No.” (Pause) “I guess the answer is no.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘There were dozens of hypotheses, and basically no one took any of them seriously.’\u003ccite>Charles Marshall,UC Museum of Paleontology Director\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>We were sitting in Marshall’s fifth-floor office, not far from the skull of a triceratops relative and some fossilized feet the size of tree stumps. He told me as recently as the 1970s, there wasn’t even a good guess as to what killed the dinosaurs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There were dozens of hypotheses, and basically no one took any of them seriously.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is, until Berkeley scientists — led by Luis Alvarez (a Nobel laureate in physics) and his geologist son Walter Alvarez — brought forward the idea that Earth was slammed by a meteorite or comet roughly the size of San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The theory and its backers got a major boost a few years later with the discovery of a 110-mile-wide crater on present-day Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With the finding of the smoking gun, then the fact that there was a large meteorite started to become broadly accepted,” Marshall said. “So it sort’ve started to evolve into meteorite versus volcanism as the two hypotheses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_124231\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_8518.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-124231\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_8518-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Charles Marshall looks at a cast of a bird related to puffins and the Great Auk, found in southern California’s Monterey Formation.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_8518-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_8518-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_8518-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_8518-1400x1050.jpg 1400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_8518-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_8518-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Charles Marshall looks at a cast of a bird related to puffins and the Great Auk, found in southern California’s Monterey Formation. \u003ccite>(Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Indeed, volcanoes have been hard to keep off the list of known suspects. Going back hundreds of millions of years, every other big extinction (barring the present day’s) is connected to volcanism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, around the same time as the meteorite impact and the disappearance of dinosaurs from the fossil record (along with many species, down to tiny ocean creatures), there was also a massive wave of volcanic activity in India – in a place known as the Deccan Traps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So for years scientists have argued back and forth: Impact! Volcanoes! Impact! …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until recently, when Berkeley geophysicist Mark Richards \u003ca href=\"http://gsabulletin.gsapubs.org/content/early/2015/04/30/B31167.1.abstract\">offered this idea\u003c/a>: “I realized that the size of the impact is likely large enough to have triggered volcanic systems around the planet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bigger Than Big\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richards calculates that the energy of a rock the size of Mount Everest slamming down from space was enough to unleash a magnitude 11 quake. That is not a typo. When I told Richards I thought the scale only went to 10, he told me that’s actually not true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In earthquake terms, higher than 10 is a nightmare. Such a quake would be hundreds of times worse than the “big one” that hit San Francisco in 1906. Richards says it would’ve rattled the globe – even the volcanoes on the other side of the world in India.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_124232\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 414px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_8537-e1437167252247.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-124232\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_8537-e1437167252247-800x738.jpg\" alt=\"A relative to the present day Komodo dragon, the owner of this skull (left) sported flippers and could grow more than 20 feet long. To the right in Charles Marshall's lab sits an Allosaurus foot.\" width=\"414\" height=\"382\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_8537-e1437167252247-800x738.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_8537-e1437167252247-400x369.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_8537-e1437167252247-1440x1329.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_8537-e1437167252247-1400x1292.jpg 1400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_8537-e1437167252247-1180x1089.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_8537-e1437167252247-960x886.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_8537-e1437167252247.jpg 2007w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 414px) 100vw, 414px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A relative to the present day Komodo dragon, the owner of this skull (left) sported flippers and could grow more than 20 feet long. To the right in Charles Marshall’s lab sits an Allosaurus foot. \u003ccite>(Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“So the idea is that system may have been kicked into high gear by the impact.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richards is careful to say that if he’s right, and the two events are connected, we still don’t know precisely what killed the dinosaurs. Rather, the proposal points the way toward a new investigation, says Paul Renne, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bgc.org/\">Berkeley Geochronology Center\u003c/a> and coauthor of Richards’ paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We just have to abandon the idea that it’s one or the other,” Renne said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both the impact itself and a wave of volcanism would have the potential to unleash massive outpourings of noxious gases, resulting in wild swings in temperature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One factor might’ve been a release of CO2, say from so much vaporized limestone, resulting, along with other greenhouse gases, in a long-term warming effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_124230\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 530px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/4DPotter1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-124230\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/4DPotter1-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"India’s Deccan Traps, described by geologists as a “large igneous province,” were formed over thousands of years as layer upon layer of lava flowed out and cooled, right around the same time the dinosaurs died.\" width=\"530\" height=\"397\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/4DPotter1-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/4DPotter1-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/4DPotter1-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/4DPotter1-1400x1050.jpg 1400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/4DPotter1-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/4DPotter1-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 530px) 100vw, 530px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">India’s Deccan Traps, described by geologists as a “large igneous province,” were formed over hundreds of thousands of years as layer upon layer of lava flowed out and cooled, right around the same time the dinosaurs died. \u003ccite>(Paul Renne/BGC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Renne says there could’ve also been an abundance of sulfate aerosols, “which, if they get up into the atmosphere, can actually reflect enough sunlight it results in cooling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, one could argue for a double event – sudden cooling first, followed by a long, hot period from the greenhouse effect. Whether the dinosaurs died in a single bad weekend, or the lifetime of an animal as the food web collapsed, or several millenia, remains unclear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The potential effects of either an impact or massive volcanism in many respects can be the same. The symptoms would be indistinguishable,” Renne says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Increasing Precision\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To better understand the impact and its possible connection to the eruptions in India, the next step will be establishing a narrower range of dates. For Renne, this entails using a basement room full of mass spectrometers to test rocks from the Deccan Traps. Canvas sacks full of such rocks are heaped in the hallway outside his office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m a rock aficionado, and I have lots of beautiful rocks and big crystals. These are some of the ugliest rocks you’ll ever see,” Renne said, producing a sample that to my untrained eye might as well have been gravel from a nearby quarry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_124234\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 355px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Skeletons.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-124234\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Skeletons-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"A fossilized Pteranodon swoops above Tyrannosaurus rex at the University of California Museum of Paleontology in Berkeley.\" width=\"355\" height=\"474\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Skeletons-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Skeletons-400x533.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Skeletons-1440x1920.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Skeletons-1400x1867.jpg 1400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Skeletons-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Skeletons-960x1280.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 355px) 100vw, 355px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A fossilized Pteranodon swoops above Tyrannosaurus rex at the University of California Museum of Paleontology in Berkeley. \u003ccite>(Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Dating these rocks is a slow process, involving shipping a few dozen milligrams out of state to be irradiated and then sent back for testing. It can take months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearby is a wood-paneled room that houses a magnetometer — another tool for dating prehistoric rocks. This is Courtney Sprain’s speciality; she’s a Ph.D. student who also coauthored Richards’ paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sprain spends part of each summer in Montana gathering samples from coal beds, and told me by the end of each day she tends to resemble a chimneysweep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the Earth’s magnetic core shifts (we’re not sure why this happens), it leaves a record in the rocks. Sprain teases out these clues to refine the timescale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re getting precision of 20-thousand years,” she says, “whereas before it was 500-thousand, a million.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Really, what would be ideal, if unrealistic, is precision down to what day of the week the impact occurred. But getting it under 10,000 years would be helpful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geologist Eldridge Moores, a distinguished professor emeritus at U.C. Davis, known for his role in the John McPhee book “Assembling California,” says it’s like a detective trying to figure out someone’s exact time of death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to know that – it’s essential information before you can answer the next question, which is why. The same is true with the dinosaurs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moores was sitting with me at his house in Davis, a copy of Mark Richards’ paper on the dining room table before him, when I asked him the question: Do we know what killed the dinosaurs?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He told me no — but he thinks we’re getting closer.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A meteorite killed the dinosaurs. Or was it volcanism? U.C. Berkeley scientists say the two were connected.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A “Jurassic Park” sequel is once again dominating the box office this summer, underscoring the star power of dinosaurs. But, captivated as we are with bringing them back, scientists still argue over what caused their extinction 66 million years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not as settled as you might think.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I put the question to Charles Marshall, director of the University of California \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/\">Museum of Paleontology\u003c/a> in Berkeley: “Do we know what killed the dinosaurs?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No.” He repeated it emphatically, “No.” (Pause) “I guess the answer is no.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘There were dozens of hypotheses, and basically no one took any of them seriously.’\u003ccite>Charles Marshall,UC Museum of Paleontology Director\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>We were sitting in Marshall’s fifth-floor office, not far from the skull of a triceratops relative and some fossilized feet the size of tree stumps. He told me as recently as the 1970s, there wasn’t even a good guess as to what killed the dinosaurs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There were dozens of hypotheses, and basically no one took any of them seriously.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is, until Berkeley scientists — led by Luis Alvarez (a Nobel laureate in physics) and his geologist son Walter Alvarez — brought forward the idea that Earth was slammed by a meteorite or comet roughly the size of San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The theory and its backers got a major boost a few years later with the discovery of a 110-mile-wide crater on present-day Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With the finding of the smoking gun, then the fact that there was a large meteorite started to become broadly accepted,” Marshall said. “So it sort’ve started to evolve into meteorite versus volcanism as the two hypotheses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_124231\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_8518.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-124231\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_8518-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Charles Marshall looks at a cast of a bird related to puffins and the Great Auk, found in southern California’s Monterey Formation.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_8518-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_8518-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_8518-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_8518-1400x1050.jpg 1400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_8518-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_8518-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Charles Marshall looks at a cast of a bird related to puffins and the Great Auk, found in southern California’s Monterey Formation. \u003ccite>(Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Indeed, volcanoes have been hard to keep off the list of known suspects. Going back hundreds of millions of years, every other big extinction (barring the present day’s) is connected to volcanism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, around the same time as the meteorite impact and the disappearance of dinosaurs from the fossil record (along with many species, down to tiny ocean creatures), there was also a massive wave of volcanic activity in India – in a place known as the Deccan Traps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So for years scientists have argued back and forth: Impact! Volcanoes! Impact! …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until recently, when Berkeley geophysicist Mark Richards \u003ca href=\"http://gsabulletin.gsapubs.org/content/early/2015/04/30/B31167.1.abstract\">offered this idea\u003c/a>: “I realized that the size of the impact is likely large enough to have triggered volcanic systems around the planet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bigger Than Big\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richards calculates that the energy of a rock the size of Mount Everest slamming down from space was enough to unleash a magnitude 11 quake. That is not a typo. When I told Richards I thought the scale only went to 10, he told me that’s actually not true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In earthquake terms, higher than 10 is a nightmare. Such a quake would be hundreds of times worse than the “big one” that hit San Francisco in 1906. Richards says it would’ve rattled the globe – even the volcanoes on the other side of the world in India.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_124232\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 414px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_8537-e1437167252247.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-124232\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_8537-e1437167252247-800x738.jpg\" alt=\"A relative to the present day Komodo dragon, the owner of this skull (left) sported flippers and could grow more than 20 feet long. To the right in Charles Marshall's lab sits an Allosaurus foot.\" width=\"414\" height=\"382\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_8537-e1437167252247-800x738.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_8537-e1437167252247-400x369.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_8537-e1437167252247-1440x1329.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_8537-e1437167252247-1400x1292.jpg 1400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_8537-e1437167252247-1180x1089.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_8537-e1437167252247-960x886.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_8537-e1437167252247.jpg 2007w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 414px) 100vw, 414px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A relative to the present day Komodo dragon, the owner of this skull (left) sported flippers and could grow more than 20 feet long. To the right in Charles Marshall’s lab sits an Allosaurus foot. \u003ccite>(Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“So the idea is that system may have been kicked into high gear by the impact.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richards is careful to say that if he’s right, and the two events are connected, we still don’t know precisely what killed the dinosaurs. Rather, the proposal points the way toward a new investigation, says Paul Renne, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bgc.org/\">Berkeley Geochronology Center\u003c/a> and coauthor of Richards’ paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We just have to abandon the idea that it’s one or the other,” Renne said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both the impact itself and a wave of volcanism would have the potential to unleash massive outpourings of noxious gases, resulting in wild swings in temperature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One factor might’ve been a release of CO2, say from so much vaporized limestone, resulting, along with other greenhouse gases, in a long-term warming effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_124230\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 530px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/4DPotter1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-124230\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/4DPotter1-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"India’s Deccan Traps, described by geologists as a “large igneous province,” were formed over thousands of years as layer upon layer of lava flowed out and cooled, right around the same time the dinosaurs died.\" width=\"530\" height=\"397\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/4DPotter1-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/4DPotter1-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/4DPotter1-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/4DPotter1-1400x1050.jpg 1400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/4DPotter1-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/4DPotter1-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 530px) 100vw, 530px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">India’s Deccan Traps, described by geologists as a “large igneous province,” were formed over hundreds of thousands of years as layer upon layer of lava flowed out and cooled, right around the same time the dinosaurs died. \u003ccite>(Paul Renne/BGC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Renne says there could’ve also been an abundance of sulfate aerosols, “which, if they get up into the atmosphere, can actually reflect enough sunlight it results in cooling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, one could argue for a double event – sudden cooling first, followed by a long, hot period from the greenhouse effect. Whether the dinosaurs died in a single bad weekend, or the lifetime of an animal as the food web collapsed, or several millenia, remains unclear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The potential effects of either an impact or massive volcanism in many respects can be the same. The symptoms would be indistinguishable,” Renne says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Increasing Precision\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To better understand the impact and its possible connection to the eruptions in India, the next step will be establishing a narrower range of dates. For Renne, this entails using a basement room full of mass spectrometers to test rocks from the Deccan Traps. Canvas sacks full of such rocks are heaped in the hallway outside his office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m a rock aficionado, and I have lots of beautiful rocks and big crystals. These are some of the ugliest rocks you’ll ever see,” Renne said, producing a sample that to my untrained eye might as well have been gravel from a nearby quarry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_124234\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 355px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Skeletons.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-124234\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Skeletons-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"A fossilized Pteranodon swoops above Tyrannosaurus rex at the University of California Museum of Paleontology in Berkeley.\" width=\"355\" height=\"474\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Skeletons-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Skeletons-400x533.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Skeletons-1440x1920.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Skeletons-1400x1867.jpg 1400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Skeletons-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Skeletons-960x1280.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 355px) 100vw, 355px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A fossilized Pteranodon swoops above Tyrannosaurus rex at the University of California Museum of Paleontology in Berkeley. \u003ccite>(Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Dating these rocks is a slow process, involving shipping a few dozen milligrams out of state to be irradiated and then sent back for testing. It can take months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearby is a wood-paneled room that houses a magnetometer — another tool for dating prehistoric rocks. This is Courtney Sprain’s speciality; she’s a Ph.D. student who also coauthored Richards’ paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sprain spends part of each summer in Montana gathering samples from coal beds, and told me by the end of each day she tends to resemble a chimneysweep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the Earth’s magnetic core shifts (we’re not sure why this happens), it leaves a record in the rocks. Sprain teases out these clues to refine the timescale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re getting precision of 20-thousand years,” she says, “whereas before it was 500-thousand, a million.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Really, what would be ideal, if unrealistic, is precision down to what day of the week the impact occurred. But getting it under 10,000 years would be helpful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geologist Eldridge Moores, a distinguished professor emeritus at U.C. Davis, known for his role in the John McPhee book “Assembling California,” says it’s like a detective trying to figure out someone’s exact time of death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to know that – it’s essential information before you can answer the next question, which is why. The same is true with the dinosaurs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moores was sitting with me at his house in Davis, a copy of Mark Richards’ paper on the dining room table before him, when I asked him the question: Do we know what killed the dinosaurs?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He told me no — but he thinks we’re getting closer.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"headTitle": "Pluto and Charon’s First Portraits Do Not Disappoint | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Update\u003c/strong>: 10:55 a.m., July 17, 2015\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA has so far downloaded just one of 50 GB of data from the New Horizons closest approach to Pluto this week, but they are again releasing new photos of the dwarf planet and its moons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_123932\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-123932 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/frozen_carbon_monoxide_pluto.jpg\" alt=\"Scientists have found evidence of frozen carbon monoxide in Pluto’s 'Heart' region, now known as Tombaugh Regio. The concentration of carbon monoxide increases towards the center of the “bull’s eye” in this image. \" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/frozen_carbon_monoxide_pluto.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/frozen_carbon_monoxide_pluto-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/frozen_carbon_monoxide_pluto-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/frozen_carbon_monoxide_pluto-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/frozen_carbon_monoxide_pluto-1400x788.jpg 1400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/frozen_carbon_monoxide_pluto-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/frozen_carbon_monoxide_pluto-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists have found evidence of frozen carbon monoxide in Pluto’s ‘Heart’ region, now known as Tombaugh Regio. The concentration of carbon monoxide increases towards the center of the “bull’s eye” in this image. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_123933\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-123933 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/pluto-and-charon-01.jpg\" alt=\"These full-frame images of Pluto and Charon were collected separately by New Horizons during approach this week, but their relative colors, size and separation are approximated in this composite image.\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/pluto-and-charon-01.jpg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/pluto-and-charon-01-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/pluto-and-charon-01-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/pluto-and-charon-01-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/pluto-and-charon-01-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These full-frame images of Pluto and Charon were collected separately by New Horizons during approach this week, but their relative colors, size and separation are approximated in this composite image. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, NASA also released a simulated flyover of Pluto’s Norgay Mountains and Sputnik Plain, created from New Horizons closest-approach images.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydU-YrG_INk]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Original Post:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA has just released the first high resolution images from the New Horizons’ close encounter with Pluto, along with a few of the exciting discoveries made in the 24 hours since the probe first phoned home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_119874\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-119874\" src=\"http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/styles/full_width_feature/public/thumbnails/image/pluto-observations-through-the-years.gif\" alt=\"Animation showing how our views and understanding of Pluto has changed over the past few decades, in large part due to the New Horizons mission\" width=\"400\" height=\"210\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Animation showing how our views and understanding of Pluto has changed over the past few decades, in large part due to the New Horizons mission \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A few of the discoveries include: a canyon on Charon that is 4 to 6 miles deep (3.5-5 times deeper than our own Grand Canyon), an 11,000-foot mountain range near Pluto’s equator and a region of Pluto’s surface so young that it does not yet have any impact craters. Now scientists need to figure out what could generate Pluto’s mountains, since the dwarf planet isn’t heated by gravitational interactions with a larger body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This may cause us to rethink what powers geological activity on many other icy worlds,” says New Horizons’ Geology, Geophysics and Imaging deputy team leader John Spencer, of the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Colo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_119669\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-119669\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/nh-charon-400x302.jpg\" alt=\"The first high-resolution photo of Pluto's moon Charon, showing deep canyons and cliffs. The dark area near the north pole, known to the scientists as 'Mordor', may just be a thin veneer of surface materials.\" width=\"400\" height=\"302\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/nh-charon-400x302.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/nh-charon-800x605.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/nh-charon-960x726.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/nh-charon.jpg 1050w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The first high-resolution photo of Pluto’s moon Charon, showing deep canyons and cliffs. The dark area near the north pole, which scientists are calling Mordor, may be just a thin veneer of surface materials. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mark Showalter has been studying our solar system for over 30 years, but he says that this week’s Pluto flyby is the single most exciting thing he’s ever been involved in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Pluto has not disappointed us one bit. It is an utterly fascinating world, and everybody will appreciate it for that very, very soon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/13/at-last-nasa-spacecraft-captures-a-close-up-of-pluto/\">Earlier this week\u003c/a>, we spoke with Showalter, an astronomer at the SETI Institute in Mountain View, about how his hazard analyses helped keep the New Horizons spacecraft out of harm’s way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now the\u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/07/14/science/space/pluto-flyby.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&modref=HPInteractiveRefer&module=second-column-region®ion=top-news&WT.nav=top-news&_r=0\"> flyby\u003c/a> is over and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/newhorizons/images/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">first photos are in. \u003c/a>We reached Showalter at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, Maryland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So, are you drinking champagne yet?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-119120\">\u003cstrong>Mark Showalter:\u003c/strong> [\u003cem>laughs\u003c/em>] There was some celebration last night, that’s for sure. But now most of us are back to work. Certainly, the best data that we’ve seen so far has just come down overnight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When did you get confirmation that it all worked?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We were watching as the operation center first got a signal lock at 8:54 pm roughly last night. Signal lock, for me as somebody who works on hazard, is the best piece of news whatsoever. It just means that there is a signal coming down from the spacecraft. Then, over the next minute or two, we had confirmation that the temperature was right and that the solid-state recorder, which is basically the storage disk that saves all the data, had the right amount of data on it. So essentially, we went step by step down the list of things that might have gone wrong, and everything was reported to be nominal, which in mission-speak means good. So we had a successful flyby and when we knew that, there was a huge celebration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_119670\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 303px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-119670\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/methane2.jpg\" alt=\"The latest spectra from New Horizons Ralph instrument reveal an abundance of methane ice, but with striking differences from place to place across the frozen surface of Pluto.\" width=\"303\" height=\"400\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The latest spectra from New Horizons Ralph instrument reveal an abundance of methane ice, but with striking differences from place to place across the frozen surface of Pluto. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How did it all go? Were there any surprises that had you at the edge of your seat? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Actually, what was delightful was that there were no surprises whatsoever. That’s the point in time when you absolutely do not want any surprises at all! Since I’ve been particularly focused on the hazard analysis, it was a huge relief for me to know that the spacecraft was safe. And I gotta say that even though we thought the chance of damage was something like 1 in 10,000, we all know that things can go wrong. Anything that’s built by human hands sometimes fails us, and this was a space craft that was making its most important observations ever for essentially a 9-hour period without any contact whatsoever from Earth. So just knowing, finally at the end of all of that, that it had completed its set of observations successfully and was still healthy… You can’t imagine how relieved we all felt!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How long will we have to wait to see the rest of the data?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-117341\">Actually, it will be 16 months to get the last Pluto data down off the spacecraft. The reason is that the antenna is not that big, and the whole spacecraft only has about 200 watts of power, not all of which can be used to power the transmitter. So, we’re essentially getting data down at something on the order of kilobits per second. That’s a very slow rate: slower than any dialup modem you might ever remember using. So it’s just going to take a while, and we’re going to take down every bit of data that we obtained during the Pluto flyby.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Update\u003c/strong>: 10:55 a.m., July 17, 2015\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA has so far downloaded just one of 50 GB of data from the New Horizons closest approach to Pluto this week, but they are again releasing new photos of the dwarf planet and its moons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_123932\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-123932 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/frozen_carbon_monoxide_pluto.jpg\" alt=\"Scientists have found evidence of frozen carbon monoxide in Pluto’s 'Heart' region, now known as Tombaugh Regio. The concentration of carbon monoxide increases towards the center of the “bull’s eye” in this image. \" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/frozen_carbon_monoxide_pluto.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/frozen_carbon_monoxide_pluto-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/frozen_carbon_monoxide_pluto-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/frozen_carbon_monoxide_pluto-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/frozen_carbon_monoxide_pluto-1400x788.jpg 1400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/frozen_carbon_monoxide_pluto-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/frozen_carbon_monoxide_pluto-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists have found evidence of frozen carbon monoxide in Pluto’s ‘Heart’ region, now known as Tombaugh Regio. The concentration of carbon monoxide increases towards the center of the “bull’s eye” in this image. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_123933\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-123933 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/pluto-and-charon-01.jpg\" alt=\"These full-frame images of Pluto and Charon were collected separately by New Horizons during approach this week, but their relative colors, size and separation are approximated in this composite image.\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/pluto-and-charon-01.jpg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/pluto-and-charon-01-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/pluto-and-charon-01-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/pluto-and-charon-01-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/pluto-and-charon-01-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These full-frame images of Pluto and Charon were collected separately by New Horizons during approach this week, but their relative colors, size and separation are approximated in this composite image. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, NASA also released a simulated flyover of Pluto’s Norgay Mountains and Sputnik Plain, created from New Horizons closest-approach images.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/ydU-YrG_INk'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/ydU-YrG_INk'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Original Post:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA has just released the first high resolution images from the New Horizons’ close encounter with Pluto, along with a few of the exciting discoveries made in the 24 hours since the probe first phoned home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_119874\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-119874\" src=\"http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/styles/full_width_feature/public/thumbnails/image/pluto-observations-through-the-years.gif\" alt=\"Animation showing how our views and understanding of Pluto has changed over the past few decades, in large part due to the New Horizons mission\" width=\"400\" height=\"210\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Animation showing how our views and understanding of Pluto has changed over the past few decades, in large part due to the New Horizons mission \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A few of the discoveries include: a canyon on Charon that is 4 to 6 miles deep (3.5-5 times deeper than our own Grand Canyon), an 11,000-foot mountain range near Pluto’s equator and a region of Pluto’s surface so young that it does not yet have any impact craters. Now scientists need to figure out what could generate Pluto’s mountains, since the dwarf planet isn’t heated by gravitational interactions with a larger body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This may cause us to rethink what powers geological activity on many other icy worlds,” says New Horizons’ Geology, Geophysics and Imaging deputy team leader John Spencer, of the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Colo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_119669\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-119669\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/nh-charon-400x302.jpg\" alt=\"The first high-resolution photo of Pluto's moon Charon, showing deep canyons and cliffs. The dark area near the north pole, known to the scientists as 'Mordor', may just be a thin veneer of surface materials.\" width=\"400\" height=\"302\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/nh-charon-400x302.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/nh-charon-800x605.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/nh-charon-960x726.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/nh-charon.jpg 1050w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The first high-resolution photo of Pluto’s moon Charon, showing deep canyons and cliffs. The dark area near the north pole, which scientists are calling Mordor, may be just a thin veneer of surface materials. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mark Showalter has been studying our solar system for over 30 years, but he says that this week’s Pluto flyby is the single most exciting thing he’s ever been involved in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Pluto has not disappointed us one bit. It is an utterly fascinating world, and everybody will appreciate it for that very, very soon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/13/at-last-nasa-spacecraft-captures-a-close-up-of-pluto/\">Earlier this week\u003c/a>, we spoke with Showalter, an astronomer at the SETI Institute in Mountain View, about how his hazard analyses helped keep the New Horizons spacecraft out of harm’s way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now the\u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/07/14/science/space/pluto-flyby.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&modref=HPInteractiveRefer&module=second-column-region®ion=top-news&WT.nav=top-news&_r=0\"> flyby\u003c/a> is over and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/newhorizons/images/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">first photos are in. \u003c/a>We reached Showalter at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, Maryland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So, are you drinking champagne yet?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-119120\">\u003cstrong>Mark Showalter:\u003c/strong> [\u003cem>laughs\u003c/em>] There was some celebration last night, that’s for sure. But now most of us are back to work. Certainly, the best data that we’ve seen so far has just come down overnight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When did you get confirmation that it all worked?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We were watching as the operation center first got a signal lock at 8:54 pm roughly last night. Signal lock, for me as somebody who works on hazard, is the best piece of news whatsoever. It just means that there is a signal coming down from the spacecraft. Then, over the next minute or two, we had confirmation that the temperature was right and that the solid-state recorder, which is basically the storage disk that saves all the data, had the right amount of data on it. So essentially, we went step by step down the list of things that might have gone wrong, and everything was reported to be nominal, which in mission-speak means good. So we had a successful flyby and when we knew that, there was a huge celebration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_119670\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 303px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-119670\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/methane2.jpg\" alt=\"The latest spectra from New Horizons Ralph instrument reveal an abundance of methane ice, but with striking differences from place to place across the frozen surface of Pluto.\" width=\"303\" height=\"400\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The latest spectra from New Horizons Ralph instrument reveal an abundance of methane ice, but with striking differences from place to place across the frozen surface of Pluto. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How did it all go? Were there any surprises that had you at the edge of your seat? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Actually, what was delightful was that there were no surprises whatsoever. That’s the point in time when you absolutely do not want any surprises at all! Since I’ve been particularly focused on the hazard analysis, it was a huge relief for me to know that the spacecraft was safe. And I gotta say that even though we thought the chance of damage was something like 1 in 10,000, we all know that things can go wrong. Anything that’s built by human hands sometimes fails us, and this was a space craft that was making its most important observations ever for essentially a 9-hour period without any contact whatsoever from Earth. So just knowing, finally at the end of all of that, that it had completed its set of observations successfully and was still healthy… You can’t imagine how relieved we all felt!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How long will we have to wait to see the rest of the data?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-117341\">Actually, it will be 16 months to get the last Pluto data down off the spacecraft. The reason is that the antenna is not that big, and the whole spacecraft only has about 200 watts of power, not all of which can be used to power the transmitter. So, we’re essentially getting data down at something on the order of kilobits per second. That’s a very slow rate: slower than any dialup modem you might ever remember using. So it’s just going to take a while, and we’re going to take down every bit of data that we obtained during the Pluto flyby.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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